Piedmontese cattle

The Piedmontese ( or ) is a breed of domestic cattle that originated in the region of Piedmont, in north-west Italy. The calves are born fawn coloured, and turn grey-white as they mature. Piedmontese cattle carry a unique gene mutation identified as an inactive myostatin allele that causes hypertrophic muscle growth, or double muscling. Purebred Piedmontese cattle are homozygous, meaning they have two identical alleles present for this unique gene. They have garnered attention from breeders of beef cattle in other parts of the world, including North and South America. A small group of select Piedmontese bulls and cows were imported into Canada in the late 1970s, and into the United States in the early 1980s, and were used as the foundation breeding stock to develop a new breed of beef cattle known as North American Piedmontese cattle.
History.
Until the late nineteenth century there were numerous local types of Piedmontese cattle, including the Canavese, the Della Langa, the Demonte, the Ordinario di Pianura and the Scelta di Pianura. They were triple-purpose cattle, raised principally for draught power, but valued also for meat and milk. A herd-book was opened in 1877, selective breeding towards a dual-purpose type began, and the Piedmontese became relatively uniform in character. The postpartum hypertrophic muscle growth characteristic, known as "groppa di cavallo" or "horse rump", first appeared in 1886 in the comune of Guarene d'Alba. It was not in accordance with the then breed standard, and only later attracted the interest of breeders and scientists.
At the beginning of the twentieth century there were about 680,000 Piedmontese cattle in Italy; by 1985 this had fallen to about 600,000. In 1957 the number registered in the herd-book was 851; by the end of 2011 it had risen to 267,243. In 2008 the total number in Italy was estimated at 300,000, of which 230,000 were registered.
Use.
In Italy, the Piedmontese is a dual-purpose breed: the cattle are raised for their milk, which is used in the production of several traditional cheeses of the region, including Castelmagno, Bra, Raschera, and Toma Piemontese; and are also raised for meat, as beef from Piedmontese cattle is seen as a premium product.
Muscular hypertrophy.
Piedmontese beef is meat from cattle having one or two copies of the "inactive" myostatin gene. This attribute provides a higher lean-to-fat ratio, as well as less marbling with less connective tissue than meat from cattle having the "active" version of the gene. The active-myostatin gene acts as a "governor" on muscle growth; myostatin is a protein that instructs muscles to stop growing. In effect, when inactive, as it is with Piedmontese cattle, it no longer prevents muscle development which is what allows for the hypertrophic condition sometimes referred to as "double muscling".
Animal breeds developed as homozygous for myostatin deficiency may have reproduction problems due to their unusually heavy and bulky offspring, and require a more expensive diet and special care, including veterinary supervision. These factors may make it uneconomic to raise them. Piedmontese beef has a place in the specialist market because of its unusual properties, but may be at a disadvantage in the bulk market.


Lap dog

A lapdog or lap dog is a dog that is both small enough to be held in the arms or lie comfortably on a person's lap and temperamentally predisposed to do so. "Lapdogs" are not a specific breed, but is a generic term for a type of dog that is small in size and friendly towards humans.
"Lapdogs" historically were kept in many societies around the world by individuals with leisure time, as docile companion animals with no working function other than companionship. Genetic analysis reveals that lapdogs are among the earliest specific types of dogs to live with people. Today, most lapdog breeds fall into the "Toy" breed group.
Appearance.
Some lapdogs have been bred for extremes of small size, such as the Russian and Mexican varieties shown below. Anatomically, lapdogs show distinct differences from their full-sized counterparts. The skull of the immature "Russian lapdog" from an 1861 specimen (possibly an ancestor of the Bolonka) is approximately the size of a table-tennis ball and shows the relatively short muzzle and high forehead. Many lapdogs are bred to retain puppy-like traits (neoteny) such as folded ears. Body proportions may also have changed, resulting in relatively shorter legs and larger heads. They may also have traits that resemble human babies: size and weight, high forehead, short muzzle and relatively large eyes. Although selective breeding for such traits can have detrimental effects on tear ducts, dentition, and breathing, such traits also serve to cause pet owners to derive more satisfaction from their pet relationship, as the pet owners may view dogs with this appearance as surrogate babies.
History.
In addition to their being kept as a pet and providing warmth, lap dogs have been fashion accessories and status symbols, and even to attract fleas away from their owners.
Recent genetic study by Elaine Ostrander confirms that the Pekingese lapdog, bred in ancient China to fit inside the sleeves of a man's robe, is one of the oldest breeds of dog. For centuries, they could be owned only by members of the Chinese Imperial Palace. Similarly ancient are the lapdog ancestors of the modern breeds of Tibetan Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Pug, and Shih Tzu.
In the book "De Canibus Britannicis" published in English in 1576, the author describes lapdogs as a "type" of dog, "Spaniel Gentle or Comforter". Ancestors of the modern breed of Cavalier King Charles Spaniel were a type of "Spaniel Gentle" kept by English nobility in the 17th century. Modern breeds of lapdog also include the Bichon Frise, Japanese Terrier, Maltese, Pomeranian, Yorkshire Terrier and many others.
Phalène and Papillon.
The Phalène is the earliest form of the Papillon; the appearance of the erect-eared variety was not documented until the 16th century, by which time the Phalène had been portrayed in numerous paintings, particularly in portraits of the wealthy by Old Masters and their students. Belgium, France, Spain, and Italy have all been credited with the creation or development of Butterfly Dogs. The dog breed appeared often in portraits of European royalty painted by the Old Masters, which indicate that this breed was favored as lapdogs as early as the 13th century.
Pekingese.
According to the 1948 publication "Dogs In Britain, A Description of All Native Breeds and Most Foreign Breeds in Britain" by Clifford LB Hubbard, the Sleeve Pekingese was (in Hubbard's time) a true miniature of the standard-sized Pekingese and was also known as the Miniature Pekingese. The name "Sleeve Pekingese" came from the custom of carrying these small dogs in the capacious sleeves of the robes worn by members of the Chinese Imperial Household. Hubbard indicated that this tradition appeared to be early Italian rather than Chinese, but its adoption by the Chinese Imperial Household led to dogs being bred as small as possible and to practices aimed at stunting their growth: giving puppies rice wine, holding new-borns tightly for hours at a time or putting the puppies into tight-fitting wire mesh waistcoats. These practices were apparently forbidden by the late Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi.
In Hubbard's time, the term "Sleeve" was applied in Britain to a miniature Pekingese no more than 6–7 pounds in weight, often appearing to be only about 3–4 pounds. Mrs Flander's "Mai Mai" weighed only a little over 4 pounds and many other breeders had bred true miniatures of a similar size. Hubbard noted that miniatures sometimes appeared in litters bred from full-sized Pekingese and were exhibited in classes for dogs less than 7 pounds at the major dog shows in Britain. At that time, the Sleeve Pekingese had a strong following with the most popular colours being cream and white.
Pug.
Pugs are by far the largest of the lap dogs. They originated in China at about 400 AD to satisfy the royalty of the Shang Dynasty. Pugs are famous for their wrinkled black face, curly tail, and snorting noises. Pugs became increasingly popular throughout the years and were transported all over Asia. Later on they were brought to Europe and finally to the Americas in the 20th century. These dogs share similar genes with Pekingese dogs.
Chihuahua.
Chihuahuas are one of the smallest lap dog breeds. They are named after the Mexican state of Chihuahua, as that is the dog's potential origin. They are famous for their big pointy ears, high pitched bark, and small size. Chihuahuas usually weigh less than and are usually tall. As with many tiny dogs, Chihuahuas need proper training and socialization to avoid unwanted defensive behavior. Chihuahuas enjoy quality time in the lap of a favorite person, and if properly managed by a dedicated owner, the Chihuahua can adapt to a household environment easily.
Pomeranian.
Pomeranians are the fluffiest of the lap dogs, have a double coat and tend to be a friendly, one-person dog.The Pomeranian has a non-hypoallergenic coat with black, white, black & tan, red, blue, orange, brown and gray colors. Since the dog sheds moderately, you will need to clean its fallen hairs. The Pomeranian is named after the Pomerania region in Central Europe, split between Germany and Poland.
Miniature Pinscher.
The Miniature Pinscher, min pin for short, is a small breed of dog originating from Germany. The breed's earliest ancestors may have included the German Pinscher mixed with Italian greyhounds and dachshunds.
Shih Tzu.
Shih Tzu (singular and plural) is one of oldest breeds the roots of which trace back to Tibet and China where they were bred to resemble lions. They ideally range from 9-16 lbs and are considered an ideal lap dog for an out-going family.
Extinct breeds.
The Russian Lapdog and the Mexican Lapdog were not breeds in the modern sense, but were types of small dogs from Russia and Mexico respectively. The immature Mexican Lapdog could be as small as a golden hamster. During the 19th century it was fashionable to mount immature specimens to look like adults, giving a false impression of adult size.
From: "The Illustrated Natural History (Mammalia)" by the Rev John George Wood, 1853


Mule (sheep)

In sheep farming, the term mule is used to refer to a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a purebred hill (or mountain) ewe (usually a Swaledale sheep) .
The production of such mule ewes is a widely used breeding management system which offers several advantages to the farmer. Cross breeding the hill ewe with the lowland ram brings about hybrid vigour or heterosis, which brings the best characteristics of both breeds into one ewe that can be used in producing lamb for the table. The hill ewe, for example the Scottish Blackface, is a hardy animal with good, natural mothering instincts. She is, however, not very prolific and tends to produce one lamb: suited to the harsh conditions. The lowland ram, such as the Blueface Leicester is prolific, producing ewes which give 1-3 lambs and capable of producing enough milk to rear them. The cross between the two, in this case the Scottish mule, has good mothering instincts, good sized lambs and prolific milk production.
This mule is usually crossed with a meat-type ram, such as the Suffolk or Texel, to produce these market lambs. This breeding also allows a convenient system of management whereby hill ewes can be reared in difficult areas where other species would not survive to produce lamb. At the end of her productive life (around 4 years) she can be moved to a lowland farm and crossed with the Blueface Leicester or a similar breed to produce the mules for market lamb production.


