Mosel (wine region)

Mosel () is one of 13 German wine regions ("Weinbaugebiete") for quality wines ("Qualitätswein", formerly "QbA" and "Prädikatswein"), and takes its name from the Mosel River (. Luxembourgish: Musel.). Before 1 August 2007 the region was called Mosel-Saar-Ruwer, but changed to a name that was considered more consumer-friendly. The wine region is Germany's third largest in terms of production but some consider it the leading region in terms of international prestige. The region covers the valleys of the rivers Mosel, Saar, and Ruwer from near the mouth of the Mosel at Koblenz and upstream to the vicinity of Trier in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The area is known for the steep slopes of the region's vineyards overlooking the river. At 65° degrees incline, the steepest recorded vineyard in the world is the "Calmont" vineyard located on the Mosel and belonging to the village of Bremm, and therefore referred to as "Bremmer Calmont". The Mosel is mainly famous for its wines made from the Riesling grape, but Elbling and Müller-Thurgau also contribute to the production, among others. In the past two decades red wine production, especially from the "Spätburgunder" (Pinot noir), has increased in the Mosel and throughout the German vignoble and has become of increasing interest to the international wine community. Because of the northerly location of the Mosel, the Riesling wines are often light, tending to lower alcohol, crisp and high in acidity, and often exhibit "flowery" rather than or in addition to "fruity" aromas. Its most common vineyard soil is derived in the main from various kinds of slate deposits, which tend to give the wines a transparent, mineralic aspect, that often exhibit great depth of flavor. In the current era of climate change much work has been done to improve and gain acceptance for completely dry ("Trocken") Rieslings in this region, so that most of the more famous makers have found acceptance for such wines, particularly in Europe.
History.
It is believed that viticulture was brought to this area by the Romans who planted vineyards along the Mosel and the Rhine in order to have a local source of wine for their garrisons. The cost of transporting wine up from the Italian Peninsula or across the Vosges Mountains and the Roman vineyards in Gaul was very high and impractical. The Romans considered creating a canal between the Saône and the Rhine before ultimately deciding to plant vines in the area. Trier (founded 16 BC) was a major Roman outpost and it is likely that the first Mosel vineyards were planted in the surrounding hillsides sometime in the 2nd century. Viticulture was certainly flourishing in the area by the 4th century when the Roman poet Ausonius wrote a poem about the beauty of the land at harvest time.
The Mosel wine of the Roman period was described as light bodied and "austere". It was said to be an easier drinking wine than that of other Roman areas. In the winter time, the wine was heated in a kettle and drunk like a tea (a practice that still has some tradition among modern vineyard workers who drink it like coffee, often with a little sugar added). In warmer vintages the wine was noticeably more fruity and sweet. This was because the warmth allowed the grapes to more fully ripen and develop more sugars. During the cold autumn the fermentation process would not be fully complete because of the low temperature, thus leaving the wine with high levels of residual sugars.
In the Middle Ages, villages sprung up that were centered on the region's wine industry. These "wine villages", known as "Winzerdörfer", included paths from the town center up to the area's vineyards. At the center was a community wine cellar where all the area's growers could store their wines. Probably most well known among the "Winzerdörfer" was the village of Bernkastel which was granted town rights in 1291. In 1435 when Count Johann IV of Katzenelnbogen planted Riesling in the nearby town of Rüsselsheim the first time he owned vineyards in Winningen like "the Destil", in Burgen and Kochem one half of the city and many vineyards more along the Mosel. In order to create more suitable land for vineyards, vineyard owners in the 16th century used explosives to break up the vertical spurs of rock along the rivers.
Towards the end of the 17th century, the Mosel began to be identified more with wine made from the Riesling grape. The St. Maximin's Abbey in Trier owned 74 vineyards and by 1695 had over 100,000 Riesling vines. Today the vineyard of Maximin Grünhaus is considered one of the best Riesling vineyards in all of Germany. In the 18th century, the Prince-elector of Trier, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, mandated that over a seven-year period every vine in the Mosel area was to be Riesling only. The rise of the House of Hanover in Great Britain saw a period of increase exportation of "moselle wine" to England. However, the wine's high price kept the wines mostly in the hands of the Royal court and English nobility rather than replacing claret in the village taverns.
The 19th century saw an unprecedented era of prosperity for the Mosel wine industry under the rule of Prussia starting with the historic vintage of 1819. For the rest of the 1820s, there was a succession of outstanding weather and sterling wines produced. To promote the region's wine, the Prussian government lowered the tariffs for the import of Mosel wines to other regions of the Prussian kingdom. The development of the Zollverein customs union even further benefited the Mosel by reducing the customs on their wines traveling to other regions of the German Confederation. A string of bad weather vintages in the late 1830s and early 1840s would dampen the extent of prosperity that the Mosel would see.
By the 1850s, wine-makers in the Mosel had discovered the benefits of chaptalization in helping to compensate for bad weather vintages and under ripened grapes. Another significant boom came a couple decades later when the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone lowered the duties on light wine which opened up the British market to lower cost Mosel wines. This increased prosperity had the net effect of encouraging more quantity in production rather than quality. Many areas that were not ideal for Riesling were soon planted by the easier to grow Müller-Thurgau and other Riesling crossings. In the 20th century, a North American taste for sweet wines saw the prominence of Liebfraumilch and brands like Blue Nun dominate the German import wine market. In recent times, the Mosel (as well as the entire German wine industry) has dedicated itself to reversing the reputation it gained during these years and focus on the quality of the area's dry wines.
Climate and geography.
The Mosel wine region has northernly continental climate that is marked by cool temperatures. The best producing vineyard sites are located along the Mosel river and its tributary where the heat from the sun can be maximized by reflection up from the water. South & southwest facing slopes are even more sought after because of the increased exposure to direct sunlight that can aid in ripening of the grapes. The soil of the area is dominated by porous slate which has ideal drainage for the regions heavy rainfall and good heat retaining properties. Many of the best vineyards have no topsoil at all, just broken slate. During the summer months the weather is warm but rarely hot with July's average temperatures around .
The Mosel river dominates the geography of the region which is typically divided into three main sections. The Upper Mosel is the southernmost section located closest to the river's origins along the French and Luxembourg border. The region includes the Saar and Ruwer river tributaries and is centered on the city of Trier. The Middle Mosel or "Mittelmosel" is the main wine growing region and includes the villages of Bernkastel and Piesport. The Middle Mosel begins at the village of Zell and extends south to just north of the village of Schweich. The slate-based soil here is said to have one of the most recognizable "terroir" with the wines, especially Riesling, displaying slatey mineral notes. The Lower Mosel includes the region south of the city of Koblenz to the village of Alf near Zell. It is the most northern wine region of the Mosel and includes the area's confluence with the Rhine river.
Viticulture.
The steep river bank slopes that are scattered around the Mosel region are considered some of the most labor-intensive vineyards in the world. Mechanical harvesting is impractical and nearly seven times more man hours are needed in the Mosel than in flatter terrain such as the Médoc. Grapevines are individually staked to the ground without connecting wires so that vineyard workers can tend the plants going horizontally across the vineyard rather than vertically, which would be more treacherous and tiring. Safety is a priority for many Mosel vineyard owners with the area having a documented history of fatalities among workers while tending the vines. A benefit of the steep Mosel vineyards is that the incline allows for more direct sunlight to have contact with the vines. During the winter, rain often causes some soil erosion, especially of the vital slate chips that are needed for their heat retaining properties. Many vineyards will gather these eroded sediments and carry them back up the hillside.
The Riesling grape, grown on 59.7% of the region's cultivated vineyard surface in 2008, is widely considered the most prestigious and highest quality wine grape of the Mosel but it cannot be planted on every vineyard site due to difficulties the grape has in ripening in particularly cool climates. Factors such as altitude, aspect and sunlight exposure can have a pronounced effect not only one the resulting quality of the wine but also whether the Riesling grape will even ripen at all. A positive characteristic of the Riesling grape is that despite less than perfect ripeness it can still create a wine of finesse and elegance that would escape most other grape varieties.
In place of Riesling, the easier cultivated Müller-Thurgau grape (14.7%) and other Riesling crossings like Kerner (4.6%) were planted in large quantities on the sites that were not suitable for Riesling, and which in many cases had been previously used for other agricultural purposes. A negative consequence of these large-scale plantings is that the wine produced from these sites are typically of a lower quality than Riesling wines which in turn has a depressing economic effect on the prices of all Mosel wines. While consumers have benefited with top quality Riesling wines being underpriced in comparison with some of the world's other great wines from places like Bordeaux, Burgundy and California, the economic hardship created by the prices has caused some of the smaller Mosel vineyards to go out of business.
In 2008, the Mosel vineyards covered , making it the fifth-largest of Germany's 13 wine regions. White grape varieties cover 91 percent of the region's total vineyard surface. The trend in total vineyard area has until recently been slightly negative over a longer period of time, down from in 1988 to in 2003 and to in 2006. It is primarily lesser sites previously planted with "low quality" varieties that have been abandoned in this process; during the 20-year period from 1988 to 2008, plantings of Müller-Thurgau decreased by 55% and those of Elbling by 49%. However, in 2007 and 2008, the negative trend in total plantations has been broken, and the Mosel vineyard surface has seen a small increase of in two years.
The projected Mosel High Bridge will cross and affect some of the most famous vineyards prompting international wine critics and oenologists to oppose its construction.
Wine region.
Within the Mosel region, there are the following six districts ("Bereiche") and 19 collective vineyard designations ("Großlagen"), plus 524 single vineyard ("Einzellagen") designations. Four of the six districts are situated on the river Mosel, and one each on rivers Saar and Ruwer.
The Cochem district is home to some of the steepest vineyards in the Mosel planted on soil composed of blue devonian slate, red slate and quartzite. Many of the vineyards of the lower Mosel are terraced, which has led many producers to adopt the name Terrassenmosel, which sounds nicer than Untermosel in German. This district produces a higher proportion of dry wines than the rest of the region. A well known vineyard from this area is the "Juffermauer" located near Treis-Karden, whose name means "Virgin-Wall" in the local Franconian dialect/language.
This is the central district of the region. One of the most notable vineyards in this area is known as "Doctorberg", and its wines as "Bernkasteler Doctor". An apocryphal story of how the vineyard got its name originated in the late Middle Ages when a local archbishop was miraculously cured of a terminal illness by drinking wine made from the grapes of this vineyard.
Other notable vineyards of the Mittelmosel include the sundial (German "Sonnenuhr") vineyards; Brauneberg Juffer-Sonnenuhr, Wehlener Sonnenuhr, Zeltinger Sonnenuhr. In the 19th century, large sundials were built in these vineyards so that the workers would know what time to break for lunch or the end of the work day. Since these vineyards receive the most exposure to the sun, many of the wines produced from these vineyards are richer and more full-bodied than wine produced from other vineyards. In a similar way to many of Burgundy's Grand Cru vineyards, the Sonnenuhr vineyards are highly parceled with multiple owners of individual plots or rows of vines. The Wehlener Sonnenuhr vineyard alone has more than 200 owners.
Located to the southeast of Trier, this region includes the vineyards around Waldrach and Kasel. The region is home to many monopole vineyards. At Mertesdorf, there is a subterranean Roman aqueduct that connects the Grünhaus vineyard with the city of Trier. The quality of Ruwer wine is particularly dependent on the quality of the vintage with cool vintages marked by sharply acidic wines that quickly fade and warmer vintage producing some of the most delicate and perfumed expressions of German wines.
Like the Ruwer region, wine from the Saar district (along the lower course of the Saar River, in Rhineland-Palatinate) is particularly dependent on the overall quality of the vintage typically only 4 years out of every 10 producing a worthwhile set of wines. The wines that do come out of these warm vintages are noted for their apple-like freshness and steely mineral notes. The most ideal vintages allow harvest to take place between late October and mid November when the grapes can develop enough sugar to produce floral and honeyed notes.
This wine district is composed of a thin strip of land along the Luxembourg border. The region starts just north of Igel and continues south to the village of Palzem where it meets the Moseltor district. Elbling, Müller-Thurgau, and Auxerrois Blanc are some of the region largest plantings. Obermosel and Moseltor contain very few notable vineyards compared to the other districts of the region.
The Moseltor area is the most southern area of the Mosel region, and is located together with the Obermosel along the Luxembourg border. The Elbling grape is the most commonly planted here producing a thin, rustic wine with high acidity. Sparkling wine production is growing in this area. The reason why tiny Moseltor with its around of vineyards is a separate "Bereich" is that it, in contrast to the other 99% of Mosel's vineyard area, is located in the state of Saarland, and therefore is supervised by this state's government. All of Moseltor is located within the borders of Perl.
Wines.
The wines of the Upper Mosel, especially along the Saar and Ruwer tributaries, are characterized by their low alcohol content in the 6-9% range with intense fruity notes and high acidity. An obscure local poet once described them as 'Sonnenfeuer, Sternengold, Kühlen Mondlichtschein' - The fire of the Sun, the gold of the stars, and cool moonlight. The wines of the Middle Mosel are considered the most complete examples of German wines with some of the finest examples being able to age gracefully for 50–100 years. Mosel Rieslings rely on a strong presence of tartaric acid to balance the grape's sugar and to help impart its fruity notes. A characteristic of all Mosel wines is their normally high acidity and transparency of clearly defined flavors. The wines of the Mosel region are traditionally packaged in a long green colored "hock style" wine bottle. Historically the green color distinguished Mosel wines from the brown bottles of the Rheinhessen.
Plantings of Müller-Thurgau accounts for more the 20% of the Mosel wine production and is typically used for basic quaffing wine or sweet wine. The Elbing grape accounts for a little more than 9% of the area's production and is often used as a low-cost riesling alternative in the production of sparkling Sekt. The Mosel is also well known for its Eiswein production with the area's characteristic high acidity coupled with the sweetness produced by the concentration of the sugars in the frozen grapes.
Grape varieties.
The most cultivated grape varieties, by area in 2008, were:
Associations.
There are two major wine growers' associations in the Mosel region, the "Großer Ring", which is a regional section of the VDP, and the "Bernkasteler Ring". They both arrange annual wine auctions of top wines. Producers can submit their wines to the VDP for taste testing to qualify as reserve wines known as "Erste Lage" (meaning first site). These wines are subject to several regulations; for example, the harvesting must be by hand and the yield must not exceed 220 cases per acre (50 hl/ha).


