Portuguese wine

Portuguese wine is the result of traditions introduced to the region by ancient civilizations, such as the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, and mostly the Romans. Portugal started to export its wines to Rome during the Roman Empire. Modern exports developed with trade to England after the Methuen Treaty in 1703. From this commerce a wide variety of wines started to be grown in Portugal. And, in 1758, one of the first wine-producing regions of the world, the "Região Demarcada do Douro" was created under the orientation of Marquis of Pombal, in the Douro Valley. Portugal has two wine-producing regions protected by UNESCO as World Heritage: the Douro Valley Wine Region ("Douro Vinhateiro") and Pico Island Wine Region ("Ilha do Pico Vinhateira"). Portugal has a big variety of local kinds, producing a very wide variety of different wines with distinctive personality.
History.
In southern Iberian Peninsula, some archeological finds attest that the consumption of wine occurred around the 7th to the 6th century B.C. and production started in the 5th to the 4th century B.C. Romans did much to expand and promote viticulture in their settlements in the province of Lusitania, most especially Portuguese Estremadura and the south of Portugal. In Northern Portugal, and according to the current knowledge, wine-making started with Roman rule. Strabo notices that the indigenous peoples in Northern Portugal mostly consumed "zhytos" (a form of beer) and wine was rarely produced or consumed; the wine, of low production, was immediately consumed in family banquets, all ordelly sited and consuming by age and status, proving that wine was a fascination to them. Wines were then produced across the territory for both local consumption as well as export to Rome.
During the Reconquista in the 12th and 13th centuries, with the populating ("povoamento") of the conquered territories, areas due to religion the Arabs reduced wine production. During this period, some new varieties were added to the ancient ones, from Burgundy came the French varieties. And during the period of discoveries, Henry the Navigator brought to the newly discovered island of Madeira the Moscatel and Malvasia from the Greek Island of Crete. In the Reign of King Carlos, the "Região Demarcada do Vinho Verde" and the "Região Demarcada do Dão" among Colares, Carcavelos, Setúbal, and Madeira were created. In 1979, Bairrada was added and in 1980 the Algarve region (Lagoa, Lagos, Portimão, and Tavira) was finally demarcated. In 1998, the Alentejo region was demarked by the gathering several smaller demarked regions created in 1995.
Grapes.
Portugal has a large array of native varietals, producing an abundant variety of different wines. The wide array of Portuguese grape varietals contributes as significantly as the soil and climate to wine differentiation, producing distinctive wines from the Northern regions to Madeira Islands, and from Algarve to the Azores. In Portugal only some grape varietals or "castas" are authorized or endorsed in the Demarcated regions, such as:
Appellation system.
The "appellation" system of the Douro region was created nearly two hundred years before that of France, in order to protect its superior wines from inferior ones. The quality and great variety of wines in Portugal are due to noble castas, microclimates, soils and proper technology.
Official designations:
Wine regions.
Vinho Verde derived its name from the fact that the grapes used are 'green' meaning slightly under-ripe. Vinho Verde wines are now largely exported, and are the most exported Portuguese wines after the Port Wine. The most popular variety in Portugal and abroad are the white wines, but there are also red and more rarely rosé wines. A notable variety of Vinho Verde is Vinho Alvarinho which is a special variety of white Vinho Verde, the production of Alvarinho is restricted by EU law to a small sub-region of Monção, in the northern part of the Minho region in Portugal. It has more alcohol (11.5 to 13%) than the other varieties (8 to 11.5%).
Port.
Port wine vines need to grow in schist rich soil and require a specific micro-climate. It is produced through a unique vinification method. The red varietals are the most common. The wine is produced in the beautiful landscape of the Douro Valley in Alto Douro region, a region that is classified as World Heritage by UNESCO. The wine is exported from the city of Porto, thus acquiring the name "Porto" (or "Port" in English-speaking countries). There are several varieties of Port wine: some of the most popular are the Tawny, White, Ruby, and Late Bottled Vintage (L.B.V.). Wine cellars where port wine is stored to mature can be visited all year around in order to get information about the history of Port Wine and the Douro region.
Moscatel wines.
Moscatel is a liqueurous wine from the Setúbal Peninsula. Although the region has produced wines since the dawn of nationality, it was in 1797 that the wines of Setúbal were first mentioned. There is another variety of Moscatel wine, the "Moscatel de Favaios", in the "Região Demarcada do Douro", it is made from a different "casta", and the "Galego" (white), while Moscatel Roxo is made upon a "casta" with the same name as the wine.
Export.
Wine has been one of the most noted Portuguese exports. The country is the seventh largest exporter of the product worldwide, by value.


