Eucalyptus urophylla

Eucalyptus urophylla, commonly known as Timor white gum, Timor mountain gum, popo or ampupu, is a species of eucalypt native to islands of the Indonesian Archipelago and Timor.
It is also common in other countries with humid and subhumid tropical climates where it is grown as plantation timber.
It is the floral emblem of East Timor.
Description.
This "Eucalypt" is an evergreen tree that typically grows to a height of but can also be gnarled shrub when growing conditions are unfavourable. The tree has a straight bole with no branches present on the trunk for up to . The trunk can have a diameter of up to . The appearance of the bark is variable depending conditions but is typically persistent and subfibrous, smooth to shallow with close longitudinal fissures and red-brown to brown in colour. It will sometimes have a rougher texture mostly at the base of the trunk.
The discolourous evergreen adult leaves have a subopposite to alternate, arrangement and are a broadly lanceolate shape with a length of and a width of .
"E. urophylla" will commence flowering after two or three years during the dry season.
It produces a simple axillary inflorescence called a conflorescence with a solitary umbels containing five to eight flowers that are in length.
After flowering it produces a gum-nut or fruit. The fruit has the shape of a typical "Eucalypt" capsule. It is cup-shaped and contains three to valves with a double operculum. The fruit contains four to six small black semicircular seeds. The seeds are mature six months after flowering.
The species can be quite variable with regard to bark, fruit size and shape.
Taxonomy.
The species was first described in 1977 by the botanist Stanley Thatcher Blake as part of the work "Four new species of Eucalyptus" as published in the journal "Austrobaileya". The specific epithet "urophylla" means 'with leaves having an elongated tip', and is formed from components ultimately derived from Greek: "uro-" meaning 'tail' and "-phyllus" meaning 'leaved'. Blake describes the leaves as "caudate", meaning 'ending with a tail-like appendage'.
It has been used to produce hybrid species as it appears to be insect-resistant, including a timber with a trade name of "Lyptus", hybridised with "Eucalyptus grandis", commonly known as the rose gum or flooded gum.
Distribution and ecology.
The species is native to the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It has a scattered distribution in south eastern areas. It has a scattered distribution and is known on seven islands in total; Adonara, Alor, Flores, Lembata, Pantar, Timor and Wetar. It has a natural range of around . "E. urophylla" has an altitude range from sea level up to around . It is endemic to monsoonal areas with two to eight dry months per year. It can tolerate nutrient poor soils that are damp and well aerated. Most of the soils it is found in are volcanic in origin. It often dominates in open, usually secondary montane forests where it is found on mountain slopes and in valleys. It is often found in soils based on basalt, schist and slate but rarely round limestone.
It has been introduced as a plantation timber to areas beyond its native range. The species was planted in Java in 1890 and Brazil in 1919, it was introduced to Australia in 1966 and more recently to Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, French Guiana, Ivory Coast and Madagascar in Africa and Malaysia, Vietnam, southern China and Papua New Guinea in Asia.
It is recognised as an invasive weed in Brazil and is known to be a minor host of "fall armyworm".
Uses.
The tree is used to make a variety of products including charcoal, furniture, building poles, fenceposts, wall paneling, fibreboard pulp and paper and fuel.
In Vietnam alone there are of "E. urophylla" plantations.
It can be used for reforestation purposes in its native range.


Doctor Dillamond


Japanese Polled

The Japanese Polled (, Mukaku Washu) is a criticallyendangered breed of small Japanese beef cattle. It is one of six native Japanese cattle breeds, and one of the four Japanese breeds known as wagyū, the others being the Japanese Black, the Japanese Brown and the Japanese Shorthorn.
All wagyū cattle derive from cross-breeding in the early twentieth century of native Japanese cattle with imported stock, mostly from Europe. In the case of the Japanese Polled, the principal foreign influence was from the Scottish Angus breed.
History.
Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period. Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertiliser. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy.
Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported. At first there was little interest in cross-breeding these with native stock, but from about 1900 it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910, when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower. From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as "Improved Japanese Cattle". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as breeds in 1944. These were the four wagyū breeds, the Japanese Polled, the Japanese Black, the Japanese Brown and the Japanese Shorthorn.
The Japanese Polled developed in south-western Honshu, in the prefecture of Yamaguchi. The principal foreign influence was from Scottish Angus cattle.
The conservation status of the Japanese Polled was listed by the FAO as "critical" in 2007. In 1978 the total population was reported to be 2242; in 2008 it was 132. Although not at risk of immediate extinction, the breed is in need of emergency measures for its protection. The Japanese Polled Public Corporation has been set up by the administration of Yamaguchi Prefecture to protect and preserve the breed and its genetic resources.
Characteristics.
The Japanese Polled is black; both sexes are polled, without horns.


Dinogamasus

Dinogamasus is a genus of mites in the family Laelapidae. Most species are associated with carpenter bees in the genus "Xylocopa" and are found in their acarinarium.


Sanjay Van

Sanjay Van is a sprawling city forest area near Vasant Kunj and Mehrauli in Delhi, India. It is spread over an area of 443 acres. It is one of the most thickly wooded areas of the city’s green lungs.
Concerns.
The forest, which is part of the Mehrauli South Central Ridge, has undergone severe degradation in recent times with the proliferation of the "Prosopis juliflora" tree which is non-endemic to the Aravalli Ranges and has caused depletion of the ground water level, killing native flora and changing the natural soil characteristics of the Aravallis. Sewage water and effluent which is discharged into Sanjay Van has also affected this green belt in the Capital.
Restoration Work.
Amid a growing demand from nature lovers, the forest is going to be made a bird sanctuary. The Sanjay Van, which is presently undergoing restoration through a unique collaborative effort between the Delhi Development Authority and a citizen's group, may well serve as a model that will be replicated to restore other ridges in the capital.
Attractions.
Apart from heritage, the area is one of the few recluses for bird watchers and nature enthusiasts. Resident or visiting birds include the Indian peafowl, grey heron, Eurasian golden oriole, purple sunbird, Asian koel, Brahminy starling, Indian silverbill, grey-breasted prinia, crested honey buzzard, white-throated kingfisher, rufous treepie, Indian paradise flycatcher, Eurasian sparrowhawk, red-wattled lapwing, cattle egret, common moorhen, white-breasted waterhen, grey francolin and the Jacobin cuckoo, a migrant from Africa that breeds in this forest.
The forest also conserves natural habitat for the nilgai, golden jackal, snakes and a large variety of butterflies.
Visit.
There are multiple entry and exit points, but the ones at the Qutub Institutional Area and Neela Hauz Bridge near Vasant Kunj provide the easiest access and least confusion. Visitors are advised to wear shoes and full-length trousers as protection against the thorny shrubbery, and to take sufficient fluids and snacks, as there is no kiosk or shop in the quiet of the woods.