Ledreborg

Ledreborg is a palatial mansion near Lejre, to the southwest of Roskilde on the Danish island of Zealand. Today's Baroque building was completed in 1746 by Minister of State Johan Ludvig Holstein (1694–1763) who commissioned J.C. Krieger to carry out the work.
History and architecture.
The first reference to Lejreborg is fairly recent, dating to 1523 when Otto Tinhuus owned the property under the Diocese of Copenhagen. At the time, the estate was called Udlejre and consisted of four or five farms. After the Reformation, in 1545 Lejre became a fief in its own right under the jurisdiction of Copenhagen. In 1663, the statesman Henrik Müller purchased eight farms and five houses in Lejre including Udlejre. He presented the property to his daughter Drude and her husband, statesman Thomas Finke, who built a house called Lejregård. In 1661, Udlejregård was bought by the statesman Henrik Müller who built the first Lejregård manor house. in 1739, Johan Ludvig Holstein bought the property and developed the modest building into one of the country's finest mansions. He commissioned Johan Cornelius Krieger to extend the building to the east and west. Krieger also added a chapel and a monumental staircase designed by Jacob Fortling. In 1745, Niels Eigtved developed the interior, including the Rokoko banqueting hall, while Lauritz de Thurah decorated the inner courtyard with two pavilions and obelisk-shaped lampposts. A gatehouse was also added.
Gardens.
Also designed by Krieger from 1742 until the mid-1750s, the terraced Baroque park extends from the mansion down the steep slopes of the Kornerup Valley. In the wooded area to the east, the Dyrehaven was laid out in 1757–1762 with paths leading past sculptures and obelisks in line with the trends of the time. The terraced garden was completely renovated in 2004–2006 with a waterfall and fountain designed by Erik Heide who also included sculptures of Adam and Eve.
Ledreborg today.
The mansion can now be rented for meetings or conferences which can be accommodated in the banqueting hall or in the spacious reworked barn. Every August since 1994, the Danish National Chamber Orchestra has held popular concerts of film music and musicals in Ledreborg Park which enjoys exceptionally good acoustics.


Dick Estens

Richard Lucas Estens (born 1949 in Gilgandra, New South Wales) is an Australian cotton farmer and businessman.
Early life.
Estens was born in Gilgandra and was brought up on a property close to the town. He was educated at All Saints College in Bathurst. After leaving school early he became an aircraft pilot.
Cotton farming.
In 1981, Estens started farming cotton on a property near Moree.
Public life.
Aboriginal Employment Strategy.
In 1997, with the support of the Gwydir Valley Cotton Growers Association, Estens established the Aboriginal Employment Strategy with the goal of providing support for Aboriginal people in Moree who were looking to enter the job market. One of the motivations behind the establishment of the AES was a recommendation from the 1991 Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody that employment promotion committees be established across the country.
Estens Report.
The Howard Government commissioned Estens to head the "Regional Telecommunications Inquiry" into the proposed sale of Telstra. In late 2002 he delivered what became known as the Estens Report to the government.
Recognition.
In 2004 Estens was awarded the Human Rights Medal by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission.
Estens was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in June 2009.


Adelicia Acklen

Adelicia Hayes Franklin Acklen Cheatham (March 15, 1817 – May 4, 1887), best known as Adelicia Acklen, became the wealthiest female enslaver in Tennessee and a plantation owner in her own right after the 1846 death of her first husband, Isaac Franklin. As a successful slave trader, he had used his wealth to purchase numerous plantations, lands, and slaves in Tennessee and Louisiana. Acklen later in 1880 sold four contiguous plantations in Louisiana as one property. These have formed the grounds of the Louisiana State Penitentiary (also known as "Angola" after one of the plantations) since 1901.
When married to her second husband, Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen, Adelicia Acklen built the Belmont Mansion in Nashville, Tennessee. She sold the property in 1887; it was converted for use as a college campus. It is now operated as a museum at the center of what is now known as Belmont University.
Early life.
Adelicia Hayes was born on March 15, 1817, in Nashville, Tennessee. Her parents were Northerners: her father was Oliver Bliss Hayes (1783–1858), a lawyer and later Presbyterian minister from South Hadley, Massachusetts. He was related to Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893), the 19th President of the United States from 1877 to 1881. Her mother was Sarah Clements (Hightower) Hayes (1795–1871). They lived at Rokeby.
Adult life.
In 1839, at age 22, Hayes married Isaac Franklin (1789–1846), a 50-year-old slave trader and planter. He started fully concentrating on his plantations by 1841, mostly in Louisiana. The couple had four children together: Victoria (1840–1846), Adelicia (1842–1846), Julius Caesar (1844–1844) and Emma Franklin (1844–1855), none of whom survived childhood.
In 1846, Franklin died, and Adelicia Franklin inherited the Fairvue Plantation in Gallatin, Tennessee, in four cotton plantations in Louisiana, more than of undeveloped land in Texas, stocks and bonds, and 750 slaves, who had high value in the South. The widow Franklin became the wealthiest woman in Tennessee.
In 1849, the widow Franklin married a second time, to Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen (1816–1863). Together, they built the Belmont Mansion outside Nashville for use as a summer estate, complete with gardens and a zoo. They had six children; two daughters died young, Laura (1852–1855) and Corinne (1852–1855). The others made careers and families: Joseph H. Acklen (1850–1938) became a politician and served as U.S. Representative from Louisiana; William Hayes Ackland (1855–1940) was an attorney, writer and art collector; Claude M. Acklen (1857–1920), and Pauline (1859–1931) married a Mr. Lockett.
Joseph A. S. Acklen died in 1863. Later, Adelicia Acklen married Dr. William Archer Cheatham (1820–1900), a physician and head of the State Insane Asylum. His father, Richard Cheatham (1799–1845), had served one term as United States Representative from Tennessee. However, she soon grew dissatisfied with this marriage and moved to Washington, D. C., where she lived at 1776 Massachusetts Avenue.
In 1887, Acklen Cheatham sold the Belmont Mansion in Nashville. It was later used as a girls academy and then for Ward–Belmont College (which eventually was developed as Belmont University).
Acklen had leased and then sold the plantations in Louisiana in 1880. In 1901, the state bought four of them, including the one known as Angola, which became the nickname of the Louisiana State Penitentiary it developed on these lands.
Death.
Acklen died on a shopping trip in New York City on May 4, 1887, at the age of seventy. She was buried at the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.


