Balysh Ovezov

Balysh Ovezovich Ovezov (29 December 1915 – 13 October 1975) (spelled Balyş Öwezow in Turkmen), served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR twice.
He succeeded Shadzha Batyrov, beginning his first term in 1950 and staying in office until October 1951, when Sukhan Babayev became General Secretary.
Ovezov was returned to power on 13 June 1960, following the death of Dzhuma Durdy Karayev. He served until 24 December 1969. Mukhamednazar Gapurov succeeded him.
References.
Rulers of Soviet Republics


Michael Peroutka

Michael Anthony Peroutka (born 1952) is a Maryland lawyer, the founder of the Institute on the Constitution. He once held a position in the United States Department of Health and Human Services and was the Constitution Party candidate for president in 2004. He is co-host of "The American View" radio program.
Peroutka was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a graduate of Loyola College in Maryland and the University of Baltimore School of Law. He was the Chairman of the Constitution Party of Maryland and a member of the Executive Committee of the Constitution Party National Committee. In 2014 he became a Republican and won election to the County Council of Anne Arundel County, Maryland, representing District 5.
2004 presidential campaign.
In the 2004 United States presidential election, he was the Constitution Party's candidate. His campaign theme was "God, Family, Republic" and he emphasized the Bible, the traditional family, and the need for constitutionally limited government. His running mate was independent Baptist minister Chuck Baldwin. He gained support from many paleoconservatives, and was also endorsed by the America First Party and Alaskan Independence Party. Peroutka was also endorsed by the League of the South and supported by a group called "Southerners for Peroutka". Peroutka accepted the endorsement from the League at their 2004 national convention. Radio host Alex Jones stated he would be voting for Peroutka.
He appeared on the radio show, "The Political Cesspool" to promote his campaign, describing it as a "Christian/Constitutionalist radio program" and "a great blessing to our cause".
Political commentator Pat Buchanan stated on the September 7, 2004 edition of "Hardball with Chris Matthews", "There is a chance I would vote for Peroutka." The November 8, 2004 issue of "The American Conservative" contained endorsements by Taki Theodoracopulos and Howard Phillips (the latter having founded the party Peroutka represented.) Peroutka received just over one-tenth of one percent of the national popular vote, finishing fifth nationally with just under 150,000 votes. This was a showing similar to previous Constitution Party candidacies of Howard Phillips – however, it was the only third party to increase its share of the vote in 2004. Kentucky Republican politician Matt Bevin's support for Peroutka's candidacy was used in a 2013 attack ad by opponent Mitch McConnell.
Political positions.
Peroutka emphasizes the Bible and believes that America has a Christian heritage that should be reflected in governance. He opposes abortion without exception. He opposes a Federal Marriage Amendment, believing that civil government (federal/state/local) does not have jurisdiction over marriage. He advocates for free market capitalism. He supports the right to keep and bear arms and strongly opposes the war in Iraq, calling it ungodly, immoral, and unconstitutional. He supports the right to homeschool and believes the federal government should not regulate or fund education.
In an October 2004 "Washington Journal" interview with Robb Harleston, Peroutka stated that "there is one race and that's the human race". In 2006, he voted in favor of disaffiliating the Independent American Party of Nevada from the Constitution Party due to their allowance for abortion in certain circumstances. In 2012, the "Montgomery Advertiser" reported that he was the single-biggest donor to Roy Moore's 2012 campaign for the Alabama Supreme Court, having contributed $50,000 of the total $78,000 received by Moore until December 31, 2011.
On December 6, 2012, the Human Rights Campaign called Peroutka an "active white supremacist and secessionist sympathizer" due to links to the League of the South. Peroutka told "The Baltimore Sun" that he "continues to be a proud member of the League of the South," since it "has a belief that the central government is too large, too spend-thrift and too out-of-control," but he called HRC's characterization of him as a white-supremacist sympathizer "absurd" and "not at all true."
In 2012, a video of Peroutka showed asking a group to stand for the national anthem, then leading them in "Dixie".
On September 9, 2013, he stated, "all elevation or denigration of individuals or groups based on skin color is immoral and shameful." In October 2014, during his campaign for County Council, Peroutka announced that he had resigned from the board of directors of the League of the South and was no longer a member after having discovered statements made by members that were "contrary to [his] beliefs".
Split from the National Constitution Party.
In 2006, the Maryland Constitution Party disaffiliated from the national party along with other state parties following a schism at the national party's 2006 convention, in which it failed to disaffiliate the Nevada party despite its chairman and gubernatorial candidate's support for legal abortion in some cases. Peroutka stated "At this point I could not, in good faith, represent the Constitution Party nor endorse any of its candidates. Unless serious changes occur, I could not run for President in 2008."
Peroutka's supporters, however, collected enough signatures to get his name approved as a write-in candidate in Georgia for the 2008 presidential election.
Republican Party.
2014 campaigns.
In February 2014, Peroutka switched his voter registration from Constitution Party to Republican and filed to run for a seat on the Anne Arundel County Council as well as a seat on the county's Republican Central Committee. Peroutka won the seat on the Central Committee, becoming an official representative of the Republican Party in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Peroutka also won the primary election for county council from District 5 on June 24, defeating a number of other Republican candidates, including the incumbent councilman, Republican Dick Ladd. He won by 38 votes over Maureen Carr-York to become the Republican nominee in the November 2014 general election. Peroutka won in the general election with 53 percent of the vote and a lead of nearly 1,900 votes over his Democratic opponent. Peroutka, along with the rest of the council, was sworn in on December 1, 2014.
2018 campaign.
Running for reelection from District 5 in June 2018, Peroutka lost the Republican primary to candidate Amanda Fiedler, 53 percent to 47 percent.
Other.
In May 2014, Peroutka, acting on behalf of the Elizabeth Streb Peroutka foundation, a small family charity he and his brother Stephen established and named after their mother, donated an Allosaurus skeleton to the Creation Museum, a 70,000-square-foot museum in Petersburg, Kentucky that promotes a young Earth creationist explanation of the origins of the universe based on Biblical literalism.


Carleton North

Carleton North was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Canada.
This district contained the northern third of Carleton County, including the municipalities of Bath, Bristol, Centreville and Florenceville.
From 1974 to 1987 the seat was represented by Progressive Conservative Charles Gallagher who served as a senior cabinet minister until 1985 before becoming speaker of the legislature.
In 1987, Liberal Fred Harvey was elected in a landslide which saw the Liberals win every seat in the legislature. Harvey was narrowly re-elected in 1991 but was expelled from the legislature in 1993 for violations of the "Elections Act".
Dale Graham, a Progressive Conservative, was elected in a 1993 by-election. Graham was re-elected 5 times in the successor district of Carleton and serve as deputy premier and speaker.


Richard Werner

Richard Andreas Werner (born 5 January 1967) is a German banking and development economist who is a university professor at De Montfort University.
He has proposed the "Quantity Theory of Credit", or "Quantity Theory of Disaggregated Credit", which disaggregates credit creation used for the real economy (GDP transactions) on the one hand, and financial transactions on the other hand. In 1995, he proposed a new monetary policy to swiftly deal with banking crises, which he called 'Quantitative Easing', published in the Nikkei. He also first used the expression "QE2" in public, referring to the need to implement 'true quantitative easing' as an expansion in credit creation. His 2001 book 'Princes of the Yen' was a number one general bestseller in Japan. In 2014 he published the first empirical evidence that each bank creates credit when it issues a new loan.
Early life.
In 1989, Werner earned a BSc in economics at the London School of Economics (LSE). During his postgraduate studies at Oxford University he spent over a year in Japan, studying at the University of Tokyo and working at the Nomura Research Institute. His DPhil in economics was conferred by Oxford. In 1991, he became European Commission-sponsored Marie Curie Fellow at the Institute for Economics and Statistics at Oxford. His 1991 discussion paper at the institute warned about the imminent 'collapse' of the Japanese banking system and the threat of the "greatest recession since the Great Depression". In Tokyo, he also became the first Shimomura Fellow at the Research Institute for Capital Formation at the Development Bank of Japan. He was a Visiting Researcher at the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies at the Bank of Japan; and he was a Visiting Scholar at the Institute for Monetary and Fiscal Studies at the Ministry of Finance.
Career.
Werner was chief economist of Jardine Fleming from 1994 to 1998 and published several articles on the Japanese credit cycle and monetary policy, many of which are in Japanese. In 1997, he joined the faculty of Sophia University in Tokyo. Werner was senior managing director and senior portfolio manager at Bear Stearns Asset Management. He worked at the University of Southampton for 14 years, mainly as Chair and Professor in International Banking. He is the founding director of the university's Centre for Banking, Finance and Sustainable Development and organiser of the European Conference on Banking and the Economy (ECOBATE), first held on 29 September 2011 in Winchester Guildhall, with Lord Adair Turner, FSA Chairman, as keynote speaker. From 2011 to 2019, he was a member of the ECB Shadow Council.
Werner has developed a theory of money creation called the Quantity Theory of Credit, which is in line with Schumpeter's credit theory of money. He has argued, since 1992, that the banking sector needs to be reflected appropriately in macroeconomic models since it is the main creator and allocator of the money supply, through the process of credit creation by individual banks.
Werner's book "Princes of the Yen", about the modern economic development of Japan, including the bubble of the 1990s and subsequent bust, was a number one general bestseller in Japan in 2001. The book covers the monetary policy of the Bank of Japan specifically and central bank informal guidance of bank credit in general.
Werner proposed a policy he called "quantitative easing" in Japan in 1994 and 1995. At the time working as chief economist of Jardine Fleming Securities (Asia) Ltd. in Tokyo, he used this expression during presentations to institutional investors in Tokyo. It is also, among others, in the title of an article he published on September 2, 1995, in the Nihon Keizai Shinbun (Nikkei). According to Werner, he used this phrase in order to propose a new form of monetary stimulation policy by the central bank that relied neither on interest rate reductions (which Werner claimed in his Nikkei article would be ineffective) nor on the conventional monetarist policy prescription of expanding the money supply (e.g. through "printing money", expanding high-powered money, expanding bank reserves or boosting deposit aggregates such as M2 –all of which Werner also claimed would be ineffective). Instead, Werner argued, it was necessary and sufficient for an economic recovery to boost "credit creation", through a number of measures. He also suggested direct purchases of non-performing assets from the banks by the central bank; direct lending to companies and the government by the central bank; purchases of commercial paper, other debt, and equity instruments from companies by the central bank; and stopping the issuance of government bonds to fund the public sector borrowing requirement, instead having the government borrow directly from banks through a standard loan contract.
Werner is founding director and chairman of Local First Community Interest Company, which promotes the establishment of not-for-profit local community banks, modelled on the successful German local co-operative, Raiffeisen and Sparkasse savings banks that have enabled German small firms to become top exporters and job creators in Germany.
In 2019, Werner took out a discrimination case against his employer, Southampton University, claiming he was discriminated against and ‘victimised’ in a ‘harassment and bullying’ campaign for being German and Christian, during his 14 years career at the university. The £2.5m payout was one of the largest awards ever made by a British tribunal and was so high because the university failed to defend itself although the University are appealing the decision.


