Courtaulds Red Scar Works Preston

Red Scar Works was built in 1939 by Courtaulds and produced rayon. It was located in Ribbleton Preston off Longridge Road. The closure of the works was announced in November 1979 and the issue raised in the UK Parliament House of Commons by the constituency MP. At the time of closure approximately 2600 people were employed there but there were approximately 4000 at its peak. It was the largest rayon producing site in Britain. Two main products were manufactured with one being tyre cord by a process known as CSPT - Continuous Spinning Process Tenasco. Two main denier of this product were manufactured. The other product was a general textile called Bright. A range of deniers of this were produced in a range of colours. The trade name for the coloured product was Duracol. At the time of closure, one reason given by management for the closure was the rising popularity of steel belt radial tires thus reducing demand for tyre cord.
The factory was connected by rail as a branch of what was the Preston and Longridge Railway. The plant had its own power production facility. The main raw materials brought in by rail were coal, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, carbon disulfide and wood pulp.
Buildings on site.
The site had its own power station which was coal burning and a boiler house and turbine room housing Parsons Peebles turbines. This resulted in two cooling towers and two large power station chimneys which were very visible points on the Preston landscape. The cooling towers were very close to the Preston By-pass, now part of the M6 motorway. As well as a laboratory there was a textile testing room, boiler house, turbine room, box spinning, CSPT, effluent plant, acid recovery, zinc recovery, churn room, mixing room, dialyzer house, maintenance workshop, offices, cake ageing rooms, coneing, cakewash, carbon disulfide mixing arc, steeping room, mercerizing room, condux mill passage, fume scrubbing and viscose alley containing east and west viscose ageing and storage caves

Chemical processes.
Rayon production was by the viscose process. This started by taking Cellulose in the form of wood pulp and steeping in caustic soda solution. The caustic soda was then drained and the pulp sheets pressed to remove residual alkali. The product is sodium cellulose hydroxide at this stage. The pressings and caustic soda were recovered by dialysis in the dialyser house. The steeped wood pulp sheets were then shredded with Condux mills and the product (called alkcell short for alkaline cellulose) stored in bins at controlled temperature. After suitable ageing, carbon disulfide was added and mixed in churns in the churn room to produce an orange coloured xanthate, chemically sodium cellulose xanthate. The contents were then dropped into mixers in the mixing room and dilute caustic soda added and mixed for a length of time. This viscous liquid was then passed through granulators to grind up the chunks of xanthate. This viscous liquid - viscose - was then filtered, deaerated, and passed into storage tanks in the viscose caves in controlled temperature and ageing conditions. The next stage is spinning of the yarn. In spinning, whether box spinning or CSPT, the principle is the same. Viscose is extruded through a spinneret (polymers) into a batch of hot dilute acid also containing sodium sulphate and zinc sulphate along with other additives. Rayon was produced and loaded onto cakes of yarn or bobbins in the case of CSPT. In the case of Duracol, pigment was injected into the viscose just before spinning, creating a dye-fast yarn.
The hot spent dilute acid from the spin baths was sent for recycling in the acid recovery building. Other waste acidic streams were sent to the zinc recovery building where the liquors were passed into tanks containing ion-exchange resin. The recycled product was an acid stream rich in zinc sulfate which was fed back into the hot dilute acid baths by means of weirs. Cakes of yarn were aged in controlled heat and humidity ageing cabinets and then sent through the cakewash process. This consisted of prewashes and then washing with sodium sulfide solution. A rinse then bleach wash followed by another very dilute acid wash and finally rinsing was then performed. The yarn was then dried in tunnel drier ovens. After this the yarn was sent to coning where the yarn was threaded onto cones for ease of handling and sale.


Pierre Lorillard II

Pierre Abraham Lorillard II or Peter Abraham Lorillard II (September 7, 1764 – May 23, 1843), also known as Peter Lorillard, Jr., was an American tobacco manufacturer, industrialist, banker, businessman, and real estate tycoon.
Early life.
Lorillard was born on September 7, 1764 in Manhattan, New York City. He was the eldest son of at least five children born to Pierre Abraham Lorillard (1742–1776), who founded the Lorillard Tobacco Company, and Catherine (née Moore) Lorillard. His paternal grandparents were Jean Lorillard (b. 1707) and Anne Catherine Rossel.
Career.
Lorillard's father, also known as 'Pierre Lorillard I', was the founder of the Lorillard Tobacco Company. Lorillard's father made the first American tobacco fortune by developing a tobacco firm that he started in 1760. Originally the business was a snuff-grinding factory located in a rented house in lower Manhattan. It was called "Lorillard's Snuff and Tobacco" company and sometimes the name was abbreviated as "J. Lorillard". Later the firm moved to a better location on the Bronx River. Lorillard II took over and continued to manage and operate the family business after his father's death in 1776.
Social clubs.
Lorillard II was a member of several social clubs including the Meadow Brook Hunt Country Club (a fox hunting club) and the Narragansett Gun Club. He often is associated with Tuxedo Park since between 1802 and 1812 he purchased the first tracts of land upon which it later would be developed. The village and the surrounding area were developed in 1886 by his grandson Pierre Lorillard IV as a resort for the socially prominent.
Personal life.
In 1788, Lorillard married Maria Dorothea Schultz (1770–1834). They lived at 521 Broadway in Manhattan. Together, they had five children:
Death and legacy.
On May 23rd, 1843 Lorillard died at the age of 78, outliving his brothers George and Jacob. He was buried at the New York Marble Cemetery. A newspaper reporter writing his obituary tried to describe an extremely wealthy American and used the relatively new word, "millionaire".
While the word "millionaire" had been in use in the United Kingdom since at least 1816, apparently it was used for the first time in the United States in 1843 when it was used to describe Lorillard, although he was not the first American to own one million dollars' worth of property. While he was one of the wealthiest men in America, he was not the richest at the time, that being John Jacob Astor. Lorillard just happened to have been the first to be called a "millionaire" in newspapers. Cleveland Amory incorrectly reports that it was in Lorillard's 1843 obituary that the first use of the word "millionaire" appeared in print anywhere.
Philip Hone, one-time mayor of New York, wrote about Lorillard in his famous diary,
Descendants.
Through his eldest daughter Maria, he was the grandfather of Mary, Margaret and Dorothea Ann Ronalds, none of whom married; Catherine Ronalds (1820–1885), who married Assistant Secretary of State John Addison Thomas (1811–1858), Eleanora Lorillard Ronalds (1825–1879), who married U.S. Representative Frederick A. Conkling (1816–1891) (brother of U.S. Senator Roscoe Conkling), Julia Ronalds, who died young, Thomas Alexander Ronalds (d. 1872), who married Adeline Freeman (b. 1824) (daughter of Dr. Freeman), Peter Lorillard Ronalds (1826–1905), who married Mary Frances Carter (1839–1916), and George Lorillard Ronalds (1833–1875), who married Pauline Antoinette Witthaus, daughter of R.A. Witthaus, Esq. in 1863.
Through his daughter Dorothea, he was the grandfather of Mary Lorillard Wolfe (1823–1847), who was married to William Bayard Hoffman (d. 1880) before her early death, David Lorillard Wolfe (1825–1829), who died young, and Catharine Lorillard Wolfe (1828–1887), the philanthropist and art collector who gave large amounts of money to institutions such as Grace Episcopal Church and Union College, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
Through his daughter Eleonora, he was the grandfather of Lorillard Spencer (1827–1888), who was married to Sarah Johnson Griswold (1827–1905). They were the parents of Eleanor Spencer (b. 1851), who married Don Virginius Cenci, 6th Prince of Vicovaro (b. 1840), in 1870, and Lorillard Spencer (1860–1912), who was married to Caroline Berryman Spencer (1861–1948), and were the parents of Lorillard Spencer (1883–1939), who was president of Atlantic Aircraft and was married to Katherine Emmons Force (1891–1956), both of whom were prominent in Newport, Rhode Island society.


