Miguel Najdorf

Miguel Najdorf (born Mojsze Mendel Najdorf) (15 April 1910 – 4 July 1997) was a Polish-Argentinian chess grandmaster. Originally from Poland, he was in Argentina when World War II began in 1939, and he stayed and settled there. He was a leading world player in the 1940s and 1950s, and is also known for the Najdorf Variation, one of the most popular of all chess openings.
Early life in Poland.
Najdorf was tutored first by Dawid Przepiórka, then by Savielly Tartakower, the latter of whom he always referred to as "my teacher".
At the beginning of his chess career, around 1930, Najdorf defeated a player believed to be named "Glücksberg" in a famous game often referred to as "The Polish Immortal". In 1930, he tied for 6th–7th at the Warsaw Championship, an event won by Paulino Frydman. In 1931, he took second in Warsaw, behind Frydman. In 1932, he tied for 9th–10th in Warsaw. In 1933, he won in Warsaw ("Quadrangular"). In January 1934, he finished second to Rudolf Spielmann, in Warsaw. In summer 1934, he lost a match against Ored Karlin (+1–2=1). In 1934, he won the Warsaw championship. In 1935, he tied for 2nd–4th with Frydman and Henryk Friedman, behind Tartakower, in the 3rd Polish Chess Championship, held in Warsaw. Afterward, Najdorf won a match against Tartakower in Toruń (+2–1=2). In 1936, he tied for first with Lajos Steiner in the Hungarian Championship. In 1937, he took third at the 4th Championship of Poland in Jurata. In 1937, he won in Rogaška Slatina (Rohitsch-Sauerbrunn). In 1938, he tied for 10th–12th in Łódź. In 1939, he took sixth in Margate, and won in Warsaw.
Najdorf represented Poland in four pre-war Chess Olympiads. In August 1935, he played third board in the 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw (+9–2=6). In August 1936, he was second board in 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad organised by the German Chess Federation in Munich (+14–2=4). In June/July 1937, he played at second board in the 7th Chess Olympiad in Stockholm (+5–3=7). In the 1939 Olympiad, Najdorf played second board for Poland and achieved a score of +12−2=4, winning a gold pen and pencil set.
Move to Argentina.
During the 8th Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires in August/September 1939, World War II broke out. Najdorf was Jewish, as were two of his teammates, Tartakower and Frydman. He decided to stay and settle in Argentina (as did many others). He became an Argentinian citizen in 1944.
His wife, daughter, parents and four brothers all were murdered in the Holocaust. Najdorf later remarried (twice) and had two daughters.
Blindfold chess.
Najdorf set world records for simultaneous blindfold chess. He played a record 40 opponents in 1943, and increased the record to 45 in 1947. This record stood until 2011.
He set these records in the hope that the news would be reported in Europe and his family would learn of his whereabouts.
Career in Argentina.
1940s.
In September 1939, after the Olympiad, Najdorf emerged as one of the top players in the chess world. He tied for first with Paul Keres at Buenos Aires (Círculo de Ajedrez); the two scored 8½/11. In 1941, he took second, after Gideon Ståhlberg at Mar del Plata, with 12½/17. Later in 1941, he finished equal first with Stahlberg at Buenos Aires, the two scoring 11/14. In 1942, he won at Mar del Plata, with 13½/17, ahead of Ståhlberg. In 1943, he was second at Mar del Plata, behind Stålhberg, scoring 10/13. In 1943, he won at Rosario. In 1944, he won at La Plata, with 13/16, ahead of Ståhlberg. In 1944, he tied for first with Herman Pilnik at Mar del Plata, with each scoring 12/15. In 1945, he won at Buenos Aires (Roberto Grau Memorial), with 10/12, ahead of Ståhlberg and Carlos Guimard. He took second place at Viña del Mar 1945, with 10½/13, behind Guimard, then won Mar del Plata 1945 with 11/15, ahead of Ståhlberg, and repeated at Mar del Plata 1946 with 16/18, ahead of Guimard and Ståhlberg. He also won at Rio de Janeiro 1946.
After World War II ended, organized chess resumed in the international arena, particularly in war-stricken Europe. In 1946, Najdorf tied for 4th–5th with László Szabó at Groningen, with 11½/19; the event was won by Mikhail Botvinnik. He then won at Prague, with (+9−1=3), ahead of Petar Trifunović, Gosta Stoltz, Svetozar Gligorić, and Jan Foltys. He also won at Barcelona 1946, with 11½/13, ahead of Daniel Yanofsky. In 1947, he took second place at Buenos Aires/La Plata (Sextangular), with 6½/10, behind Ståhlberg, but ahead of Max Euwe. In 1947, he won at Mar del Plata. In 1947, he finished second, after Erich Eliskases, at São Paulo.
In 1948, Najdorf placed second at New York City with 6/9, two points behind Reuben Fine. He tied for 4th–5th with Hector Rossetto at Mar del Plata, with 10/17, behind Eliskases, Ståhlberg, and Medina Garcia. Najdorf won at Mar del Plata 1948 with 14/17, ahead of Ståhlberg (13½), Eliskases (12), and Euwe (10½). He was second at Buenos Aires 1948, with 8/10, behind Ståhlberg. Najdorf won at Venice 1948, with 11½/13, ahead of Gideon Barcza, Esteban Canal, and Euwe. In 1949, he tied for first with Ståhlberg at Buenos Aires. In 1950, he won at Amsterdam, with 15/19, ahead of Samuel Reshevsky (14), Ståhlberg (13½), Gligorić (12), Vasja Pirc (12), and Euwe (11½). He also won at Bled in 1950.
World Championship contender.
Although not a full-time chess professional (for many years he worked in the insurance business, selling life insurance), Najdorf was one of the world's leading chess players in the 1940s and 1950s.
Najdorf's string of successes from 1939 to 1947 had raised him into the ranks of the world's top players. According to Chessmetrics, he was ranked second in the world from mid 1947 to mid 1949. Based on his results, there was talk of inviting him to the 1948 World Championship tournament, but in the end he was not invited. He had won an ostensible qualifying tournament at Prague by a margin of 1½ points. There was a view in some quarters that Prague had been a rather weak tournament, so Najdorf's accomplishment was downplayed. Najdorf stated in a 1947 interview:
Pressure from the Soviet Chess Federation, perhaps pushed by Botvinnik, may have been responsible for keeping Najdorf out.
In 1950, FIDE made him one of the inaugural International Grandmasters. In the same year he played at Budapest in the Candidates Tournament to select a challenger for the World Chess Championship 1951, and finished fifth. Three years later, in the 1953 Candidates Tournament, he finished equal sixth. He never succeeded in qualifying for the Candidates again. He did come close in the next cycle, narrowly failing to qualify from the 1955 Interzonal, held at Gothenburg, Sweden.
Later career.
Najdorf won important tournaments such as Mar del Plata (1961) and Havana (1962). He also played in both Piatigorsky Cup tournaments, held in 1963 and 1966. Just before his 60th birthday, he participated in the 1970 USSR vs. Rest of the World match, achieving an even score against the former world champion Mikhail Tal.
Najdorf's lively personality made him a great favorite among chess fans, as he displayed an aptitude for witty sayings, in the manner of his mentor Tartakower. An example: commenting on his opponent at the 1970 USSR vs. Rest of the World match, he remarked, "When [then-World Champion Boris] Spassky offers you a piece, you might as well resign then and there. But when Tal offers you a piece, you would do well to keep playing, because then he might offer you another, and then another, and then ... who knows?"
Najdorf remained active in chess to the end of his life. He won the South African Open in 1976 and at age 69, he tied for second place in a very strong field at Buenos Aires 1979, with 8/13, behind winner Bent Larsen (11/13), though ahead of former world champions Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky. At Buenos Aires 1988, he made a score of 8½/15 for fourth place at age 78. The next year in the 1989 Argentinian Championship, with several other GMs in the field, he tied for 4th–6th places, with 10/17. His last national championship was in 1991 at age 81, where he finished with a minus score. Najdorf was an exceptional blitz (five-minute) player, remaining a strong player into his 80s.
Najdorf regarded Capablanca and Fischer as the greatest players of all time.
Olympiad performances.
Najdorf played eleven times for Argentina in Chess Olympiads from 1950 to 1976. He played first board in the 9th Chess Olympiad at Dubrovnik 1950 (+8–0=6), as well as at Helsinki 1952 (+11–2=3), Amsterdam 1954, Moscow 1956, Leipzig 1960, Varna 1962, Havana 1966, Lugano 1968, Siegen 1970, and Haifa 1976. Only during the Olympiad at Nice 1974, he played on third board.
Najdorf took eleven Olympic medals: seven for teams Poland and Argentina (four silver, three bronze), and four individuals (gold in 1939, 1950, and 1952, as well as one silver in 1962).
Contributions.
The Najdorf Variation in the Sicilian Defense, one of the most popular openings in modern chess, is named after him. Najdorf also made contributions to the theory and praxis of other openings such as the King's Indian Defense. Najdorf was also a well-respected chess journalist, who had a popular column in the "Buenos Aires Clarín" newspaper.
Personal life.
According to a biography by his younger daughter Liliana (b. 1952), Mojsze Mendel ("Mikel") Najdorf was the oldest of five children (four sons and one daughter) of Gdalik (Gedali) and Raisa (Rojza) Najdorf (née Rojza Rosklein). When he was 14, he visited his school friend Ruben Fridelbaum's house, and his violinist father taught him chess. Mikel was immediately hooked, read books about the game, and was soon able to give his teacher rook odds.
A musician friend introduced his fiancée Genia to Najdorf, but Najdorf and Genia fell in love, and Genia broke off her engagement and instead married Mikel. They had one daughter, Lusia. When Najdorf boarded the ship for the Buenos Aires Olympiad in 1939, Genia was ill with influenza, and chose not to accompany him. He arrived in Argentina on 21 August 1939. While the Olympiad was in progress, Najdorf's country was invaded and World War II began. Despite his best efforts, he never saw his family again. His parents, wife and baby daughter, and all his known relatives and friends, were murdered in the Holocaust (according to Liliana Najdorf, Miguel's father died in the Warsaw Uprising, probably confused with the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising). However, many years later, by chance he met a Polish immigrant in the New York City Subway, who turned out to be a cousin.
In 1944, Najdorf became a naturalized citizen of Argentina. He had studied Latin at college, so easily picked up Spanish. Najdorf spoke eight languages; in addition to his native Polish and adopted Spanish, he spoke English, Russian, Czech, Serbo-Croat, Dutch, and Yiddish.
In April 1947, Najdorf met Adela ("Eta"), one of the youngest of three daughters of Russian Jewish immigrants Isaac and Esther Jusid. They were married after only a few weeks of courtship. Adela was 11 years younger than Najdorf. They had two daughters, Mirta (b. 1948) and Liliana (b. 1952), and a miscarried son in between. Liliana was long resentful of the fact that her father was abroad when she was born, and did not see her until she was four months old. She describes her father as a mixture of extremes: violent-tempered, but compassionate and loving, selfish at times but also generous to a fault, jovial and a bon vivant, but also sad because of the terrible losses of the Holocaust.
Adela died on 21 August 1977, of an inoperable intestinal tumour. The family kept the diagnosis secret from her, while Najdorf consulted the best oncologists in the US to no avail.
Not long after Adela died, Najdorf married again, to Rita, who had been a widow for 12 years. Najdorf had met Rita and her husband Jacobo, a socialist attorney and keen chess player, soon after he arrived in Argentina. They became close family friends. Rita and Jacobo had no children of their own, but had many nieces and nephews, and they treated the Najdorf daughters like nieces. The families would often get together, and the men would play and analyse chess and the women would talk. At one such gathering, when Liliana was 13, she saw Jacobo die suddenly at a chessboard. The widowed Rita became an even closer friend to Adela. After Adela died, Rita and Najdorf became a couple, which Miguel's daughters accepted without surprise and with relief.
Rita later developed Alzheimer's disease, and Najdorf became physically frailer. In 1996, Najdorf had a serious heart attack in Seville, which required a pacemaker insert. Upon returning to Argentina, he learned that Rita had been hospitalized with an intestinal blockage. He went to the hospital, and she recognized him despite her Alzheimer's, and begged him to take her home, while he kissed her tenderly. Unexpectedly, she died the next day.
References.
Citations