Ralph Hobday

Ralph HobdayOBE (September 1899 – October 1975) was a British architect who worked for the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Career.
Hobday joined the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in 1944, became Senior Architect in 1956, and retired from the Commission in 1975.
Works.
His works include:
Memorials.
Hobday was appointed Officer in the Order of the British Empire in the 1959 Birthday Honours.


Radical Left (France)

The Radical Left (French: "Gauche radicale") was a French parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies during the French Third Republic. The Radical Left was formed by members of the Independent Radicals.
Originally, the group gathered most parliamentarians of the Radical-Socialist Party. Other Radicals sat in the Radical-Socialist Left group. However, in 1914, the party forced all members to join the latter group. The remaining Senators were Radicals who did not join or left the Radical-Socialist Party or centrist secular deputies not part of the Democratic Alliance.
In 1936, Pierre-Étienne Flandin attempted to rally the group to the Democratic Alliance by replacing the AD's group, the Left Republicans, by the Alliance of Left Republicans and Independent Radicals ("Alliance des républicains de gauche et des radicaux indépendants"). This failed however, since the Radical Left group became the Democratic and Independent Radical Left ("Gauche démocratique et radicale indépendante"), merging with the smaller Left Independents group (another centrist group).
The group disappeared in 1940 and was not re-created post-war. Most members joined the post-war PRI or the RGR.


Autshumato Anti-Aircraft Regiment

The Autshumato Anti-Aircraft Regiment (formerly the Cape Garrison Artillery) is a reserve air defence artillery regiment of the South African Army.
Cape Garrison Artillery (1st).
The original regiment had a fragmented history:
1879-1899.
A new unit, called the Cape Town Volunteer Engineers was formed in the Cape Colonial Forces in 1879. It served in the Transkei campaign in 1880 and 1881. In 1889, it added a coast artillery company, and the title was later changed to Garrison Artillery & Engineer Volunteer Corps. Engineering was discontinued in 1896, and the title was then changed to Cape Garrison Artillery.
The commanding officer of the unit at that time was Major le Vicomte de Montfort. The Regiment had an authorised strength of 320 men and was trained by the Royal Garrison Artillery. In 1898 the CGA was changed to a partially paid unit and thus lost its volunteer status.
1899-1902.
The CGA was mobilized for participation in the Second Anglo-Boer War in 1899. Initially the Regiment had 373 members, but the figure increased to 560 (with some recruits arriving from overseas) by February 1900.
During 1900 the CGA was mainly used on the main western railway line of Cape Colony, as well as west of that line, assisting in garrisoning important posts. A small number of CGA members were also under the command of Sir Charles Warren in Griqualand West. Parts of the regiment also joined Kitchener's Horse.
Elements of the CGA were also involved in the attack on Jacobsdal on 25 October 1900.
During 1901 detachments of the regiment were often stationed alongside the Cape Town Highlanders as well as other local troops in the west of Cape Colony and other areas, up to the German South-West Africa border.
Other actions that elements of the CHA were involved in during the war were: Brugspruit (October 1900), Wonderfontein (February 1901), Naauwpoort (February 1901), Mafeking (November 1901), Omkyk (January 1902), Okiep (April 1902) and Daspoort near Pretoria (May 1902).
1902-1913.
On 30 June 1902 the unit was demobilised; it continued as a part-time volunteer unit. By 1904 Princess Christian presented the unit with a Kings Colour in Cape Town.
With the Union Defence Force.
The CGA was embodied in the Coast Garrison Force of the Union Defence Force in 1913 as the 1st Division, South African Garrison Artillery (CGA). CGA manned batteries at Sea Point, Fort Wynyard and the Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town as well as at "Noah's Ark" and other batteries at Simon's Town.
1914-1918.
Members of the CGA served with the Heavy Artillery Brigade in the German South-West Africa Campaign in 1915.
On the successful conclusion of the South-West Africa Campaign, many members of the CGA joined the Heavy Artillery Brigade of the South African Overseas Expeditionary Force, which served with great distinction in France and was later commemorated by the South African Heavy Artillery memorial below the Union Buildings in Pretoria.
From 1916 until the war ended, the CGA as such manned the Cape Peninsula defences.
1919-1939.
Between the two world wars, the CGA was closely linked with the South African Permanent Garrison Artillery.
The approach of World War II led to the expansion of the South African military and in 1934 the Cape Garrison Artillery became 1 Heavy Battery (CGA) (in Cape Town) and 2 Heavy Battery (CGA) (in Simon's Town). They formed part of the Coast Artillery Brigade (later called the Cape Peninsula Artillery Brigade). A 5th Heavy Battery (CGA) was formed in 1938/39 to man the new batteries on Robben Island.
1939-1945.
The batteries were mobilised on the outbreak of World War II in 1939, and manned the Cape coast defences throughout the war. An "8th Heavy Battery (CGA)" was formed at Saldanha Bay in 1942. No South African port was actually attacked during the war; the only instance of a shot being fired in anger was when the Portuguese frigate "Alfonse d'Albuquerque" did not respond to signals when she passed a shore station. However, one round brought her to, and she was identified.
Many troops of the CGA were released for service in North Africa and Italy.
1945-1958.
In 1951, the Cape Garrison Artillery batteries were renamed "coast regiments". 5th Heavy Battery was disbanded, but 1 Coast Regiment (CGA), 2 Coast Regiment (CGA) and 8 Coast Regiment (CGA) were transferred to the newly formed South African Corps of Marines, which was directed by the Navy. The SACM also controlled anti-aircraft units, and when the SACM disbanded in 1955, the anti-aircraft units were transferred to the Army, and the coast regiments were taken over by the Navy. The three CGA units were renamed SAS "Ubique", SAS "Diaz", and SAS "Malgas". They were disbanded in 1958.
Cape Garrison Artillery (2nd).
History.
World War Two.
South African home defences were strengthened during 1942, as a result of the threat posed by Japan. Among the new units that were formed were 50 Anti-Aircraft Battery at Saldanha Bay, 51 Anti-Aircraft Battery in Cape Town, and 52 Anti-Aircraft Battery in Simon's Town. These units were controlled by the South African Air Force until 1949, when they were transferred to the Army.
Union Defence Force.
In 1951, the anti-aircraft units were transferred to the new South African Corps of Marines. When the SACM was disbanded in 1955, 50, 51 and 52 Anti-Aircraft Batteries were amalgamated to form 4 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment.
Under the SADF.
In 1960, 4 HAA was affiliated to the University of Cape Town under a new system designed to enable students to co-ordinate their studies and their military training. The regiment was renamed University of Cape Town Regiment. Although the "university regiment" system was discontinued when national service conscription was introduced in 1968, UCTR retained its name until 1974, when it was allowed to adopt the name of the former Cape Garrison Artillery.
Border War period.
The CGA served in the Border War in the 1970s and 1980s under the command of 7 South African Infantry Division. Since the end of conscription in 1993, it has been a volunteer unit again, as part of the Reserve Force.
Under the SANDF.
Since a 2005 revival initiative, the regiment now has become active in key initiatives such as Force Preparation, Force Support and Force Training, which are some of the current main focus areas of the South African National Defence Force.
The regiment is housed in Fort Wynyard. In December 2005, the regiment began an unofficial initiative to save the Fort from further decay.
In 2012 the sinking of the SS Mendi was commemorated at the University of Cape Town, with a memorial service hosted by the Cape Garrison Artillery.
The regiment became part of the South African Army Air Defence Artillery Formation which was formed in 1999.
Name Change.
In August 2019, 52 Reserve Force units had their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa. The Cape Garrison Artillery became the Autshumato Anti-Aircraft Regiment, and have 3 years to design and implement new regimental insignia.
King's Colour.
In 1905, the original CGA was presented by a King's Colour in recognition of its service in the Anglo-Boer War.
Battle honours.
The Unit saw service in the Transkei in 1880 during the Basutoland Rebellion
In 1927, the original CGA was awarded the battle honour "South West Africa 1915" for its service in the German South-West Africa Campaign.
The unit assembled in 1940 for service in Abyssinia, the Middle East and Italy and consisted of two heavy battery's and an anti aircraft battery.
The unit also saw service in early 1976 and took part in Operation Askari in 1984.


Francis Wharton

Francis Wharton (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 7, 1820 – February 21, 1889) was an American legal writer and educationalist.
Life.
Wharton graduated from Yale in 1839, was admitted to the bar in 1843, became prominent in Pennsylvania politics as a Democrat, and served as assistant attorney-general in 1845. In Philadelphia, he edited the "North American and United States Gazette". He was professor of English, History, and Literature at Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, from 1856-1863.
He took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1862, and was rector of St. Paul's Church, Brookline, Massachusetts from 1863-1869. In 1871-1881 he taught ecclesiastical polity and canon law in the Protestant Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and at this time he lectured on the conflict of laws at Boston University.
For two years he traveled in Europe, and after two years in Philadelphia he went to Washington, DC, where he was lecturer on criminal law (1885–1886) and then professor of criminal law (1886–1888) at Columbian (now George Washington) University; in 1885-1888 he was solicitor (or examiner of claims) of the Department of State, and from 1888 until his death was employed on an edition (authorized by Congress) of the "Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States" (6 vols, 1889, ed. by John Bassett Moore), which superseded Jared Sparks's compilation.
Wharton was a "broad churchman" and was deeply interested in the hymnology of his church. Wharton was also interested in Christian apologetics, and he wrote an essay on the relationship between apologetics and jurisprudence that was published in "The Princeton Review" in 1878. He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1883, and was the foremost American authority on international law. He authored the doctrine in criminal law (Wharton's Rule of Concert of Action) that to form a conspiracy takes one more person than is necessary to commit the crime (i.e. it takes two people to gamble. Therefore, two people gambling cannot be guilty of conspiracy to gamble, though three can).
During the last two years of his life Wharton amassed revolutionary diplomatic correspondence and edited them into a six volume work, published in 1889, the year of his death.
Publications.
See the Memoir (Philadelphia, 1891) by his daughter, Mrs. Viele, and several friends; and J. B. Moore's "Brief Sketch of the Life of Francis Wharton," prefaced to the first volume of the "Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence".