South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Association Factory

South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Association Factory is a heritage-listed former factory at Macalister Street, Murgon, South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Gerald Hutton and built in 1929 by H Taylor. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.
History.
The former South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Association Ltd Factory Murgon, incorporating a range of structures dating from 1908 onwards, was built for South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Association, and is an important site associated with the manufacture of dairy products in the region from 1913 to 1995.
From the late 1800s, a number of critical factors enabled the expansion of the dairy industry into one of Queensland's principal primary industries by the interwar period. These included: government resumption and repurchase of land from pastoralists for the purpose of agricultural selection; the introduction of mechanical cream separators in the 1880s; Babcock testing to accurately measure cream content in milk; The Meat and Dairy Encouragement Act 1893 which made provision for government loans to construct butter and cheese factories; and the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock's use of a "Travelling Dairy" to demonstrate techniques and equipment to potential dairy farmers throughout Queensland. This period also saw the introduction of sown pastures such as paspalum and Rhodes grass and the cultivation of fodder, to improve milk yields and to provide adequate feed during the less productive months of winter.
Effective transport infrastructure was essential for dairy products to reach their desired markets. The extension of Queensland's rural railway network enabled more efficient transportation of dairy produce, facilitating the establishment of local butter and cheese factories in close proximity to railway lines. The first shipment of butter to Britain occurred in 1895 and from 1903, government subsidisation of a fortnightly shipping service to the United Kingdom improved Queensland's butter exporting capabilities.
The arrival of the Kilkivan branch railway to Murgon in 1904 was the impetus for the establishment of the township and a catalyst for the rapid expansion of dairying in the surrounding district, then an emerging but relatively small scale industry in the South Burnett.
By the early 1900s, co-operatives, where groups of local producers banded together to establish factories, were becoming the dominant form of ownership of cheese and butter factories, a pattern that defined the Queensland dairy industry for much of the twentieth century. In 1908 Tiaro Dairy Co-operative Company was established, with a butter factory built of timber opening in the township in the same year. A significant number of cream suppliers to the factory were from the South Burnett, from areas such as Goomeri, Kilkivan and Murgon. A cream receiving depot was established in Murgon, where cream was forwarded to Tiaro by rail. By 1912, 84 percent of the Tiaro butter factory's cream supply was sourced from the South Burnett and a correspondingly large number of the co-operative's shareholders were from the region. A meeting of shareholders in August 1912 voted to move the factory's operations to Murgon.
A site was acquired along Macalister Street, close to Murgon railway station in August 1913 and following the relocation of the Tiaro factory to Murgon, operations commenced in September. Mr George Wood was the builder of the factory while Waugh and Josephson were contractors for the machinery. The capacity of the factory increased from 12 tons at Tiaro to 40 tons of butter per week. In early 1914 the co-operative adopted the name of the South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Company Limited (SBCDC). During the latter half of the year, a railway siding was completed to the factory at a cost of £608/8/1.
Following the establishment of the Murgon butter factory, operations progressively expanded, reflecting the suitability and productivity of the South Burnett district for dairying. This growth is illustrated by the increase in the number of suppliers from 250 in 1913 to 800 by 1929, and in butter production from 252 tons in its first year at Murgon, to 1644 tons in 1928. By 1929, the Wide Bay district, in which the South Burnett was included, was second only to the Moreton district in Queensland milk production. The growth of the South Burnett Co-operative's processing activities necessitated the expansion of the factory in 1929. In order to increase production capacity, the South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Company commenced the construction of a new unit of 35 tons capacity to work in conjunction with the existing unit, and a power plant capable of running both components together or independently. The objective behind the dual factory system was to apply the churning capacity of both factories to the manufacture of butter before noon, with the remainder of the day geared towards the handling and treatment of cream deliveries from suppliers. The Murgon butter factory increased the overall production capacity to 64 tons of butter a week, or 128 tons using double shifts. The dual factory system, driven by a common power plant, was claimed at the time to be "unique in the history of butter production in the Commonwealth".
Brisbane architect George Hutton, supervised building plans and construction and Mr H. Taylor (also of Brisbane) was the builder. The cost of the remodelling was reported as exceeding £25,000. The largest of the new buildings, built to receive, process and churn cream, was constructed of reinforced concrete with a tubular truss roof, crowned by a lantern roof. The engine/plant room was built to the rear of the larger structure. The new buildings were officially opened on 9 March 1929 by William Forgan Smith, Minister for Agriculture and Stock, with over 1000 invited guests and the township "en-fete" for the occasion.
The building of the new Murgon factory occurred during a period of modernisation for butter manufacturers. By the end of the 1920s most Queensland butter factories had been remodelled or were new buildings of brick and concrete, replacing earlier timber structures. The emphasis on producing high grade butter saw the need for more churns within factories, as the lower temperatures necessary meant churns were turning longer than previously. In addition to upgrading buildings and equipment, greater attention was paid to ensuring butter was of a high standard, through stricter grading and modern processes of pasteurisation and neutralisation. Increasing numbers of trained staff were also working in factories.
The manufacture of butter followed a fairly typical process at factories throughout Queensland. Once cream cans were received and weighed, the cream was tested to determine its grading (choice, 2nd or 3rd), before the cans were emptied into vats and cleaned for return to the supplier. The cream was then pasteurised, cooled and pumped to storage vats, before being sent to the churns. The butter was refrigerated, parcelled into butter boxes and forwarded by rail for export.
The interwar period saw the dairy industry expand greatly in Queensland. Between 1927 and 1937 the total number of dairy cattle rose by 50 percent. By the 1930s, dairying was Queensland's most widely spread agricultural industry and the state's second most profitable export industry from 1936 to 1941, accounting for 20% of primary production. By the late 1930s, around one in eight Queenslanders were living on dairy farms. In 1938 there were five co-operative butter factories in the South Burnett: located at Nanango (Nanango Butter Factory Building), Kingaroy, Murgon, Wondai and Proston. While butter factories enabled the production and export of dairy products, numerous small farms, reliant on family labour to milk herds twice daily for generally modest returns, were the backbone of the industry.
With its increased productive capacities, Murgon butter factory, had by 1931, become Queensland's fourth largest butter producer. Production at the factory reached its peak in 1934, when 2873 tons was manufactured. The opening of the South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Company's branch factory at Proston in 1934 meant a significant number of suppliers west of Murgon sent their cream to the new factory. During 1938-9, a record year, almost 1/3 of all Queensland's butter was produced in the Wide Bay-Burnett, with Murgon the seventh largest producer in the state.
By 1950 the farms of the South Burnett carried 130,000 dairy cows, ten percent of the Queensland total. However, as demand and prices for butter dropped in the 1950s, the decline of dairying accelerated. Butter consumption per capita in Australia dropped from 12.2 kg to 8.3 kg between 1957 and 1972 as margarine increased its market share. The downturn worsened in the 1960s, with a reduction in cream suppliers diminishing output. The transition towards the production of milk rather than cream, requiring larger herds and new equipment, saw many smaller scale farmers leaving the industry. Export opportunities also became restricted, culminating with the end of preferential trade agreements with Britain following its entry into the European Common Market in 1973.
The late 1960s saw the beginning of closures of butter factories in the Burnett region. The Proston Butter Factory, a branch of the SBCDA, closed in 1967. The Maryborough Co-operative Dairy Company closed their branch factories at Wondai and Biggenden in February 1969. By 1976 dairy farmers in the South Burnett numbered under 400 and of these, 211 were bulk milk suppliers. The average age of a dairyman was 55 and two dairy producers were leaving the industry per week.
