Donkeys in Tunisia

The donkey in Tunisia is historically a working animal which has existed in Carthage since the Antiquity, and had by the end of the 19th century become widespread. It was used for a number of domestic tasks, linked to traveling, and for transportation of water, agriculture, more specifically, to the cultivation and pressing of olives. The introduction of motorised vehicles considerably reduced their numbers, as their population fell by over half between 1996 and 2006, with a population of 123,000 recorded in 2006. In rural regions, the donkey is only put to use for small, specialized agricultural tasks, such as olive harvesting. The consumption of donkey meat has always been controversial, and it is considered makruh to consume domesticated donkey meat in Islamic tradition. l'Association pour la culture et les arts méditerranéens (ACAM) claimed in 2010 that the donkey is under threat of extinction in Tunisia.
The donkey is culturally devalued, with its name often used as an insult in Tunisian Arabic. However, it has also been the inspiration for some literary works, such as "Dispute de l'âne" by Anselm Turmeda (1417), as well as a number of folk tales.
History.
Prehistory & Antiquity.
The donkey ("Equus asinus") has always been a part of the rural countryside of North Africa. However, the origin of domesticated donkeys in the Maghreb is disputed. According to one theory, supported notably by "l'Encyclopédie berbère", the domestic species is not native to the region, and is descended from the African wild donkey ("E. africanus"), whose origins are found in East Africa. According to the theory of Colin Groves (1986), a sub-species of the North African wild donkey ("") had lived until the first few centuries AD, but it is not known if it was domesticated, and it seems very unlikely.. There are no archaeological remains of this subspecies so it can only be depicted through representations. Originating in the Atlas Mountains, "E. a. atlanticus" went extinct around 300 AD. Whatever its exact origins, the donkey was domesticated in Africa, the oldest proof of its use going back to the culture of Maadi-Bouto, in Egypt, in the 4th Millennium B.C... The history of the donkey in Africa is notoriously difficult to study as, although the species was widely used, very little was written about it, no plans for the development nor for the improvement of the species were developed, and very few archaeological remnants are left. There are no remains to document its existence in the Tunisian Sahara. The first domesticated donkeys, who originate from arid or semi-arid regions, are very sensitive to humidity.
Donkeys have been represented in cave paintings in areas of the Sahara since the earliest period of Antiquity, notably in Libya and Morocco. In "De agri cultura, t"he Roman senator Cato the Elder gave a description of the donkey's role in the Mediterranean area under the Roman Empire, and in particular in Carthage. For every sixty hectares of olive groves four donkeys were needed, three to bring manure to the soil, and one to power the oil mill. For every 25 hectares of vineyard two donkeys were needed for tillage". The Golden Ass" by Apuleius also provided valuable information concerning the uses of the donkey during the Antiquity in North Africa, notably regarding their use for carrying wood and food products to sell on the market. It is likely that equine veterinarian specialists were in work in Carthage starting from the 4th century BC. Donkey remains have been found in Carthage which dates back to between the first and fourth century, which are among the oldest archaeological proofs of the existence of donkeys in the Maghreb.
Middle Ages.
The erudite Zenata Berber Abu Yazid (873-947), who fought the Fatimides and had a well-organized administration, was known as "The Man on the Donkey". The consumption of donkey meat would have, in all likelihood, been prohibited in Islam, to the extent that Muslims, as well as practising Christians in Tunisia, probably ate very little of it. Ibn Battûta (1304-1377), who comes from what is now known as Morocco, noted his disgust at the fact that donkey meat was consumed in the Mali Empire. However, at the start of the 16th Century, donkey meat was likely to have been eaten by the nomadic Berbers of Mauritania.
19th Century.
According to an 1887 description provided by the naturalist Jean-Marie de Lanessan, there were a very large number of donkeys:The population of the donkey in Tunisia reached its peak at the end of the 19th century, with various colonial sources reporting a population of 800,000. The animal could be spotted in particular in the mountainous regions of the north-west, the centre and the south of the country, where the ground is less fertile.
20th & 21st Centuries.
The French protectorate was interested in rearing mules to supply to the army and sending French breeds of jacks, notably Pyrenean, Catalan and Savoyard breeds to stations in various breeding centres. Controlled reproduction attempts were undertaken in Sidi Thabet, where, starting from 1938, Catalan jennies were imported. This marked the start of the development of donkey breeding. The Catalan donkey is known to be able to easily adapt to the Tunisian climate, in contrast with the Baudet du Poitou. La "Statistique générale de la Tunisie", written by Ernest Fallot in 1931, counted 168,794 donkeys belonging to Tunisians compared to 2,388 belonging to the French.
The donkey population then suffered a long decline as it was considered a relic of the past. However, the donkey population saw a large increase between 1966 and 1996, growing from an estimated 163 000 to around 230 000.
In the 1990s, the remote locations of some schools and a lack of public transport made the usage of donkeys, either for pulling carriages or for carrying pupils on their backs, an indispensable tool for ensuring school attendance. Donkey breeding also saw a significant comeback for the purpose of transporting contraband. In small Tunisian family farms, such as the famous example of Sidi Abid (2002), families preferred to purchase a donkey rather than a mule or a horse because the donkey is guaranteed to help with peasant work. However, the rural species has undergone noticeable changes since the 1990s as the transition from nomadism to sedentism led to the gradual disappearance of donkeys and mules as they were replaced by motorised vehicles. Sightings of this animal are now rare. In addition to this, an epizootic of equine influenza hit the country in 1998, particularly in the Tozeur region, starting from the end of the month of January, whose spread affected horses, mules and donkeys equally.
Uses and practices.
The donkey still plays a major role in domains such as transport for minor agricultural work, as well as in ground work. Known for their temperance and hardiness, donkeys are used by the poorest Tunisians to travel or to carry water with a pack saddle, a barda or a "zembil." . They may be a necessity in subdesert regions and steppes in order to access water. Well-drilling zones can be up to several kilometres away from inhabited areas and transporting water is achieved either by a tank wagon made from tinplate supported by two wheels, or via amphora urns (or more recently, via plastic water containers) which are filled up and brought back by women on the backs of donkeys. The donkey is used less and less frequently in rural areas, reserved only for tasks such as gathering olives, with cars being used for day-to-day transport.
In Toujane, the traditional oil mill was previously run with the use of donkeys or with small dromedaries which were able to set in motion a stone base weighing approximately 150 kg.
The roads in the Tunisian Great South (2004) can vary dramatically and all types of vehicles run along them, such as bicycles, Mobylettes, cars, share taxis and donkey wagons. According to a source from 1979, the nomads of the Tunisian Great South had nicknamed the donkey "dàb er-rezg" meaning "providential workhorse". They used the animal to pull the ard in the "ghaba" (gardens), to carry water or wood, and to accompany people during transhumance and when sowing seeds. As of 2011, it was still possible to see older women travel on the back of a donkey in the village of Tamezret. As of 2016, there were still a number of donkey wagons on the islands of Kerkennah.
Mules were traditionally kept for the same tasks as those of donkeys.
As of 2014, L'École supérieure des industries alimentaires de Tunis has been looking to promote the production and consumption of donkey milk, but its need to be refrigerated in order to preserve it poses a major problem.
Meat.
Consumption of donkey meat is controversial; the majority of Tunisians claim to never eat it, but the rising prices of red meat (particularly in 2012 and 2013) could have encouraged a large number of people to consume it, especially in the month of Ramadan, which sees a sharp rise in the price of meat. According to comments made in 2017 by Mohamed Rabhi, the director for the protection of health in the Tunisian Ministry for Public Health, the sale of donkey meat in Tunisia is perfectly legal. According to official figures, the two Tunisian abattoirs authorised for equine animals produced 2000 tonnes of donkey meat in 2012. However, the actual number of donkeys killed per year is believed to be around 30,000, most often to be sold fraudulently, mainly to produce merguez or shawarma : due to the infrequency of checks, it is impossible to find out exactly where this fraudulent meat is sold. According to "Le Muslim Post", horse meat is considered halal, whereas donkey meat is haram. Despite this, donkey meat is said to be consumed in the slums around Tunis.
Culture.
The Tunisian Arabic word for donkey is "bhim". The donkey holds very negative cultural connotations, its name serving as the equivalent to an animal epithet to call someone stupid or indecisive. As such, the group Takriz, founded in 1998 with the objective of "fighting tyranny and Internet censorship in Tunisia", is frequently insulted by Tunisian internet users who refer to them as "bhéyém" (donkeys) or "châab bhim" (stupid people).


Raison (cigarette)

Raison is a South Korean brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by KT&G. Raison is one of the most popular cigarettes in South Korea. In Indonesia, this brand was produced by PT. Mandiri Maha Mulia.


Nashua Manufacturing Company Historic District

The Nashua Manufacturing Company Historic District in Nashua, New Hampshire, is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1987. It encompasses an area just west of downtown Nashua, roughly located along the southern bank of the Nashua River, bordered on the west side by Mine Falls Park, on the south side by the Nashua River canal, up to Ledge Street, and from the east side by Factory, Pine and Water streets, up to the Main Street bridge.
Today this area is dominated by the clock tower at "Clock Tower Place" apartments, and the large "Millyard" smokestack of the Picker building. The district takes its name from the time when this complex of buildings belonged to the Nashua Manufacturing Company, and though surrounding buildings also served the company in some way or another, they are not included in the district. The Nashua Manufacturing Company was originally built as a cotton mill and was incorporated in 1823. Their competitor, the Jackson Manufacturing Company, located downstream on the other side of the Main Street bridge at Jackson Falls dam, was incorporated in 1824.
Nashua power canal.
Though all of Mine Falls Park is not a part of the district, the entirety of the Nashua River Canal is, up to and including the 1886 Mine Falls Gatehouse. This "Upper", or "Power canal" is long, deep and wide, and it was dug and in operation by 1830. It contributed significantly to the economic prosperity of the company.
Historical significance.
In 1835 the town was the third largest city of New Hampshire after Dover and Portsmouth, and the Nashua Manufacturing Company opened their own bank, called the Nashua Bank. The creation of a new railroad line to Nashua from Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1838 gave the local economy a further boost, and the Nashua Iron Company opened, specializing in locomotive parts for this growing new industry. The Nashua Manufacturing Company built 48 houses or tenements and two churches to be able to hire enough workers to man the machinery in its complex.