Color breed

A color breed refers to groupings of horses whose registration is based primarily on their coat color, regardless of the horse's actual breed or breed type.
Some color breeds only register horses with a desired coat color if they also meet specific pedigree criteria, others register animals based solely on color, regardless of parentage. A few pedigree-based color breeds, notably the American Paint Horse and the Appaloosa, confronted with the reality of many animals born without the proper color even though they are from two registered parents, have modified their rules to allow registration of animals with the proper pedigree even if they do not possess the proper color. On the other hand, with the prevalence of DNA testing for parentage, many horses once forced into color breed status due to being born the "wrong" color and thus deemed undesirable or of questionable parentage by many regular breed registries with cropout rules can now be accepted for registration.
For example, some mainstream breeds, such as American Quarter Horses, Tennessee Walking Horses and American Saddlebreds include individuals of the palomino color or pinto patterns, as well as a wide variety of other colors. However, a color breed registry, such as the Palomino Horse Breeders Association or the Pinto Horse Association of America, accepts only horses of each particular color or color pattern —regardless of their particular breeds. White horses had their own color registry that included cremello horses, but not grays.
Many horses eligible for registration with their own breed registry and of a particular color to allow color breed registration are often "double registered" with both organizations, often increasing their sale value by doing so. With stallions, double registration may also increase their breeding value by widening the set of interested mare owners.
Alternative meaning.
There are some breeds, such as the Norwegian Fjord Horse, Appaloosa, American Paint Horse, Friesian and Haflinger, which have distinct physical characteristics and recorded pedigrees but also typically have distinctive or colorful coats. These might be considered a "color breed" by some, but they are pedigree-based breeds. For example, Appaloosas are usually spotted, but a solid-colored offspring of registered parents can still be a registered Appaloosa. Likewise, a solid-colored American Paint Horse that has registered parents may also be registered.
On the other hand, while Friesian breeders have deliberately bred to exclude chestnut horses, and will only register black animals, these black animals also must be Friesian by pedigree and no other bloodlines are allowed into the registry. The same is true of Norwegian Fjord Horses, which are all a variation of dun.
Color breeding.
Some horse breeds exclude certain colors that are considered signs of a crossbred animal. For example, other than the Sabino pattern and some recently discovered dominant white alleles in horses with DNA-verified parentage, the Arabian horse registry excludes all spotted horses. The Finnhorse was also bred for decades to exclude all colors but chestnut, and specifically to remove such "fancy" colors as roans, grays and spotted (sabino), which were seen as indicators of foreign blood, though that policy has now changed, as for some particular colors, this might hold true - for example, all present gray Finnhorses can be traced back to a certain gray mare of dubious pedigree.
Due to DNA verification of parentage, today many mainstream breed registries that once excluded certain coat colors will now accept them as long as the animal can be proved pureblooded. Many colors are specifically bred for.


Erringham chapel

Erringham chapel is a former place of worship in the deserted medieval village of Old Erringham, north of Shoreham-by-Sea in the district of Adur, one of seven local government districts in the English county of West Sussex. Founded in the 11th century as a chapel of ease to St Nicolas' Church in the Saxon riverside village of Old Shoreham, it was in use for several centuries until depopulation caused Old Erringham to become unviable as a settlement. The chapel fell into ruin, and its remains have been incorporated into a barn on the farm which now occupies the site of the village. English Heritage has listed the remaining structure at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.
History.
The east bank of the River Adur—the area covered by the present-day town of Shoreham-by-Sea and its rural hinterland—was first settled during the Iron Age, and also saw Roman activity. During the Saxon era it became a prosperous agricultural area. Two villages developed next to the river: Old Shoreham, about north of the English Channel and the river estuary, and Old Erringham, another mile to the north. Old Shoreham became important enough to support a large church—St Nicolas' Church—by about 900, and its population at the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 was 76. Erringham is believed to have been founded as an exclusively agricultural settlement by a Saxon named "Erra", who may have had a homestead there (archaeological evidence discovered in 1964 supports this; the remains of a Saxon hut were found). Seven people were recorded as living in Erringham in 1086.
A chapel of ease was built to serve the settlement in the 11th century. It was never parished, and was always administered from St Nicolas' Church. The flint and stone structure had a chancel and a nave. Some structural work may have been carried out in the 12th and 13th centuries as well, as Erringham briefly grew more important: by the 13th century it had a manor house and windmill, and its population was nearly the same as that of Old Shoreham. William de Braose, 1st Lord of Bramber held the chapel and its mother church at the time of the Domesday survey in 1086; soon afterwards he or his son Philip founded the new town of New Shoreham at the river estuary and built a third church, dedicated to St Mary de Haura, there.
The chapel continued in service for about 300 years, but the rapid decline of Old Erringham village led to its abandonment. Because the village was thriving in the 13th century and was reliant on agriculture, its depopulation has been explained by a combination of the Black Death of the mid-14th century, changes in farming methods, and alterations in the flow of the nearby River Adur (which affected how the land could be farmed). By the 16th century, only one farm survived. The chapel fell into disrepair: the nave disappeared (although its foundations can still be seen) and only the chancel was left standing. This was converted into a barn on the farm.
The structure is still known as, and marked on maps as, "The Chapel". The east wall retains a stone-mullioned two-light window of the "Transitional" style between Norman and English Gothic architecture (a style also employed in the substantial parish church of New Shoreham, St Mary de Haura Church, in the late 12th century). The north and south walls each have one small Norman-era lancet window. The entrance door is in the west wall. Modern additions include an iron roof and a concrete floor.
Erringham chapel was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 8 May 1950. Such buildings are defined as being "nationally important and of special interest". As of February 2001, it was one of 106 Grade II listed buildings, and 119 listed buildings of all grades, in Adur district.


Tony Garrett

Richard Anthony Garrett (4 July 1918 – 24 October 2017) was a British business executive, chairman of Imperial Tobacco (1973–1979).
He was born near Cardiff, grew up near Bristol, and educated at the King's School, Worcester.
He joined Imperial Tobacco in 1936, initially working as a junior at the Wills plant (W.D. & H.O. Wills being a subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco) in Bristol.
Already a territorial soldier, Garrett was called up at the start of World War II, and commissioned into the 2nd Royal Gloucestershire Hussars in January 1941. As a captain with the 22nd Dragoons, he participated in the Normandy landings, landing on D+2 and fighting across the Low Countries into Germany with his tank squadron.
He was chairman of John Player & Sons (also a subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco) from 1968, and chairman of Imperial Tobacco from 1973 to 1979.
Cigarette advertising on television had been banned in the UK in 1965. Himself a keen sportsman, Garrett instead promoted tobacco products through sports sponsorship deals, attaching the John Player brand name to the John Player League in cricket and to rugby league and golf tournaments, and sponsoring the Lotus F1 racing team. Garrett also led Imperial Tobacco to sponsor classical music extensively, and collaborated in the founding of the Association for Business Sponsorship of the Arts (later Arts & Business).
In June 1977, Garrett invited executives of the world's leading tobacco companies to a secret meeting at Shockerwick House to formulate a defensive strategy against anti-smoking health campaigns, a programme known as Operation Berkshire.
He was later chairman of the diary publisher Dataday, the Bath International Music Festival, and the National Association of Boys' Clubs (1980–1987). He was a trustee of the Royal Opera House and Glyndebourne.
He was appointed CBE in 1987.


Berowra Valley National Park

The Berowra Valley National Park is a protected national park that is located in northern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The national park is situated approximately north-west of the Sydney central business district. Located within the Sydney Basin, the park is part of the dissected Hornsby Plateau which is dominated by Hawkesbury Sandstone and predominately covers the catchment area of Berowra Creek.
A contiguous stretch of parkland, from south to north, its southern boundary is defined by Boundary Road, Pennant Hills; its southeastern boundary defined by the western limits of Hornsby; its northeastern boundary defined by the Pacific Motorway; its northern boundary defined by Berowra Waters; and its western boundary defined by a series of creek and gullies as the park extends into Galston Gorge and further south.
A stretch of the Great North Walk is located within the national park.
Etymology.
In the local indigenous language the word "Berowra" means a "place of many winds".
History.
Part of the park originally formed as a the Elouera Bushland Natural Park which was reserved in 1964 and consisted of . Additional lands were acquired and the park was gazetted as Reserve No. 100092 for public recreation and the study and preservation of native flora and fauna in 1987. This gazettal was in response to increasing community concern over the development of bushland areas in the Hornsby Shire. The park then came to be known as Berowra Valley Bushland Park. Further land additions were made to the park, which was gazetted as Berowra Valley Regional Park on 27 March 1998, and was gazetted as a national park in September 2012.
On 27 January 2013 a man was found alive in the park after spending 9 weeks being lost. He survived one of Australia's worst heatwaves during which daytime temperatures reached more than 45 degrees, surviving on water and food he had brought with him.