Dinky Dungeons

Dinky Dungeons is a role-playing game published by Doc's Games in 1985.
Description.
"Dinky Dungeons" is the smallest (3" x 4") role-playing game ever produced. The very concise rules cover character creation, classes, skills, spells, combat, experience, monsters, and a two-page introductory mini-scenario. The game includes a GM's screen, a hex map, and a sample character sheet.
The game utilized six-sided dice (d6 in game parlance). Each character had two attributes, Mental and Physical. There were three classes – fighter, wizard, and bard – and three optional non-human races – elves, dwarves, and "Fuzzy-Winkers", the latter of which being intelligent, giant rats. The Physical trait governed the size of weapon the fighter could use, which in turn determined how much damage the character could do on a good roll. Mental governed a wizard or bard's spell points and the number of spells they had at their disposal.
Conflict resolution was handled by rolling 2d6 and trying to get X or less, where X was the difficulty of a task set by the GM or by a chart that compared the attacker and defender's relative abilities. Where abilities were matched, the player needed to roll a 7 or less for his or her character to succeed.
Rights to the game currently reside with the illustrator, Phil Morrissey, who is planning on a re-release.
Publication history.
"Dinky Dungeons" was designed by Denton R. Elliott and published by Doc's Games in 1985 as a 32-page book, a cardstock screen, a cardstock sheet, a character sheet, a map, and dice.


All Star Family Feud

All Star Family Feud was an Australian game show which aired on Network Ten from 14 March 2016 until 6 May 2018. The series, which is a spin off of "Family Feud", sees celebrities compete in teams to raise money for their chosen charity. "All Star Family Feud" was filmed at Global Television Studios in Southbank, Melbourne from 2016-2017 and at Network Ten's Studios in Pyrmont, Sydney in 2018.
Differences from regular Family Feud.
The primary difference in game play of the All Star version compared to the civilian version is the number of rounds (as a 60-minute show compared to 30 minutes) and win conditions. Each game consists of six rounds (3 regular value rounds, 2 "double" rounds, and a "triple" round), with the winner being the team with more points at the end of the sixth round (there is no 300 points to win rule, and no Sudden Death). The first two members of each team face off twice, and the other two members face off once (with the exception of the 2017 "The Bold and the Beautiful" 30th Anniversary episode, where the Atlanta format of five players per team was used, where only the captain plays twice and the other four members play once).
The winning team wins an automatic $20,000 for their chosen charity and has a chance at Fast Money for a bonus $10,000. The losing team is automatically guaranteed $10,000 for their nominated charity.
As with "Family Feud", losing Fast Money donated $10 a point.


Vladimir Simagin

Vladimir Simagin (June 21, 1919 in Moscow – September 25, 1968 in Kislovodsk) was a Russian Grandmaster of chess. He was three times Moscow champion (1947, 1956, and 1959), helped to train Vasily Smyslov to the World Championship, and made many significant contributions to chess openings. He died of a heart attack while playing in the Kislovodsk tournament.
Biography.
Vladimir Pavlovich Simagin was a much-admired Soviet player and teacher. He was a late bloomer by chess standards, although much of this can be put down to the timing of World War II, which stopped most chess competition in the Soviet Union for several years. He received the International Master title in 1950- the year F.I.D.E. implemented the title- and earned the Grandmaster title in 1962. He also earned the International Master title in Correspondence chess in 1965, and was Soviet correspondence champion in 1964.
He scored 8.5/17 in the 1945 Moscow Championship, for a tied 7th-8th places, well behind champion Vasily Smyslov. Simagin's first important high-class result was second place in the 1946 Moscow Championship, with 11/15, behind winner David Bronstein. In the 1946 Baltic Championship at Vilnius, he scored 13/19 while playing 'hors concours', and this was good for fourth place, behind the top placed Yuri Averbakh (also h.c.). In the 1947 Moscow Championship, he tied for top place with Bronstein and Georgy Rivinsky, with 9/14, and then won the playoff match-tournament. Also in 1947, he tied for 1st-2nd with Semyon Furman in the Championship of the Spartak Club, with 15/19, and also won that playoff match.
It took him some time to qualify for his first Soviet final. He was unsuccessful in the semi-final at Leningrad 1945 (URSchsf-14) with 5.5/15 for a tied 14th-15th place. He improved the next year, also at Leningrad (URSchsf-15) with 9.5/18, but this was not good enough to advance.
In the semi-final at Vilnius 1949 (URSchsf-17), he again failed to move on with a tied 7th-8th place, at 9/17, with the winners being Furman, Vladas Mikėnas, and Alexey Sokolsky. He improved at Tula 1950 (URSchsf-18) with 8/15 for a tied 5th-7th place, but still fell short, as the winners were Averbakh and Georgi Boriskenko.
At Pärnu 1947, he struggled with 4/13, far behind winner Paul Keres. Being Moscow champion helped earn him a place on the Moscow side for the home-and-home match series with Budapest in 1949. This was one of the very best results of his career, as he scored a powerful 12/16, good for a 2732 performance, according to chessmetrics.com. Chessmetrics ranks Simagin as #21 in the world from December 1946 to February 1947, and calculates his peak rating at 2650 in October 1949. However, this data seems to be missing several of his tournament results.
In the Moscow Championship of 1949, he made 8.5/15 for 4th place, behind winner Averbakh. In the Moscow Championship of 1950, he scored 8/15 for 5th place, behind winners Averbakh and Alexander Chistiakov.
Simagin, along with Vladimir Makogonov, trained Vasily Smyslov for several years, leading to his World Championship title in 1957. His best results were a tied second place at Sarajevo 1963, and a tied first place at Sochi 1967.
Playing style and contributions to chess theory.
Simagin had a bold and imaginative playing style, and he was an expert tactician. His style has been compared to both Richard Réti and Bent Larsen. He was a profound originator in the openings. Examples of his contributions include the Accelerated Dragon variation in the Sicilian Defence, the Grünfeld Defence, the Simagin variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 0-0 5.Nge2 d5 6.a3 Bd6), and Simagin's Defence (1.e4 d6 2.d4 c6 3.Nf3 Bg4). In the King's Indian Defence, the variation 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6.3.g3 Bg7 4.Bg2 O-O 5.Nf3 d6 6.Nc3 Nc6 7.O-O Bg4 is known as the Simagin Variation. Simagin also experimented in the position after White's seventh move with 7...Bf5, which is known as the Lesser Simagin, while the rarer 7...Bd7 is known as the Least Simagin. While these variants of the Fianchetto Variation of the KID can lead to unique, independent positions, more often they transpose to positions similar to the more popular and flexible Panno Variation (7...a6), named after Oscar Panno.
Simagin was most highly regarded by his peers. Bronstein had some very complimentary words in his book "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (co-author Tom Furstenberg). Mikhail Botvinnik, who devoted many pioneering years to computer chess research, relied on Simagin's assistance in 1966 to publish a preview article from his forthcoming book "Algorithm of Chess" in the "Bulletin of the Central Chess Club", of which Simagin was editor. The article's publication had first met with resistance, so Botvinnik was grateful, and the article was a success.
The Russian chess writer and master Lev Khariton wrote a touching tribute to Simagin on his chesscircle.net site. Khariton had met Simagin when he was still a young junior player, and trained in a group setting with him. Khariton quotes Simagin as saying: "In chess, as in life, all the time you have to overcome obstacles. When you play a game, your opponent with each move sets up barriers before you, the barriers you have to overcome. It seems that you have overcome one barrier, but at his next move you encounter another obstacle to overcome. And it goes on all the time."
Khariton wrote that Simagin was "modest and humble, never asking anything for himself in this life, he could stand by another man when the truth was at stake. Now Simagin's name is almost forgotten, and that makes me very sad. But when I see his games, I enjoy chess as an art; I understand that Simagin was a real chess artist whose name is forever engraved in the chess annals."