Ulrich Giezendanner

Ulrich Giezendanner (born October 31, 1953 in Rothrist, Canton Aargau) is a Swiss transport entrepreneur and politician (SVP).
Biography.
From March 1989 to November 1991, he served in the Canton of Aargau legislature. In 1991, he was elected to the National Council, representing the canton of Aargau, and since 1995 he has been the head of the Commission for Transport and Telecommunications. Until mid-1996, he was a member of the Freedom Party of Switzerland. Since then, Giezendanner has been a member of the Swiss People's Party.
Giezendanner supported the expansion of the Baregg tunnel (a bit of a bottleneck in the Swiss motorway network) in 2003, and the adding of a second tube of the Gotthard road tunnel. He currently is an advocate of the creation of a Formula 1 circuit course in Switzerland. The federal government's policy of shifting the heavy transit traffic to rail, has been the cause of criticism of Giezendanner, because of his work on the Baregg tunnel and on the Gotthard road tunnel.
He's a member of a Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland.


Amra Kvarandzia

Amra Kvarandzia is the current Minister for Finance of Abkhazia. Kvarandzia was appointed on 17 October 2014 by newly elected President Raul Khajimba.


A. N. Yiannopoulos

Athanassios Nicholas "Thanassi" Yiannopoulos (March 13, 1928, in Thessaloniki, Greece – February 1, 2017, in New Orleans, Louisiana) was a professor at Tulane University Law School, expert on civil law and comparative law, and founder of the Civil Law Commentaries.
He acquired his law degree at the Law School of the Aristotle University and continued his graduate studies at the University of Chicago Law School (where he studied on a Fulbright Scholarship and graduated with a Master of Comparative Law in 1954), the University of California, Berkeley (where he graduated with an LL.M. and a J.S.D.)), and the University of Cologne.
Yiannopoulos was an internationally renowned scholar of civil law, comparative law, and maritime law. From 1958 to 1979, Yiannopoulos served on the faculty of Louisiana State University's Paul M. Hebert Law Center. He joined the faculty of Tulane University Law School in 1979. Yiannopoulos was in charge of the revision of the Louisiana Civil Code as reporter for the Louisiana State Law Institute and was the editor of West's Pamphlet Edition of the Louisiana Civil Code since 1980. He also authored three volumes of the Louisiana Civil Law Treatise series, now in the fourth edition. Yiannopoulos published widely in the fields of civil law, comparative law, conflict of laws, and admiralty. He directed the Tulane University Law School's summer programs in Greece since 1980. At the time of his death, he was revising portions of the civil code, collecting materials for an admiralty textbook, and working on the next edition of his property treatise. His revision of the Civil Code provisions on quasi-contracts became law in 1996, on representation and mandate in 1998, on deposit and sequestration in 2003, and on loan in 2004. Yiannopoulos was a member of the International Academy of Comparative Law (The Hague) and of the American Law Institute. He retired from the full-time faculty at the end of the 2007–2008 academic year but continued to teach one course each year in his area of expertise. He published widely in the fields of admiralty, property, and conflict of laws.


Willem Buys

Willem Buys (1661–1749) was acting Grand Pensionary of Holland in 1745 and 1746. He was pensionary of Amsterdam (1693–1725) and first secretary of the estates of Holland (1726–1749).
He had successes as negotiator of the United Provinces. He improved the diplomatic relationship with England in 1705 and 1706 and he was one of the Dutch negotiators during the peace negotiations in 1710 in Geertruidenberg and 1713 in Utrecht.


Air Defence Artillery School

Air Defence Artillery School is an artillery unit of the South African Army. It is located on the southern side of Kimberley near the airport in an area known as Diskobolos clustered with other military units.
History.
Coastal Defence Origins.
The first South African Air Defence Instructors were coastal gunners. The first formal training institution was the Anti-Aircraft Training and Reserve Depot, situated on Robben Island, under the command of the Director Coastal Artillery, which was established in May 1941.
This title changed in April 1942 and became the Coastal Artillery and Anti-Aircraft Training Department. The first Director, Lt Col S. Jeffrey, advised for a separate School for Anti-Aircraft Defence. He was successful in his request. At the same time the Anti-Aircraft Depot was also established.
Training.
Training of Anti-Aircraft gunners was undertaken by the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Regiment at Pollsmoor. The School was established at the Forestry Departments camp at Ottery near a plantation called the Rifle Range which eventually housed 200 personnel.
A Searchlight School was also established at Port Elizabeth, but this was closed in August 1942. In November 1942, the Anti-Aircraft Training Centre consisted of an HQ, a AA Department and the School of AA Defence, which was assisted by officers, warrant officers and NCOs sent from Britain.
Air Force connection.
The Training Centre was transferred to the South African Air Force in January 1944 and converted to a Depot, but by 1945, the training centre closed.
Revival.
The Anti-Aircraft Training Centre was revived as a unit in October 1955, with its headquarters in Youngsfield, but this was replaced by the Artillery Air Defence School, one year later.
The unit was transferred to Kimberly in 1990 under command of Col S.K. Warren.
Freedom of the City.
The school has received several freedoms of the city, mainly for its assistance in disaster relief:


Louise Weinberg

Louise Weinberg is an American legal theorist and academic, writing in the tradition of the later American legal realists such as Karl Llewellyn and Brainerd Currie, in the fields of federal courts, the conflict of laws, constitutional law, and Supreme Court history. At the University of Texas School of Law, Weinberg holds the endowed William B. Bates Chair in the Administration of Justice, formerly held by Charles Alan Wright.
Best known for:
Academic career.
Harvard Law School Teaching Fellowship, 1972-74

Brandeis University, Visiting Lecturer, Law and History, 1974-75

Suffolk University, Associate Professor of Law, 1975-76

Stanford University, Visiting Associate Professor of Law, 1976-77

Suffolk University, Professor of Law, 1978-1979

University of Texas, Visiting Professor of Law, 1979
Professor of Law, 1980-1985
Raybourne Thompson Professor of Law, 1985-2000
William B. Bates Chair in the Administration of Justice, 2001-
Education and Clerkship.
A.B. Cornell (Summa cum Laude), 1954

J.D., Harvard, 1969

Clerkship, Charles Edward Wyzanski Jr., 1971-72

LL.M. Harvard, 1974
Practice of Law.
Associate in litigation, Bingham, Dana & Gould, Boston, 1969-71
Memberships.
American Law Institute
Adviser, Restatement (Third) of Conflict of Laws.
Association of American Law Schools
Chairmanships:
Section on Conflict of Laws
Chair, 2013-2014
Chair, 1990-1991
Section on Admiralty and Maritime Law
Chair, 2005-2006
Section on Federal Courts
Acting Chair, 2004-2005
Chair, 2003-2004
Chair, 2002-2003
World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland
Forum Fellow, 1995-
Philosophical Society of Texas
Speaker, Annual Meeting, 2017
Panel Chair, Annual Meeting, 2012
Speaker, Annual Meeting, 1989
Phi Beta Kappa
Personal information and early life.
Louise Weinberg (born Goldwasser) is married to Steven Weinberg, a physicist and Nobel laureate. She is a native New Yorker; her father was a lawyer, her mother a teacher. An enduring influence was her maternal grandmother, Fany Feldman, an immigrant from Russia. At the age of 14, Weinberg won first prize in a national short story contest. She was a columnist for her school and college newspapers.
Louise Weinberg and Steven Weinberg, with five other couples, founded The Tuesday Club of Austin, now with over 200 members and a branch in Atlanta. Co-founders included Hon. Jerre Williams and Hon. Mary Pearl Williams, Admiral Bobby Ray Inman and Nancy Inman, Austin-American Statesman Editor Arthur Rosenfeld and Ruth Rosenfeld, Chancellor Hans Mark and Marion Mark; and Professors Walt Rostow and Elspeth Rostow.
Louise Weinberg is a member of Town and Gown, Austin; and Headliners Club, Austin
Boards.
Ballet Austin, 1985-1989. Weinberg first proposed the establishment of the Ballet Austin School of Ballet, now the Butler Center for Dance and Fitness.
Austin Foreign Affairs Council, Philip Bobbitt presiding.


Socialism with a Northern Accent

Socialism with a Northern Accent: Radical Traditions for Modern Times is a book by Paul Salveson, at that time a Labour Party and trade union activist, which re-asserts the strength and distinctiveness of the socialism which emerged in the mills, mines and railway yards of the North of England. It also makes the case for the renewal of popular socialism through devolution to the North of England.
The book was originally published with a foreword by John Prescott, who described it as "an important account of Labour’s traditional, community-based values with many lessons for today".