L.J. Jenkins

L.J. Jenkins (born July 17, 1987) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding. He competed on the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) and the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) circuits.
Jenkins is one of only three bull riders in history (the other two being Ty Murray and Ted Nuce) to win both the PBR World Finals and the National Finals Rodeo (NFR).
Background.
L.J. Jenkins was born on July 17, 1987, in Springfield, Missouri. He is 5 feet, 10 inches tall, and weighed 170 pounds while competing.
During his early career, Jenkins lived in Texico, New Mexico, where he attended Texico High School.
Career.
He qualified for the PBR World Finals 11 consecutive times (2005 to 2015). Jenkins won the PBR World Finals event in 2006. He competed briefly in the Championship Bull Riding (CBR) tour from 2004 to 2005 and qualified for the CBR World Finals in 2004. He also competed briefly on the PRCA circuit from 2009 to 2012 and qualified for the PRCA's NFR in 2011 where he won the average title in the bull riding.
Jenkins competed the first few years of his professional career with a cowboy hat. However, by 2009, he was riding with a helmet.
After fracturing his C1 vertebra at the 2015 Built Ford Tough Series event in Nampa, Idaho, Jenkins made the decision to retire from bull riding in the summer of 2015, thus missing his 11th consecutive trip to the PBR World Finals. His total PBR career earnings amounted to over $1.8 million. In 2016, the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame inducted Jenkins. Since retiring, Jenkins has become a stock contractor, providing his own bulls for various bull riding events (including PBR events).
In December 2017, Jenkins came out of retirement for one final bull ride in the form of an exhibition at an event in Claremore, Oklahoma, where he successfully rode his bull for eight seconds. He rode with a cowboy hat. He now runs his own semi-professional organization: the L.J. Jenkins Bull Riding Tour.
Personal life.
Jenkins resides outside Porum, Oklahoma, on a 600 acre cattle ranch.


Elm Mill, Shaw


Pat Straub

Pat Straub (March 11, 1923 – September 24, 2016) was an American author and environmentalist. Straub pioneered organic gardening during the 1960s and 1970s, years before the concept became well-known. She served as First Lady of the U.S. state of Oregon from 1975 until 1979 during the administration of her husband, Governor Bob Straub. She was later appointed to the Oregon Forestry Council.
Biography.
Straub was born Pat Stroud on March 11, 1923, in Villanova, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest of the five children of Willa Bolton (née Dixon) Stroud and Morris Wistar Stroud. One of her brothers, Dick Stroud, later founded the Stroud Water Research Center, a freshwater research group based in Avondale, Pennsylvania, in 1967.
She first met her future husband, Robert W. Straub, during the early 1940s while she was a Smith College freshman working as a camp counselor on Mount Moosilauke in New Hampshire. Bob Straub, a then-sophomore at Dartmouth College, was hiking up the mountain at the time. The couple married in 1943, shortly before Bob Straub was sent to the European theatre with the United States Army Quartermaster Corps during World War II. In 1946, following the end of the war, the family moved to Springfield, Oregon, where Bob Straub worked at a new Weyerhauser facility there. The couple had six children.
Pat Straub pioneered organic gardening years before the term or concept of organic horticulture became widely known to the general public. In 1974, shortly before becoming the state's first lady, Straub published, "From the Loving Earth", a book which covered organic farming without chemicals, cooking, food preservation.
First Lady of Oregon.
Straub served as the First Lady of Oregon from January 1975 until January 1979 during the single term of Governor Bob Straub. During her tenure, Straub edited the Governor Straub's speeches. She also wrote a regular column in "The Oregon Statesman" and other newspapers, which focused on her official and personal experiences as the state's first lady.
Straub also planned official functions, menus, and guests, at their private residence, a farmhouse built in 1860 in the west Salem Hills outside Salem, as Oregon did not have a governor's residence or provide official residential staff for state governors or first ladies at the time. (Mahonia Hall, the present-day governor's home, was not acquired until the late 1980s.) Straub, by then a veteran of organic gardening, grew and cooked the produce for official dinners and baked bread on the farmhouse's wood-burning stove. Eggs from chickens raised by Pat Straub became a sought after item in the state capital. They proved so popular that Barbara Hanneman, Governor Straub's personal assistant, had to keep a record of who had received the first lady's organic chicken eggs.
Straub publicly supported her husband's environmental policies and initiatives, including Senate Bill 100's land-use plans (originally conceived by Governor Tom McCall) and a series of innovative state energy-efficiency programs. However, Pat Straub rejected calls to run for political office herself.
Later life.
After leaving office, Pat and Bob Straub owned and operated several farms scattered throughout the Willamette Valley, specifically the Mid-Valley, of central Oregon. They championed strongly conservationist and pro-environmental policy issues. The couple donated ten acres of one of their farmers to the city of Salem, Oregon, which is now known as the Bob & Pat Straub Nature Park. They were also the catalyst behind the Straub Environmental Center, a facility owned by the Salem-Keizer School District.
Pat Straub also served on the Oregon Forestry Council. She became a watercolorist and painter later in her life.
Pat Straub died from complications of old age at the Gateway Living Residential Center in Springfield, Oregon, on September 24, 2017, at the age of 92. She was survived by five of her children - Jane Straub, Patty Straub Thomas, Peg Straub, Jeff Straub, and Mike Straub; 14 grandchildren, 31 grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. She was predeceased by her husband, former Governor Bob Straub, who died in November 2002, and one of her six children. A memorial service was held at the Northwest Youth Corps center on October 22, 2016.
Straub's death came less than one month after the passing of her successor, former Oregon First Lady Dolores Atiyeh.


Heckling (flax)