Arsen (company)

In 2010, Arsen Cigars was launched by Arsen Gasparian, a former diplomat and journalist who came to the cigar industry originally as a publisher of the Russian Cigar Magazine, "Hecho A Mano".
Arsen Gasparian.
Gasparian, who was once the press secretary for the Armenian Ministry of Foreign affairs and later the founder and publisher of the Russian magazine "Hecho A Mano", began manufacturing cigars in 2010. Gasparyan is the CEO of Florida based Vitolier Company and also runs De Los Reyes Cigars, Inc. in Miami, Florida together with Carlos da Cruz, the son in law of race car driver Emerson Fittipaldi.
Logotype.
The "Arsen" trademark, according to the application filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, is a graphic representation of the first letter of the Armenian alphabet that transliterates in the Latin alphabet to "Ah".
Arsen Conniosseur Collection.
Gasparian released his "Connoisseur Collection" in June 2011, which is made in the Dominican Republic by Corporacion Cigar Export and distributed in the United States by the Vitolier Co.
Arsen Pink for Men.
The Pink line of cigars are crafted from 100% Dominican tobacco and are rolled in a 3-year-old, shade-grown Habano Vuelta Abajo wrapper. They are aged for five months and come in four sizes.


Copenhagen (tobacco)

Copenhagen is a brand of dipping tobacco made by the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company.
Packaging and cuts.
The product is available in pouches and different cuts of tobacco, including Fine Cut, Long Cut, and Extra Long Cut. Copenhagen Original Snuff, Long Cut, and pouches come in a 1.2 can now made with a fiberboard bottom and metal lid, however, a few flavors still use the plastic bottom. The brand also offers other flavors like Wintergreen, Mint, Straight, Original, Southern Blend, and, seasonally, Black; all are available in long-cut, fine-cut, and pouches except for Black and Southern Blend. If it is offered as tax-exempt for use outside the US, the original flavor is packaged in an all-fiberboard-bottom can with a tin lid, while all the rest of the flavors have a plastic can with the same lid as the original.
Copenhagen dipping tobacco delivers varying contents of nicotine, depending on the cut.
Differences among types.
In 2006, Copenhagen's marketing team introduced "Cope" as a side brand. While two of the flavors introduced with this side brand were unique, Long Cut Straight was already offered under the main Copenhagen branding. "Cope" was marketed as being premium tobacco, with a higher price to match its increase in the quality of the tobacco. Cope brand was discontinued in 2017.
Pricing.
Copenhagen has two levels of pricing within its line. Snuff, Original, Long-Cut, Original Pouches, and Weyman's Reserve are considered premium levels. In the United States, premium line dips are priced about one to two dollars more than their sub-premium counterparts, and all except the Weyman's Reserve come in fiberboard-bottom cans. The remaining flavors, Straight, Mint, Wintergreen, Natural, and Southern Blend, fall into a sub-premium level.


Mike Baillie

Michael G. L. Baillie is Professor Emeritus of Palaeoecology at Queen's University of Belfast, in Northern Ireland. Baillie is a leading expert in dendrochronology, or dating by means of tree-rings. In the 1980s, he was instrumental in building a year-by-year chronology of tree-ring growth reaching 7,400 years into the past.
Comet theories.
Upon examining the tree-ring record, Baillie noticed indications of severe environmental downturns around 2354 BC, 1628 BC, 1159 BC, 208 BC, and AD 540. The evidence suggests that these environmental downturns were wide-ranging catastrophic events; the AD 540 event in particular is attested in tree-ring chronologies from Siberia through Europe and North and South America. This event coincides with the second largest ammonium signal in the Greenland ice in the last two millennia, the largest being in AD 1014, and both these epochs were accompanied by cometary apparitions. Baillie explains the general absence of mainstream historical references to this event by the fact it was described in terms of biblical metaphors since at that time "Christian beliefs included the dogma that nothing that happens in the heavens could have any conceivable effect on the Earth."
Since then, he has devoted much of his attention to uncovering the causes of these global environmental downturns. He believes that impacts from cometary debris may account for most of the downturns, especially the AD 540 event. This hypothesis is supported in work by British cometary astrophysicists, who find that earth was at increased risk of bombardment by cometary debris in the AD 400-600 timeframe, based on the frequency of fireball activity in the Taurid meteor streams recorded in Chinese archives.
To provide further support to his cometary debris theory, Dr Baillie has searched the written record and traditions embodied in myths. There he has found evidence that the dates of the environmental downturns listed above are often associated with collapses of civilizations or turning points in history. The AD 540 event, for example, may have been associated with a catastrophe that ushered in the Dark Ages of Europe.
His book, "Exodus to Arthur: Catastrophic Encounters with Comets" (Batsford, 1999), relates the findings of his tree-ring studies to a series of global environmental traumas over the past 4400 years that may mark events such as the biblical Exodus, the disasters which befell Egypt, collapses of Chinese dynasties, and the onset of the European Dark Ages. "The Celtic Gods: Comets in Irish Mythology" (Tempus, 2005), co-authored with Patrick McCafferty, focuses on the AD 540 event as recorded in the historical records and myths of Ireland and shows that the imagery in the myths and the times between events are consistent with a comet with an earth-crossing orbit similar to P/Encke, as described by the British astronomers Victor Clube and Bill Napier. His latest book, "New Light on the Black Death: The Cosmic Connection" (Tempus, 2006), shows how the tree-ring and Greenland ice core evidence and descriptions in annals, myths and metaphors adduced in support of the global environmental downturn at AD 540, which included the Justinian plague, also applies to conditions extant at the time of the Black Death in AD 1348.
Controversy over releasing data.
In 2010, Baillie became involved in a controversy over the release of his tree-ring data. Baillie claims that the tree-ring data is his own personal intellectual property. The UK Information Commissioner's Office, however, ruled that, because Baillie did all the work while employed at a public university, the data must be released to the public.


William Henry Stark

William Henry Stark (March 19, 1851 – October 8, 1936) was an industrial leader whose contributions helped the city of Orange, Texas develop financially. Stark was the president of the Lutcher Moore Cypress Lumber Company of Lutcher, Louisiana.
Stark was born March 19, 1851 to John Thomas and Martha Ann (Skidmore) Stark. Originally from San Augustine County, Stark lived in Burkeville, Texas and Newton, Texas before moving to Orange in 1870 to seek employment in the sawmills. He worked in the early area sawmills and would soon become a leader of the local lumber industry. In 1881, Stark married Miriam Melissa Lutcher (1859–1936), the daughter of Henry J. Lutcher, a partner in the Lutcher and Moore Lumber Company. In the early 1880s, Stark's expertise in the lumber business would soon land him the position of managing two mills belonging to his father-in-law's firm in Louisiana. Stark's success in the lumber industry led him to invest in other businesses such as iron and coal production, real estate, and ranching. His innovative ideas, including development of the deep water ports on the Sabine River and an irrigation system that provided needed resources for the region's rice industry, led to increased population growth for the city of Orange.
Stark also served as a regent for the University of Texas System, 1911–15, an office later held by his son H.J.Lutcher Stark, who became chairman of the University Board.
Stark died on October 8, 1936, and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Orange, Texas.
The Texas Historical Commission has constructed a marker to commemorate his contributions to the city.


North Grosvenor Dale, Connecticut

North Grosvenordale is a village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Thompson in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,530 at the 2010 census. The core of the village is listed as the North Grosvenordale Mill Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic area around the cotton mill was listed in 1993 and is located on Riverside Drive (Route 12), Buckley Hill Road, Floral Avenue, Market Lane, and Marshall, Central, River, and Holmes Streets.
Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.8 km (2.2 mi2), all land. It is located in central Thompson, on the banks of the French River. The main road passing through the village is Connecticut Route 12, which roughly parallels the river's north–south course.
History.
North Grosvenor Dale was the site of early small textile mills, probably erected in the early years of the 19th century. The mill located here remained relatively small until after the American Civil War, when it and the associated water privileges were purchased by William Grosvenor, an investor from Providence, Rhode Island. Grosvenor also purchased a second mill further south, where he built a large new mill in 1868, calling that village Grosvenordale. When he built the large brick mill standing here in 1872, he renamed this village North Grosvenordale. This mill produced fine cotton fabrics, and was one of the longest-lived and most successful textile businesses in northeastern Connecticut.
Grosvenor also built significant tracts of worker housing on either side of the river. Most of these are multiple-family buildings with vernacular Greek Revival style. They were occupied in clusters by different groups of immigrant workers, giving rise to neighborhood names such as "Little Canada" and "Swede Village". The company also built some higher-quality single-family houses at the north end of the village, which were probably occupied by skilled specialists and supervisors. The mills operated until 1954, and have been adapted to other industrial uses. The mill and surrounding company-related resources (an area of about with more than 100 buildings), was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.
Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,424 people, 589 households, and 385 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 244.4/km (632.2/mi2). There were 654 housing units at an average density of 112.2/km (290.4/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.19% White, 0.84% African American, 0.63% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.49% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.83% of the population.
There were 589 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,850, and the median income for a family was $38,214. Males had a median income of $33,906 versus $25,372 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,409. About 6.7% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over.


Perry Mill

The Perry Mill is a historic mill building at 337 Thames Street in Newport, Rhode Island. It is a large three-story stone structure on the Newport waterfront. It was built in 1835 by master stonemason Alexander MacGregor (who also oversaw the construction of Fort Adams in Newport) as part of an initiative to boost the city's flagging economy. Of the four mills built in the 1830s only this one and the Newport Steam Factory survive. This building was originally four stories when built. The building now houses shops and restaurants.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.


