Wollert Konow (Prime Minister of Norway)

Wollert Konow (16 August 1845 – 15 March 1924) was Prime Minister of Norway from 1910 to 1912. He was the leader of a coalition cabinet. Konow's time as Prime Minister saw the extension of accident insurance to seamen in 1911.
Background.
Konow was born in the borough of Fana in the city of Bergen, Norway. He was the son of Wollert Konow (1809–1881) and Marie Louise Oehlenschläger (1818–1910). His father was a writer and elected official. In 1842 his parents had purchased the historic Stend Manor in Fana where Wollert Konow was born.
Wollert Konow was a grandson of the noted Danish poet and playwright Adam Oehlenschlager (1779–1850).
He was a student at Bergen Cathedral School. After graduating in 1864, Konow went to the Royal Frederick University in Christiania. He began to study law which he never completed. In 1868, he started a school at Halsnøy in Sunnhordland where he was both teacher and head manager until 1872. In 1873 Konow took over operation of the mill at Stend and expanded the estate by acquiring neighboring properties.
Career.
Wollert Konow was mayor of Fana most of the time between 1880 and 1901, and was in 1877–1879 Deputy to the Parliament for Søndre Bergenhus amt (now Hordaland). He served as Minister of Agriculture in 1910 and Minister of Auditing 1910-1912. He was Odelsting president 1884–1887 and President of the Storting in 1888 and again from 1897 to 1899. He was a central board member of the Liberal Left Party from 1909 to 1912. Wollert Konow served as Prime Minister over a two year period as leader of a coalition which combined elements of two competing parties; "Høgre" and "Frisindede Venstre". Konow's coalition government came to an end in 1912 after he declared his sympathies for the rural language form "Landsmål" during the height of the Norwegian language conflict causing conflict with "Riksmål" supporters.
After loss in the election in 1912, Konow was out of politics for good, and he spent the remainder of his life at Stend.
He was commonly referred to as Wollert Konow (SB) to differentiate him from Wollert Konow (H) who was his cousin and contemporary politician from Hedemark. The initials "SB" stood for "Søndre Bergenhus," the now-defunct constituency Konow represented in national politics.
Personal life.
In 1875, he married Fredrikke Wilhelmine Kooter (1854-1935), who was the daughter of Jacob Blaauw Kooter (1818-1887) and Marie Frederikke Balchen (1817-1883).
Konow was alternate member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, 1913 to 1922 and Member of the Committee from 1922 until he died at Stend in Fana during 1924.
Stend Manor.
Stend Manor ("Stend hovedgård") was a historic estate which had belonged to Nonneseter Abbey of Bergen during the Middle Ages.
Around 1682, the main building was built in timber as a single-story with three wings.
In 1842, Dr. Wollert Konow acquired Stend.
In 1861, Stend was bought by Søndre Bergenhus (now Hordaland) county.
Since then, it has housed an agricultural school.
Under the direction of architect Erlend Tryti (1885-1962) extensive renovation and restoration work was carried out in the years 1921-1922.
The main building were restored in the late 1980s and early 1990s.


Southern Dairy Compact

The Southern Dairy Compact was an agreement between thirteen states in the southern United States. It was proposed to ensure the continued marketability of dairy producers in the member states and to supply a stable, local supply of milk products to the region. The proposed agreement was modeled on the Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact, that would allow member states to jointly establish a minimum farm price for fluid milk that is above the federally mandated minimum price level in the region.
Many southern state legislatures approved membership in the compact, however the required congressional authority to form a compact was never granted. In the 2002 Farm Bill, a support program, Milk Income Loss Contract Payments, for participating dairy farmers nationwide was enacted, allowing for subsidies when the price falls below 16.94 per cwt.


Atlantic Coast Lumber Company

Atlantic Coast Lumber Company was formed in 1899 when the potential value of the vast amounts of standing timber in the Pee Dee River watershed was discovered by a group of Northern lumbermen. Options were taken by the company on this timber and that of surrounding
counties. A large sawmill was built west of the city of Georgetown and production began. In 1903, the company was
incorporated with a capital of one million dollars.
The mill was expanded through the years, and included three separate sawmills, two shipping wharves, several warehouses,
and numerous other buildings, including workers' houses, stores, a hotel, a church, etc. The company owned all of
these buildings, making the area immediately surrounding the mill a veritable "company town", (see photo below). In 1913,
a disastrous fire destroyed two of the sawmills. A new steel and concrete mill was erected within ten months. At peak
production, the company could produce 600,000 board feet (1,400 m³) of lumber per day and was properly proclaimed "the largest
lumber manufacturing plant on the Atlantic Coast." Due to the effects of the Great Depression, the plant was closed in
1932.
It was a major undertaking to move millions of tons of rock to the two barrier islands at the entrance to the harbor and
build "jetties" of over 11,000 feet on the north and 21, 000 feet on the south entrance of the bay, with steam and sail
power. A dredge was built to maintain a channel and, coupled with the railway and the river system, the lumber business
flourished. Mills sprang up almost overnight. The Atlantic Coast Lumber Company was the largest in the world with its
5,000,000 board foot (12,000 m³) dock and shed. Turpentine, pine rosin, shingles, furniture - but none as unusual as the DuPont wood alcohol and dynamite mill.


Candia (vehicles)

Candia is a Greek company producing Agricultural machinery and equipment, based in Herakleion, Crete. It is representative of many companies in this country (and especially on that island), that produced multi-purpose light farm vehicles.
A particular family of vehicles that seems to be a characteristic Greek development starting in the mid-1960s, was a light farm tractor-truck combination usually on three-wheel chassis, with or without cab. Some were constructed by smaller companies, or even small workshops, but a number of more significant companies evolved, especially in Crete (where they are called "skaftikies"), including (except for "Candia") "Record", "Kronos", "Knossos", "Minos", "Minotavros", "Talos", "Jupiter" etc.; other companies included "Demetra" in Volos, "Diana", "Standard", "Zeus Hellas" in Athens, and many others. Engines used included "Sachs", "Ilo", local models by "Mekmotors" ("Ruggerini" licence), "Petropoulos", "Malkotsis" etc. By the early 1980s this kind of vehicle was so widespread, that had become characteristic of the Greek countryside.
"Candia" was one of the few that became true industrial producers, turning out thousands of vehicles sold throughout the country, in addition to "classic" walking tractors. It built many models, usually with "Sachs" or "Ilo" engines, the most popular of which was a rugged three-wheel chassis combining truck and tractor functions.
This type of vehicle was considered obsolete by new buyers, already by the early 1990s, and most companies either closed down or (as in the case of "Candia") diverted to other farm equipment.