The Murgon butter factory's diversification into dairy products other than butter from the 1940s enhanced the longevity of SBCDA operations compared to other factories which became increasingly vulnerable to closure from the 1960s. Cheese making commenced at the factory in late 1942 in response to wartime demand, as occurred at the Kingaroy, Nanango and Wondai butter factories. While cheese making ended during or shortly after the war at most of these places, Murgon maintained this production until the 1990s. In 1948 pasteurised bottled milk sales commenced and in 1953, the earliest part of the complex was remodelled and a modern pasteurisation and bottling plant was installed. In 1950 the office was re-established in new brick and concrete premises opposite the factory in Macalister St, with the former office building operating as the co-operative's trading arm from 1951. This was followed in 1952 with the construction of a dairy research laboratory, staffed by members of the Department of Agriculture and Stock, adjacent to the new office. In 1960 a new building was constructed for the production of buttermilk powder, produced from the liquid by-product of butter churning.
With the closure of the Nanango and Kingaroy butter factories in 1977, all cream supplies were diverted to Murgon factory, the last remaining dairy factory in the South Burnett. 1978 saw the opening of new milk processing facilities, followed by the manufacture of skim milk from 1979, and later, the production of flavoured milk drinks. In 1983, 2.7 million litres of milk was processed through the Murgon plant, and 813 tonnes of cheese and 250 tonnes of butter were manufactured on-site. During 1989-90 the milk processing component of the operation was sold to Queensland United Foods (QUF), resulting in local milk supplies being sent to Nambour. The SBCDA (later changed to Burnett Valley Ltd) were able to procure milk from QUF, which allowed for Murgon cheese to be continued to be manufactured, albeit in a much reduced capacity. By 1995 butter production had ceased, and a decline in demand for the cheddar cheese forced the closure of the Murgon factory, marking the end of dairy processing at the site.
The former Murgon Dairy Factory was purchased in 1998 by Clovely Estate and since this time has been utilised for wine making, an industry that has developed in the South Burnett since the early 1990s.
Description.
The former Murgon Butter Factory stands to the corner of Macalister and McLucas Streets in the southern outskirts of Murgon, adjacent to the formation of the Kilkivan/Kingaroy railway line. The site is a complex of buildings and structures tightly assembled with the main entrance from Macalister Street arriving to a rectangular bitumen-paved yard from which the loading dock of the factory worked. The site is notable for the buildings and structures surviving from the various eras of the dairy processing business including the relocated former Tiaro Butter Factory, main building (1929), plant room, boiler shed and stack.
Main building (1929).
Fronting the loading yard to Macalister Street, the main building is a rectangular concrete shed distinguished by decorative stepped parapets which screen a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. The north-west elevation is divided into seven bays each housing recessed blind panels to the upper level and openings within the recessed panels to the exterior loading dock. Two dock level bays accommodate nine-light casement windows and the balance have either large timber doors or fixed timber panels. The decorative stepped parapet to this elevation contains the lettering "The South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Association Ltd" framed by moulded decorative scrolls to each side. The north-east elevation is divided into three bays, one of which has a large timber door opening onto the dock which extends through the space joining the main building and the earlier Tiaro building. This elevation is distinguished by a glazed semi-circular window within the stepped parapet. The south-west elevation has three blind bays and a blind semi-circular window within the parapet. The south-east elevation is part concrete and part timber framed clad with corrugated metal sheeting and houses a large modern roller door.
The roof is framed with steel trusses and the ceiling is lined with a particle board sheeting joined with cover strips. The shed has a concrete floor throughout and a raised concrete dock (parts covered with red tiles) runs around the north-east and north-west sides. A narrow roof vent with fixed glazed windows and timber louvres runs along the ridge.
A concrete loading dock sheltered by a metal awning supported by metal posts runs along the north-west side of the buildings to the Macalister Street yard, from the southern corner of the main building (1929) to the northern corner of the earlier former Tiaro butter factory building. Siding railway tracks from the nearby Kilkivan/Kingaroy line run parallel to the dock.
Former Tiaro butter factory structures.
Timber framed and clad and sheltered by gable roofs clad with corrugated iron, the two rectangular structures surviving from the former Tiaro butter factory stand to the Macalister Street yard of the complex south-east of the modern besser block shed standing to the north corner. Facing north-west, the northern building is distinguished by a narrow blind roof vent running along the ridge while the southern building has a narrow ridge roof vent with fixed timber louvres. These structures accommodate a number of spaces associated with dairy product processing including cold and salt rooms and are composed of brick and concrete partitions and posts, timber floors, and concrete floors and ceilings. Some rooms have coved ceilings of a particle board sheeting joined with cover strips.
Modern cold rooms and laboratory facilities occupy the northern part of the former external dock to Macalister Street.
The space between the earlier Tiaro buildings and the main building (1929) is sheltered by a skillion roof and is open to the dock.
Other earlier structures.
Other earlier structures associated with butter and milk product processing include a rectangular timber shed to the McLucas Street side and a small timber shed with twin gable roofs standing south of the stack.
Plant Room.
A rectangular steel framed and concrete shed sheltered by a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting, the plant room stands to the middle of the site. The south-west wall is concrete with a corrugated iron gable infill; the concrete block north-east wall has a fibrous cement sheet gable infill and the side walls are concrete to half height, the balance clad with corrugated iron. The interior concrete walls are plastered and painted, a dado line separating the upper and lower portions. A concrete floor runs throughout and low concrete upstands accommodate various pieces of machinery. The timber framed roof is unlined and accommodates a narrow ridge vent with fixed glazed windows and timber louvres. Two large 20-light steel framed windows punctuate the north-west wall and a double timber door opens to the south-east. A later cold room extension sheltered by a skillion roof sits off the south-east side.
An array of plant including engines, pulleys and belts, pipes, gauges, valves, exhaust fans and equipment associated with the ammonia chilling process is accommodated in the shed.
Boiler shed and stack.
Two cylindrical metal boilers with brick fireboxes framed with steel strapping are housed in a rectangular timber framed shed sheltered by a hipped roof and clad with corrugated iron. The fireboxes have metal fronts with a number of hatch openings. Each firebox connects by a brick tunnel to the stack standing to the south-east.
A concrete floor runs throughout the shed and there is a short run of trolley rails adjacent to the fireboxes. The south-west elevation is relieved by three large unglazed window openings. The shed accommodates plant and equipment associated with the boilers including ladders, gantries, pipes and valves.
The tall brick stack is square in plan, tapers to the top, and is bound by metal strapping. The stack is distinguished by stepped cornices to the plinth and crown.
Modern structures.
Three later besser block buildings associated with the dairy processing business - one to the north corner of the site and two south-east of the former Tiaro structures - are not considered to be of heritage significance.
The site accommodates a number of recent structures that relate to the present wine making business including tanks and storage and cold rooms which are not of heritage significance.
Heritage listing.
South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Association Factory (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Association Factory (former) in Murgon, a site used for dairy production from 1913 to 1995, is important in demonstrating the growth and evolution of the Queensland's dairy industry during the twentieth century. The factory was one of Queensland's largest butter producers during the dairying boom of the interwar period and throughout its history was one of the Wide Bay-Burnett's largest and most important dairy manufacturing outlets.
The remaining fabric of the Tiaro butter factory (1908) shifted to Murgon in 1913, reflects the rapid increase in dairy farming in the South Burnett region in the early 1900s, while the 1929 extension of the factory, illustrates the response to the ongoing expansion of cream production and the adoption of modern manufacturing processes in Queensland butter factories during the interwar period. Adaptations and additions to the factory from the 1940s onwards reflect the shift from concentrating on butter manufacturing to processing cheese and milk products, in response to the changing market requirements of Queensland's dairy industry.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The South Burnett Co-operative Dairy Association Ltd Factory (former) is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics and processes of a dairy factory. The place is situated adjacent to a railway line, formerly served by a siding to enable transportation of its products. The internal arrangement of interconnected buildings incorporate loading areas for receiving dairy supplier's produce, large rooms used at different periods of its history to manufacture butter, milk and cheese products, and cold storage and packing areas. The 1929 engine room and its remaining fittings (ammonia compressor and piping), and other extant elements of the factory's plant (large brick chimney, boilers, sheds) demonstrate the industrial requirements of the complex over time.