Heckling (or "hackling") is the last of three steps in dressing flax, or preparing the fibers to be spun. It splits and straightens the flax fibers, as well as removes the fibrous core and impurities. Flax is pulled through heckling combs, which parts the locked fibers and makes them straight, clean, and ready to spin. After heckling and spinning, flax is ready to be woven into linen.
Process of heckling.
Dressing is the broad term referring to removing the fibers from the straw and cleaning it enough to be spun. Dressing consists of three steps: breaking, scutching and heckling. After breaking, some of the straw is scraped from the fibers in the scutching process, then the fiber is pulled through various sized heckling combs, or hackles. Different sized heckling combs are used, progressing from coarser combs with only a few prongs or nails per inch, to finer combs. Generally three heckling combs are used; however, many more can be used. The finer the final heckling comb, the finer the yarn spun from that flax can be. An example of a progression of five combs is first using a heckling comb with four nails per square inch, then one with 12 per inch, then 25, next 48, and finally 80 nails per inch. The first three remove the straw, and the last two split and polish the fibers.
The shorter fibers that remain in the heckling comb after the flax has been combed are called tow. If the heckle is fine enough, the tow can be carded like wool and spun, otherwise it can be spun like the other flax fibers. Tow produces a coarser yarn than the fibers pulled through the heckles because it will still have some straw in it. While this yarn is not suitable for fine linens, it can be used for bagging, rough sheets, cords or ropes.
Heckling was originally done by hand, but began in the nineteenth century to be undertaken mechanically, with rollers drawing the slivers of flax through the hackles. The machine used for this is called a gill. At first this was similar in form to traditional hackles, but later the screw-gill was invented. Key innovators in developing this technology were Philippe de Girard, Samuel Lawson (inventor of the screw-gill), and Peter Fairbairn.
Etymology.
The noun "heckle" is thought to be derived from Old English, with Middle English forms hechele, hetchell (c1300), hekele (c1440), hakell (1485), and later hatchel. The terms "heckle," "hackle" and "hackel" are used interchangeably at present.
In popular culture.
Prior to the industry becoming mechanised and moving to East Ulster, hackling was a rural based cottage industry with Cootehill in Ireland as Ulster's largest market. The Hackler from Grouse Hall is an Irish song written in the late 1880s by a local man, Peter Smith, from Stravicnabo, Lavey. It has been sung by Christy Moore, Planxty and Damien Dempsey. In the 1990s a product known as The Hackler, an Irish poitin, was developed by Cooley Distillery. So popular was this song that the promotional literature originally referred incorrectly to a hackler as a maker of Poitín. This error was subsequently corrected.


Michael Szymanczyk

Michael Edward "Mike" Szymanczyk (born 3 January 1949) is a former Chairman and CEO of Altria Group, serving in that position from 2008 to 2012. He previously served as Chairman and CEO of Philip Morris Companies Inc. between April 2002 and August 2002.
Biography.
He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Finance from the Kelley School of Business of Indiana University in 1971. Szmanczyk played varsity basketball for Indiana University
He started his career at Procter & Gamble, working his way through their brand management path.
Prior to his appointment as chairman, he served as President and CEO of Philip Morris USA between November 1997 and April 2002. He was Chief Operating Officer of Philip Morris USA from July 1997 to November 1997. Michael first joined Philip Morris USA as Senior Vice President, Sales, in October 1990.
Philanthropy.
He currently serves on the board of trustees for the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, the University of Richmond, and the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Engineering Foundation. Szmanczyk is also Chairman of the Dean's Advisory Council for the school's Kelley School of Business.


Black Devil (cigarette)

Black Devil is a Dutch brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by "Heupink & Bloemen". The brand is especially popular amongst teen smokers.
In France.
Since March 2010, flavoured cigarettes can no longer be sold in France in a bid by the French government to combat youth smoking. Thus, the Finest Flavour chocolate variant became the Grey Flavour and the filter is no longer sweet or flavoured with the taste of chocolate. The brand continues to sell flavoured cigarettes outside of France.
Packaging.
All varieties are presented in a "rigid" package and the word black Devil in the center of the pack. There is also a logo consisting of a red circle with a stylized, black and smiling little devil, holding a silver fork. The three types of packets (Finest Flavour, Special Flavour, Pink) differ substantially for color: the first one is black, the second is gray, and the third is pink. The cigarettes and filter also have the colour of the package they are assigned with: black cigarettes for the black vanilla pack, pink cigarettes for the pink normal pack, green cigarettes for the green menthol pack, and so on.
Markets.
Black Devil cigarettes are sold in the following countries: Belgium, Netherlands, South Africa,Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Latvia, Russia, Spain, Israel,
Myanmar, Taiwan, South Korea, Ukraine, Japan, and were formerly sold in Portugal.
Products.
Below are all the current brands of Black Devil cigarettes sold, with the levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide included.


Skirt steak

Skirt steak is a cut of beef steak from the plate. It is long, flat, and prized for its flavor rather than tenderness. It is not to be confused with flank steak, a generally similar adjacent cut nearer the animal's rear quarter.
Characteristics.
Both the inside and outside skirt steak are the trimmed, boneless portion of the diaphragm muscle attached to the 6th through 12th ribs on the underside of the short plate. This steak is covered in a tough membrane that should be removed before cooking.
The inside skirt steak is often confused with the flank steak, which is the tail of the porter house and T-bone steaks of the short loin found on the flank. It has similar cooking properties.
In the United States, the North American Meat Processors Association (NAMP) classifies all skirts steaks NAMP 121. NAMP 121 is further subdivided into the outer (outside) skirt steak (NAMP 121C) and the inner (inside) skirt steak (NAMP 121D). The beef flank steak (NAMP 193) is adjacent to the skirt, nearer the animal's rear quarter.
History.
The name "skirt steak" for the butcher's cut of beef diaphragm has been in use since at least the 19th century. The cut is defined as extending to the 10th rib in the early 20th century. It was formerly considered a less commercially mass-salable cut in America, hence its use for "fajitas" by the vaqueros in Texas. By the 1980s the popularity of the dish was driving the price of the cut beyond the affordable price range for middle-class Hispanics who invented it.
The U.S. Food Safety and Quality Service established in 1977 (now the Food Safety and Inspection Service) by the Department of Agriculture (USDA) had designated the cut as "beef skirt diaphragm" (with the adjoining cut being called "hanging tender diaphragm"). But the diaphragms were treated as "offal" rather than meat by the Japanese government, thus exempt from any beef import quota restrictions. These cuts of U. S. beef (and Canadian beef) could consequently be exported to Japan without quota restrictions, and constituted a major portion of the U.S. beef trades there from ca. 1975 into the 1980s, until the beef import deregulation in Japan lifted the quotas in 1991.
Uses.
Skirt steak is the cut of choice for making fajitas, arrachera, Chinese stir-fry, churrasco, and in Cornish pasties.
To minimize toughness and add flavor, skirt steaks are often marinated before grilling, pan-seared very quickly or cooked very slowly, typically braised. They are typically sliced against the grain before serving to maximize tenderness.


Flap steak

Flap steak, or flap meat (IMPS/NAMP 1185A, UNECE 2203) is a low-end beef steak cut. It comes from a bottom sirloin butt cut of beef, and is generally a very thin steak. Flap steak is sometimes called sirloin tips in New England, but is typically ground for hamburger or sausage meat, elsewhere.
The flap steak is sometimes confused with the higher quality hanger steak. The item consists of the obliquus internus abdominis muscle from the bottom sirloin butt. The cut is sometimes inaccurately sold as skirt steak.