5-4-3-2-Run

5-4-3-2-Run is a Canadian game show for kids that ran from about 1988 to 1990 on CTV in Canada and on many independent stations in the United States. Hosted by Andrew Cochran, the show combined general knowledge questions, wacky stunts and messy surprises similar to "Double Dare". The show was taped at the BCTV studios in Burnaby, British Columbia.
Gameplay.
Two full games were played during each show. The contestants, known as "runners", were randomly picked out of the studio audience upon a correct response to a question. Four players were chosen for each game, and once chosen they were asked to put on protective capes because some elements of the game were messy.
In each round, a category was given and possible answers were shown on monitors at the end of the playing course. The goal was to pick the answers that fit within the category. To give time to randomize the answers, the players were asked to complete a stunt such as walking on bucket stilts, stomping balloons, picking up straws, etc. Once they reached the bin at the other end of the course, each player chose one of the answers and were also given the option of staying where they were or trading into the one seat that was empty or with another player (in the latter event, the other must agree to the trade for it to take place). When all players were satisfied with their choice, they pushed a plunger on the desk. Those who picked a correct answer moved on to the next round, while the person who picked the incorrect answer would get something dumped on their head and be eliminated from further play, winning a consolation prize. The two players remaining at the end of the game would move on to the bonus round.
"Surprises".
A player who chose an incorrect answer would get a "surprise" dumped on them from a tube above their head. Some were witty and humorous, such as ping-pong balls and Monopoly money, while others were messy, such as whipped cream. The most popular form of surprise was a gooey dropping of colored slime - either blue (aka the "Blue Goo"), green (aka the "Green Stream") or purple (aka the "Purple Slurple").
Bonus Round.
The two winners from each game played in the bonus round. The players were shown four prizes, and were asked to choose the prize they most wanted to play for. If only one player chose a particular prize, that player had to answer only one question to win that prize. If more than one player chose the same prize, then a "face-off" took place with the last person to give a correct answer to a question winning the prize. Nobody left the game empty-handed, at the very least they took home a board game as their prize.


Clive Spate

Clive Spate (born 16 January 1952) is a British game show contestant. He was the winner of the eighth series of "Countdown" and has won many other TV quizzes, including the 2003 series "Grand Slam", a contest between previous quiz show champions which also featured Olav Bjortomt, Mark Labbett, Graham Nash and David Edwards, among others.
He appeared on "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" (Series 15, Episode 13), broadcast on 27th March 2004, where he won £125,000.
Spate is also a former tournament Scrabble player. He was the top rated UK player in 1991, 1994 and 1995. He competed at the World Scrabble Championship in 1993, finishing ninth out of sixty-four. The winner that year was "Countdown" Champion of Champions Mark Nyman – the first UK Scrabble player to hold the World Championship title.
Spate gradually retired from the game, although he made a brief comeback in 2003, when he was the runner-up at the British National Scrabble Championship.

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The thermal efficiency of the station in 1961 was 33.97 per cent. In 1972 the average load was 31.9 per cent of the maximum output capacity.
In 1973 the CEGB applied for planning consent to construct an additional generating station on the site of the existing B station. A public inquiry was held in July 1974. In the light of the oil crisis of 1973–74 and the consequent economic downturn the plans were not developed any further.
The B station was decommissioned in 1981 and was subsequently demolished. All that remains (in 2019) on the site are the concrete foundations of the buildings.
Ashford Peaking Plant.
AMP Clean Energy Limited (formerly Ashford Power, UK) commissioned a 21 MW peaking plant in May 2018. Design and construction of the station on the Kingsnorth industrial estate (TR 00511 40888) in Ashford was managed by Clarke Energy. The plant comprises 14 gas engine and alternator sets, each delivering 1.5 MW of electricity. The engines are GE Jensbacher gas engines fuelled by natural gas. The plant is started-up as requested by the national grid at times of peak demand. This is expected to be for 1,500 to 2,000 hours per year. The plant is unattended and is operated and monitored remotely.
Other developments.
In August 2018 Henwood Power Ltd applied for planning permission to build a new Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR) electricity power station on the Henwood industrial estate in Ashford. This would comprise nine natural gas-fired engines located within a former cold store building. The planning application was withdrawn by the applicant in September 2018.


Yoshiyuki Matsuoka

 is a retired judoka from Japan, who represented his native country at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There, he won the gold medal in the men's half-lightweight division (– 65 kg), after having defeated South Korea's Hwang Jung-Oh in the final by Seoi Nage, learned from Shozo Fujii, 4 times world champion (1971–1979).
As of 2007, Matsuoka coaches judo club of Komatsu Limited. Among his students is world champion Ayumi Tanimoto.


Abuja Thermal Power Station

Abuja Thermal Power Station is a planned 1,350 MW natural gas-fired thermal power plant in Nigeria. It is planned as an IPP project.
Location.
The power plant would be located on of land in the community of Dukpa, in the Gwagwalada Area Council of the city of Abuja, Nigeria's capital. Gwagwalada is located approximately , as the crow flies, west of Abuja Federal Capital.
Overview.
Abuja Thermal Power Station is a collaborative effort between (a) the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), which will supply the natural gas (b) the government of the United States, a donor to the project (c) General Electric Nigeria (GE Nigeria), who will supply the gas turbines and (d) a yet to be identified independent power producer. When completed, the power station is expected to produce 1,350 megawatts of electricity, which will be connected to the Nigerian national electricity grid.
Development.
Natural gas to this power project is expected to be delivered via the Ajaokuta–Kaduna–Kano Natural Gas Pipeline, which was under development, as of 2020. The pipeline and the power station are intended to take advantage of the abundant natural gas sources in Nigeria's upstream petroleum operations, and use that gas for industrial and domestic purposes, to spur economic development.
In February 2020, the United States Trade and Development Agency (USTDA), donated US$1.16 million towards the development of this power station.


Harrisburg Avenue Tobacco Historic District

Harrisburg Avenue Tobacco Historic District is a historic tobacco warehouse complex and national historic district located at Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It includes four contributing buildings built between 1874 and about 1881. All four buildings are brick buildings used for the processing and storage of cigar leaf tobacco. Two of the four buildings were built in 1874 and known as the C. August Bitner Tobacco Warehouse, the third was built about 1880 as the Pritzfield & Co. Tobacco Warehouse, and the fourth was built about 1881 as the Rosenbaum Tobacco Warehouse. The Rosenbaum Tobacco Warehouse is now occupied by the Lancaster Arts Hotel.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.


Victorian Photonics Network

Victorian Photonics Network was a photonics industry organisation for the photonics cluster in Victoria, Australia. It was established on 23 October 2002 as an initiative of the State Government of Victoria.
The organisation participated in developing a new VCE physics study design.
The chairman is Peter Gerrand, previously CEO of Melbourne IT.
The organisation ceased to exist as of May 2015.


Kodak Ultima

Kodak Ultima is a brand of photo paper for inkjet printers sold by Eastman Kodak.
Paper longevity testing.
Kodak claims that Ultima picture paper had been tested to last 162 years. This was disputed by Wilhelm Imaging Research, who claimed that it only lasted about ten years. Kodak bases its estimates on typical home light levels of 120 lux for a 12-hour day, a figure based on over 150,000 measurements in consumer homes around the world and verified in the fading of actual display prints. The studies, spanning 18 years, were presented at "IS&T's Thirteenth International Symposium on Photofinishing Technologies" (IS&T, February 2004, Volume 13).
In addition, the 120 lux level has been used by photographic companies for decades. Wilhelm Imaging Research has used a 450 lux level, which is often cited as an ideal viewing condition, but is not typical of a home environment.
There are other environmental degradation factors that need to be considered when assessing the print life of papers, including heat, humidity and airborne pollutants, in addition to light. Ignoring any of these or overestimating light alone is risky and has led to embarrassing over-predictions of print lifetime, such as that seen in the rapid degradation of some early ink jet prints due to atmospheric contaminants. However, no inkjet company (until recently) has made any claims about gas-fastness, only about light-fastness, even though many consumers display inkjet prints without the protection of glass (Wilhelm Imaging Research does its light-fastness tests under glass). Recently inkjet companies like Canon and Epson have been careful to point out that their criteria are on light-fastness and are very specific that they don't guarantee gas-fastness of their papers and inks.
Limiting to light-fastness ratings also ignores the fact that more than 90 per cent of consumer photographs are not displayed, but rather stored in albums or shoeboxes, where thermal degradation, particularly thermal yellowing, can be the dominant factor. It is for these reasons that Kodak has long embraced a holistic, multi-factor approach to predicting the lifetime of prints.
When Henry Wilhelm claimed that Kodak's Ultima paper failed meet its 100-year lifetime with some inkjet inks, Kodak clarified their statement that "Kodak's new Ultima Picture Paper with ColorLast technology is a significant advancement in picture longevity, with over 100-year degradation resistance when used with state-of-the-art inks. These state-of-the-art inks are widely available in current consumer photo-quality printers."


Bulawayo Thermal Power Station

Bulawayo Thermal Power Station is a coal-fired thermal power plant located in the city of Bulawayo in Bulawayo District in the Matabeleland Province of Zimbabwe.
Location.
The power station is located in the central business district of Bulawayo, approximately , by road, southwest of Harare the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe.
The coordinates of the power station are:20°09'33.0"S, 28°34'33.0"E (Latitude:-20.159167; Longitude:28.575833).
Overview.
The power station is owned and operated by Zimbabwe Power Company, (ZPC), a parastatal of the Government of Zimbabwe. ZPC is a 100 percent subsidiary of Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority. The station was constructed between 1947 and 1957 by Bulawayo Municipal Council. At that time, generation capacity was 120 megawatts.
The plant uses coal, primarily from Hwange Colliery, which is brought in by rail and road. In 1999, the power station underwent a major overhaul and modernization repairs, which reduced generation capacity to 90 megawatts. As of 2019, the generation capacity had deteriorated to about 30 megawatts, due to antiquated equipment and lack of maintenance for many years.
Upgrade.
In 2019, the Zimbabwean government publicly announced its intentions to overhaul, refurbish and modernize the power station, so that it would generate 90 megawatts again. Two of the six cooling towers will be demolished in the process. The remaining four cooling towers will be refurbished to prolong their life span by another 15 to 20 years.
In November 2018, the Government of India extended a line of credit worth US$333 million to the government of Zimbabwe, of which US$23 million was to fund the upgrade to Bulawayo Thermal Power Station.


Walter Schnader Tobacco Warehouse

Walter Schnader Tobacco Warehouse is a historic tobacco warehouse located at Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1900, and is a three-story, rectangular brick building with a flat roof and stone foundation. It is three bays wide.
Besides being used as a warehouse, the building has also been used as a recording studio. In 2012 a process was begun to buy the building for $245,000 and turn it into a microdistillery making rye whiskey.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is a few doors down from the R. K. Schnader & Sons Tobacco Warehouse which is also listed on the National Register.


Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant

Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant ("GHTP Lehra Mohabbat") is located on National Highway No. 7 (earlier NH 64) which runs from Bathinda to Chandigarh.
The Generators used are cylindrical rotor type, that were manufactured in India by BHEL.
Source of water is from Bhatinda Branch of Sirhind Canal.
Capacity.
It has an installed capacity of 920 MW.