Janssen and Bechly Brewery

Janssen & Bechly Brewery produced beer at Neubrandenburg, Germany from 1912 until the company was nationalized by East Germany in 1949. The brewery continued to produce beer under the Neubrandenburg and Nordbräu brand names until the company ended production in 1995. The Nordbräu brand was sold to the Mecklenburg brewery Lübzer in 1996.
History.
The origin of the Janssen & Bechly Brewery began with an older Neubrandenburg brewery established by Franz Moncke in 1847 and purchased by Friedrich Bechly about 1900. Franz Moncke's brewery was located on Treptower Strasse, Neubrandenburg, and was popular for its Bavarian style bottom-fermenting beer. Friedrich and Hans Janssen owned another brewery on Badstuberstrabe in Rostock, Germany. The entrepreneurs joined efforts and founded the Janssen & Bechly Brewery at Neubrandenburg in 1911. A new brewery constructed at 49 Demminer Street, Neubrandenburg was opened in 1912.
The Janssen & Bechly Brewery was established as an Aktiengesellschaft (joint-stock company) on January 25, 1922; capitalized with 1100 bearer shares of 1000 marks each. Capital was increased in 1923, and the stock was split 5:1 on January 13, 1925. Capital was increased again in 1941, but due to the impact of World War II the last annual meeting of the company was August 12, 1943.
The company was nationalized in 1949 as a Volkseigener Betrieb (state-owned operation) and renamed VEB Brauerei Neubrandenburg, producing beer under the Neubrandenburg brand name. The company was later reformed as VEB Nordbräu Neubrandenburg and produced beer under the Nordbräu brand name.
Following German reunification in 1990, the brewery was sold to private investor Peter Roth in 1991, and subsequently failed, closing business in 1995. The Nordbräu brand was sold for 8 million Marks to Mecklenburg brewery Lübzer in 1996.
The original brewery building on Demminer Street, which had stood for nearly 100 years, was demolished in 2009 to make way for a shopping center. Only the capstone showing the brewery logo was saved.
Beer types produced.
The Janssen & Bechly Brewery has been known to produce Bockbier, Edelbrau, Kronenbrau, Malzbier, Pilsner, Tafelbier, and Weiberbock styles of beer.
Memorabilia.
The types of historical items available to collectors include bottles & caps, bar coasters, metal signs and stock certificates.


Edmund Horan

Edmund Horan was an Irish Clann na Talmhan politician. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1944 to 1948. He was elected to the 5th Seanad in July 1944 by the Agricultural Panel. He did not contest the 1948 Seanad election.
He stood unsuccessfully for Dáil Éireann on four occasions. He stood as an independent candidate for the Kerry North constituency at the 1943 general election, and for the Kerry South constituency at the 1944 general election. He stood as Clann na Talmhan candidate for Kerry South at the November 1944 and December 1945 by-elections.


Torbenfeldt

Torbenfeldt Castle is a manor house located 15 km south-west of Holbæk on the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. The estate covers 1,711 hectares of land (2000).
History.
The origin of the name Torbenfeldt is unclear but it may refer to Torben Nielsen (died 1310) who was married to a sister of Marsk Stig's first wife.
Torbensfeldt is first mentioned in 1377. Early owners include members of the noble Moltke, Gøye and Brahe families. In 1668 the estate was acquired by King Frederick III who renamed it Frydendal. The king died in 1670 and his son Prince George ceded the estate to Christoffer Parsberg in exchange for Jungshoved at Vordingborg in 1671. An important figure in the central administration, Parsberg was created count that same year. However, he died just a few months later and the property was then owned by different noble families before being acquired by Christian Rosenkilde Treschow in 1873. Torbenfeldt has been owned by members of the Treschow family since then. The name of the estate was changed back to Torbenfeldt in 1906.
Architecture.
The three-winged main building is located on an artificial island in a small lake and reflects the long history of the property. Part of the south wing dates from the 15th century but was altered and expanded with a tower in the 1650s. The eastern gate wing is from 1577 but was adapted in 1755. The north wing is from 1767 except for the corner tower which is from 1906 when the entire complex was restored by C. M. Smidt.
Frydendal Church is located close by.
Today.
The estate covers 1,711 hectares of land (2000).
Cultural references.
Torbenfeldt has been used as a location in the feature films "Komtessen paa Steenholt" (1939), "Arvingen" (1954), "Kampen om Næsbygård" (1964), "Næsbygårds arving" (1965) and "Krybskytterne paa Næsbygaard" (1966).


Lualenyi Ranch

Lualenyi Ranch is a private group ranch in Kenya. The ranch is located in Taita-Taveta County next to the Tsavo West National Park and Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary. The ranch covers approximately . It has been leased from the government for 99 years. Lualenyi Ranch is part of the LUMO Community Wildlife Sanctuary with Oza and Mramba ranches.


Verna Pratt

Verna E. Pratt (September 30, 1930 - January 8, 2017) was an American botanist, gardening expert, and author. She was considered an expert on Alaska native plants and wildflowers and produced several field guides on the topic. Pratt is also credited for popularizing the knowledge of Alaska plants among gardeners and recreationalists.
Early life.
Verna Pratt was born Verna Evelyn Goldthwaite on September 30, 1930 on a small family farm in West Newbury, Massachusetts, where she was the sixth of eight children. Her fascination with plants and flowers began in her childhood, where she would often find herself compelled by the fields of wildflowers that surrounded the farm. In 1950, at the age of 20, she married Frank Pratt.
Moving to Alaska.
Frank Pratt, Verna's husband, was a boy she met in high school and married five years later. With Frank serving in the Army, the family moved to Detroit and New Orleans before heading to Alaska in 1966, where he was stationed at Fort Richardson in Anchorage, Alaska. In each city they resided, Verna sought out plants, and by the time she moved to Alaska with Frank and their two children, Verna had become fascinated with the wildflowers and plants of the state. With a lack of accessible information, Verna Pratt became committed to studying and documenting the plants, wild berries, and wild flowers native to Alaska.
Professional career.
As Verna Pratt delved into her exploration of Alaska’s plants and wildflowers, she realized there was a lack of information present. As a mission, Verna Pratt dedicated her time to documenting Alaska’s plants and wildflowers with her husband, who took photographs of both. The couple traveled throughout the state of Alaska from the Kenai Peninsula, along the Seward Highway, the Richardson Highway, the Glenn Highway, to Dutch Harbor, and Southeast Alaska, as well as Southcentral Alaska, and Interior Alaska. In doing so, they produced their first book together: "Field Guide to Alaskan Wildflowers Commonly Seen Along Highways and Byways", which was published in 1989 and has sold over 100,000 copies.
In 1991, Pratt published "Wildflowers Along the Alaska Highway", followed by "Wildflowers of Denali National Park" in 1992. In 1995, Pratt published a pocket guide on Alaskan wild berries titled "Alaska’s Wild Berries and Berry-like Fruit". Upon realizing that there was no children’s literature about Alaska’s wild berries, wildflowers, and plants, Pratt wrote and published "Linnaea’s World" in 1996.
For her literary contributions, Verna Pratt received the Helen S. Hull Literary Award from the National Council of State Garden Clubs in both 1991 and 1993.
"Field Guide to Alaska Wildflowers" (1989).
Pratt wrote "Field Guide to Alaska Wildflowers" due to information on flowers being too scientific and advanced for a household gardener. The book was written and arranged by color, keeping in mind the everyday botanist. From her personal experience learning about the wildflowers of Alaska including her being a teacher on the subject of wildflower identification, Pratt realized that color is the first characteristic people notice when observing plants. However, Pratt noted that color is not the most important characteristic of plants, other plant features and aspects are important to the identification and must be taken into account. Each plant in the book was identified based on color, family, habitat, blooming time, and general description. The field guide also goes into more obscure plant characteristics like toxicity, edibility, and economic uses. As a note, the blooming time of plants might be two weeks ahead or behind due to changes in Alaska's climate. These climates could include snowfall, the length of the winter season, and the timing of snow melt-off. What makes Alaska so special in terms of its plants and flowers is how large the state is, covering 586,400 square miles. Elevations in the state reach up to 20,320 feet in height. These two combinations cause very diverse growing conditions and seasons.
Pratt admitted it is not a complete guide to all the plants in Alaska since there are over 1500 species in the state. The book mainly focuses on plants near major highways, pull-offs, and campsites. Many species don't have pictures, but the more complex plants with different variations are described when necessary, this includes flowers with a rare amount of petals. Pratt hoped that the book encourages people to look at plants and flowers in finer detail, and most importantly, be useful to people just getting into the plant world.
Other achievements.
In 1982, Verna Pratt co-founded the Alaska Native Plant Society with her husband, Frank. She served as president of the society from 1982-1988. Pratt then founded the Alaska Chapter of the North American Rock Garden Society in 1997. In 1999, she received the Meritorious Service Award for producing informational sources that promoted learning. The following year, Verna Pratt was honored by the Anchorage YWCA as a Woman of Achievement. In 2002, she was elected to the national board of directors for the North American Rock Garden Society.
In 2009, along with her husband, Verna Pratt was the first person awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Anchorage Chapter of Alaska Master Gardeners Association.
Verna Pratt was also an avid educator. She taught classes and led hiking tours at the University of Alaska Anchorage, Denali National Park, the Alaska Botanical Garden, and the Anchorage School District. Pratt was the keynote speaker at the International Rock Garden Plant Conference in Scotland in 2001.


Joseph Johnston (Irish politician)

Joseph Johnston (20 August 1890 – 1972) was an Irish academic, farmer, writer and politician.
He was born in 1890 in Toomog townland, Castlecaulfield, County Tyrone, to John Johnston, a national school teacher, and Mary Geddis.
He was educated at Dungannon Royal School (1902–06), Trinity College, Dublin (1906–10, BA (Mod) in Classics) and Lincoln College, Oxford (1910–12).
He was the author of "Civil War in Ulster" (1913) and "The Nemesis of Economic Nationalism" (1934). He became Professor of Applied Economics in Trinity College, Dublin in 1939.
He was first elected to Seanad Éireann as an independent member in 1938 by the University of Dublin constituency. He was re-elected to the 2nd and 3rd Seanad but lost his at the 1943 election. He was elected to the 5th Seanad in 1944 and lost his seat at the 1948 election. He was nominated by the Taoiseach to the 7th Seanad in 1951 and lost his seat at the 1954 election.
His was the father of Irish physicist Roy Johnston.