Mobilization for Justice

Mobilization for Justice (MFJ — formerly MFY Legal Services, Inc.) is a non-profit legal services and advocacy organization serving New York City. MFJ was founded in 1963 and became a model for using a holistic approach to community lawyering.
History.
Mobilization for Justice has its roots in Mobilization for Youth (MFY), a community-based social service initiative funded in 1962 by the Kennedy Administration, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Ford Foundation, and the City of New York, with the goal of “enlisting the actionist and researcher in a joint program of social engineering organized to improve opportunities for youth and guide young people into pursuing them.” MFY Legal Services, the legal unit of Mobilization for Youth was launched the following year in 1963 by Edward Sparer who advocated a new approach: “Instead of piecemeal direct legal services in the Legal Aid tradition, most of MFY Legal Unit’s resources should be channeled into targeted study and direct litigation designed to change the institutional structure that created and sustained poverty.” He advocated the use of test cases as an early form of cause lawyering or impact litigation that would “create new legal rights for the poor.” Sparer identified specific issues in the welfare rights arena that were ripe for legal challenges —including residency laws, violations of privacy, inadequate benefits and arbitrary welfare terminations — linking litigation strategy to a social movement. MFY Legal Services became the prototype for storefront poverty law offices which opened in virtually every major American city. Its work was characterized by "activism and aggressive advocacy." Examples of the work include supporting organizing campaigns that included rent strikes, education boycotts against school segregation and demonstrations at construction sites demanding jobs for people of color.
In 1968, MFY Legal Services challenged the government’s arbitrary cutoff of welfare benefits, which resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision Goldberg v. Kelly, affirming the right of public benefits recipients to a fair hearing before benefits are terminated. Writing in The "New York Times", Linda Greenhouse noted that “Goldberg v. Kelly . . . proved to be . . . a critical building block in what came to be known as the due process revolution. A series of decisions that followed erected a constitutional shield for the ordinary citizen against the arbitrary or standardless use of governmental power in many contexts.”
In 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act imposed restrictions and reduced funding to the Legal Services Corporation that provided MFY Legal Services funding leading to the closing of several neighborhood offices. These federal restrictions such as preventing representation of undocumented New Yorkers or prohibition on class actions lawsuits led to MFY splitting from Legal Services NYC.
In June 2017, MFY Legal Services changed its name to Mobilization for Justice.
Services.
Mobilization for Justice provides free services on “pressing civil legal needs including matters regarding housing and foreclosure; consumer, bankruptcy, tax and employment; a variety of legal issues faced by the aged and people with mental illness and physical disabilities; government benefits and immigration; and legal issues that kinship caregivers and parents of children with disabilities struggle with, such as special education needs.” They provide access through legal hotlines and neighborhood clinics.
Policy advocacy.
Mobilization for Justice has led numerous campaigns to change and improve public policies and the administration of justice in the court system. Recent campaigns include:
Campaign to Fight “Sewer Service”: MFJ identified the problem that people were being sued for debts without ever getting notices from the debt collectors. MFJ worked with NYC Council Member Daniel Garodnick and the NYC Department Consumer Affairs to pass legislation and enact rules to more strictly regulate process servers.
Campaign to Protect Homeowners in Foreclosure: In 2011, MFJ issued Justice Deceived: How Large Foreclosure Firms Subvert State Regulations Protecting Homeowners, followed in 2012 by Justice Unsettled: How the Foreclosure Shadow Docket & Discontinuances Prevent New Yorkers from Saving their Homes. These reports brought public attention to the “shadow docket” issue, where foreclosure firms failed to move cases to a judge’s docket, allowed them to remain in “limbo,” while the banks rejected mortgage payments and charged homeowners fees and interest. The campaign helped eliminate the “shadow docket.”
Three-Quarter House Reform: In 2010, the organization launched a public campaign to expose abuses in the three-quarter house industry with a rally, a lawsuit, and, with Neighbors Together, a community-based organization, organized the Three-Quarter House Tenant Organizing Project, which produced Three Quarter Houses: The View From the Inside, documenting conditions from the tenants’ viewpoint. MFJ drew attention to widespread Medicaid fraud in which operators received kickbacks for referring tenants to rehab clinics, resulting in charges and convictions against several operators. After years of advocacy, the New York City Council passed five bills to help three-quarter house residents secure stable housing, prohibit landlords from interfering with tenants’ medical treatment, and increase access to relocation services.


Gabriel Prosser

Gabriel (1776 – October 10, 1800), today commonly known as Gabriel Prosser, was a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond, Virginia area in the summer of 1800. Information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, and he and twenty-five followers were hanged.
Gabriel Prosser's uprising was notable not because of its results—the rebellion was quelled before it could begin—but because of its potential for mass chaos and widespread violence. There were other slave rebellions, but this one "most directly confronted" the Founding Fathers "with the chasm between the ideal of liberty and their messy accommodations to slavery."
Virginia and other state legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as prohibiting the education, assembly, and hiring out of slaves, to restrict their ability and chances to plan similar rebellions.
In 2002, the City of Richmond passed a resolution in honor of Gabriel on the 202nd anniversary of the planned rebellion. In 2007, Governor Tim Kaine gave Gabriel and his followers an informal pardon, in recognition that his cause, "the end of slavery and the furtherance of equality for all people—has prevailed in the light of history".
Biography.
Gabriel was born into slavery in 1776 at Brookfield, a large tobacco plantation in Henrico County, Virginia. He and two brothers, Solomon and Martin, were held in bondage by slaveholder Thomas Prosser, the owner of Brookfield. Gabriel was literate. He was one of the rare 5% of enslaved people of the colonial era who were able to learn to read and write.
Gabriel trained as a blacksmith and a carpenter. His brother Solomon, and perhaps his father, was a blacksmith. Gabriel, "hired out" by his enslaver to work in Richmond foundries, was able to keep a portion of the wages that he earned. The bulk of it went to Thomas Posser. Gabriel traveled freely throughout Richmond and Henrico County to work for plantation and business owners.
Gabriel was married to Nanny, an enslaved woman. They were not known to have had any children. He was described in newspaper articles as having stood "six feet two or three inches high". His long and "bony face, well made", was marred by the loss of his two front teeth and "two or three scars on his head". White people as well as black people regarded the literate young man as "a fellow of great courage and intellect above his rank in life".
In 1799, Gabriel, his brother Soloman, and a man named Jupiter, tried to steal a pig from Absalom Johnson. Gabriel got into a scuffle with Johnson and he bit off part of Johnson's ear. Jupiter was charged with stealing a hog, which was a misdemeanor and Soloman was not charged. It was a capital offense for an enslaved person to assault a white person. He could have been hanged for the assault. Because he was a valuable bondsman for Prosser, the judge sentenced him to jail for one month and had his thumb branded. Gabriel was released from jail when slaveholder Posser paid a bond for his release and he promised a year of good behavior. Richmond history professor and slave law expert Philip J. Schwarz states that it showed Gabriel's intention "to consciously challenge the system of slave control." "See also History of slavery in Virginia § Food."
Historian Douglas R. Egerton and author of "Gabriel's Rebellion," states: "He was physically big, he was literate, he's a fighter, he's a skilled artisan. For all these reasons, he was a natural leader."
Revolution.
Gabriel, living in Virginia after the American Revolution, was driven by the prevailing themes of liberty and freedom throughout the American, French and Haitian Revolutions. In the year of Gabriel's birth, Thomas Jefferson stated that "all men were created equal and were endowed with certain natural and inalienable rights, among which were 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness'." From 1780 to 1810, the number of slaves freed in the Upper South had grown markedly, as some slaveholders were inspired to free slaves by the American Revolution and its ideals. Methodists and Quakers especially worked to convince slaveholders to manumit slaves.
Some Virginia slaveholders were nervous about the sharp increase in the number of free blacks in the slave state. That number also grew with the immigration of free people of color, including slaveholders, beginning in 1793 due to the Haitian Revolution.
In Richmond, there were slightly more blacks than whites of a total population of 5,700 in 1800. Richmond was a slave town, with a community whipping post where slaveholders had punishment meted out in a public square. Enslaved men loaded and moved flatboats of tobacco other cargo. Henrico County had more blacks than whites by 1800. Throughout the state in 1800, 39.2% of the total population were slaves; they were concentrated on plantations in the Tidewater region and west of Richmond.
Gabriel's Rebellion.
Gabriel planned the revolt during the spring and summer of 1800 that was intended to end slavery in Virginia. Plans were made with enslaved people over 10 counties and the cities of Richmond, Norfolk, and Petersburg, Virginia.
He and his brothers, as well as other blacksmiths, turned scythe blades into as many as twelve dozen swords. Musket balls and 50 spears were created. They intended to steal muskets from a tavern. Hundreds of slaves from central Virginia expected to march into Richmond and take control of the Virginia State Armory and the Virginia State Capitol. The plan was to hold Governor James Monroe hostage so that they could negotiate for their freedom.
But on August 30, 1800, the planned day of attack, heavy rain flooded the streets of Richmond and the creeks in central Virginia. In addition, two slaves told their owner, Mosby Sheppard, about the plans. Sheppard warned Virginia's Governor, James Monroe, who called out the state militia. They patrolled the area and began picking up conspirators. Gabriel escaped downriver to Norfolk, but he was spotted and betrayed there by another slave named Will "Billy" King. More than 70 enslaved men were arrested by law enforcement for conspiracy and insurrection.
Gabriel was returned to Richmond for questioning, but he did not submit. The trial was heard by five justices in courts of oyer and terminer, rather than a jury. A recruit, Ben Woolfolk, testified that Gabriel intended on writing the words 'death or liberty' on a silk flag, referring to Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech of 1775. One of the enslaved men reportedly said "I have nothing more to offer than what General Washington would have had to offer, had he been taken by the British and put to trial."
Gabriel, his two brothers, and 23 other slaves were hanged. One individual committed suicide before his arraignment. Eight enslaved men were moved or sold outside of Virginia. Thirteen were found guilty, but were pardoned by the governor. Twenty five were acquitted. Two men received their freedom for informing their slaveholder of the plot.
Influence.
The rebellion was reported in newspapers across the country. James Monroe and Thomas Jefferson were concerned about the optics of having so many people executed. Jefferson said, "the other states & the world at large will forever condemn us if we indulge in a principle of revenge." The Federalists argued that the rebellion occurred as a result of the Democratic-Republican Party's support of the French Revolution.
Fears of a slave revolt regularly swept major slaveholding communities. After the rebellion, many slaveholders greatly restricted the slaves' ability to travel after a second conspiracy was discovered in 1802 among enslaved boatmen along the Appomattox and Roanoke Rivers. New laws were enacted to restrict free blacks and slaves. The Virginia Assembly in 1802 made it illegal for blacks, whether free or enslaved, to obtain and pilot's boat or to navigate a boat. Two years later, they were unable to meet in groups after their work was done or on Sundays. In 1808, state legislators banned hiring out of slaves and required freed blacks to leave the state within 12 months or face re-enslavement. The growing population of free blacks had to petition the legislature to stay in the state.
Historiography.
The historian Douglas Egerton offered a new perspective on Gabriel in his book "Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 & 1802" (1993). He based this on extensive primary research from surviving contemporary documents. Egerton concluded that Gabriel would have been stimulated and challenged at the foundries by interacting with co-workers of European, African and mixed descent. They hoped Thomas Jefferson's Republicans would liberate them from domination by the wealthy Federalist merchants of the city.
The internal dynamics of Jefferson's and Monroe's party in the 1800 elections were complex. A significant part of the Republican base were major planters and colleagues of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Egerton believes that any sign that white radicals, and particularly Frenchmen, had supported Gabriel's plan could have cost Jefferson the presidential election of 1800. Slaveholders feared such violent excesses as those related to the French Revolution after 1789 and the rebellion of slaves in Saint-Domingue. Egerton believed that Gabriel planned to take Governor Monroe hostage to negotiate an end to slavery. Then he planned to "drink and dine with the merchants of the city".
Egerton noted that Gabriel instructed his followers not to kill white Methodists, Quakers and Frenchmen. During this period, Methodists and Quakers were active missionaries for manumission.
Legacy and honors.
Gabriel's rebellion served as an important example of slaves' taking action to gain freedom.