Riding pony

Riding pony is a horse show classification used to refer to certain types of ponies. Competition is divided into sections based on height and type, and include being judged under saddle in standard pleasure horse classes, as well as in related events such as sidesaddle or in-hand.
Riding ponies were originally developed in the United Kingdom and are now bred all over the world. Generally speaking, where the term "riding pony" is used in a competition schedule it is accepted as referring to ponies shown under saddle on the flat, as hunter ponies and driving ponies have separate classes.
Characteristics.
Riding ponies are conformed more like a small horse than a pony, with small heads and ears. They are compact, with sloping shoulders and a slim build. Their feet are tough and they possess strong limbs. They are well-proportioned with comfortable gaits and free-flowing movement.
There are three types:
History.
Children's ponies in Britain were originally of native varieties, now the Mountain and Moorland pony breeds, used for riding and hunting. When pony classes were added to horse shows in the early 1920s, breeders began crossing Welsh and Dartmoor ponies with small Thoroughbred and Arabian horses. From the 1930s into the 1950s, Arabian blood was again introduced to improve stamina and refinement, which included one of the most influential sires, Naseel. The result was an elegant, but small, animal that is now seen in the show ring.
In 1893, The Polo Pony Stud Book was formed, encouraging the breeding of fine riding and polo ponies. By 1899, there were over 100 stallions and 600 mares registered, almost half of which were native ponies. The society changed its name in 1903 to Polo Pony and Riding Pony Stud book, and again in 1913 to the National Pony Society. Over the years, the native breeds formed their own societies, and the NPS became dedicated to British riding ponies. Since 1994, foreign-bred ponies were placed on a separate register.
Standardized breeds.
The general riding pony group has developed, aside from various British crossbreeds, into several standardized breeds, including the Australian Riding Pony, Belgian Riding Pony, Czechoslovakian Small Riding Pony, German Riding Pony, (developed in the 1970s in France, and said to be a more all-around, less-refined type), Pony of the Americas (developed in the United States in the 1950s), and four specific Welsh pony varieties.


Stock theft in Namibia

Stock theft in Namibia is a prevalent crime. Animals are slaughtered for human consumption or sold at actions for money gain.
Legal environment.
The relevant legislation is the Stock Theft Act. This act was amended in 2004 such that it prescribes long jail terms, even for first-time offenders: Theft of livestock over the value of 500N$ (e.g. a goat or a sheep) since then carries a minimum of 20 years in jail, and a minimum of 30 years for repeat offenders. Livestock valued at less than 500N$ (e.g. a chicken) carries a mandatory jail sentence of 2 years.
In a 2011 case before the High Court, two such 20-year jail term convictions were reduced to five years, and the mandatory jail terms declared unconstitutional. An appeal against this judgement with the Supreme Court.
Prevention.
Otjiwarongo members of the Namibian Police (NAMPOL) and the nearby farmers in the Otjozondjupa Region have struggled to check the increase in stock thefts in the area. Otjozundjupa Regional Police Commissioner Joseph Anghuwo has described stock theft in the region as a big tough thing to farmers as well as to the police in large.
Based on the statistics given by Nampol sixty-eight cases of stock theft were reported while the police dealt with 10 cases of illegal hunting during the period from January–March 2012. Joseph Anghuwo have also pointed out that upon taking up the office in 2007, it was decided to organize communal and commercial farmers in the region which led to the creation of a farmers association, which went on to become a crime prevention forum.
Motives.
According to Anghuwo suspects have identified the following as the main reason why the attempted to steal:
Impact.
Commercial and communal farmers throughout Namibia have suffered losses of at least N$600,000 due to stock theft in 2009, when 101 head of cattle, 93 sheep and 151 goats had been either stolen or slaughtered from January to July. It was highlighted that most of the animals theft are done by people between the age of 16 years to 24 years. There is a supposed syndicate of stock thieves operating in the area of Seeis, Steinhausen and Hochfeld, mainly using assegais to kill cattle.


Valley Falls Cotton Mill Site

The Valley Falls Cotton Mill Site is the site of a historic mill at Valley Falls Park in Vernon, Connecticut. Mills were operated on the site from colonial times until 1877, when the last mill burned. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
Description and history.
Valley Falls Park is located in southeastern Vernon, south of Valley Falls Road and west of Bolton Road. The park is largely wooded with large areas of wetlands. Its developed facilities are at the northern end, where there is public parking. The park is set in the valley drained by Railroad Brook, which flows north through the park. At the northern end is a former millpond, impounded by a stone dam, below which are the remnants of the mills.
Industrial use of Railroad Brook is documented to begin in the mid-18th century, when a sawmill is recorded to be on the site. By the early 19th century, that mill is augmented by a flaxseed processing oil mill. IN 1847, the latter mill was converted to textile manufacture, producing woolen cloth. The height of the dam is known to have been raised twice in the 1850s, in order to accommodate increased power demands. A property deed in 1860 records the property as including a stone mill, miller's house, and other outbuildings. The complex was destroyed by fire on February 3, 1877, the only building to surviving being an employee boarding house. The proprietors had underinsured the property, and were apparently financially unable to rebuild.


Chewcudda


Winter cluster

In beekeeping, a winter cluster is a well-defined cluster of honey bees that forms inside a beehive when the air temperature dips below 10 to 14 °C (50 to 57 F). Honey bees are one of but a few kinds of insects that survive the winter as a colony. As the outside air temperature decreases the winter cluster becomes tighter and more compact. The bees cling tightly together on the combs in the hive. The temperature within the winter cluster remains remarkably warm regardless of the outside air temperature. Larger clusters (basketball size) have a better chance for survival than smaller clusters (softball size). The winter cluster within the hive must move throughout the winter to reach the available honey stored in the combs.
Some die-off is expected during the winter. In extended cold weather periods, the incidence of Nosema disease increases and the cluster may weaken as many bees begin dying off.
Honey bee brood nest.
In subtropical climates, bees may not form a winter cluster at all. Worker bees forage and queens lay eggs almost year-round.
In the temperate zones, winter temperatures dip below 12 °C (54 °F) for extended periods. All brood rearing stops for some period during the winter. In early spring, brood rearing resumes inside the winter cluster when the queen starts to lay eggs again. Once a brood nest is established, the cluster must maintain a steady temperature between 34.5 to 36.7 °C (94.1 - 98.0 °F) inside the cluster. If the temperature in areas of the brood nest dips too low the brood could die - also called chilled brood.


Rio Tabac Alpha Series

Rio Tabac Alpha Series is a brand of handmade premium cigar owned by Rocky's Cigars, Inc.
History.
The Rio Tabac Alpha Series was created in 2006 by José "Pepin" Garcia and is manufactured in Nicaragua. It was originally made at El Rey de los Habanos factory in Miami, Florida, but is no longer made by Don Pepin.
R.
This range is the first in the Alpha Series. The 'R' stands for Robust.
Description.
This is a full-bodied cigar. The wrapper is a Criollo '98 Oscuro, dark, but not jet-black. The filler, as always with Don Pepin's blends, is an all-Nicaraguan blend known as "Blend No. 7". The specific binder is unknown, although most likely a Nicaraguan leaf.