Massif du Sud Wind Project

The Massif du Sud Wind Project is a wind project being developed by EDF Énergies Nouvelles and Enbridge. It is located near the villages of Saint-Philémon, Quebec and Saint-Magloire, Quebec. Comprising 75 REpower Systems 2-megawatt wind turbines, at completion the project will achieve a nameplate capacity of 150 MW.


Kari Uotila

Kari Antero Uotila (born 4 January 1955 in Pertunmaa) is a Finnish politician and member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He has been member of parliament two times: 1995-2007 and since 2008.


Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor

Medical Research Reactor (MRR) was a research reactor which was located at Brookhaven National Laboratory, a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Upton, New York, on Long Island, approximately 60 miles east of New York City. The second of three reactors constructed at BNL, the MRR operated from 1959 until 2000 and has been partially decommissioned.
History.
The primary purpose of the MRR was to produce neutrons for medical research; MRR was the first reactor built specifically for medical research. As described in the lab’s 1964 annual report, “The Medical Research Reactor (MRR) was constructed for the sole purpose of exploring the possible applications of nuclear reactors to the study of man and his diseases. Each salient feature of the reactor was designed in relation to its use for therapy and diagnosis or in the advancement of basic medical science.” One of the treatments pioneered at this reactor was boron neutron capture therapy, or BNCT. This promising treatment was developed for use against glioblastoma multiforme, an otherwise untreatable and deadly form of brain cancer. The reactor first reach criticality on March 15, 1959 and continued operations until December 2000.
Experimental use included research concerned with the effects of ionizing radiation on tree seedlings, the application of neutron radiography to biological materials, thermal neutron irradiation of bacteria, and epithermal neutron irradiation studies utilizing the animal treatment facility for phantom and animal irradiations.
Design.
The MRR was housed in a cylindrical steel building 60 feet in diameter and 54 feet high. The reactor was connected to the larger Medical Research Center by two sets of airlocks. The reactor vessel was a cylindrical aluminum tank only 24 inches in diameter and 7 feet 7 inches tall. Cooling water was provided by connected piping. The reactor was fueled by enriched uranium and cooled and moderated by light water. A neutron reflector surrounded the reactor vessel to improve neutron economy. Control rods entered from the top of the core; a thick wall of high density concrete surrounded the reactor vessel and associated equipment to provide protection for workers and patients. Air which provided cooling for the neutron reflector and neighboring structures became slightly activated due to the high neutron flux field (argon-41) and was exhausted out a tall stack adjacent to the reactor building. As a research reactor, MRR never had a power conversion system to generate electricity; heat from the nuclear reactions was exhausted through the tall stack to the atmosphere and through heat exchangers to cooling water loops.
Operation on an intermittent basis was demanded by the nature of the research program. Operating power levels up to 3 MW were approved for continuous operation, and levels up to 5 MW were permitted for intermittent periods not to exceed 10 minutes. By 1964, increased use of the reactor for irradiation of biological samples prompted the lab to increase the reactor core loading to 20 BSF-type fuel elements in order to maintain sufficient excess reactivity so that fission product poisoning would not prevent consecutive daily start-ups of the MRR.
One of the reactor's four faces was equipped for the irradiation of large objects, while the holes that penetrated another face permitted irradiation of samples, activation analysis and production of short-lived radioisotopes. From the remaining two ports, streams of neutrons traveled to treatment rooms, for carefully controlled animal and human clinical studies. It produced a maximum neutron flux of about 20 trillion neutrons per square centimeter per second.
Decommissioning.
Due to a reduction of research funding, the MRR conducted its last run on December 2000; transition and stabilization activities began in 2001.


Brisay generating station

The Brisay hydroelectric generating station is on the Caniapiscau Reservoir, in the Canadian province of Quebec. Part of Hydro-Québec's James Bay Project, the station can generate 469 MW. It was commissioned in 1993. It generates electricity through the reservoir and dam system.


Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station

Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Plant is located at Birsinghpur railway station on Bilaspur-Katni section of SE Central Railway. It is situated at Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of MPPGCL
Power plant.
Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station has an installed capacity of 1340.00 MW. The First unit was commissioned in March 1993.
The Water for the plant has been procured from nearby Johila Dam which is spread across 1810 Hectares.
The coal for the plant has been procured by Rail from South eastern Coal Fields.
Commercial Monitoring Cell.
Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station has a Commercial Monitoring Cell which commercially monitors the Profit as well as the Losses of the Power Plant. In order to Automate the work and to compete in the Real Time World with the Deviation Settlement Mechanism of India incorporated by CERC an In-House Commercial Monitoring Software has been developed which shows the Profit/Loss in Real-Time .
Deviation Settlement Mechanism.
The Commercial Monitoring Software is designed with respect to the Rules & Regulations of Deviation Settlement Mechanism formed by CERC and a DSM Calculator (Open Access) for offline DSM Calculation (Block-Wise) is also provided at http://dsm.mppgcl.org/calculator
Average Grid Frequency.
Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station is the first power station to provide Moving Average Frequency of running block (Open Access) which is required for calculation of deviation charges of that block at http://dsm.mppgcl.org/freq
References.
SGTPS Registration Form


Sipchem

Saudi International Petrochemical Company (Sipchem) is a Saudi joint stock company owned jointly by private sector investors of Saudi Arabia and GCC countries. It was incorporated on 22 December 1999 with a paid-in capital of SR 500 million. The share capital was initially increased in 2003 by issuing 3 million shares, thereby raising the capital to SR 650 million. Subsequently, in April 2005 the share capital was further raised for the second time by SR 850 million resulting in a total share capital of SR 1.500 billion.
Sipchem has chosen Jubail Industrial City to build its industrial complex for producing various chemicals because this city is considered one of the leading industrial areas in the world having all necessary infrastructure for such large projects. The availability of raw materials in the Eastern province, the presence of Saudi Aramco that supplies required feedstocks at very competitive prices and in large quantities, the ease of export from the city via KFIP and its relative proximity to South Eastern Asian countries to which most petrochemicals are exported, are other reasons for this choice.


Merom Generating Station

Merom Generating Station is a 2-Unit, 1080-MW rated coal-fired power plant located between Merom, Indiana and Sullivan, Indiana. It is owned by Hoosier Energy, a Touchstone Energy cooperative. The plant has been in operation since 1982.
On January 21st, 2020, Hoosier Energy announced that the company expects to retire this facility in 2023. With the retirement, Merom Generating Station will join other planned partial retirements of coal generating stations in Indiana including generators at Gibson, Rockport, and Petersburg.
Legal Settlement.
In July 2010 a settlement agreement was reached between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Hoosier Energy to reduce emissions that are regulated under the Clean Air Act. The settlement included a civil penalty and a commitment to upgrade the air pollution controls at two power plants in Indiana, Merom Generating Station and Frank E. Ratts Generating Station.


Hammer works


Tatan Power Plant

The Tatan Power Plant, Dah-Tarn Power Plant or Ta-Tan Power Plant () is a gas-fired power plant in Guanyin District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. At the capacity of 4,384 MW, the plant is the world's largest gas turbine combined cycle power plant and Taiwan's largest gas-fired power plant.
Fuel supply.
The plant operates with liquefied natural gas supplied by CPC Corporation.
Events.
2005.
On 16 December 2005, the power plant combined cycle Unit 1 and 2 with a capacity of 435.9 MW each went into commercial operation.
2009.
On 31 December 2009, the power plant combined cycle Unit 4 and 5 were converted from low pressure to high pressure and started commercial operation on the day. This conversion increased the plant capacity by 507.4 MW.
2012.
In 2012, the power plant carried out the "Guidance Plan for Energy Industry Adaptive Action in Response to Climate Change" to conduct an analysis on the impact of climate change, a vulnerability check and risk evaluation for the facilities within their domain.
2017.
On 15 August 2017 at 4:52 p.m., the six generators of the power plant fully tripped due to operation technical error, disrupting the supply of 4 GW of electricity. During the power supply equipment replacement for a control system of the plant's metering station, the worker did not switch the system from auto mode to manual mode before starting the work, resulting the two gas supply pipe valves closed and stop the supply of liquefied natural gas fuel source for two minutes. Electricity rationing was implemented at 6:00 p.m. and ended at 9:40 p.m. The outage hit northern half of Taiwan Island, affecting 6.68 million households. Taipower responded by offering one day electricity charge cut from each household bill, which resulted in NT$270 million of revenue loss to the company.
Economic Affairs Minister Lee Chih-kung resigned shortly afterwards to take responsibility. Premier Lin Chuan appointed Deputy Minister Shen Jong-chin as acting Minister to replace Lee.


Inphi Corporation

Inphi Corporation is an American company that produces 10G-800G high-speed analog and mixed-signal semiconductor components and optical subsystems to networking original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), optical module, cloud and telecom service providers. Its headquarters are located in Santa Clara, California. Inphi develops linear transimpedance amplifiers, modulator drivers, optical physical layer devices, coherent DSPs, and silicon photonic-based subsystems for long haul, metro, and data center applications.
History.
Inphi was founded in 2000 by Gopal Raghavan, Tim Semones and Loi Nguyen to provide high-speed analog, DSP, and optical semiconductor solutions for the cloud and service provider communication markets. On July 30, 2014, Inphi completed the acquisition of Cortina Systems, Inc., in a transaction valued at $131 million including its High-Speed Interconnect and Optical Transport product lines. On August 4, 2016, Inphi completed the sale of its memory product business to Rambus Inc. for $90 million in cash. In December 2016 they acquired ClariPhy Communications, Inc. for $277 million in cash. On November 11, 2019, Inphi and Synopsys announced the acquisition of eSilicon. As part of the acquisition, Inphi paid $216 million, in both cash and the assumption of debt for eSilicon. This added 2.5D packaging, SerDes and custom silicon design products to the Inphi Portfolio. In February 2020, Inphi announced the world's first 800Gbps PAM4 electro-optics platform. In October 2020, Marvell Technology Group announced it would acquire Inphi for $8.2 billion. The acquisition completed in April 2021.
Products.
Inphi products include optical and networking physical layer solutions for cloud and telecom markets. Common applications for its products include long haul and metro, inside and between data center interconnects, 5G, access, and cable.<br>
Core technologies:
Franchise products:


Elijah Sherman Farm

Elijah Sherman Farm is a historic tobacco farm complex and national historic district located near Berea, Granville County, North Carolina. The farmhouse was built about 1887, and is a two-story, three bay, frame I-house, with a one-story full facade porch. Also on the property are two log corn cribs, stone well, two garage/sheds, a privy, smokehouse, woodhouse, corn crib, washhouse, stable, packhouse, striphouse, four tobacco barns, and a family cemetery.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.