Independent Left (France)

The Independent Left (, GI) was a French parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies of France of the French Third Republic during the interwar period.
It was not a political party but a technical group formed by independents and parties too small to form their own parliamentary group, including dissidents from the Communist, Socialist and Radical-Socialist parties, as well as left-wing regional parties and left-wing Catholics.
It provided a home to those republican independents and small parties who supported the Cartels des Gauches and the Popular Front. As such, its exact membership changed from legislature to another.
It was thus similar but distinct to the right-of-centre Independents of the Left group, which gathered up the independents and small parties who in temperament were similar to the right wing of the Radical-Socialists and the centre-right Radical Left, but who refused to support the Cartel and Popular Front.
Legislature of 1932 to 1936: the Cartel des Gauches.
The following parties and independents sat in as the Left Independent technical group between 1932 and 1936:
Legislature of 1936 to 1940: the Popular Front.
The Independent Left group's most famous incarnation existed between 1936 and 1940, when the following small parties sat in it:


Edmonton Manning

Edmonton Manning is a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2015.
Edmonton Manning was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for October 2015. It was created out of parts of the electoral districts of Edmonton—Sherwood Park, Edmonton East and Edmonton—St. Albert.
Geography.
Edmonton Manning is located in the northeast corner of Edmonton.
Demographics.
Ethnic groups: 59.0% White, 7.4% Chinese, 7.1% Indigenous, 6.3% South Asian, 5.7% Black, 3.6% Filipino, 2.8% Southeast Asian, 2.7% Arab, 2.6% Latino, 1.1% West Asian, 1.7% Other
Languages: 67.1% English, 6.1% Chinese, 2.3% Arabic, 2.3% Punjabi, 2.2% Spanish, 1.9% French, 1.9% Vietnamese, 1.7% Ukrainian, 1.6% Tagalog, 1.5% Polish, 1.2% Portuguese, 1.1% Hindi, 1.1% Italian, 8.0% Other
Religions: 57.3% Christian, 7.5% Muslim, 3.2% Buddhist, 2.5% Sikh, 1.3% Hindu, 0.3% Other, 27.9% None
Median income: $35,715 (2010)
Average income: $42,332 (2010)
Members of Parliament.
This riding has elected the following members of the House of Commons of Canada:


Alexandre Gavard

Alexandre Gavard (25 March 1845 – 29 November 1898) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss Council of States (1887/88). He taught in Carouge 1864–1872.
"Rue Alexandre-Gavard" in Carouge is named after him.


Peter Gerber (politician)

Peter Gerber (8 June 1923 – 11 April 2012) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss Council of States (1985/1986).


Piet Boukema

Pieter Jan (Piet) Boukema (19 July 1933, Veur – 15 October 2007, Amstelveen) was a Dutch jurist and politician. He was a member of the Provinciale Staten of North Holland from 1966 to 1970, of the Senate of the Netherlands from 1970 to 1976 and of the Raad van State from 1976 to 2000.


Penticton (electoral district)

Penticton is a provincial electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, established by the "Electoral Districts Act, 2008". Previously the district was named Penticton-Okanagan-Valley from 2001 to 2009 and Okanagan-Penticton from 1991 to 2001. It was contested for the first time in its current for in the 2009 general election.
Geography.
As of the 2020 provincial election, Penticton comprises the northeastern portion of the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen and the southwestern portion of the Regional District of Central Okanagan. It is located in southern British Columbia. Communities in the electoral district consist of Penticton, Summerland, and Peachland.
History.
Okanagan-Penticton was created for the 1991 election from parts of the dual member ridings of Boundary-Similkameen and Okanagan South.
1999 Redistribution.
From Okanagan-Penticton and the western portion of Okanagan-Boundary to Penticton-Okanagan Valley
Electoral history.
Penticton-Okanagan Valley.


Kalulu

Ndugu M’Hali or Kalulu (ca. 1865 – 28 March 1877) was an African slave and adopted child of the explorer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley. Kalulu died young but in his short life he visited Europe, America and the Seychelles. He had a book dedicated to him, a model in Madame Tussauds, and was a guest at Dr. Livingstone's funeral.
Biography.
M’Hali was born in Africa and became Henry Morton Stanley's favourite after being given to him at Tabora in Tanzania. M'Hali was freed but was renamed by Stanley. His original name was "Ndugu M’Hali" which meant "My friends brother". Stanley disliked the name, calling him instead "Kalulu," the Swahili word for a young male antelope.
After Stanley found Dr. Livingstone he returned to England and decided to take Kalulu with him. He was Stanley's constant companion and Stanley would record his reactions to new things. He commented on how good he was after drinking wine and upset after trying mustard. Stanley went on a lecture tour to America and to Paris and Kalulu went with him. At one point they were delayed in the Seychelles and whilst there and in London, Stanley had his photograph taken with Kalulu in the background. Moreover Stanley wrote and published a book called "Kalulu, Prince, King and slave" in 1873. The book has been called a homosexual love story and it describes a growing friendship between a character called Kalulu (an "Apollo"), who is older than the real Kalulu and another boy called "Selim" (Stanley's translator in Africa was called Selim).
Kalulu dined with members of society, but often felt he was being humiliated as a result of a previous racist encounter. It was only when introduced to Lord Freeth that he really started to flourish in western society.
Stanley said of Kalulu, that he had "taken him to England and the United States, and whom I had placed in an English school for eighteen months."
Stanley was sent back to Africa under a mission supported by the "Daily Telegraph" in London and the "New York Herald" as an “ambassador of two great powers.” He was to take with him an “army of peace and light” and this included his protégé Kalulu. Stanley was to map central Africa and report on suspected slave traders whom Stanley had lectured against whilst in England.
M’Hali died in "Kalulu Falls" (part of the Livingstone Falls on River Congo), when one of the expedition's canoes was taken over the waterfall. He and four others were killed.
After learning of the tragedy Stanley vowed to rid the empire of its only remaining slave master, the one they called 'Marsh'. It was his last request to have the "Livingstone Falls" renamed after Kalulu. Unlike many new names that Stanley gave to places, the title of Kalulu Falls stuck.


John Baird (revolutionary)

John Baird (born 1 September 1790, died in Stirling, 8 September 1820) was a Scottish revolutionary. A weaver by trade, he was brought up in the village of Condorrat. He is best remembered as a radical commander in the "Radical War" of 1820, and along with James Wilson and Andrew Hardie is the best remembered radical combatant in the "Radical War".
Baird had a military career in the British Army, serving in the 2nd Battalion of the 95th Regiment of Foot (known as the Rifle Brigade) seeing military action in both Argentina and Spain. His military experience meant that he was suitable to become commander of the Radicals in their doomed march to the Carron Ironworks.
He was sentenced to death and was executed in Stirling on 8 September 1820 along with Hardie. He is remembered as a martyr to the fight for universal suffrage by many figures in Scotland, particularly the 1820 Society.


Willem Hoornstra

 Willem Hoornstra (born 19 February 1948, Zwolle) is a Dutch politician.


Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney

Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256 (1979), was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. The decision upheld the constitutionality of a state law, giving hiring preference to veterans over nonveterans.
The law was challenged as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution by a woman, who argued that the law discriminated on the basis of sex because so few women were veterans.
Background.
A federal district court had struck down the law as unconstitutional based on its discriminatory impact: "The District Court found that the absolute preference afforded by Massachusetts to veterans has a devastating impact upon the employment opportunities of women. Although it found that the goals of the preference were worthy and legitimate and that the legislation had not been enacted for the purpose of discriminating against women, the court reasoned that its exclusionary impact upon women was nonetheless so severe as to require the State to further its goals through a more limited form of preference."
"Upon remand, the District Court... concluded that a veterans' hiring preference is inherently nonneutral because it favors a class from which women have traditionally been excluded..."
Decision.
Justice Potter Stewart wrote for the majority, joined by Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justices Byron White, Harry Blackmun, William Rehnquist, and John Paul Stevens. The Court declared the law was constitutional, pointing out the law's gender-neutral language, "legitimate and worthy purposes," and legislative history. Stewart recognized the need for intermediate scrutiny in gender-based discrimination cases: "any state law overtly or covertly designed to prefer males over females in public employment would require an exceedingly persuasive justification to withstand a constitutional challenge under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." He also recognized that "when a neutral law has a disparate impact upon a group that has historically been the victim of discrimination, an unconstitutional purpose may still be at work."
The Court cited "Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Corp." to apply a heightened form of review, a two-part test: "When a statute gender-neutral on its face is challenged on the ground that its effects upon women are disproportionably adverse, a twofold inquiry is thus appropriate. The first question is whether the statutory classification is indeed neutral in the sense that it is not gender-based. If the classification itself, covert or overt, is not based upon gender, the second question is whether the adverse effect reflects invidious gender-based discrimination... [which is] 'the condition that offends the Constitution.'"
The Court reversed the District Court after determining that there was no discriminatory purpose at work behind the law: "The appellee... has simply failed to demonstrate that the law in any way reflects a purpose to discriminate on the basis of sex."
Dissent.
Justice Thurgood Marshall dissented, joined by Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.. Marshall saw the law as unconstitutional based on implied motivation from its discriminatory impact. "Where there is 'proof that a discriminatory purpose has been a motivating factor in the decision, . . . judicial deference is no longer justified.'" Marshall further states that "[t]o discern the purposes underlying facially neutral policies, this Court has therefore considered the degree, inevitability, and foreseeability of any disproportionate impact, as well as the alternatives reasonably available."
"In the instant case, the impact of the Massachusetts statute on women is undisputed. Any veteran with a passing grade on the civil service exam must be placed ahead of a nonveteran, regardless of their respective scores. The District Court found that, as a practical matter, this preference supplants test results as the determinant of upper level civil service appointments. Because less than 2% of the women in Massachusetts are veterans, the absolute preference formula has rendered desirable state civil service employment an almost exclusively male prerogative." Marshall pointed out the practical result of the preference law: "In practice, this exemption, coupled with the absolute preference for veterans, has created a gender-based civil service hierarchy, with women occupying low-grade clerical and secretarial jobs and men holding more responsible and remunerative positions."
Justice Marshall's dissent called for shifting the burden of proof from the individual to the state: "Where the foreseeable impact of a facially neutral policy is so disproportionate, the burden should rest on the State to establish that sex-based considerations played no part in the choice of the particular legislative scheme."