Alexander Gilmer

Alexander Gilmer (September 7, 1829 – July 30, 1906) was a sawmiller that became one of the United States' most successful individual timberland owners in his era.
Nicknamed "Sandy", he was born in County Armagh, Ireland, the son of George and Jane Gilmer. He immigrated to Georgia at the age of seventeen where he constructed shipmasts for the French government with his brother John. Together, they built a steamboat to work the Chattahoochee, but suffered a major setback when it sank, leaving Gilmer almost penniless. In the late 1840s, he migrated to Orange, Texas where he entered the shipbuilding business with his cousin George C. Gilmer. The two would shortly after enter the mercantile business and continue until the Civil War. Alexander participated in the war as a Confederate blockade runner in The Battle of Sabine Pass.

In 1866, Gilmer founded his first sawmill. He would eventually own sawmills and lumberyards in as many as ten communities. One of these, named Remlig (Gilmer spelled backwards) would become one of the largest businesses in Jasper County.
Gilmer had a series of economic setbacks. He lost his sawmill at Orange four times due to fire, after which he re-built his main operation at Lemonville (now a ghost town) in northern Orange County.
 Alexander Gilmer was married twice. His first wife Etta Reading died within the first year of the marriage. His second wife Cleora C. Thomas bore 9 children, two of which died as infants. In his last days, Gilmer traveled to San Antonio due to health reasons before making his last business trip to New York City where he died in 1906. At the time of his death, he was the second wealthiest man in Orange, Texas. The Texas Historical Commission has constructed a marker to commemorate his business contributions.
Some of Alexander Gilmer's papers were salvaged from a storefront in Orange, Texas and are now housed at the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin. The papers include personal letters, business logs, and political letters.


Mastiff

A mastiff is a large and powerful type of dog. Mastiffs are among the largest dogs, and typically have a short coat, a long low-set tail and large feet; the skull is large and bulky, the muzzle broad and short (brachycephalic) and the ears drooping and pendant-shaped. European and Asian records dating back 3,000 years show dogs of the mastiff type. Mastiffs have historically been guard dogs, protecting homes and property, although throughout history they have been used as hunting dogs, war dogs and for blood sports, in the last one fighting each other and other animals such as bulls, bears and even lions.
Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that mastiffs have long been distinct in both form and function from the similarly large livestock guardian dogs from which they were most likely developed; they also form separate genetic populations. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale and some kennel clubs group the two types together as molossoid dogs; some modern livestock guardian breeds, such as the Pyrenean Mastiff, the Spanish Mastiff and the Tibetan Mastiff, have the word "mastiff" in their name, but are not considered true mastiffs.
Many older English sources refer to mastiffs as bandogs or bandogges, although technically the term "bandog" meant a dog that was tethered by a chain (or "bande") that would be released at night; the terms "mastiff" and "bandog" were often used interchangeably. In the 20th century, the term "bandog" has been revived to describe some lines of large mastiff-type guard dogs.


Canini (tribe)

Canini is a taxonomic rank which represents the dog-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae (the canines), and is sister to the fox-like tribe Vulpini. The "Canini" came into existence 9 million years ago. This group was first represented by "Eucyon", mostly by "Eucyon davisi" that was spread widely across North America and is basal to the other members of the tribe. Its members are informally known as true dogs.
Taxonomy.
Members of this tribe include:
Common names of most of the South American canines include "fox", based on resemblance, but they are more closely related to wolves than to "vulpini", the Eurasian and North American foxes.
The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh "et al". (2005), modified to incorporate recent findings on "Canis" species, "Lycalopex" species, and "Dusicyon".


Queen clip

In beekeeping, a queen clip is a small spring-loaded metal or plastic clamshell-shaped clip designed to pick up or contain a queen bee. It has slits in its sides that worker bees can pass through to attend to the queen's needs or to receive queen substance but the queen bee cannot pass through.
When empty, it can be clipped onto some convenient place such as the edge of the beekeeper's lapel.


Bund Deutscher Holzwirte

Bund Deutscher Holzwirte (BDH) (English: Association of German Wood Scientists) is a professional and alumni association for graduates of the German degree course for Holzwirtschaft (English: Wood Science), founded in 1950.
History.
The BDH was founded on 22 July 1950 in Hamburg (Germany) by graduates of the degree program for Holzwirtschaft.
This course of study was established in 1939 by the Reichsinstitut für ausländische und koloniale Forstwirtschaft (English: Reich Institute for Foreign and Colonial Forestry). As of 1946 the University of Hamburg continues the course.
Purpose.
The purpose of the BDH is 'to promote wood economy by exchanging professional experiences as well as maintaining personal contacts of the members, to support the professional development of the members and to inform about the degree program for Holzwirtschaft' (translated paragraph of the statutes).


Torta del Casar

Torta del Casar () is a cheese made from sheep's milk in the Extremadura region of Spain. It is named after Casar de Cáceres, its city of origin. The milk is curdled using a coagulant found in the pistils of the cardoon, a wild thistle. This ingredient lends a subtle bitterness to the otherwise rich and slightly salty tasting cheese. It is aged for at least sixty days. The fully ripe cheese has a creamy consistency in the center, and is traditionally eaten by slicing off the top and scooping out the inside.
In 1999, the cheese was given protected-origin status, regulations that stipulate not only where it can be produced, but also that it can only be made with the milk of Merino and Entrefina sheep. These breeds have a low yield of milk, and it takes the milk of 20 sheep to make a wheel of Torta del Casar.


Wildland firefighter


Sport horse

A sport horse or sporthorse is a type of horse, rather than any particular breed. The term is usually applied to horses bred for the traditional Olympic equestrian sporting events of dressage, eventing, show jumping, and combined driving, but the precise definition varies. In the United States, horses used in hunt seat and show hunter competition are often classed as sport horses, whereas the British show hunter is classified as a "show horse."
Horses used for western riding disciplines, Saddle seat, or any form of horse racing are generally not described as sport horses.
Breeding.
Sport horses are bred for specific qualities in their conformation, movement, and temperament. The purpose and breeding of sport horses across the world varies little, but the exact definition of a "sport horse" differs slightly from country to country. In the United Kingdom, the term "sport horse" refers to any horse suitable for dressage, eventing or show jumping. In the USA, the definition is broader, sometimes encompassing horses used in any of the hunt seat disciplines.
Worldwide, the breeding of sport horses is overseen by the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses. The WBFSH acts as a connection between sport horse breeding organizations and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI).
Characteristics common to quality sport horses include the following:
Breeds.
Many Warmblood breeds were specifically developed for use as sport horses, particularly for use in dressage and show jumping. Thoroughbreds are also commonly used as sport horses, particularly in eventing, and some have been bred specifically as sport horses, rather than as race horses. Such Thoroughbreds tend to have a heavier sport horse build, rather than the leaner conformation of a race horse. However, there have also been many instances of former race horses being retrained as successful sport horses. Thoroughbreds are often crossed with warmbloods and draft horses to create sport horses, and such crosses were also the historic foundation of most warmblood breeds. One example is the Irish Sport Horse, a cross between the Thoroughbred and Irish Draught breeds.
Additional breeds, such as the assorted Baroque horse breeds, American Quarter Horses, Arabian horses, Morgans, several pony breeds, and even some gaited breeds such as the American Saddlebred are sometimes used as sport horses. Representatives of many different breeds have been successful at the highest levels, although in international competition, horses with warmblood or Thoroughbred ancestry are in the majority.