Septentrio

Septentrio N.V. is a designer and manufacturer of high-end multi-frequency GNSS receivers. Its main target is to provide GNSS receiver boards and modules for further system integration by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Septentrio's core technology is used in various professional fields such as land and airborne surveying, mobile mapping, machine control, precision agriculture, mining, transport, offshore applications, construction, timing and geodesy etc.
History.
Septentrio N.V. was incorporated by Peter Grognard in Leuven, Belgium, in January 2000 to commercialize the Satellite Navigation know-how developed at the Interuniversity Micro Electronics Center, the largest independent microelectronics and nanotechnology R&D lab in Belgium. In 2007 Septentrio received the "Trends Gazelle" award for the fastest rate of growth among Belgian start-up companies.
Location.
Septentrio's headquarters are located in Leuven, Belgium. Operations for North and Latin American are based in Torrance, CA and the Asian-Pacific operations are based in Shanghai and Yokohama.
Activities.
Septentrio has an international team of experts, who cover all the fields of Satellite Navigation technology. The company designs its own chipsets, hardware, firmware and algorithms. Being a provider of high-end receivers for professional use, Septentrio prioritizes the reliability and precision of measurements as well as high degree of flexibility and user control. Septentrio’s products make use of APME, the company’s original multipath-mitigation technology, on-the-fly ambiguity fixing schemes based on the LAMBDA method, and advanced user-controlled RAIM algorithms. Septentrio is also known to first introduce single-board attitude determination systems based on the multi-antenna version of its GPS receivers.
Septentrio’s receivers were used to track experimental Galileo signals transmitted by the GIOVE-A satellite and were also the first to track the signals of the first experimental satellite of the future Chinese Compass navigation system. In the line of user products the company keeps its focus on multi-system receivers that make use of all the navigation signals available in the sky.


MYMO Wireless

MYMO Wireless is an India-based semiconductor company that designs and markets wireless telecommunication products and services. The company's headquarters are located in Bengaluru, India. MYMO Wireless develops 4G technology and LTE chipsets ranging from IoT-M2M to military-specific products. The company was started in 2009 as an IISc-incubated company. Its initial office was in IISc and later moved as its growth accelerated.
Corporate history.
MYMO was founded by Sondur Lakshmipathi; his previous military work includes training in the field of radar and communications.
MYMO Wireless was established in 2009 with a seed funding of ₹25L with an initial team of four members: Madhan Babu Sondur and Lakshmipathi.
Products.
MYMO owns IPs in IoT, Cellular technologies, avionics, defense, public safety and communications. The entire Digital India plan, which includes the smart cities in its agenda, is propelling the LTE tech to take-off in the country. It designs chipsets end-to-end, for handheld segments and has the IP for designing for the macro cell base stations for LTE. Its products are being licensed by US companies for LTE-based IoT-M2M chipsets, with customers ranging from avionics group for LTE in-flight internet modems to LTE-based satellite modems - apart from LTE-based, military-specific products.
According to MYMO, the company is capable of operating LTE network-and-products in unlicensed frequency bands. MYMO Wireless set up a laboratory for the Indian army in the Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE), Mhow; this will enable MCTE students to carry out hands-on training on the latest mobile-communication equipment.


Jawaharpur Super Thermal Power Station

Jawaharpur Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd is an upcoming thermal power plant coming up at Town Malawan district Etah in Uttar Pradesh, India. The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of Jawaharpur Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd. (JVUNL), a 100% subsidiary of UP Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL)
The Contract is awarded to Doosan Power Systems India (DPSI).
Capacity.
The planned capacity of the power plant is 1320 MW (2x660MW). Expected commissioning in year 2021.


Khargone Super Thermal Power Station

Khargone Super Thermal Power Station is a coal-based thermal power project, located at village Selda and Dalchi in Khargone district in Indian State of Madhya Pradesh.
It is the country's first ultra-super critical thermal power plant. The Khargone plant operates at an efficiency of 41.5 per cent, which is 3.3 per cent higher than the conventional super-critical ones, with steam parameters of 600 degree Celsius temperatures and 270 kg per centimeter square pressure.
The high efficiency results in less coal consumption for generating same amount of electricity with respect to super critical plants and will result in the reduction of 3.3 per cent carbon dioxide emissions.
Central Industrial Security force guards this power station. Cisf unit get induction in NTPC Khargone on 4 August 2020
The project site is about 105 km from Indore and about 30 km from Sanawad town. The site is approachable from Sanawad on Indore – Khandwa State Highway through PWD road. Nearest Railway Station is Sanawad on Indore – Khandwa meter gauge section is about 32 km.


Siemens Wind Power


Thomas F. Rowland

Thomas Fitch Rowland (March 15, 1831 – December 13, 1907) was an American engineer and shipbuilder. In 1861, he founded the Continental Iron Works in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, which built ironclad warships for the United States Navy during the American Civil War, most notably , which successfully neutralized the threat from the Confederate ironclad CSS "Virginia" in the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862.
After the war, Rowland's Continental Works diversified into the construction of gasworks and other industrial fittings, and became a pioneer of welding technology, producing welded, corrugated boiler furnaces and other welded products. During the Spanish–American War and World War I, the company produced munitions. After World War I, it focused increasingly on the manufacture of gas mains and large-diameter water pipes. The plant closed in 1928, with the retirement of Rowland's eldest son from the business.
Rowland was described as an energetic and inventive leader, who designed many of his own company's machine tools, accumulating more than fifty patents in the course of his lifetime. He also had an interest in philanthropy, and is credited among other things with having pioneered the Saturday half-day holiday in New York for employees. In 1884, he endowed the Thomas Fitch Rowland Prize for outstanding engineering papers, which is still awarded annually as of 2020.
Life and career.
Early life and career.
Thomas Fitch Rowland was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on March 15, 1831, the fourth of five children and only son of George and Ruth Caroline (née Attwater) Rowland. His mother died when he was six years old. Rowland was a descendant of Henry M. Rowland of Essex, England, an early settler of Fairfield, Connecticut, and of Thomas Fitch (1699–1774), one of the last colonial governors of the state, whose house was burned down by the British during the American Revolutionary War.
Rowland received a common school education at Lovel's School and the Collegiate Preparatory School in New Haven. At the age of 13, he became the miller's boy in his father's grist mill. He eventually joined the New York and New Haven Railroad, reportedly as its first apprentice, later serving with the company as a fireman and engineer; he is said to have "fired the third passenger train that was sent over the road from New Haven to New York".
In 1850, he took a position as 2nd assistant engineer on "Connecticut", a leading steamboat operating between New Haven and New York. Discharged from this position following a change of ownership of the steamboat line, Rowland joined the Allaire Iron Works in 1852, where he worked as a draftsman. During his time with this company, he designed the engines of the steam revenue cutter . According to some sources, he then became general superintendent of the steam engineering works of Henry Esler & Co., but another account states that he joined the Morgan Iron Works.
Continental Iron Works.
In 1859, Samuel Sneden, a builder of wood-hulled steamboats in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, was offered a contract by a regular customer to build an iron-hulled ship. With no experience in the construction of such vessels, Sneden invited Rowland into partnership in his firm, Samuel Sneden & Co., to assist the yard in making the transition to iron shipbuilding. Rowland accepted, and over the following two years, three iron-hulled vessels were produced by the partnership. In January 1861, however, Sneden & Co. abruptly failed after submitting a low bid for the construction of a large-diameter water mains across the Harlem River. Shortly after, Sneden ceded his yard to Rowland, who pledged to settle the failed company's affairs. Rowland renamed the yard the Continental Iron Works, and the water mains contract would later be completed by the new firm.
American Civil War.
The establishment of the Continental Works coincided with the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, and later that year, Rowland became associated with New York engineer John Ericsson, who had just secured a contract with the United States Navy for the construction of a radically new type of ironclad warship with low freeboard and a revolving gun turret. Ericsson subcontracted Rowland for construction of the hull, and the new warship, known as , was launched at the Continental Works in just 101 days. When "Monitor" successfully neutralized the threat from the Confederate ironclad CSS "Virginia" at the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862, a "monitor craze" took hold in Washington, with contracts for many more such warships being issued to firms around the nation. The Continental Iron Works would ultimately build seven monitors for the Navy during the war—more than any other company in the country. The Works also built the turrets for an additional three monitors as well as building an iron-hulled gunboat and doing other wartime work for the government. At one point in 1864, Rowland attempted to sell the Continental Works and go into early retirement, but this did not eventuate, and instead he would remain the company's president for most of his life.
During the war, Rowland was widely praised for his energetic and creative leadership. He patented a number of machine tools in this period, including one that reportedly saved the labor of 75 men. A "prolific" inventor, Rowland would file more than fifty patents over the course of his lifetime.
Postwar activities.
After the Civil War, a severe and prolonged shipbuilding slump devastated New York's shipbuilding industry, and although the Continental Iron Works continued to build the occasional ship, it diversified into other areas, notably the supply of equipment for the burgeoning gas lighting industry, including the manufacture of gas holders, gas mains and entire gasworks. The company also manufactured its own line of boilers, and became a pioneer in welding technology, producing welded boiler furnaces, gas-illuminated buoys, steel digesters for the wood-pulping industry, and other products. From time to time it also manufactured munitions, notably welded torpedo casings, and depth charge casings during World War I. After this war, the company increasingly focused on the manufacture of gas mains and large welded water pipes. The company was liquidated in 1928, following the retirement of Rowland's son.
Personal details.
In 1855, Thomas F. Rowland married Mary Eliza Bradley, daughter of Charles Bradley of New Haven, Connecticut. The Rowlands had four children: a daughter, Caroline Attwater, who died in infancy, and three sons, Thomas Jr., Charles and George, the first two of whom mentioned following their father into the family business.
Rowland was known for his genial disposition, and was said to be "universally esteemed" during his life; he was further described as a "leading and progressive spirit in the life of the Greenpoint community." He was active as a philanthropist, notably pioneering the practice in New York of granting a half-day holiday to employees on Saturday afternoons, which he extended to his own workforce with no reduction in pay. He also gave generous Christmas bonuses to his employees, ranging from $25 () to $75 () depending on their length of employment. After the Ascension Episcopal Church in Kent Street, Brooklyn, was completed in 1885, Rowland paid the Church's outstanding debt of $15,000 (). On another occasion, when the rector of the Church—whom Rowland had at the time known for only a few months—suffered a prolonged illness, Rowland paid his accumulated medical bills.
Rowland was a vice-president and life member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and was one of only nine honorary members in his time of the American Society of Civil Engineers. To the latter organization he endowed an annual prize for exceptional engineering papers, known as the Thomas Fitch Rowland Prize, which is still awarded today. He was a life member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, the New York Chamber of Commerce, the American Geographical Society, American Gas Light Association, New Haven Colony Historical Society, Fairfield County Historical Society and New England Society, and an honorary member of the Society of Gas Lighting, Union League Club and American Yacht Club. He was also a trustee of the Webb Academy and Home for Shipbuilders, the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen and the New York Historical Society.
Rowland struggled with illness in his declining years. He died on December 13, 1907, having only stepped back from the presidency of the Continental Works a few months prior. He was survived by his wife Mary, and by two of his sons, Thomas Jr. and Charles. His remains were interred in the family plot in Evergreen Cemetery, in his birthplace of New Haven, Connecticut.