Hoedad


The Longest Ride (film)

The Longest Ride is a 2015 American Neo Western romantic drama film directed by George Tillman Jr. and written by Craig Bolotin. Based on Nicholas Sparks' 2013 novel of the same name, the film stars Scott Eastwood, Britt Robertson, Jack Huston, Oona Chaplin, Alan Alda, Melissa Benoist, Lolita Davidovich, and Gloria Reuben. The film was released on April 10, 2015 by 20th Century Fox.
Plot.
Professional bull rider Luke Collins (Scott Eastwood) meets Sophia Danko (Britt Robertson), an art student at Wake Forest University, after she attends a show. On the way home from their first date, they spot a car crash in the woods and help rescue an elderly man from the vehicle, along with a box full of letters.
In the hospital, Sophia visits the 91-year old man she rescued, Ira Levinson (Alan Alda). He explains the letters are what he wrote as a teenager to his late wife, Ruth, and she offers to read them to him, which tell the story of how they met and fell in love in 1940. In flashbacks, Ruth (Oona Chaplin) tells a young Ira (Jack Huston) that she wants a big family, and he eventually proposes to her before leaving to fight in World War II. However, Ira is shot during an attack and is later informed that he can no longer have children, news that causes distance between Ruth and him when he returns. Regardless, they decide to make it work and move in together, decorating the house with many paintings that Ruth and he love.
Back in the present day, Ira is moved to a nursing home where Sophia continues to visit. Luke continues bull riding as Sophia and he fall in love. Luke attends an art exhibit with Sophia, which he finds disinteresting, and they realize how different their two worlds are; Luke says he does not feel their relationship will work. Sophia goes to Ira for advice, who tells her how he and Ruth made it work. In flashbacks, it is revealed that Ruth, a school teacher, became attached to a young student called Daniel McDonald after finding out she and Ira wouldn't have children of their own. They wanted to adopt him but Daniel's uncaring relatives wouldn't allow it.
Luke is injured while riding and is rushed to hospital. He is advised not to ride again but he refuses to accept that his career is over. Following an argument, Luke and Sophia break up. In flashbacks, Ira and Ruth break up because she cannot see a life without children in their future. However, weeks later, Ruth returns as she cannot live without Ira. Decades later, now 80 years old, Ira wakes up to find Ruth has died in her sleep. One night, a woman knocks on his door, claiming to be the wife of Daniel McDonald, the child they almost adopted when they were younger, and informs Ira that Daniel, who later became a professor of physics and astronomy, has died. She gives him a portrait of Ruth that Daniel had painted, with a message on the back that reads: "Ruth Levinson, third grade teacher. She told me I could be anything I wanted to be when I grew up".
Sophia and Luke are contacted by Ira's attorney who tells them that Ira has died and an auction will be held for his collection of paintings. Meanwhile, Luke wins his last ride, and the championship, but feels disappointed because Sophia is not there to share it with him. He goes to the auction and buys the first piece of art, Daniel's "Portrait of Ruth". Sophia and Luke reconcile with a kiss after he tells her he will not ride anymore because what he really wants is to be with her for the rest of his life. The auctioneer then reveals that Ira had made a clause in the auction rules: whoever buys Daniel's portrait will receive the entire collection, which is worth almost $200 million, since that is the piece of art that meant the most to him.
A year later, Luke and Sophia, now married, have built a museum dedicated to Ira and Ruth and their paintings. Luke takes Sophia to Black Mountain College where Ira and Ruth used to spend their wedding anniversary. They sit under the same tree and read Ira's letters together.
Production.
Development.
In April 2014, Fox 2000 Pictures set a film adaptation to be released on April 10, 2015, with George Tillman Jr. in final talks to direct, Craig Bolotin adapting the screenplay, and Britt Robertson as Sophia Danko, Oona Chaplin as Ruth, Scott Eastwood as Luke Collins, Jack Huston as Young Ira, and Alan Alda as old Ira.
Filming.
Principal photography began on June 16, 2014, in Wilmington and Winston-Salem, North Carolina. On July 28, filming started in Jacksonville, where a major rodeo scene was shot. The PBR was the technical advisor and producer for all of the bull riding events. PBR bull riders doubled for Scott and appeared in the film. The crew then moved to Winston-Salem at the Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum.
Reception.
Box office.
"The Longest Ride" grossed $37,446,117 in North America and $25,498,698 in other territories for a worldwide total of $62,944,815.
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $13,019,686, finishing third at the box office behind "Furious 7" ($59,585,930) and "Home" ($18,532,280).
Critical reception.
"The Longest Ride" has received negative reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 31%, based on 124 reviews, with an average rating of 4.37/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""The Longest Ride" is less manipulative than the average Nicholas Sparks film, but it's still saccharine and hopelessly contrived — not that it'll matter to the target audience." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 33 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". It earned an average grade of "A" in CinemaScore poll on an A+ to F scale, marking the first Sparks feature adaptation to earn an A in 11 years since "The Notebook" (2004).
Home media.
"The Longest Ride" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 14, 2015.


Padilla Habano

Padilla Habano was a brand of handmade premium cigar owned by Padilla Cigar Company. It was discontinued in early 2011.
History and background.
Introduced in 2005, the brand was created by Ernesto Padilla and is manufactured at Tabacalera Oliva Tabolisa in Estelí, Nicaragua under the supervision of Gilberto Oliva. Ernesto Padilla announced the Padilla Habano was to be discontinued in early 2011.
Description.
Medium strength cigars, the wrapper is Cuban Habano leaf, aged for five years; the binder and filler are Nicaraguan tobaccos. The cigars are packed in varnished boxes, 20 per box. The band, artwork and packaging, which were redesigned in 2006, are the work of Ernesto Padilla.


Certified Arborist

The Certified Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have a minimum of three years' full-time experience working in the professional tree care industry and who have passed an examination covering facets of arboriculture. The Western Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) started the certification program in the 1980s. As the program proved its worth, it was taken over and expanded by the parent ISA organization. More recently, the ISA added specialty certifications of Utility Specialist, for those maintaining vegetation around electric utility wires, Municipal Specialist, for those with additional experience managing public urban trees, and the Board Certified Master Arborist, for those with extensive knowledge that comes with higher levels of education and experience.
Requirements.
The Certified Arborist examination has 200 questions on basic tree biology, tree identification and selection, tree-soil-water relations, tree nutrition and fertilization, tree planting and establishment, pruning concepts and techniques, cabling, bracing and lightning protection, problem diagnosis and management, tree preservation on construction sites, climbing and safe work practices, and tree risk assessment. Certification is valid for three years, during which time the arborist must complete 30 continuing education units (CEUs) in order to re certify. Certified Arborists earn CEUs by attending seminars, studying in college courses, or completing study in ISA published magazines and books. A study guide outlines the basic knowledge tested on the exam. To qualify as a candidate to write the exam, an individual must have a minimum of three years verifiable experience in various aspects of tree care.
Benefits.
The arborist certification program has successfully improved the profession by setting minimum standards of achievement, incentives for continuing education, and an improved image from both the arborist and the general public points of view. The language used in arboriculture has become more scientific and educated, and less dependent on vague and ambiguous words like "lacing" and "rounding-over." The more descriptive language Certified Arborists use gives purchasers of tree service a high degree of assurance that their trees will not be damaged or mutilated, and that both they and the arborist understand the effects of a particular treatment.
Tree Worker Certification.
Both the Western Chapter and the ISA also have Tree Worker certifications. The academic part of the Tree Worker exam covers some tree science and identification, but mostly focuses on the practical aspects of climbing and working in trees. The second part of the exam is an actual demonstration of the Tree Worker's climbing and safety skills. The applicant must also have aerial rescue training and a valid certification for first aid and CPR.
Status.
An ISA "Certified Arborist" may not be equivalent to an "Arborist" who is "Certified". Several colleges like Portland Community College of Oregon, offer Certificates in Landscape Technology, through courses which include arboriculture, tree identification and other horticulture classes. A student from one of these colleges may function in business with the title "Arborist", and possess the related but different certificate or qualification. In which case they would be an "Arborist with a certificate of qualification". But the ISA certification uses the specific nomenclature "Certified Arborist". Also, the ISA Certification is not a "Degree" in Arboriculture; it is a certification that can be maintained and renewed.
Most college certificates are based on education and testing only, and are permanent. The ISA Certification requires continuing education for renewal. It should also be noted that the general way to distinguish a certification from a certificate or a qualification is certifications in arboriculture will expire, and will need to be renewed on a regular and ongoing basis. Part of this renewal process will always include keeping CEU,s up to date. The certificates or qualifications provided by colleges typically do not expire nor do they require any further ongoing education to remain valid.


Trupanion

Trupanion is a pet insurance provider based in Seattle, Washington, that offers and administers cat and dog insurance in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Puerto Rico. Trupanion is self-underwritten by the American Pet Insurance Company (APIC).
History.
Trupanion was founded by current CEO Darryl Rawlings as Vetinsurance in Canada in 1999. In 2005, the company expanded into the United States and became the first North American pet insurance provider to become licensed to provide its own underwriting.
In 2007, Trupanion raised $22 million from Maveron, RenaissanceRe (a $4 billion reinsurance company) and a large private equity group. A Series B round was completed in 2008 and in 2011 the company completed a $9 million Series C round of financing led by the Highland Consumer Fund.
Accreditation.
Trupanion is a founding member of the North American Pet Health Insurance Association (NAPHIA) which educates pet owners in North America about the veterinary industry. Trupanion was the first pet insurance company to be awarded the AAHA's Seal of Acceptance in 2008.
Vet Direct Pay.
Trupanion was the first pet insurance company to build technology enabling clients to avoid reimbursements with the company paying veterinary bills directly.
Company culture.
In 2010, The Seattle Times Company (NWJobs.com) named Trupanion Seattle's ‘Most Pet-Friendly Company’ based on the ability of employees to bring their pet to work, and the full-time dog walking company, that works exclusively for Trupanion, to walk employees’ dogs. The Seattle Times also named Trupanion the company with the ‘Most Unusual Perk’ for offering employees the option of insuring their dog or cat with a $0 deductible. Trupanion was also awarded the ‘Best Place to Work’ and ‘Best Local Business’ in the 2010 Best of KOMO Communities survey, developed by KOMO News.
In 2011 The Huffington Post named Trupanion as one of nine companies across the nation that support a healthy work-life balance for their employees; other companies on the list included Google, Netflix, and Zappos.
On August 9, 2012, The Puget Sound Business Journal announced Washington's Best Workplaces at Safeco Field in Seattle and awarded Trupanion Washington's Best Workplaces 2012 Large Company Bronze Medal.
Charitable donations.
In May 2011, Trupanion entered an agreement with the American Humane Association in support of the Second Chance Fund, a program that provides financial assistance to animal welfare organizations. In August 2012, American Humane Association announced Trupanion's sponsorship of the service dog category in the 2012 American Humane Association Hero Dog Awards.