Ross River Meatworks Chimney

The Ross River Meatworks Chimney is a heritage-listed abattoir at Stuart Drive, Idalia, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It is the 11th tallest structure in Townsville. It was built as part of the Ross River Meatworks in 1891 William McCallum Park and is now a major landmark as part of Fairfield Waters and part of Lancinis Springbank urban village. It was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2009.
History.
The Ross River Meatworks was established by the Queensland Meat Export and Agency Company during 1891-1892 as the first purpose-built meat freezing works in Queensland. Located on the banks of Ross River in suburban Townsville, the high brick chimney remains the principal surviving evidence of an important meatworks in Queensland during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The only Queensland meatworks from this era still in operation is at Lakes Creek, near Rockhampton, established in 1871 for the production of canned beef before shifting to frozen beef for export in the 1880s. Its early brick chimney has not survived.
Although the wool industry was the impetus for early pastoral activity in Queensland, cattle soon proved better suited to the wetter conditions in northern areas. However, early development of a Queensland cattle industry was hindered by the lack of a sufficiently large market for fresh beef. In the 1860s excess stock were disposed of by selling to other graziers or to boiling down works.
Ports to service the new pastoral runs being taken up in northern and far north-western Queensland in the early 1860s were established at Port Denison (Bowen) in 1861 and Cleveland Bay (Townsville) in 1864, with Cleveland Bay declared a Port of Entry in 1865. Entrepreneur and businessman Robert Towns (after whom Townsville is named) and his business partner John Melton Black founded the settlement at Cleveland Bay to supply their pastoral leases in the hinterland.
By the mid-1860s, drought and recession had led to a collapse in the pastoral industry in north Queensland. In order to salvage some profit, squatters turned to the boiling down of sheep and cattle for tallow (for candles and soap). Hoofs and horns were utilised for oil, and hides for leather. In 1864 a number of small-scale boiling down works were established on pastoral properties in the Kennedy and gulf districts, but the boiling down industry became more professional in 1866, when Towns & Co. opened a boiling down plant at Cleveland Bay, and Morehead & Young, partners in the Scottish Australian Pastoral Company, opened a similar operation on the Albert River where the settlement of Burketown had been established in 1865. Neither of these establishments survived for any length of time. At Cleveland Bay, the Queensland Meat Export Company established a meatworks south of Townsville on Alligator Creek in 1879, using some of the equipment from Towns' factory.
Following the discovery of gold at Charters Towers in 1871, a railway from Townsville to the goldfield was constructed between 1879 and 1882. The first trains carried both gold and wool from local graziers back to the port of Townsville. Demand led to the approval of a western extension to Hughenden to service the cattle grazing industry. The Northern Railway opened in 1887 and soon became the most profitable in Queensland as graziers took up land along its route. During the 1870s the increase in population at newly opened Queensland gold fields, particularly on the Palmer River, provided a ready market for beef. By the end of the decade there was an oversupply. Following the drought of 1884-1886 cattle were driven overland to southern markets, but droving costs led to a huge reduction in profitability. There was a need to establish a processing industry in north Queensland to supply meat for an export market. Frozen meat proved to be the solution.
Australian experimentation with meat-freezing works and the fitting out of refrigerated ships to carry frozen meat to Britain was initiated in Sydney and Melbourne, with mixed results. Refinements in processing and shipping led to a successful shipment in 1880. The Central Queensland Meat Export Company's works at Lakes Creek installed freezing equipment in 1883, but was burnt down shortly after. A meat freezing works was established at Poole Island off Bowen in 1884, but its first shipment was lost in a tornado. In 1889 the North Queensland Meat Export Company restarted the Alligator Creek works, initially for boiling down and preserving, and later utilising the freezing equipment from Poole Island.
In November 1890 the Queensland Meat and Export Agency Company formed with the intention of establishing purpose-built meat freezing works at Townsville and in Brisbane. By February 1891, following the subscription of shares, it was decided to proceed with construction of a meatworks at Townsville. Plans were made for a second works at Eagle Farm in Brisbane mid year. A contract was entered into with the British India Steam Navigation Company to transport the meat to Britain.
Six acres (2.43ha) of land on the banks of Ross River were acquired from the Idalia Land Company in August 1891 and twenty-five acres (10.12ha) of crown land were allocated nearby for drafting yards. A short branch line to the railway linked the works with the wharves. Construction began in September 1891 under the supervision of contractor William McCallum Park. By late September the site was laid out, concrete foundations were in place and construction of workers cottages had commenced. A light tramway was built to haul sand for the concrete from the riverbank. The works was to be steam-driven, necessitating the construction of a huge brick chimney. The foundations for the chimney consisted of a square of concrete built deep to support the tall brick superstructure. The bricks were baked on site.
The Ross River Meatworks Chimney was one of at least 30 nineteenth century industrial brick chimneys in the Townsville region (extending north to Ingham, south to the Burdekin River and west to Cloncurry), marking the sites of steam-driven pyrites works, batteries, mines, sawmills, brick works, water works, soap works, breweries, meat works and sugar mills. Most were the work of highly skilled bricklayers. The chimneys took a variety of forms, including square, round and hexagonal. Some round or hexagonal chimneys were constructed on square plinths, as at the Ross River Meatworks. They were markers of the steam age in nineteenth century Queensland. The Ross River Meatworks Chimney is the only surviving nineteenth century brick chimney in the immediate Townsville area. Regionally, the 1889 brick chimney at the former Burdekin River Pumping Station at Charters Towers (Burdekin River Pumping Station) also survives.
Despite on-going industrial action by carpenters and bricklayers, the Ross River Meatworks began operation on 28 June 1892. The plant was coal powered, with six Babcock and Wilcox 96-horsepower safety tubular boilers supplying steam for the various engines. Cattle and sheep were processed separately. An overhead tramway transported the carcases to a cooling room, then into the freezing, canning or preserving rooms. In the freezing room, the two compound engines could produce 400 horsepower each and each machine could circulate 170,000 cubic feet of air per hour. The freezing and cold storage building was about square and two storeys high. The refrigeration machinery was a combination of Bell-Coleman and Haslam machines, which circulated cold air and removed moisture and impure air at the same time. Electric lighting powered by a Crompton dynamo was installed by Barton and White electrical engineers - 31 years prior to the provision of public electric lighting in Townsville. In August 1892 the Ross River meatworks was inspected by New Zealand industry experts, who described the works as "superior to any in the colony - actively engaged in the meat export trade".
The company had a difficult time in its first year of production and initial shipments of meat from Townsville were unsuccessful. Transport from Ross River was problematic with the meat taken by rail to the Townsville wharf, then loaded aboard a lighter, and reloaded for shipping to London. It is unclear which part of the process failed, but the first shipment arrived in London in early December 1892 in a putrid state. At the same time the directors had taken out further loans because of numerous unforeseen expenses in the construction of both meatworks. The next shipment to reach England in mid-January included meat from the company's recently opened Eagle Farm meatworks, but was partially spoilt. The 1893 Brisbane floods silted up the Brisbane River inhibiting coastal shipping and halting production from both meatworks for some time. Another shipment of Townsville meat which arrived in London in May was also found to be tainted. The company overcame its early problems and appointed a new director, William Forrest in January 1893. He soon became Chairman of the Board and is credited with turning the company into a successful enterprise.
The Meat and Dairy Produce Encouragement Act 1893 provided loans for meat and dairy works funded through a tax on sheep and cattle. The Queensland Meat and Export Agency Company applied for funds to duplicate and upgrade both the Townsville and Eagle Farms works. The agents for Linde British Refrigeration, J Wildridge and Sinclair Ltd, were contracted to undertake the extension projects. The £30,000 extension at Ross River doubled the freezing capacity. The four new store rooms could hold 200 tons each and the chilling room could hold 120 bullocks. Other additions included new engine and boiler houses, a fresh water reservoir and pumping station and additional slaughtering yards and pens. By the time the extensions were completed in April 1895, the meatworks was reported to have processed 50,000 head of cattle and 13,000 sheep since opening. An international study of the frozen meat trade, published in 1912, stated that the Townsville works of QME&A was the most up to date freezing works in existence in either hemisphere. It also had the largest capacity of any meatworks in Australasia at this time.
Ongoing upgrades ensured the best and most economic equipment and methodologies were employed. Even during the drought and the problems associated with ticks in the early 1900s, the Ross River Meatworks was producing more meat than any other establishment in Australasia. In 1901 the company purchased the works of the Burketown Meat Export Co. which operated as a canning works. In 1903 it began purchasing significant grazing properties in north Queensland to engage in fattening cattle and breeding. It contracted to supply beef to American forces based in the Philippines in 1898 and established a cold-storage warehouse in Singapore in 1903. Evidence given by the Eagle Farm manager Charles Ross to the Royal Commission into the Meat Industry in October 1912 indicated that Ross River was at that time processing 3000 cattle a week and new cold storage facilities were under construction. By 1915 the company restructured, forming two organisations - the Queensland Meat Export and Agency Co Ltd (QME&A) and Australia Stock Breeders Company Ltd.
During 1918-1919 there was a series of protracted strikes at the Ross River and Alligator Creek meatworks, which began with the workers' rejection of compulsory arbitration in favour of direct bargaining. They staged ongoing wildcat strikes and go-slow campaigns to achieve their aims. At the same time the companies wanted to remove a clause from employment contracts giving preference to union members, which they achieved for a short time, hiring returned servicemen in place of industrial activists. Support was then offered by the Queensland Rail Union and the Waterside Workers Federation and the strikes continued. By July 1919 the ongoing dispute degenerated to the point where riots occurred in Townsville with police firing shots to disperse the crowd of 1000 people who were protesting the imprisonment of strike leaders. This strike is regarded as one of the most ferocious in Australian history. In 1920 the Arbitration Court restored a modified union preference clause into the employment contracts.
By 1921, the beef export trade had collapsed because it was no longer receiving preferential treatment from the British government. Also the Navigation Act of 1921 prevented international ships from being used to carry local goods. The QME&A recorded its biggest loss of £80,000. The Eagle Farm works was mothballed in 1933 in the hope that beef prices would improve. It was demolished in 1938. In 1933, Ross River began exporting chilled beef. The establishment of the Australian Meat Board (AMB) in 1936 regulated the flow of meat to the overseas market and licensed suitable ships to ensure that the best quality meat reached the market. In 1937 the AMB allocated 82.25 per cent of the total Australian export of chilled meat to Queensland abattoirs.
While the Ross River meatworks had been the largest and most up to date during the 1910s, it was surpassed by other establishments in the following 40 years. Lakes Creek and the Brisbane Abattoirs had larger capacities by the 1950s. Ross River works were run down by then and suffered considerable losses in 1951 and 1954, due to prolonged industrial disputes, increasing wages, drought and government controls on exports. In 1955 the Vestey company bought the meatworks and began replacing old dilapidated buildings and introduced new killing and processing mechanised operations, reducing staff. In the late 1950s the works changed from coal-fired to oil-fired boilers with Lightfoot ammonia compressors. The change from coal to oil also negated the need for coal handlers. In 1961 a partnership was formed with the Angliss Group. Export markets changed from the United Kingdom to America during the 1960s and in more recent times to Japan, Korea and South East Asia. The meatworks remained the major employer in Townsville and by 1990 had a record year, processing 93,601 beasts, handling 27 percent of the north Queensland production. This result was achieved despite industrial action during 1990. However, a further downturn occurred as a consequence of the 1991-2 recession.
Demolition of the works.
In 1992 Vestey sold the meatworks to Smorgon Consolidated Industries. During the early 1990s the Australian meat trade began exporting live meat but unions argued that the planned export of 500,000 head of cattle in 1995 was akin to exporting 150,000 jobs. Despite an unusual alliance between the union and animal liberation activists aimed at stopping the live meat trade, they were unsuccessful. Smorgon announced the closure of the Ross River meatworks in February 1995 arguing that the business was no longer profitable because of drought, live cattle exports and the falling Australian dollar, and it was part of a general divestment of company assets at the time. With the exception of the chimney and an office building, all other buildings and structures on the site were demolished in 1997.
In 1999 a scheme was proposed for a housing estate on the site, with the chimney a feature of planned parkland. At that time $58,000 was spent on sandblasting the chimney and stripping and restoring the metal strapping. The developer had planned to include the establishment of a small brewery alongside the chimney in the old office building, but this part of the project did not proceed and the former office building has been demolished.
Redevelopment.
The Meatworks along with its tall stack, stayed empty for two years until the land was bought by the developer of Fairfield waters, who looked upon the stack and the three gable buildings alongside it as something the public would like, had plans of turning the chimney as a public monument and three buildings into a brewery alongside the meatworks. But this never happened because reports showed the three old gable buildings were structurally damaged and were demolished before structure improvements were offered. The chimney which was the only sound feature on the site was left to remain.
In 2008, developer Lancini, was planning to demolish it so he could build a resort on the site, as an engineering report commissioned by Lancini Group found it was too unstable and old to preserve, but residents of Townsville didn't believe the report by Lancini Group and began a local fight to save the stack. Jenny Hanlon (Leader of the fight) gained support from the local community via Text to the Editor in the Townsville Bulletin newspaper. This forced ALP State Member Lindy Nelson-Carr to act. She then ordered a professional report into the stacks' structural integrity. The report found that the chimney could stay and there was a government fight over who would foot the bill. At the same time, Lindy Nelson-Carr put the chimney on the heritage list and the engineers of Heritage Queensland said it was perfect for the Heritage Register. The Chimney remains standing today and is surrounded by Point Corp's Springbank Urban village. The Chimney cost $200,000 to fix, but the Townsville City Council said it was worth it for the 120-year-old stack.
Description.
The Ross River Meatworks Chimney stands on the south bank of the Ross River approximately downstream from the south abutment of the Ross River Bridge in the suburb of Idalia in south Townsville. In 2009, the chimney stands in the north of a large, vacant residential subdivision, part of the Fairfield Waters development in south Townsville.
The chimney is a brick structure with an outer skin of red facebrick. It comprises a base and a tapering stack. The base is expressed as a plinth, square in plan and approximately high. The stack, approximately high, flares out at the top to take a plain, splayed, concrete crown.
The plinth is distinguished by a plain oversized cornice and the northwest, northeast and southeast faces are relieved by an indented rectangular mid-panel defined by a bevelled cement perimeter band. The plinth corners are tapered to take a decorative concrete moulded roll. The southwest face accommodates the arched opening to the base. This can be covered by a dropping counter-weighted heavy metal door. The northwest face of the plinth has bricks punched out about two-thirds the way up.
A lightning strap is dislodged at the top of the stack but remains fixed to the southeast face of the stack and plinth, terminating at the ground. Metal straps wrap around the stack at regular intervals. A wide concrete drain runs along the southeast side of the plinth.
Two circular ( diameter) concrete upstands, thick and high, stand in line to the northwest.
A public walking/cycling track winds along the south bank of the Ross River and as it passes the chimney it is about from the face of the plinth.
Heritage listing.
Ross River Meatworks Chimney was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The Ross River Meatworks Chimney is important surviving evidence of the link between north Queensland pastoralism and the development of frozen and chilled meat as an important export industry for Queensland. The landmark structure is associated with the first purpose-built meat freezing works in Queensland, which operated for over a century from 1892 to 1995, producing frozen and later chilled meat for the export market. In the early 1900s it had the largest capacity of any meatworks in Australasia. Proclaimed by independent observers as "superior to any in the colony" in 1892, and "the most up to date freezing works in either hemisphere" in 1912, the Ross River meatworks processed cattle and sheep from across northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and the Kimberley Ranges of Western Australia and exported meat worldwide. The meatworks was a major employer in Townsville, an important Queensland regional centre.
Located on a former railway line less than from a major port, the chimney remains important evidence of how nineteenth century export industries were dependent on Queensland's early network of railways linked to ports and shipping that connected with world markets. It is also surviving evidence of the reliance of early Queensland industry on steam-driven power.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The Ross River Meatworks Chimney consists of an high firebox with a high chimney stack, constructed from bricks made on site and mortar made with sand from the Ross River. It demonstrates a substantial level of intactness and a high degree of integrity. As the only remaining nineteenth century meatworks brick chimney in Queensland and one of few early industrial brick chimneys surviving in the Townsville region, it is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The high structure is prominent in the landscape of the Ross River floodplain as it has been since its construction in 1892. Through its intactness, integrity and magnitude, the chimney remains a landmark along the Flinders Highway (Stuart Drive).