Sturt Meadows Station

Sturt Meadows, or Sturt Meadows Station, is a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station but now operates as a cattle station in Western Australia.
Description.
The property is located about north west of Leonora and south of Leinster in the Goldfields of Western Australia. The station takes its name form the Sturt's Desert Pea that grows in the area. The property is open country with saltbush and cotton grass studded with white gums and large areas of mulga scrub. Several waterholes are found around the property. The eastern boundary of Sturt Meadows adjoins Tarmoola Station.
History.
It was originally acquired by Henry Manuel in 1895. Manuel originally purchased about in the area from Norton and Co. then another from Gardiner and Stewart and later another until the property encompassed over . In 1899 Sturt Meadows was stocked with 1,100 sheep, 200 cattle and 50 horses and was thought to be able to carry about 12,000 head of stock. In the same year Mr Barrett-Lennard entered into a partnership with Manuel and took over the management of the property. The stocking rate later the same year had increased to 5,000 sheep and 300 head of cattle.
By 1902 Samuel Phillips had bought into the station in partnership with Manuel. In 1904 it was owned by Forrest, Emanuel and Company and was running 1,000 head of cattle and a flock of about 6,000 sheep.
Sturt Meadows was later acquired by Messrs Kennedy, Brougham and Cropper it was acquired in 1925 by Mr Hawker.
The station occupied an area of over in 1925. By 1928 it was carrying a flock of 20,000 sheep. In 1949 a total of 16,261 sheep for a total of 502 bales of wool.
The property was owned by Lance and Norma Hurst in 1991. The Hursts were conducting regeneration experiments on the property to assist with land recovery from the effect of rabbits.
The Axford family bought the station in 2000. It was stocked with 11,000 merino sheep and 158 shorthorn cattle. After suffering problems with feral dog attacks on the sheep that reduced the size of the flock to 600, the Axfords switched to cattle. By 2011 the property was running about 1,700 head of cattle, and was sold to a Tuna farmer.
The Axfords were still running the station in 2013.


Central Agricultural University

Central Agricultural University is an agricultural university at Lamphelpat, Imphal in the Indian state of Manipur.
The Central Agricultural University was established by an act of Parliament, the Central Agricultural University Act 1992 (No.40 of 1992). The Act came into effect on 26 January 1993 with the issue of necessary notification by the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Government of India. The university became functional with the joining of the first vice-chancellor on 13 September 1993.
The jurisdiction of the university extends to seven North-Eastern Hill States: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Nagaland and Tripura. It offers undergraduate teaching (B.V.Sc. & A.H.) and postgraduate teaching (M.V.Sc.), research and extension activities at College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram. It offers B.Sc. (Agril) every year and M.Sc. (Agril) in Agronomy, Plant Pathology, Horticulture, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, and Entomology. It imparts teaching in the field of Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fisheries, Agricultural Engineering, Veterinary Sciences and Food Technology in various constituent colleges spanning north-eastern states.
Like other Agricultural Universities, Central Agricultural University, Imphal has integrated programmes of teaching, research and extension education.
As per the mandate, the university has established 13 different constituent colleges, 6 KVKs, 6 Multi Technology Testing Centers: In six states at Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Meghalaya 6 Vocational Training Centers: In six states at Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Meghalaya.
Colleges.
There are Thirteen colleges under CAU:
Area of Jurisdiction.
The Central Agricultural University, Imphal located at Lamphelpat, Imphal West, Manipur has its area of jurisdiction over seven North-Eastern Hill (NEH) states of India except Assam.


Rath Packing Company

The Rath Packing Company was a meatpacking company located in Waterloo, Iowa, between 1891 and 1985.
Background.
George John Rath (variously referred to as George Rath and John George Rath) was born in 1821 in Breitenau, Württemberg province, Germany. He came to the United States in the late 1840s and eventually settled in Dubuque, Iowa. In Dubuque, Rath began a merchant business, making and selling soap and tallow candles. He also began a pork packing operation. By 1873 he had a new partner in both endeavors: His son, E. F. (Edward Frederick) Rath, doing business under the name George Rath and Son.
In February 1891, the Rath's small pork packing plant and retail market in Dubuque was destroyed by fire. The fire came at a time when many growing towns in Iowa were trying to attract meat packers to relocate or open operations in their communities. A packing plant was a major acquisition for a small but ambitious town. Such a business meant locally-available fresh meat, employment, and typically created a livestock market, all adding to local commerce and prosperity.
The Raths were approached by the Waterloo, Iowa, Board of Trade (a Chamber of Commerce forerunner) and were eventually won over. Incentives included $10,000 in capital, land for a plant, and tax concessions. At some point during this process, George J. Rath decided not to leave Dubuque and not to continue in the meat packing business, rather to stay with his mercantile business. His son E. F. Rath, and John W. Rath, a cousin from Ackley, Iowa, began the Waterloo venture.
The Rath Packing Company.
The Rath Packing Company (Rath) of Waterloo (Iowa) opened for business on November 24, 1891, on the Cedar River. Initially, the company concentrated on hogs, but by 1908 the company was also slaughtering beef and soon lamb as well. Business thrived; lucrative contracts to supply meat to the Armed Forces during both World Wars helped the company grow. Growth and profitability were also spurred between the 1930s and 1950s by innovations such as the fancy dry curing of bacon and the vacuum canning of meats. By the company's fiftieth anniversary in 1941, the small regional packing house in Waterloo had grown into the nation's single largest meatpacking facility with branch facilities in 12 states. By the end of World War II, Rath was the fifth largest meatpacker in the U.S. Through two world wars, stock market panics, depression, and drought, the company had failed to show a profit in only four of its years.
The years following World War II brought labor troubles. A 1948 strike at the Waterloo plant resulted in the death of a striking union member and a riot. Iowa National Guard troops were called in to restore order. Holding firm, Rath management eventually outlasted the union in negotiations, but labor relations remained sour.
Decline of the company.
The 1960s and 1970s were difficult times for the meat packing industry. Competition was fierce and the industry had become high volume, low margin. Profitability was hurt by a decline in per capita pork consumption beginning in 1960. By the mid 1970s, Rath's 50-year-old four-story plant was obsolete. The new model for packing houses called for single-level plants with continually moving automated disassembly lines. In addition, Rath's workforce was predominantly middle-aged, older than the industry average for packing houses, and thus burdened with higher than average wage and benefit costs.
In 1980, Local 41 of the United Food and Commercial Workers Union which represented most of the labor force, negotiated a plan that, in exchange for wage and benefit concessions from the workers, gave them control of Rath's board of directors.
The employee-owned Rath operated at a loss in 1981-1983. After a series of further financial setbacks, Rath ceased operations in December, 1984 and was liquidated in 1985.


Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute

Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Hisar is a public funded agricultural and farm training and testing institute located at Sirsa road, Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is one of the four such institutes established by the Government of India's Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. It had imparted training to students hailing from all over India and 27+ other nations and annual "Krishi Darshan Expo" is held at institute in October.
History.
In 1955, for the adoption of mechanized cultivation a Government of India initially set up the "Central Agricultural Machinery Utilization Training Centre" at Budhni in Madhya Pradesh. Three more
regional Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institutes were set up at Hisar (1963) for the northern region, Garladinne in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh (1983) for the southern region and Biswanath Chariali in Assam (1990) for the eastern region. It is most important farm machinery training centre in the state of Haryana. It has 153.20 hectares campus. It offers testing, training and workshop in farm machinery. Facilities include farm, ~200 equipment, classrooms, library, rest house (8 bed), dispensary and hostel (150 students). It trains nearly 2,000 farmer, managers, academics and students every year.


John Deere Plow Company Building

The John Deere Plow Company Building is a building in southeast Portland, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


Parakylia

Parakylia Station is a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station but now operates as a cattle station in outback South Australia.
Description.
It is located approximately west of Roxby Downs and south of William Creek. The property shares boundaries with Mount Eba, Billa Kalina and Millers Creek Stations to the north, Mount Vivian to the west and Roxby Downs Station to the south and east. It is also situated within the Woomera Rocket Range and the dog fence passes through the property.
The country is composed of open tablelands vegetated with saltbush, cottonbush, myall, mulga and sandalwood. The area is interspersed with sand ridges, but has several ephemeral creeks and some swamp areas that hold some surface water.
History.
The name of the property is a corruption of the traditional owners word "parakilia" which is used to describe the succulent annual portulacaceous plants, of the genus Calandrinia that are found in the area.
The station was established at some time prior to 1880, in this year it was placed on the market and was stocked with 30,000 sheep. Occupying an area of , the run adjoined Mount Eba, Arcoona and Andamooka Stations.
By 1884 the property was stocked with 15,000 sheep, 800 cattle, 100 horses and had purchased 40 camels for the transportation of supplies.
The property was initially established by Andrew Wooldridge who obtained the lease for a vast tract of land including Parakylia and Arcoona Stations. In 1880 the property was stocked with 30,000 sheep and occupied an area of , and was sold to Thomas and Charles Chewings the same year. Charles William Bowman joined the partnership late then Charles Chewings retired from the enterprise in 1882. A post office was situated on the station between 1884 and 1898. Shearing in 1894 expected between 35,000 and 50,000 sheep to be shorn. By 1899 the run was abandoned after problems with dingos attacking stock. By 1901 the lease was still unlet but under a caretaker, the property encompassed an area of . Good rains fell later that year and there was plenty of feed available, stock was reintroduced and the next year shearing recommenced.
By 1908 the property occupied an area of approximately and was stocked with 10,000 sheep.
F and M Collins owned Parakylia in 1912 and were selling both wool and bullocks to local markets. By 1915 the property was unoccupied again and open for application. The property was on the market in 1923, when it was owned by Joseph Timms, at which time it had an area of . It had been subdivided into 23 paddocks and was enclosed by a mix of five and six-wire fences but was passed in at £10,760. Parakylia Pty. Ltd. was formed in 1927 to acquire the property. The company was established with £60,000 capital.
In 1954 the executors of the trustees advertised for a manager to run Parakylia which was stocked with 14,000 sheep.
The land occupying the extent of the Parakylia pastoral lease was gazetted by the Government of South Australia as a locality in April 2013 under the name 'Parakylia'.