Carlo Sutermeister

Karl Konrad "Carlo" Sutermeister (15 July 1847 - 12 December 1918) was a Swiss engineer and timber businessman, and co-founder of the Banco Popolare di Intra. In 1890 he constructed Italy's first hydropower plant with AC transmission in Cossogno.


Jack Hamilton (sports executive)

John Welch Hamilton (June 11, 1886August 5, 1976) was a Canadian sports executive. He served as president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) from 1930 to 1932, president of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU of C) from 1936 to 1938, and was a member of the Canadian Olympic Committee for 17 years. His leadership of the CAHA and the AAU of C coincided with efforts to maintain amateurism and combat growing professionalism in sport. He appointed a committee to establish better relations between the CAHA and professional leagues, and praised the players and teams for quality hockey and growth of the amateur game in Canada despite the competition. He favoured professionals in one sport playing as amateurs in another, and took charge of the AAU of C at a time when the CAHA, the Canadian Amateur Basketball Association, and the Canadian Amateur Lacrosse Association challenged the definition of amateur, and later broke away from the AAU of C which wanted to hold onto purist ideals of amateurism.
Hamilton served two years as president of the Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association, and had multiple terms as president of the Southern Saskatchewan Hockey League. He operated the Queen City Gardens for 11 years, and helped organized the construction of ice hockey rinks in Saskatoon, Regina and Moose Jaw. He was the secretary and treasurer of the Regina Roughriders from 1922 to 1938, sat on the rules committee for the Canadian Rugby Union, and served as president of both the Saskatchewan Amateur Rugby Union and the Western Interprovincial Football Union. His career in sports was recognized with the King George VI Coronation Medal in 1937, and induction into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Early life and early sports involvement.
John Welch Hamilton was born June 11, 1886, in the hamlet of Sim's Locks, near Caledonia, Ontario. He was the oldest child of three boys and one girl, to parents Robert Hamilton and Janet Shields Welch. Hamilton became a school teacher in Ontario, then moved to Sutherland, Saskatchewan in 1909, and taught at Sutherland School.
Hamilton was involved with the Sutherland Baseball Club as its secretary and treasurer from 1912 to 1916. He married Catherine Edith McDonald on September 8, 1915, and they later had two sons. He became mayor of Sutherland in 1916. He organized construction of an enclosed curling rink and an outdoor ice hockey rink for the town. Hamilton and four partners organized construction of an arena with seating for 3,500 spectators in Saskatoon in 1918.
Hamilton moved to Regina, Saskatchewan in 1921, and worked at Security Lumber Company. He later became general manager of the lumber yard in Regina. In a guessing competition at a lumber convention, he correctly identified 136 different samples of wood to become Canadian champion in 1930.
The Saskatchewan branch of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU of C) chose Hamilton as its president in 1921. He remained in the role for 15 years, and also served on the national registration committee. The AAU of C named Hamilton as a delegate to the Canadian Olympic Committee in preparation for the 1928 Summer Olympics.
Hamilton served as the secretary and treasurer of the Regina Roughriders from 1922 to 1938, and was president of the Saskatchewan Amateur Rugby Union. He was president of the Western Interprovincial Football Union for the 1928 season.
Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association.
Hamilton was the coach and manager of the Regina Victorias senior ice hockey team from 1924 to 1927. He became vice-president of Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association (SAHA) in 1924, then served as its president from 1925 to 1927. As league president he succeeded in reversing its financial troubles. While SAHA president, he served as a governor of the original Saskatchewan junior ice hockey league, and sat on the registration and resolution committees for the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA).
In the wake of the Regina Capitals leaving for Portland, Oregon in 1925, a group of Regina businessmen proposed to finance a professional hockey team for the city if the public supported it. Hamilton successfully garnered support instead for amateur hockey at a public meeting, by promoting the junior hockey quality of the Regina Pats who won the 1925 Memorial Cup and the progress of the Regina Victorias in the Allan Cup playoffs.
Hamilton served as president of the Southern Saskatchewan Hockey League during the 1925–26 season. When the Brandon Wheat City Hockey Club applied to be members of the league, Hamilton stated that first priority should be given to teams in Saskatchewan and was against the request. He arranged for an executive meeting to deal with the application, and later admitted the Brandon team when eight of nine executive members voted in favour. Hamilton later awarded the league championship to the Regina Victorias when he ruled that Brandon had used two ineligible players in the playoffs.
Canadian Amateur Hockey Association.
Vice-president.
Hamilton was elected vice-president of the CAHA in March 1928, at the same meeting when control of the Allan Cup was formally handed over from its trustees to the CAHA. He was re-elected vice-president in March 1929, and was named to the finance committee which controlled all CAHA funds except for Allan Cup proceeds. He was placed in charge of junior and senior playoffs for Western Canada, and stated the lack of artificial ice surfaces in Alberta and Saskatchewan as a reason for playing the finals in Winnipeg.
President, first term.
Hamilton was elected president of the CAHA on March 29, 1930, to succeed W. A. Fry. Hamilton's time as president began during a period of growth in junior hockey which saw CAHA registration increase to 13,675 players. He submitted a motion in which the CAHA would accept registrations from any former professional players reinstated as amateurs by the AAU of C, although those players would not be eligible for the Olympic Games. He also appointed a committee to establish better relations between the CAHA and professional leagues.
The CAHA was faced with the new situation of players returning from professional tryouts without signing a contract. The AAU of C had a policy that players who had tried out for a professional team would be classified a professional and ineligible for amateur play. Since the policy had not been enforced before, Hamilton stated that the CAHA would cancel those players' cards without penalty to the team. He later arranged to have a mail-in vote for the CAHA to decide whether or not players who tried out for professional teams but who were not signed to a contract could be reinstated.
At the 1931 general meeting, Hamilton praised the players who chose to remain as amateurs despite the lure of professional teams, and the resulting of increase of registrations. He also praised the organizations which continued to produce quality hockey for the Canadian public despite inroads by professional teams, and felt that the security of the CAHA rested "upon the ideals and practices of honest and honorable men". The CAHA decided not to reinstate amateur status to players who tried out with professional teams. It also disallowed any of its teams to play exhibition games against professional teams, and let the AAU of C decide whether professionals in one sport could be amateurs in hockey. The CAHA also approved the naming of the host location for Allan Cup and Memorial Cup finals a year in advance, as opposed to the executive deciding a month in advance.
President, second term.
Hamilton was re-elected president of the CAHA on April 3, 1931. Teams soon began to speak out against the increased turnover of players due to raids by other teams. Hamilton issued a warning to all players that inter-branch transfers requested before the May 15 deadline, would be investigated to ensure a valid reason for moving between provinces of Canada and eliminate the "hockey tourist" travelling about the country in search of a better team. In advance of the August 15 deadline to register with one's own branch, Hamilton issued another warning and stated that investigations would continue and that a national meeting might be called to resolve the issue. The decision was a change from the previous year's deadline when the CAHA had approved all transfers submitted without investigation due to the Great Depression and the need to relocate for employment.
In October 1931, the CAHA executive changed the deadline to a reside in a branch from May 15 to January 1, in an effort to stop the "hockey tourist", and investigate bona fide transfers for employment. The change effectively meant that a player had to sit out for a season before he could transfer between branches. The Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association refused to approved transfers for eight of its players to Montreal and Moncton without a sworn affidavit by each player for the reason of the transfer. In an effort to combat increasing professionalism, Hamilton announced that the CAHA would not reinstate players as amateurs who had tried out for professional teams, despite a ruling from the AAU of C which since allowed for reinstatement.
Hamilton responded to charges of professionalism in leagues in the Maritimes by saying that a hearing would be conducted if an official complaint was received. In an effort to ensure amateurism, he announced that players taking part in provincial finals for the 1932 Allan Cup and 1932 Memorial Cup playoffs would be required to recite an oath similar to the Olympic Oath, and declare they meet all amateur requirements. Any violation of the oath would render the player's team ineligible for the remainder of the playoffs.
At the general meeting in 1932, the CAHA considered implementing the forward pass in the amateur game, as used in the professional game to reduce the frequency of offside infractions. In an effort to educate, Hamilton circulated diagrams of hockey plays where the rules were regularly misinterpreted such as offside. Registration with the CAHA had increased in five consecutive seasons despite competition from professional teams. Hamilton declared the playoffs were financially successful, and felt that the CAHA had the confidence of the Canadian public for tending to the "moral and physical uplift of our athletes". He was succeeded as CAHA president by Frank Greenleaf from Montreal.
Sports involvement in the 1930s.