Ayer Shwe Wah

Ayer Shwe Wah Company () was a major Burmese company under the Htoo Group of Companies. The company was the first private company to be permitted to export Burmese-grown rice to Bangladesh and Singapore in 2005. Its headquarters are located in Bahan Township, Yangon. Ayer Shwe Wah's CEO, Aung Thet Mann, is the son of Shwe Mann, a former military general and currently Speaker of the Pyithu Hluttaw.
The company has been sanctioned by the United States government since 18 October 2007 for its ties to the ruling military junta, the State Peace and Development Council. On 15 May 2010, it won a license to operate gas stations in Myanmar, as part of the Ministry of Energy's privatization efforts.
When Shwe Mann was Regional Commander in the Ayeyarwady Division, Ayer Shwe Wah received lucrative government contracts to supply fertilizers to farmers throughout the delta. The company also received 30,000 acres of land for development under the government’s Lowland Development Program. These have since been returned with all dues and taxes paid for.
Ayer Shwe Wah has also been involved in construction projects in Naypyidaw.


Dhlinza Forest

The Dlinza Forest is a subtropical forest or Coastal Scarp Forest in Eshowe, Zululand, South Africa, one of five natural forests running in a 100 km line running northwest from the coast. Others are the Ongoye, Entumeni, Nkandla and Qudeni Forests. They are the most important forests in southern Africa from the aspect of unique biodiversity. It contains rare birds, chameleons, snails, butterflies, moths, frogs and beetles. Dlinza is the home of more than 65 species of birds, including the endangered spotted ground thrush which breeds here, rare Delegorgue's pigeon, magnificent purple-crested turaco and Narina trogon.
The name Dlinza is derived from Zulu meaning "a gravelike place of meditation" after the peaceful setting. Occasional church services are held here and every 3 years a nativity play, written by Selwyn Moberley in 1953, is staged in the forest.
Canopy Boardwalk.
First of its kind in Southern Africa, the boardwalk winds through the forest canopy and ends up on a tower overlooking the Dlinza Forest. The Boardwalk takes you 125 metres through the forest understory to a 20 metre high viewing platform which emerges above the canopy of trees.


List of Franconian wine towns

This list includes every town in Franconia where wine is grown with at least one Qualitätslage (appellation).
There are 24 so called Großlagen and 223 Lagen. In a Großlage 10 to 60 smaller Lagen are summarised.
Bereich Steigerwald.
Großlage Burgberg (Ipsheim).
"Vergleiche dazu auch die Seite zum Weinbaugebiet Franken"


Douglas Harkness

Douglas Scott Harkness, (March 29, 1903 – May 2, 1999) was a Canadian politician, teacher, farmer and former lieutenant colonel in the Royal Canadian Artillery.
Early life and military service.
He was born in Toronto, Ontario and moved to Calgary, Alberta in 1929. He graduated from the University of Alberta, then farmed and taught school in the vicinity of Red Deer. He taught at Crescent Heights High School until 1939.
He fought during the Second World War from 1940 to 1945, serving in the European theater of war. He was posted to Great Britain, Sicily, Italy and Northwest Europe. In 1943 was awarded the George Medal "in recognition of conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner". Harkness was aboard a troopship when it was torpedoed transiting from Sicily to England. Harkness was awarded the medal for his organization of the abandonment of the ship. In 1945, Harkness was the commanding officer of the 5th Anti-Tank Regiment of the 4th Armoured Division. After returning from the war, Harkness returned to farming, residing in De Winton, Alberta, south of Calgary.
Member of Parliament.
In 1945, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the constituency of Calgary East and briefly held the Cabinet positions of Minister of Northern Affairs and Minister of National Revenue under the government of John Diefenbaker. He was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on August 7, 1957 as Minister of Agriculture.
He was appointed Minister of National Defence, being sworn in on October 11, 1960. Harkness precipitated a political crisis when he resigned from cabinet in February 1963 in order to protest Diefenbaker's opposition to stationing American nuclear warheads in Canada. The resignation precipitated a split in the cabinet and contributed to the defeat of the government in the 1963 federal election. However, Harkness continued to sit as a Member of Parliament until 1972.
Post-political career.
He lived in Calgary until his death in 1999. In 1978 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. The "Douglas Harkness Community School" in Calgary is named in his honour.
Archives.
There is a Douglas Scott Harkness fonds at Library and Archives Canada.


Colin Rankin

Colin Dunlop Wilson Rankin, (20 January 1869 – 2 November 1940) was a Scottish-born Australian soldier, politician, cane farmer and company director.
Early life.
Colin Dunlop Wilson Rankin was born on 20 January 1869 at Galston, Ayrshire, Scotland, the second son of William Rankin, colliery manager, and his wife Jane, née Anderson. He was educated at Galston Public School and Kilmarnock Academy.
Rankin accompanied his family to Queensland when his father became manager of the Queensland Collieries Co. Ltd. at Howard (near Maryborough) in 1884. Rankin joined its staff and from 1886 the Queensland Defence Force. By 1890 he was assistant company manager, grew sugar at Tigh-na-Bienne at Isis, Queensland (near Bundaberg, north of Howard), and became a clerk and valuator with the Isis Divisional Board (1890–1899).
Family life.
Rankin married Annabelle Davidson Thomson on 5 September 1906 at St Stephen's Presbyterian Church, Maryborough; they settled on his plantation. They had two daughters, Annabelle (born 1908) and Jean. Annabelle became the first woman to enter the Parliament of Australia from Queensland.
The family lived in Brooklyn House in Howard (now heritage-listed).
Boer War.
A major when the South African War broke out, Rankin volunteered for service and on 13 January 1900 sailed with the Second Queensland Contingent. He was appointed second-in-command of the First Australian Regiment of Mounted Infantry and saw action at Diamond Hill, Riet Vlei and elsewhere. Invalided to England, Rankin returned to Queensland in March 1901. In 1903 he was promoted lieutenant colonel of the Wide Bay Infantry Regiment, assuming command in 1906.
Politics.
Rankin tried to enter the Queensland Legislative Assembly by contesting the Burrum in the 1899 Queensland colonial election.
When the Shire of Howard was formed in 1903, he was elected as a council member and as shire chairman.
In the 1904 election, Rankin stood unsuccessfully again in Burrum.
On 14 May 1905, George Martin, the Labour member for Burrum, died. Standing as an independent candidate, Rankin won the resulting by-election on 17 June 1905 and entered the Queensland Legislative Assembly. He held the seat through the 1907, 1908, 1909, 1912, and 1915 state elections.
Rankin promoted rural interests during his thirteen years in parliament. He became a council-member of the Australian Sugar Producers' Union. His membership of the Farmers' Parliamentary Union (Country Liberal Party from 1913), however, exacerbated disunity among government ranks. After unsuccessfully challenging Denham's leadership, Rankin was Secretary for Railways from 6 April 1915 to 1 June 1915, and then became deputy leader of the Liberal Opposition when Labor won the May election.
His time in the legislative assembly when he lost Burrum in the 1918 Queensland state election on 16 March 1918 to Labour candidate Albert Whitford.
First World War.
During the First World War Rankin served briefly in 1915 with the Australian Imperial Force in Egypt before appointment to command the 11th Brigade in the newly formed 3rd Division, as temporary brigadier general from 1 May 1916. On Salisbury Plain in England, he was dismissed by Major General John Monash as "incapable". He returned home in November, and retired with the honorary rank of colonel in February 1917.
Later life.
In 1919, when his brother, William Charles Rankin, died he succeeded him as general manager of the Queensland Collieries.
As managing director in 1924–1940, Rankin continued a tradition of paternal despotism. He had found the company in poor shape with a falling output and inadequate coal reserves; charges have also been made of 'intense exploitation, sub-standard conditions and hard-fistedness'. He courageously took out new leases in the Burrum district and opened new mines which helped the company to weather the Depression of the 1930s.
Rankin died in a private hospital in Brisbane on 2 November 1940, survived by his wife and two daughters, and was buried with Anglican rites in Howard Cemetery.


Philip Mahony (politician)

Philip Mahony (1 October 1897 – 20 April 1972) was an Irish Clann na Talmhan politician. A farmer by profession, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Clann na Talmhan Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kilkenny constituency at the 1943 general election. He was defeated at the 1944 general election.


Mount Benson wine region

The Mount Benson wine region is a wine region in the south east of South Australia located on the continental coastline about from Adelaide and halfway between the towns of Kingston SE and Robe. Mount Benson is one of six wine growing regions that are located in the Limestone Coast wine zone.
History.
The region's first grapes were planted in the 1980s by local farmers well attuned to Mount Benson's climatic conditions. These grapes would later make way for the region's own style of delicate, cool-climate, maritime-influenced wines.
Viticulture and climate.
The Mount Benson vineyards are planted on gently undulating terrain ranging from five to 50 metres above sea level and attracted the interest of viticulturalists due to prevalent loam-based terra rossa soils that sit atop free-draining limestone, which formed over millions of years while the region was underwater. Shells and skeletal remains of marine animals deposited on the shallow sands of what is now the Limestone Coast, and under the ocean's weight these remains fused together to form a layer of soft limestone.
Terra rossa soil, arguably the most famous vineyard soil in Australia, is produced as the limestone weathers and the clay contained in the rocks is left behind. Where this clay sits above the water table oxidation occurs, forming rust and giving the soil is characteristic red colour.
A moderate maritime climate is ideal from a viticultural point of view. Cold and wet winters and long, cool and dry growing seasons are typical in the region. Strong winds prevailing from the south in spring and summer keep foliage dry and disease at bay. Winter frosts are moderated by the coastal location, as are summer temperature extremes. These conditions provide the foundation to an elegant and delicate style of wines.
Mount Benson is home to five cellar doors, each showcasing wine varieties which express Mount Benson's coastal locality and soils.
Grape varieties.
Red grape varieties represent 75% of all grapes grown in the region, with the majority of Mount Benson planted to Cabernet Sauvignon, but also including substantial plantings of Shiraz, Merlot, Pinot noir, Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot. White varieties consist of Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc, as well as Cygne blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling, Semillon, Verdelho and Viognier.