Joseph Hudson (tobacconist)

Joseph Hudson (1778-1854) was a veteran of the battle of the Glorious First of June and later a tobacconist to the British royal family who ran a cigar divan in Oxford Street, London.
Early life.
Hudson was born in 1778. In 1794 he was a midshipman in the Royal Navy who served under Admiral Earl Howe during the battle of the Glorious First of June (Loutherbourg, 1794) between the British and French navies during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Career.
Hudson was a tobacconist to the British royal family. His premises were at 132 Oxford Street where he ran a cigar divan frequented by sporting figures.
Death.
Hudson died in 1854. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. His Will is held by the British National Archives at Kew. In October 2015, it was reported that his mausoleum (1850), which is Grade II listed, had been placed on the Heritage at Risk Register with Historic England due to potential damage from plant growth.


Horsemanship of Ulysses S. Grant

The horsemanship of Ulysses S. Grant has been widely acclaimed by his contemporaries and historians as among the most exceptional in American history. Ulysses S. Grant was a commanding general during the Civil War and a two-term U.S. President. Born in Ohio near the Ohio River, Grant grew up around horses, which he came to admire and love, possessing a natural affinity, allowing him to ride, train and manage horses at an early age. His father Jesse placed much confidence in his ability and gave him tasks involving horses that were rarely ever expected of a youth. At age five he was noted for doing difficult stunts bareback and soon after was also performing responsible chores, hauling timber, and driving teams of horses for long distances by himself. From boyhood through his military career, Grant had a well established reputation for training and managing horses. As a youth, neighbors would have him train hard to manage horses. As a cadet he set a high-jump record at West Point that stood for a quarter-century.
Horses played an important role throughout Grant's military career, carrying him with dispatches, going about inspecting and encouraging troops and taking him into battle, sometimes having his horse shot from underneath him. During his lifetime he mostly owned and rode large and powerful horses that often could not be mounted by anyone else. Noted for his love of and ability to ride and manage horses, Grant at times would receive as gifts the best horses available from friends and admirers.
Youth.
Grant's first experience on horseback occurred at a circus that was visiting Georgetown when he was two years old. Watching the horses in the ring, Ulysses asked his parents if he could sit atop one of the ponies and ride it, to which his parents acquiesced. It was a happy event for the boy as he rode around the ring shrieking with laughter, not wanting to get off. This was also the first time he showed signs of natural riding ability.
When Grant was little more than a toddler he was often found out by his father's shop with the teams of horses, restlessly crawling and playing about their legs and swinging from their tails. On one of several such occasions a worried neighbor once noted this activity and exclaimed to his mother, Hannah, "Mrs. Grant, do you know where your boy is? He is out there swinging on the tails of Loudon's horses!" Calmly, Hannah would typically reply, "horses seem to understand Ulysses".
The young Grant was always on hand and eager for any work which involved riding a horse or driving a team of horses. At the age of five, he proved to be a skilled rider and something of a daredevil on horseback. Riding at a fast pace, he would stand on one leg while holding the reins, maintaining his balance as the horse galloped about–a feat that amazed his onlookers. At age seven, while his father was away for the day, young Grant harnessed a restless three-year old colt, which had never been broken except to the saddle, to a sleigh, and drove the young horse about, hauling loads of brushwood throughout the day. Upon his father's return he discovered that after his son managed to bridle and harness the colt, he had amassed "a pile of brush as big as a cabin" all by himself.
When Grant was eleven he established a reputation among his peers and neighbors by riding a trick pony belonging to the circus that came to town. The pony had been trained to throw off anyone who attempted to mount him. After several other boys tried and failed the young Grant came forward and said, "I believe I can ride that pony". He mounted the restless animal, having no reins and its mane cut short, and wrapped his arms firmly around its neck. After a frantic effort to buck him off, the pony finally abated where Ulysses, rode the pony around the ring for a couple of minutes, earning himself a rounding applause from the spectators and the five-dollar prize promised to anyone who could stay with the pony.
Ulysses' father Jesse Grant held regard for horses that was pragmatic. As a tanner and leather goods merchant, horses to him were simply beasts of burden and a potential source for hides. By contrast Ulysses viewed them as wonderful individuals, each with their own temperament. He was able to size up any horse he was working with, and possessed a temperament of his own that allowed him to best employ any given horse.
Jesse began assigning various chores which required horses to Ulysses by the time he was eight years old. He soon became a proficient teamster working all day, every day, hauling wood or bark. At ten Ulysses would drive a pair of horses, by himself, from his home in Georgetown to Cincinnati, forty miles away, bringing home a load of passengers. His father did not insist on his working about the barkmill, provided there was other available work and often entrusted Ulysses with a team of horses on his own. He also allowed Ulysses to manage the horses on the farm and participate in the farming.
At age twelve, Grant's father sent him into the forest with a team of horses and a wagon to pick up a load of timber. The men at the lumber camp were supposed to load the wagon, but were nowhere to be found when Ulysses arrived. Not wanting to go back empty handed, Ulysses devised a method by hitching the logs and pulling them aboard the wagon one at a time by use of the horses. After securing the load, Ulysses hitched up the team back to the wagon and returned home, much to the amazement of his father.
Biographer James McClure describes how the young Ulysses' "exhibited a remarkable self possession of mind" on an occasion when he was transporting two women in a two-horse wagon across a creek swollen from a heavy rain where he found the water level much deeper than usual. Upon crossing, he suddenly found the water to be so deep that the horses were almost swimming, while the water was up to the deck level of the wagon. The women became greatly alarmed and began to scream, but the young Grant, though in a very precarious situation, kept his calm, simply looked over his shoulder and assured the ladies by saying, "Don't speak I will take you through safe", and continued on undaunted without further incident.
When about nine years old, the young Grant had acquired such a reputation for fast riding and stunts that jockeys who had steeds suffering from what was called “a distemper,” would bring their animals to Georgetown for Grant to ride them hard and fast, a technique that was known bring the horse's body temperature up, curing the illness. Local farmers would also bring their problem horses for him to train. These challenges delighted the boy thoroughly. Pulitzer Prize winning biographer Hamlin Garland commented that Grant had a "mysterious" ability to communicate with horses, "He could train a horse to trot, rack, or pace, apparently at will". Grant, reflecting on his youthful experiences with horses, would later write in his Personal Memoirs:
Military.
Grant also gained a reputation for excellent horsemanship during his military career, and subsequently would sometimes receive horses as gifts from admirers. In the Mexican-American War he performed remarkable feats on horseback during battle. During the American Civil War Grant owned several horses, riding them on scouting missions, while inspecting the troops and formations, and during battle. At times he would retire one horse and use another during long campaigns. Grant was known to take exceptional care of his mounts and always kept them brushed "smooth as silk" with all the trappings in perfect order.
A war correspondent having often observed Grant's self-styled horsemanship once characterized his overall military involvement with horses: "Roads are almost useless to him, for he takes short cuts through fields and woods, and will swim his horse through almost any stream that obstructs his way. Nor does it make any difference to him whether he has daylight for his movements, for he will ride from breakfast until two o'clock in the morning, and that too without eating. The next day he will repeat the dose, until he finishes his work."
West Point.
At the age of 17, Grant was nominated to attend West Point in the spring of 1839. After being accepted, he made his way across Pennsylvania to New York City and traveled up the Hudson River to West Point, arriving there and signing the register on May 29. There he soon surpassed all the cadets at the academy in horsemanship.
Among the horses at the academy was a dark bay horse that was so untamable that it was about to be condemned. Grant selected this beast for his horse. Every day he would devote time to it, bridling, mounting and riding it about with ease, while the entire class would watch and admire in amazement his excellent command of this horse.
Horsemanship was an important part of the curriculum at West Point. In June 1843 the cadets assembled in the riding hall during their final graduating exercises, where all members performed their riding exercises before the Superintendent, Richard Delafield, and a large assembly of spectators. The academy riding master, Henry Hershberger, approached the high-jump bar, raised it another foot, higher than an average man's head, and then called out, "Cadet Grant", prompting a low murmer of wonderment from among the crowd. From among the cadets, all mounted on their horses, Grant sprang forward, riding a large and powerful chestnut mount. The cadets all recognized the horse, York, who no one else was able to ride. Grant moved to the far end of the hall, and as he turned his mount towards the bar silence fell over the crowd. He dashed forward, gauging his pace, and with a great leap, horse and rider cleared the bar with apparent ease. Hershberg cried out, "very well done, sir", as the assembly filled the riding hall with the sound of applause. Grant had set a high-jump record at West Point that stood for twenty-five years.
Grant's personal biographer Albert D. Richardson said of Grant's horsemanship: "There was nothing he could not ride. He commanded, sat, and jumped a horse with singular ease and grace; was seen to the best advantage when mounted and at a full gallop ; could perform more feats than any other member of his class, and was, altogether, one of the very best riders West Point had ever known."
Grant's classmate, the future Confederate General, James Longstreet, said of Grant that, "In horsemanship, however, he was noted as the most proficient in the Academy. In fact, rider and horse held together like the fabled centaur..." and that he was "the most daring horseman in the academy". General Rufus Ingalls later recalled that when an unruly or stubborn horse was added to the string of academy horses Grant was always called upon to subdue it. After graduation, Grant naturally requested service in the cavalry, but despite his excellent horsemanship, there was no opening available and instead was assigned to the 4th Infantry Regiment, his second choice.
Mexican-American War.
During the Mexican-American War Grant expressed his amazement of the great herds of wild mustangs roaming between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers, moving about like buffalo in a continuous mass. "The country was a rolling prairie, and from the higher ground the vision was obstructed only by the earth's curvature." Grant estimated that to corral a herd of this size, an area the size of the state of Delaware would be required.