Just Food For Dogs

Just Food For dogs LLC is a direct-to-consumer (DTC) brand of home-cooked pet food based in Irvine, California.
History.
Founded in 2010 by Shawn Buckley, JustFoodForDogs is the first company to open a kitchen that makes food for dogs. The company now operates 8 such Kitchens - 5 in Southern California, one in Northern California, one in Seattle, and one in Manhattan, NYC - each produce a few thousand pounds of pet food per day per kitchen.
The company have a line of veterinary support recipes for dogs with specific illnesses. Nutrients and food are custom formulated into very specific diets for dogs and cats. Recipes are developed by its own team, which includes eleven veterinarians led by Dr. Oscar Chavez BVetMed MRCVS MBA, Chief Medical Officer. Some of these veterinarians carry rare, specialized board certifications such as veterinary Nutrition, Dermatology and Toxicology. In 2017, the company received a growth investment from the private equity firm L Catterton.


List of U.S. state horses

Twelve U.S. states have designated a horse breed as the official state horse. The first state horse was designated in Vermont in 1961. The most recent state designations occurred in 2010, when North Carolina and South Carolina both declared state breeds. There have been proposals to designate a state horse in Oregon as well as in Arizona (where an ongoing campaign sought to designate the Colonial Spanish Horse as the state horse prior to the state centennial in 2012), but neither proposal is yet successful. In one state, North Dakota, the state horse is officially designated the "honorary state equine." Two additional states have not designated a specific state horse, but have designed a horse or horse breed as its official state animals: the horse in New Jersey and the Morgan horse breed in Vermont.
Some breeds, such as the American Quarter Horse in Texas and the Morgan horse in Vermont and Massachusetts, were named as the state horse because of the close connection between the history of the breed and the state. Others, including the Tennessee Walking Horse and the Missouri Fox Trotter, include the state in the official breed name. School children have been persuasive lobbyists for the cause of some state horses, such as the Colonial Spanish Horse being named the state horse of North Carolina due to the presence of the Spanish-descended Banker horses in the Outer Banks, while others have been brought to official status through the lobbying efforts of their breed registries.
Official state horses are one of many state symbols officially designated by states. Each state has its own flag and state seal, and many states also designate other symbols, including animals, plants, and foods. Such items usually are designated because of their ties to the culture or history of that particular state. In addition to being state symbols in their own right, horses have also appeared in state symbols; for example, a horse's head appears on the Seal of New Jersey.
State horses.
Proposed breeds.
! scope="row" |Wisconsin | Clydesdale ||
State symbols.
Horses, both official state horses and not, are present in the emblems of several states.


Humphry Marshall

Humphry Marshall (October 10, 1722 – November 5, 1801) was an American botanist and plant dealer.
Biography.
Humphry Marshall was born at Derbydown Homestead in the village of Marshallton, Pennsylvania (within West Bradford Township) on October 10, 1722. He was the cousin of botanists John Bartram and William Bartram. Like many early American botanists, he was a Quaker.
Marshall received the rudiments of an English education, and was apprenticed to the business of a stonemason, which trade he subsequently followed. Soon after his marriage in 1748 to Sarah Pennock he took charge of his father's farm. His first book, "A Few Observations Concerning Christ", in 1755. He that time began to devote his attention to astronomy and natural history, building a small observatory in one corner of his residence. He specialized early in native plants, after gaining his enthusiasm for botany from John Bartram. In 1767 he came into the possession of the family estate, and in 1773 he created a botanical garden at Marshallton with both native and exotic plants. This was the second in the United States, the first having been established by John Bartram. As late as 1849, many of the plants still survived, although neglect had turned the garden into a mere wilderness.
In 1785, Marshall published "Arbustrum Americanum: The American Grove, an Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States" (Philadelphia). For many years, he was the treasurer for Chester County and trustee of the public loan office. In 1768, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society, and he was a member of other scientific societies.
Marshall's first wife died in 1786; he married Margaret Minshall in 1788. He had no children by either wife. In his later years, he was partly blinded by cataracts. Marshall died on November 5, 1801. In 1848 the Borough of West Chester named the public square the Marshall Square in his honor.
Legacy.
Marshall has been called the "Father of American Dendrology".
A genus of plants, "Marshallia", was named in honor of Humphry Marshall and his nephew Moses Marshall, also a botanist.
Marshall Square Park in the Borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania, is four miles east of Marshallton where Humphry Marshall was born; the Park's founders named the square after their 18th century predecessor. On June 27, 2007 — proclaimed Humphry Marshall Day by Borough Mayor, Dick Yoder — a long-overdue marker honoring the Park's namesake was unveiled.


Orme Mill, Waterhead

Orme Mill, Waterhead is a cotton spinning mill in Waterhead, Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. It was built in 1908. It was taken over by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in the 1930s and production finished in 1960. The mill was passed on to Ferranti in 1964, and is now in multiple usage.
Location.
Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock, south-southeast of Rochdale, and northeast of the city of Manchester. Oldham is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham; Lees and Waterhead are such settlements to the east of the town centred. Waterhead lies on high ground on the Huddersfield to the Manchester road. A rail service was provided by the Oldham Loop Line that was built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.
Waterhead hosted a group of twentieth century mill: Orme, Majestic, Cairo, Bangor, Oldham and Lees and the older Hey Mill.
History.
Oldham rose to prominence during the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first ever industrialised towns, rapidly becoming "one of the most important centres of cotton and textile industries in England", spinning Oldham counts, the coarser counts of cotton. Oldham's soils were too thin and poor to sustain crop growing, and so for decades prior to industrialisation the area was used for grazing sheep, which provided the raw material for a local woollen weaving trade. It was not until the last quarter of the 18th century that Oldham changed from being a cottage industry township producing woollen garments via domestic manual labour, to a sprawling industrial metropolis of textile factories. The first mill, Lees Hall, was built by William Clegg in about 1778. Within a year, 11 other mills had been constructed, but by 1818 there were only 19 of these privately owned mills.
It was in the second half of the 19th century, that Oldham became the world centre for spinning cotton yarn. This was due in a large part to the formation of limited liability companies known as Oldham Limiteds. In 1851, over 30% of Oldham's population was employed within the textile sector, compared to 5% across Great Britain. At its zenith, it was the most productive cotton spinning mill town in the world. By 1871 Oldham had more spindles than any country in the world except the United States, and in 1909, was spinning more cotton than France and Germany combined. By 1911 there were 16.4 million spindles in Oldham, compared with a total of 58 million in the United Kingdom and 143.5 million in the world; in 1928, with the construction of the UK's largest textile factory Oldham reached its manufacturing zenith. At its peak, there were over 360 mills, operating night and day;
The industry peaked in 1912 when it produced 8 billion yards of cloth. The Great War of 1914–1918 halted the supply of raw cotton, and the British government encouraged its colonies to build mills to spin and weave cotton. The war over, Lancashire never regained its markets. The independent mills were struggling. The Bank of England set up the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in 1929 to attempt to rationalise and save the industry. Orme Mill, Waterhead was one of 104 mills bought by the LCC, and one of the 53 mills that survived until 1950. Post cotton, Orme Mill hosted a Ferranti ITEC centre, and is now in multiple usage including a firm of architects.
Architecture.
Designed by architects F. W. Dixon & Son. Four floors with of floor space in total.
Power.
It was powered by a 1250 hp, vertical triple expansion engine by George Saxon & Co of Openshaw, in 1911. The cylinders, 21"HP, 33"IP, 51"LP had a stroke. These operated 35 ropes from a 75rpm flywheel. They were steamed at 180psi. The engine weighed 22 tons.
Equipment.
62,000 ring spindles by T. Holt, and Tweedales & Smalley.


United States v. American Tobacco Co.

United States v. American Tobacco Company, , was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that the combination in this case is one in restraint of trade and an attempt to monopolize the business of tobacco in interstate commerce within the prohibitions of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. As a result, the American Tobacco Company was split into four competitors.
Judgment.
The Sherman Antitrust Act was created in 1890, and in 1907 the American Tobacco Company was indicted in violation of it. In 1908 when the Department of Justice filed suit against the company, sixty-five companies and twenty-nine individuals were named in the suit. The Supreme Court ordered the company to dissolve in 1911 on the same day that it ordered the Standard Oil Trust to dissolve. The ruling in "United States v. American Tobacco Co." stated that the combination of the tobacco companies “in and of itself, as well as each and all of the elements composing it whether corporate or individual, whether considered collectively or separately [was] in restraint of trade and an attempt to monopolize, and a monopolization within the first and second sections of the Anti-Trust Act.”
Significance.
In order to promote market competition, four firms were created from the American Tobacco Company's assets: American Tobacco Company, R. J. Reynolds, Liggett & Myers, and Lorillard. The monopoly became an oligopoly.
In 1938 Thurman Arnold in the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division began hosting hearings in the Temporary National Economic Committee to determine whether the four companies were further engaged together in monopolistic practices. That committee found that 3 of the 4 companies were guilty of the charges presented to the court.