Eiling Kramer

Eiling Kramer (July 14, 1914 – May 5, 1999) MLA, was an auctioneer, rancher and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Eiling Kramer was born in 1914, the son of Minne Dowe Kramer and Jacobina Kopinga, in Highworth, Saskatchewan in the North Battleford district. After attending school in Highworth, Eiling worked at a number of jobs, then purchased a ranch where he raised cattle. In 1944, he married Dorothy Johnston. He established an auctioneering business in 1949. In 1950, he helped form the Saskatchewan Farmers' Union and served two years as its vice-president.
He is remembered as one of the most charming and colourful characters to grace Saskatchewan's political scene. Kramer was the longest-serving member in the history of Saskatchewan's Legislative Assembly. First elected in 1952 as the member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for The Battlefords, Eiling won re-election in every campaign he contested. He served as a Cabinet minister in the New Democratic Party of Saskatchewan governments under Woodrow Lloyd and Allan Blakeney, managing portfolios that included the departments of Natural Resources, Co-operation and Co-operatives, and Highways and Transportation. He was involved with the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, the Sherwood Co-op Association and the Lions and Cosmopolitan Clubs.
Eiling retired from politics in 1980, moving to North Battleford and later Regina, where he died at the age of 84 in 1999.


Peppadew Fresh Vineyards

Peppadew Fresh Vineyards was a winery in the Morganville section of Marlboro in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Formerly a flower farm, grapes were first planted in 2011, and the winery opened to the public in 2012. As of 2018, Peppadew's farm winery license issued by the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control of the State of New Jersey no longer appeared on the state's list of licensees.
Wines and other products.
Peppadews, the fruit for which the winery was named, were first planted in 2008. In 2012, Peppadew Fresh received a $260,000 grant from the United States Department of Agriculture to expand production and distribution.
It was the only farm in the United States that cultivated peppadews, a pepper cultivar discovered in South Africa in 1996. Peppadew Fresh was not located in one of New Jersey's three viticultural areas.


John W. Frazer

John Wesley Frazer (January 6, 1827 – March 16, 1906) was an American soldier, planter, and businessman. He was a career officer in the United States Army, and then served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War.
Frazer's most notable action during the Civil War was when he surrendered the Cumberland Gap and was captured in the autumn of 1863. He was held as a prisoner of war until after hostilities ended in the spring of 1865, and then took up work in farming and business.
Early life and career.
Frazer (variously written as Fraser or Frazier) was born in 1827 in Hardin County, Tennessee. He was a brother of Charles W. Frazer, who also would serve as a Confederate general. In 1845 Frazer entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, and graduated four years later standing 34th out of 43 cadets. He was appointed a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Infantry Regiment on July 1, 1849. Frazer was promoted to second lieutenant on June 30 the following year, and to first lieutenant in the 9th U.S. Infantry on March 3, 1855. Two years later he was promoted to the rank of captain on May 1.
Frazer had spent his U.S. Army career on "routine garrison duty at various points" across the United States, until resigning his commission, which was accepted on March 15, 1861.
Civil War service.
When the American Civil War began, Frazer chose to follow the Confederate cause. At the time he was likely living in Mississippi, the state that had appointed Frazer to West Point and to the Confederate Army in 1861. On March 16 Frazer was commissioned a captain in the Confederacy's regular army infantry. On April 5 was ordered to Louisiana to supervise the regular army recruiting for Baton Rouge and for New Orleans, Frazer's headquarters. On May 11 he was ordered to end his recruiting duties and proceed to Baton Rouge and directly command the city's barracks. On June 17 he was appointed to the provisional army in the 8th Alabama Infantry with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Frazer chose to resign from the Confederate Army in March 1862, but re-entered the service as colonel and commander of the 28th Alabama Infantry on November 2.
Cumberland Gap.
Following the Kentucky Campaign, Frazer again resigned from the Confederate Army in late 1862. His most notable military service occurred after he was appointed a brigadier general on May 19, 1863, and given command of the 5th Brigade of the Army of Tennessee that July. His force consisted of about 2,300 men in three regiments and a battery of artillery, and was ordered to defend the Cumberland Gap "at all hazards" by area commander Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, who was himself ordered to rejoin the Army of Tennessee just prior to the Battle of Chickamauga. Frazer began strengthening the fortifications already there to try to block any Federal advance into East Tennessee.
That fall, forces under Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside moved toward the Cumberland Gap. Burnside sent a brigade under Col. John F. DeCourcy to deal with Frazer's men, while the rest of the Union soldiers quickly marched on and captured Knoxville, Tennessee, on September 2. DeCourcy threatened the Gap from the north, but Frazer did not think this force sufficient to remove him and held his position. On September 7, Burnside sent another brigade led by Brig. Gen. James M. Shackelford, who approached Frazer's men from the south and demanded surrender of the Confederates, which Frazer again rejected. On September 8, both DeCourcy and Shackelford sent messages requesting Frazer's surrender, and those too were rejected. The next day, Burnside himself along with yet another brigade (under Col. Samuel A. Gilbert) closed on Frazer's position. At about 10:00 a.m., Burnside demanded a surrender, saying he now had enough soldiers to assault and take the Confederate garrison. This was finally enough to convince Frazer to give up the Gap, which he did at about 3 p.m. on September 9. No blood was shed in the three-day Battle of the Cumberland Gap.
Burnside had succeeded in deceiving Frazer, leading him to believe that the opposing Federals were much stronger than they appeared. Frazer thought his Confederates to be surrounded, outnumbered, and lacking enough provisions needed for a prolonged siege, and he unconditionally surrendered his garrison. The Confederate defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg earlier in July may also have affected Frazer's decision.
As they lined up, the Confederates were shocked to see the size of the force to which they had surrendered. Although around 100–300 men did escape through DeCourcy's lines just after the surrender, Frazer, his men and their weapons, and 14 guns were turned over to Burnside. This also gave the Union control of the Cumberland Gap, which it retained until the war's end.
Confinement.
Frazer was sent to join other captured Confederate officers at Fort Warren in Boston Harbor, where he spent the rest of the war. During this time the Confederate Congress took up Frazer's nomination to brigadier general. Due to public and political criticism of his actions at the Cumberland Gap, Frazer's appointment was promptly rejected on February 16, 1864.
After the conflict ended he was finally released and paroled from Fort Warren on July 24, 1865.
Postbellum.
After the Civil War Frazer relocated to Arkansas, where he began operating a plantation. Several years later he moved to New York City, where he engaged successfully in business. Frazer died there from an accident in the spring of 1906, and was buried in Clifton Springs.


Murchison House Station

Murchison House Station is a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station but now rears cattle and goats in Western Australia.
Description.
It is located approximately east of Kalbarri and north of Perth in the Mid West region of Western Australia. It occupies an area of and has frontage along the Indian Ocean and frontage along the Murchison River.
The property is mostly situated on the ancient limestone Toolonga escarpment, which was formed some 150 million years ago as a coral reef. The reef has lithified and now rises to around above sea level and forms the rugged terrain down the middle of the station. The landscape also includes the Murchison River flood plains and coastal dunes. The varied soil types is mostly red or black loam over limestone or sandy soils over limestone in a coastal heathland community. Pastures are composed of a mix of native and introduced grasses, mulga and wattle scrub.
History.
The property was established in 1858 by Charles von Bibra who produced meat and wheat for the nearby lead mines at Galena and bred Arab horses on the lease. The original homestead was also constructed in 1858 from Tumblagouda sandstone and mud bricks using convict labour. The shearing shed was built in 1860 also using local materials and convict labour. Von Bibra let the property to Charles Gill in 1869 then travelled to Tasmania. Andrew James Ogilvie acquired the property sometime prior to 1895 and it was put up for auction following his death in 1906. In 1907 the property occupied an area of and had a 14 room homestead, stables, staff quarters and storeroom when it was purchased by Thomas Amos Drage and his brother, William John Drage. The Drages paid £18,250 for the station which included all of the stock, stores and household furniture.
Western Australia's first civil aviation fatality occurred near the property in 1921 when two people died when a Bristol Tourer crashed. An inquest into the crash was held at the station.
In 1934 the property was stocked with about 20,000 sheep and 150 horses.
An Indian prince, Mukarram Jah, the 8th Nazim of Hydrabad, acquired the property in 1972. His possessions and properties in India were being plundered in his absence and the Murchison House was placed in liquidation in 1996 with Jah leaving the country and fleeing to Turkey shortly afterward.
The shearing shed was refurbished in the 1990s after it had fallen into a state of disrepair. The shed is now used for tourist accommodation.
The homestead was flooded in 2006 to a depth of over when the Murchison River flooded; volunteers sandbagged covered the outer walls with plastic to waterproof it.
In 2017 the property was owned by Calum and Belinda Carruth, and a small cache of guns was found in a cave on the property. A group of school children playing on a rock formation came across a metal box containing a 100 year old Browning machine gun and a 30 year old Boito shotgun.
The property was stocked with 200 shorthorn cross cattle and around 7,000 rangeland goats in 2018.