Hamilton continued to serve as president of the Saskatchewan branch of the AAU of C until 1936, and was named chairman of the AAU of C registration committee in 1930. He was named to the AAU of C executive by its new president, J. Howard Crocker in 1932, and named to the committee for redistricting AAU of C branches in 1933. In 1930, Hamilton stated efforts would be made to establish a provincial baseball association. He later served as president of the Saskatchewan Amateur Baseball Association from 1933 to 1934.
Hamilton favoured professionals in one sport playing as amateurs in another, as it would grow amateur baseball in Saskatchewan by allowing hockey professionals to players an amateur summer sport. At the AAU of C general meeting in 1930, Hamilton unsuccessfully sought for the approval of professionals having a secondary amateur sport. He also advocated for the reinstatement of soccer players who had unknowingly played against a professional hockey player in a soccer match. Two years later, Hamilton tried again to no avail. At the general meeting for the AAU of C in 1933, Hamilton tried a third time to allow professionals in one sport to compete as an amateur in another sport. He received strong support from Western Canada, but the motion was defeated by opposition from Eastern Canada.
Hamilton served as a member of the Canadian Olympic Committee for 17 years from 1931 to 1948. He was part of the delegation that lobbied Edgar Nelson Rhodes, the Canadian Minister of Finance, for funds to cover travel expenses for athletes to the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Hamilton continued to serve as the secretary and treasurer of the Regina Roughriders until 1938. He represented the Roughriders at meetings of the Saskatchewan Rugby Football Union, and represented the province at the Western Interprovincial Football Union. He also sat on the rules committee for the Western Canada Rugby Football Union, and the Canadian Rugby Union.
Hamilton was placed in charge of the Western Canada junior playoffs for 1933. He also acted as a convenor for junior hockey in Regina. When the Regina Maple Leafs ceased playing in December 1933, the SAHA was concerned about a mass transfer of players to the Regina Pats and a talent imbalance in the league. Hamilton proposed that since the Maple Leafs folded, none of their players should displace players already on the Regina Pats, but should be allowed to join a senior team with open places. He also felt that the players who were the "disturbing elements" not be allowed back into junior hockey.
Return to senior ice hockey.
Hamilton served as president of the Southern Saskatchewan Hockey League during the 1930–31 senior ice hockey season. He was appointed to return as president on January 4, 1936, while the season was already in progress. In preparation for the playoffs to begin, Hamilton ruled that the Yorkton team had not completed its regular season and fined the team. Yorkton and teams from Moose Jaw and Weyburn, protested the use of an ineligible player by the Regina Victorias in several games, and how the points were allocated from those games in protest which affected the final league standings. Yorkton subsequently did not appear at a scheduled playoff game versus Weyburn, and considered legal action against Hamilton to prevent the league playoffs from proceeding.
Journalist Ralph Allen reported that during the series of disagreements, Hamilton was sarcastically asked if there were anymore protests. Hamilton replied, "There just isn't anything left for them to squawk about unless it's the colour of my necktie". Hamilton then reportedly received a long-distance phone call complaint from Weyburn immediately after the comment. After ten hours of discussion at an emergency meeting, Hamilton's original decision was endorsed. Weyburn and Yorkton were ordered to play a shortened playoff series, with Yorkton paying travel costs to Weyburn. Hamilton remained as league president for the 1936–37 season.
Amateur Athletic Union of Canada president.
Hamilton was elected president of the AAU of C on November 21, 1936, to succeed W. A. Fry. He took charge of the AAU of C at a time when multiple sports organizations challenged the definition of amateur, but it rejected proposals to relax any of its rules with respect to growing professionalism in sport. The "Winnipeg Free Press" noted that the "old guard" of the AAU of C was trying to hold onto the ideals of pure amateurism, despite threats by the CAHA, Canadian Amateur Basketball Association, and Canadian Amateur Lacrosse Association to break away and be their own governing bodies.
On December 15, 1936, CAHA president Cecil Duncan formally notified Hamilton in writing to terminate its articles of alliance effective January 15, 1937. Duncan noted the lack of support for CAHA proposals and that the AAU of C did not enforce CAHA suspensions. Hamilton was sympathetic with the CAHA's issues and had regrets with the choice. He felt the best actions had not been taken, and that the CAHA and the AAU of C would both suffer. He stated there should be no quarrels between the CAHA and AAU of C, and felt that there was room for ice hockey to be governed by both groups in a "friendly rivalry".
In January 1937, politician Hugh Plaxton, who had won a gold medal for Canada in ice hockey at the 1928 Winter Olympics, introduced a resolution in the House of Commons of Canada to propose the establishment of a Canadian ministry of sports. He stated it had potential to take over administration of sports and eliminate "disputes over authority and jurisdiction". Hamilton felt that the ministry might be beneficial, and that sport could be promoted with the help of department of health and reach more areas of Canada. He wanted more discussion on what would happen to sports organizations if the government took control or organized sports, but stated that the AAU of C would co-operate.
Hamilton appointed a committee to oversee preparations for the 1938 British Empire Games, and named Edward Wentworth Beatty its chairman. The AAU of C chose not to have national track and field championships to select the team, due to the cost of sending a team to Australia. Athletes were instead chosen by trials in several zones in Canada. Hamilton appointed convenors to look after each zone.
By October 1937, both the Canadian Amateur Basketball Association and the Canadian Amateur Lacrosse Association had severed ties with the AAU of C, and adopted new definitions of an amateur. Hamilton stated there were three groups of thought within the AAU of C with respect to hockey. One group wanted continued negotiation with the CAHA. A second group felt that the AAU of C should organize hockey under its jurisdiction. A third group felt that the uprising was temporary and the CAHA would return to the fold. Hamilton felt there were two prevailing opinions with respect to basketball; to organize basketball under the AAU of C; or wait for a change of leadership in basketball that would bring it back.
In advance of the general meeting in November 1937, Hamilton urged delegates to give "special consideration" to the loss of its three biggest sporting associations and the resulting financial problems. "The Winnipeg Tribune" reported that the hockey, basketball and lacrosse associations had brought in more money than all of the other AAU of C affiliates combined, and that the AAU of C needed to make the first move at reconciliation. At the time, the AAU of C still had direct control of track and field, boxing and wrestling, and had alliances with the YMCA, the Women's Amateur Athletic Federation and the Canadian Amateur Rowing Association.
Hamilton declared that the hockey, basketball and lacrosse associations broke away due to personal disagreements between delegates to meetings, rather than disputes over amateurism. He stated, "Really, there never were any great differences of opinion between the AAU and the CAHA", and implied the same with basketball. He felt the greatest effect would be the loss registration revenue, and called for redistribution of branches to consolidate assets due to reduced membership. The AAU of C considered a motion to organize hockey and basketball itself, which Hamilton stated it was not an attempt to "step on the toes" of the CAHA or the Canadian Amateur Basketball Association.
Hamilton was re-elected AAU of C president in November 1937. He urged delegates to revise the AAU of C constitution to meet modern thought on amateurism, and that the future of the AAU of C depended on the outcome of the 1938 general meeting. He called for the two opposing schools of thought to come together and compromise, as failing finances were a reality. In November 1938, Sydney Halter was elected president to succeed Hamilton, and the AAU of C approved a constitutional amendment in which it would recognize the definition of amateur as given by the world governing bodies of the respective sports.
Later career and personal life.
Hamilton served as president of the Regina Rink Company which raised funds to install an artificial ice maker in the Regina Stadium. He operated the rink for 11 years from 1938 to 1949, when it was known as the Queen City Gardens.
Hamilton attended the silver jubilee of the CAHA hosted at the Royal Alexandra Hotel in Winnipeg on April 10, 1939, when eleven of thirteen past presidents of the CAHA were there as guests of honour.
Hamilton was elected president of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League in October 1946. He oversaw six teams during the season, and split them into two divisions of north and south to reduce travelling.
Hamilton's wife Catherine died on November 15, 1951. He was remarried to Elsie White Greason in December 1952, a widow who had one son.
Hamilton assisted in the planning and construction of a third arena, the Moose Jaw Civic Centre from 1957 to 1959.
Hamilton was president of the Saskatchewan Senior Hockey League during the 1959–60 season.
Hamilton died on August 5, 1976, in Regina. He was interred at Riverside Memorial Park Cemetery in Regina.
Honours and legacy.
Hamilton was made a life member of the SAHA in 1933, and was named sportsman of the year by the Regina Optimist International Club. He received the King George VI Coronation Medal in 1937, for his contributions to sports in Saskatchewan and Canada. In 1953, Hamilton was named a recipient of the Gold Stick Award by the Ontario Hockey Association for contributions to ice hockey.
Hamilton was inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame in 1967. He was presented with the Award of Merit from the CAHA at the annual meeting in Saskatoon, on May 20, 1967. In 1968, he was inducted into both the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, and the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada Hall of Fame.
Hamilton was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in June 1972, in the sports builder category. He was made the namesake of the Jack Hamilton Arena in Regina in 1975. He is also the namesake of the J. W. Hamilton Trophy awarded to the champion of the senior men's D-division playoffs of the Saskatchewan Hockey Association.