Grant at this time was appointed Quartermaster of his regiment in August, 1846. Because of his organizational skills and ability with horses and managing teams of horses, he was put in charge of the mule teams used by the Army. Longing to participate in battle and share in its dangers, Grant found such an assignment beneath his ability and respectfully submitted a protest to this effect to his colonel, which was denied. His new assignment involved loading and packing the mules correctly and efficiently, and keeping abreast of their overall well being. For every eight soldiers there was one pack mule where Grant would have to inspect and manage up to fifty mules, along with five mule wagon teams. To assist in this huge task and responsibility Grant would hire local Mexican mule handlers, who were more familiar with handling Mexican mules, different in their habits from those bred in America, that the Army had purchased while in Mexico.
When a volunteer was needed to carry an important dispatch for reinforcements, Grant came forward and demonstrated his equestrian ability at the Battle of Monterrey by carrying the dispatch past snipers while hanging off the side of his horse at a fast gallop, keeping the animal between him and potential fire. Before leaving the city he stopped at a house in American hands and assured some wounded Americans, he would send for help.
Civil War.
When the Civil War broke out, Grant was working at his father's leather shop in Galena, Illinois. With his home next to the shop Grant had no need for a horse, and did not own one at the time. During the war Grant owned and rode more than ten different horses, including Cincinnati, Claybank, Egypt, Fox, Jack, Jeff Davis, Kangaroo, Little Reb, Methuselah and Rodney.
Grant was appointed colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry on June 14, 1861, at which time he purchased a horse while still in Galena. It was a strong horse, but while Grant was leading his regiment from Springfield, Illinois, to Missouri the mount proved to be unfit for military duty.
While encamped on the Illinois River for a few days a local farmer brought in a cream colored stallion of considerable value. High spirited, very intelligent, the horse, named Jack, proved to be an excellent mount for long marches, but lacked tenacity and responsiveness in battle, to which Grant referred to him as "Old Nuisance". The horse was striking in appearance, with its silver mane and tail, and dark eyes. Grant often rode this mount during the campaigns of 1862-1863, and kept him as an extra horse for ceremonial purposes. This was the horse that carried Grant away from Admiral Foote's riverboat the night before the attack on Fort Donelson; the same horse that endured difficult scouting missions in the Tennessee mud before and during the Battle of Shiloh. Grant rode Jack through the Cumberland to the Battle of Chattanooga. After Chattanooga Grant was called away and retired the horse to his business advisor, J. R. Jones in Northern Illinois, for his personal use. During this time Grant purchased a second horse, called Fox, a powerful and spirited animal with exceptional endurance, which he also rode during the siege and battles around Fort Donelson and also at Shiloh.
On August 5, 1861, Grant was appointed Brigadier General of volunteers. Soon after he purchased a pony for his son, Frederick Grant, who was with him at the time, along with another horse for field service for himself. At the Battle of Belmont, Grant's first battle in the Civil War, his horse was killed under him where he was compelled to use his son's pony. This horse proved to be unfit for battle, so he turned it over to Captain William S. Hillyer, his aide, when he offered Grant his horse. The Union advance had scattered the Confederates away from Camp Johnston, but the Confederates soon regrouped and began to surround the Union troops. Some officers were considering surrender, but Grant was all about on his horse reassuring and reorganizing his troops. During the final retreat, Grant narrowly escaped on his horse by leading it down a steep riverbank. Grant recalled, "my horse put its fore feet over the bank without hesitation or urging, and, with his hind feet well under him, slid down the bank and trotted aboard the boat, twelve or fifteen feet away, over a single gang-plank."
Cincinnati was a bay, said to have been high and was a son of Lexington, a horse owned by William Tecumseh Sherman, considered to be the fastest thoroughbred in the United States at that time. Grant considered Cincinnati "the finest horse I have ever seen. Grant, on rare occasions, only allowed two other people to ever ride Cincinnati, one of whom was Abraham Lincoln. Of Lincoln, Grant once said, "Lincoln spent the latter days of his life with me. He came to City Point in the last month of the war and was with me all the time. He was a fine horseman and rode my horse Cincinnati every day."
In October 1862, a month before the siege of Vicksburg got underway, Grant sent his horse Jack to Illinois for a month's rest. During the Vicksburg Campaign Grant acquired another horse captured by a raiding party at a plantation in Mississippi. Grant had the opportunity to ride the animal and found it had a "delightful" gait. Grant purchased the horse from the Army and named it "Jeff Davis". He rode it instead of Cincinnati when there was long journeys to be made, because of its surefootedness and ability to stay fresh. Shortly after the Vicksburg campaign, Grant suffered his most serious horse related injury while visiting General Banks in New Orleans. According to Grant's account of the incident, the horse he was using was "vicious and but little used", and while he was reviewing Bank's troops, a locomotive in the street sounded its whistle, causing the horse to take flight. It stumbled and fell upon Grant's leg, causing him to be "rendered insensible", and unconscious. He awoke in a hotel with several doctors looking over him. His leg was swollen from the knee to his thigh. Grant described the pain as "almost beyond endurance". He was bedridden for over a week, unable to even turn over by himself. He was later put upon a steamer and taken back up the Mississippi to Vicksburg where it was some time before he was able to move about on his own.
In December 1863 while still in Chattanooga, Grant was given a fine Kentucky thoroughbred as a gift by the citizens of Egypt, Illinois, organized by Orval Pool, who all knew Grant was in need of a new horse when he had retired Jack, his previous horse. Grant wrote a letter of thanks to the citizens, and named his new gift horse Egypt in their honor. At seven years old, Egypt was an exceptionally handsome dark bay who measured . The horse proved invaluable in the months to come, as Grant traveled over the Cumberland Mountains in January, covered with snow and ice, and was used throughout the Overland Campaign in Virginia.
At the surrender at Appomattox Grant met with General Lee at the picket lines between the armies. There the two generals sat on their horses for hours, Grant astride Cincinnati, and Lee on Traveller, and discussed the terms of surrender and the condition of the South in sight of their soldiers. Before departing Lee requested that his officers be permitted to leave with their horses. Grant, having farmed with horses and knowing many of the Confederate officers were small farmers, allowed them to return home with their horses, swords, and their honor.
Presidency.
When Grant became president in 1869, three of his horses, Cincinnati, Jeff Davis and Egypt were brought to the White House stables. According to Albert Hawkins, the stable master at the capitol at that time, Grant, during his second term, arranged for a statue of him mounted on Cincinnati. For almost a month the General would have the bridle and saddle put on Cincinnati and ride out to meet the sculptor daily. Hawkins also noted that Grant's other horse, Jeff Davis, was a kicker and had the habit of biting when the stable hands got close to him. Yet Grant, without any trouble was able to handle him the moment he entered the stable. The horse would lay his ears back and move about restlessly until Grant approached him, calming the animal with a few simple pats on the back.
Grant, refusing an offer of $10,000 for Cincinnati, brought the horse with him when he became president and moved to Washington, D.C. In 1878, the horse died at the home of Admiral Ammen. Nearly all depictions of Grant on horseback in drawings, granite, and bronze, are astride Cincinnati, including the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial in Washington, D.C.
After the Civil War Grant had gained possession of White Haven, previously owned by his wife's brother Frederick Tracy Dent. While he was president, Grant transformed the estate into a successful horse breeding farm and designed its large horse stable. Completed in 1871, the stable was large enough to house 25 horses. All Grant's horses were either received as gifts or purchased by Grant. He mostly owned Thoroughbred and Morgan horses, but also enjoyed raising other breeds. Grant would not race his horses, never attended such events, and thought the practice of horse racing for amusement was cruel to the animal.
Grant was once arrested for driving a horse and carriage too fast along M Street in Washington, D.C. The officer, one of Washington's new African-American policemen, was shocked when he discovered who he had detained, but Grant was more impressed than angered and said, "Officer, do your duty", smiled and walked home while the policeman brought the horse and rig to the police station.
World tour.
Shortly after his presidency in 1877, Grant and his wife Julia embarked on a tour around the world. In March the Grants were visiting Constantinople and Greece. While visiting with Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Grant was very impressed with his stable of purebred Arabian horses. Grant commented that the stallions would "pick up their feet like a cat, and so quickly, that no one can scarcely follow their motions". Impressed by Grant's praise for the stallions, the Sultan allowed him to pick out any two he desired and take them home. Grant chose a "dappled gray" and an "iron gray", which he had shipped back to New York.
In the spring of 1878, while in Italy, the Grants were touring Milan. Grant was conducting an honorary review of the Bersaglieri, the pride of the Italian Army and well known for their horsemanship. At the time Alfred M. Fuller, an ex-Union Captain in the cavalry during the Civil War happened to be visiting there also. He was well familiar with Grant's horsemanship, which Fuller enthusiastically brought to the attention of the Bersaglieri officers who were accompanying the Grant party. Subsequently, they brought a restless steed to present to Grant which had to be restrained by three other officers. The frantic and powerful animal appeared as if it could break loose at any given moment. Grant approached the young and untamable horse that never had been ridden, with astonishment and admiration, while some of the young officers smiled as if they were intentionally setting up Grant with a horse they assumed would throw him off in short order. As Grant slowly mounted the animal he took hold of the reins and assumed a perfectly erect posture. The horse immediately made several attempts to throw him off, and then, unpredictably, gently trotted forward knowing that it had met its master, at which time Grant received a spontaneous applause. Fuller recalls at that time, "horse and rider were as one being", as Grant rode the mount for two hours. When Grant returned to the hotel he looked perfectly relaxed while the officers that oversaw the affair looked completely fatigued.
Funeral.
After his prolonged ordeal with throat cancer, while writing his memoirs, Ulysses S. Grant, on July 23, 1885, finally died at the age of 63. On August 8, his coffin was placed on a catafalque draped in black with plumes at each corner where twenty-four black stallions, arranged in twelve pairs, pulled Grant's hearse along Broadway in New York City, while twenty generals led by General Winfield Scott Hancock, astride a black stallion, led the entourage and team of horses.