Williams Conservatory

The Williams Conservatory is located in Laramie, Wyoming at campus of the University of Wyoming. It opened in 1994. The main greenhouse is filled with exotic plants from various climates and biomes. The Conservatory is open daily for public and it receives hundreds of visitors each year.
History.
The Williams Conservatory was built in 1994. It was funded by private donations from Louis O. and Terua P. Williams and grant from the National Science Foundation to support maintenance and research.
Founders.
Prior to funding new greenhouse for Conservatory Louis O. and Terua P. Williams has been supporters of the University of Wyoming Botany Department for many years. Couple first met in Jackson Hole, Wyoming where Terua was a school teacher and Louis was a young botanist. Louis earned his B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Wyoming under the guidance of Aven Nelson. Louis worked on his Ph.D. thesis at Washington State University, and upon receiving Ph.D., worked at Harvard University, the Pan-American School of Agriculture in Honduras, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. From 1964 until his retirement in 1973 Louis was a department chair for the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Through his career for many years Louis was also the editor of the American Orchid Society Bulletin. To acknowledge generous support from Louis and Terua Williams to new Conservatory, the University of Wyoming named the conservatory in their honor.
Cryosophila williamsii is also named in honor of Louis Otho Williams.
Collections.
The Williams Conservatory collection presents several hundreds of plants from 76 plant families. Most resent accusations include "Black Bat Flower" (Tacca chantrieri), a "Pelican Flower" (Aristolochia gigantea), a "Hanging Lobster Claw" plants (Heliconia rostrata), and notorious for it odor "Corpse Flower" (Amorphophallus titanum), which bloom years apart.


Pandharpuri buffalo

The Pandharpuri is a breed of water buffalo native to the dry regions of Solapur, Kolhapur, Satara and Sangli in India. The name is derived from the town Pandharpur in Solapur.
The Pandharpuri buffalo has 45-50 centimetre-long horns which are sometimes twisted.
Lactation length is 350 days, calving interval is 465 days. Milk yield is 1400 kg/305 days.


Percy Lewis McDonald Morgan

Percy Lewis McDonald Morgan was a New Zealand-born Western Samoan politician.
Biography.
Born in New Zealand, Morgan emigrated to Western Samoa. He originally worked in the civil service, serving as Chief Clerk in the Treasury Department and Public Works Department, and Secretary of the Board of Trade. He later left to take over a cocoa plantation.
Morgan contested the 1948 general elections as an independent, but failed to be elected. He ran again in 1954 and was elected. He lost his seat in the 1957 elections.
Despite having been a strong opponent of moves towards self-government, he was part of the Constitutional Convention that produced the 1960 independence constitution. However, he refused to sign the document, the only member of the convention to do so. The following year he contested the general elections, but was unsuccessful.


Colonsay Farm

Colonsay Farm is a heritage-listed farm at 125 Doolong Road, Kawungan, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1909. It is also known as Doolong Farm. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 2011.
History.
Colonsay (formerly known as Doolong Farm) at Kawungan in Hervey Bay stands on of a former farm selected by a Danish immigrant in 1879. The existing structures were built during the first half of the 20th century, the high point of dairying in Queensland, and they illustrate past dairy farming practices in the Wide Bay region. The farm complex includes a residence, a slab barn with early hand milking dairy, a separator shed/cream house, two piggeries and a 1940s walk-through electrified dairy with yards.
European settlement at Hervey Bay began with the establishment of the pastoral run Dalgaroom () in the mid 1850s, and timbergetting commenced in the district in the mid 1860s. Under the Crown Lands Alienation Act (1868) the entire Wide Bay region was declared a settled area and large land holdings were no longer permitted. Dalgaroom run was reduced to and renamed Toogoom, while the balance of the land was set aside for a railway reserve. From 1870 the Toogoom run was resumed and cut into blocks for sale. Many selectors around Hervey Bay were Danish immigrants, arriving from 1871 as part of an assisted migration scheme. Farms in the Pialba area grew fruit, maize and potatoes, but they did not prosper beyond a subsistence level until the railway from Colton to Pialba opened in December 1896.
Another crop grown by local selectors was sugar. Four small sugar mills operated at Pialba in the 1880s, including a mill opened in 1883 by Hansen and Jorgensen, just southeast of Colonsay farm. Although all the Pialba mills had closed by 1889, following the opening of the railway to Pialba the district became a major supplier of cane to the Maryborough Sugar Factory, Mount Bauple Central Mill, Doolbi Mill and Isis Central Mill.
Besides sugar, a potential source of income for local farmers was dairy farming, which did not develop as a major industry in Queensland until the early 20th century. Initially, Queensland pastoralists or local farmers kept a few cows for domestic purposes, and small dairy operations supplied milk and butter to limited local markets. However, a combination of introduced grass species, technological advances, improved transportation networks and government encouragement through legislation encouraged the rise of commercial dairy farming in Queensland.
The advent of mechanical cream separators in Australia in the 1880s, the Babcock butterfat test in the 1890s, government grading of butter and the start of refrigerated shipping from Brisbane in 1884 also helped to encourage dairying. In addition, the spread of Queensland's railway network meant that some cream could be easily transported to butter factories and butter could be carried from the factories to ports for export. A further impetus for dairying was the Co-operative movement, where producers held shares in the enterprises that processed and sold their product.
In 1926 about 78% of Queensland's milk production went into making butter, and in 1928 about 10% of Queensland's population was largely dependent on the dairy industry. By 1929 the Wide Bay district (of which Hervey Bay was a part) was the second highest milk producer after the Moreton District. However, when the dairy industry declined in Queensland from the 1950s onwards, due to increased competition, a loss of butter markets and higher overheads, many farmers either switched to bulk milk production or left the industry. While some old dairies were upgraded by those farmers who remained in the industry, the rest were demolished, used for storage or left derelict.
In the Pialba district in the 1890s cream separators were too expensive for individual farmers to buy, and as a result a creamery opened at Aalborg (named after the town in Denmark, now known as Nikenbah). Creameries separated the cream from milk, so the cream could then be sent to a butter factory, and the farmers could take the remaining skim milk home to feed to their calves or pigs. Due to this process pig farming became a common adjunct to dairy farming. In 1901 a butter factory opened at Maryborough and Pialba farmers were able to buy their own cream separators from the factory, on credit against future payments for their cream.
Both sugar and cream have been produced on Colonsay, a farm which was first established by Anders Jensen. Born in Aalborg, Denmark in 1848 Jensen had fought in the Second Schleswig War of 1864. He arrived in Queensland on 4 March 1871 on the ship "Reichstag" out of Hamburg, along with 328 other immigrants, mostly Danes and Germans. Of the 6400 Danes in Australia by 1891, about half lived in Queensland, and as skilled farmers they played an important role in the Australian dairy industry.
Jensen married Magdalena (Madeline) Mortensen in Maryborough in 1872 and in January 1879 he applied to lease land in the parish of Urangan, County of March, under the Crown Lands Alienation Act (1876). Jensen resided on this selection, located about northeast of Aalborg, from March 1879 and Portion number 1212, of , was surveyed in May of that year. The survey map indicated that the land was covered with "heavy forest" in the north and "scrub" in the south.
Portion 1212 was inspected in June 1883, and a rough map produced from this inspection shows that Jensen's house was situated in the south- east corner of the selection. This was a four roomed house, built with pine palings and covered with pine shingles. Other structures included a kitchen, fowl house, stable, pig house, and underground tank. Out of a total of of scrub cleared and burnt, five acres of land were planted with sugar cane, and the rest was planted with corn, potatoes and fruit trees. The uncultivated land was used for cattle and horses.
Jensen applied to purchase his selection of 2nd Class pastoral land in November 1883. A Deed of Grant was registered to Jensen in February 1884, and later that month the farm was transferred to James Buchanan. Jensen repurchased the farm from Buchanan's widow early in 1902, and later that year he sold of the farm (in the southeast corner, which included the site of his first house) to Hans Jorgensen. Anders Jensen is listed in the Queensland Post Office Directory as a farmer at Pialba from 1900 to 1910 and when his wife Magdalena died in June 1906 Anders is listed on her death certificate as living at Doolong Farm, Urangan. Anders died in 1923.
Doolong farm was sold to Alexander Macpherson, a railway guard, in late 1909. According to the Macpherson family the current farmhouse was built around this time, using timber from the property. While the current house was being constructed the Macphersons lived in another house (built by either Buchanan or Jensen) located very close by, but this later burnt down. A joint title for Alexander Macpherson and his son Alexander Macpherson junior was registered in February 1913, and the latter received full title to the land in February 1925. Both men and their wives lived in the house for several years prior to the younger Macpherson's sole ownership of the farm, and louvres were added to the front veranda to form a sitting area for the younger couple. At this time sugar was grown on the southern part of the farm, while the front was used for grazing. The slab barn southeast of the house, with its handmilking bails at its east side, was most likely built by the Macphersons.
Alexander Macpherson junior died in April 1944, and the farm was transferred to Harold Spall in 1945 and then to Heinrich Steinhardt in 1949. Steinhardt grew sugar cane, ran a small dairy herd, and grew some small crops and melons. The paling fence in front of the house may have been built during his occupation, and the "walk-through" electrified dairy north of the house was probably built in the 1940s, either by Spall or Steinhardt. The old walk-through style of dairy has now been superseded within the dairy industry by herringbone or rotary-style dairies. Later owners of the farm included Herbert and Marjorie Dunn (1952) and Thomas and Rose Cornwell (1954). Walker and Jean Redman owned the farm briefly in 1968, and moved the dairy cows to another property, before the farm was resold to Marshall John McFie and Mavis Joan McFie, who moved in later that year.
After the McFies purchased the farm (which they named after the McFie clan's ancestral home, the island of Colonsay off the west coast of Scotland) they made some changes to the house, including enclosing the southeast verandah with casement windows and weatherboards, and relining the walls of the enclosed southwest verandah adjacent to the kitchen. Small residential blocks were subdivided off the farm for the McFie's children in 1984, 1986 and 1994, along with some land for road purposes, and by 2008 the farm covered . It is now used for beef cattle, and is slowly being enveloped by new housing estates as the urban area of Hervey Bay expands.
Description.
Colonsay Farm is located on Doolong Road, at Kawungan in the southern portion of the city of Hervey Bay, and the farm buildings are accessed by a track that runs south from Doolong Road. The 1940s dairy sits about north of the house. The separator shed is about south-east of the house, under a large tree. The slab barn is about south-east of the house, and two piggeries are located just to the south of the barn.
The 1940s dairy is a rectangular timber building, partly open to the east. It has single-skin walls clad with weatherboards and a gabled roof clad with metal sheets which extends to cover a small verandah to the north-east. The building is divided into three sections by two internal walls lined with vertical boards. From north to south these include: a hay storage room with a doorway to the east, and corrugated iron cladding to part of the west wall; a "walk-through" style bail section open to the yards to the east, with four bails and four exit doors in the west wall, along with stainless steel milk lines above the bails; and the milk room, containing a cream separator, milk cooling equipment, power board, electric motor and other machinery, two benches, wash trough and doors to the east and south. Floors are formed in concrete. Yards lie to the northeast and north of the dairy and are enclosed with timber post and rail fences. There is a concrete water tank to the south of the building.
The house is highset on timber stumps, with an understorey screened with timber battens. The basic plan of the house, which faces to the northeast, consists of a pyramid roofed central section which houses three bedrooms and a lounge, and a kitchen/bathroom wing which extends southwest from the northern rear corner of the house. There are verandahs to the northeast, southeast and southwest. The northwest end of the northeast verandah has been enclosed with weatherboards and timber louvres, and the southeast verandah is enclosed with weatherboards and casement windows to form several small rooms. The L-shaped southwest verandah is enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting, and the section of this verandah along the southeast side of the kitchen wing has become a dining room. There is a stove recess clad with corrugated metal sheeting at the southwest end of the kitchen. An internal stairway runs from the enclosed southwest verandah down to the understorey. Internal walls are lined with vertical timber boards.
The separator shed/cream house is a small, windowless, timber-framed structure clad with weatherboards. It is located under a large fig tree, stands on a concrete slab and has a steeply pitched roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. There is a doorway on the south side and ventilation gaps with wire netting at the top of each wall. Inside the shed are some timber shelves fixed to the wall studs.
The slab barn is a gable roofed structure with two skillion roofed side rooms, to the east and west. Large round timber posts form the frame of the building, and the walls of the central gabled section are clad in corrugated metal sheeting. The walls of the skillion side sections to the east and west are constructed with vertical timber slabs and some corrugated metal sheeting. The eastern skillion section contains four cow bails formed by timber posts and rails. At the head of the bails small hatches are cut into the wall, enabling the cows to be fed chaff prepared in the centre section of the barn.
The two piggeries stand south of the slab barn, with timber yards and low shelters consisting of timber frames with skillion roofs clad with corrugated metal sheeting.
Structures on the site which are not considered to be of heritage significance include: a vehicle shed located between the slab barn and the house; and two open vehicle sheds located south-east of the house, just east of the separator shed.
Heritage listing.
Colonsay Farm (formerly Doolong Farm) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Colonsay Farm is an intact example of a small, early 20th century family dairy farm. It provides important evidence of the development of dairying in the Wide Bay District, a region which became the second highest milk producing area in Queensland. Dairy farming was once an important and widespread agricultural activity in Queensland, with about 10% of Queensland's population being largely dependent on the dairy industry by 1928.
The two types of dairy sheds on the farm, the handmilking bails in the slab barn, and the later "walk-through" dairy with electrically operated milking machines, demonstrate two phases in the evolution of dairy farming technology in Queensland.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
Colonsay Farm demonstrates a way of life, a function and a land use that was once common but is now uncommon. Small scale dairying was once a common means of earning regular income for farmers in rural areas of Queensland, particularly in the Wide Bay and Burnett region. After dairying declined in Queensland, many older dairy buildings were destroyed, abandoned or adapted for storage as farmers either left the industry or upgraded their buildings.
Farm complexes such as Colonsay, which still contain all the intact main elements of a pre-1950 dairy farm, such as a house, walk-through dairy, piggery, and separator shed or cream house, are increasingly uncommon.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
Colonsay Farm is an intact example of a small, family-operated dairy farm, developed in the early 20th century. Comprising a house with a fenced front yard, an early 20th century slab barn with cow bails, a 1940s walk-through dairy with yards, a separator shed/cream house under a large fig (ficus) tree and two piggeries, it includes many of the principal characteristics of an early dairy farm.