Ruth Springer Wedgworth

Wedgworth's is a sugarcane and ranching business established in 1932 and headquartered in Belle Glade, Florida. Wedgworth's Inc. is an affiliated fertilizer business. The company's former leader Ruth Springer Wedgworth was inducted into the Florida Agricultural Hall of Fame and received the Florida Department of State's Great Floridian title. Her husband was killed in an ice plant accident in 1938. She took over the farm and built it into a very large agribusiness. She died in 1995.
Wedgworth's grows sugarcane on approximately 10,000 acres in Palm Beach County and operates 10,000 acres of ranch lands in Osceola, Okeechobee and Indian River Counties.
The fertilizer business includes a plant in Moore Haven.


Cogent Fibre

Cogent Fibre is an American producer and exporter of pine wood chips. It produces different types of wood chips by harvesting them from the natural thinning of trees and exports them to Asian and European customers for the manufacture of fiberboard, particleboard, wood pellets, and pulp and paper products The privately held company maintains offices in Stamford, Connecticut and Toronto, Ontario in Canada. In 2010, the organization ranked 402 out of 500 companies on INC.’s annual 500/5000 listing of the fastest-growing private companies in the United States.
History.
The company was founded in 2005. In 2011, Cogent provided 70 percent of all wood chips imported to Turkey and continued to expand its pine wood chip exports to Austria, China, and Italy. RISI, a company that tracks the global forest products industry, named Cogent Fibre the largest exporter of US wood chips to Europe. In late 2010, the company was featured on the 21st Century Business Television series, a production of Multi-Media Productions.
In 2011, Cogent Fibre reopened a wood chip facility at the Port of Morehead City in North Carolina. The company, along with Industrial Marine Services, invested $1.5 million to rehabilitate the facility.
In 2008, Cogent Fibre earned its certificate of registration for the Sustainable Forestry Initiative, which is “responsible for maintaining, overseeing, and improving a sustainable forestry certification program that is internationally recognized.”


William Cautley

William Oldfield Cautley (1822 – 17 February 1864) was a New Zealand settler and politician.
Early life and family.
Cautley was born in the English county of Buckinghamshire in 1822, the son of the Reverend Richard Cautley. He was educated at Uppingham School from 1837 to 1840, where he was an exhibitioner on leaving, and then matriculated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge in the Michaelmas term, 1840.
However, in September 1841 he sailed from West India Docks on the "Mary Ann", bound for the New Zealand Company's new settlement of Nelson, landing there on 8 February 1842. He began farming a property known as "Wensley Hill" at Waimea East (now called Richmond).
In September 1842 Cautley was appointed as the Nelson postmaster and clerk to magistrates, and in 1848 he was appointed a Justice of the Peace for the province of New Munster.
Political career.
In 1850, Cautley was appointed as a member of the short-lived Legislative Council of the province of New Munster.
In the 1853 general election, Cautley was elected as representative for the Waimea electorate alongside David Monro. The first session of the 1st New Zealand Parliament started on 24 May 1854, and Cautley resigned his seat on 26 May 1854. He did not serve in any further Parliaments.
In November 1854, Cautley was elected as a member for Waimea East on the Nelson Provincial Council following the death of sitting member Francis Otterson. Cautley defeated Stephen Lunn Müller by 54 votes to 40.
Later life.
Cautley died in London on 17 February 1864, after a long illness.


Todmorden Station (pastoral lease)

Todmorden Station, most commonly known as Todmorden, is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in South Australia.
Location.
The property is situated approximately north west of Oodnadatta and east of Marla. The region is arid with several ephemeral creeks passing through the property including Alberga, Olarinna and Coongra Creeks, many of which have semi-permanent waterholes suitable for watering stock. The Oodnadatta Track runs through the property between Oodnadatta and Marla. The property is bounded to the north by Lambina and Hamilton Stations, to the east by Macumba, to the west by Wellbourn Hill and to the south by Arckaringa and Wintinna Stations.
Description.
Todmorden currently occupies an area of sub-divided into 32 paddocks, and supports between 5000 and 7000 head of cattle. The property has an average rainfall of , but rainfall is highly variable, and so stock are watered mostly from the 32 bores on the property. The country is rangeland with sand dunes and mulga country found to the north, central gibber plains, and sandy gravel creek beds supporting stands of coolibah along the creeks flowing into large clay pans. The area supports large stands of Mitchell grass and saltbush, all suitable fodder for stock.
The current owner is the Todmorden Cattle Company, a family partnership made up of the Lillecrapp family; Gordon, Mary, and Douglas Lillecrapp and Mary-Ann McMichael. The Company runs mostly Poll Hereford cattle and also owns three properties much further south in the Mid North region.
History.
The traditional owners of the area are the Yankunytjatjara and Antikirinya peoples, with connections also to the Arrernte peoples to the north. The first European to travel through the area was John McDouall Stuart, whose expedition pushed northward past present-day Oodnadatta and the waterholes along the Neales River in 1860. The Overland Telegraph was constructed in 1872, passing right through present-day Todmorden; this in turn led to the first pastoral leases being issued in the area, most being held by land speculators. By 1885 most leases in the area were held by a Mr Wooldridge. The Great Northern Railway was completed to Oodnadatta in 1891, which allowed easier transportation of stock to markets in Adelaide and made pastoralism in the area far more attractive. Two brothers, Edmund and Walter Parke from Todmorden in West Yorkshire, United Kingdom, formed a partnership with Charles Walker and took up many leases within the present station boundaries and named the run after their hometown "Mount Todmorden Station". The homestead was constructed along the Alberga Creek in the 1890s.
Both Todmorden and Henbury Station were owned by the partnership when Edmund Parke died in 1901.
Joseph Albert Breaden acquired Todmorden in 1902 from the Parke and Walker partnership. At this stage the property occupied an area of approximately of country and was sold with all cattle included. In 1906 Breaden sold his stock because of drought. In 1907, explorer Frank Hann passed through the property on his return journey from Western Australia and reported the Alberga as completely dry, and all the soaks in the area as being dried out. The area was then flooded in 1908 after fell over a couple of days, submerging Todmorden and many surrounding stations.
Breaden sold up in 1923 to retire to Glenelg. The property, in good condition, was acquired by the Young brothers, along with 3000 head of cattle and 1500 horses. In 1927 the area was again struck by drought.
Molly Breaden, Joseph Breaden's daughter, took over the property in 1945 and ran it along with her nephew, David Gardiner, until 1962 when it was acquired by the Lillecrapp family after several years of drought.
In 2004 an Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) was struck with the Yankunytjatjara and Antakirinja people and other traditional owners so they could access the land while the rights of the lessee would also be respected.
In 2011, five people including the manager Douglas Lillecrapp were stranded at the station following heavy rains and subsequent flooding. The property received its average annual rainfall in 30 hours, with most of the property underwater and flooding through the sheds. Later that year, bushfires raged through the area and approximately of grazing lands were lost to the fire. Lightning strikes initiated the fire which burnt for nearly two weeks before a backburn helped bring it under control.
The land occupying the extent of the Todmorden Station pastoral lease was gazetted as a locality in April 2013 under the name 'Todmorden'.