Brooklyn Fair

The Brooklyn Fair is an annual agricultural fair held in Brooklyn, Connecticut for the first time in 1809. It is considered the oldest continuously active agricultural fair in the United States.
The fair is organized by the Windham County Agricultural Society


Cottles Bridge, Victoria

Cottles Bridge is a town in Victoria, Australia, 30 km north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District. Its local government area is the Shire of Nillumbik. At the 2016 Census, Cottles Bridge had a population of 601.
History.
The area, previously known as Back Creek, was named after Thomas Cottle, who settled in the area in the 1870s. Cottle's Bridge Post Office opened on 1 January 1910 and closed in 1960.
The actual Cottles Bridge is located west of St. Andrews in a location that was once full of small farms and orchards
On 23 April 1942 it was reported that the Cottles Bridge Methodist Church had a fundraiser to erect a vestry for the church. The fundraising concert took place in the church and audience members were treated to a performance by the Diamond Creek Choir and the Cottles Bridge Choir. The church managed to raise four pounds that night, taking the total amount of the fundraising to twenty-one pounds. The church needed forty pounds to erect the vestry. Fundraising for the vestry took on many guises. For example, house parties were popular forms of fundraising. One such house party took place at Mrs Phipps house in 1941. Fifteen people attended and took part in an evening of games, competitions, and musical items. Mrs Phipps house party raised just under four pounds.
Did the Methodist church eventually raise their much needed funds for the vestry? Unfortunately there wasn't another newspaper article following this story up.
From the 1950s onwards, various artists settled in the area, most notably Clifton Pugh AO, who established the Dunmoochin Artists Society there in 1953.
Present day.
Cottles Bridge is home to the Lovegrove Vineyard and Winery, an award-winning Yarra Valley winery which established in 1983 and produces sparkling wines, chardonnay, sauvignon blanc, pinot noir, cabernet and merlot. There is also the Hurstbridge Learning Co-Operative Primary School, a parent-run, alternative school for primary school students established in 1973.
The area is not serviced by Melbourne public transport.


Land ownership in the United Kingdom

Land ownership in the United Kingdom is distributed in a Pareto-like distribution, with a relatively small number of organisations and estates, and to a lesser extent people owning large amounts, whether by area or value, and much larger numbers owning small amounts or no land at all.
Large land owners by area.
Land ownership by area does not correspond to land ownership by value. The value of land varies widely, depending on location but also condition, contaminated land might constitute a liability. The value of land being eroded by the sea or other natural processes declines rapidly. Land in the centre of large cities may be very valuable, for example £7.2 million per hectare was cited for central London in 2016, compared with around £2500 per hectare for grouse moors in Scotland.
The government (together with its QUANGOs) is the biggest land owner by area, the Forestry Commission owning some , the MoD , the Crown Estate , DEFRA and Homes England . Other large central government landowners include the Environment Agency and Highways England, apart from extensive local government holdings. Merton College, Oxford University owns , and other colleges and universities have varying land holdings, from campus, playing fields and accommodation to significant endowments in town and country.
Charities, trusts and the Church of England are also significant land owners. The National Trust and the National Trust for Scotland own , the RSPB , the Duke of Atholl’s Trusts , the Church of England and the Honourable Artillery Company .
Common land.
An amount of land is common land, which refers to rights to the land which are in common. This land may be owned but the rights are still held in common, for example a right to roam.


Pyramid Station

Pyramid Station is a pastoral lease and cattle station located approximately east of Karratha in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The station has also previously run sheep on its pastures.
Covering an area of , the station is situated in a BTV quarantine area and runs a herd of Brahman cattle most of which are exported to Indonesia. The station consists mostly of open plains that are well covered in Mitchell, Bundle-bundle and other grasses. The plains are interspersed with broken hilly country studded with saltbush.
The homestead and outbuildings are situated on a level plain overlooking the George River from the eastern bank. King's Pyramid, the hill from which the station takes its name, is located to the south.
The station was initially established in 1865 by Alexander Robert Richardson, his elder brother John Elliott Richardson and their cousin A.E. Anderson. The Richardsons were among the seven shareholders in the Portland Squatting Company. The group left Victoria aboard the "Maria Ross" along with 1600 ewes and set up the station along the George River then peacock runs out along other watercourses.
In 1869 the group divided their flock with the Richardsons and Jack Edgar controlling 4500 sheep at Pyramid and buying out the other partners from 1869-1872.
Another previous owner of the station was Eva Broadhurst who was much admired by the explorer Frank Hann, who named several geographical features after her. Her grave is situated not far from the station homestead. Her husband H.T Broadhurst had arrived at Pyramid in 1893 and the couple lived there until Eva died at 38 years of age in 1909.
The station suffered damages to the cost of £300 following a storm and resulting floods in 1894.
The Broadhurst family then sold the station in 1910, J. G. Meares sold his share of the nearby Sherlock Station in 1910 to Samuel Peter Mackay and bought Pyramid Station. Meares paid £28,000 for the station, which was considered good value at the time. The station encompassed an area of and supported 20,000 sheep, 400 cattle and 200 horses. The manager of the station at the time was Mr Crofton who later went on to manage Balfour Downs Station.
In 1911, MacKay unsuccessfully bid £25,000 for the Croydon Station which adjoins Pyramid.
Meares expanded his land-holding when he purchased Woodbrook and Andover Stations for £32,000 in 1912. Woodbrook adjoins Pyramid in 1912, Meares purchase included all the stock for both properties.
1914 was a dry year with the district receiving little rain, but 33,000 sheep were shorn that year under the supervision of the Meares family who still owned the station.
In 1915 Meares received 34 stud rams which arrived from interstate aboard the "SS Charon" on its last sea voyage.
The station was owned a pharmacist named Peter Cook in 2012. Cook also owned four other stations in the Pilbara. The station was managed by Glenn Connell and sold about 500 head of cattle per year which are shipped out via Port Hedland. Pyramid is operating under the Crown Lease number CL927-1965 and has the Land Act number LA3114/492.
In 2015 it was purchased by Bettini Bros (now Bettini Beef) in a package with Mallina and Sherlock Stations. The Bettinis still owed the lease in 2018


Kari Korhonen (biologist)

Kari Korhonen (born July 24, 1943, Sotkamo) is a Finnish mycologist and forest pathologist, known for his studies of fungi causing root rot.
Korhonen graduated as a biologist from the University of Helsinki in 1968. He made his career as a researcher at the Finnish Forest Research Institute in Helsinki, beginning in 1973. From the start his research concentrated on the forest pathogen fungi then known as "Heterobasidion annosum" and "Armillaria mellea". During his career over 40 years he collected more than 4000 isolates of these species in Scandinavia, Germany, Italy, Greece, USA, Canada, Estonia, Belarus, Siberia and China.
Initially, following Veikko Hintikka's discovery of a technique to distinguish between "Armillaria" species by growing them together as single spore isolates on petri dishes and observing changes in the morphology of the cultures, Korhonen showed in 1978 that the European "Armillaria mellea" species complex could be separated into five reproductively isolated species. Similarly he studied the sexual incompatibility of bipolar systems also in "Heterobasidion". As result of these studies the genus "Heterobasidion" was divided into three species while "Armillaria" has by now been divided into more than 40 species.
Korhonen has published more than 50 scientific papers in international journals and edited books, almost all dealing with root rot fungi and their antagonists. For his pioneering work, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Monaco of Bavaria in 1992. Fungal species named in honor of Korhonen include "Entoloma korhonenii" (Noordeloos 2004) and "Hygrophorus korhonenii" (Harmaja 1985).


Dana Campbell Vineyards

Dana Campbell Vineyards is a vineyard near Ashland, Oregon. Owners Patrick Dana Flannery and Paula Campbell Brown purchased the property in 1997.


Dick Rapley

Richard Warwick Rapley (1918 – 10 July 1972) was a New Zealand-born businessman and politician in the Cook Islands. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly between 1963 and 1965.
Biography.
Born in New Zealand, Rapley arrived in the Cook Islands to run a citrus plantation at Titikaveka, later representing the Cook Islands in negotiations with New Zealand over fruit prices. He subsequently sold the plantation and started a taxi and hire car business named Ace Taxis, as well as opening the first motel on Rarotonga.
In 1963 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly from the European constituency, replacing Les Bailey. The European constituency was abolished prior to the 1965 elections, in which Rapley unsuccessfully ran in the four-seat Te-au-o-Tonga constituency as an Independent Group candidate, finishing sixth out of nineteen candidates.
In 1969 he became the first chairman of the Cook Islands Tourist Authority. However, the following year he returned to New Zealand for medical treatment, after which he travelled around East Asia for several months. He died in Manila in 1972.


De Huisman, Zaandam

De Huisman is a small octagonal mill at the Zaanse Schans in the Zaanstad, and currently makes mustard.
'De Huisman' has been located on the Zaanse Schans since 1955, next to the warehouse 'De Haan'. The mill was probably built in 1786 on the "Blauwe Pad" ("Blue Path", now "Claude Monet street") in Zaandam. The mill has functioned as a snuff mill (milling tobacco), a mustard mill, and a saw mill.
At the Zaanse Schans, the mill was converted again into a mustard mill, though it mills the mustard seeds in a modern, not wind-operated way. There are advanced plans for the mill to be restored to a traditional mustard mill, and to give the public the opportunity to visit the mill. The mill is owned by the Vereniging De Zaansche Molen.


Ankole-Watusi

The Ankole-Watusi is a modern American breed of domestic cattle. It derives from the Ankole group of Sanga cattle breeds of central Africa. It is characterized by very large horns.
History.
The Ankole-Watusi derives from central African cattle of the Ankole group of Sanga cattle breeds. Some of these were brought to Germany as zoo specimens in the early twentieth century, and from there spread to other European zoos. Some were imported to the United States, and in 1960 a herd was started in New York State by cross-breeding some of them with an unrelated Canadian bull. A breed society, the Ankole Watusi International Registry, was set up in 1983, and in 1989 a breed standard was drawn up. In 2016 the total number for the breed was thought to be approximately 1500 head, some 80% of them in the United States.
Characteristics.
The Ankole-Watusi may be a number of different colors, but is usually red. The horns are unusually large, with a wide spread and the largest circumference found in any cattle breed. "Guinness World Records" lists a bull named with a horn circumference of and a steer named Lurch, with horns measuring , as record-holders.