List of homesteads in Western Australia

This list includes all homesteads in Western Australia with a gazetted name.
Currency.
This list is complete with respect to the 1996 Gazetteer of Australia. Dubious names have been checked against the online 2004 data, and in all cases confirmed correct. However, if any homesteads have been gazetted or deleted since 1996, this list does not reflect these changes. Strictly speaking, Australian place names are gazetted in capital letters only; the names in this list have been converted to mixed case in accordance with normal capitalisation conventions.
Conditions.
Homesteads do not necessarily equate to current legally constituted Pastoral leases as identified by Landgate Western Australia - some might correlate to stations of the same name, but cannot be taken as specific identifiers of lands considered to be pastoral leases or stations.
Considerable numbers of homesteads - although identified and located by co-ordinates are not necessarily viable residences or locations - on maps of Australia, many homesteads are identified as either "Ruins", and "Abandoned Homesteads"


Perciphull Campbell

Perciphull Campbell, Sr. (17671853) was one of the original settlers prior to 1778 in north Rowan County, Province of North Carolina. This area later would become Iredell County, North Carolina in 1788 and after his death it became Union Grove Township in 1868. He was a moderately prosperous land owner, planter and miller, who migrated from Culpeper County, Colony of Virginia to the Province of North Carolina with his family before the U.S. Revolutionary War in which his two older brothers served. He was a justice of the peace and active in the formation of the town of Williamsburgh in north Iredell County. His home and mill that he built on Hunting Creek in about 1820, as well as the Campbell family cemetery, near what is now the unicorporated town of Union Grove, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house and cemetery have survived into the 21st century but the mill and covered bridge near the mill were destroyed in the late 1930s.
Early life in Virginia and move to North Carolina.
Perciphull Campbell was born on April 13, 1767 in Culpeper County, Colony of Virginia. He was the son of Adam Campbell and Sarah (Morgan) Campbell, who were Scotch-Irish immigrants and were married in Culpeper County in about 1753. Sometime prior to 1775, Adam Campbell migrated with his family from Culpeper County to Rowan County, where he purchased a 300-acre tract of land on the north and south side of Hunting Creek near the Wilkes and Surry County lines. This area, which would become Iredell County in 1788, contains the Campbell Family Cemetery which is a historic landmark and may be the site where Adam was buried when he died in about 1783.
Perciphull was the youngest child of six known children of Adam and Sarah that were all born in Culpeper County:
Some family historians have speculated that there was another daughter, Malinda Campbell (17761838), who married Miller A. Wood in New York (city) in 1796, and died in Greene County, Illinois. However, the connection to Adam Campbell is speculative.
Perciphull's name has been recorded several different ways on official documents--including P. Campbell, Sr. (most common), Purcival, Percephull, Penniful, and John Pierce. In his will, which was probably written by him or by his son (Perciphull Campbell, Jr.), the spelling appears to be "Perciphull. His son was referred to as either Perciphull Campbell, Jr. or Perciphull Campbell, Esq. The given name John Pierce is common in his ancestors.
Chronology of events in the life of Adam and Perciphull.
The following events show the chronology of Perhciphull's father, Adam Campbell, and Perciphull as they left Virginia and moved to North Carolina. These events are documented in court records, land transactions, the Revolutionary War pension application of his brother John and John's widow Corah, application for National Historic Site of the Perciphull Campbell House and Campbell Cemetery, and books about the history of Rowan County and Iredell County. They are listed here to help understand this chronology and how it fits together.
Perciphull and Sarah'schildren.
Perciphull Campbell married Sarah Elizabeth Cook (1767-1848) in 1788 in Rowan County (probably in the area that became Iredell County in 1788), North Carolina. Perciphull and Sarah Campbell had the following children (all born in Iredell County):
Two of his children, Billie and William Rutherford Campbell, as well as Theophilus's estranged wife, Tabitha, moved to Izard County, Arkansas before the Civil War. Life was very hard on people in Izard County during the Civil War due to tremendous destruction, isolation, and failing crops. However, the family that remained in North Carolina were still in touch with those that attended the Campbell family reunion in Union Grove, North Carolina in 1925. The rest of his children remained in north Iredell County and neighboring Wilkes County, North Carolina.
Growth of Perciphull's estate.
Perciphull was too young (age nine in 1776) to be a soldier in the American Revolution. Adam Campbell's land north of Hunting Creek was deeded to his son William R. in 1783, probably upon Adam's death. That land was deeded to Claiborne Howard and Thomas Huie later in 1805 when William moved west. Adam's land south of Hunting Creek was deeded to his wife, Elizabeth in 1783, where she probably lived with Perciphull and his sister, Sarah, until she married. This land was deeded to Perciphull in 1795. On this land, he began to build a moderately prosperous plantation, including house and mills on the Hunting Creek in the early 1800s. He gradually accumulated slaves to help run the plantation and mills. By 1850, he owned 21 slaves.
Perciphull accumulated a considerable estate during his lifetime. According to deeds on file in the Iredell County Courthouse, Perciphull Campbell bought an additional 1,081 acres of land north and south of the Hunting Creek and on the waters of the Rocky Branch between 1798 and 1836.
Perciphull Campbell was a justice of the peace in Iredell County. In this capacity, he was able to perform marriages. In a local poll, six of the couples that he married were known to be pro-Andrew Jackson in the presidential election of 1828.
On September 8, 1843, Perciphull sold two acres of land on Hunting Creek for $10 to a committee of Iredell County School District Number 4 for the purpose of building a free school. School District 4 was located on the north side of Hunting Creek.
House and mills.
Perciphull built his first home on Hunting Creek in about 1820. This property included a smoke house, main house in the I-frame style, grist mills powered by the Hunting Creek using tubs, slaves, and later a covered bridge over the Hunting Creek. The principal crops on the estate were wheat, rye, oats, and corn (most widely produced).
When Perciphull died, his oldest living son, Perciphull Campbell, Jr. inherited the Hunting Creek house and mill. Perciphull Campbell, Jr. lived there with his wife, Tabitha, from 1836 until his death in 1863. After Perciphill Campbell, Jr.'s death, his wife Tabitha lived on the estate with their oldest son, Leolin V. Campbell. Leolin died intestate in 1888 and the estate was first owned by his estranged wife, Margaret Emma (Buxton) Campbell. After she died in 1864, the estate passed to his daughter by his first marriage, Alice Campbell, who lived there until she died in 1939. Although the mill was a working mill into the 20th century, few remnants remain. The house on Hunting Creek was still occupied in 2019. The covered bridge was still there in the late 1930s and was the last covered bridge in Iredell County. After Alice's death, the estate was no longer owned by Perchiphull Campbell's descendants. Perciphull, Sr. and Jr., Leolin, and Alice Campbell are all buried at the Campbell Family cemetery near the unincorporated town of Union Grove.
There was severe flooding in Iredell County in August 1848 that left only three mills operatingthe Campbell Mill, Jennings mill, and the Diffy Mill.
Slaves.
Perciphull did not own any slaves in 1790. However, he owned one slave in 1800, four slaves in 1810, one slave in 1820, and two slaves in 1830. After his house and mills were completed and operating, he acquired more slaves and owned up to 26 slaves and was one of larger slave owners in Iredell County. When his will was written in 1844, he owned 24 slaves and 1,600 acres of land (including more than one mill), as well as $204 in cash. In 1850, his estate was valued at $5,000 and he owned 21 slaves.
He was enumerated in the 1850 U.S. Census with his grandchildren Theophilus Parks and John P. Parkes, children of his daughter Mary Polly (Campbell) Parks who married Gabriel B. Parks. In this census, Perciphull's birthplace was listed as Virginia and the value of his real estate was listed at $5,000. His wife, Sarah, had died on February 28, 1848 and he was a widower.
The 1850 U.S. Slave Schedule for Iredell County lists two P. Campbells. One (probably Perciphull, Sr.) with 21 slaves (slave ages one to 55 years) and one (probably Perciphull, Jr.) with 10 slaves (slave ages ten to 45 years). Other family members with slaves in 1850 included: his grandson L.V. Campbell (3 slaves), his grandson Milton Campbell (9 slaves), his grandson Williamson Campbell (1 slave), his son John R. Campbell (one slave). and his son in law B. Morgan (two slaves). In the 1860 Slave Schedule his sons owned slaves: P. Campbell owned 10 slaves and John R. Campbell owned three slaves. His son in law, Bart Morgan, owned 7 slaves. His grandsons also owned slaves: Milton Campbell owned 11 slaves; L.V. Campbell owned three slaves; Williamson owned six slaves
Little is known about the lives of the Campbell family slaves. His slaves were passed to his living children in his will written in 1844:
Additional slaves sold after his death included: Stephen, Lawson and Jincy sold to Williams R. Campbell; Jack and Lucky sold to B. Morgan; Sally and Silas sold to John R. Campbell; Charley sold to Joseph James; Enos sold to Noah Cline; and Martha and Sarah sold to John P. Parks;
Some of the slaves continued to stay in the area. When the slaves were emancipated after the Civil War, the female slave named Hulda (born in June 1824) took the last name Morgan and was living near the Campbell mill in Union Grove in 1870 with three young boys (Jack, Dick and Burton Morgan). She later moved to Statesville, North Carolina where she was living in 1900 with her son Jackson. Nothing is currently known about the other slaves. The female slave, Catherine, also took the last name Morgan and was a domestic servant in the house of William Buxton and Ema (Buxton) Campbell (Leolin V. Campbell's estranged wife) in 1870.
Founding of the town of Williamsburg.
Perciphull lived in an area that was about 20 miles north of Statesville, the first town in Iredell County. Statesville was created on the site of the old Fourth Creek Congregation in 1789. The earliest church in the area where Perciphull lived was Grassy Knob Baptist Church (established in 1794), where he was amongst the first members according to the church history. The nearest town of any size was Houstonville, established by Christopher Houston as the second Iredell County town in 1789 and a post office was established there in 1804. Christopher Houston thought the north end of the county needed a town. However, Christopher moved to Tennessee in 1815 and the town of Houstonville never became more than a small community.
There was a need for a town in the north end of the county. With his growing stature as a successful planter, Perciphull was chosen as one of the commissioners appointed by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1815 to lay out a new town, Williamsburg, in north Iredell County. The other commissioners were Amos Sharpe (brother of William Sharpe, Reuben Morgan (son of Theophilus Morgan), and John Cowden. Williamsburg was the second town to be established by legislative act in Iredell County. The town was laid off on lands owned by William Harbin and James Moody. Early land records show a King Street and Stewart Street in Williamsburg. A post office was established in Williamsburg in 1817 with William Harbin as postmaster. There is some evidence that a tavern owned by William Harbin existed in Williamsburg before 1830 and there are family traditions of a horse racing circuit near the town. William Harbin gave the land where the tavern was located to form a church, Macedonia Methodist Church which continued to the 21st century. Jesse Fraley and his brother John A. Fraley had a general store in Williamsburg as early as 1842. Other pre-Civil War towns in this area included New Hope Forge (post office established in 1827) and Crater's Mill (post office established in 1851). After the U.S. Civil War, the town of Williamsburg was overshadowed by the communities of Harmony and Union Grove. Most of Perciphull's descendants that remained in North Carolina lived closer to Union Grove and Harmony. The post office in Williamsburg lasted until 1905. Eventually, the charter for the forgotten town of Williamsburg was repealed by the state legislature in 1971.
Religion and death.
Perciphull Campbell died on June 6, 1853 and was buried in the Campbell Family Cemetery, along with his wife who predeceased him. According to Perciphull's tombstone inscription, he was a Mason. He was a Baptist and worshipped at the Grassy Knob Baptist Church (established in 1794), which was the only church in the area before 1800. Zion Baptist Church, near Union Grove, was established on June 4, 1825. His descendants have and continue to worship at both churches.
Descendants.
After Perciphull's death on June 6, 1853, some of the descendants of Perciphull Campbell continued to live and work in Union Grove Township well into the 21st century. Beginning in 1925, the Campbell family began a tradition of family reunions and documented the history of the Campbell family descended from Perchipull Campbell. There were between 2,000 and 2,500 people at this first reunion. Through 1925, the family that remained in Union Grove Township continued to correspond with relations that had moved to Izard County, Arkansas before the U.S. Civil War. The "History of the Campbell Family" was compiled in 1925 by Henry Pierce Van Hoy using locally available property records, wills, and oral traditions. (He was a descendant of Sarah Campbell, daughter of John R. Campbell, who married William A. Van Hoy.) It was given out at the first annual Campbell family reunion in Union Grove, Iredell, North Carolina. Later generations using modern genealogical methods with greater access to records of the time of Adam Campbell and his descendants have verified and added to the history in the 1925 history.


Cosmin Alin Popescu

Cosmin Alin Popescu (born March 19, 1974 in Babșa, Timiș County) is a Romanian environmental scientist, University Professor and Rector of the Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USABTM). Professor Popescu was reelected on January 17, 2020 for another 4 years as rector of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Banat.
Biography.
After leaving school Popescu studies Natural Science at the Faculty of Agriculture of USABTM, specialising in environmental engineering (1998–1997). In order to deepen his knowledge of the subject he then took an internship at the University of Rennes in France studying the application of satellites to agricultural technology. There followed further qualifications in Environmental Technology and Cadastral Studies at the West University of Timișoara where he obtained a doctorate (Dr.-Ing.) and a post at the National Union of Realtors in Timișoara.
Popescu then returned to USABTM to the Faculty of Agriculture with the Chair of Geodesy and Cadastry, and also as Visiting Professor at the Polytechnic University of Timișoara. He speaks Italian, French and English, and is a member of numerous professional bodies. He has expertise/experience in university administration, agricultural and environmental engineering, cadastre, urban planning. In February 2016, Popescu was elected rector of USABMT for a period of four years.