Bolgheri

Bolgheri () is a central Italian village and hamlet ("frazione") of Castagneto Carducci, a municipality ("comune") in the province of Livorno, Tuscany. in 2011 it had a population of 131.
History.
First mentioned in 1075, in a papal bull by Pope Gregory VII, its name derives from "Bulgari" (Italian for "Bulgarians"), due to the presence of a military camp of Bulgarians, allies of the Lombards.
Geography.
Bolgheri lies in the foothills of the Colline Metallifere, south of Bibbona (6 km north). It is 10 km far from Casale Marittimo, 11 from Donoratico, 12 from Castagneto Carducci, 15 from Cecina, 42 from Piombino and 50 from Livorno.
Wine.
Bolgheri became an internationally known region following an event in 1974 arranged by "Decanter" where a 6-year-old Sassicaia won over an assortment of Bordeaux wines. Prior to this, Bolgheri had been relatively anonymous producers of ordinary white wines and rosés.
Due to the particular characteristics of the soil and micro climate sunny, dry and moderately windy, the grape varieties of Bordeaux origin tend to thrive, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot.
Among the most known "Super Tuscan" producers are Tenuta San Guido who produce Sassicaia, Tenuta Dell'Ornellaia who produce Ornellaia, and Ca'Marcanda of Gaja, Guado al Tasso of Antinori.
In 2017, in Bolgheri opened The World Wine Town of Castagneto Carducci – a wine center, created by entrepreneur Franco Malenotti and designed by the Oscar-winning art director Dante Ferretti. The Sensory and Multimedia Museum in Bolgheri is housed in a two-story building (dating back to the 1500s), exploring the history of wine and food from the region and featuring a wine tasting area.
Bolgheri DOC.
The current set of DOC regulations for Bolgheri red wines became approved in 1994. Before the creation of this DOC, the "Super Tuscans" from the area were typically sold under the simpler designations "Vino da tavola" or IGT Toscana.
The appellation rules determine that in Bolgheri Rosso and Bolgheri Rosé, Sangiovese may be utilised only to a degree of 70%, and in excess of this a wine must be classified IGT. Cabernet Sauvignon from 10 to 80%, Merlot, up to 80% and other local red varieties, up to 30%. Rosso must be aged for 24 months.
For Bolgheri Bianco, Tuscan Trebbiano from 10 to 70%, Vermentino from 10 to 70%, Sauvignon blanc from 10 to 70% and other local white varieties, up to 30%.
Two varietal wines are permitted, Sauvignon blanc and Vermentino, of which there must be at least 85% of either grape variety.
For the appellation's pink Vin Santo, Occhio di Pernice, 50 to 70% Sangiovese, Malvasia from 50 to 70%, and up to 30% of other local red varieties. It must be aged for 36 months.
The sub-zone Sassicaia has its own appellation declaration, with up to 85% of Cabernet Sauvignon and 15% Cabernet Franc. Bolgheri Sassicaia must be aged for 26 months. It is expected to be upgraded to DOCG status.
Transport.
Bolgheri counts a minor train station on the Genoa–Pisa–Rome line, located 7 km far and next to Marina di Bibbona. It is 10 km north of the exit "Donoratico-Castagneto", of the state highway SS1 "Aurelia"; a dual carriageway connecting the two sections of the A12 motorway Genoa-Rome.


Ransom Asa Moore

Professor Ransom Asa Moore was an agronomist and professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He was born 1861 in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin and died in 1941 in Madison, Wisconsin. He has been called "Father of Wisconsin 4-H", the builder and "Daddy" of the Agriculture Short Course Program, and the Father of the Agronomy Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture.
Parents.
From the early 1800s, the Moore family was known for moving on when the area in which they lived became too civilized, preferring as many farmers did, to live on the frontier. R. A. Moore's grandfather Seth Moore, a descendant of the original colonists (his father, Joseph, served under and was a bodyguard to General George Washington,) migrated to Ohio in 1826 and staked a claim on land that now lies near the center of the great city of Cleveland. It was here that he farmed and his nine children were born, including Ransom Moore’s father, Seth Jr. The country was settled rapidly, which interfered with his trapping, so Seth sold his farm for the magnificent sum of $4600, which at that time was considered one of the best sales of farm lands that had occurred in that region. He then moved on to the newly formed Wisconsin territory in 1842.
Moore’s father was Seth Moore, Jr. born April 10, 1835, in Avon, Ohio in Lorain County, Ohio. When Seth Jr. was around seven years of age, the Moore family moved to Wisconsin. According to the census, Seth Moore, Jr., like his father, was a farmer who liked to fish, hunt, and trap. Seth was a sailor on the rambler with Captain Wheeler, around 1855 he operated a saw mill, and between 1870 and 1900 his occupation was listed as a farmer. Seth Moore Jr. married Johanna Werner on October 19, 1858, in Cortville, Kewaunee, Wisconsin when she was 15 years of age. Johanna was born on March 15, 1843, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany and her family came to Chicago around 1850. Her parents, and possibly other siblings, died in 1854 during a cholera epidemic in Chicago when she was approximately 11 years of age. Her sister, Louisa K.S. Werner, a few years older than her, survived as well and later married Seth’s brother, Joseph Moore, on October 5, 1858, a few weeks before Seth and Johanna were married. Seth and Johanna had settled around Kewaunee, Wisconsin and the Census showed they had 15–16 children, although many other credible sources, including Ransom’s, state they had eleven children. In 1853, they purchased approximately 300 acres of land, including the Ojibwe village of Kewaunee.
Childhood.
Moore was born June 5, 1861, as the second child of Seth and Johanna Moore, on an undeveloped farm near the locality known as the Foot-bridge community, west of Kewaunee, Wisconsin, near the present-day Bruemmer-Kewaunee County Park. As a youth, and being the eldest son, Ransom helped his father continue clearing the forest in order to develop their quarry, consequentially adding more farm land. Ransom spent time hunting, fishing, sugar bushing for maple syrup, and trapping, like his father and grandfather before him. To a great extent, the family's subsistence needs were filled by means of hunting, though they did grow crops and sold any surplus. During the winter months, Ransom trapped for furs and would hike approximately 32 miles to a Green Bay, Wisconsin trading post to sell them. There are amazing first-hand accounts written by Moore in the “Hoard's Dairyman” in the late 1920s, regarding his pioneer childhood. However, the majority of the Moore family income was derived from the lime-kiln and quarry.
When Ransom was thirteen years of age, due to his father’s illness, being an invalid at this point according to the Census, Ransom had to sacrifice more of his schooling to manage the farm and kiln. The successful limestone quarry operated from early spring until late fall, utilizing hired laborers for clearing of the land, and it follows that an increased managing role in his father's absence would have encompassed organizing these workers, possibly preparing him for his later pivotal role at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. During this time, T.C. Chamberlin had camped near the Moore farm to study the rock formations during his geological studies preceding his presidency of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Generally, the local quarry is an excellent site to get a good understanding of the rocks in the area. While doing so, Chamberlin took note of Ransom studying between the short time intervals that occurred while firing the lime kiln and encouraged the youthful Ransom Moore to continue his studies. Given the entirety of his situation, Ransom’s time in the local country school was limited. Some sources indicate he attended school six months each year while other sources indicate he only attended a few weeks each winter which summed up to a total of six months of education.
Moore wrote, “We lived where the Niagara limestone jutted out and engaged in burning lime and quarrying. The stone from Moore’s quarry built the first stone bridges across the Kewaunee River, besides hundreds of stone basements under farm and other buildings...[N]early all of the lime used in the city of Kewaunee was taken from the kilns operated by my father and myself."
Early careers.
When Moore was about 21 years of age, altering the path of his life, a huge stone in the farm quarry fell against him and injured his back so seriously that he had to consider a less physical career. When the Kewaunee County Superintendent‘s Office announced a teacher’s examination in the spring of 1881, he decided to try for the certificate. Although his schooling had been limited to a few weeks each winter in the district school, his home studies enabled him to pass a teacher’s examination in 1882. He began teaching in his home district, but continued to hunt and trap for furs, which greatly supplemented his meager earnings. The first school he taught at was the Footbridge School near his birthplace. From 1884 to 1887, Moore studied at the Oshkosh Normal School, or Oshkosh State Teachers’ College, during intervals, in order to keep pace with education. After eight years of teaching, and insistence of other teachers in the county, Moore ran for and was elected Superintendent of Schools in Kewaunee County around 1889, a position Moore held for six years.
Around this time, Moore met Mary Janette Rogers “Nettie” in Carlton, Wisconsin, daughter of Judge Williams, a judge of the Circuit Court, and Jane (Powers) Rogers. They were married July 17, 1889. Not long after, they had their first of two sons, George Elkington Moore on April 26, 1890. On May 28, 1891, Moore’s mother, Johanna, died at 48 years of age, but her influence on Moore is never directly mentioned.
4-H and fairs.
In 1891, farmers and residents in the county appointed Moore as the president of the Kewaunee Fair and the Agricultural Society, which was responsible for improving the Kewaunee County Fair which was in the “red.” As Moore worked diligently to enhance the schools, inspecting every single school and class, putting libraries in all but three districts, systematically organizing the course of study, implementing a grading system and standard to follow, he immediately organized a “youth movement”, which he called “Young People’s Contest Clubs” soliciting the support of young farm folks, the 6,000 pupils who were enrolled in this work, to exhibit at the Fair. This was one of the first mentions of the great movement then known as the young people’s contest clubs that developed into the nationally known 4-H clubs.
From the Ahnapee Record on April 7, 1892, Moore wrote:
Moore’s tactic worked phenomenally and Moore and the Agricultural Society were praised. Newspapers from 1892 and then 1893 reported significant increases in attendance and commented about the growing quantity and quality of exhibits pertaining to fruits, vegetables, livestock, etc., and commented about the vast improvements of the overall quality of the fair.
An excerpt from "The New Era" printed in October 3, 1894, gives a general idea of how Moore and his charisma were viewed:
It was through his efforts that township libraries have been established, giving 6,000 children an opportunity to read new educational works instead of the old textbooks. It is also his work that graded course examinations are being held in the schools of that county..."
University of Wisconsin-Madison Career.
In 1895, Moore was hired to build the University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of Agriculture, Agriculture Short Course Program. Moore was in charge of the Short Course program, he taught Farm Book-keeping, and he organized and taught The Short Course Literary Society and Parliamentary Procedures. "I had to go out and bring in students to the short course," said Prof. Moore, "I went from farm to farm with a horse and buggy to tell about our plans for farm boys, and I often went to local fairs with a tent and exhibit to show what the course had to offer. I had a bicycle, too, and if the roads' were too muddy I went around on foot." Moore, in a city known for its bicycle culture, Madison, Wisconsin, was probably one of the first, riding around town and farm to farm, to begin this trend still going strong today. This is a tradition that attendants and organizers of Wisconsin bicycling events, such as Bike the Barns and Ride to Farm, still participate in.
In 1897, in the interests of the short course and while studying the conditions of oat smut, Moore witnessed a novel new wheat breeding experiment being conducted the University of Minnesota Professor Willet M. Hayes. Moore brought this technique back to the University of Wisconsin, and without any funding, just the use of a disease infested plot that was growing sugar beets where the current Stock Pavilion is located, Moore began applying this technique to several different crops in an effort to improve Wisconsin Agriculture.
After his seed breeding program was a success and began expanding, Moore was promoted to assistant professor from 1903 to 1905 and chairman of the Agronomy Department at the UW-Madison, and by the end of 1905, Moore was noted as Professor R.A. Moore. Initially he stopped teaching the Book-keeping Course and began teaching Farm Crops and a Corn Study Course, which in a few years was titled the Agronomy Course. Moore, the builder and “daddy” of the Short Course program, the father of the Agronomy Department, and the father of Wisconsin 4-H, first had Moore Hall dedicated to him in 1931; he received an honorary degree from UW-Madison in 1933, and he retired on February 16, 1936.
Programs to improve and disseminate crop seeds.
After starting his seed improvement programs in 1898, in five or six years, his efforts were realized in the perfection of some then prominent varieties of corn such as Golden Glow, Wisconsin No. 12, Silver King, Wisconsin No. 7, Wisconsin No. 8, and Murdock Yellow Dent. He had about 500 bushels of corn which he wanted to distribute among farmers, but had to develop means to do this, and to further improve the crops. Moore created two channels to do this: He founded the Wisconsin Experiment Association in 1901 in which he used UW-Madison College of Agriculture Long and Short Course graduates throughout the state to both further develop and disseminate the seeds, and he organized the boys and girls of Richland County in 1904 in a corn-project activity.
Boys' and Girls' Clubs.
The corn project activities the young folks participated in were exhibited at the county fair and ten samples were chosen to be sent to the National Corn Show in Chicago. All of these ten samples went to the National Corn Show, and drew prizes, some as high as $50 and $60. The corn club work was started in six other Wisconsin counties during the following year and in the third year, enough seed was harvested to invite all counties in the state to partake in club work, using the newly developed pedigree seed corn. It was by this method that Moore was able to get to the farmers of Wisconsin, better seed corn. In the early 1930s, the Golden Glow variety constituted about half of the one hundred million bushels of corn raised in the state of Wisconsin annually, and using the same techniques, the Oderbrucker barley was developed and grown throughout the state, increasing yields by ten or more bushels per acre.
Wisconsin Experiment Association.
The object of the Wisconsin Experiment Association, later known as the Wisconsin Crop Improvement Association, when it was developed in 1901, was to grow and disseminate the improved pedigree seed grain. There were 187 charter members, but that number increased rapidly, and the early 1930s there were over four thousand members. By the 1930s, the association sold over $3,000,000 worth of pedigree grain to all parts of the world, annually. Japan has adopted our Golden Glow corn as their national variety and these are only some of the results of Moore's great work in grain improvement. As a result, Moore has not only been titled the "Father of Wisconsin 4-H", he has also been called, "The father of Agronomy." The creation of the Wisconsin Experiment Association in 1901, helped initiate the development of the Agronomy Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture, and evolved into the Wisconsin Crop Improvement Association, and led to the development of the County Order in 1908, the Hemp Order in 1917, the Sorghum Order in 1920, the Alfalfa Order in 1911 (and other Orders), and also gave birth to the International Crop Improvement Association in 1919–1920, which Moore was named president and was later called the Association of Official Seed Certification Agencies, AOSCA.
Death.
Moore, after years of poor health, died on February 26, 1941, in Madison, Wisconsin, at age 79. That June 22, at the 4-H knoll overlooking Lake Mendota, 4-H club members dedicated a young maple tree to the University of Wisconsin teacher.
On November 13, 1944, the World War II Liberty Ship was named in his honor and launched at Panama City, Florida. The ship was out of commission by March 22, 1945, after it was damaged from shelling by Allied ships in the Philippines.
Publications.
Ransom Asa Moore - 1902
Ransom Asa Moore - 1903
Ransom Asa Moore - 1904
Ransom Asa Moore - 1904
Ransom Asa Moore, George Alfred Olson, Alden Lescombe Stone - 1905
R. A. Moore - 1907
Ransom Asa Moore, University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Experiment Station - 1908
Ransom Asa Moore, Edmond Joseph Delwiche - Vol. 161.
University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908.
Ransom Asa Moore, Edmond Joseph Delwiche
University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1909.
Ransom Asa Moore, Alden Lescombe Stone
University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1909.
Ransom Asa Moore, Edmond Joseph Delwiche Vol. 183.
The University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1909.
Moore, Ransom Asa, and G. B. Mortimer
University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station of the College of Agriculture, 1909
Ransom Asa Moore - 1910
University of Wisconsin-Madison. Agricultural Experiment Station, A.L. Stone, R.A. Moore - 1911
Ransom Asa Moore
University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1912.
Ransom Asa Moore, Kirk Lester Hatch - 1912
Ransom Asa Moore, Edmond Joseph Delwiche - 1914
Ransom Asa Moore, Laurence Frederick Graber - 1915
Ransom Asa Moore - 1917
Ransom Asa Moore -
University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Extension Service, May, 1917
"Help Fill the Nation's Flour Barrel"
Ransom Asa Moore, Edmond Joseph Delwiche - 1917
Ransom Asa Moore, Edmond Joseph Delwiche - 1918 - Read - More editions
Ransom Asa Moore, Charles Parker Halligan - 1919
Ransom Asa Moore, Laurence Frederick Graber - 1919
"Wisconsin Rye"
Ransom Asa Moore, B. D. Leith
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin, 1921.
Ransom Asa Moore, Laurence Frederick Graber - 1922
Ransom Asa Moore, George McSpadden Briggs, Edmond Joseph Delwiche - 1925
Ransom Asa Moore, University of Wisconsin—Madison. Agricultural Experiment Station, Laurence Frederick Graber - 1925
Author Ransom Asa Moore
Publisher Wisconsin Experiment Association, 1927