Fall River Bleachery

Fall River Bleachery is an historic textile bleachery on Jefferson Street in Fall River, Massachusetts.
The bleachery was built in 1872 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Historical background.
The primary product of most of the mills in Fall River was cotton print cloth. Much of it was printed at the American Print Works, which was one of the largest such companies in the United States. The best printing results are obtained from pure white cloth. During the period between 1870 and 1872, the city of Fall River grew rapidly, adding dozens of new mills during this time.
By 1872, Spencer Borden, the son of Jefferson Borden, had become trained chemist and had travelled to Europe to study the process of bleaching and dyeing textiles. On his return trip to the United States, he gathered a group of mill owners, including ones in New Bedford and Rhode Island to discuss the idea of establishing a large-scale bleachery in the area. A committee was formed to locate a suitable site. They tested the quality of the water supply in several areas in Fall River, Somerset, Tiverton, and as far north as Bridgewater. It was finally decided to locate the new bleachery at the mouth of Sucker Brook, where it flowed into South Watuppa Pond, in the southeast corner of the city of Fall River. The Sucker Brook is fed by Stafford Pond, a spring-fed water body in nearby Tiverton, Rhode Island. Its water was exceptionally pure with a high flow rate.
The bleachery mills were soon constructed from native Fall River granite found on the site. The factory was designed so that the water from the brook could flow through the facility without the need for pumping. Jefferson Borden was chosen as the first president of the company, which had a capacity to process up to thirteen tons of cotton annually.
The site would later be expanded over the years to keep up with demand from the many area mills. By about 1906, the bleachery had a capacity of 50 tons per day. In 1938 business conditions deteriorated and the company fell into the hands of creditors who decided to close the bleachery and liquidate the company. The machinery and equipment of the Fall River Bleachery was sold at auction on October 13, 1938.
A portion of the complex was destroyed by fire on October 30, 1967.
It is currently the headquarters for Spectrum Lighting, Inc., an architectural lighting manufacturer.


Filet mignon

Filet mignon (; ; ) is a cut of meat taken from the smaller end of the tenderloin, or psoas major of an animal carcass. In French it can refer to the tenderloin of several animals but is mostly used to refer to cuts of pork tenderloin.
The tenderloin runs along both sides of the spine, and is usually harvested as two long snake-shaped cuts of meat. The tenderloin is sometimes sold whole. Filet mignon is usually presented as a round cut taken from the thinner end of a piece of tenderloin. It is often the most tender and lean cut. Filet mignon often has a milder flavour than other cuts of meat and as such is often garnished with a sauce or wrapped with bacon.
Due to the small amount of filet mignon able to be butchered from each animal it is generally the most expensive cut of meat.
Usage.
Europe.
In France, the term filet mignon is used to refer to pork. The cut of beef which is referred to as filet mignon in the USA has various names across the rest of Europe. E.g. filet de bœuf in French, fillet steak in the UK, filéstek in Swedish, filetsteak in German, filete in Spanish, filé mignon in Portuguese, filee steik in Estonian, and filetbiff in Norwegian.
In the UK, the comparable term to the French filet mignon is the term pork medallions.
North America.
Filet mignon refers to cuts from a beef tenderloin in North America.
Elsewhere, this cut of beef is called:
In the U.S., both the central and large end of the tenderloin are often sold as "filet mignon" in supermarkets and restaurants. The French terms for these cuts are "tournedos" (the smaller central portion), "châteaubriand" (the larger central portion), and "biftek" (cut from the large end known as the "tête de filet" (lit. "head of filet") in French).
Porterhouse steaks and T-bone steaks are large cuts that include the fillet. The small medallion on one side of the bone is the fillet, and the long strip of meat on the other side of the bone is the strip steak—in Commonwealth of Nations usage, only the strip steak is called the porterhouse.
Preparation.
Filet mignon may be cut into 1- to 2-inch (2.5 to 5 cm) thick portions, then grilled and served as-is. One also may find filet mignon in stores already cut into portions and wrapped with bacon. High heat is the usual method for cooking the filet mignon, either grilling, pan frying, broiling, or roasting.
Bacon is often used in cooking filet mignon because of the low levels of fat found in the cut (see barding), as fillets have low levels of marbling, or intramuscular fat. Bacon is wrapped around the fillet and pinned closed with a wooden toothpick. This adds flavor and keeps the fillet from drying out during the cooking process.
Traditional cooking calls for the filet mignon to be seared on each side using intense heat for a short time and then transferred to a lower heat to cook the meat all the way through.


David Youngs

David Youngs was an American lumberman from Ahnapee, Wisconsin who spent one term as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly for the district consisting of Door and Kewaunee Counties. Although contemporary newspapers describe him as a Republican, he was officially recorded as a Union Party member.
Private affairs.
Youngs was born in Scotland; as of 1867 he was 39 years of age, and had been in Wisconsin for 30 years. He listed his profession as "lumberman". In July 1867 Youngs was a signatory (with Thomas McDill and others) to a letter calling for a meeting in Madison in order to organize a Lumberman's Association of Wisconsin.
Elective office.
Youngs served a single one-year term in the Assembly, in a new district previously represented by Democrat Constant Martin (Kewaunee County) and Unionist Isaac Stephenson (Door County). He was assigned to the standing committees on internal improvements and on contingent expenditures. He was defeated for re-election in late 1867 by Democrat Moses Kilgore.
Death.
Youngs died on August 5, 1874 from erysipelas at his home in Ahnapee, Wisconsin.