Susan Elliott (judge)

Eleanor "Susan" Elliott is a Canadian judge who has served on the Federal Court of Canada since 2015.
Career.
Elliott was called to the bar in 1981. She was a lawyer at Good Elliott Hawkins LLP in Kingston, Ontario from 1981 until she was appointed to the court. She became a bencher in 1991 and was elected the 54th Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada, the second woman to have served the role, serving from 1995 to 1997.
On June 26, 2015, Elliott was appointed as judge of the Federal Court of Canada. She replaced Mary J. L. Gleason who was elevated to the Federal Court of Appeal.
Awards and recognition.
Elliott was the first person to receive the Laura Legge award from the Law Society of Ontario in 2008. She was awarded the Law Society of Upper Canada's top honour, the Law Society Medal.
Her Law Society portrait was painted by Trevor Goring.


Stolen Valor

Stolen Valor: How the Vietnam Generation Was Robbed of Its Heroes and Its History (1998) is a self-published book by B. G. Burkett, a Vietnam veteran, and Glenna Whitley, an investigative journalist. It reveals that numerous people claiming to have been mentally injured by serving in the Vietnam War never served there. In addition, it reveals persons who were mistakenly given military awards. It won the Colby Award for military writers in 2000.
Contents.
"Stolen Valor" is in 4 parts, with appendices.
Part I, "The Image", begins with a chapter about author B.G. Burkett's time in the U.S. Army. The next four chapters detail the author's argument that the image of the Vietnam veteran was tarnished by a combination of media coverage, veteran imposters, U.S. citizens' anger against the draft, and a perception of the veteran as a victim.
Part II, "The Trauma of War", looks into the diagnoses of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Vietnam veterans, and how it has been treated by the Veterans' Administration. It also explores accusations against Vietnam veterans of war atrocities. The authors explore the effects of Vietnam War veteran imposters on the image of the Vietnam veteran. They contend that the news media inadequately investigated some persons claiming to be veterans and attributing such problems as homelessness to the aftermath of the war.
Part III, "Stolen Valor", describes individuals wearing Vietnam War medals, ribbons and badges although they had not earned them. Using the Freedom of Information Act, the authors retrieved records of people who claimed they served in Vietnam and received awards. The book denounces those whose records do not match their claims; examples include William Northrop and Frank Dux. The authors also attempt to counter claims that African-American soldiers were overly represented among the war's casualties.
Part IV, "Victims and Heroes", the authors discuss what they characterize as myths about the effects of Agent Orange. They profile individual pilots who flew Agent Orange delivery missions in Vietnam without negative health effects. The authors criticize Vietnam Veterans of America, referring to them as "Vietnam Victims of America."
The appendices provide lists of recipients of the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Navy Cross, the Air Force Cross, and of U.S. military prisoners of war who survived their captivity.
Reception.
U.S. Senator Jim Webb praised "Stolen Valor", calling it "one [of] the most courageous books of the decade". The book received the Colby Award for military writers in 2000.
It is believed to have contributed to Congressional passage of the Stolen Valor Act of 2005, which made it a crime for an individual to falsely claim to have been awarded military medals.
In 1999, Mackubin Thomas Owens, a Marine infantry veteran of Vietnam, praised the book and Burkett, saying, concluding, "Mr. Burkett has done an immense service to his fellow veterans, and by extension to his country".
In 2004, Dave Curry from Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) responded to the criticism of VVAW in the book. In a scathing review, he said the book displayed political partisanship, made "errors in research methodology" and misleading statements about Winter Soldier Investigation participants, and denigrated the experiences and motives of veterans who subsequently opposed the war.
In 2008, psychiatrist Paul R. McHugh listed "Stolen Valor" as one of the five best books on "the factions and follies of psychiatry." He cited Burkett's efforts to uncover fraudulent PTSD claims.
A 2009 article in "Columbia Journalism Review" discussed how "Stolen Valor" exposed the media's gullibility in failing to fact-check people who claimed military service and awards. It concluded that "no reporter who reads it will ever again crank out a Veterans Day feature without making an effort to verify the subject’s claims first".


Fatherland League (Netherlands)

The Fatherland League () was a Dutch liberal / reactionary political party founded in 1924.
The party was founded on November 15, 1924, by members of various (conservative) liberal groups, by initiative of J.A.A.H. de Beaufort and R.A. Fockema. Its initial members were industrialist, lawyers, civil servants, and politicians, like Samuel van Houten.
After the party obtained a disastrous result in the 1925 Dutch elections, the League started negotiations with the "Verbond van Actualisten", a fascist party. Most of the liberals would have left the party by 1926 though.
On June 12, 1926, the party would be reinstituted as The Fatherland League, when the last remaining members of the Fatherland League merged with the faction "de Jong" of the "Verbond van Actualisten".


Headline inflation

Headline inflation is a measure of the total inflation within an economy, including commodities such as food and energy prices (e.g., oil and gas), which tend to be much more volatile and prone to inflationary spikes. On the other hand, "core inflation" (also non-food-manufacturing or underlying inflation) is calculated from a consumer price index minus the volatile food and energy components. Headline inflation may not present an accurate picture of an economy's inflationary trend since sector-specific inflationary spikes are unlikely to persist.
Uses.
The European Central Bank and the Bank of England have mandates that spell out their inflation goals in terms of headline inflation. India also focuses on headline inflation.
In the United States, however, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) focuses on core inflation—namely the "personal consumption expenditures price index". However, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis James B. Bullard explained that the FOMC still takes headline PCE into account, and that since 2008 (in the wake of the financial crisis) the FOMC has included forecasts for both types of inflation in its semiannual "Monetary Policy Report" for the United States Congress. He emphasized that "the Fed's main concern is long-run headline inflation and the prices people actually pay."


James MacDonald Spence

James MacDonald Spence is a lawyer, arbitrator and mediator. He was formerly a Justice of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice.
Education.
Spence earned a BA and an LLB. He was awarded an Honorary LLD in 2001 by the Law Society of Upper Canada.
Legal career.
Spence was a partner at the firm that became Torys from 1976 until 1993. He was appointed a QC in 1984.
Spence was first elected a Bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1983 and became the 51st Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada, serving from 1990 to 1992. He was the Director of the Federation of Law Societies of Canada from 1989 to 1993.
Spence was appointed to the Superior Court of Justice in 1993. He retired from the bench in September 2015 and currently practises as an arbitrator and mediator.


Akhra Pachkoria

Akhra Pachkoria is the current Chairman of the State Committee for Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision of Abkhazia. Pachkoria was appointed on 1 November 2016 into the cabinet of newly appointed Prime Minister Beslan Bartsits.


Badr Gunba

Badr Gunba (born 1981) was Minister for Culture and the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of Abkhazia from 2011 until 2014. He was appointed by newly elected President Alexander Ankvab on 13 October 2011. Following the May 2014 revolution and the election of President Raul Khajimba, Gunba was replaced as minister by Elvira Arsalia.
He was elected as Vice President of Abkhazia as the running mate of Aslan Bzhania in the 2020 presidential elections.


Jean-Philippe Maitre

Jean-Philippe Maitre (18 June 1949 – 1 February 2006) was a Swiss politician, member of the Swiss National Council (1983–2005). He was President of the National Council from 29 November 2004, until your resigned on 1 March 2005, due to a brain tumor.
Maitre studied law at the University of Geneva and practiced as an attorney in Geneva.
From 1973 to 1985 he was member of the cantonal parliament of Geneva. In 1985, Maitre was elected to the government of the canton of Geneva (Conseil d'Etat). He resigned in 1997, after presiding the council that year.
Maitre was married and father of three.


Year-on-Year Inflation-Indexed Swap

The Year-on-Year Inflation-Indexed Swap (YYIIS) is a standard derivative product over Inflation rate. The underlying is a single Consumer price index (CPI).
It is called "Swap" because each year there is a swap of a fixed amount against a floating amount. But in reality only a one way payment is made (fixed amount - floating amount).
Detailed flows.
where:


Lord provost

A Lord Provost (Scottish Gaelic: "Àrd-Phrobhaist") is convenor of the local authority, the civic head and the lord-lieutenant of one of the principal cities of Scotland. The role is similar to that of a mayor. Only the cities of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow have a lord provost; other Scottish local authorities have provosts or convenors. Perth (as a city) previously termed its civil leader a "lord provost", but from the Second World War onwards has preferred the simple term Provost of Perth.
A lord provost has a higher status than a lord mayor in other parts of the United Kingdom. They are ex officio the lord-lieutenant for that city, in accordance with section 1 of the Lieutenancies Act 1997, which allows the city council to choose its own representative for the monarch.
The lord provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow enjoy the style of "The Right Honourable" before their office, but not their names.
Permission to use the title is granted to a city by the monarch, under the royal prerogative, acting on the advice of government ministers.