Max Campbell

Alexander Maxwell (Max) Campbell (7 August 1888 – 14 August 1962) was a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Montreal, Quebec and became a contractor, farmer and manager by career.
Campbell's first federal campaign was in the 1930 election as a Farmer party candidate where he unsuccessfully contested for the South Battleford seat. His next campaign was with the CCF in the 1945 federal election where he won his first Parliamentary term at The Battlefords riding. Campbell was then defeated at The Battlefords by Arthur James Bater of the Liberal party in the 1949 election.
Campbell unseated Bater at the next election in 1953 and was re-elected in 1957 then lost to Progressive Conservative party candidate Albert Horner in the 1958 election.
Max felt the call of the west and was able to convince his father that the prairies were just the thing for a young man recovering from an illness brought on by riding a bicycle in inclement weather. He left his Montreal home and came to the prairies at the age of 15, helping family friend Ernie Keith on his Bow River ranch. Not long after Max arrived, the ranch land was given over to the railway and the ranchers along the river carefully researched Northwest Territory maps for the best land to settle. They pinpointed the Manitou Lake area and drove cattle and horses overland to the northeast, with Max driving one of the wagons.
Max met his bride, Miss Charlotte Vickers Graham in the years that followed. David Maxwell, Marion, Malcolm, Charlotte Myrtle, Robert Alexander and Muriel Jean Campbell were born to the couple. Early records show Max holding CCF meetings in the Neilburg community hall, building the party and movement that would be Canada's conscience. Two of Max's key issues in his time as Member of Parliament for the Battlefords were pollution in the North Saskatchewan River and working to improve the lot of first nations people. When Max Campbell died in 1962, the local headlines called him "A good man."