Availability factor

The availability factor of a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period. Occasions where only partial capacity is available may or may not be deducted. Where they are deducted, the metric is titled "equivalent availability factor" (EAF). The availability factor should not be confused with the capacity factor. The capacity factor for a given period can never exceed the availability factor for the same period. The difference arises when the plant is run at less than full capacity, in which case the capacity factor is less than the availability factor.
The availability of a power plant varies greatly depending on the type of fuel, the design of the plant and how the plant is operated. Everything else being equal, plants that are run less frequently have higher availability factors because they require less maintenance and because more inspections and maintenance can be scheduled during idle time. Most thermal power stations, such as coal, geothermal and nuclear power plants, have availability factors between 70% and 90%. Newer plants tend to have significantly higher availability factors, but preventive maintenance is as important as improvements in design and technology. Gas turbines have relatively high availability factors, ranging from 80% to 99%. Gas turbines are commonly used for peaking power plants, co-generation plants and the first stage of combined cycle plants.
Originally the term availability factor was used only for power plants that depended on an active, controlled supply of fuel, typically fossil or later also nuclear. The emergence of renewable energy such as hydro, wind and solar power, which operate without an active, controlled supply of fuel and which come to a standstill when their natural supply of energy ceases, requires a more careful distinction between the availability factor and the capacity factor. By convention, such zero production periods are counted against the capacity factor but not against the availability factor, which thus remains defined as depending on an active, controlled supply of fuel, along with factors concerning reliability and maintenance. A wind turbine cannot operate in wind speeds above a certain limit, which counts against its availability factor. With this definition, modern wind turbines which require very little maintenance, have very high availability factors, up to about 98%. Photovoltaic power stations which have few or no moving parts and which can undergo planned inspections and maintenance during night have an availability factor approaching or equal to 100% when the sun is shining.


October 2006 Yakima hops fire

The October 2006 Yakima hops fire was a large-scale fire that destroyed a significant amount of the US total hops production, in a warehouse located in Yakima, Washington.
The fire started shortly before noon local time on October 2, 2006 in a 40,000-square-foot (3,600-square-meter) warehouse operated by S.S. Steiner Inc., one of the four largest hop buyers in the Yakima Valley of central Washington. By mid-afternoon, flames engulfed most of the building.
The fire destroyed or ruined about 10,000 bales, each weighing about 200 pounds (90 kilograms) and likely worth $1.75 to $2 a pound.
It is estimated this represents about four percent of the total US production.


Agfa-Gevaert Tournament (Germany)

The Agfa-Gevaert Tournament was a professional golf tournament that was played in Munich, West Germany from 1968 to 1971. It was founded by sponsors Agfa-Gevaert following the success of their British subsidiary's existing tournament in England, and was the last of three tournaments in West Germany played in consecutive weeks, following on from the German Open and the Woodlawn International Invitational. It was hosted at Munich Golf Club.


J. M. Langtry

James MacKay Langtry (1894–1971) was a British Technical Advisor who was seconded by the engineering firm Vickers Armstrong to the Spanish naval shipbuilder Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval (SECN), of which it owned a part. He arrived in Ferrol, Spain, in 1919. He defended the colours of the Racing Ferrol Football Club during the 1920s.


Frank Perkins (engineer)

Francis Arthur "Frank" Perkins (20 February 1889 – 15 October 1967) was a British engineer, businessman, creator of the Perkins Diesel Engine, and founder of Perkins Engines.
Background and early life.
Perkins was born in Peterborough, the son of John Edward Sharman Perkins, a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, and his wife Margaret Charlotte Long. His brother Christopher Perkins became a noted artist, and both boys were educated at Gresham's School, Holt, Norfolk. Frank attended Rugby School (1902–1904), Gresham's (1904–1907), and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, (1907–1910) gaining a pass degree in mechanical engineering in 1910.
War service.
At the beginning of the First World War, Perkins volunteered for the army and, in October 1914, was commissioned in the Royal Engineers. He served in its 34th divisional company in the Dardanelles, Palestine, and Egypt. He was demobilised in 1918 with the rank of major.
Career.
He was a third generation engineer, following both his grandfather and father, who both worked for Barford & Perkins, a family firm that manufactured road construction rollers/compactors, agricultural rollers, and other agricultural machinery. However, before joining the family firm at its Queen Street ironworks in Peterborough, he worked for Lawes Chemicals Ltd.
While later working at Aveling & Porter in Rochester, Kent, Perkins started working on a high-speed, light-weight, diesel engine with Charles Chapman. Before they could complete the project, Aveling & Porter went bankrupt. Convinced that the scheme would be profitable in serving the agricultural tractor market, the two formed their own company, F. Perkins Limited, on 7 June 1932, initially with four employees and based in a rented workshop. Chapman was the technical director and Perkins the chairman.
Perkins would go on building new engines and building the company until 1959, when at the age of seventy he sold a majority stake to his largest customer, Massey Ferguson. He was president of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (1956–57) and Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire (1956–57). He died at his home, Alwalton Hall, near Peterborough, in 1967. There is a plaque to his memory in Alwalton parish church where Henry Royce (1863–1933), co-founder of Rolls-Royce, is also commemorated.
Family.
In 1915, while on leave from the Royal Engineers, Perkins married Susan Gwynneth Gee, the daughter of Hugh Roberts Williams. They had one son and three daughters.


Draper Tools

Draper Tools Ltd is a British distributor of tools for professional and consumer use, based at a 37,000m2 (400,000 sq. ft.) site in Chandler's Ford in Hampshire, England.
History.
The history of Draper Tools starts in 1919, when Bert Draper ran a business of trading government surplus and tools in Kingston upon Thames. The company was known initially as "B. Draper & Son Limited", and operated as a wholesaler for brands such as King Dick, as well as its own "B.D.S." brand.
The company moved to the Chandler's Ford site in 1963, under the management of Bert's son, Norman Draper. The company formed international partnerships with manufacturers such as Germany's Elora and Knipex. Since Norman's death in 1994, the company is run by his son, John Draper.
In 2009, the company opened a new 350,000 sq ft industrial unit warehouse facility in North Baddesley Hampshire.
Sponsorship.
The company were once sponsors of Southampton football club for nine years between 1984 and 1993. The company have also been a perimeter board advertiser and sponsor of Southampton's big screen LCD football scoreboard.
Draper sponsored Solent Stars basketball team between 1986 and 1987.


Heavy Water Components Test Reactor

Heavy Water Components Test Reactor (HWCTR) was an experimental nuclear reactor at the Savannah River Site in Aiken County, South Carolina. It was commonly called "Hector."
History.
It was constructed in 1958, starting in a temporary construction area, which is now called "B" Area. This is near the intersection of SRS roads "2" and "C." It is identified as Building 770-U. It has a cylindrical structure with a hemispherical dome. Its diameter is 70 ft (21.3 m) with a height of 125 ft (38.1 m). About 60 ft (18.3 m) is located underground. The building was designed to contain an internal pressure of 24 psig (165 kPa). It had a 70 MW thermal output.
It was built to test the concept of a heavy water moderated and cooled reactor for civilian power. It was tested from late 1962 to December 1964. It was not restarted. The fuel was removed and the facility was secured by 1971. All auxiliary buildings were removed. The reactor building awaits its final disposition.
During deactivation activities at the HWCTR in 2010, an unanticipated high dose was experienced during the removal of wire flux monitor cabling. On November 2, 2010, when work was in progress to remove the instrumentation, one of three small helium-filled ion chambers was removed from the instrumentation sleeve. A higher than expected dose rate was detected when the lowest of the three ion chambers exited the reactor vessel below the lower axial shield. As a result, three workers received whole body doses of 2.52 mREM, 2.7 mREM, and 5.6 mREM.


Hy-Gain Antennas and Rotators

Hy-Gain (often written "hy-gain") is a manufacturer of antenna and antenna related products for the amateur radio industry. Its best-known products are a line of Yagi antennas and antenna rotators. Hy-Gain used to be owned by Telex Communications, which sold it to MFJ Enterprises in 1999.