Daniel Searle (colonial administrator)

Daniel Searle was an English tobacco planter and Governor of Barbados from 1652 to 1660.
He was appointed governor in 1652 when the island was captured by a Parliamentarian naval force under Sir George Ayscue. In December 1654, he was named one of three civil commissioners assigned to the Western Design, an expedition against the Spanish West Indies led by General Robert Venables and Admiral William Penn. On arrival in January 1655, He authorised the raising of a volunteer regiment by Colonel Lewis Morris but took no part in military operations.
He remained Governor until The Restoration of Charles II in 1660, when he was succeeded by Francis Willoughby, although he retained his seat on the colony council.
Searle's brother Robert was a privateer best known for his raid on Spanish controlled St. Augustine, Florida in 1668.


Klubi (cigarette)

Klubi was a Finnish brand of cigarettes, which was manufactured by "Rettig Group Oy Ab".
History.
Klubi was founded in 1901 and was sold with a number of different variants of cigarettes. The best known of these were the "Klubi 7" ("Club 7") and its successor "Klubi 77" ("Club 77"), so-called "whistle clubs" with hollow paper succulents and green-white-colored claws, the white inner cover of which was allegedly used by the people for taking notes and even designing house drawings.
In the mid 1800s, the tobacco factory started from a particular culture and at the turn of the 20th century, guests require to light up the cigarette. The first product versions were "Klubi 1" (1901) and "Klubi 2" (1902), but were not very popular in Finland, although the "Klubi 2" cigarette reached an export success in the United Kingdom. Success began with the "Klubi 7" variant in 1907. The best-selling Klubi cigarette versions were sold from the 1910s until the 1930s, where the "Klubi 7:17", the "Klubi Malta" became popular variants, despite the fact that more and more Klubi cigarettes were introduced to the market.
In 1943 the "Klubi 7" variant had to be replaced due to a lack of raw materials with a new version called "Klubi 77", which then became the all-time most popular Klubi variant.
Klubi cigarettes were produced until the mid 1990s, when new anti-tobacco regulations of the European Union came as a major obstacle. No agreement had been reached about the necessary production technology of low tar. In 2003 the Franco-Spanish tobacco business Altadis bought the brand and tried to market the Klubi 77 cigarettes in a modernized box, but the nostalgic novelty product no longer fulfilled its expectations. In the last few years the produced versions were the filtered "Klubi 22", as well as "Klubi 27".


White Owl

White Owls are American-made, machine produced cigars. The logo consists of a snowy owl perched on a cigar. The brand is owned by Swedish Match.
History.
White Owl is a cigar first produced in 1887. In the 1920s their Invincible cigar featured an imported Sumatran wrapper. Production was moved from Pennsylvania to Dothan, Alabama in 1985. They are made with a sheet-type wrapper and binder that encases a mixed filler tobacco blend from five nations.
As of 2011, White Owl cigars imported into Australia are produced in the Dominican Republic, under the direction of an Owensboro, Kentucky, company.


Sun, Moon, and Talia

Sun, Moon, and Talia () is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the "Pentamerone". Charles Perrault retold this fairy tale in 1697 as "The Sleeping Beauty", as did the Brothers Grimm in 1812 as "Little Briar Rose".
It is Aarne-Thompson type 410; other tales of this type include "The Glass Coffin" and "The Young Slave".
Synopsis.
After the birth of a great lord's daughter, Talia, wise men and astrologers cast the child's horoscope and predicted that Talia would be endangered by a splinter of flax. To protect his daughter, the father commands that no flax would ever be brought into his house. Years later, Talia sees an old woman spinning flax on a spindle. She asks the woman if she can stretch the flax herself, but as soon as she begins to spin, a splinter of flax goes under her fingernail, and she drops to the ground, apparently dead. Unable to stand the thought of burying his child, Talia's father puts his daughter in one of his country estates.
Some time later, a king who is out hunting in the nearby woods, follows his falcon into the house. He finds Talia; overcome by her beauty, he tries unsuccessfully to wake her, and then, "Crying aloud, he beheld her charms and felt his blood course hotly through his veins. He lifted her in his arms, and carried her to a bed, where he gathered the first fruits of love." Afterwards, he leaves her on the bed and returns to his own city. Talia conceives and nine months later, still deep in sleep, gives birth to twins (a boy and a girl). One day, the girl cannot find her mother's breast; instead she begins to suck her finger and draws the flax splinter out. Talia awakens immediately and names her beloved children Sun and Moon, and lives with them in the house.
The king returns to find Talia awake and that he is the father to her twins. The two fall in love, however the king is already married, and one night he calls out the names of Talia, Sun, and Moon in his sleep. His wife, the queen, hears him and she forces the king's secretary to tell her everything, and then, using a forged message, has Talia's children brought to court. She orders the cook to kill the children and serve them to the king. But the cook hides them, rather cooking two lambs instead. The queen taunts the king while he eats the meal, unaware of the cook's exchange.
Then, the queen brings Talia to court. She commands that a huge fire be lit in the courtyard, and that Talia be thrown into the flames. Talia asks to take off her fine garments first. The queen agrees. Talia undresses and utters screams of grief with each piece of clothing. The king hears Talia's screams and goes to her, where his wife tells him that Talia will be burned and that he has unknowingly eaten his own children. The king commands that his wife, his secretary, and the cook be thrown into the fire instead. But, the cook explains how he had saved Sun and Moon, and fed the King two lambs instead. Talia and the king marry, and the cook is rewarded with the title of royal chamberlain.
The last line of the fairy tale – its moral – is as follows: "He who has luck may go to bed, And bliss will rain upon his head."


Siluria, Alabama

Siluria is a former town and now a neighborhood in Alabaster, Alabama, located in Shelby County, Alabama in the Birmingham, Alabama, metropolitan area. It was the home of a large cotton mill and company-built mill village which began operations in 1896 and finally closed in 1979. It was incorporated on 25 May 1954, but was later annexed by Alabaster in May 1971. It's named for the Silurian geological period because of rocks found there. A post office was established in 1872, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1972.


Jonathan Makepeace

Jonathan Makepeace also known as Major Makepeace was an American businessman and political figure who manufactured snuff and held political office in Saugus, Massachusetts.
Early life.
Makepeace was born on May 7, 1774 in Norton, Massachusetts. On July 10, 1799 he married Anna Nye in her hometown of Hardwick, Massachusetts. They had four daughters, Peris Nye (1801–1822), Ann Maria (1803–1825), Mary Ann (1805–1826), and Deborah Briggs (1809–1835) and two sons Jonathan Briggs (1802–1803) and Jonathan, Jr. (1815–1836).
Business.
In 1792, Makepeace's uncle, George Makepeace, purchased an abandoned mill on the Saugus River. In 1797 Jonathan Makepeace began manufacturing chocolate at the mill. The chocolate business was later taken over by Amariah Childs. In 1798, Makepeace took over his uncle's snuff business, which he continued until 1844. Makepeace was known for the attention he gave to his product, which became known nationwide.
Politics.
In 1814, Makepeace was a signer of a petition that requested that Lynn's Second Parish be set off as a separate town known as Westport. The plan was abandoned, however the following year the Second Parish separated from Lynn and became the Town of Saugus. Saugus' first Town Meeting was held on March 13, 1815 and Makepeace was appointed to the position of Sealer of Weights and Measurers and elected to the town's first Board of Selectmen, Assessors, and Overseers of the Poor as well as its first School Committee. He later he served as Saugus' Town Treasurer.
In 1820, Makepeace was Saugus' delegate to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention.
In 1823, Makepeace represented Saugus in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.
Later life and death.
Anna Makepeace died on July 3, 1826. On August 9, 1829, Makepeace married Mary Stocker of Saugus.
Makepeace died on February 6, 1850 in Saugus.


Brian Canter

Brian Canter (born June 25, 1987) is an American professional bull rider on the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) tour.
Canter started out riding at the semi-professional level, winning the 2004 Southern Extreme Bull Riding Association (SEBRA) year-end title. Once he turned 18 in June 2005, he bought his PBR permit. He first came on as an alternate in the 2005 PBR World Finals. He won money in 2005 to qualify for the 2006 Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS). His first full season on tour was 2006. He notched his first career win by winning the 2006 BFTS event in Billings, Montana, and that helped him qualify for the PBR World Finals in Las Vegas, Nevada. He has qualified for the PBR World Finals four times (2006 to 2009). He finished in the top 50 in 2005, 8th in 2006, 11th in 2007 and 25th in 2008.
Canter is a left-handed rider who learned to ride from Jerome Davis, one of the original PBR founders, on Davis' ranch in Archdale, North Carolina. He won his first event in Billings, Montana, with a purse over $53,000.00 and he has remained in the top ten throughout the 2006 season.
Canter was one of the smaller riders on tour at 5'3" and 115 pounds. His hobbies include hunting, fishing, wakeboarding, and snowboarding. He was a part of the elite Team Enterprise, a team that included active and former PBR bull riders, as well as entertainer Flint Rasmussen, which lasted from 2006 to 2010. He often traveled with his good friends and fellow PBR riders, J. B. Mauney and Shane Proctor. He makes his home in Randleman, North Carolina.