Albert Etter

Albert Etter (1872–1950) was an American plant breeder best known for his work on strawberry and apple varieties.
Early life and education.
Albert Felix Etter was born near Shingle Springs in Eldorado County, California, on November 27, 1872. He was one of ten surviving children of the Swiss-born Benjamin Etter (d. 1889), all but one of whom were boys. Around 1876 the family moved to Humboldt County, where Benjamin acquired a farm near Ferndale and became the first person to grow lentils in the county.
Development of Ettersburg.
Albert's German-born mother, Wilhelmina (Kern) Etter (d. 1913) was skilled at cultivating plants, and Etter showed a talent for hybridizing plants in childhood, working with apples, peaches, dahlias, and strawberries by the time he was twelve. He attended public school and by the end of his teens was looking out for a site where he could continue his plant-breeding experiments. On a fishing trip to the Mattole River Valley, he found a section of land above Bear Creek and in 1894 he staked a claim to it. This area along the Pacific coast in the King Range has wet winters and hot summers, and Etter later attributed his success partly to his choice of location. The site where Etter developed his ranch was subsequently named after him, first as Etter and then as Ettersburg.
Etter managed the ranch with three of his brothers, George, Fred, and August; and another four of his siblings also lived nearby. While Etter focused on plant breeding, his brothers oversaw other kinds of farming and stockkeeping operations. The ranch holdings, operated under the business name Etter Brothers, eventually reached 800 acres in size. Although the Etter Brothers firm and the Ettersburg Experimental Place became internationally known among plant breeders, and Etter renowned as "the Luther Burbank of Humboldt County", they never made more than a modest living from the land. For one thing, they were far removed from the main trucking and rail routes, and for another, new plant hybrids were not protected by the patent system until 1930.
Strawberry breeding.
Etter became known for his insistence on the value of using unimproved parent material, often taken from wild strains, and he frequently made 'wide' crosses between widely divergent genetic types. In his work with strawberries, he showed other breeders the value of the beach strawberry ("Fragaria chiloensis") as a source of germplasm conveying vigor, productivity, flavor, and disease resistance. He also worked in a more minor way with "F. virginiana" species. The Pacific Rural Press described his methods for strawberries and other plants in 1912.
By 1910, Ettersburg 121 had become the leading variety in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, because its firm flesh, high color, and strong flavor meant that it canned well. In 1912, you could get a gift of a dozen plants with your subscription to the Pacific Rural Press. By 1920, Etter's catalog showcased over 50 new varieties, some of which achieved limited commercial success. None are commercially important today, although their germplasm continues in a number of modern cultivars. In 1928, he donated all of his strawberry material to the University of California, where his Ettersburg 121 became an ancestor of various commercially important varieties.
Apple breeding.
In 1899 it was reported that Albert Etter, with the help of the University of California, was establishing a private experimental orchard near Briceland. Etter started with 62 varieties in 1898 and was to receive several hundred more varieties. Years later Etter wrote about apple breeding at Ettersberg in the Pacific Rural Press (1922) He said that "the anniversary of my arrival here to begin operations was afterward made National Apple Day—the 17th of October." The Pacific Rural Press reported that he had 10,000 varieties of apples. He started with almost 600 apple varieties. These were gathered from America and Europe, with the help of Charles Howard Shinn, when he was Inspector of California Experiment Stations, between 1890 and 1901. In 1907 and 1909 a number of Etter's apple varieties were offered in the annual distribution of seeds and plants from the University of California. In 1924, the Livermore Journal reported that he was about to introduce 75 different apple varieties.
In the late 1920s, Etter shifted his attention to apple breeding, using scion wood gleaned from a number of sources including the University of California. He felt that the west coast climate called for new kinds of apples, and he began experimenting with wide crosses, especially between apples and crabapples. Although many of his apple strains have been lost, those that survive include Pink Pearl, the best-known of his unusual series of some two dozen pink- and red-fleshed cultivars based on a European apple called Surprise (itself probably a descendant of "Malus niedzwetskyana"). Some eastern and midwestern breeders, including Liberty Hyde Bailey and Charles Downing had already made some experiments with Surprise and been unhappy with the results, but Etter found that it worked much better as part of a west-coast breeding program.
By 1928, Etter was far enough along in his breeding experiments to publish a preliminary report in the "Pacific Rural Press", where he wrote up two of his pink-fleshed cultivars, the Redflesh Winter Banana and a nameless seedling that, by its description, might have been Pink Pearl. Subsequently, the midwestern breeder Niels Ebbesen Hansen worked on breeding red-fleshed apples and crabapples, expressing disappointment when he found that Etter had beaten him to the punch. Although not all of Etter's Surprise descendants were successful, the best of them shared a pronounced aromatic quality that appears to be linked to the anthocyanin pigmentation that gives the flesh its distinctive pinkish and reddish tones.
In 1940, Etter began a partnership with George Roeding Jr., the owner of the California Nursery Company in Niles (now a district of Fremont, CA). Their goal was to patent and market Etter's best apple varieties. The California Nursery Company introduced six Etter varieties in its 1944 catalog - Pink Pearl and five apples with regular non-pigmented flesh (Alaska, All Gold, Humboldt Crab, Jonwin, and Wickson). A seventh apple, Crimson Gold, was introduced in the 1947 catalog. In the 1970 catalog carried only five varieties of Etter's apples: Alaska, Etter's Gold, Jonwin, Pink Pearl, and Wickson. A flyer with "Distinctive New Recipes...for the Apples of Albert Etter" was provided in the 1945 catalog. Recipes were by Robert Stoney Mayock who was a winemaker (Los Amigos Vineyards in Irvington), amateur chef and gourmet, and food columnist.
Other plant breeding.
Etter also experimented with breeding over a hundred varieties of forage plants, grasses, and clovers. His research showed that some of the large white clovers from southern Europe were suitable for Humboldt County dairy farmers to use for forage because they put on a great deal of growth during the winter. He also undertook some experiments with tree nut crops such as English walnuts, chestnuts and filberts.
Etter was a member of the California Nurserymen's Association and the American Pomological Society, and he was president of the Ettersburg Farm Center (a branch of the Humboldt County Farm Bureau).
Etter died in November 1950. His wife Katharine (born Katharine McCormick in 1891) outlived him by nearly three decades, dying in 1979. In the 1970s, apple fancier Ram Fishman visited the remains of Etter's experimental orchard and found over one hundred trees still thriving. On many of these trees, multiple test varieties were represented, often by a single grafted branch. Fishman ultimately located about half of Etter's pink-fleshed varieties in the test orchard and in nearby areas, and in 1983 he founded the Greenmantle Nursery to make seven of them available to the public. They were given new names since the old names could not be firmly determined and are marketed under the Rosetta series title.


Ansitz Baron von Widmann

Ansitz Baron von Widmann is an "Ansitz" located in Kurtatsch an der Weinstraße, South Tyrol, Italy. The house has also been called the Indermaur House and the Great Payr House. The Gothic-style main house, along with the horse stalls and barn, are the oldest part of the property. Expansions were made on the house in 1708. Additions to the first and second floors were made in 1860. Renovations and expansions continued on into the late twentieth century. The cellars are still used for the wines of the estate, currently owned by the Baron von Widmann. A relief of the family crest of the In der Maur family, the original owners, was added above the second floor exterior doorframe in 1676. At one time, the northern part of the mansion housed business offices of the Raiffeisen Bank. The estate is now the seat of the Baron Widmann winery.
The house was owned by the Indermaur family, then the family von Arbogast in 1758, the family von Payr through the marriage of Helena Franziska von Indermaur in 1763, the Kager family in 1783 when purchased by Johann Mathias von Kager, and then the von Widmann family in 1867 through the marriage of Alfons von Widmann to the sister of Karl von Kager.


Himchari National Park

Himchari National Park () is a major national park and nature reserve in Bangladesh. The park is located at Ramu and Cox's Bazar Sadar Upazila, Cox's Bazar District, in the southeast region of the country. It is located mainly on the hills and is adjoining to Bay of Bengal to the west.
Himchari National Park covers approximately of mixed evergreen forests Biome. It was declared a protected area in 1980.
Location.
It is located 13 km East of Cox's Bazar town.
The overall appearance of the forest is various patches of dense forest and grass lands. The climate is generally humid and warm. The park has tropical monsoons from June to September every year. The soil is loamy, clay and sandy loam at various places.
Administration.
The entire forest area is managed and is under the jurisdiction of Cox's Bazar South Forest Division. There are four forest beats in the parks namely Kolatoli, Chainda, Jhilongja and Link Road.The place is visited mostly for the famous "broken hills" and "Row of christmas trees".
Biodiversity.
Flora.
The general walk in the forest is not easy due to hilly terrain and dense vegetation. About 117 tree species belonging to 37 families have been recorded. Some near-endangered plant species recorded are "Elaeis guineensis", "Garcinia lanceifolia", "Elaeocarpus tectorius", "Elaeocarpus floribundus", "Suregada multiflora", "Lithocarpus elegans" var. "elegans" and "Acronychia pedunculata".
Fauna.
The fauna consists mainly of Ridley sea turtle, 286 bird species and 26 mammal species. The barn swallow and Asian palm swift are common birds in the national park. Mammals include Hoolock gibbon, leopard cat, fishing cat, tiger, sloth bear, Asian elephant, wild boar, Rhesus macaque and mongoose.
Human Settlement.
There are 4000 people living inside the National park area. They are mostly migrants and are involved in fishing and cultivation for their livelihood.
Threats.
The loss of tree diversity and population is due to encroachment for cultivation, invasion of weed species, grazing of cattle, collection of minor forest produces and fuel wood, fire hazard, expansion of network of roads and other infrastructure projects.


Mount Vernon Station (Western Australia)

Mount Vernon Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station.
It is located about south west of Newman and north of Meekatharra in the Mid West region of Western Australia. The Ashburton River runs through the property for a distance of approximately from east to west and the Ethel River runs through the southern portion. Mount Vernon has common boundaries with Bulloo Downs, Tangadee, Pingandy, Mininer and Turee Creek Stations as well as vacant crown land.
The property occupies an area of . The country varies from the alluvial plains flanking the river that support various native grasses to the rugged mountain and dolomite hills that support tall shrubland and spinifex plains. It has an estimated carrying capacity of 4,150 cattle and in 1979 was carrying 1,200 head of cattle.
In 1928 Mount Vernon was put up for auction, at this time it occupied an area of and was stocked with 900 cattle and 150 horses.
The station had been acquired by J. A. and C. Meehan who held the lease until selling the property for £18,000 in 1951. The Panizza family, a well known pastoralist family from Dardanup, had bought the property.
In 2006 Mount Vernon had flooding resulting from heavy rains in 1997; the next good season the property had was in 2006 when it recorded , above its yearly average.
A light plane crash at the property in 2006 killed a 26-year-old station hand and a toddler.


Amando Stowers

Amando Stowers, also known by the Samoan name Vui Tafilipepe Amato, was a Western Samoan politician. He served as a member of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly from 1941 until 1951.
Biography.
Stowers was a part-Samoan descendant of the English trader John Stowers. A planter, he held the title of "vui" in Fa'asaleleaga district. He was a founder of the Labour Party in 1936, later becoming its president.
He contested the 1938 elections to the Legislative Council, finishing fourth in the two-seat European constituency. However, he was elected in 1941, surprisingly defeating Alfred Smyth. He was subsequently re-elected in 1944, topping the poll. In 1948 the Legislative Council was replaced with the Legislativ Assembly, to which Stowers was elected as sole elected representative of the Labour Party. He did not contest the 1951 elections.
He died in Apia hospital at the age of 76 around the start of 1963.


Peter Sinnerud

Peter Sinnerud (4 January 1876 – 22 March 1972) was a Norwegian speed skater.
Biography.
At the 1895 World Allround Championships Sinnerud won a silver medal and set a world record over 10,000 m at 18:50.0, though later that day the gold medalist Jaap Eden broke that record by almost a minute. After that Sinnerud skated for 15 years in North America, winning six U.S. and Canadian titles in total. He returned to Norway for the 1904 world and national championships. He won both, but was later stripped of these titles because he participated in professional races in the U.S. (it is not known whether he was paid for that). Disappointed, Sinnerud returned to the U.S. and skated there professionally for several years, winning nothing, but placing within the podium in several races. Although Sinnerud was Norwegian he was often referred to in American newspapers by the nickname "The Terrible Swede" because of his speed and the Swedish–Norwegian Union.
In 1910 he returned to Norway for good and worked as a farmer outside of Hamar. He also converted his house into an accommodation and training center, becoming Norway's first speed skating coach. His trainees included Jan Langedijk, , Kees Broekman, Michael Staksrud, Reidar Liaklev and Hans Engnestangen.
Sinnerud was married to Astrid Margaretha Fjetre. He closed up his training center in 1956, after a sudden death of his son Arve at age 43. His grandson Sven Peter Sinnerud became a technician at the Vikingskipet, preparing ice for all championships conducted there since 1994.