Mustang

The mustang is a free-roaming horse of the Western United States, descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish. Mustangs are often referred to as wild horses, but because they are descended from once-domesticated animals, they are actually feral horses. The original mustangs were Colonial Spanish horses, but many other breeds and types of horses contributed to the modern mustang, now resulting in varying phenotypes. Some free-roaming horses are relatively unchanged from the original Spanish stock, most strongly represented in the most isolated populations.
In 1971, the United States Congress recognized that "wild free-roaming horses and burros are living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West, which continue to contribute to the diversity of life forms within the Nation and enrich the lives of the American people". The free-roaming horse population is managed and protected by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
Controversy surrounds the sharing of land and resources by mustangs with the livestock of the ranching industry, and also with the methods by which the BLM manages their population numbers. The most common method of population management used is rounding up excess population and offering them to adoption by private individuals. There are inadequate numbers of adopters, so many once free-roaming horses now live in temporary and long-term holding areas with concerns that the animals may be sold for horse meat. Additional debate centers on the question of whether mustangs—and horses in general—are a native species or an introduced invasive species in the lands they inhabit.
Etymology and usage.
Although free-roaming Mustangs are called "wild" horses, they descend from feral domesticated horses.
According to the "Oxford English Dictionary" ("OED"), the English word "mustang" was likely borrowed from two essentially synonymous Spanish words, (or ) and . English lexicographer John Minsheu glossed both words together as 'strayer' in his dictionary of 1599. Both words referred to livestock defined as 'wild, having no master'. was used since the 13th century, while is attested from the late 15th.
 referred originally to beasts of uncertain ownership distributed by the powerful transhumant merino sheep ranchers' guild in medieval Spain, called the Mesta (). The name of the Mesta derived ultimately from the , referring to the common ownership of the guild's animals by multiple parties. The "OED" states that the origin of is "obscure" but notes the is attested from the 15th century. In Spanish, mustangs are named . By 1936, the English 'mustang' had been loaned back into Spanish as .
"Mustangers" () were cowboys () who caught, broke, and drove free-ranging horses to market in the Spanish and later American territories of what is now northern Mexico, Texas, New Mexico, and California. They caught the horses that roamed the Great Plains, the San Joaquin Valley of California, and later the Great Basin, from the 18th century to the early 20th century.
Characteristics and ancestry.
The original mustangs were Colonial Spanish horses, but many other breeds and types of horses contributed to the modern mustang, resulting in varying phenotypes. Mustangs of all body types are described as surefooted and having good endurance. They may be of any coat color. Throughout all the Herd Management Areas managed by the Bureau of Land Management, light riding horse type predominates, though a few horses with draft horse characteristics also exist, mostly kept separate from other mustangs and confined to specific areas. Some herds show the signs of the introduction of Thoroughbred or other light racehorse-types into herds, a process that also led in part to the creation of the American Quarter Horse.
The mustang of the modern west has several different breeding populations today which are genetically isolated from one another and thus have distinct traits traceable to particular herds. Genetic contributions to today's free-roaming mustang herds include assorted ranch horses that escaped to or were turned out on the public lands, and stray horses used by the United States Cavalry. For example, in Idaho some Herd Management Areas (HMA) contain animals with known descent from Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse stallions turned out with feral herds. The herds located in two HMAs in central Nevada produce Curly Horses. Others, such as certain bands in Wyoming, have characteristics consistent with gaited horse breeds.
Many herds were analyzed for Spanish blood group polymorphism (commonly known as "blood markers") and microsatellite DNA loci. Blood marker analysis verified a few to have significant Spanish ancestry, namely the Cerbat Mustang, Pryor Mountain Mustang, and some horses from the Sulphur Springs HMA. The Kiger Mustang is also said to have been found to have Spanish blood and subsequent microsatellite DNA confirmed the Spanish ancestry of the Pryor Mountain Mustang.
Horses in several other HMAs exhibit Spanish horse traits, such as dun coloration and primitive markings. Genetic studies of other herds show various blends of Spanish, gaited horse, draft horse, and pony influences.
Height varies across the west, however, most are small, generally , and not taller than , even in herds with draft or Thoroughbred ancestry.
Some breeders of domestic horses consider the mustang herds of the west to be inbred and of inferior quality. However, supporters of the mustang argue that the animals are merely small due to their harsh living conditions and that natural selection has eliminated many traits that lead to weakness or inferiority.
The now-defunct American Mustang Association developed a breed standard for those mustangs that carry morphological traits associated with the early Spanish horses. These include a well-proportioned body with a clean, refined head with wide forehead and small muzzle. The facial profile may be straight or slightly convex. Withers are moderate in height, and the shoulder is to be "long and sloping". The standard considers a very short back, deep girth and muscular coupling over the loins as desirable. The croup is rounded, neither too flat nor goose-rumped. The tail is low-set. The legs are to be straight and sound. Hooves are round and dense. Dun color dilution and primitive markings are particularly common among horses of Spanish type.
History.
1493–1600.
Modern horses were first brought to the Americas with the conquistadors, beginning with Columbus, who imported horses from Spain to the West Indies on his second voyage in 1493. Horses came to the mainland with the arrival of Cortés in 1519. By 1525, Cortés had imported enough horses to create a nucleus of horse-breeding in Mexico.
One hypothesis held that horse populations north of Mexico originated in the mid-1500s with the expeditions of Narváez, de Soto or Coronado, but it has been refuted. Horse breeding in sufficient numbers to establish a self-sustaining population developed in what today is the southwestern United States starting in 1598 when Juan de Oñate founded Santa Fe de Nuevo México. From 75 horses in his original expedition, he expanded his herd to 800, and from there the horse population increased rapidly.
While the Spanish also brought horses to Florida in the 16th century, the Choctaw and Chickasaw horses of what is now the southeastern United States are believed to be descended from western mustangs that moved east, and thus Spanish horses in Florida did not influence the mustang.
17th- and 18th-century dispersal.
Native American people readily integrated use of the horse into their cultures. They quickly adopted the horse as a primary means of transportation. Horses replaced the dog as a pack animal and changed Native cultures in terms of warfare, trade, and even diet—the ability to run down bison allowed some people to abandon agriculture for hunting from horseback.
Santa Fe became a major trading center in the 1600s. Although Spanish laws prohibited Native Americans from riding horses, the Spanish used Native people as servants, and some were tasked to care for livestock, thus learning horse-handling skills. Oñate's colonists also lost many of their horses. Some wandered off because the Spanish generally did not keep them in fenced enclosures, and Native people in the area captured some of these estrays. Other horses were traded by Oñate' settlers for food, women or other goods. Initially, horses obtained by Native people were simply eaten, along with any cattle that were captured or stolen. But as individuals with horse-handling skills fled Spanish control, sometimes with a few trained horses, the local tribes began using horses for riding and as pack animals. By 1659, settlements reported being raided for horses, and in the 1660s the "Apache" were trading human captives for horses. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 also resulted in large numbers of horses coming into the hands of Native people, the largest one-time influx in history.
From the Pueblo people, horses were traded to the Apache, Navajo and Utes. The Comanche acquired horses and provided them to the Shoshone. The Eastern Shoshone and Southern Utes became traders who distributed horses and horse culture from New Mexico to the northern plains. West of the Continental Divide, horses distribution moved north quite rapidly along the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, skirting desert regions such as the Great Basin and the western Colorado Plateau. Horses reached what today is southern Idaho by 1690. The Northern Shoshone people in the Snake River valley had horses in 1700. By 1730, they reached the Columbia Basin and were east of the Continental divide in the northern Great Plains. The Blackfeet people of Alberta had horses by 1750. The Nez Perce people in particular became master horse breeders, and developed one of the first distinctly American breeds, the Appaloosa. Most other tribes did not practice extensive amounts of selective breeding, though they sought out desirable horses through acquisition and quickly culled those with undesirable traits. By 1769, most Plain Indians had horses.
In this period, Spanish missions were also a source of stray and stolen livestock, particularly in what today is Texas and California. The Spanish brought horses to California for use at their missions and ranches, where permanent settlements were established in 1769. Horse numbers grew rapidly, with a population of 24,000 horses reported by 1800. By 1805, there were so many horses in California that people began to simply kill unwanted animals to reduce overpopulation. However, due to the barriers presented by mountain ranges and deserts, the California population did not significantly influence horse numbers elsewhere at the time. Horses in California were described as being of "exceptional quality".
In the upper Mississippi basin and Great Lakes regions, the French were another source of horses. Although horse trading with native people was prohibited, there were individuals willing to indulge in illegal dealing, and as early as 1675, the Illinois people had horses. Animals identified as "Canadian", "French", or "Norman" were located in the Great Lakes region, with a 1782 census at Fort Detroit listing over 1000 animals. By 1770, Spanish horses were found in that area, and there was a clear zone from Ontario and Saskatchewan to St. Louis where Canadian-type horses, particularly the smaller varieties, crossbred with mustangs of Spanish ancestry. French-Canadian horses were also allowed to roam freely, and moved west, particularly influencing horse herds in the northern plains and inland northwest.
Although horses were brought from Mexico to Texas as early as 1542, a stable population did not exist until 1686, when Alonso de León's expedition arrived with 700 horses. From there, later groups brought up thousands more, deliberately leaving some horses and cattle to fend for themselves at various locations, while others strayed. By 1787, these animals had multiplied to the point that a roundup gathered nearly 8,000 "free-roaming mustangs and cattle". West-central Texas, between the Rio Grande and Palo Duro Canyon, was said to have the most concentrated population of feral horses in the Americas. Throughout the west, horses escaped human control and formed feral herds, and by the late 1700s, the largest numbers were found in what today are the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico.
19th century.
An early 19th-century reference to mustangs by American sources came from Zebulon Pike, who in 1808 noted passing herds of "mustangs or wild horses". In 1821, Stephen Austin noted in his journal that he had seen about 150 mustangs.
Estimates of when the peak population of mustangs occurred and total numbers vary widely between sources. No comprehensive census of feral horse numbers was ever performed until the time of the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 and any earlier estimates, particularly prior to the 20th century, are speculative. Some sources simply state that "millions" of mustangs once roamed western North America. In 1959, geographer Tom L. McKnight suggested that the population peaked in the late 1700s or early 1800s, and the "best guesses apparently lie between two and five million". Historian J. Frank Dobie hypothesized that the population peaked around the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848, stating: "My own guess is that at no time were there more than a million mustangs in Texas and no more than a million others scattered over the remainder of the West." J. Edward de Steiguer questioned Dobie's lower guess as still being too high.
In 1839, the numbers of mustangs in Texas had been augmented by animals abandoned by Mexican settlers who had been ordered to leave the Nueces Strip. Ulysses Grant, in his memoir, recalled seeing in 1846 an immense herd between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande in Texas: "As far as the eye could reach to our right, the herd extended. To the left, it extended equally. There was no estimating the number of animals in it; I have no idea that they could all have been corralled in the state of Rhode Island, or Delaware, at one time." When the area was ceded to the U.S. in 1848, these horses and others in the surrounding areas were rounded up and trailed north and east, resulting in the near-elimination of mustangs in that area by 1860.