SHISH

The State Intelligence Service (), commonly known by its acronym SHISH, is the primary intelligence agency of Albania. It was preceded by SHIK.
After the Declaration of Independence.
As it is stated literally in article 6 of the decree of the government of Ismail Qemali: "To organize a secret service for occupied areas (vendet e shkeluna) of Albania". These entries belong to the Fund No. 145 of the Central State Archive and belong to the Provisional Presidency of Vlora, year 1912, file II-2 "Decisions and Minutes of the Provisional Government of Vlora on the Political, Military and Financial Issues". The creation of the Albanian Secret Service was not left only on paper, but for its organization were taken concrete actions, among which contacting Lef Nosi and Bajram Curri. There are data on the functioning of this Service even after the arrival of Prince Wilhelm Wied as ruler of Albania, established by the "London Peace Conference" in 1913.
During the reign of Prince Wid.
We see the continuity of the Albanian Secret Service again after the First World War and the departure of Prince Wied from Albania. The Statute of Lushnja, drafted at the Lushnja National Congress on January 21, 1920, re-sanctioned the separation of powers, legislature, executive and judiciary, and among others created the Ministry of the Interior, part of which was the Secret Service. Ahmet Zogu was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs.
After World War II.
After the Second World War, the Albanian state in the period December 1944 - March 1945 paid special attention to the establishment of State Security Organs.
During the communist period.
The State Security dates back to July 20, 1943, when the General National Liberation Council decided to establish the State Security Organ. In its ranks were placed the most trusted individuals of the communist regime. The State Security was a structure included in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
After the fall of communism.
After 1990, in the context of qualitative changes that occurred within the establishment of political pluralism in Albania, the State Security Organs were completely reformed to adapt to the requirements of the rule of law.
Structure transformation and renaming.
Thus, in 1991, the 'National Intelligence Service' was created, with law no. 7495, dated 02.07.1991 "On the organization of the National Intelligence Service". The primary task of this Service was to prevent, detect and terminate any unconstitutional activity that violates the freedom, independence, defensive capacity, territorial integrity and national wealth of the Republic of Albania. The SHIK was established as a depoliticized institution and as such it has undergone constant changes from time to time.
Name after 1999.
In 1999 with decision no. 61, dated 22.11.1999 of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Albania, SHIK changes the name from the National Intelligence Service to the State Intelligence Service. In 2005 the law no. 9357, dated 17.03.2005 "On the status of the employee of the State Intelligence Service". In carrying out its duties, the State Intelligence Service maintains fair relations between the need to provide the necessary information and the observance of the rights and freedoms of the individual. Legitimacy, objectivity and secrecy are the basic working principles of this institution.
The National Informative Service was created by the Albanian parliament in 1991. The agency had been used to manage internal dissent and protect the interests of the individual members of the regime.
On April 1, 1997, Bashkim Fino prime minister of Albania announced that SHIK activity would be suspended effectively from March 31. SHIK Director Bashkim Gazidede and his deputy, Bujar Rama, resigned from duty. On May 30, the president named Arben Karkini as the new head of SHIK. He was succeeded by Fatos Klosi after the Socialist Party of Albania won the July 1997 parliamentary elections. In October 1997, the United States Central Intelligence Agency sent a team of experts to assist the government in restructuring the SHIK.
In November 1999, SHIK was renamed SHISH. The previous director was Visho Ajazi.
Mission and function.
SHISH responsibilities include acquiring foreign intelligence and counterintelligence on issues relevant to national security. The agency is responsible for the comprehensive collection, processing and analysis of intelligence, and for the dissemination and utilization of intelligence products. Its responsibilities also extend to issues related to constitutional order and specifically encompass a role in fighting organized crime, illegal trafficking, and terrorism.
The State Intelligence Service has the following duties:
Organization.
SHISH personnel are well trained and are assigned to five branches:
Relationship with other state entities.
Institutional position of the State Intelligence Service and relationship with other state bodies:
The State Intelligence Service falls under the authority of the Prime Minister. Its Head is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Republic on the advice of the Prime Minister.
SHISH operates within this context and while it has been identified as being "generally under effective civilian control" (U.S. Department of State, 2004) the agency has still been associated with various abuses within the country and continues to play a significant role in domestic politics. The Albanian government has received support from the U.S. and European countries in working to establish or reform national institutions, including its intelligence and security services.
Leaks.
In 2018 the SHISH got exposed by a news story from journalist Borzou Daraghi and . They obtained a massive amount of data shared by SHISH to unclassified government institutions, who published payments of the SHISH to the internet. In the leaks, the SHISH disclosed the existence of at least eight senior clandestine Albanian operatives, disclosing their names, positions, salaries and expenses working in Belgium, Greece, Kosovo, Italy, Macedonia and Serbia.
The files also included other senior, mid-level and field operatives. The journalists also obtained a large number of vehicle registration and locations of safehouses. The SHISH took the data down and downplayed its significance, although they admitted sensitive information was leaked.
Activities by country.
Albania.
The Minister of Defense of Albania, Mimi Kodheli, has announced that some terrorist attacks have been prevented by the Intelligence Service. Kodheli did not provide more details, but Top Channel has learned that it is about preventing terrorist acts during Football match with Israel. The meeting of the CIA Director John Brennan with the Minister of Defense Mimi Kodheli in the first week of December in Tirana, was not just a courtesy visit, but an assessment of the position, position and services that the Armed Forces and in particular The Albanian Military Intelligence Service has provided for allied countries.
The SHISH has also prevented various terrorist attacks by Greek extremists in Albania. The best-known incident is when the Greek terrorist Konstantinos Katsifas prepared attacks on the Albanian military in Bularat,southern Albania. The Albanian Secret Service received enough information from its agents and was able to prevent the attack by eliminating Katsifas. After this incident, Albania forbids 52 Greeks from entering the country due extremism.
North Macedonia.
During the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia, the SHISH and CIA armed the NLA with arms and tanks, although the Albanian president denied any involvement in the Macedonian war.
Kosovo.
The Serbian newspaper claims that the Albanian secret services and CIA were behind the murder of Oliver Ivanović in Mitrovica on 2018. According to a report the Albanian agent Florim Ejupi was involved in this action. The Albanian and American side rejected any involvement in this crime, citing that Ivanovic was shot dead by Serbian extremists gangs in North Kosovo.
Serbia.
On 2019 an agent working for SHISH was arrested in Užice, Serbia. According to Serbian minister Aleksandar Vulin, the agent Borivoje G. defended himself with silence from the prosecutor in the court. The agents were working in a factory near the town and were also providing important information to the Albanian secret services.
Montenegro.
The opposition Pro-Russian Montenegrin politician Milan Knežević survived an assassination attempt in 2020 during Clerical protests in Montenegro. Later Knezevic accused the Albanian agent Florim Ejupi of the assassination attempt. He said that he is victim of SHISH, because of defending the rights of Serbs in Montenegro. However, these claims by Serbian politicians in Montenegro and Serbia are generally unfounded and are carried out for deeply political motives in order to unite the Serbian electorate in Montenegro against the ruling party, claiming that this party has betrayed Montenegro's interests by cooperating with the Albanian state against the Serbs. Historically, the Serbs have considered the Albanians as arch-enemies, and there have been numerous cases of accusations of conspiracy by Serbs and Serbian propaganda against Albanians that are completely unfounded and untrue.


East Tipperary (UK Parliament constituency)

East Tipperary was a UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning one Member of Parliament 1885–1922. Prior to the 1885 United Kingdom general election the area was part of the Tipperary (UK Parliament constituency). From 1922 it was not represented in the UK Parliament.
Boundaries.
This constituency comprised the eastern part of County Tipperary. In 1918, the boundaries were extended to include those parts of the urban districts of Clonmel and Carrick-on-Suir that had been transferred to the South Riding of Tipperary from County Waterford as a result of the 1898 Local Government (Ireland) Act.
1885–1918: The baronies of Iffa and Offa East and Middlethird, and that part of the barony of Slievardagh not contained within the constituency of Mid Tipperary.
1918–1922: The existing constituency of East Tipperary, together with that part of the existing East Waterford constituency contained in the administrative county of Tipperary.
Members of Parliament.
Notes:-