Mount Hope Estate

Mount Hope Estate is a National Register of Historic Places-listed property in Rapho and Penn Townships, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The original estate was the center of operations of the Grubb Family Iron Dynasty during the 19th century and included over , a charcoal iron furnace, a grist mill, housing for employees and tenants, plus supporting structures such as a post office, a general store, a railroad station, a school and a church. The existing mansion and grounds remain from what was once a thriving industrial headquarters complex and small village.
The mansion itself was originally constructed as a Federal-style home by the prominent family of iron masters; an 1895 remodeling transformed the structure with the addition of Victorian features. The mansion is constructed of locally quarried red sandstone, as are the outbuildings, which at one time numbered nearly 30. The grounds is also notable for its pre-1840 American formal garden, of which there are very few surviving. The estate currently hosts the Mount Hope Estate and Winery, the Swashbuckler Brewing Company, the Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire, and other events held throughout the year (see below).
History.
The estate was the home and center of operations of the Grubb Family Iron Dynasty during the 19th century. The Mount Hope Grubbs were from an early American family whose founder, John Grubb, had come to America from Stoke Climsland, Cornwall, England and settled in Delaware. John's youngest son Peter Grubb came to the local area about 1734, when he discovered the vast iron deposits in Lebanon County and purchased . By 1742 he had founded the highly successful Cornwall Ironworks, named to recall his father's ancestral home. By 1783 the family's holdings covered . The property was split several times among heirs, and various lands passed between the Grubb and Coleman families in the late 18th century. In 1784, Peter Grubb's youngest son Peter Grubb, Jr. purchased an additional and built a charcoal furnace at a place that he called "Mount Hope". Peter Jr. left the land to his two sons, who inherited a total of that were to become known as the "Mount Hope Estate". His youngest son, Henry Bates Grubb, acquired his brother's share and built the mansion by 1805.
The Grubbs were locally prominent by at least 1784, and from 1840 to 1870 were the leading iron manufacturers in Pennsylvania, with Mount Hope Estate serving as the center of their operations. During this period the estate played host to many leading Pennsylvanians including the Shippen family, Episcopalian ministers including Bishop William White and Bishop Alonzo Potter, and other leading ironmasters including Robert Coleman. At the Grubb family's height in the mid-to-late 19th century, the estate included a charcoal furnace, mill workers' houses, Mount Hope Episcopal Church (also called Hope Church, and "principally erected for the Grubb family"), the mansion, many stone outbuildings, and large formal gardens.
After the death of Henry Bates Grubb, the estate was managed by his widow, Harriet Amelia Buckley Grubb, until her children reached adulthood. In 1848–49, at a cost of about $2,000, she had an Episcopal church, known today as "Hope Church", erected on the property, "for the moral and spiritual uplift of the tenants on her estate and the employees of the Mount Hope Furnace". In 1885, Clement Brooke Grubb, one of Henry's sons, purchased the mansion and surrounding land for $300,000 from the heirs of his younger brother, Alfred Bates Grubb. That October, Clement gave the church and churchyard to the Episcopal Diocese of Central Pennsylvania.
Upon Clement's death, he left it to his daughter, the last descendant of the Grubb family to own it, Daisy Elizabeth Brooke Grubb, who renovated the 32-room mansion in the Victorian architectural style. After Daisy's death, the property was subdivided and passed through numerous owners until Charles Romito purchased the mansion and immediately surrounding land for $1 million in 1980 to open a winery.
Mount Hope Estate and Winery.
After planting the vineyards and vinting wines, Romito opened the Mount Hope Estate and Winery in 1980. To promote his new business the first year, Romito hosted several events including an art show, a bluegrass concert, a fifties revival, a country-western weekend, a classical orchestra concert, and a one-day modern jousting tournament. The jousting tournament was so popular that Romito held a two-day renaissance festival the following year in the winery's parking lot, and gradually expanded this into a permanent attraction, the Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire. The property was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and in 1991 the boundaries were increased as part of the Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania Multiple Property Submission (MPS).
Architecture.
Two distinct architectural styles are visible in the Estate. Originally constructed in the Federal style for Henry Bates Grubb between 1800 and 1805, Mount Hope Estate was the most formal ironmaster's mansion built in the area between 1750 and 1850. In 1895, Daisy Grubb oversaw significant changes, adding a Victorian ballroom, a billiard room, chandeliers, and parquet floors, and converting original hinged doors to sliding doors, while still maintaining much of the original construction, including the original facade and fireplace mantels.
Exterior.
The south-facing two-story facade, made of locally cut red sandstone, remains substantially unchanged from the original 1800–05 construction. The wooden porch running the length of the facade appears to be a reconstruction, as part of the 1895 remodeling, of a similar original porch.
The entire west end of the house went through substantial changes in the 1895 remodelling. This included the construction of a striking three-story bay window rising to an octagonal turret with a patterned roof, and a two-story bay window near the southwest corner. The most significant additions made during the 1895 remodelling are located at the rear (north) of the house. These include a conservatory with a polygonal glass dome, a greenhouse just east of the conservatory, and an enlarged kitchen. The eastern end of the house was also remodeled in 1895, in locally cut red sandstone to match the facade. Aside from several gothic arches from the original construction, the entire visible structure at this end was built in 1895.
Interior.
The interior of the mansion, like the exterior, is a mixture of original 1800–05 construction and decoration, blended rooms, and Victorian construction and decor.
The entry hall is almost entirely original construction. Nearly all the woodwork and decoration in this area dates to the 1800–05 period, with the exception of several balusters and newel posts on the spiral staircase, which were Victorian replacements. The major change to the entry hall was the construction of false walls, allowing the conversion of the original hinged doors into sliding doors. The second floor central hall and Washington Room (on the second floor, in the southeast corner) were also changed very little in the renovation.
The dining room, on the other hand, saw extensive remodeling in 1895. The room size was increased by the construction of a bay window, parquet floor was installed, and the room was decorated in cherry woodwork, with a gilt and crystal chandelier and sconces. The only original item remaining left in the room was the fireplace mantel. The Pink Room, named for the pink damask which covered the walls in 1895, the library, the Best Chamber (Daisy Grubb's bedroom), was also extensively remodeled.
A number of new rooms were added to the house as part of the 1895 work. A billiard room and ballroom were added in the rear of the house, and several ornate bathrooms were added on the second and third floors.
Grounds.
Outbuildings.
At one time there were nearly 30 outbuildings on the estate, as well as a wall surrounding the estate, all constructed of the same locally quarried red sandstone as the mansion, "of which there seems to be an inexhaustible supply on the estate". Some of the buildings, like Hope Church, are on property that was given away or subdivided over the years, and today, only four remain on the estate, all located to the north (rear) and northeast of the mansion.
The smokehouse is a square two-story building with a hipped roof, and is believed to date to the early 19th century. East of the smokehouse, a 1-story building with a three bay facade and a gabled roof was used as a post office in the late 19th century, and may have served as a schoolhouse originally. The manager's farmhouse stands 2 stories high and is L-shaped with a porch. The springhouse is also 2 stories.
Gardens.
The overall plan of the gardens, based on English formal gardens, can be traced to the original 1800–05 construction. Although some flower beds, ornamental urns, and the round fountain in front of the mansion were installed at the time of the 1895 remodeling, the overall plan was not changed, leaving the garden as "a very rare and largely intact example of a documented American formal garden predating 1840."
Mount Hope Estate Craft Brands.
Swashbuckler Brewing Company.
The Swashbuckler Brewing Company, founded by Mount Hope Estate & Winery's Managing Partner, Scott Bowser, began production in 2000 on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire with an annual capacity of 1,200 barrels. Originally located in the Swashbuckler Brew Pub (now known as the Anchor & Mermaid Tavern), the production facility quickly outgrew this facility and, in 2015, beer production was moved to a new on-site facility just outside the Fairegrounds called SBC Brewsmiths. With a current annual capacity of 1500 barrels, Swashbuckler Brewing Company continues to produce beers for the Mount Hope Estate events welcoming 250,000 guests annually.
Mount Hope Winery.
In 1980, Mount Hope Winery opened for business in an effort to attract visitors to the estate. The vineyards and production were located in Lake Erie County until 2015 when Mount Hope winery returned production of its wines to Lancaster County when it acquired the assets of another winery that closed. In late 2016, Mount Hope began repurposes an existing barn located approximately 300 feet from the current Wine Shop and parallel to the Swashbuckler Brewery into a new winery facilities. The barn was originally built in the 1800s and rebuilt in 1908 after a fire. The ground floor of the new winery provides 9200 square feet of workable space for new equipment consisting of an additional 20,000 gallons, bringing total capacity to 40,000 gallons. Two 5200 gallon tanks stand outside the new production facility used for bulk juice storage for the wine and cider production. A 2000 square foot refrigeration unit, easily accessible with a fork lift, provides an area for cold stabilizing of the winery products.
Lancaster County Cider.
At the start of 2016, Mount Hope introduced Lancaster County Cider to its beverage brands. Already popular with visitors to the Estate's events, Lancaster County Cider is now available in the Mount Hope Wine Shop (Manheim), The Mount Hope Wine Gallery (Bird-in-Hand), the Mount Hope Wine Shop at Miller's Smorgasbord (Ronks) and through distribution by Kirchner Beverage Distributor in Lancaster, PA. Lancaster County Cider began a 2016-2018 partner of the Reading Fightin Phils and supplies hard cider visitors to FirstEnergy Stadium through its Lancaster County Cider Stand located in the stadium's main grandstand.
Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire.
In 1980, a jousting tournament was held in the parking lot of the newly opened winery, followed by a two-day Renaissance fair the following year. This gradually expanded to become the Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire, which is now held over 12 weekends and draws more than 250,000 patrons annually. Featuring a recreation of a 16th-century Tudor village, a replica of the Globe Theatre, Shakespearean plays, musical acts, and artisans fashioning period items such as pottery and potpourri. In 1998, the faire was named one of the top 100 motorcoach-accessible events in America by the American Bus Association.
Other events.
In addition to hosting the Renaissance fair, the grounds are opened to the public for a number of other events. Tours of the mansion and wine tastings are available throughout the year. Each June, the site is used for the Celtic Fling and Highland Games. The Fling features traditional and modern Celtic music, food, crafts, demonstrations and competitions, and a feis is also held. The Highland Games are officially sanctioned by the Mid-Atlantic Scottish Athletics Association, and include standard events such as caber tossing and hammer throwing.
In late fall and early winter, the mansion is host to several theatrical performances. From the end of October to mid-November, "Poe Evermore", a storytelling event based on the works of Edgar Allan Poe is held. Between Thanksgiving and Christmas, "Victorian Christmas" or "A Dickens of a Christmas", the telling of the story of "A Christmas Carol", is performed.


Joe Gaston

Joe Gaston (1926 or 1927 – 15 March 2018) was a Unionist politician in Northern Ireland.
Gaston worked as a farmer and served part-time in the Ulster Defence Regiment. In 1973, he was elected to Ballymoney Borough Council as a non-party candidate. He was re-elected in 1977, for the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP).
In December 1977, Gaston's right leg was removed by a bomb planted in his tractor by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
Gaston was elected at the 1982 Northern Ireland Assembly election in North Antrim. In 1985, he served as Deputy Mayor of Ballymoney, then as Mayor from 1986–87 and 1990 – 93.
At the 1992 general election, Gaston contested Ian Paisley's North Antrim seat, taking second place with 18.1% of the votes cast. In 1996, he was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum, again in North Antrim, and served his final term as Mayor of Ballymoney.
Gaston lost his council seat to Sinn Féin's Daithi McKay in 2005.


Richard Holohan

Richard Holohan (11 January 1882 – 30 May 1954) was an Irish politician. A farmer, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the June 1927 general election as a Farmers' Party Teachta Dála (TD) for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency and he was re-elected at the September 1927 general election. He lost his seat at the 1932 general election. He was elected as a National Centre Party TD at the 1933 general election. He became a Fine Gael TD on 8 September 1933 when Cumann na nGaedheal and the National Centre Party, along with the Army Comrades Association merged to form the new party of Fine Gael. He lost his seat at the 1937 general election.