Burhan Uray

Dato' Sri Burhan Uray (13 November 1931 – 2 October 2018), also known as Huang Shuang'an () in Mandarin Chinese and Bong Swan An or Bong Sun On in Eastern Min, was a Chinese-Indonesian entrepreneur and philanthropist, known as the "Timber King" of Indonesia. Born into a poor family in Fujian, China, he moved to Sarawak in childhood and then to Indonesia, where he founded the Djanjanti Group and turned it into the second largest timber company in the country. He later diversified into other businesses including fishery.
Biography.
Uray was born Huang Shuang'an on 13 November 1931, into a poor family in Minqing County, Fujian, China. He moved to Sibu, Sarawak (now in Malaysia) with his parents at the age of six. Having received little education, he worked as a logger in his youth.
Uray moved to Indonesia in 1956, where he worked as a rubber tapper before starting his own timber company. He established good relations with the government and acquired logging concessions and greatly expanded his business in the 1960s. Prajogo Pangestu, who later became another timber tycoon, had his start in the business as an employee of Uray.
In 1976, Djanjanti opened PT Nusantara, a woodworking business near Surabaya, and Indonesian President Suharto personally officiated the opening. Djanjanti acquired concessions in Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, and Irian Jaya, totalling . The group manufactures timber products which are exported to many Asian countries as well as to other continents. Uray became known as "the timber king" of Indonesia. As of 2012, the Djanjanti Group is Indonesia's second largest timber company.
Uray later diversified into other businesses. In 1994, Uray sold 31.5% of Djanjanti to Malaysia's Karamat Tin Dredging Company, in exchange of a 25% share of Karamat. In 1994, Djanjanti started a fishery megaproject worth 1.5 trillion rupiah.
Uray made many charitable contributions. He set up a fund in 1982 to help students in Sibu, and donated 1.5 million ringgit in 1992 to construct the Sarawak Liing Hung Wong Clan Association building. He also made donations to his hometown Minqing to help its development.
Personal life.
Burhan Uray married twice. He had four sons with his first wife, and all were educated abroad and worked in his businesses. In September 1977, he married Betty Pai (), a Taiwanese television presenter. In 2013, Pai published Uray's biography in Chinese, which was published in English in 2016 under the title "Love in the Forest with Burhan Uray".
Illnesses and death.
According to the biography written by his wife, Uray was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1992 and had two operations in Singapore. In 2003, he received an operation in the United States for liver cancer. In 2007, he had a stroke while travelling in Japan.
Uray died on 2 October 2018 in New York, aged 86. He was buried at Nirvana Memorial Park in Sibu, Malaysia on 7 October.


Lincoln Mill and Mill Village Historic District

The Lincoln Mill and Mill Village Historic District is a historic district in Huntsville, Alabama. Opened in 1900, it quickly grew to be Huntsville's largest cotton mill in the first quarter of the 20th century. After closing in 1955, the mills were converted to office space that was used by the U.S. space program. Two of the older production buildings burned in 1980, but one main building and numerous houses built for workers remain. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
History.
The Lincoln Mill began in 1900 as an entirely locally funded concern. One of the investors was Trevanian Dallas, founder of the adjacent Dallas Mill. Named the Madison Spinning Company, the original building was built on Oakwood Avenue. The mill required more capital to continue operating by 1903, and outside investors were brought in, including William Lincoln Barrell. Despite the extra cash, the mill closed in 1906. It reopened in 1908 under the name Abingdon Mills. Abingdon constructed a new mill building in 1915, and an addition to it in 1916. The mill was expanded again in 1918, with a two-story addition to the twisting mill, bringing capacity to 28,080 spindles and 476 looms. 47 houses and the village's first school were also built.
Despite the extra capacity, Abingdon went bankrupt in 1918. Barrell bought the company at auction, and production resumed later that year under the name Lincoln Mill. The next decade saw vast expansion of the mill and village. The company began constructing 40 more duplexes and apartment buildings north of Oakwood Avenue, on a tight grid pattern of streets which became known as Lincoln Village. A new mill building, costing $2 million and containing 750,000 square feet (70,000 sq. m.), was built in 1923–24. A one-story dye house quickly followed, and the mill employed 1,000 workers and operated 102,000 spindles. 600 additional houses and apartments were built to serve the expanded workforce. Another expansion in 1927 included more units for Mill No. 3 and 500 houses and apartments south of the mill. The expansion brought the operation to its highest capacity of 120,000 spindles, 1,200 looms, and 2,000 employees. In 1928, a mill store and community center were built, followed the next year by a larger school.
Production slowed during the Great Depression, and ground to a halt in 1934. From July 17 until September 22, 1934, a strike by the United Textile Workers of America brought violence to Huntsville. Although business rebounded during World War II, no further expansions of the mill or village were made. In 1953, longtime superintendent Phillip W. Peeler retired, and the new management clashed often with the union. Another strike in 1955 turned violent, and lawsuits reached the Supreme Court, but were not heard before the mill closed. The mill buildings were converted to offices, some of which were used by the space industry; the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle was designed in the mill by Brown Engineering. The oldest two mills, along Oakwood Avenue, were destroyed by fire in February 1980. The remaining Mill No. 3 has been renovated to house a variety of tenants, including offices, a microbrewery, loft apartments, and a school focusing on children with learning disabilities. The remodeling focuses on using sustainable practices.
Architecture.
The only surviving production structures are Mill No. 3 and the adjoining dye house, both built in 1924. Both buildings are of reinforced concrete which was cast in place. The defining feature of the buildings are floor-to-ceiling multi-pane windows with steel muntins. The Lincoln School, built in 1929 and separately listed on the National Register in 1982, echos this design, with large bays of windows separated by thick, concrete pilasters, although it contains more decorative details. The company store, today used as a theater and antique shop, retains the same proportions but has more conventional windows along with street-level storefronts.
The remaining structures in the district are all residential. Most prominent is the two-story, Colonial Revival Superintendent's House along Meridian Street, that has been renovated as offices for an adjacent auto repair shop. The majority of the workers houses are duplexes, although there are also twelve extant apartment buildings and a handful of single-family homes. The majority follow the Type M plan, of a one-story, hipped roof duplex that is two rooms deep. The double entries are covered with a shed roofed porch. The apartments follow the Type M style, but have multiple units attached to one another, and separate, gable roof porches. Other styles include Type B, a rectangular, gable roofed plan with closely spaced entrance doors; Type D, a one-story plan with a central chimney and steeper gable roof; Type E, an L-shaped structure with a shed porch on the front; and Type H, a -story single-family design with a gable roof and shed roof dormer. Though mostly undecorated, the houses do show some basic Craftsman detail, such as exposed wood rafter ends. All houses are of wood-frame construction covered in stucco.


Newport (cigarette)