Amyntaio Power Plant

Amyntaio Power Station () is a 600 MW coal-fired power station near Amyntaio in Western Macedonia, Greece. Build and commissioned in the mid 1980s, the power station is fuelled by lignite from the adjacent Amyntaio coal mine.
Today it is one of six power plants in an area called the Western Macedonia Lignite Center, which is located in the Ptolemaida Basin and constitutes the largest coalfield in Greece and the Balkans. Both the power plant and the adjacent mine are owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC).
Construction.
The power station was constructed between 1983 and 1986 by a consortium of French Alsthom-Atlantique and Stein Industries, Russian Energomachexport and Zarubezhenergoproekt and Greek Biokat.
It consists of two units with a generation capacity of 300 MW each. Turbo generators are built by Russian LMZ, while Sulzer boilers are supplied by French Stein Industrie. The plant's tall chimney is one of the tallest structures in Greece.
The lignite fuel is dug out by several bucket-wheel excavators and transported by belt conveyors from the adjacent open-pit Amyntaio coal mine. Feedwater is transported from the nearby Lake Vegoritida and the artificial , some 50 km south of the plant.
Operation.
The power plant's first unit has been in operation since January 1987 with the second unit following in August 1987. Its lifespan is limited by the remaining exploitable deposits in the Amyntaio mine. As PPC requested article 33 "Limited lifetime derogation" status for its Amyntaio and Kardia plants, excluding them from compliance with stricter emission limits set by the EU directive 2010/75, they are expected to be shut down by the end of 2023.
In 2013, the Greek government included the Amyntaio power plant in a list of assets which PPC was required to spin-off to a subsidiary. This subsidiary was set to be turned into a new competing electricity company following its privatization. Following large scale protests and limited corporate interest in entering the Greek lignite market, the new Syriza-led government however announced it would call off the privatization.
Cogeneration of Heat and Power.
The power station is equipped to make productive use of excess heat, supplying the nearby town of Amyntaio and the villages of Filotas and with co-generated district heat. Connecting to the power stations steam pipelines, the municipal "District Heating Company of Amyndeo" operates an extensive network connecting 1250 public and residential buildings.
Originally constructed in 2005, the district heating network is currently being expanded by a planned 50% to cover a larger share of the three villages' heating requirements. Accordingly, the equipment is being upgraded to allow for thermal loads up to 34 MWth.
The Amyntaio district heating project is the third project of its kind in Greece following similar projects in Kozani and Ptolemaida. It has become a model project in transnational cooperation with the neighbouring North Macedonia.
Environment.
In spite of investments in heat cogeneration, overall efficiency of the power station remains relatively low, significantly contributing to the country's carbon dioxide emissions. At the same time, air pollution by respirable suspended particles and soil acidification by NOx emissions remains high, in spite of moderate investments in filtering technology. Since 2001, NOx emissions of the Amyntaio power plant even significantly increased, reaching 2.5 kg/MWh in 2008, the highest value of all power plants in Greece. This is explained by the low and further decreasing calorific value of the low-quality lignite of the Amyntaio coal mine, which however has been found low in sulfur and mercury.
After a pollutant emissions reduction plan as required by EU directive 2001/80 has been approved, the environmental permits of Amyntaio were renewed in 2008. With its lifetime being limited to 2023, the Amyntaio power plant however remains excluded from compliance with the stricter emission limits set by the EU directive 2010/75. Subsequently, neither the implementation of desulphurisation technology nor the replacement of electrostatic precipitators to reduce particle emissions is planned for this power plant, though preliminary studies have been completed.


Bewdley railway station

Bewdley railway station serves the town of Bewdley in Worcestershire, England. Until 2014, it was the administrative headquarters of the Severn Valley Railway, after which they were moved to Comberton Hill, Kidderminster. Bewdley is the principal intermediate station on the line.
History.
Bewdley station originally opened in 1862 as one of the main intermediate stations on the line between Hartlebury and Shrewsbury. It was operated by the West Midland Railway, before that company was absorbed into the Great Western Railway (GWR).
In 1864, the Tenbury & Bewdley Railway opened, with its route through the Wyre Forest branching off the SVR north of Bewdley station, before crossing the River Severn over the now partially-dismantled Dowles Bridge. Thus Bewdley became a junction station.
In 1878, GWR opened a "loop-line" to Kidderminster, which meant that Bewdley had a direct link with the town and became a double junction. As a legacy of its former junction status, Bewdley station is unique on the SVR in that it has two signal boxes, Bewdley North and Bewdley South.
Bewdley station was at its busiest at weekends and local holiday periods, but traffic declined with the increasing use of cars in the 1950s. As a consequence, rationalisation resulted in the end of through passenger traffic — firstly on the Wyre Forest line in 1962, followed by the Severn Valley line in 1963. Although thought by some to have been a result of the Beeching axe, those closures pre-dated his report.
Until January 1970, British Rail continued to serve the last remaining stations of Stourport-on-Severn, Burlish Halt, Bewdley, Foley Park Halt and Kidderminster.
Preservation.
Bewdley was disused for only four years before preservationists from the new SVR Company bought the land, track and buildings in 1974, enabling the SVR to extend from Bridgnorth–Hampton Loade to Highley and eventually Bewdley that same year.
From 1980 onwards, occasional bank holiday services were operated to Bewdley, originally from Kidderminster and later from Birmingham New Street. The SVR's own services to Kidderminster could not commence until sugar beet traffic to Foley Park ceased in 1982, and its own station, Kidderminster Town, was opened, which occurred two years later.
During and after preservation:
Bewdley Tunnel.
Just to the East of the station lies the -long Bewdley Tunnel.
Future services.
Due to heavy congestion in the Wyre Forest, there have been calls for Bewdley station to be returned to the National Rail network. The idea of Kidderminster to Bewdley trains has been discussed at meetings with Central Trains, its successors London Midland, West Midlands Trains and Chiltern Railways. The obstacle was always the question of who would provide the infrastructure and staff. New services could run further than Kidderminster, to Birmingham, Dudley or London. West Midlands Trains says it plans to operate extensions of services from Kidderminster to the station by December 2019.
Famous Media Appearances.
Bewdley Railway Station has been used as a location for a number of television and cinema productions. These include the 1992 film "Howards End", the 2007 film "Woes of the Departed", and, as "Musborough Junction" station, the opening scenes of the 1984 BBC Television adaptation of the John Masefield novel "The Box of Delights" (keen-eyed viewers will spot the Bewdley station sign reflected in a window).


Tummel hydro-electric power scheme

The Tummel hydro-electric power scheme for the generation of hydro-electric power is located in the Grampian Mountains, between Loch Ericht, Loch Rannoch and Loch Tummel, in Perth and Kinross, Scotland.
The scheme was conceived by the Edinburgh architects Tarbolton & Ochterlony. Following Matthew Ochterlony's death in 1946 the scheme was progressed alone by Harold Tarbolton, works beginning in 1947. Tarbolton died before the project was completed.
As of 2019 the scheme consists of nine power stations and water, depending on where it originates and the path it takes, may pass through as many as five of them in sequence. The Power Stations are: Cuaich, Loch Ericht, Loch Rannoch, River Gaur, Tummel Bridge, Errochty, Trinafour, Clunie and Pitlochry. The stations are named for their physical location as opposed to their feedstock. For example, Loch Ericht Power Station is fed from Loch Garry but is adjacent to and discharges into Loch Ericht.


Red Lily Wind Farm

The Red Lily Wind Farm is a Red Lily Wind Energy Partnership facility situated north west of Moosomin, Saskatchewan, in the Rural Municipality of Moosomin. The facility is owned by Concorde Pacific and developed and constructed by Algonquin Power. The wind farm will consist of sixteen V82-1.65 MW wind turbines, for a total of 25 MW. At a cost of $60 million, work on the project started in 2010, with the facility coming online (at 26.4 MW) in February 2011. The facility is being constructed under a long-term, 25-year, power purchase agreement with SaskPower.
Description.
Installed in 2010, the wind farm consists of 16, V82-1.65 MW wind turbines.


FSI International

FSI International, Inc. (FSI) is based in Chaska, Minnesota. The company's history began with the establishment of Fluoroware, Inc. in 1966, and this company made fixtures to hold the silicon wafers in place during the various processes involved in producing semiconductor devices. When asked to design a drying apparatus, the principals of Fluoroware agreed to do so and established FSI International in 1973 to market this new product. The company's offerings expanded to meet the market need for equipment used in the fabrication of microelectronics. In the 1990s, the company relocated from its original facility overlooking Hazeltine Lake to a larger site nearby. In 1999, FSI International announced an agreement to acquire YieldUP International Corp. In October 2012, Tokyo Electron acquired FSI International, Inc. and renamed the division TEL FSI.
Products.
FSI International supplied surface conditioning technology solutions, using wet, cryogenic and other chemistry techniques to clean, strip or etch the surfaces of silicon wafers. The Company also engaged in microlithography systems for photoresist, light-sensitive, and etch-resistant films. The company provides upgrade, replacement and other support services.
The five main series of equipment produced by the company are: ZETA, MERCURY, ORION, ANTARES, and POLARIS, and in earlier years, the company also produced the SATURN and NEPTUNE processing systems. Some of the products of the company are spray cleaning systems, single wafer cleaning systems, cryogenic processing systems, and immersion cleaning systems.