Royal Adelaide Show

The Royal Adelaide Show is an annual agricultural show run by the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia. It is held at the Adelaide Showground, a dedicated venue located in Wayville, a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia.
Core to the show are the competitive entries, such as livestock, pets, arts, food, beverages, and displays of skill. The show features entries in 63 competitive sections, and attracts over 31,000 entries annually. In addition, the show features entertainment, exhibitors, sideshows, rides, and showbags. It is attended by up to half a million people every year, making it the state's biggest event. It is also regarded as "the longest running event on the South Australian calendar".
History.
Colonial era.
The South Australian Agricultural Society was founded on 28 October 1839 ""for the advancement of agricultural and pastoral knowledge, and to promote the development of the natural resources of our noble colony"." On 8 December 1840, the first Show was held in the yards of Fordham's Hotel, Grenfell Street, and was an exhibition of produce which included vegetables, cereals, cheese, wool, and leather. The first show of livestock, the Agricultural Exhibition, was held on 20 October 1843 at Auction Mart Tavern, Hindley Street. From 1844 to 1859, the Agricultural and Horticultural Shows, displaying both produce and livestock, were held at Botanic Park, and for many decades, shows were held twice a year in Spring and Autumn. The show was briefly suspended in 1852 during the Victorian Gold Rush.
In 1856, the society held its first art exhibition: there were 178 entries, with 30 being from the well-known artist S. T. Gill. According to the "South Australian Register" (28 November 1867) "A special Grand General Show was held from Thursday 7 November 1867 to coincide with the Adelaide visit of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh". After the duke's visit, the society and show went on to receive his royal patronage in 1868.
In 1887 the society ran their Spring Show concurrently with the Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition, from 14 to 17 September, but at the "Old Exhibition Grounds" on the other side of Frome Road. The show had been extended from two to four days on account of the great interest shown, particularly in the display of sheep, which was of a very high standard. From May 1895, the Autumn Show was held at a new venue, the Jubilee Exhibition Building on North Terrace, and the horse events were held at the nearby Jubilee Oval. In 1896, the first Live Stock Show was held at the new site.
20th century.
There were no shows held in 1915-1919 due to the effects of WWI and the Spanish flu epidemic. In 1925, the show became an annual event, and moved to Wayville. A report regarding the new site stated: The competition for best design for the new showgrounds drew fifty responses and twenty six firm designs. Mr C R Heath's design was awarded first prize of £500. Designs came from New Zealand, England and all Australian States. The Building Committee, consisting of the President and Vice-Presidents and the Secretary, was appointed to supervise the work and confer with the architects and to report to the Executive. A railway siding was negotiated with the Railway Department, drainage and sewerage problems addressed, negotiations initiated with the Tramways Trust for an 'electric car' service, grading and levelling planned, and tenders called for erection of facilities. A fine draught horse pavilion has been erected and the building of a sheep pavilion commenced.The site's main pavilion, Centennial Hall, was opened on 20 March 1936. Between 1940 and 1946, shows were cancelled, with the exception of a Wine Show in 1946, due to WWII and the military occupation of the grounds.
In February 1966, a soccer match between traditional rivals Hellas and Juventus on the opening night of the show created much interest. Another area of interest was the Decimal Currency Board's display, with the 'Dollar Girls' on hand to explain the new monetary system to be introduced.
In the 1960s to 1980s, new competitive sections for the blind and disabled were introduced, plus an additional four classes in the knitting and crochet section for the over 70s. Main Arena attractions included the Pacific Islands Regiment Band, which consisted of 75 Papuans and New Guineans from all parts of the territory. They joined with the Royal Australian Navy Band, the Band of the Southern Command, the Band of the Central Command, and the SA Police Band, for a massed band display. In 1990, $1.3 million was spent on capital improvements.
Prior to 1987, with a three-term school year, the show was always held in a school holiday period. With the changeover to a four-term year, arrangements were made between the show organisers and the Department for Education whereby Adelaide schools arrange a study-free day, enabling their pupils to attend the event.
Present.
In 2004, 'The Wine Tunnel' with wine tastings was introduced to showcase South Australia's wines. Located in the Taste SA area, it also has cooking demonstrations and food samplings. In 2007, Centennial Hall was demolished due to the structural weakening of its concrete.
The Adelaide Showground railway station opened permanently on 17 February 2014. Unlike the temporary Showground Central railway station (2003-2013), which was only operated during the show, the new station is serviced every day as a regular part of the Seaford, Tonsley, and Belair lines.
In 2017, the Main Carnival underwent a major face-lift with new paving, walkways, grass areas, toilets, bins and trees being added to replace the gravel and portable toilets.
On 14 April 2020, the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia announced the show would be cancelled due to concerns surrounding the coronavirus. The next show has been rescheduled for September 2021.
Competitions.
The society runs a number of competitive sections at the show in six categories:
In 2014, 16,993 ribbons were awarded to individual prize winners.
Carnival.
Entertainment.
The Main Arena is the largest area of Adelaide Showground, and is the primary location for the 'Horses in Action' program (including the World Cup Qualifiers). In the evening, it features family entertainment, including V8 utes, motorcross, and monster trucks. Every night of the show at 9:00 pm (weather permitting), there is a 10-minute firework show.
Another major draw-card to the Royal Adelaide Show is the array of free entertainment included upon entry. There are three main stages:
Rides.
The rides are a major draw card at the show. Each year the event boasts over 50 rides between the Carnival and Kid's Carnival areas. The best known ride is the Ferris wheel standing over 40 meters high. Each year, rides can vary with some favourites going and newer rides appearing. Some larger rides in the main carnival range in price from $8 to $20 (e.g. Speed 2 and The Beast). However most rides average at $10 with discounts available on select rides.
In 2000, the Spin Dragon collapsed, injuring around 40 people, while in 2006, part of the Twin Flip ride collapsed. On the last day of the 2007 Show, the Mad Mouse roller coaster was retired from service. The track was dismantled, the cars auctioned off (one donated to the Royal Show's archives). It was replaced with a large roller coaster, The Big Dipper, imported from Italy, and was very popular at the 2008 show. On 12 September 2014, an eight-year-old girl visiting Australia from Malaysia died after slipping from her seat on the Airmaxx 360. Operators of the machine, C J And Sons Amusement, were later fined $157,000 due to inadequate maintenance. In 2017, The Beast made its first appearance.
Showbags.
One of the most notable and well known aspects of the show are the showbags. They are usually bags that are sold in the Showbag Pavilion next to the Main Arena, and are mainly promotion for the companies that produce them. From the 1920s, showbags started as free food sample bags that were given to visitors of displays. By the 1950s, as the original showbags grew in popularity, they eventually ceased to be free and a small fee of 3 or 6 pence was taken. Nowadays, over 350 different bags are available, and a single showbag can range from $1 to $40 depending on its contents. Showbags are mostly popular with young children and teenagers, although there are some showbags, such as the Charlesworth Nuts and Darrell Lea, clearly aimed at a more adult market.


Villa Escudero

Villa Escudero Plantations is of working coconut plantation and hacienda located south of the city of San Pablo, Laguna Province on the border with Quezon Province in the Philippines. Since 1981, the plantation has opened its doors as a resort offering village tours, museum tour, food and accommodations. It has developed a worldwide reputation as a focal point to experience Philippine culture and history in a beautiful rural setting.
Location.
The plantation is in three municipalities in two provinces: San Pablo City in Laguna and the towns of Tiaong and Dolores in Quezon Province. The entrance to the resort is located just a few feet from the Laguna and Quezon boundary arch.
History.
Villa Escudero Plantations was founded in 1872 by Don Plácido Escudero and his wife, Doña Claudia Marasigan. Originally a sugar cane plantation, the crop was converted to coconut by their son, Don Arsenio Escudero, in the early 1900s. A pioneering agriculture industrialist, he built the country’s first working hydroelectric plant Labasin Dam to supply his desiccated coconut factory and the Escudero Plantation house, which he and his wife, Doña Rosario Adap, built in 1929.
The plantation was opened to the public in 1981 as a tourist attraction offering glimpses of plantation life. The family's eclectic private collection formed a museum. Carabao cart ride takes visitors to the resort area, surrounded by park-like setting while being serenaded by locals. Dining is offered in a unique al fresco restaurant where the dining tables are situated below the spillway of the hydroelectric dam (the Labasin waterfalls) while diners enjoy their lunch dipped in the flowing calf-deep water. Later attractions include an authentic live cultural dance show choreographed by National Artist Ramon Obusan, performed with live music. The resort has since expanded offering accommodations, more restaurants, sports facilities, and a conference center.
In 2008, , more than half of the estate, was converted into an exclusive residential development called "Hacienda Escudero".
Museum.
The Escuderos have been a well-known family in Quezon since the late 1800s. The museum contains the private collections of the family from their local travels and from around the world. It was started by Arsenio and Rosario Escudero and passed on to the living generations of the family. The assorted collections include, among others, religious artifacts, Chinese porcelain, antique furniture, ethnic clothing, relics from the Second World War, clothes of Philippine presidents, butterfly collections, up to Jose Rizal's letters in his slumbook. In 1987, the extensive collection was moved and showcased in the church of the plantation. A trip of the museum is a must for Philippine history enthusiasts and is included with the admission.
Labasin Lake.
Labasin Lake is the narrow lake or reservoir created by the Labasin hydroelectric dam. One of the amenities provided by the resort to visitors is rafting and native bamboo rafts are available and are included with the day tour. Some accommodations made with native materials are beautifully set protruding by the lake.


New Zealand Arboricultural Association

The New Zealand Arboricultural Association (NZ Arb) is a national, non-profit organisation for arboriculture within New Zealand.
NZ Arb was formed in 1989 in response to a growing demand for a national body to represent professional and non-professional people in the arboricultural industry in New Zealand. Its mission statement: "Through research, technology, and education promote the professional practice of arboriculture and foster a greater public awareness of the benefits of trees."
NZ Arb has over 200 members - consisting of individuals, organisations and interested bodies.
In 1996, NZ Arb joined the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) to become its 32nd Chapter.
Every year, NZ Arb holds an Annual Conference, with national and international speakers, normally held in conjunction with the NTCC. Also, throughout each year, a number of technical seminars or workshops are held, as well as social events and field trips.
The Association manages regional Tree Climbing Competitions (TCCs), culminating in the National Tree Climbing Championship (NTCC) - the respective Men’s and Women’s Champions go on to represent New Zealand at the International event (ITCC) run by the ISA.
The Association manages an Approved Contractor Scheme (ACS). It is also in the process of organising an Arboricultural Consultants Group (ACG).
The goal of NZ Arb is to encourage, foster, improve and educate in all aspects of arboriculture throughout New Zealand.