Farther west, the first known sighting of a free-roaming horse in the Great Basin was by John Bidwell near the Humboldt Sinks in 1841. Although John Charles Fremont noted thousands of horses in California, the only horse sign he spoke of in the Great Basin, which he named, was tracks around Pyramid Lake, and the natives he encountered there were horseless. In 1861, another party saw seven free-roaming horses near the Stillwater Range. For the most part, free-roaming horse herds in the interior of Nevada were established in the latter part of the 1800s from escaped settlers' horses.
20th century.
In the early 1900s, thousands of free-roaming horses were rounded up for use in the Spanish–American War and World War I.
By 1920, Bob Brislawn, who worked as a packer for the U.S. government, recognized that the original mustangs were disappearing, and made efforts to preserve them, ultimately establishing the Spanish Mustang Registry. In 1934, J. Frank Dobie stated that there were just "a few wild [feral] horses in Nevada, Wyoming and other Western states" and that "only a trace of Spanish blood is left in most of them" remaining. Other sources agree that by that time, only "pockets" of mustangs that retained Colonial Spanish Horse type remained.
By 1930, the vast majority of free-roaming horses were found west of Continental Divide, with an estimated population between 50,000–150,000. They were almost completely confined to the remaining General Land Office (GLO)-administered public lands and National Forest rangelands in the 11 Western States. In 1934, the Taylor Grazing Act established the United States Grazing Service to manage livestock grazing on public lands, and in 1946, the GLO was combined with the Grazing Service to form the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), which, along with the Forest Service, was committed to removing feral horses from the lands they administered.
By the 1950s, the mustang population dropped to an estimated 25,000 horses. Abuses linked to certain capture methods, including hunting from airplanes and poisoning water holes, led to the first federal free-roaming horse protection law in 1959. This statute, titled "Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to hunt certain wild horses or burros; pollution of watering holes" popularly known as the "Wild Horse Annie Act", prohibited the use of motor vehicles for capturing free-roaming horses and burros. Protection was increased further by the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 (WFRHABA).
The Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 provided for protection of certain previously established herds of horses and burros. It mandated the BLM to oversee the protection and management of free-roaming herds on lands it administered, and gave U.S. Forest Service similar authority on National Forest lands. A few free-ranging horses are also managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service, but for the most part they are not subject to management under the Act. A census completed in conjunction with passage of the Act found that there were approximately 17,300 horses (25,300 combined population of horses "and" burros) on the BLM-administered lands and 2,039 on National Forests.
Mustangs today.
The BLM has established Herd Management Areas to determine where horses will be sustained as free-roaming populations. The BLM has established "Appropriate Management Levels" (AML) for each HMA, totaling 26,000 bureau-wide, but the on-range mustang population in August 2017 was estimated to be over 72,000 horses. More than half of all free-roaming mustangs in North America are found in Nevada (which features the horses on its State Quarter), with other significant populations in California, Oregon, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, and 40,000 in Florida. Another 45,000 horses are in holding facilities.
Land use controversies.
Prehistoric context.
The horse, clade Equidae, originated in North America 55 million years ago. By the end of the Late Pleistocene, there were two lineages of the equine family known to exist in North America: the "caballine" or "stout-legged horse" belonging to the genus "Equus", and "Haringtonhippus francisci", the "stilt-legged horse". Recent studies of ancient DNA suggest that the North American caballine horses included the ancestor of the modern horse. At the end of the Last Glacial Period, the non-caballines went extinct and the caballines were extirpated from the Americas. Multiple factors that included changing climate and the impact of newly arrived human hunters may have been to blame. Thus, before the Columbian Exchange, the youngest physical evidence (macrofossils-generally bones or teeth) for the survival of Equids in the Americas dates between ≈10,500 and 7,600 years before present.
Modern issues.
Due in part to the prehistory of the horse, there is controversy as to the role mustangs have in the ecosystem as well as their rank in the prioritized use of public lands, particularly in relation to livestock. There are multiple viewpoints. Some supporters of mustangs on public lands assert that, while not native, mustangs are a "culturally significant" part of the American West, and acknowledge some form of population control is needed. Another viewpoint is that mustangs reinhabited an ecological niche vacated when horses went extinct in North America, with a variant characterization that horses are a reintroduced native species that should be legally classified as "wild" rather than "feral" and managed as wildlife. The "native species" argument centers on the premise that the horses extirpated in the Americas 10,000 years ago are closely related to the modern horse as was reintroduced. Thus, this debate centers in part around the question of whether horses developed an ecomorphotype adapted to the ecosystem as it changed in the intervening 10,000 years.
The Wildlife Society views mustangs as an introduced species stating: "Since native North American horses went extinct, the western United States has become more arid ... notably changing the ecosystem and ecological roles horses and burros play." and that they draw resources and attention away from true native species. A 2013 report by the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine took issue with the view of the horse being a reintroduced native species stating that "the complex of animals and vegetation has changed since horses were extirpated from North America". It also stated that the distinction between native or non-native was not the issue, but rather the "priority that BLM gives to free-ranging horses and burros on federal lands, relative to other uses".
Mustang supporters advocate for the BLM to rank mustangs higher in priority than it currently does, arguing that too little forage is allocated to mustangs them relative to cattle and sheep. Ranchers and others affiliated with the livestock industry favor a lower priority, arguing essentially that their livelihoods and rural economies are threatened because they depend upon the public land forage for their livestock.
The debate as to what degree mustangs and cattle compete for forage is multifaceted. Horses are adapted by evolution to inhabit an ecological niche characterized by poor quality vegetation. Advocates assert that most current mustang herds live in arid areas which cattle cannot fully utilize due to the lack of water sources. Mustangs can cover vast distances to find food and water; advocates assert that horses range 5–10 times as far as cattle to find forage, finding it in more inaccessible areas. In addition, horses are "hindgut fermenters", meaning that they digest nutrients by means of the cecum rather than by a multi-chambered stomach. While this means that they extract less energy from a given amount of forage, it also means that they can digest food faster and make up the difference in efficiency by increasing their consumption rate. In practical effect, by eating greater quantities, horses can obtain adequate nutrition from poorer forage than can ruminants such as cattle, and so can survive in areas where cattle will starve.
However, while the BLM rates horses by animal unit (AUM) to eat the same amount of forage as a cow–calf pair (the baseline of 1.0 for the pair), studies of horse grazing patterns indicate that horses probably consume forage at a rate closer to 1.5 AUM. Modern rangeland management also recommends removing all livestock during the growing season to maximize re-growth of the forage. Year-round grazing by any non-native ungulate will degrade it, particularly horses whose incisors allow them to graze plants very close to the ground, inhibiting recovery.
Management and adoption.
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) was tasked by Congress with protecting, managing, and controlling free-roaming horses and burros under the authority of the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 to ensure that healthy herds thrive on healthy rangelands under the 1976 Federal Land Policy and Management Act. Difficulty arises because mustang herd sizes can multiply rapidly, increasing up to and possibly by over 20% every year, so population control presents a challenge. When unmanaged, population numbers can outstrip forage available, leading to starvation.
There are few predators in the modern era capable of preying on healthy adult mustangs, and for the most part, predators capable of limiting the growth of feral mustang herd sizes are not found in the same habitat as most modern feral herds. Although wolves and mountain lions are two species known to prey on horses and in theory could control population growth, in practice, predation is not a viable population control mechanism. Wolves were historically rare in, and currently do not inhabit, the Great Basin, where the vast majority of mustangs roam. While they are documented to prey on feral horses in Alberta, Canada, there is no known documentation of wolf predation on free-roaming horses in the United States. Mountain lions have been documented to prey on feral horses in the U.S., but in limited areas and small numbers, and mostly foals.
One of the BLM's key mandates under the 1971 law and amendments is to maintain AML of wild horses and burros in areas of public rangelands where they are managed by the federal government. Control of the population to within AML is achieved through a capture program, although there are no specific guidelines or techniques used to round up mustangs. Most methods are quite stressful for the animals, even fatal. The BLM allows the use of trucks, ATVs, helicopters, and firearms to chase the horses into holding pens or "traps". These methods have often resulted in extreme exhaustion, serious injuries, or even death to the horses. "Bait" traps are another common way mustangs are corralled, usually with hay or water being left in a camouflaged pen while varying types of trigger systems close gates behind the horses. Another, less destructive method uses a tamed horse, called a "Judas horse", which has been trained to lead wild horses into a pen or corral. Once the mustangs are herded into an area near the holding pen, the Judas horse is released. Its job is then to move to the head of the herd and lead them into a confined area.
Since 1978, captured horses have been offered for adoption to individuals or groups willing and able to provide humane, long-term care after payment of an adoption fee; the base fee is $125. Adopted horses are still protected under the Act, for one year after adoption, at which point the adopter can obtain title to the horse. Horses that could not be adopted were to be humanely euthanized. Instead of euthanizing excess horses, the BLM began keeping them in "long term holding", an expensive alternative that can cost taxpayers up to $50,000 per horse over its lifetime. On December 8, 2004, a rider amending the Wild and Free Roaming Horse and Burro Act was attached to an appropriation bill before the Congress by former Senator Conrad Burns. This modified the adoption program to also allow the unlimited sale of captured horses that are "more than 10 years of age", or that were "offered unsuccessfully for adoption at least three times". Since 1978, there had been specific language in the Act forbidding the BLM from selling the horses to those would take them to slaughter, but the Burns Amendment removed that language. In order to prevent horses being sold to slaughter, the BLM has implemented policies limiting sales and requiring buyers to certify they will not take the horses to slaughter. In 2017, the Trump administration began pushing Congress to remove barriers to implementing both the option to euthanize and sell excess horses.
Despite efforts to try increase the number of horses adopted, such as the Extreme Mustang Makeover, a promotional competition that gives trainers 100 days to gentle and train 100 mustangs so they may be adopted through auction, adoption numbers do not come close to finding homes for the excess horses. Ten thousand foals were expected to be born on range in 2017, whereas only 2500 horses were expected to be adopted. Alternatives to roundups for on range population control include fertility control, either by PZP injection or spaying mares, culling and natural regulation.
Captured horses are freeze branded on the left side of the neck by the BLM, using the International Alpha Angle System, a system of angles and alpha-symbols that cannot be altered. The brands begin with a symbol indicating the registering organization, in this case the U.S. government, then two stacked figures indicating the individual horse's year of birth, then the individual registration number. Captured horses kept in sanctuaries are also marked on the left hip with four inch-high Arabic numerals that are also the last four digits of the freeze brand on the neck.