Oriental Mills

The Oriental Mills are a historic textile mill complex at 10 Admiral Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The site consists of seven buildings, constructed between about 1860 and 1917, by a variety of textile manufacturers that operated on the site. The oldest building, from c. 1860, was built by the Oriental Mills Manufacturing Company soon after its founding. It is a large three-story brick structure, presenting eight bays to Admiral Street and thirty to Whipple Street. It has a well-defined Italianate roof line with brackets. Building 3, which lies southeast of Building 1 and fronts on Oriental Street, is from the same time period and exhibits similar styling. Originally used for the manufacture of cotton textiles, the complex was purchased in 1918 by the American Silk Spinning Company, which pioneered the blending of nylon fibers into its products here.
The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.


Lenoir Cotton Mill

The Lenoir Cotton Mill was a 19th-century cotton mill located in the U.S. city of Lenoir City, Tennessee. One of the earliest examples of industrial architecture in Tennessee, the mill operated variously from its construction around 1830 until the 1950s. The mill was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in the 1970s. Efforts to restore the mill began in 1980, but before the restoration could be completed, the mill was destroyed by arson in 1991.
The Lenoir Cotton Mill was one of several enterprises established by early settler and entrepreneur William Ballard Lenoir (1775–1852). Lenoir moved to the area in 1810 after his father, General William Lenoir, deeded to him the tract of land comprising what is now Lenoir City. The younger Lenoir established the Lenoir Manufacturing Company in 1817, which engaged in multiple agricultural and industrial enterprises throughout the 19th century. The cotton mill was completed in the early 1830s and gradually expanded in subsequent decades. During the U.S. Civil War, Union soldiers destroyed parts of the estate of the Confederate-leaning Lenoir family, but spared the mill due to William Ballard Lenoir's son Benjamin's Mason affiliations. After the Lenoir family sold the mill in the 1890s, it operated variously as a hosiery mill and later as a flour mill.
Location.
The Lenoir Cotton Mill site is located near the corner of Depot Street and South Hill Street, just off U.S. Route 11 in downtown Lenoir City. Town Creek, which flows along the eastern base of the mill site, empties into the Tennessee River about a half-mile to the south. The William Ballard Lenoir house, built in 1821, still stands across the street from the mill site, although it has been drastically modified as a residential apartment complex.
Another structure related to the mill, the Lenoir Cotton Mill Warehouse, stands about a half-mile to the southeast, and has recently been restored and currently serves as a residence.
History.
What is now Lenoir City was originally part of a grant of land given to General William Lenoir (1751–1839) for service in the American Revolution. Lenoir deeded the land to his son, William Ballard Lenoir, who moved his family to the area in 1810. William Ballard Lenoir established the Lenoir Manufacturing Company in 1817, and engaged in numerous agricultural and industrial endeavors. Along with the cotton mill, Lenoir built a sawmill and gristmill on Town Creek, and raised livestock. The Lenoir family used both slave labor and paid labor in their enterprises.
The cotton mill was completed in the early 1830s. A Pittsburgh miller named E.F. Faber built a 113-spindle spinning jack and three looms for Lenoir's mill in 1831. Lenoir's farm grew and ginned its own cotton throughout the 1830s, but eventually Lenoir employed his sons to purchase raw cotton for the mill. By the mid-1850s, the mill had 620 spindles, and was powered by an overshot waterwheel. In 1855, the mill's value was listed at $12,000, making it the Lenoirs' most valuable asset.
After Lenoir's death in 1852, his sons continued operating the mill. During the Civil War (1861–1865), the Lenoirs supported the Confederacy, and when Union soldiers occupied the Lenoir estate in 1863, they burned the Lenoirs' railroad depot, general store, and several other outbuildings. As they prepared to burn the cotton mill, William Ballard Lenoir's son, Benjamin Ballard Lenoir, walked through the ranks of the Union troops flashing a secret Masonic sign, and the troops spared the mill.
By 1890, when the Lenoir City Company purchased the Lenoir estate, the mill had been expanded to include over 1,000 spindles. The Holston Manufacturing Company used the mill for a hosiery operation in the 1890s, although the mill was eventually converted into a flour mill, which operated until the 1950s. In 1980, the Lenoir Cotton Mill Association was formed to preserve the mill, and eventually raised over $100,000 for its restoration. The mill was destroyed by arson in 1991, however, and in 1996 Lenoir City rejected a plan to rebuild the mill, choosing instead to include the mill's ruins in plans for a city park. One of the mill's warehouses, known as the Lenoir Cotton Mill Warehouse, was restored and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.


Vida AB

Vida AB is the largest privately owned sawmill group of Sweden, with its approximately 1000 employees. The sawmills are strategically placed in or near the huge forest areas in the province of Småland and the western Götaland province. About 85% of the production is being exported to Europe, USA, and Asia.
Forestry is an important economic activity in Sweden.
Vida is currently sponsoring the successful Swedish heptathlon athlete Carolina Klüft. Vida also owns the naming rights for Vida Arena, located in Växjö, until 2024.


Primitive markings

Primitive markings are a group of hair coat markings and qualities seen in several equine species, including horses, donkeys, and asses. In horses, they are associated with primitive breeds, though not limited to such breeds. The markings are particularly associated with the dun coat color family. All dun and non-dun 1 horses possess at least the dorsal stripe, but the presence of the other primitive markings varies. Other common markings may include horizontal striping on the legs, transverse striping across the shoulders, and lighter guard hairs along the edges of a dark mane and tail.
Origin.
The dun coat and attendant primitive or "dun factor" markings reflect the wild type coat and are observed in all equine species. Cave paintings depict horses as being dun and with the primitive markings. The Przewalski's horse, once considered to be the last remaining true wild horse, is also dun-colored with primitive markings, though its domesticated ancestors the Botai horses are found to also have carried Leopard. So, too, are horse breeds such as the Konik and the Heck horse, "bred back" to resemble the now-extinct tarpan, many of which are grullo or mouse dun in color.
While no dun horse is without a dorsal stripe, primitive markings also sometimes occur on horses of other colors, particularly those with sooty characteristics and newborn foals. Primitive markings in horses are an example of atavism: preservation of or reversion to ancestral type. While primitive markings are closely linked with the dun coat colors, the variations of expression and presence in non-dun horses suggest that the markings themselves may be governed by a separate genetic mechanism.
Dorsal stripe.
Of equids other than horses, all except the mountain zebra show a distinct dorsal stripe. Among domesticated donkeys, most have a black dorsal stripe, though it can be difficult to see on melanistic individuals. In the African wild ass, the dorsal stripe is thin but distinct and black. In Przewalski's horse, the dorsal stripe is usually dark brown, while it is black in the bred-back tarpan. In the plains zebra, the dorsal stripe is narrow and edged by white, while in Grevy's zebra, it is quite bold. The dorsal stripes of the onager and kiang are dark brown and especially vivid.
The dorsal stripe reflects the original coat color of the horse. Those on bay duns may be black or reddish, while those on red duns are distinctly red. Dorsal stripes on dun horses with the cream gene seem unaffected by cream: smoky black-duns ("smoky grullas"), buckskin-duns ("dunskins"), and palomino-duns ("dunalinos") have black, brown, or red dorsal stripes, as well. So-called "countershading dorsals", which are dorsal stripes occurring on non-dun horses, are a darker shade of the horse's coat color. Countershading dorsal stripes may be seasonal, waning, or disappearing altogether during a particular time of year.
Leg bars and markings.
Also called zebra bars, tiger stripes, or garters, leg bars are the most common accessory to the dorsal stripe. Leg bars are most commonly seen on or above the knees and hocks, and reflect the underlying coat color. Leg bars on bay duns are black within the points, and reddish above them.
Leg bars are prominent on Grevy's zebras and mountain zebras, and African wild asses also have well-defined black leg bars below the forearm and gaskin on a white or pale background. However, as in horses, expression of leg bars seems to vary widely among donkeys, plains zebras, and Przewalski's horses, while they appear very seldom or not at all in onagers and kiangs.
Leg markings may also take the form of blotches, patches, marbling, mottling, or spotting.
One classical genetics study concluded that stripes on the front legs seem to follow an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
Shoulder stripe.
The shoulder stripe is a transverse or "vertical" marking that usually crosses the withers and extends down the shoulders. Donkeys are known for their distinct shoulder stripe, which, when combined with the dorsal stripe, is sometimes called a "cross". It is more marked in breeds closest to the wild African ancestors of the domestic donkey. Indistinct or poorly defined markings in these regions are often called neck or shoulder smudges, patches, or shadows. Especially large markings are called neck or shoulder capes. The kiang exhibits some shoulder smudging.
Other markings.
Less common primitive markings include vertically oriented markings which may be arranged as bars, fine striping, or smudges. Such markings include:
Head markings.
Many primitive markings may occur on the animal's head.
Guard hairs.
The dorsal stripe runs through the mane and tail of a dun horse, so the center of the mane and tail are darker. The outer edges may be significantly lighter, even close to white. These paler hairs are seen at the base of the tail and on the edges of the mane. The presence of guard hairs may also be called "frosting". Such characteristics are very visible among the Fjord horses, which have their sandwich-patterned manes shaved short and upright. The presence of paler guard hairs on the mane and tail is seen throughout "Equus".
Primitive markings in non-dun horses.
Less distinct primitive markings can also occur on non-dun horses, even in breeds which are not known to have any dun individuals. The most common primitive marking found is a dorsal stripe. Most non-dun horses do not have darker primitive markings, but some do. This is because there are two types of non-dun, called "non-dun1" and "non-dun2". Non-dun 1 removes the diluting effect of dun, but keeps the primitive markings, while non-dun 2 removes both the diluting effect and the primitive markings. The "non-dun1" allele is over 40,000 years old, while "non-dun2" is relatively recent, and is thought to have first appeared within the past several thousand years.
Dorsal stripes and other primitive markings on non-dun horses are commonly called countershading dorsals. Countershaded animals - be they horses or birds - appear two-dimensional and are much more difficult to see. Primitive markings on non-duns can be seasonal, visible only when the horse is shedding its coat. Such primitive markings also seem to be heritable, as horses with prominent countershading dorsals often produce offspring with the same.
Primitive markings in foals.
Many foals, particularly if they are buckskin, smoky black, or black, are born with primitive markings such as dorsal stripes and leg bars that disappear after the foal coat sheds. Such horses are sometimes mistakenly registered as dun. This error seems particularly common in foals that turn gray.