Jacob Tome

Jacob Tome (August 13, 1810 – March 16, 1898) was an American banker, philanthropist, and politician who died as one of the richest men in the United States. He was the first millionaire of Cecil County, Maryland and an accomplished philanthropist, giving money to colleges, churches, and schools, including establishing the Tome School.
Early life.
Jacob Tome was born on August 13, 1810 in Hanover or Manheim Township in York County, Pennsylvania to Christina (née Badger) and Christian Thom. At the age of 16, he worked for a farmer in York County and then worked as a superintendent of fisheries on Stony Island on the Susquehanna River. In 1830, he worked for a manufacturer of tinware in Marietta, Pennsylvania for two years, and then as a teacher in Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania.
Career.
Business career.
In 1833, he moved to Port Deposit, Maryland to work at Boggs' Hotel. He moved to Philadelphia for a short time to take up bookkeeping, but ultimately returned to Port Deposit in 1834.
In 1834, he formed a partnership with David Rinehart, a banker and lumber dealer from Marietta, and they formed a lumber company called "Tome & Rinehart". The business prospered and lasted until 1853. In 1849, he formed a partnership with the owners of the steamboat "Portsmouth" and Captain Masen L. Weems to establish the Baltimore and Fredericksburg Steamboat Company. In 1855, he formed a partnership with John and Thomas C. Bond to form the lumber company "Bond Brothers & Co.". Through Bond Brothers & Co. and his own personal accounts, he invested in timber lands in Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin. With his nephew, J.W. Reynolds, he formed "J. Tome & Co.", a fertilizer and agriculture equipment company.
He served as the president of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Steamboat Company, director in the Conowingo Bridge Company, director in the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and director in the Port Deposit and Columbia Railroad Company. He was also a large stockholder in the Delaware Railroad Company.
Political career.
He was a Union Republican and a supporter of Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. In 1863 and 1864, he was elected to represent Cecil County in the Maryland State Senate. In 1865, he was elected as the chairman of the Senate finance committee. In 1871, he was nominated as the Union Republican candidate for Governor of Maryland, losing to William Pinkney Whyte.
Banking career.
In 1850, Tome obtained a charter for the Cecil Bank at Port Deposit. The bank quickly grew and became a national bank. In 1868, he purchased the Elkton National Bank. In 1865, he opened a bank the National Bank in Fredericksburg, Virginia, which his nephew John Creswell became president of. He owned stock in a number of Baltimore banks and a majority stake in the Citizens' National Bank of Hagerstown, Maryland.
Personal life.
Tome married Caroline M. Webb, an aunt of John Creswell, on December 6, 1841. Together, they had three children, but they all died in infancy. She died on February 16, 1874. He married Evalyn S. Nesbitt on October 1, 1884. Evalyn Tome was the richest woman in the state of Maryland; after his death, she married Joseph Irwin France, a Senator and U.S. presidential candidate.
Philanthropy.
Tome Memorial Methodist Church.
He built the "Tome Memorial Methodist Church" in Port Deposit in 1887. The church was closed on October 1, 2018.
Dickinson College.
Tome was a trustee of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania from 1883 to 1898. He pledged $25,000 in 1883 for the construction of its first science building, the "Tome Scientific Building".
Jacob Tome Institute.
The Jacob Tome Institute was incorporated in 1879, and the school was first opened for students on September 17, 1894. His wife, Evalyn Tome, served as the president of the board of trustees. In the last week of his life, Jacob Tome worked with Senators Austin Crothers and Henry Dodson to give Maryland financial supervision over the school.
Death.
Tome died of pneumonia on March 16, 1898 at his home in Port Deposit at the age of 87. He was buried at Hopewell Cemetery in Port Deposit. At his death, he owned about $89 million (about $ today).
Legacy.
Maryland Route 276 in Cecil County was named the "Jacob Tome Memorial Highway" in his honor in 1961.


Abbey Barn, Yeovil

The Abbey Barn in Preston Plucknett, Yeovil, Somerset, England was built around 1420 by John Stourton (died 1438), in conjunction with the Abbey Farm House. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building, and Scheduled Ancient Monument.
With an internal length of , it is the longest barn in Somerset.
It is now used as a building contractors showroom and store.
Until the late 1970s the building was an excellent example of a traditional thatched barn. Planning permission for redevelopment was refused several times by Yeovil Urban Council and its successor, South Somerset District Council. However, the thatch and supporting roof timbers were destroyed in the late 1970s by a major fire that was never satisfactorily explained. Following this, permission was given for the barn to be rebuilt into its current, stone-roofed form.


Nestor Plasencia

Nestor Plasencia Sr. (born circa 1950) is a tobacco grower and cigar maker of Cuban descent whose factories in Honduras and Nicaragua produce over 30 million cigars a year. Contracting out the use of his factories to Rocky Patel and other leading brands, Plasencia remains one of the leading figures in the Central American cigar industry.
Biography.
Early years.
Nestor Plasencia Sr. was born in about 1950 in Cuba to a tobacco growing family which emigrated after the Cuban Revolution of 1959.
After the revolution.
The Plasencia family remained closely involved in the tobacco industry in Central America, with Nestor's uncle Herminio Plasencia continuing to be active in day-to-day operations in growing operations into the 1990s.
During the early 1980s, Plasencia lost his tobacco farms and factories in Nicaragua as a result of the Sandinista revolution. During this interval he moved his focus across the border to neighboring Honduras.
Nestor Plasencia today again operates two factories in Nicaragua — a unit opened in 1992 in the town of Ocotal and a smaller building in the country's cigar capital, Estelí. Plasencia's primary operations remain in Honduras, however, centered in two buildings in Danlí and smaller units in the villages of El Paraíso and Morocelí.
Plasencia is closely associated with the cigar-making Oliva family, with Cuban émigré Gilberto Oliva Sr. having served as manager of Plasencia's Moroceli factory, opened in 1991.
The output of Plasencia's factories experienced steady growth from 1 million cigars in 1986 to approximately 33 million just ten years later. The Plasencia factories are responsible for the manufacture of cigars for 30 or more labels, including products for J.R. Tobacco, Swisher International, and Rocky Patel.
During the middle 1990s, about 70 percent of the tobacco used in Plasencia-made cigars came from his own Honduran and Nicaraguan fields, with the remainder purchased on the market. Both Connecticut-seed and Cuban-seed is used in Plasencia's fields.
Today Plasencia is regarded by many as "one of the foremost tobacco experts in the world." In 2000 he told "Smoke" magazine:
"Anyone who tells you they know everything there is to know about tobacco is either a liar or a fool. There are so many variables, so much is left to nature, that we can’t know or control everything. But we must control what we can to the best of our abilities."
Family.
Nestor Plasencia Sr.'s American-educated sons, Nestor Jr. and Jose Luis became actively involved in the family business.