Operation Credible Sport

Operation Credible Sport was a joint project of the U.S. military in the second half of 1980 to prepare for a second rescue attempt of the hostages held in Iran. The concept included using a Lockheed C-130 Hercules airlifter modified with the addition of rocket engines to make it a short take off and landing (STOL) capable aircraft able to land on the field within a soccer stadium in Tehran. Operation Credible Sport was terminated when on 2 November, the Iranian parliament accepted an Algerian plan for release of the hostages, followed two days later by Ronald Reagan's election as the U.S. president.
The concept of a large military transport STOL aircraft was carried forward in 1981–1982, with the follow-up "Credible Sport II" project. The project used one of the original Operation Credible Sport aircraft as the YMC-130 prototype for the MC-130H Combat Talon II.
Credible Sport.
Background.
Within two weeks of the failure of Operation Eagle Claw, an attempted rescue of the hostages in Iran, the Pentagon began planning for a second mission. The first mission failed due to equipment and coordination problems, culminating in the crash of a RH-53D Sea Stallion helicopter into a parked C-130 Hercules in the Iranian desert, killing eight servicemen.
A new organization, the Joint Test Directorate (JTD), was established to assist and support the Office of Secretary of Defense Directorate (OSD) joint planning staff. Under the name "Honey Badger", the JTD conducted a series of large-scale joint-force exercises and projects to develop and validate a variety of capabilities that would be available to OSD when mission requirements were identified. JTD trained a large and diverse force of U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force special operations and aviation units, but the critical factor remained extracting the rescue team and freed hostages from Tehran. The "Credible Sport" project, a joint undertaking of the U.S.A.F., U.S. Navy, and Lockheed-Georgia, was created within Honey Badger to develop a reliable extraction capability. The "Credible Sport" project team was tasked to create a large "Super STOL" fixed-wing aircraft to extract the rescue team and hostages and overcome the "weak link" in the previous plan, the heavy lift helicopter.
Concept.
The "Credible Sport" concept called for a modified C-130 Hercules cargo plane to land in the Amjadien Stadium across the street from the U.S. Embassy and airlift out Delta Force soldiers and the rescued hostages. The aircraft would then be flown to and landed on an aircraft carrier for immediate medical treatment of an expected 50 wounded. (A U.S. Marine Corps KC-130 on loan to the U.S. Navy had been previously landed on the aircraft carrier in November 1963 as part of a Naval Air Systems Command demonstration.) Three MC-130 Combat Talon crews (all were Operation Eagle Claw veterans) were assigned to fly the three aircraft, drawn from the 463rd Tactical Airlift Wing, with the concept plan calling for the mission of two aircraft (one primary and one spare) to originate in the U.S., reaching Iran by five in flight refuelings, and penetrate at low altitude in the dark to evade Iranian air defenses.
Development.
Three C-130s were modified under a top secret project at Eglin Air Force Base Auxiliary Field #1 (Wagner Field), Florida. The contract called for two to be modified to the proposed XFC-130H configuration within 90 days, and the third to be used as a test bed for various rocket packages blistered onto the forward and aft fuselage, which theoretically enabled the aircraft to land and take off within the sports arena's confines. (A fourth aircraft, an EC-130 ABCCC, was used as the interior mockup airframe for simulator training.)
After Lockheed was requested on 27 June 1980, to begin preliminary engineering studies on an STOL Hercules, the use of JATO units was explored, since these had previously been used to power takeoffs. Lockheed reported on 16 July that 58 JATO bottles (more than seven times greater than normal) would be required and that arresting gear would be insufficient to stop the C-130 in the required space. The U.S. Navy's Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake organization was then brought into the project to provide expertise on existing rocket motor power. Lockheed proceeded with work to structurally reinforce the C-130 airframe to withstand rocket forces and to develop a passenger restraint system for 150 persons.
The resulting XFC-130H aircraft were modified by the installation of 30 rockets in multiple sets: eight forward-pointed ASROC rocket motors mounted around the forward fuselage to stop the aircraft, eight downward-pointed Shrike rockets fuselage-mounted above the wheel wells to brake its descent, eight rearward-pointed MK-56 rockets (from the RIM-66 Standard missile) mounted on the lower rear fuselage for takeoff assist, two Shrikes mounted in pairs on wing pylons to correct yaw during takeoff transition, and two ASROCs mounted at the rear of the tail to prevent it from striking the ground from over-rotation.
Other STOL features included a dorsal and two ventral fins on the rear fuselage, double-slotted flaps and extended ailerons, a new radome, a tailhook for landing aboard an aircraft carrier, and Combat Talon avionics, including a Terrain Following/Terrain Avoidance radar, a defensive countermeasures suite, and a Doppler radar/GPS tie-in to the aircraft's inertial navigation system.
Testing.
The test bed aircraft (AF serial "74-2065") was ready for its first test flight on 18 September 1980, just three weeks after the project's initiation. The first fully modified aircraft ("74–1683") was delivered on 17 October to TAB 1 (Wagner Field/Eglin AF No. 1), a disused auxiliary airfield at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Between 19 October and 28 October, numerous flights were made testing various aspects, including the double-slotted flaps system, which enabled the C-130 to fly at 85 knots on final approach at a very steep eight-degree glide slope. All aspects worked flawlessly, and a full profile test was scheduled for 29 October.
The test's takeoff phase was executed flawlessly, setting a number of short takeoff records. The Lockheed test crew then assessed that the computer used to command the firing of the rockets during the landing sequence needed further calibration, and elected to manually input commands. The reverse-mounted (forward-facing) eight ASROC rockets for decelerating the aircraft's forward speed were situated in pairs on the fuselage's upper curvature behind the cockpit, and at the midpoint of each side of the fuselage beneath the uppers. Testing had determined that the upper pairs, fired sequentially, could be ignited while still airborne (specifically, at 20 feet), but that the lower pairs could only be fired after the aircraft was on the ground, with the descent-braking rockets also firing during the sequence.
The flight engineer, blinded by the firing of the upper deceleration rockets, thought the aircraft was on the runway and fired the lower set early. The descent-braking rockets did not fire at all. Later unofficial disclaimers allegedly made by some of the Lockheed test crew's members asserted that the lower rockets fired themselves through an undetermined computer or electrical malfunction, which at the same time failed to fire the descent-braking rockets.
As a result, the aircraft's forward flight was immediately reduced to nearly zero, dropping it hard to the runway and breaking the starboard wing between the third and fourth engines. During rollout, the trailing wing ignited a fire, but a medical evacuation helicopter dispersed the flame and crash response teams extinguished the fire within eight seconds of the aircraft stopping, enabling the crew to exit the aircraft safely. "74-1683" was dismantled and buried on-site for security reasons, but most of its unique systems were salvaged.
"74-1686" was nearly ready for delivery, but the defeat of Jimmy Carter by Ronald Reagan in the 1980 U.S. presidential election, and the Algerian-negotiated release plan led to the rescue mission plan's cancellation. The hostages were subsequently released concurrent with Reagan's inauguration in January 1981.
Credible Sport II.
The remaining airframes were stripped of their rocket modifications and "74-2065" returned to regular airlift duties. "74-1686", however, retained its other Operation Credible Sport STOL modifications and was sent to Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. There, in July 1981, it was designated YMC-130H as the test bed for the MC-130 Combat Talon II's development, under the project name "Credible Sport II". Phase I was conducted between 24 August – 11 November 1981, to test minor modifications to improve aerodynamics, satisfy Combat Talon II prototype requirements on STOL performance, handling characteristics, and avionics, and to establish safety margins.
Phase II testing began on 15 June 1982, continued through October 1982, and determined that the final configuration resulted in significant improvements in design, avionics, and equipment, and that the Combat Talon II design was ready for production. The 1st Special Operations Wing attempted to have the test bed transferred to operational duty as an interim Combat Talon II until production models became available, but Headquarters, Tactical Airlift Command disagreed. The cost of returning the YMC-130H to stock airlift configuration was more than its value, and it never flew again.
In 1988, "74–1686" was placed on display at the Museum of Aviation at Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins, Georgia. As of February 2008, the other surviving Operation Credible Sport aircraft, "74-2065", was assigned to the 317th Airlift Group, 15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force, at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, in gray scheme with blue tail band.
References.
Notes
Sources


Alberton-Roseville

Alberton-Roseville was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was formerly known as Alberton-Miminegash from 1996 to 2007.
It includes, among others, the following communities:


Canada Party

The Canada Party was a short-lived political party in Canada that nominated 56 candidates in the 1993 federal election and one candidate in a 1996 by-election. It was unable to win any seats. The party was populist and ran on a platform of banking and monetary reform. It also advocated direct democracy, referendums and recall elections
One element of their direct democracy policy was the proposal that the prime minister and cabinet members be elected by the government party's caucus in the House of Commons of Canada. The party argued that this would remove the power that the prime minister currently has to command loyalty from caucus members in return for the rewards of more authority in the government, e.g., appointments to Cabinet or to parliamentary secretary positions.
Many of the party's supporters were members of the Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform, and later joined the Canadian Action Party. Some had been active in the Canadian social credit movement which shared similar views on monetary reform.
The party was founded by Joseph Thauberger who had been an unsuccessful Social Credit Party of Canada candidate in the 1972 election. Saskatchewan and British Columbia were the main sources of the party's membership. The first national meeting was held in Toronto a few weeks before the 1993 election. The party won 7,506 votes in that election.
During a televised forum of minor party leaders, Thauberger said to Neil Paterson, the leader of the Natural Law Party of Canada, "For the life of me, I can't imagine how you expect to meditate away the national debt!"
In 1994, Thauberger stepped down and was replaced by Claire Foss at a meeting in Winnipeg. In the run-up to the 1997 election, the party's board voted to support Paul Hellyer's Canadian Action Party because of that party's support for monetary reform. Foss ran as a CAP candidate in Okanagan—Shuswap where he received the largest number of votes of any CAP candidate. Foss was also a CAP candidate in the 2004 election but he fared poorly at the polls.


Livable Eindhoven

Livable Eindhoven ('Leefbaar Eindhoven') is a Dutch local political party for the municipality of Eindhoven.
The party was grounded by Ad Pastoor. In 2002, the party won 9 seats in the election for the municipal council. At that moment, it was the biggest party in Eindhoven and formed a coalition with CDA, D66, Ouderen Appèl Eindhoven and Groen Links. In 2006, the party won three seats. In 2010, one seat, and in 2014, two seats.


Jonathan Duncan (currency reformer)

Jonathan Duncan (1799–1865), often referred to as "Jonathan Duncan, the younger", was a British advocate of reforming the monetary system.
He was born in Bombay while his father (also called Jonathan Duncan) was governor there. Following the death of Duncan, senior, in 1811, Sir Charles Forbes acted as his guardian.
He graduated with a B.A. from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1821.
In the years up to 1841, he wrote a number of history books about Russia, religious wars in France, and Guernsey. In 1846, he was editor of a newspaper called "The Sentinel", and presented a petition to Parliament criticizing Frederic Festus Kelly, chief inspector of letter-carriers.
In 1846, he wrote the tract "How to reconcile the rights of property, capital, and labour" for the Currency Reform Association. In 1847 he wrote a tract for the National Anti-Gold Law League, arguing that the size of the circulation should be determined by supply and demand. He opposed bullionism and Sir Robert Peel's banking and monetary laws, and the monetary policies of Samuel Jones-Loyd.
Other publications included "The Principles of Money demonstrated, and Bullionist Fallacies refuted" (1849) and "The Bank Charter Act: ought the Bank of England or the People of England to receive the Profits of the National Circulation?" (1858).
From 1846 to 1853 he lived at No. 13 Chester Place, Kennington (this address was later known as 255 Kennington Road, Lambeth, London).


Antje Diertens

Antje Diertens (born 28 February 1958) is a Dutch politician. Since 2017 she has been an MP for Democrats 66.


The Battlefords (provincial electoral district)

The Battlefords is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. It includes the city of North Battleford and the adjoining town of Battleford. Collectively these communities are commonly known as "The Battlefords".
The district was first established in 1917 from the urban portions of the constituencies of Battleford and North Battleford. The district was contested in every election until 1995, when it was broken up into the re-created district of North Battleford and a new district, Battleford-Cut Knife. It was most recently contested in the 2020 election, when Saskatchewan Party candidate Jeremy Cockrill was elected.
North Battleford and Battleford-Cut Knife were abolished in 2003 and The Battlefords re-established as an electoral district.
Electoral results.

!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|6,907
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|7,185
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|