Henry Franklin Bronson

Henry Franklin Bronson (February 24, 1817 – December 7, 1889) was an American-Canadian lumber baron known as one of Ottawa's early entrepreneurs, establishing a large lumber mill at Chaudière Falls on the Ottawa River. Bronson's efforts helped to convert a fledgling small town into a prosperous city.
Bronson was born in Moreau Township, Saratoga County, New York in 1817 and studied at Poultney Academy in Vermont. He was hired as a clerk in John J. Harris' lumber business; he became a junior partner in 1840. Harris, a friend of Bronson's, had land in northern New York state, and mills on the upper Hudson River lakes. He had been impressed by Bronson's "integrity, resolute will, sound constitution and capacity for hard work".
In search of new sources of timber, Bronson visited the Ottawa Valley in the summer of 1848. With Bytown's Chaudière Falls as a potential source for power, and the large amount of timber in the area, he decided "on the spot" that the islands located there would be a good location for a sawmill.
Bronson and Harris went to Bytown in 1852, and after urging the superintendent of the Ottawa River Works, Horace Merrill, to recommend that crown-owned "hydaulic lots" at Chaudière be offered to entrepreneurs, the lots became available in September. They bought some land on nearby Victoria Island's north side, paying $200.20 to the Province of Canada, and with it came the right to use the water as an energy source and "to build a flume to propel their mills and carry saw logs to the property for 21 years." They were soon able to acquire nearby building lots that had been "made available at greatly reduced prices, thanks to a recommendation made to the Canadian government by Ottawa mayor R. W. Scott."
The mill was set up at the Chaudière Falls on the Ottawa River and they acquired timber limits on the Gatineau, Dumoine and Madawaska Rivers. The Harris, Bronson and Coleman (later Harris and Bronson) company mainly supplied markets in the northeastern United States. The large plant had "novel iron gates", 74 upright and four circular saws. The Harris and Bronson Company was set up in the 1850s.
Bronson's pioneering entrepreneurship preceded many other notables, who also came from the United States, namely Perley and Pattee [Chaudière Falls mill], as well as Eddy, and Canada's largest sawmill builder, John Rudolphus Booth.
Bronson settled at Bytown in 1853. When Harris retired in 1866, wholesale lumber merchant Abijah Weston and Bronson's son Erskine Henry joined the firm. In 1867 the company became known as the Bronsons and Weston Lumber Company. The company operated wholesale outlets in Albany, New York, Boston and Burlington, Vermont, acquired cutting rights to redwood forests in California and established their own bank.
When the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States ended in 1866, Bronson lobbied for reinstating the treaty; he became a supporter of the Liberal Party federally and provincially. The Province of Canada treaty with the US was significant for Bronson because it "permitted Canadian planks and boards to enter that country duty-free".
With William Goodhue Perley and James Skead, Bronson was also a promoter of the Upper Ottawa Steamship Company.
In 1869 he founded the Ottawa Ladies' College in association with the Presbyterian Church. The college was later sold to the first President H.M Tory and Vice President M.M. MacOdrum of Carleton College in 1942. Carleton College has since become Carleton University.
Bronsons and Weston Lumber Company was incorporated, 1888, under c. 103, and its name was changed to "Bronson Company", 1899, c. 96.
Bronson died at Ottawa in 1889. Erskine Henry continued to manage the company until 1899 when it became a holding company, the Bronson Company.
"Erskine Henry Bronson and Walter Goodman Bronson carried on the family business after the death of their father in 1899, followed by Frederick Erskine Bronson after the death of Walter Goodman Bronson in 1932. In the sixties, Frederic Bronson donated a large portion of the Bronson Company's land holdings to the National Capital Commission. A few years later, the National Capital Commission expropriated the rest of the company."
Bronson had transformed the falls into an industrial site, and helped to convert a "backwoods village into a prosperous city".


Kars dog

The Kars, known as the Kars Köpeği in Turkish, is a breed of livestock guardian dog from eastern Turkey.
Overview.
The Kars takes its name from the town of Kars in Kars Province, although it is also found throughout Ardahan, Artvin, Erzurum and Iğdır provinces in eastern Turkey.
The Kars closely resembles the closely related Caucasian Shepherd Dog which is native to the Caucasus countries over Turkey's north-eastern border. It has a long, heavy double coat (short-coated examples are known) that can be found in a number of colours including black, white, gray, red, yellow and brown, they frequently have white makings on their chest, necks and forelegs; slightly smaller than livestock guardian breeds from central and western Turkey such as the Akbash and the Kangal, the Kars has a mean weight of and mean height of .
The Kars is used by local shepherds to protect their flocks from predation from various predators found in the region, anecdotes exist of several dogs repulsing and even killing bears.


Big Bull, India

The Big Bull is a bronze sculpture of a charging bull designed by Solapur-based sculptor Bhagwan Rampure and was originally located inside the premises of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) on Dalal Street in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The sculpture was installed outside the building of Bombay Stock Exchange on 11 January 2008. The bull is inspired by Arturo Di Modica's "Charging Bull" sculpture that was installed on Wall Street outside the New York Stock Exchange Building in 1989. It is tall, long and weighs a tonne ().
It was relocated to the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City) near Ahmedabad in 2017.
Design.
Rampure was approached by officials of the BSE in 2007 to design the sculpture. He was given photographs of the original sculpture in New York City and studied live bulls to understand their anatomy. A clay model was first designed for the BSE's approval following which the bronze version was made. It was made in four parts owing to its size and took Rampure three months to design and build. While he was allowed to make a few changes to the design, the original pose of the bull was retained owing to the animal's identity in stock markets as a symbol of money. The BSE later commissioned him to create a thousand miniature replicas made of fibre to be given as souvenirs to visiting foreign dignitaries.
Controversy.
The sculpture came into news after the stock market crash of 21–22 January 2008 when the Sensex fell from 20,000 to 8,000 resulting in a loss of over a week. It was subsequently considered as a "panauti" or bad omen. Several brokers demanded the removal of the sculpture following the crash, with an astrologer suggesting that it be re-installed at a more auspicious time. A group of 200 to 300 brokers protested outside the exchange for a day asking for it to be removed.
In 2017, prior to its relocation to GIFT City, the BSE decided to allow visitors to photograph the bull. However, due to security issues, it was replaced by an acrylic replica on rollers outside the exchange. The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) objected to this, claiming that it was inconveniencing people on the road and asked for it to be removed.


Grullo

Grulla or grullo, also called blue dun, gray dun or mouse dun, is a color of horses in the dun family, characterized by tan-gray or mouse-colored hairs on the body, often with shoulder and dorsal stripes and black barring on the lower legs. In this coloration, each individual hair is mouse-colored, unlike a roan, which is composed of a mixture of dark and light hairs. The several shades of grulla are informally referred to with a variety of terms, including black dun, blue dun, slate grulla, silver grulla or light grulla, silver dun, or lobo dun. Silver grulla may also refer to a grullo horse with silver dapple, regardless of shade. In the Icelandic horse, the grulla color is called gray dun, in the Highland pony it is called mouse dun, and in the Norwegian Fjord horse, "grå" or "gråblakk" (literally, "gray dun").
The word "grulla" in Spanish means crane. Because of the origin of the name, some people will refer to a mare as a grulla and a stallion or gelding as a grullo, pronounced and . (The original Spanish noun is pronounced in American Spanish and in Peninsular Spanish.)
In terms of equine coat color genetics, all of these shades are based on the dun gene acting as a dilution gene over the black gene. Because the grulla color is not due to the gray gene, a grulla horse remains the same basic color from birth, though some minor shade variation may occur from summer to winter coats. If a grulla also carries the gray gene, it will be born a mouse tan-gray shade, usually with bold primitive markings, but then lighten and eventually develop a white hair coat with age. Because black is less common in general than bay or chestnut, grulla is likewise less common than red duns or bay (classic or zebra) duns. For example, only 0.7% of quarter horses registered each year with the AQHA are grulla.
The most obvious ways to tell whether a horse is grulla are not only the gray or tan-gray body color, but also its primitive markings, which include some or all of the following: dark face, cobwebbing around the eyes and forehead, dark mottling on the body, leg barring (sometimes called tiger striping), dark ear tips and edging, dark ear barring, dark shadowing of the neck, dark dorsal and transverse striping, and light guard hairs bordering a dark mane and tail.
Primitive roots.
The tarpan ("Equus ferus ferus") was a relative of the domestic horse that became extinct in the nineteenth century, and which appears to have had grulla coloration. The tarpan has been considered a true wild horse, an undomesticated relative or ancestor of the domestic horse. However, some authorities in the early twentieth century held the opinion that most equines called tarpans were actually domestic or feral horses, not a separate species.
Several breeds with the grulla color have been developed in efforts to recreate ("breed back") the tarpan. These breeds include the Heck horse and Konik. One of the first experiments in this regard was published in 1906 by James Cossar Ewart, who obtained a "tarpan-like" horse by crossing a Shetland mare and a black Welsh pony.
Sources and external links.
https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/grullo