Sarnoff Corporation

Sarnoff Corporation was a research and development company specializing in vision, video and semiconductor technology. It was named for David Sarnoff, the longtime leader of RCA and NBC, and had headquarters in West Windsor Township, New Jersey, though with a Princeton address.
The cornerstone of Sarnoff Corporation's David Sarnoff Research Center in the Princeton vicinity was laid just before the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That facility, later Sarnoff Corporation headquarters, was the site of several historic developments, including color television, CMOS integrated circuit technology and electron microscopy.
Following 47 years as a central research laboratory for its corporate owner RCA (and briefly for successor GE) as RCA Laboratories, in 1988 the David Sarnoff Research Center was transitioned to Sarnoff Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of SRI International. In January 2011, Sarnoff Corporation was integrated into its parent company, SRI International, and continues to engage in similar research and development activities at the Princeton, New Jersey facility. Although located adjacent to Princeton University, the two are not, and have never been, directly affiliated.
Science and technology.
To date, two historic technology developments among many that took place at RCA Laboratories have been recognized by the IEEE History Center Milestone Program. The IEEE Milestones in Electrical Engineering and Computing program honors significant technical achievements in areas associated with IEEE. These two are the 1946-1953 invention of Monochrome-Compatible Electronic Color Television and the 1968 invention of the Liquid Crystal Display.
Beginning in the 1940s, key aspects of thin film technology were developed at the RCA Laboratories. Thin film technology, including evaporation of thin metal and dielectric materials in a vacuum to coat a surface, was first developed intensively for photoemissive surfaces required for television camera technologies under development at RCA since the 1930s. It was later applied to semiconductor fabrication process development leading, in part, to the historic growth of solid state electronics.
In the mid-1950s, while working at the RCA Laboratories, Herbert Kroemer developed key aspects of his theories of heterostructure physics for which he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Other pioneering and historic technology developments attributable to the RCA Laboratories and Sarnoff Corporation's David Sarnoff Research Center include development of the electron microscope, the photon-counting photomultiplier, the CCD imager, CMOS integrated circuit technology, and early optoelectronic components such as lasers and LEDs.
Corporate history.
Although the facility existed under the name David Sarnoff Research Center for many years, Sarnoff Corporation was only created as an independently operating business following the purchase by General Electric (GE) of RCA in the late 1980s. The context was RCA's write-off of $100M's of investment in capacitive-pickup videodisc technology. RCA's SelectaVision offering was overtaken by the videocassette recorder, which allowed recording in addition to playback offered by Selectavision disks. This 1983 product failure affected RCA stock at a time when equities markets were advancing strongly, thus paving the way for a GE takeover.
In the deal, in which GE gained ownership of NBC, RCA was broken up. GE's Jack Welch disposed of diverse RCA operating businesses. Lockheed Martin acquired RCA's government systems unit in the Philadelphia area. Harris Corporation acquired RCA's semiconductor division, located along Route 202 in New Jersey. Thomson SA, the French company, acquired RCA's consumer electronics division with manufacturing activities in Indianapolis, IN and Lancaster, PA. Regarding the RCA David Sarnoff Research Center, GE did not require an augmentation of GE labs in Schenectady, and Syracuse, NY. In the regional community, interest was expressed in establishing an east-coast "Silicon Valley", in which the Princeton, NJ David Sarnoff Research Center could play a role.
A late-1950s antitrust consent decree had required RCA to provide low-cost licenses for consumer electronics technology, largely television-related, to domestic U.S. competitors. RCA had, however, monetized its intellectual property by selling additional licenses internationally. The David Sarnoff Research Center had continued to provide support to clients to further the inventions described in these patents, and GE wished to maintain these activities of the David Sarnoff Research Center to service the very considerable sizable licensing activity that it acquired along with RCA.
To address this need, GE engaged non-profit SRI International as an independent third party. Ultimately, in 1986, GE accepted an SRI International proposal that it acquire the David Sarnoff Research Center by donation, along with sufficient operating funds to maintain the activity for several years. In fact, the patent licensing revenues associated with RCA television technologies significantly exceeded operating costs. GE retained the excess and the David Sarnoff Research Center continue to support the licenses and ensured they maintained their value. A provision of the divestiture was that, should the organization not be profitable five years after it was emancipated from GE, its land (nearly of valuable property) would revert to GE. Sarnoff was able to attain profitability and the deed was transferred to Sarnoff Corporation around 1995.
A sizable part of the workforce was reduced by a layoff during the Dot Com Bust that reduced the amount of venture capital available; the company had 800 employees in 2001, and 540 in 2006. At the beginning of 2011, Sarnoff Corporation merged with SRI, ceasing to exist as an independent company.
Library.
Between 1967 and 2010, the David Sarnoff Research Center housed exhibits and archives in the David Sarnoff Library, which was constructed by RCA to display longtime RCA leader and labs namesake David Sarnoff's history. Later contributions by RCA staff and collectors highlighted pioneering electronic and broadcast radio and television innovations at RCA and its laboratories. These were owned and administered by a 501(c)(3) nonprofit board of directors. In 2009, in response to the changing missions of the company and the Library, the latter's board voted to transfer the bulk of its exhibits to The College of New Jersey, and the bulk of its archival collections to the Hagley Museum and Library in Wilmington, Delaware. Some artifacts and the RCA Broadcast Division manuals collection were transferred to the InfoAge Science/History Learning Center; some products of the RCA Victor Division in Camden, New Jersey, were transferred to the Camden County Historical Society; and a 1946 RCA Victor 630-TS was transferred to the New Jersey State Museum.


Meridian Power Station

Meridian Power Station is a natural gas-fired station owned by TransAlta and Husky Energy, located just southeast of Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, Canada. The station is operated by TransAlta Cogeneration.
Description.
The station is operated as a cogeneration plant supplying electricity to Saskatchewan Grid under contract to SaskPower and steam to the Husky's Lloydminster heavy oil upgrader and the Husky Lloydminster Ethanol Plant.


Arnot Power Station

Arnot Power Station in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is a coal-fired power plant operated by Eskom. Coal from the Arnot coal mine directly feeds the station.
History.
Construction of Arnot started in 1968, this generation unit went on line in 1971 and the station was fully operational by 1975. Between 1992 and 1997 three of its units were mothballed due to Eskom's surplus generating capacity, but they were brought back online in January 1997, November 1997 and December 1998 respectively.
Power generation.
Power generation was originally by six 350 MW units with a total installed capacity of 2,100 MW. Turbine Maximum Continuous Rating is 35.60%
Unit ratings now given as 1 x 370 MW; 1 x 390 MW; 2 x 396 MW; 2 x 400 MW for a total of 2,352 MW installed capacity and 2,232 MW nominal capacity.
Power distribution.
In addition to feeding the South African grid, Arnot, along with Camden Power Station, also feeds the Mozal Aluminium smelter in Mozambique via 400 kV transmission lines. Mozal consumes around 950 MW.
Safety.
Arnot has twice been awarded NOSCAR status by the National Occupational Safety Association.


Halbleiterwerk Frankfurt (Oder)

VEB Halbleiterwerk Frankfurt (Oder) (abbreviated HFO or HWF) was the largest manufacturer of semiconductor devices in the German Democratic Republic. In 1989, HFO produced 110 million integrated circuits (70% of all integrated circuits produced in the GDR in that year), 9.7 million transistors, and 150 million transistor chips. Despite this, HFO did not rise to prominence like Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden (of "megabit chip" fame) or VEB Mikroelektronik "Karl Marx" Erfurt (known for its microprocessors). Also unlike Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden and VEB Mikroelektronik "Karl Marx" Erfurt, HFO did not survive long after German Reunification.
History.
In January 1958, the production of Germanium diodes started in the building of a former vocational school. Halbleiterwerk Frankfurt (Oder) was officially founded on 1 January 1959. In January 1961 new production facilities for germanium alloy-junction transistors and diodes went into operation in the Markendorf quarter of Frankfurt (Oder). First silicon devices followed in 1963.
The age of integrated circuits began for HFO in 1971 with the mass production of 7400 series digital circuits that had been developed by Arbeitsstelle für Molekularelektronik Dresden. The first linear integrated circuits were introduced at the Leipzig Spring Fair a year later: the A109C (a clone of the Fairchild μA709) and the A110C (a clone of the Fairchild μA710). Starting in 1974, lower-cost plastic packages began to replace the initially used ceramic packages for integrated circuits. In order to reduce production costs the wafer size was increased from 25 mm in 1961 to 36 mm in 1967, 51 mm in 1976, 76 mm in 1978, and 100 mm in 1986. Due to CoCom restrictions and the scarcity of convertible currency in the East German economy, semiconductor manufacturing equipment could not be bought in the West. HFO resorted to building some of the equipment themselves, such as a chip sorter that automatically measured circuit parameters at different temperatures (Uni-Sorter 6202) or a wafer test system (SSM100).
In 1978, HFO became a part of Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt.
After 1990.
VEB Halbleiterwerk was succeeded, in turn, by Halbleiterwerk GmbH, System Microelectronic Innovation GmbH (SMI), Silicon Microelectronic Integration GmbH (SiMI), Megaxess GmbH Deutschland, and Microtechnology Services Frankfurt (Oder) GmbH (MSF), each with less employees than its predecessor. The website of MSF disappeared around 2009. Construction on a new semiconductor plant, Communicant Semiconductor Technologies, had started already but this endeavour collapsed in 2003. Only IHP, the research institute that had supported VEB Halbleiterwerk, remained after that.
Products.
The scarcity of convertible currency in the East German economy prompted the country to manufacture as many products as possible domestically. For HFO this resulted in an unusually broad spectrum of integrated circuits for a manufacturer its size. In 1987 HFO manufactured about 300 different basic types of integrated circuits (i.e. excluding variants selected based on certain parameters). This meant that many production runs were small and economies of scale could not be achieved. HFO was the sole producer of bipolar integrated circuits in East Germany. The product range included:
In addition to the bipolar devices, a production line for CMOS integrated circuits for pocket calculators was added in 1982.
Consumer goods.
Like most larger enterprises in East Germany, HFO was obligated to produce consumer goods in order to alleviate the general shortage of the latter. The main product range of HFO's consumer goods department was a series of clock-radios (RC35, RC85, RC86, RC87, RC100). One clock-radio model, the TRR81, sported a built-in pocket calculator. Further consumer products were the video game console BSS 01 and electric fence energizers for agricultural use. Closer to its main product lines, HFO also offered electronic kits for hobbyists. Initially, transistors that did not meet the official specifications or surplus transistors (as HFO was also the main importer of transistors for East Germany) were packaged into kits. Kits for devices such as an amplifier for record players followed later.


Canal arm


Research Institute of Atomic Reactors

The Research Institute of Atomic Reactors () is an institute for nuclear reactor research in Dimitrovgrad in Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia. The institute houses eight nuclear research reactors: SM, Arbus (ACT-1), MIR.M1, RBT-6, RBT-10 / 1, RBT-10 / 2, BOR-60 and VK-50.
A senior president of General Atomics said in May 2015 that the world's best reactor for "developing "new" materials that will be able to endure the much higher temperatures, "and" endure the more energetic and neutron rich radiation environment inside the reactor", is the BOR-60. BOR-60 had its operating license extended to 2020.
Airborne ruthenium-106 traces measured in September and October 2017 by several European countries have been thought to originate from the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors.


Frimmersdorf Power Station

Frimmersdorf Power Station, located in Grevenbroich, is one of the largest lignite-fired power stations in Germany. It has fourteen units with a total output capacity of 2,413 megawatts (MW), of which 277 MW are used by the station itself. The chimneys of the power station are 200 metres high.
History.
The first power station in Frimmersdorf, fired with lignite, was established in 1926 and had an output of 10 MW. It was located ca. 1 km south west of today's power station on the west bank of the Erft river (). In 1936 the power station was acquired by RWE and after extension work the output raised to 26 MW.
After World War II demolitions the power station was back in operation 1946. After further enhancement an output of 90MW was reached in 1951.
In 1954 this was replaced with a much larger plant "Frimmersdorf II" which contained initially two 100 MW units. Over the next 15 years, this was incrementally upgraded until it supported an additional twelve 150 MW units and two 300 MW units. In 1970 the final configuration of Frimmersdorf II was reached and the power station held the record of the world largest thermal power station.
1988 saw the installation of Flue-gas desulfurization scrubbers, while the two 100 MW units were shut down on 30 June.
Starting in 2005 most of the units have been shut down until 2013. Their workload has mainly been replaced by new 1100MW units in the neighbouring Neurath Power Station. The two remaining 300MW units are planned to be shut down by October 2017. As of January 2018, the units have been taken offline, and kept only as "grid stability emergency reserve". Full decommissioning is planned for October 2021.
Carbon Dioxide Pollution.
According to a 2005 WWF report, Frimmersdorf power station is the dirtiest power station in Europe and the third most polluting power station in the industrialised world (based on CO2 per megawatt hour sent out).