William Cameron Edwards

William Cameron Edwards (7 May 1844 – 17 September 1921) was a Canadian businessman and parliamentarian.
He was born in Clarence Township in Russell County, Ontario, the son of William Edwards and Ann Cameron, received basic schooling in Ottawa at the District Grammar School
 and, at a young age, began work in the timber industry at Thurso, Quebec. He founded W.C. Edwards & Company which built large sawmills at Rockland and New Edinburgh. Up until 1920, Edwards' company also operated a sawmill on the Petite-Nation River in Quebec at North Nation Mills, north of Plaisance.
In 1885, he married Catherine Wilson.
A Liberal, he was five times elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Ontario electoral district of Russell. He was first elected in the Canadian federal election of 1887, and was re-elected in 1888, 1891, 1896 and 1900. On 17 March 1903 he was appointed to the Senate of Canada upon the recommendation of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He represented the senatorial division of Russell County, Ontario until his death in Ottawa.
At one time, Edwards owned the residence at 24 Sussex Drive, having purchased it from Joseph Merrill Currier in 1902. Ironically his nephew Cameron Macpherson Edwards's home, Harrington Lake, is now the country retreat of the Prime Minister of Canada.
Edwards was also president of Canada Cement Company, was a noted livestock breeder and served as president of the Russell Agricultural Society.
His nephew Gordon Cameron Edwards also served in the House of Commons of Canada.


Linwood Historic District (Northbridge, Massachusetts)

The Linwood Historic District is an industrial historic district in the Linwood village of Northbridge, Massachusetts. It is the site of the Linwood Cotton Mill and is roughly bounded by Linwood Avenue, Maple Court, and Pine Court. On June 16, 1989, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
The Linwood Mill was built in 1866 by members of the Whitin family, who had purchased land in the area in the late 1840s. The Whitins had a history in the textile industry dating as far back as 1809, and are for whom the Northbridge village of Whitinsville is named. At the time of Linwood's development they owned virtually all of the textile industry in Northbridge. The Linwood property was built to process cotton, and produced cambrics, sateens, and shirting fabric. The original mill was a -story brick structure, which was expanded c. 1870 with the addition of a steam power plant in order to increase production. From the 1870s, the only other surviving building is a brick storehouse.
The mill complex, in addition to industrial facilities, also included worker housing. The district includes the fine Second Empire proprietor's residence, carriage house, and greenhouse, as well as a selection of tenement houses, dormitories, and duplexes built by the Whitins to house the factory workers. The mill complex is the best preserved of those built by the Whitins; the others have either been altered significantly, or been damaged or destroyed by fire.


Blanche Saunders

Blanche Saunders was one of the first Americans to popularize dog training, publishing several books and conducting demonstrations in dog obedience.
Saunders graduated from Massachusetts Agricultural College with majors in animal husbandry and poultry raising. Helen Whitehouse Walker, who had at first hired Saunders as a kennel maid in 1934, convinced the American Kennel Club in 1936 that dog obedience was a competitive field, and the following year Walker and Saunders criss-crossed the United States in a 21' trailer with several dogs, making a 10,000-mile obedience‐teaching tour, giving lectures and dog obedience demonstrations at dog shows. Saunders later conducted demonstrations in Rockefeller Plaza, and also at Yankee Stadium for seven years.
Saunders was the first dog obedience instructor of the ASPCA in New York (1944-1961), and was training director for the Poodle Obedience Club of Greater New York, the Boxer Obedience Club of Westchester County and the Port Chester Obedience Club.
In 1946, Saunders published her first book, "Training You to Train Your Dog". During her lifetime Saunders authored several books, many of which continued to be republished after her death.


Spitz

Spitz (derived from the German word "spitz", meaning "pointed") is a type of domestic dog characterized by long, thick, and often white fur, and pointed ears and muzzles. The tail often curls over the dog's back or droops.
The exact origins of spitz dogs are not known, though most of the spitzes seen today originate from the Arctic region or Siberia. The type was described as "Canis pomeranus" by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revision of "Systema Naturae" in 1788.
Characteristics.
Spitzes are well suited to living in harsh northern climates. They often have an insulating, waterproof undercoat that is denser than the topcoat to trap warmth. Small, upright ears help to reduce the risk of frostbite, and thick fur that grows on the paws protects the dogs from sharp ice. Many spitz breeds, like the Akita and Chow Chow, retain wolf-like characteristics like independence, suspiciousness, and aggression towards unfamiliar humans and other dogs, and they require much training and socialization when they are puppies before they become manageable in an urban environment. Some, such as the Karelian Bear Dog, are more difficult to train as companion dogs. Some sources claim spitzes are more prone to rabies than other dog types. Some breeds, such as the Pomeranian, have manes.
Companions and toys.
Spitzes, with their thick fur, fluffy ruffs, curled tails and small muzzles and ears, have been bred into non-working dogs designed to be companions or lap dogs. This trend is most evident in the tiny Pomeranian, which was originally a much larger dog closer to the size of a Keeshond before being bred down to make an acceptable court animal.
The Keeshond, the Wolfspitz variety of the German Spitz, is an affectionate, loyal, and very energetic pet that was bred as a watchdog for barges (hence the name Dutch Barge Dog). Often, these breeds are recognized for their "smiling" mouths. Other spitzes that have been bred away from working uses are the American Eskimo Dog, Alaskan Klee Kai, German Spitz, Volpino Italiano and Japanese Spitz.