Newport is an American brand of menthol cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. The brand was originally named for the seaport of Newport, Rhode Island. It is the best-selling brand of menthol cigarettes in the world.
History.
Newport was originally launched in 1957 by the Lorillard Tobacco Company. The cigarette originated within Ireland and was introduced to the culture mostly for the male drinkers of the time. The spinnaker present on all packs since the late 1950s is meant to capitalize on the association with sailing.
The original Newport had a white filter and a hint of mint; both were gone in 1969 and thus the white filter was replaced by a standard filter. The Newport Classic full flavor cigarettes were promoted for many years as a cigarette that allows you to "Enjoy a full flavor menthol, without drowning out pure tobacco taste".
In the mid-1980s, Newport began an advertising campaign that targeted African Americans in urban areas. In two years, Newport became the fifth most popular cigarette on the market. Because of this, Newports have gained a commanding share of the African-American market; a 2005 survey stated that 49.5% of all cigarette sales to African-Americans were Newport cigarettes. Newport has been the second best selling cigarette brand in the United States since 1996, trailing only Altria's Marlboro brand.
A 2004 study by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation found that the percentage of teen Newport smokers doubled between 1989 and 1996. Researcher Karen Gerlach indicated that Newports made the most significant progress with the Hispanic and White American teen markets in those years. A 1998 Massachusetts Department of Public Health report indicated that Newports alongside unfiltered Camel cigarettes contained the highest levels of nicotine in cigarettes on the market. In the following six years, Lorillard Tobacco increased the amount of nicotine in Newports by 10%.
In 2015, the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company acquired Newport and the entire Lorillard Tobacco Company for $27.4 billion.
Newports comprise about 35 percent of menthol cigarette sales in the U.S. It has been the most popular mentholated cigarette brand sold in the United States since 1993.
Advertisement.
Lorillard advertised Newport in various ways. TV advertisements were created in the 1960s and 1970s to promote the brand.
Once TV adverts were banned in the United States, Lorillard advertised the brand through poster advertisements. The Newport ads in this theme range from 1980 to present day and feature the "Newport Pleasure" or "Alive with Pleasure" campaign slogans. The latter slogan provides the viewer with a subconscious health claim. Additionally, the pleasure aspect of these campaigns weighs an important part of youth targeting, portraying Newports as fun and enjoyable and, subconsciously, sexy and sexual.
Markets.
Newport is mainly sold in the United States, but also was or still is sold in Antigua, British Virgin Islands, Luxembourg, Finland and Singapore.
Controversy.
Lorillard handing out free cigarettes to children.
A lawsuit against the Lorillard Tobacco Company alleged that in the late 1960s, company vans were used to make regular trips to housing projects where free Newport cigarettes were given to children.
Evidence showed that the deceased plaintiff died of lung cancer, but that she started smoking at age nine after receiving free Newport cigarettes near the black playground in Boston.
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld $35 million of damages against Lorillard Tobacco Company while reversing other issues of damages.
Newport and targeting of African-Americans.
In the 1960s, Lorillard specifically targeted African Americans to sell Newport cigarettes.
Lorillard increased its African American market budget by 87% over 1968 due to increased efforts marketing its menthol cigarette, Newport, to the African American market. Government surveys in 2011 revealed that menthol cigarettes dominated 30% of the overall market, and over 80% of black smokers prefer menthol as opposed to 22% of non-Hispanic white smokers. In 2016, it was reported that Newport was the brand of choice for nearly 60% of black smokers.
Newport and targeting teenagers.
In September 2016, it was reported that R.J. Reynolds was specifically targeting black teenagers and young adults to sell Newport cigarettes.
Reynolds American Inc., the parent firm that owns Newport, was pushing the brand on people in their 20s — with pop-ups at music festivals like Las Vegas' Electric Daisy Carnival, a notorious destination for teen-partiers, which was recently pressured to raise its age requirements. Dubbed "Newport Pleasure Lounges", the air-conditioned party trucks were replete with games like digital darts. Newports could be purchased in these lounges for $1 per pack. Reynolds had set aside $50 million for such initiatives in 2016.
A study from the Stanford University School of Medicine had discovered that menthol cigarette manufacturers created very direct marketing campaigns designed to attract young black smokers. Far from being a catchall effort, Reuters says these campaigns were concerted attacks on African-American teens: "A recent analysis of the data found school neighborhoods were increasingly likely to have lower prices and more advertising for Newport cigarettes as the proportion of African-American students rose. The same was true of neighborhoods with higher proportions of children aged 10 to 17."
Newport, Nike, and plagiarism.
In May 2010, a report was written where the popular sport shoe company Nike copied the Swoosh logo from Newport. The comparison was made, because Newport was introduced in 1957 and used a logo they call the "spinnaker", while Nike was formed on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The Nike swoosh is a logo design created in 1971 by Carolyn Davidson, over a decade after Newport cigarettes were launched.
Despite some claims, no specific evidence has ever been found that Nike stole the logo from Newport.
In 2006, Lorillard and Nike sued graphic designer Ari Saal Forman after he released his Ari Menthol 10s shoes, which combined the design of the Nike Air Force 1 with Newport's spinnaker and colors. According to Forman, the shoes were "dedicated to the two brands who have taken the most and given the least." As a result of the lawsuit, Forman is not legally allowed to own a pair of Menthol 10s.
Newport marijuana cigarettes.
In December 2016, it was reported that R.J. Reynolds would start selling marijuana cigarettes called "Newport Nirvana".
However, Newport did not develop marijuana cigarettes which would be available for purchase in 2017. In November 2016, a site called "TMZWorldNews" published an article reporting that the cigarette brand Newport planned to introduce marijuana cigarettes dubbed the "Newport Nirvana". However, Snopes reported that "TMZWorldNews" is a fake news website appropriating the combined brandings of popular gossip site "TMZ" and the national newscast "ABC World News Tonight". None included a disclaimer warning readers its content consisted entirely of falsehoods.
Varieties.
Newport cigarettes come in several varieties: Full Flavor, Medium, and Lights. In the United States, in June 2010, "Medium" and "Lights" were re-branded into "Blue" and "Gold" respectively. On the box, the words "Menthol Box" for shorts and "Menthol Box 100s" for 100s were replaced simply with "Cigarettes." Each variety is sold in 85mm soft packs (king size), 80mm hard packs (box), and 100mm soft and hard packs. They are available in standard packs of 20 cigarettes, as well as the more unusual 25s, containing 25 cigarettes. Prior to the signing of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement in the late 1990s, they were sold in packs of ten as well.
Due to the FDA Tobacco Regulations, the terms "Full Flavor," "Medium," "Light," "Mild" and "Ultra Light" have been discontinued. New names for Newport Cigarettes are as follows:
Non-menthol Newports in Full Flavor and Lights were sold in United States during the mid- to late 1990s, possibly as late as 2002; however, they were discontinued until November 2010 in which they re-released them in order to keep up with the non-menthol cigarette smokers in America. The packs are identical in design to standard menthol Newports except the turquoise-colored area is red on the Full Flavors and mustard-yellow on the Lights. Newport Slim 120s (introduced 1998), Newport "Stripes" and Newport "M-Blend" were other varieties that have also been discontinued.
In some Latin American markets, such as tourist areas of the Dominican Republic, British American Tobacco has released some limited edition varieties and outer packagings including:
In July 2017, R.J. Reynolds announced they would introduce new flavors called Newport Platinum. It would be released in two variants: Newport Platinum (King Size and 100s) and Newport Platinum Blue (also King Size and 100s).


Union of Jute, Flax and Kindred Textile Operatives

The Union of Jute, Flax and Kindred Textile Operatives was a trade union representing workers in the textile trades in and around Dundee in Scotland.
The union was founded after a major strike in the industry in Dundee. The strikers had no official union representation, as the Dundee and District Mill and Factory Operatives Union opposed the action. As a result, in 1906, Mary Macarthur and John Reed of Dundee Trades Council founded it as the Dundee and District Union of Jute and Flax Workers. On formation, it had 3,964 members, of whom two-thirds were women, rising to 5,000 by 1910.
John Sime became prominent in the union as its president, then as its general secretary. Under his leadership, the union came into conflict with the rival Dundee and District Mill and Factory Operatives Union, eventually coming to dominate the industry in the city. By the 1920s, membership had reached a peak of 20,000, but this gradually declined due to redundancies in the industry.
By 1979, the union had fewer than 2,000 members remaining, and it merged into the National Union of Dyers, Bleachers and Textile Workers.


Dolphinholme Worsted Mill

Dolphinholme Worsted Mill is a textile mill located in the village of Dolphinholme, Lancashire. The Worsted Spinning Mill was built in 1795 by Thomas Hinde (junior), a slave trader who had followed his father, Thomas Hinde (senior), into that business before establishing the mill. Samuel Clegg installed gas lighting in the mill in 1811. The remains of this are considered the oldest remnants of a water-filled gas holder tank.
In 2020 the remains of the building received scheduled monument status.


Coleman-Franklin-Cannon Mill

The Coleman-Franklin-Cannon Mill is a historic industrial complex at 625 Main Street SW in Concord, North Carolina. The recognized complex consists of ten buildings on , about west of downtown Concord. Another 4.4 acres are not included. The oldest portion of the mill, now its eastern section, is a brick two-story structure 14 bays long and 9 deep. The historic site also includes some worker housing.
The mill was built in 1898 by the Coleman Manufacturing Company, owned by Warren Clay Coleman, an African-American businessman of Concord, with a nine-man board made up of seven other African-American partners and one white. He needed more investment when nationwide subscriptions to purchase stock fell short. Washington Duke, a white tobacco magnate from Durham, contributed $1000, and made two $10,000 loans, which aided the company in constructing the mill and beginning operations.
Coleman hired white contractors and African-American crews. Builder Adolphus Henry Propst and brick maker and mason Rufus A. Brown led these crews in the construction. At one point Coleman paid the workers in stock in the company, but they demanded cash to finish the project.
Coleman announced that he would hire only African-American workers, and sparked a national discussion. The "New York Times" suggested that he might open the door for the hiring of more African Americans in the textile industry, where mill workers were generally restricted to whites. Some people worried that this would depress wages for whites, as blacks were paid less. Others were more worried about potential child labor laws under discussion.
Coleman was under-capitalized and struggled financially in an economic depression, at a time when all mill owners faced rising prices of cotton. Coleman's death in 1904 further weakened his company.
Benjamin Duke initially bought the mill because of outstanding debt. Later it was sold and used by other textile companies. Franklin Cotton Mills made changes and additions in 1912 that doubled it in size, adding on to the west side and removing the west 1898 wall to make interior passage unimpeded. Other alterations and additions were made through the 1960s, sometimes for structural reasons.
In the late 20th century, the mill was owned by Fieldcrest-Cannon, the last textile company to own it. During this period, major textile companies moved their jobs offshore to get cheaper labor costs, and the textile industry in the South virtually disappeared. In the 21st century the mill was sold; it has been adapted as a production facility for moonshine.
The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.


Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco

Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco, also known as “Genuine Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco,” was a brand of loose-leaf tobacco manufactured by W.T. Blackwell and Company in Durham, North Carolina, that originated around the 1850s and remained in production until August 15, 1988. Over the years, the brand often changed ownership, yet continued to be one of the most successful tobacco brands of all time. The brand is most commonly associated with its highly successful advertising campaigns that revolutionized the advertising industry. William Thomas Blackwell, an original investor and owner of the Blackwell Company, contributed greatly to the success of the product. Blackwell and his company’s tactics with the brand paved the way for other corporations to succeed through the acquisition of the Bull Durham trademark. The success of the product ultimately is due to the successful advertising campaigns that made Durham world famous, brought jobs to the city, and made Durham the tobacco capital of the United States.
History of W.T. Blackwell Company.
The J.R. Green Company.
John Ruffin Green, a tobacco peddler of the 1850s, owned and operated the J.R. Green Factory, the original place of production for Bull Durham. Green found moderate success in his own endeavors. The Civil War brought business to the Green Company when soldiers on both sides of the war used Green’s tobacco. The brand then spread by word of mouth due to its popularity with the soldiers. Soon his business grew to be bigger than he could manage by himself.
Start of the W.T. Blackwell Company.
Green decided to expand his business in 1869, partnering with both Blackwell and James R. Day. This partnership made the J.R. Green and Company a big name in the tobacco industry. Blackwell and Day originally paid 1500 dollars each for their shares in the company. Shortly after the initiation of the partnership Green died from tuberculosis. After the death, Blackwell purchased Green’s shares of the company and the trademark for “Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco” from the Green family for $2292. This purchase is the official beginning of the W.T. Blackwell Company.
In the following years Blackwell and Day expanded further. The two owners partnered in 1878 with Julian Shakespeare Carr, a North Carolina native and UNC graduate, to create a one third ownership for each man. This partnership proved to make the new Blackwell Company a highly successful venture.
Blackwell Company booms.
Blackwell, Day, and Carr’s success can be attributed to the use of sound business practices, the creation and implementation of new technologies, and an extremely innovative advertising campaign. In the beginning years of the Blackwell Company they did not have enough of a work force or big enough facilities to fulfill the huge demand for their product.
A new factory.
The three owners increased the size of the company by building a factory for production. This factory was completed in 1874 and resided on the corner of Blackwell and Pettigrew Street in Durham, North Carolina.
 This investment proved to be highly profitable for both the company and Durham. The factory brought more jobs to the city, creating a need for increased housing, public services, and other necessities. After the building of the factory the business continued to boom, so much so that the factory had to be expanded in 1879, only 5 years after the original building went up.
Tobacco warehouses.
In addition to the extensive factory, the firm purchased and implemented the first tobacco warehouse in Durham in 1871. The market ended up selling more tobacco than any other place in North Carolina during its years of operation. It brought tobacco farmers to the city and allowed the company to acquire more tobacco than it previously could. No longer needing to ship tobacco from Virginia, the company expanded easily, continuing to boost commerce in Durham. Their tobacco warehouse influenced others to start tobacco warehouses of their own, contributing greatly to the city's success with tobacco. By 1876 there were nine tobacco warehouses in Durham, making it the most popular place in North Carolina to sell tobacco.
New Technology.
Additionally, the implementation of various technologies helped the company grow. An example of this is the invention and implementation of the “Bull Jack,” a machine that fills, labels, and weighs bags of tobacco. The “bow tier,” another invention, also improved efficiency of production. John Thomas Dalton designed this machine to tie a bow around the tobacco filled bag, which reduced the annual cost of $172,000 for using manual labor to tie the bags to a third. These inventions allowed the firm to increase production to fulfill the high demand.
Around the end of the 1870s and early 1880s the Blackwell Company experienced remarkable success. In 1869 it produced around 60,000 pounds of tobacco per year; by 1883 it produced over five million pounds.
The Blackwell Co and W.T. Blackwell change Durham.
The Blackwell Company was the first big company to be located in Durham, sparked the tobacco craze within Durham.
W.T. Blackwell, called the “father of Durham” by Durham’s first historian, changed Durham resident’s lives during his time with the Blackwell Company. When Blackwell started the first tobacco warehouse he “essentially built Durham into a center where tobacco farmers could bring their tobacco to be sold at high prices.” The tobacco warehouse industry spurred the need for the first banks in Durham, which came about in 1878. Around this time Blackwell also implemented the first telephones in Durham. The expansion of the tobacco industry gave rise to the need for a cotton industry and tobacco bag making companies, such as the Golden Belt Manufacturing Company. The firm's product, Bull Durham tobacco, gave rise to the city's nickname of the Bull City.
The partners separate.
Even though the company experienced high profitability, the three partners were to eventually fall apart and sell the company in order to pursue other ventures. This began when both Blackwell and Carr bought Day out of the company in 1878 for 50,000 dollars. Blackwell sold his shares next for a total of 300,000 dollars in 1883 to larger companies that would continue to promote the “Bull Durham” brand. Carr remained in the company and continued to encourage new advertising methods for Bull Durham. He eventually spread the brand to an unprecedented global level.
Blackwell Company and Bull Durham sold.
Around the time when Blackwell left the company. competition with the up-and-coming Duke firm headed by James “Buck” Duke arose. Carr, however, stuck with the company and under his leadership “successfully developed mass production, excelled in creative advertising, and established world wide sales.” In 1898 Carr sold the majority of shares in the Blackwell Company and the rights to the “Bull Durham” brand to the Union Tobacco Company for 2,500,000 dollars, a price considered relatively cheap for the globally renowned brand Union acquired.
American acquires Bull Durham.
Union Tobacco Company attempted to compete with the newly huge American Tobacco Company, a company formed out of the Duke firm, but found little success, and only a short while later were bought out by the American Tobacco Company. American then contained control of many of the most popular brands of tobacco and continued to develop the new advertising campaigns that are associated with Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco.
Advertising the “Bull Durham Brand”.
Bull Durham advertising represents the most expansive, revolutionary advertising campaign of its time. The Blackwell Company spent more money to advertise Bull Durham than any other company on any product. Large advertising campaigns at the time were considered to be extremely risky and fruitless in meriting more sales. Bull Durham ads proved this theory wrong, however, as the various campaigns became some of the most successful of the time and paved the way to modern day advertising.
Bull Durham Branding.
Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco advertising had success due to the extent to which the product was branded. Green and later the Blackwell Company established the bull as the logo for “Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco” in order to help do this. The logo of the bull evidently comes from “Durham Mustard” containers from Durham, England. With the establishment of the logo, the Blackwell Company extended the branding idea, putting the bull logo on all advertisements and labels. This logo would eventually be “one of most recognizable product advertisements around the country.” Beyond the creation of the trademark icon, the “Established 1865” phrase appeared in association with Bull Durham. This helped to protect against trademark infringements, a very common occurrence due to the wild success of “Genuine Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco.” The repetition of advertisements with the bull and an established line helped to brand the name and make Bull Durham familiar to people of all ages.
Racism in Bull Durham Tobacco Ads. Bull Durham tobacco was among the most recognizable trademarks in the world circa 1900. These two ads include caricatures of “foolish looking or silly acting blacks to draw attention to its product”:https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/11/21/racism-in-bull-durham-tobacco-ads/
Successful advertising campaigns.
Repetition.
The Blackwell Company advertised Bull Durham Tobacco in an uncommon fashion for advertising of the time. One of the company’s first huge campaigns was the implementation of ads depicting the bull in magazines, trade journals, periodicals, and huge outdoor painted signs. The repetition of the bull and the wide circulation of these advertisements in a single newspaper or magazine quickly made the product a household name.
Outdoor advertising.
In addition, the Blackwell Co was among the first to implement a large-scale outdoor advertising campaign around the country. The company partnered with the New York Sign Company and hired skilled ad painter, Jule Gilmer Körner, or “Rueben Rink,” builder of the landmark home Korner's Folly, as head of advertising. These ads started in the late 1870s and consisted of giant depictions of the bull with catchy sayings or a depiction of the price. Rink hired 4 teams of painters to go around the states and constantly paint ads. These signs were placed on huge billboards along major roads and rails, on the side of various buildings, and any other place that would be regularly seen. This was done in hopes that spreading the name of the product and the continuity of the ads would increase sales.
Roll Your Own Campaign.
One of the most successful slogan campaigns for Bull Durham was the “Roll Your Own” campaign. The campaign came at an ideal time, as product sales were low due to the competition against the emerging pre-rolled cigarette. These ads appeared around the time of the Great Depression and showed the low price of only a nickel per bag as well as an elegant scene with finely dressed, upper class looking people. This advertisement campaign originally had doubters, yet quickly these doubts were taken away when sales exploded. The ads made many in the middle and lower class want to go out to buy Bull Durham in order to emulate the upper class. The campaign was tremendously successful, using the desire for a better life to boost sales.
Promotion Campaigns.
In addition to slogans the Blackwell Company used promotions to increase sales of Bull Durham Tobacco. One promotion Blackwell ran gave soap to the merchants that sold their product. The company offered a bar of soap for each pound of tobacco a salesman purchased or 30 bars of soap for every 25 pounds purchased. Merchants could offer promotions in their own store, sell the soap, or use the soap themselves. Salesmen bought Bull Durham in bulk in order to reap the rewards of the soap, in turn increasing the total sales of Bull Durham.
The Blackwell Company also ran a coupon campaign that offered “free” goods to the consumers of the Bull Durham brand. Coupons were included in every pack of Bull Durham Tobacco. After a consumer had saved up a set amount of coupons he or she could cash them in for an item of equivalent value. For example, for 100 coupons and one dollar one could get a gold plated watch. There were over 180 rewards each costing a different number of coupons. This advertising style was unique for its time and increased sales as people had double the incentive to buy the product. This style of advertising is still seen in companies today. The company and especially Carr used every angle of advertising they could think of in order to promote Bull Durham. These advertising techniques were completely unique for their time and many of the methods have greatly influenced modern day advertising.
Bull Durham and Baseball.
When the brand was in American Tobacco’s control they continued Blackwell’s success with advertising and implemented even more innovative campaigns. To do this American Tobacco Co wisely made the connection between baseball, America’s favorite pastime, and tobacco. The connection came naturally, as during the early 1900s tobacco was a widely used amenity during games by the players. It is believed that this close link between Bull Durham and Tobacco may have triggered the creation of such words as bullpen. American Tobacco’s baseball advertisements made Bull Durham seem safe and familiar to baseball fans around the nation.
Hit the Bull Campaign.
American Tobacco also set up wooden bull ads in nearly every major league stadium around the states during the 1912 season, furthering Bull Durham’s publicity. American gave a 50-dollar prize to any player that hit the bull sign set up within the walls of the outfield. In addition, they offered free tobacco to any player who hit a home run. This advertising campaign generated much publicity and was highly successful, despite American Tobacco having to give away over 23,400 dollars worth of goods. This, while a large sum of money for the time, is only about 5 cents given away to the baseball players for every 700 sacks of Bull Durham that were sold. The target audience, publicity generated, and consistency proved to make the “Hit the Bull” campaign an extremely successful venture.
Impact on the Advertising Industry.
Before Bull Durham advertising, a large marketing campaign was unheard-of and considered highly risky. However, the Blackwell Co and later American Tobacco proved this theory wrong entirely. The product achieved high sales and thus profit by creating a high demand for the product through advertising. The Company showed future businesses the success that can come from branding a product and making it familiar to consumers. The advertising for Bull Durham proved to be a revolutionary process. Many of the concepts first used to advertise Bull Durham are still used by marketers today.