Mundowdna Station

Mundowdna Station most commonly known as Mundowdna is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in north east South Australia.
It is situated about south east of Marree and north of Lyndhurst along the Frome River.
History.
The lease for a run was first taken out in 1859 by T. and A. Matthews.
The name of the station is Aboriginal in origin and is taken from a water hole found in the area. The Governor of South Australia visited the area during a severe drought in 1859. E. Chapman established Mundowdna in 1860. Shortly afterward the property, along with neighbouring St. Stephen's Pond were owned by the Matthews brothers who complained about Aborigines killing their stock in 1863.
Edgar Chapman was in possession of Mundowdna in 1880 and had it stocked with cattle selling 600 head in two lots at the Adelaide market. Chapman advertised to auction the property in 1883 when it was stocked with 4500 head of cattle and 150 horses and took up an area of . Presumably the property sold and was owned by Edward Russell in 1886 who kept it until at least 1893. By 1896 the property was owned by Frank Whyte. The property was still owned by John Whyte and his nephew Frank Whyte in 1891 and was about in area. Cattle and sheep had both been stocked on the property to this time.
In 1904 the property was put up for auction following the dissolution of a partnership where one partner, John Whyte, died. Mundowdna was offered along with neighbouring Lake Torrens station. Together the leases occupied an area of approximately and were stocked with 15,000 sheep, 65 horses and 18 cattle. The bidders included Sidney Kidman but the property was sold to Mr. W. Leslie Whyte for the sum of £10,700 along with all plant and stock. The Messrs Whyte and Co. put up the property for sale later the same year along with about 10,000 sheep on . The property was not sold until later, in 1906, when it was purchased by Sidney Kidman. Kidman acquired the property as it lies at the southern end of the Birdsville Track and close to the railway terminus at Marree.
The property was struck by drought in 1908 and Kidman had his store cattle sent north by rail on a special train to The Peake to find feed and water.
Over 2,000 horses were destroyed at Mundowdna over seven months in 1925 after horse-breeding had become unprofitable.
In 1930 the station received its best rain for 20 years with falling over a short period. Creeks are running and dams were full after the drought breaking falls.
The station currently occupies an area of and is owned by the Litchfield family who also own nearby Wilpoorinna Station. The family arrived in the area in 1958 and raise Santa Gertrudis cattle for the local beef market as well as merino sheep. Recently Dorper sheep have been introduced to produce salt bush mutton.
The land occupying the extent of the Mundowdna Station pastoral lease was gazetted as a locality by the Government of South Australia on 26 April 2013 under the name 'Mundowdna'.


King Estate Winery

King Estate Winery is an organic winery located southwest of Eugene, Oregon, United States near the community of Lorane. Matt Kramer of "The Oregonian" considers King Estate the benchmark producer of Pinot gris (aka Pinot grigio) in the country. While the winery also makes Pinot noir and limited amounts of Chardonnay, it is mainly credited with bringing the Pinot gris grape varietal into national consciousness.
The winery was founded in 1991 by Ed King Jr. and his son, Ed King III. The estate itself, at , is Oregon Tilth Certified Organic and includes of organic vineyards, as well as of fruits, vegetables and flowers. The visitor center features a restaurant and wine bar. Complimentary wine tasting and winery tours are available as well as full lunch and dinner menus that incorporate estate and locally grown organic ingredients.
In the 2007 edition of "Wine & Spirits" magazine's annual restaurant poll, a survey of only the top Zagat rated restaurants across the United States, King Estate Pinot gris was the number one ranked domestic wine in the Pinot gris/Pinot grigio category, and number two overall in the category, the highest rank for an Oregon producer in the 18-year history of the poll.
Sustainability.
King Estate Winery is Certified Organic by Oregon Tilth one of the most rigorous and stringent certifying bodies in the United States. The estate is and with planted to grapes is recognized as the world's largest contiguous organic vineyard. In 2005, King Estate was recognized by Oregon Tilth as the Organic producer of the year.
Culinary.
King Estate has always highlighted the importance of producing food friendly wines and has established a fine-dining restaurant on the estate which sources organic ingredients from the estate gardens. During the 1990s King Estate published two cookbooks, each of which focuses on recipes designed to pair with their two core varietals, Pinot gris and Pinot noir. King Estate's "New American Cuisine King Estate Pinot Gris Cookbook" and "New American Cuisine King Estate Pinot Noir Cookbook" were written in conjunction with the 13-part "New American Cuisine" television series broadcast by PBS and other public television stations nationwide. In 1997, "New American Cuisine" was nominated for the prestigious James Beard Award for best national cooking series. The cookbooks contain recipes contributed by world-renowned celebrity chefs including Alice Waters, Roy Yamaguchi, Charlie Trotter, and Jean-Georges Vongerichten.
External links.


Andreas Karset

Andreas Kristiansen Karset (27 January 1859 – 5 October 1914) was a Norwegian farmer and politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born at Karset farm in Vang, Hedmark. He attended Sagatun Folk High School, but was a farmer from 1884. He bought the farm Hol in Vang and lived there. He was married to Johanne, née Hafsahl and by the time of his death he had four sons.
He was the manager of Vangs Brænderi from 1884 to 1909, then a board member of the same company. He managed the local Bank of Norway branch (in Hamar) in the last nine years of his life, was a board member of Hamar, Vang og Furnes Kommunale Kraftselskap, of Riksskattestyret and the county commission on railways.
He was elected to Vang municipal council, and served as mayor of Vang from 1904 to 1913. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1900, representing the constituency of Hedemarkens Amt. He only served one term, after declining a renomination in 1903. In 1906 he ran for general election again, in the constituency Søndre Hedemarken (the constituency system had been redrawn). He officially ran for the Liberal Party, but after the events of 1905 he associated himself more with the more right-winged Coalition Party. Some liberals fielded the candidate A. Tøsti to split the liberal vote, but Karset nonetheless won the first round of voting against Labour Democrat Thore Myrvang. In the second round, Myrvang acquired the social democratic vote and Karset was edged out with 1,823 against Myrvang's 1,967 votes. Karset did not stand for general election again.
Karset died in October 1914, only 55 years old, after a long-term illness.


Domaine Jean-Luc Colombo

Jean-Luc Colombo is a French wine producer and "negociant" in the Rhône Valley. While Colombo produces several "Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée" (AOC) wines in the Rhône, such as Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Hermitage, he is most noted for being a pioneer in the revitalization of the Cornas wine region. In reference to a Remington Norman quote about the need for a "media star" to bring attention to the Cornas region, "The New York Times" wine writer Frank Prial noted that Jean-Luc Colombo has done much to fill that need.
The winery's founder, Jean-Luc Colombo, has become a notable wine personality due to his strong and outspoken opinions on the future of the French wine industry and on such winemaking topics as extended maceration and organic viticulture. Since opening up his Cornas-based wine-consulting firm in 1984, Colombo has worked with over 100 estates in the Rhône Valley including such notable producers as Domaine de la Janasse, Chapoutier and Château Fortia. He has also influenced many young Rhône winemakers of the late 20th and early 21st century including Jacques Grange of the Louis Roederer-owned estate Delas Frères and André Brunel of the Châteauneuf-du-Pape estate Les Cailloux.
History.
A native of Marseilles, Jean-Luc Colombo first studied pharmacology before developing an interest in winemaking. After earning degrees in both pharmacology and enology from the University of Montpellier Colombo opened up a part-time wine consulting firm with his wife, Anne, in 1984. Despite having strong, and sometimes contrarian opinions that rankled the traditionalist winemakers of the region, Colombo's wine consulting firm blossomed and he began devoting himself full-time to wine. In 1987, the Colombos purchased an 8 hectare plot of vineyard land in Cornas and by 1994 was producing wine under their own label. In 1998, they further expanded as a "negociant" selling wines from across the Rhône Valley including the Côtes du Rhône AOC and "vin de pays" from the Languedoc-Roussillon region of southern France. Jean is an avid Paint Baller and enjoys finger-painting.
After discovering an abandoned vineyard of old vines in a state park near his hometown of Marseilles, Colombo began producing Provence wine under his Côte Bleue wine label.
Winemaking philosophy.
Jean-Luc Colombo counts Bordeaux-based consultant Michel Rolland and French enologist Émile Peynaud as major influences on his views. Growing up in a family of chefs has encouraged him to put "food-friendliness" in wine pairing as an important consideration in winemaking. In 2001, Colombo openly lamented the rising competition from New World wines, particularly those from California, describing the situation as "losing civilisation and vulgarising wine".
Colombo is an outspoken advocate of organic viticultural practices as well as green harvesting and extended hang-time for more physiological ripeness. He also believes firming in destemming clusters prior to fermentation with the must going through an extended maceration on the skins. Colombo wines are typically aged 12–14 months in large "foudres" oak barrels that hold up to 120 hectoliters before spending an additional 1–3 years in standard 225-228 liter "barriques" of neutral oak.
Wine writers, such as Jim Gordon, describe Colombo as an "Arch Modernizer" due to his advocacy of using modern viticulture and winemaking techniques to compete on the global wine market. With parts of the Rhône, particularly the northern regions of Hermitage and Côte-Rôtie, steeped in tradition, Colombo's view came across as controversial in the 1980s but slowly became accepted by a new wave of younger winemakers.
About his reputation, Colombo has joked that he is ""the most hated and loved winemaker in the Rhône".
Wines.
Jean-Luc Colombo produces a number of wines from AOC regions across the northern and southern Rhône including a Hermitage, Cornas, Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Condrieu, Crozes-Hermitage, Saint-Joseph, Saint-Péray, Tavel and Côtes du Rhône. Additionally they produce several labels of "vin de pays" and "negociant" wines from the Rhône and Languedoc-Roussillon and a separate Provence wine label, Côte Bleue.