Walnut Hill Cotton Gin

The Walnut Hill Plantation cotton gin house was built in the mid to late 1840s by Alonzo T. Mial, a prominent planter and commission merchant in 19th century North Carolina. It is one of a few surviving cotton gin houses in the state, and is likely the only one to have retained the majority of its original ginning equipment.
The gin house is a -story-tall, hand-hewn timber frame structure, approximately wide and deep. The frontmost two-thirds of the structure is supported by tall, thick granite ashlar pillars that form a square, open-air space on the ground floor in which the mule track and power shaft were located. The rear third of the gin house rests on short, granite rubble piers, and housed the ground-floor pressing and packaging rooms. Most of the ginning equipment resided on the second floor of the gin house. The third floor was used for storage of baled cotton.
The gin was originally powered by two to four mules hitched to horizontal sweeps that turned the vertical power shaft. The power shaft was connected to a series of cog wheels that ultimately transferred power to the leather belt that drove the gin. In 1875, Mial replaced the mules with a 15-horsepower steam engine, which considerably increased the gin's production capacity. The gin house received a number of other upgrades as ginning technology progressed over the following fifty years. The Walnut Hill cotton gin ceased operation in the mid-1930s, shortly after the death of Millard Mial, Alonzo T. Mial's oldest son.
Renovation.
Architect Jim Smith, of HagerSmith Design, PA in Raleigh, and his wife purchased the gin house in 1992 and spent the following decade stabilizing the structure to halt its deterioration. Between 2003 and 2005, they renovated the gin house and converted it to a private residence, where they have lived since. Their work won them an AIA North Carolina Design Merit award in 2011.


John Goodlet

John Hay Goodlet (22 March 1835 – 13 January 1914) was a Scottish-born Australian timber merchant and philanthropist.
He was born in Leith to merchant George Goodlet and Mary Hay. He migrated to Melbourne in 1852, working for a building firm until 1855, when he moved to Sydney. He imported timber from Jervis Bay, and entered a partnership with James Smith in 1859. On 3 May 1860 he married Ann Dickson, who would go on to be the third president of the Young Women's Christian Association's Australian branch in 1886. He had a sawmill in Erskine Street and later a brickworks at Granville, a pottery in Surry Hills and two further mills. He was twice chairman of the Australian Mutual Provident Society, and was a railway commissioner from 1890 to 1891. He was also a lieutenant-colonel in the militia.
Goodlet survived the 1893 bank crash with difficulty, but had recovered well and became known for charitable donations, including Sydney Hospital, the Benevolent Society and, most significantly, the Presbyterian church. He was a New South Wales representative at the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Churches and at the 1910 World Missionary Conference. His wife died in 1903 and on 3 February 1904 he married Elizabeth Mary Forbes. Goodlet died, childless, in 1914.


Early feeding

In poultry farming, early feeding is the ad lib availability of feed and water for day-old chicks from the moment of hatching from the egg.
Early feeding has a positive effect on chick performance because development and maturation of important organs is not retarded post hatch, but continues. This results in better growth performance and a better health status of the chickens.
The benefits of early feeding.
Since the early 1990s, a lot of studies showed the benefits of early feeding and water on chick performance. In this paragraph a few studies are summarized to show the benefit of early feeding and water.
During the last few days of incubation, the residual yolk is retracted into the body cavity as an extension of the intestine. Post hatch, the residual yolk is the only nutrient source of the chicken until exogenous feed is available. Chickens can use the residual yolk for maintenance during the first few days post hatch. However, research has shown that development and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, and important immune related organs is delayed in chickens that have to rely solely on their residual yolk and have no feed and water available between hatch and placement at the farm.
A study of Noy et al. (1996) showed that the residual yolk of chickens with access to feed during 96 hours after hatch reduced more rapid in size than in fasted birds. This can be caused by increased intestinal activity in fed chickens. A more rapid reduction in residual yolk size indicates that valuable nutrients are earlier used for important developmental steps.
Geyra et al. (2001) showed that fasting post hatch retarded body weight increase and intestinal growth. The effects of fasting were specific to both time of fasting and the intestinal segment examined (duodenum, jejunum or ileum). The jejunum appeared to be the most sensitive of the intestinal segments. Fasting between 0 and 48 hours post hatch decreased crypt size, the number of crypts per villus, crypt proliferation, villus area, and the rate of enterocyte (intestinal absorptive cells) migration in the duodenum and jejunum. Geyra et al. (2001) concluded that early access to feed is important for optimal early intestinal development.
Maiorka et al. (2003) also showed that the development of the gastrointestinal tract was directly linked to feed and water intake. They showed that relative weight and length of the jejunum and ileum increased when chickens were supplied with feed and water post hatch. In addition, intestinal mucosa development was affected by the availability of feed and water: the number of villi per area decreased because villi size increased. According to these findings Maiorka et al. (2003) hypothesized that the absence of physical stimuli caused by feed in the intestinal lumen and the specific need for certain nutrients, such as water, may be responsible for negative changes in the morphology of the intestinal mucosa.
Protein in the residual yolk is the source of antibodies from the chicken. To be effective, it is important that maternal antibodies move from the residual yolk into the bloodstream but also to sites of vulnerability such as the mucosal surfaces where bacteria and viruses can enter the body. Dibner et al. (1998) evaluated the effect of early feeding on the development of the immune system in broiler chickens. They showed that providing nutrients immediately post hatch resulted in heavier bursa weight, earlier appearance of biliary IgA and germinal centers (secondary lymphoid organs), and an improved resistance to a disease challenge. In broiler chickens the first week of life is not only important for further development of the gastrointestinal tract and important immune related organs but is also an important period for muscle production. Halevy et al. (2000) showed that the length and timing of fasting post hatch affects satellite cell activity. Short-term fasting can enhance satellite cell number. However, long-term fasting almost completely arrests cell mitosis and decreases the number of satellite cells. In the study of Halevy et al., (2000) the chickens that fasted during the first days of life did not regain their body weight or breast muscle weight by day 41, however chickens that fasted between day 4 and 6 post hatch had full growth compensation by day 41. Halevy et al. (2000) concluded that sufficient feed directly post hatch may be critical for later muscle development. A study of Noy and Sklan (1999) also showed that early feeding increased body weight and breast size at marketing age in chickens and poults. They showed that early feeding reduced mortality numerically.


Displaced abomasum in cattle

Displaced abomasum in cattle occurs when the abomasum, also known as the true stomach, which typically resides on the floor of the abdomen, fills with gas and rises to the top of the abdomen, where it is said to be ‘displaced’. When the abomasum moves from its normal position it prevents the natural passage of gas and feed through the digestive system, creating a restriction. As cattle are ruminants, which have a 4 chambered stomach composed of a rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. Ruminants require this specialized digestive system in order to properly process and break down their high fiber and cellulose rich diets. As this type of digestive system is quite complex it is at a greater risk for incidence. Due to the natural anatomy of cattle it is more common to have the abomasum displace to the left, known as a left-displaced abomasum, than to the right, right-displaced abomasum. When the abomasum becomes displaced there also becomes a chance of an abomasal volvulus, twist, developing. An abomasal volvulus occurs when the abomasum, which is already out of place, will rotate and cut off blood and nutrient supply to the abomasum. Cattle which develop an abomasal twist require immediate vet attention to regain blood supply and food passage through the digestive system or the abomasum will begin to shut down due to lack of blood supply and toxicity development.
Clinical signs.
Common signs which may be noticeable early on in cattle with a displaced abomasum include:
Depending on the severity of the case, cattle may show all of the external symptoms listed above or just a few. Some animals with a slight displaced abomasum will continue to carry out normal behavior until symptoms/complications increase.
Causes.
The most probable cause of a displaced abomasum developing is associated with the process of calving and is most commonly seen within 14 days of parturition. When in gestation, due to the size of the growing calf inside the uterus, the abomasum is displaced from its original position, following calving the abomasum has to move back to its normal placement, in which this movement increases the risk of further displacement. There are other metabolic conditions which have been known to contribute to the development of a displaced abomasum, and in many cases it is high producing cows, older cows and those undergoing other stressors which are found to have developed this issue.
Prevention.
As there are a variety of factors which affect the likelihood of cattle developing a displaced abomasum, veterinarian recommendations have been put in place within the industry to try and reduce the prevalence of it occurring. Ensuring cattle consume an adequate, consistent diet containing a great deal of roughage following calving is essential to proper provide rumen fill and function. Maintaining a constant diet with little changes during previous late lactation and early on parturition. Through the prevention of other common metabolic diseases such as hypocalcaemia, ketosis, etc., will in turn lower the overall risk of a displaced abomasum developing as reducing the overall stress on an animal has shown reduce the incidence of all health related issues occurring.
Treatment.
Treatment is required for animal survival, in which a veterinarian will assess the severity of the situation and decide what the best method of treatment is. Regardless of the method of treatment used the ultimate goal is to return the abomasum to its original location to resume proper functioning.
There are two common methods of repairing a displaced abomasum:
Surgery – A much more invasive, costly and in many cases not necessary method in which the veterinarian will open up the cow’s abdomen to investigate the problem where they will reposition the abomasum and put stitches in place to hold the abomasum in the desired location to prevent reoccurrence. Although this method is more invasive, it is known to have a lower risk of reoccurrence over the non-surgical option.
Toggling – Toggling in conjunction with proper rolling techniques is known as the non-surgical method of treating a displaced abomasum. In this method the veterinarian will make the cow lie down where it can be rolled until the abomasum returns to its original location and at that time a toggle is inserted into the abdomen to fix the abomasum in place using stiches. Inserting a toggle in addition to rolling has shown significant reduction in the abomasum relapsing. Although this method is less invasive it requires proper training and set-up in order to carry out this procedure on farm as it requires more space than surgery.