Daniels Mill (Daniels, Maryland)

Daniels Mill is a historic mill complex located at Daniels, Howard County, Maryland, in a sheltered, wooded valley of the upper Patapsco River. The complex consists of seven early industrial structures, several concrete block and brick structures of 20th century date, and Gary Memorial United Methodist Church, a granite church built in the High Victorian Gothic style with an off-center tower entrance on the west gable. South of the church is a small cemetery.
In the 19th century, an industrial village existed on the site, including stores, a railroad station, a school and several mill workers' houses. The large majority of these supportive structures were demolished in the 1960s. The Elysville Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1829, by Thomas Ely, to manufacture cotton textiles. The mill was erected between August 1845 and spring 1846. It was acquired by the Oskiska Manufacturing Company which went bankrupt, then by the Alberton Manufacturing Company in 1853, and the mill village was called Alberton at least through the 1870s. The mill was then acquired in the 1860s by James S. Gary, who created still another firm which operated the mill until the 1940s, when the C.R. Daniels Company took control.
C.R. Daniels was a New York-based company founded in 1918 that manufactured sail cloth material. The company purchased the 500-acre Daniels mill and 118 houses in 1940 for $65,000, doubling its size by 1950, and eventually over 300,000 sq ft. The company produced a wide variety of canvas products and canvas covers with over 200 sewing machines to assemble patterns. Later specialties included fiberglass components and conveyor belts. In 1965, the mill phased out company housing, tearing down the historic buildings and churches. In 1972, flooding from Hurricane Agnes damaged or destroyed the majority of the buildings and mill site. In 1977 a fire destroyed the remainder of the mill.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.


Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd

Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd [1991] 1 WLR 589 is an English trust law case, especially relevant for UK labour law and UK company law, concerning pension funds and the implementation of a poison pill.
Facts.
The Imperial Tobacco pension trust committee asked the court whether the wording of rule 64A of the pension scheme could be varied with the company management’s consent. This said that members’ benefits ‘shall be increased by at least the lesser of’ 5% pa or the Retail Price Index. That provision was introduced following an amendment under rule 36 that said the committee could make amendment following the company management’s consent. Imperial Tobacco had been taken over by Hanson Trust plc, and the rule 64A was introduced as an apparent poison pill, because the previous position was that employees’ pensions were only updated ad hoc and usually below inflation. This accompanied the automatic closure of the existing scheme to new entrants. But the takeover succeeded in 1986. By then, inflation had increased above 5%, and so the committee asked management if they would update pensions over 5%. The new management refused, and offered instead a new scheme of the lesser of 15% pa or RPI updates. Employees holding entitlements to the old scheme, if they transferred would take their aliquot share, including surpluses (there was an estimated £130m at the time). However, the catch in the new scheme was that any surplus would go to the company, not the employees’ themselves. The trust alleged that, if the committee did have to obtain management’s consent to update the entitlements to keep pace with inflation, the offer given was a breach a duty of good faith because it was compelling employees to forgo their acquired rights.
Judgment.
Sir Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson VC held that rule 64A could not be construed as allowing the committee to make increases without management’s consent. However, the company management could not use its discretion to withhold its consent in a way that undermined good faith, and mutual trust and confidence. The company management was not exercising a fiduciary power, and so it could take its own interests, including financial burdens, into account, but it still had to exercise its power for a proper purpose. A collateral purpose of coercing members to relinquish their accrued rights for the company to benefit from the surplus, was bad faith. His judgment on the nature of the pension obligations read as follows.


Landscape with Cows and Camel

Landscape with Cows and Camel (German: Landschaft mit Kühen und Kamel) is a 1914 color on canvas painting by German Expressionist painter August Macke. It is drawn on Orphism style. It is now housed at Kunsthaus Zürich, Zürich.


Olympia Mill

Olympia Mill, also known as Pacific Mill, is a historic textile mill complex located at Columbia, South Carolina. It was built in 1899, and consists of a four-story, red brick, rectangular shaped, main mill building connected to a one and two-story red brick power plant. The main building is in the Romanesque Revival style and features terra cotta detailing, large segmental arched window openings, and twin pyramidal roofed towers. The complex also includes: a one-story brick power plant auxiliary building, a one-story storage building, and two small brick one-story gatehouses.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.


Cantabrian Water Dog

The Cantabrian Water Dog () is a landrace breed of dog developed in the coast of Cantabria, northern Spain, as an assistant to fishermen. The breed was classified and recognized by the Breeds Committee of the Spanish Ministry of Environment on 22 March 2011. It is recognised by the Royal Canine Society of Spain as a variety of the Spanish water dog.
History of the variety.
The Cantabrian Water Dog is an ancestral population in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, whose origins seem to be common to Barbet. The breed is socially, culturally and historically rooted in the towns and villages of the whole coast of Cantabria and eastern Asturias. The work of this breed has been traditionally related to fishing work: collecting fishes that fell into the water, watching the ships when they were moored in port, taking the rope between ships and to the dock, or acting like a lifeguard.
Features.
The population of Cantabrian Water Dog shows a clear morphological and genetic differentiation that allows discrimination from other dog populations in the same group with close geographic distribution. One genetic study place it as close to the Spanish Water Dog as to the Barbet or Caniche. These animals are lighter and shorter than those of the Spanish breed, where they were previously included. Thus, 75% of males and 38% of females would be excluded from the breed standard for height at the withers, while using the criterion of weight, 91% of males and 80% females would be excluded.


List of wildlife magazines

This is a non-exhaustive (incomplete) list of wildlife magazines.
Magazines on ornithology and bird-watching can be found in list of ornithology journals.