Roger Sweetman

Roger Mary Sweetman (18 August 1874 – 20 May 1954) was an Irish Sinn Féin politician and barrister.
Early life.
Sweetman was the son of brewer Hugh Sweetman of Roebuck Hall, Dundrum, Dublin, from a Catholic family that became prosperous as brewers in the 18th century. His mother was Gertrude Blackney. He was educated at Downside School. He was called to the bar from King's Inns in 1898. An amateur tennis player, he won the 1905 East of Ireland championship, and in 1902 reached the final of the Irish Open men's doubles and lost to Sydney Howard Smith in the first round of the Wimbledon singles.
Sinn Féin.
Sweetman's cousin John Sweetman was an Irish Parliamentary Party MP from 1892 to 1895, who migrated to Sinn Féin and became its second president in 1908. When John declined on age grounds to stand in the 1918 UK general election in Wexford North, Roger stood instead and unseated Thomas Esmonde of the Irish Parliamentary Party. He joined the other Sinn Féin members by refusing to sit in the Westminster House of Commons and in January 1919 attended the inaugural meeting of the First Dáil at the Mansion House, Dublin, which proclaimed itself parliament of an Irish Republic.
In November 1920, breaking ranks with Sinn Féin, Sweetman wrote to the press calling for a truce and peace negotiations in the Irish War of Independence, and criticising Irish Republican Army actions, in particular the assassinations on Bloody Sunday. He was criticised for this when the Dáil next met on 25 January 1921. Two days later he announced his resignation as Teachta Dála (TD, Dáil deputy) because of his "radical disagreement with the majority ... on a vital matter of policy". He did not contest the June 1921 election. Thereafter he concentrated on farming, promoting use of Friesian cattle in dairy farming.
Family.
In May 1904 Sweetman married Katharine (Kathleen) Mary Kelly, daughter of Thomas Aliaga-Kelly. They lived in Herbert Park, Dublin, and later at Derrybawn House, Glendalough. They had 11 children:
A nephew was Gerard Sweetman, Fine Gael Minister for Finance in the 1954–57 coalition.


Backgrounding

Backgrounding is an intermediate stage sometimes used in cattle production which begins after weaning and ends upon placement in a feedlot. Background feeding relies more heavily on forage (e.g., pasture, hay) in combination with grains to increase a calf’s weight by several hundred pounds and to build up immunity to diseases before it enters a feedlot. Some cattle operations specialize in backgrounding.


Norwegian Forest Museum


Murray Grey cattle

Murray Grey is a breed of Australian polled beef cattle that was developed in the upper Murray River valley on the New South Wales-Victoria border.
History.
The Murray Grey breed was developed from an initial chance mating of a black Aberdeen Angus bull and a roan Shorthorn cow in 1905 during the Federation drought. The resulting 13 dun-grey calves from these matings were kept as curiosities and then bred on the "Thologolong" property along the Murray River in New South Wales by Peter and Ena Sutherland.
These are unusually coloured as they are black, cattle grew quickly, were good converters of feed and produced quality carcases. Local cattlemen soon became interested in the greys and began breeding them. The first larger-scale commercial herds were established in the 1940s. In the 1960s, several grey cattle breeders were selling them as a commercial enterprise and the Murray Grey Beef Cattle Society was formed to register the cattle and to administer the breed. Murray Grey registries are in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In New Zealand, Murray Greys have been favoured because of their resistance to facial eczema, which is a problem in other cattle breeds.
In 1963, negotiations were made to have the similar Tasmanian Grey beef cattle accepted into the Murray Grey, but the two organizations did not combine until 1981.
The Murray Grey Beef Cattle Society performance records the herd using the internationally recognized Breedplan for monitoring growth, milk, and carcase quality.
On 11 January 2011, a Murray Grey cow was swept 95 km by flood waters that raced through a property owned by Veronica Nutley, at Patrick Estate, near Lowood in the Brisbane Valley. The cow was found alive, 3 days later, in Moreton Bay, and was towed through mangroves to shore. She was identified by her National Livestock Identification System ear tag and returned to her owner.
Breed characteristics.
Size.
Murray Grey cattle are of a moderate size, possess sound structure, and have good walking ability. Murray Grey bulls usually weigh ; cows normally weigh .
Colour.
Hair colour ranges from very light silver to chocolate or dark grey; a few animals are even black, but most are silver to a silvery-dun color. This colouring is very dominant, so when crossed with another breed, the colour is grey or silver (light grey). Their skin has a dark pigmentation, which helps prevent eye cancer (ocular squamous cell carcinoma), photosensitivity reactions, and sunburned udders. They have performed well in snow country and in a trial undertaken at a commercial feedlot between December 2002 and June 2003 to determine the effect of high heat load on performance and carcase characteristics when fed a high-energy diet for 165–183 days. In this heat stress trial, they outperformed the other trialled breeds by producing the highest average daily weight gains over this period. Their superior performance in this trial was attributed to their lighter-coloured coats.
In 1967, three carcases were shipped from Australia to the Smithfield Show in the UK, where they finished first, second, and third in the Commonwealth carcase competition. In Australia, Murray Greys have dominated hoof and carcase competitions for many years.
The Murray Grey breed was the largest represented breed at the 2008 Calgary Stampede Carcase Competition. A Murray Grey steer was declared the Grand Champion Carcase there for the second consecutive year.
In 2008 or the first time in the history of the Midland Bull Test and sale in Columbus, Montana, a Murray Grey bull scored a perfect 10 on the genetic test for marbling and a near perfect 9 on the genetic test for tenderness. No bull of any breed has ever performed so well before.
Distribution.
Murray Grey cattle, embryos, and semen have been exported to Canada, New Zealand, South America, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Murray Grey cattle have also been accepted into the South African Registrar of Livestock Improvement’s books. In Paraguay, Murray Grey cattle have been used in crossbreeding programs involving Zebu and Charolais cattle. The Zebu and Charolais cattle there lacked the dark skins and early-maturing traits of the Murray Greys. This crossbreeding program improved the fertility, calving ease, and weight gains of the progeny produced there.


Oliver Twist Tobacco

Oliver Twist is a brand name of smokeless tobacco manufactured by House of Oliver Twist of Odense, Denmark.
Usage.
Unlike its name suggests, Oliver Twist is not chewed. Instead, like dip, the bits are simply inserted between the lip and gum and left to absorb through the mouth. Unlike most dipping tobacco products (especially the American varieties, such as Skoal), however, Oliver Twist is not loose, but rather formed into a cylindrical plug for easier clean-up and more discreet consumption. The pellets are very small, approximately 1 cm by .5 cm and are made from a single leaf.
As the product's description reads on its packaging:
Smokeless tobacco. Keep
between cheek and gum - don't
chew - its long lasting flavor
gives you discreet tobacco
satisfaction without expectorating.
When the taste is gone, the
pellet is easily removed.
History.
Oliver Twist has been manufactured in Odense, Denmark, by House of Oliver Twist A/S since 1805. It is imported into the US by RBJ Sales, Inc. of Dresden, Tennessee.
Varieties.
Currently, Oliver Twist is available in various flavors: Tropical (flavored with anise), Black (flavoured with salmiak liquorice), Royal (flavored with English licorice), Sunberry (blackcurrant-flavored), Eucalyptus, Mint, Citrus, Wintergreen, Arctic, Bergamot and Original (sweet licorice).
Chewing Tobacco.
Oliver Twist chewing tobacco contains natural nicotine content which in such small portions is classed as a ‘weak’ form of dip. The tobacco’s flavours are well known for its long lasting taste thus being enriched with sugar.


James Gillespie (philanthropist)

James Gillespie (1726–1797) was a Scottish snuff and tobacco merchant in Edinburgh in the 18th century. He never married, and upon his death left a fortune with the request that a hospital and school for the poor should be built, now known as James Gillespie's High School. Gillespie Crescent and Gillespie Street (both north of the school) are named after him.
Life.
James Gillespie was born in Roslin, Midlothian, south of Edinburgh, on 28 April 1726.
He grew to fame and fortune in the city as a merchant, working with his younger brother John who ran the family shop, and eventually becoming one of Edinburgh's richest men. He had a snuff mill at Colinton employing many people, all of whom it is said were treated well. In 1773 he built Spylaw House, an impressive Georgian mansion house, as his home. Most of his staff lived in the house, which was attached to his mill.
He was notoriously thrifty and is credited with inventing the phrase "waste not, want not", though Henry Erskine, alluding to Gillespie's snuff-fortune, said of his handsome carriage, "Who would have thought it, that noses had bought it".
A tablet marks the site of his shop at 231 High Street on the Royal Mile.
He died on 8 April 1797 and is buried in a large enclosed vault on the north side of the church in Colinton Churchyard, near his house. His brother had died five years earlier, and as neither had married there was no direct heir. He left an estate plus £12,000, an important sum at the time.
School.
A quarter of Gillespie's bequest (£2,700) was left for the establishment of a free school for the education of poor boys. The school was founded in 1803. The school was to educate boys between the ages of six and twelve who were required to produce proof of their poverty and a certificate of good health.
The school is still in operation and has grown significantly. Since its foundation it has moved and changed ownership several times. In 1923 it opened its doors to girls as well as boys. It now comprises James Gillespie's Primary School and James Gillespie's High School, both colocated in Marchmont.
Hospital.
Gillespie's Hospital (built using monies left in his will) was built on the site of Lord Bargenie's baronial mansion in Bruntsfield, which was demolished in 1800, much to the chagrin of Henry Cockburn who claimed that the historic and picturesque edifice built originally by a branch of the Napier family had been "brutally obliterated" while "the idiot public looked on in silence".
The hospital building which was later built around on its north side by Gillespie Crescent, and thereafter approached via this road, was converted to workshops for the Royal Blind Asylum in 1925 (dealing with the war blinded). It was in turn demolished in 1975 after brief disuse following relocation of the Blind Workshops to Craigmillar in 1973. It was replaced by new apartment blocks for the elderly in 1975.
The hospital, intended to provide for the aged poor, had selection criteria for entry: any person who had worked for the brothers; any person with the surname Gillespie aged 55 or over; persons over 55 from Edinburgh or Leith. All had to be without private resources, "decent, godly and well-behaved".


Ashley and Bailey Company Silk Mill

Ashley and Bailey Company Silk Mill, also known as Franklin Silk Mill and Leinhardt Brothers Furniture Warehouse, is a historic silk mill located at West York, York County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1899, and is a three-story, brick building on a rough cut stone foundation. It has a shallow gable roof, a three-story "L"-shaped tower, and a broad one-story ell. Also on the property is a small, flat roofed brick building built about 1925. The mill closed in 1937, then was used as a furniture warehouse into the 1980s.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It should not be confused with the Ashley and Bailey Silk Mill, a similarly constructed factory built about two years earlier, which is also listed on the NRHP and is located about 18 miles east in Marietta, Pennsylvania.