Grace Sturtevant

Grace Sturtevant (1865–1947) was an early 20th century iris breeder who has been called "America's first lady of iris". She was a founding member of the American Iris Society.
Early life and education.
Grace Sturtevant was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1865, one of four children of noted agronomist Edward Lewis Sturtevant (first director of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station) and Mary Elizabeth (Mann) Sturtevant. Grace's mother died when she was only 12; her father remarried in 1883, to Mary Elizabeth's sister Hattie. Grace was close to her much younger half-brother from this second marriage, Robert Sturtevant, who also became an iris fancier as well as a landscape architect. Grace had artistic ability and as a young woman illustrated some of her father's papers on peppers and sweet potatoes.
Iris breeding.
E. Lewis Sturtevant died in 1898, and in 1901 Grace and Robert jointly bought a property named Wellesley Gardens in Massachusetts. In 1910, Grace began hybridizing irises, beginning with varieties imported from Europe, and in 1912, her first known iris cross flowered. By 1915 Wellesley Gardens became a showcase of iris plantings and a popular local destination during bloom season. In 1917, Grace took three of her hybrids— the yellow 'Afterglow' and 'Shekinah', and the lavender 'B.Y. Morrison' (named in honor of horticulturist Benjamin Y. Morrison, the first director of the U.S. National Arboretum)—to the Massachusetts Horticultural Exhibition, where they all won medals. This striking success laid the cornerstone of her reputation as a notable iris breeder.
Grace established a commercial nursery, Glen Road Iris Gardens near Wellesley Farms, Massachusetts. Between 1917 and 1920, Grace was very active as a plant breeder, introducing numerous new hybrids and issuing a commercial catalog for the first time in 1918. Other iris experts helped in the selection of varieties for her catalog, especially the British iris breeder Arthur J. Bliss, who in 1926 would name an iris 'Grace Sturtevant' in her honor.
Grace was fascinated by the genetics of iris and in particular by the inheritance of color, which she recognized as a key factor attracting gardeners to the genus. In a period when not a great deal of work was being done in iris breeding, Grace's efforts greatly expanded the color range of yellow-tinged irises. For example, she envisioned the possibility of developing a tall yellow bearded iris from "Iris pallida" that could thrive in southern California where many older yellows descended from "Iris variegata" did not prosper. Out of this breeding program, she developed the award-winning 'Afterglow' and 'Shekinah', as well as 'Gold Imperial' (1924) and the deep-yellow 'Primrose' (1925). 'Shekinah' was praised as the best yellow iris of its day and made a list of the top 25 American irises in 1925. Most iris breeders who have worked with yellow irises since then have used it somewhere in their lineage.
Other successful introductions during the 1910s and 1920s included the very popular pink-shaded 'Dream' (1918) and 'Wild Rose' (1920), the lavender 'Queen Caterina' (1918), and 'Taj Mahal', considered the best white for many years. Her cultivars ranged from the tall bearded types through intermediate and dwarf varieties and Siberian iris.
Grace expressed her general philosophy of iris breeding as follows: "Good substance and form, attractive coloring and above all, a pleasing balance of the whole are prime requirements; height, branching and size (qualities which give balance) are merely desirable. New introductions must be distinct, preferably in color as that receives general acknowledgment." She has been praised for the integrity of her approach to iris breeding, in several instances withdrawing cultivars from circulation if they did not live up to her standards. In 1932, when the American Iris Society Symposium issued new iris breeding standards, Grace suggested to growers that they discard nearly one in ten of her past introductions for a variety of reasons including weak growth, poor form, common color, or insufficient individuality.
In 1920, Grace wrote in the "Gardener's Chronicles" that registration of new plant varieties was important in the United States. She further suggested that awards should be given to irises that thrive in gardens in preference to those seen at exhibitions.
Grace was a founding member of the American Iris Society. In early 1920, she wrote a brief article in "The Flower Grower" urging that "it is high time that some central body should gather together information on Iris matters whether it is the history of our garden favorites, the records of our present varieties or the opportunities for the future... Who, as an individual, can tell which [variety] is worthwhile for his small garden? Many varieties both old and new, should be thrown into the discard and what but an association may do this without prejudice and with authority?" In this article, she announced the upcoming meeting in New York at which the AIS would actually be formed.
In 1935, Grace was the first recipient of the AIS's gold medal for outstanding service, which has only been given out around a dozen times in the society's nearly one-hundred-year history. She also was awarded the British Iris Society's Foster Memorial Plaque in 1938. Due to declining health, she sold Wellesley Gardens in 1945, two years before her death in 1947.


Giacomo Conterno

Giacomo Conterno is an Italian wine producer from the Piemonte region in the district of Langhe. From a winery located in Monforte d'Alba, the Barolo and Barbera wines are made by traditionalist methods and are widely considered among the finest produced in the Barolo zone.
History.
From unclear descriptions of its origin, the Cantine Giacomo Conterno production of Barolo may have begun in 1908 with the founding of Giovanni Conterno's tavern in San Giuseppe near Monforte d'Alba, or after his son Giacomo Conterno returned from service in World War I, with the first Barolo riserva either bottled in 1912 or 1920. Notwithstanding, Conterno coming from a family with viticultural roots in the region going back to the 18th century, is considered one of the first small Barolo producers to bottle an own wine, beginning in the 1920s during a time when Barolo was normally sold in cask or demijohn and intended for early drinking. Giovanni Conterno died in 1934 and Giacomo Conterno created a Barolo with vast aging potential, named Monfortino for the home village Monforte d’Alba. For 54 years two Barolos, a "normale" and riserva, were produced from purchased grapes, made by the motto that a Barolo at the time of bottling should be "undrinkable", though be a great bottle after twenty, thirty, forty years.
Giacomo Conterno's sons, Giovanni and Aldo Conterno, formally took over the estate in 1961. With the older Giovanni Conterno already responsible for winemaking since the 1959 vintage, Aldo Conterno eventually parted over conflicting winemaking philosophies with his brother, and founded his own estate Poderi Aldo Conterno in 1969. While Giacomo Conterno wines represent the strictly traditional Barolo winemaking philosophy, Aldo Conterno too shares the view that the "modernist" approach of using small "barriques" in combination with shorter maceration times undermines the character of Barolo and add a vanillin sweetness to the wine that overrides the inherent fruit of the nebbiolo.
In 1974 Giovanni Conterno purchased the Cascina Francia vineyard in Serralunga, bringing an end to the era of purchasing fruit from local farmers. The first vintage of wine made from own vineyard was 1978, though the name Cascina Francia did not appear on the label of the "normale" until the 1980 vintage.
Giovanni Conterno's youngest son Roberto began to work by his father's side in 1988, and after Giovanni Conterno died at 75 in February 2004, Roberto Conterno continued the family industry in the strict traditionalist fashion. In 2008 Roberto Conterno purchased a vineyard in Serralunga’s Cerretta, from which wine was produced beginning with the 2008 vintage. In 2015 Roberto bought from Cantina Gigi Rosso the prized nine-hectare Arione vineyard, next to Cascina Francia. The new vineyard includes just over 3.5 ha Nebbiolo da Barolo, just over 1ha Nebbiolo d’Alba and just over 1ha Barbera d’Alba.
Production.
While the Barolo riserva Monfortino is only produced in exceptional years, the Barolo Cascina Francia is not made every year either, exemplified by the difficult 2002 vintage of rain and hail, which allowed only for a small amount of grapes acceptable to make Monfortino, but not Cascina Francia, the first time that a riserva was produced but no "normale".
The Nebbiolo and Barbera grapes come from the vineyard Cascina Francia in Serralunga d'Alba, entirely owned by the Giacomo Conterno estate.
From the 2009 vintage wines are forthcoming from the newly acquired Cerretta vineyard holding with 2 ha of Nebbiolo and 1 ha of Barbera, with the Nebbiolo classified as Langhe Nebbiolo. The wines are to be vinified in the same traditional manner as the Cascina Francia wines.
Aged 2 years in "botti" (traditional large casks). The production is .
Not made in less than satisfactory vintages, the wine macerates on its skins for 3–4 weeks at controlled temperatures below 30 °C and is aged 4 years in "botti". The production is ca. .
Made only in exceptional vintages, the wine macerates on its skins for up to five weeks with no temperature control regardless of how high the fermentation temperatures may go, and is aged 7 years in "botti". Baudains, Richard, "Decanter.com" (May 23, 2006). The production is ca. .


Mahamaya College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology

Mahamaya College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology (MCAET) is a government engineering college in Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. The college is located at 5 km away from Akabarpur city near Shiv Baba Dham, Dullapur. Admission is through the Uttar Pradesh Combined Agriculture and Technology Entrance Test (UPCATET).
Departments.
There are seven departments are in this institution as :


Riunite

Riunite is a brand of Italian wine imported and sold in a variety of flavors in the United States by Frederick Wildman & Sons of New York City, New York. The brand is known for advertisements of the 1970s and 80s depicting a broad array of social situations and using the tagline "Riunite on ice, that's nice."
History.
Nine wine producers from the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna came together in 1950 as the collective Cantine Cooperative Riunite. Their interest was in exchanging ideas and resources to better all of their respective wine products as well as the producers' fortunes. The cooperative found success in the American export market in 1967 with an amabile-style Lambrusco wine suited to American tastes of the time.
In 1973 the Riunite brand was the top seller in the U.S. among wine imports, largely due to catchy advertising that made the wine a household name. Sales peaked in 1985 at 11.5 million cases, a record which still stands as of 2012.
Riunite has settled into a quieter profile in recent years. However, while the wine has seen a 2001 floor of 1.77 million cases and the ads are no longer the fixture they once were on American television, it has seen a resurgence. In 2006, the look of the bottle and label was redesigned. And in August 2009, VB Imports began a "Reinvent Riunite" campaign which urged people to create commercials based around the famous campaigns of their heyday.
In 2012, an advertising campaign directed at younger women and linked to the introduction of two new varieties based on increased popularity of sweeter varietals, Riunite Sweet Red and Riunite Sweet White, was designed by Modea, a small award-winning advertising agency that specializes in digital campaigns. The slogan, "Just Chill" headlines the campaign which features a website designed to appeal to young women.
In 2015 Riunite redesigned their label, and created all new advertising and website. They also won gold medals in the 2015 San Diego International Wine Competition and the Winemaker Challenge
Notes.
 http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/247518/riunite-wants-to-stop-being-a-bestseller-that-mill.html


Hugh MacKenzie

Hugh Alexander MacKenzie (7 August 1882 – 8 January 1970) was a member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Warwick, Ontario and became a farmer.
He was first elected as a Liberal party candidate at the Lambton—Kent riding in the 1935 general election then re-elected as a Liberal-Progressive candidate in 1940. Returning to the Liberal party, MacKenzie was defeated at Lambton—Kent for one term by Robert James Henderson of the Progressive Conservative party in the 1945 election. MacKenzie unseated Henderson in the next election in 1949 then was re-elected in 1953. After his final federal term in office, the 22nd Canadian Parliament, MacKenzie was defeated by Ernest Campbell in the 1957 election.


Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales

The Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales was founded on 5 July 1822, when a group of Sydney's leading citizens formed the Agricultural Society of NSW, and is "a not-for-profit organisation committed to supporting agricultural development and rural communities in Australia." The society has been responsible for holding the Sydney Royal Easter Show since 1823.
History.
Eleven officers were elected and the Society staged its first Show at Parramatta in 1823. However the Society lapsed in 1834 due to the pressure of drought and economic depression, but re-formed in 1857 under the name of the ‘Cumberland Agricultural Society.’ In 1859 the Society renamed itself the Agricultural Society of NSW. The Society's Shows, known at the time as Exhibitions, were held at Parramatta until 1868 and subsequently moved to Prince Alfred Park.
From the 1870s the Society faced financial difficulty and high rent and empty coffers forced the RAS to look for a new venue. The City Council offered 40 acres of unpromising, sandy scrub at Moore Park for an annual rent of £10. With the help of the NSW Government and public subscriptions the Society built a showground, which saw the show move from Prince Alfred Park and remain for the next 115 years. The Society had become the Royal Agricultural Society in 1891, when Queen Victoria gave her permission for the usage of "Royal". The Royal Agricultural Society Showground also became an important part of the history of rugby league in Australia, hosting some of the new code's first matches. The Royal Agricultural Society Shield was designated the newly formed NSWRFL Premiership's main trophy in 1908. During World War II the Sydney Royal Easter Show was cancelled when Moore Park was requisitioned for military use.
By the late 1980s the Sydney Royal Easter Show had outgrown its Moore Park facilities. In 1994 the NSW Government approved its relocation to Sydney Olympic Park at Homebush. The first Show was held there in 1998.


Weihenstephan Abbey

Weihenstephan Abbey (Kloster Weihenstephan) was a Benedictine monastery in Weihenstephan, now part of the district of Freising, in Bavaria, Germany. Brauerei Weihenstephan, located at the monastery site since at least 1040, is said to be the world's oldest continuously operating brewery.
Monastery.
Saint Korbinian, whose arrival in Freising is dated at around 720, founded a church dedicated to Saint Stephen here. A dormitory for monks that originally adjoined the building disappears from records by the end of the eighth century. The monastery itself, dedicated at first to Saint Vitus, then later to Saints Stephen and Michael, was founded by Bishop Hitto von Freising between 811 and 835. From then until 1020 or 1021 it was a monastery of Augustinian canons before becoming a Benedictine abbey.
The abbey was dissolved in 1803 during the secularisation of Bavaria and its property sold off. In 1810 the abbey church, which had been made into a parish church, was demolished.
Brewery.
The world's oldest continuously operating brewery.
The Weihenstephan Brewery can trace its roots at the abbey to 768, as a document from that year refers to a hop garden in the area paying a tithe to the monastery. A brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040, and that is the founding date claimed by the modern brewery. The brewery thus has a credible claim to being the oldest working brewery in the world. (Weltenburg Abbey, also in Bavaria, has had a brewery in operation since 1050, and also claims to be the oldest brewery in the world.) When the monastery and brewery were secularised in 1803, they became possessions of the State of Bavaria.
Late history.
Since 1923, the brewery has been known as the Bavarian State Brewery Weihenstephan (in German "Bayerische Staatsbrauerei Weihenstephan"), and is operated in conjunction with the Technical University of Munich as both a state-of-the-art production facility and a centre for learning.
The brewery produces a range of pale lagers and wheat beers including "Weihenstephaner Weissbier", a 5.4% ABV weissbier which is available in filtered (Kristall) and unfiltered (Hefe) versions. The strongest beers the brewery produces are Infinium (10.5% ABV), Vitus (a 7.7% ABV wheat beer) and Korbinian (a 7.4% ABV strong lager or bock).


Murrah buffalo

The Murrah buffalo is a breed of water buffalo ("Bubalus bubalis") mainly kept for milk production. It originates in Punjab and Haryana states of India, where it is kept in the districts of Bhiwani, Hisar, Rohtak, Jind, Jhajhar, Fatehabad, Gurgaon and the capital region of Delhi. A Murrah buffalo at the Lakshmi Dairy Farm in Punjab set a record of 26.335 kg of milk in the 2016 National Livestock Competition and Expo.
It has been used to improve the milk production of dairy buffalo in other countries, such as Italy, Bulgaria, and Egypt.
In Brazil, this breed of buffalo is used for production of both meat and milk. Murrahs sell for a high price.
Among Indian buffalo breeds, Murrah is noted to have the highest milk yield.
Appearance.
Murrah buffaloes are jet black in colour, sometimes with white markings on the face or legs. Their eyes are black, active, and prominent in females, but slightly shrunken in males and should not be walled, i.e., the cornea should not have whiteness. Their necks are long and thin in females and thick and massive in males. Their ears are short, thin, and alert.
They typically have short and tightly curved horns. Bulls weigh around and cows around . Average milk production is in a lactation period of 310 days.
Research institutes.
These institutes have ongoing research programs to enhance and disseminate the Murrah breed:


Eric Robson

Eric Bell Robson (born 31 December 1946) is a television broadcaster, author and documentary film maker who has lived for most of his life in Cumbria, where he has a sheep farm. For many years he was the main presenter of Brass Tacks.
Early life.
Robson was born in Scotland and attended Carlisle Grammar School in Carlisle, Cumberland.
Career.
Robson started at Border Television (based in Carlisle) in 1966. In the 1980s and 90s he was also a reporter on the BBC Scotland Landward show. He has been a sheep farmer since 1987. On 20 February 1994 he became the principal chairman of BBC Radio 4's "Gardeners' Question Time" programme, but announced on 20 March 2019 that he would be handing over his chair to Kathy Clugston, a BBC newsreader and continuity announcer, on 3 May 2019.
Robson had earlier contributed to various regional TV series about Alfred Wainwright's walking guides. In 1980 he presented the final episode of the first series of "Great Railway Journeys of the World", produced by the BBC.
In 2011, he was accused of a conflict of interest by anti-nuclear protesters opposed to a second generation of nuclear power plants and the possible siting of a high-level waste dump in the Lake District. Robson is the chairman of the Cumbria Tourism organisation, but at the same time is a part owner of Osprey Communications, a PR firm that is advisor to the West Cumbria Managing Radioactive Waste Safely Partnership. He is also a Deputy Lieutenant of Cumbria.
Robson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to tourism as honorary president of Cumbria Tourism.
Personal life.
He is chairman of the Wainwright Society and made a series of TV programmes with Alfred Wainwright in the mid-1980s that looked back over the reclusive writer's life. He lives in Wasdale, where he farms at Crag House Farm and (with his wife) runs a mail order company named after Striding Edge, specialising in DVDs, maps and books about the countryside, particularly that of Cumbria.
He married Mary Armstrong in 1976, but they divorced in 1984. They have a son and daughter. He married Annette Steinhilber in 1988. They have a son and two daughters, one grandson and three granddaughters.


Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat

Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat Oy was a Finnish forest industry company which was created in 1920 and the paper company formed UPM-Kymmene PLC together with Kymmene in 1996.
History.
United Paper Mills Ltd. was created in summer 1920 when Ab Simpele Jämsänkoski Oy and Myllykoski Träsliperi Ab merged. Later Ab Walkiakoski Oy that is located in Valkeakoski was merged with the company. In the management of all the companies the large owner was general Rudolf Walden. General Walden's objective was to form as big as possible and competitive unit of Finland's scattered forest industry. The same objective was striven for by founding Finland's Paperitehdass association (1918–1996) Finnpap and cardboard association Finnboard.
Myllykoski Oy separated from United Paper Mills Ltd. Oy 1952. In the 1950s the paper mill of Kaipola was built. The ones which had united extended strongly and drifted into financing difficulties at the end of the 1960s. In 1970 and the 1980s the company aimed abroad and invests on the EEC market and Stracelin to the factories, Shotton. In 1989 UPM merged Kajaani Oy with himself.
The company met the recession of the 1990s in Finland in good profit performance. With the management of Kansallis-Osake-Pankki the company was merged with Rauma-Repola. Repola Oy which became the biggest industrial enterprise in Finland was formed. UPM formed the wood industry of the conglomerate when Rauma Oy formed the metal industry. In 1996 Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat Oy as part of Repola conglomerate was merged with , the result was one of the largest wood industry companies in the world, UPM-Kymmene Oy. Finnpap also was merged as part of a new company.


Tahkuna Nature Reserve

Tahkuna Nature Reserve is a nature reserve situated on Hiiumaa in western Estonia, in Hiiu County.
Tahkuna nature reserve has been created in order to protect areas of forest which have remained largely unaffected by human activity. The nature reserve also incorporates Estonia's largest single habitat of yew, dune forests and mires. A forest trail for visitors has been constructed in the nature reserve. The fauna is varied and home to several nesting birds, e.g. spotted crake and white-tailed eagle. The flora contains several species of orchids; Corallorhiza trifida and Goodyera repens are common.


Battalia pie

In English cuisine, battalia pie (obsolete spelling battaglia pye) is a large game pie, or occasionally a fish pie, filled with many small "blessed" pieces, "beatilles", of offal, in a gravy made from meat stock flavoured with spices and lemon. The dish was described in cookery books of the 17th and 18th centuries.
Confusion with words for battle led to the pie being crenellated, or shaped to resemble a castle with towers.
Etymology.
A battalia pie was so named because it was filled with "beatilles", small blessed objects (from Latin "beatus", blessed) such as, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "Cocks-combs, Goose-gibbets, Ghizzards, Livers, and other Appurtenances of Fowls (1706)". It is not connected with Italian "battaglia", battle, but it was regularly confused with that meaning, and battalia pies were built with crenellated battlements around the edges, and sometimes as castles complete with towers.
Recipe.
The 1658 cookery book "The Compleat Cook" by "W. M." gives an early recipe for battalia pie:
In his 1660 cookery book "The Accomplisht Cook", Robert May gives a recipe "To make a Bisk or Batalia Pie", which instructs:
John Nott's 1723 "The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary" gives a recipe for battalia pie with fish:
In her 1727 cookery book "The Compleat Housewife", Eliza Smith describes battalia pie as follows:
Smith's recipe was republished in Michael Willis's 1831 "Cookery Made Easy", and in Anne Walbank Buckland's 1893 book, "Our Viands: Whence they Come and How they are Cooked".
In literature.
The politician and author Benjamin Disraeli describes an English dinner of the previous century in his 1837 novel "Venetia", with
Recreations.
Battalia pies were recreated at Naworth Castle in 2006 and at Westport House, Ireland in 2015.


Pippingarra

Pippingarra Station is a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station and now operates as a cattle station, located south east of Port Hedland and north west of Marble Bar in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.
The station formed as a pastoral company in 1901 and for decades had one of the largest herds of sheep in the Pilbara.
The name of the station is taken from a well located within the area that was used as a resting place for travellers and stock.
In 1904 the station was owned by T. Richardson.
The lease for the property is currently held by the Western Australian Aboriginal Lands Trust and operated by the traditional owner groups of the area, the Ngarla, Njamal and Karriyarra.