Kentucky Farm Bureau

Kentucky Farm Bureau (KFB) is a voluntary organization of farm families and their allies dedicated to serving as the voice of agriculture by identifying problems, developing solutions and taking actions which will improve net farm income, achieve better economic opportunities and enhance the quality of life for all.
History.
For more than three-quarters of a century, Kentucky Farm Bureau has served as the "Voice of Kentucky Agriculture," representing the interests of agricultural producers and rural communities. The organization was founded at a meeting in Louisville, in November 1919. With nearly 500,000 members, KFB is one of the largest Farm Bureaus in the nation.
The organization's staying power has been the result of many factors, but the most important is the nature of Farm Bureau's leadership structure. Control of Farm Bureau, whether at the county, state or national level, is vested in the hands of agricultural producers, comprising the grass-roots leadership.
Services.
Kentucky Farm Bureau has established a reputation as an effective advocate for its members. Its information products and member service programs are also well respected and successful. In 2003 Kentucky Farm Bureau began production of the half-hour television program "Bluegrass & Backroads", which can be seen nationwide on RFD-TV.
Programs offered include Public Affairs, Farm Bureau Insurance and other member services, Women's Leadership Activities, Ag in the Classroom, Safety, Health and Wellness, Theft Reward, Estate Planning, Commodity Market Information, Scholarships, Certified Roadside Farm Markets and Young Farmers.


Limia cattle

Limia, Spanish Limiana or in Galician raza Limiá, is a primitive cattle breed from the Province of Ourense in Galicia in northwest Spain, which in some features resembles the extinct aurochs.
Description.
The average weight is 900 kg for males and 650 kg for females and the average height at the withers is 148 cm for males and 140 cm for females. The colour of the cows is brown, darker on head, neck and legs like other wild type coloured cows. Bulls have a darker coat colour than the cows, ranging from very dark brown to black, with a light eel stripe and sometimes a light saddle. Both sexes share a lightly coloured mouth.
The primitive anatomy and ecology of this breed makes it valuable for conservation, it is used by TaurOs Project in the Netherlands to create a breed that resembles the aurochs to the largest possible extent by crossbreeding primitive and aurochs-like breeds. Small herds of Limia graze under natural circumstances in the Netherlands already.
Population.
In 2002 the total population was 136 animals based on a studbook with high reliability. The
number of males used in reproduction was 59 and the number of breeding females was 66. The Percentage of females bred pure (mated with a male of the same race) was 100%. There were 460 animals ind 2007 and 861 animals in 2011. The population is thus quickly increasing.


Higashikurumeshi Chikurin Park

Higashikurumeshi Chikurin Park is a bamboo grove with natural spring water. It is located in Higashikurume, Tokyo. It was created by taking advantage of the natural shape of the land, and there is a path through the bamboo grove. The park has over 2,000 bamboo trees.
It was constructed in 1974 and was selected as one of the 100 New Tokyo Views in 1983.


Langhe

The Langhe (; "Langa" is from old dialect Mons Langa et Bassa Langa) is a hilly area to the south and east of the river Tanaro in the province of Cuneo and in the province of Asti in Piedmont, northern Italy.
It is famous for its wines, cheeses, and truffles—particularly the white truffles of Alba. The countryside as it was in the first half of the 20th century features prominently in the writings of Beppe Fenoglio and Cesare Pavese, who was born there, in Santo Stefano Belbo.
On 22 June 2014, a part of the Langhe was inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage list for its cultural landscapes, outstanding living testimony to winegrowing and winemaking traditions that stem from a long history, and that have been continuously improved and adapted up to the present day. They bear witness to an extremely comprehensive social, rural and urban realm, and to sustainable economic structures. They include a multitude of harmonious built elements that bear witness to its history and its professional practices.
Its vineyards constitute an outstanding example of man’s interaction with his natural environment. Following a long and slow evolution of winegrowing expertise, the best possible adaptation of grape varieties to land with specific soil and climatic components has been carried out, which in itself is related to winemaking expertise, thereby becoming an international benchmark. The winegrowing landscape also expresses great aesthetic qualities, making it into an archetype of European vineyards.
Crutin cheese is made in Langhe.
In geology, the Langhian Age of the Miocene Epoch is named for the Langhe region.
Viticulture.
DOC and DOCG wines produced in this area include:


Liggett Group

Liggett Group ( ), formerly known as Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company, is the fourth largest tobacco company in the United States. Its headquarters are located in Durham, North Carolina, though its manufacturing facility is 30 miles to the west in Mebane, North Carolina. The company is a subsidiary of holding company Vector Group.
History.
John Edmund Liggett's grandfather, Christopher Foulks, was the owner of a snuff mill in New Egypt, New Jersey. During the War of 1812 the mill was razed by British soldiers. Foulks moved west around 1820 and opened a new snuff shop in Belleville, Illinois, in 1822. In 1833 he moved his tobacco business to St. Louis, Missouri, where in 1844–1847 (dates uncertain) John Edmund Liggett entered his grandfather's business.
By 1858, Foulks's company was known as J. E. Liggett and Brother. Around 1869 the company created the first blended cigarettes, using a mixture of Turkish and Virginia tobaccos. A partnership was formed with George Smith Myers of Missouri, and in 1873 The Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company was incorporated.
In 1876, Liggett & Myers introduced L&M plug chewing tobacco, during the 1880s it entered the cigarette business and by 1885 the company had become the world's largest manufacturer of plug chewing tobacco.
John E. Liggett died in 1897 and two years later Liggett & Myers was acquired by American Tobacco Company, controlled by James Buchanan Duke. George S. Myers died in 1910 and the following year the U.S. Court of Appeals issued a Dissolution Decree to the American Tobacco Company which created the opportunity for Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company to be reborn. It was headquartered in St Louis again.
Liggett & Myers continued to release new brands. In 1912, Chesterfield was reintroduced as a Turkish-Virginia blended cigarette and in 1915 Burley and Maryland tobaccos were added to Chesterfield blend. It was in 1916 that Chesterfield became the first cigarette to add a moisture-proof, overall cover to the paper and foil pack. In 1917, the company built a warehouse and factory at Huntington, West Virginia. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.
By 1921, cigarettes had become the most used form of tobacco. Continuing to innovate, in 1952, Liggett & Myers using Chesterfield became the first to offer cigarettes in two sizes: King and Regular.
In 1953, L&M filter cigarettes were introduced.
In 1963, Lark charcoal filter cigarettes were introduced. In 1968 the company changed its name to Liggett & Myers, Incorporated.
In 1970, the Eve brand was launched in regular and menthol.
The company again changed its name in 1976 to Liggett Group, Inc., with Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company as a division.
In 1980, Eve 120's were launched nationally and the same year Liggett was acquired by Grand Metropolitan PLC. In 1981 Liggett introduces generic cigarette concept. Another name change took place in 1983, this time the head company becoming GrandMet USA with the tobacco company officially named Liggett Group Inc.
In 1983, smoker Rose Cipollone filed a lawsuit against the Liggett Group and two other tobacco companies that produced the cigarettes she smoked. Cipollone died of lung cancer in 1984, but the trial continued. The Liggett Group was charged $400,000 in damages in a 1988 court decision, but in 1992 the decision was reversed on appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc.
In 1986, Bennett S. LeBow purchased Liggett from Grand Metropolitan. In 1987, Liggett's stock was offered publicly on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1988, Liggett introduced Pyramid cigarettes. In 1990 Liggett became a subsidiary of Brooke Group Ltd., a holding company owned by Mr. LeBow. In 1990, The Wall Street Journal acclaimed Pyramid as "one of the most successful cigarette introductions of the decade". In 1992, Eve and Lark were relaunched with new packaging and backed by large advertising and promotional campaigns. In 1993, Liggett developed its Control Label concept, offering customers exclusivity to market Control Brands owned by Liggett. By 1994 Liggett had expanded its Control Label family to a total of eight brands.
In 1995–1996, the company attempted unsuccessfully to take over the much larger R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
In 1996–1997, Liggett Group had become the first tobacco company to settle smoking-related litigation brought by the attorneys general of several states. In 1998 Liggett signed the tobacco litigation Master Settlement Agreement, and 1999 saw the formation of Vector Tobacco Inc.
In 1999, Liggett Vector Brands Inc. sold L&M, Lark and Chesterfield brands to Philip Morris Companies Inc., now known as the Altria Group.


Pandebjerg

Pandebjerg is a manor house on the island of Falster in southeastern Denmark. It has been owned by members of the Tesdorpf family since 1878. The current main building is from 1900.
History.
Pandebjerg was established when Peder Estrup divided his recently acquired estate Kirstineberg in two. Both estates were passed on to his brother Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup after Peder Estrup's death in 1848. J. B. S. Estrup, who would later serve as Prime Minister of Denmark]], sold the estates to Therman Ø. Hillerup after a few years. Kirstineberg was renamed Gammel Kirstineberg ("Old Kirstinebjerg") after the western part of its land was transferred to a new farm called Ny Kirstineberg ("New Kirstineberg").
Pandebjerg was after Therman Ø. Hillerup's death in 1854 sold to H. Wilhjelm while Gammel Kirstineberg remained in the Hillerup family.
Tesdorpf family.
Edward Tesdorpf, on e of the largest landowners in the area, acquired the estate in 1878. Originally from Hamburg, he had come to Denmark in 1940 where he initially acquired Orupgaard and later expanded his holdings through the purchase of several other estates. His son, Adolph Tesdorpf, who inherited Pandebjerg in 1889, acquired Ny Kirstineberg in 1908. Both estates have remained in the hands of the Tesdorpf family since then.
Architecture.
The current main building is from 1900 and was built to design by the architect Henrik Christopher Glahn.
Architecture.
The main building is designed with inspiration from early Renaissance architecture.
Today.
The Pandebjerg estate (with the farms Axelborg and Nygård) has a total area of 816 hectares. Farmland covers 625 hectares that are managed in collaboration with Ny Kirstineberg, Gammel Kirstineberg and Klodskovgaard. The estate is also involved in fruit production through the company Guldborgsund Grugt. Ny Kirstineberg Skov, a woodland area, is 175 hectares. The estate is also used for hunting and other events.