H. J. Massingham

Harold John Massingham (25 March 1888 – 22 August 1952) was a prolific British writer on ruralism, matters to do with the countryside and agriculture. He was also a published poet.
Life.
Massingham was the son of the journalist H. W. Massingham. He was brought up in London, and educated at Westminster School and Queen's College, Oxford. He failed to graduate from Oxford, because of bad health. He then became a journalist in London. He worked for the "Morning Leader", "Athenaeum", and the "Nation", and knew D. H. Lawrence. In the 1920s he became a research assistant for two anthropologists from University College, London, and an interest in archeology and anthropology, which proved lifelong, led to the publication of "Downland Man" (1926) and a number of other works. He worked on a research project whose aim was to show that all megalithic culture in England had spread from Egypt.
By 1932 Massingham began to write more and more on country life, and the first of a long series of such books, possibly his best-known, was "Wold Without End" (1932), reflecting his experiences living in Chipping Campden in the Cotswolds. A serious accident happened in 1937, when he injured his leg, leading to a two-year period of regular hospital visits, at the end of which he hurt the same leg again, and it had to be amputated. He was forced to stop travelling as frequently as he had been doing and settled down to writing some thirty more books.
He was strongly influenced by the writings of Gilbert White and edited selections of White's writings.
He was one of a group of ruralist British writers of the period; Massingham's friend Adrian Bell, a farmer in Suffolk, was another prominent writer, and John Musty suggests that Massingham may have had a hand in getting Bell published. They have attracted subsequent attention both as precursors to later developments, such as organic farming, and because of their political entanglements in the 1930s (for example, Henry Williamson was a supporter of Oswald Mosley). Massingham himself wrote in a vein compatible with the Social Credit and distributist ideas current at the time, as in his 1943 "The Tree of Life".
He was one of the twelve members of the Kinship in Husbandry, set up in 1941 by Rolf Gardiner, a society dedicated to countryside revival in a post-war world. According to academics Richard Moore-Colyer and Philip Conford, Massingham was uncomfortable with what he felt was a pro-German tendency in this group. When the Kinship later merged with two other bodies to form the Soil Association, Massingham with Gardiner, the landowner Lord Portsmouth and the agricultural journalist Lawrence Easterbrook came onto the Soil Association's Council.
After Massingham's death his collection of tools, implements and products of craftsmanship and husbandry were donated to the Museum of English Rural Life. Many of the objects appear in his book "Country Relics".


The Everett Mills

The Everett Mills are a group of buildings consisting of the Everett and Stone Mills in Lawrence, Massachusetts. A former cotton textile mill, it was the site of the start of the Bread and Roses strike in 1912 and the one time workplace of Robert Frost.
The Essex Company and Lawrence Machine Shop.
The Essex Company was founded in 1845. Before the city of Lawrence was even incorporated, the Essex Company laid plans for turning an area of farmland on the Merrimack River into the country’s first planned industrial city. The Essex Company built the Stone Mill, then known as the Lawrence Machine Shop from 1846-1848. It is one of the two oldest mill buildings in the city of Lawrence and one of the few mills ever built out of stone. It originally housed a forge and a foundry and its purpose was to manufacture and repair the machinery that would be used by the new mill buildings. In the loft of the building, an experimental full set of worsted wool machinery was put together and tested – worsted wool would become one of the signature products of the Lawrence manufacturing industry.
In 1860, the Machine Shop was sold to the Everett Mills which was made up of several industrial buildings (including the precursor to the current Everett Mill building) surrounding the Machine Shop and was converted into a cotton mill. Later the building manufactured locomotives and fire engines.
The Mill.
Construction on the current Everett Mill main building commenced in 1909 and lasted for one year. When completed, it was the largest cotton mill under one roof in the world. With this addition the company employed 2,100 people (over half of whom were female), operated 4,728 looms and produced 1.2 million yards of cotton cloth every week. This was almost double what the mill had produced just the year before. They were nationally known for their high-quality ginghams, denims and shirtings, referred to as “Everett Classics. ”
In 1929, the Everett Mills was sold to the newly created Everett Mills Properties Incorporated at liquidation. The hard-won labor laws that went into effect as a result of the Bread And Roses strike made it cheaper to manufacture textiles in the unregulated Southern United States and Lawrence fell into decline. The Mill changed hands again in 1936 and was now owned by Russell T. Knight. For the next 45 years the mill building rented out parcels of real estate to smaller stores and manufacturing concerns including the Marum Knitting Hosiery Factory in 1938 and Cardinal Shoes in 1962 - which made 6-7,000 pairs of shoes daily. Both companies eventually outgrew their spaces and moved into their own facilities.
In 1981 the Everett and Stone Mills were purchased by Bertram Paley, a native of nearby Lowell, also famous for its textile manufacturing industry. Shortly after the purchase it was revealed that Bert’s mother had briefly worked in the Everett Mill in the very early 1920s as a newly arrived immigrant named Frances Gidansky. Management of the Mill has stayed in the Paley family ever since. For nearly 30 years the Paley family has shown a commitment to the revitalization of Lawrence.
The Everett Mills currently houses social advocacy groups, health care services, light manufacturing, warehousing, high tech firms and a cafe. It is 700,000 square feet.
Bread and Roses Strike.
In the early 1900s the Lawrence mills were staffed mainly with European immigrants who were underpaid and overworked. When a law was passed in Massachusetts reducing the maximum number of hours that could be worked weekly by women and children, the mill owners reduced their workers’ pay accordingly and the Bread and Roses strike of 1912 erupted. Believing that a workforce of women and ethnically self-segregated immigrants living paycheck to paycheck could never band together to achieve a common goal, the mill owners were proved wrong with the strike that shut down the mills for two months in the dead of winter. Originating with female Polish weavers at the Everett Mills who revolted upon receiving pay reduced by thirty-two cents, soon 20,000 millworkers were on strike. Helped by the Industrial Workers of the World labor union who organized meetings with representatives from all affected ethnic communities, fundraisers to support the millworkers while they were on strike, and highly visible protests meant to arouse nationwide support and outrage at national labor norms, the workers won pay increases and time-and-a-quarter for overtime work. The strike had far reaching consequences across the country when mill owners in other cities and states voluntarily raised pay in fear of similar uprisings by their own workers.
Trivia.
In 1882, poet Robert Frost, a Lawrence resident, spent some time working as an office clerk at the Everett Mills. He likely wrote his poem “A Lone Striker” about his experience here.
Interviews for the 2011 PBS American Experience documentary "Triangle Fire" were shot on the sixth floor of the Everett Mills.
Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren launched her 2020 Presidential campaign at the Everett Mills on February 9, 2019.


Bulldog type

Bulldogs are a type of dog that were traditionally used for the blood sports of baiting and dog fighting, but today are kept for other purposes, including companion dogs, guard dogs and catch dogs. Bulldogs are typically stocky, powerful, square-built animals with large, strong, brachycephalic-type muzzles. It is believed bulldogs were developed during the 16th century in the Elizabethan era from the larger mastiffs, as smaller, more compact dogs were better suited for baiting.


Bradford-on-Avon Tithe Barn

Bradford-on-Avon Tithe Barn is a Grade I listed barn in Pound Lane, Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire, England. It was part of a medieval grange belonging to Shaftesbury Abbey and was built in the early 14th century, with a granary dated to about 1400. It is owned and protected by English Heritage and managed by the Bradford on Avon Preservation Trust.
Geography.
The tithe barn is at Barton Farm on the southern side of Bradford-on Avon in West Wiltshire, to the southeast of Bath. The Kennet and Avon Canal passes close to the south side of the barn.
History.
An early barn, of which no remains survive today, was built on the site of the current barn around 1300. The current Tithe Barn dates to the 1330s, probably c.1332. It was definitely built before 1367. It originally belonged to the nuns of the nearby Shaftesbury Abbey in Dorset, the richest nunnery in England. It was used for storage of tithes during the Middle Ages. The Abbey was entitled to 10% of the produce of its tenants.
When Shaftesbury Abbey was dissolved in 1539, the grange became a farm. By 1914 the building was superfluous to the farm's requirements and, rather than demolish it, the then owner, Sir Charles Hobhouse, donated the barn to the Wiltshire Archaeological Society. The farm continued in use until purchased by Wiltshire County Council in 1971, with the barn in use until 1974. The barn was designated a scheduled monument in 1930 and as a Grade I listed building in 1952.
By the 1980s the weight of the roof was pushing the walls out, necessitating the underpinning of the walls and the installation of iron cross-ties to stop the movement.
Features.
A large building, long by wide, the barn forms part of a range of farm buildings grouped around an open rectangular yard. There are two large porches on the northern side to allow entry for loaded carts. Opposite them are smaller porches to allow the empty carts to leave. The apertures high above the doors, which still contain some original wood, are left unglazed to allow owls to enter in search of vermin.
An attraction for visitors is the barn's interior, with its timber cruck roof spanning 14 bays divided by A-shaped trusses supporting 100 tons of stone tiles.
Popular culture.
In the 1980s, the barn was a filming location for the cult TV series "Robin of Sherwood", doubling as Nottingham Castle's great hall.