Mount Vernon Mill No. 3

Mount Vernon Mill No. 3 is a textile denim mill located in Trion, Georgia, a very small town in Chattooga County. Mount Vernon pays about eighty percent of Trion's taxes. It is the largest employer in Chattooga County, with about 1700 employees.
History.
Mount Vernon Mill No. 3 was the first cotton mill in northwest Georgia. Andrew P. Allgood, Spencer S. Marsh, and Col. W.K. Briers organized the Trion factory on October 12, 1845.
In 1912, Benjamin D. Riegel became the new owner of the mill until his death in 1941.
In 1913, a gym, library, apartments, theater, bowling alley, and hospital were built in Trion.
During World War II, the mill produced enough fabric to make 10,500,000 fatigue suits and over seven and a half billion yards for gun patches.
In 1971 many new machines were installed to produce denim.
Benjamin Riegel's daughter decided to sell her stock to Robert B. Pamplin in 1985 because she thought that he could take care of the company and town like her father did.
On February 16, 1990 a flood almost ruined the machines, but after ten days the mill was running again.
Today.
Today the mill has over a million square feet of manufacturing space and produces over two million pounds of cotton and denim each week. The denim is shipped to different locations in the United States and to foreign countries.


Susan Cameron

Susan M. Cameron (born October 31, 1958) is an American businessperson who is the former chairman, president, and CEO of Reynolds American, Inc.
Early life and education.
Cameron was born in Schenectady, New York and raised in Fort Lauderdale. Her father was a manager with General Electric and her mother was a secretary and school volunteer. The family moved to Florida when she was two, and she graduated from Ft. Lauderdale High School in 1976. She earned a B.S. in business from the University of Florida in 1980 and an MBA from Bellarmine University in 1984.
Business career.
Cameron's first job in the industry was as sales representative for Brown & Williamson in 1981. She was promoted to district sales manager in 1983, then moved to London in 1990 to serve as a brand director for Brown and Williamson's parent company, British American Tobacco. In 1994 she became Director of Marketing in China, based in Hong Kong, then moved back to England in 1996 to become Head of International Brands.
She returned to the United States and to Brown & Williamson in 1999 to join the company's executive committee as senior vice president of marketing. Cameron was named president and CEO of Brown & Williamson in January 2001, the first woman CEO of a major cigarette business.
In July 2004, Brown & Williamson combined with R. J. Reynolds, and Reynolds American, Inc. was created as a new holding company, with R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company as its chief operating subsidiary. Cameron became president and CEO of the company in 2004. She became chairman in January 2006. She also served as chairman of R. J. Reynolds from July 2004 through April 2008. As head of Reynolds American, Cameron has guided the company's efforts into the smokeless tobacco category
When Cameron retired in 2009 she was one of the country's most highly paid women executives; her compensation for 2009 was $16.2 million from a base salary of $1.2 million.
In December 2010 Cameron retired as the chairwoman of Reynolds and in February 2011 she left her positions as president and chief executive. After spending several years in retirement, she re-joined the board at Reynolds in January 2014. , returning to the role of CEO on May 1. Ten weeks after her return from retireme, the company announced that it was planning to purchase Lorillard for $27.4 billion.The deal, which took place in mid-July, 2014, was history-making: the acquisition is the largest to have been led by a woman. In January 2017, Debra Crew replaced Cameron as president and CEO of Reynolds. Cameron served as executive chairman of the Reynolds board of directors until May 2017, when she became non-executive chairman.
Views on cigarette use.
Cameron does not deny that cigarette smoking can be dangerous. "Smoking harms people," she said. Reynolds' Chairman of the Board Tom Wajnert said that Cameron takes a strong stand about the dangers of smoking: "Susan has been more open and aggressive than most people in the industry. "She adds, "We all feel the same way. Cigarettes are deadly. They kill people. But at the same time, it's a legal product."
Recognition and honors.
In 2009, Forbes ranked Cameron as the 59th most powerful woman in the world.
Then known as Susan Ivey, in 2010 she was ranked 22nd in Fortune magazine's listing of the 50 Most Powerful Women in Business. In Forbes magazine's listing of the World's Most Powerful Women in 2010, she was ranked number 75.
In 2016, Cameron ranked at number 66 on the Forbes list of The 100 Most Powerful Women.
Board memberships.
Cameron serves on the boards of a number of philanthropic organizations. These include the Women's Leadership Initiative for the United Way of America, local chapters of the United Way and YWCA, as well as Senior Services, Inc. She also serves on the boards of Salem College, the University of Florida Foundation and RR Donnelley, and Tupperware.
Personal.
During her retirement from 2010 until 2014 Susan changed her name from Ivey to that of her husband Russell Cameron.


Spider tortoise

The spider tortoise ("Pyxis arachnoides") is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae that is endemic to Madagascar and is one of only two species in the genus "Pyxis".
Habitat.
The remaining tortoises are found only in south western Madagascar, where they inhabit the spiny vegetation of the sandy coastal areas.
Life cycle and breeding.
Very little is known about the life cycle of this endangered tortoise, which is believed to live for up to 70 years. Here they feed on young leaves, insect larvae, and even the droppings of larger animals. When the wet season arrives, the dormancy period ends and the tortoises begin to mate. Females only lay one egg when they reproduce, and the egg is incubated for about 220–250 days.
Conservation.
Their trade is illegal in Madagascar, but they are extensively smuggled for food, body parts, and illegal pets.


Great Coxwell Barn

Great Coxwell Barn is a Mediæval tithe barn at Great Coxwell, Oxfordshire (formerly Berkshire), England. It is on the northern edge of the village of Great Coxwell, which is about northeast of Swindon in neighbouring Wiltshire.
The barn was built about 1292 for the Cistercian Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire, which had held the manor of Great Coxwell since 1205. Since 1956 it has been in the care of the National Trust.
The barn has been a Grade I listed building since 1966 and is also a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
Building.
Great Coxwell was a large manor, which the Domesday Book of 1086 recorded as 20 hides. In 1205 King John granted the manor to Beaulieu Abbey.
When the Cistercian Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire was founded in 1204–05, King John endowed it with a group of manors that were headed by Great Faringdon and included Great Coxwell. Beaulieu retained the manors until 1538, when it surrendered all its properties to the Crown in the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The Abbey seems to have had the barn built about 1292. Dendrochronology has established that some of the timbers in the roof of the barn were felled in the winter of 1291–92, and building with unseasoned timber was then common practice. Other timbers were felled earlier, from 1253 onwards.
The barn is built of Cotswold stone, with rubblestone walls and ashlar buttresses. The roof has a timber frame, borne on pairs of timber posts and surfaced with Stonesfield slate. In the main part of the barn are six pairs of posts, meaning that it has east and west aisles and seven bays. The west porch has one pair of timber posts and is of two bays. The architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner considered the interior to be the finest of any barn in England.
The barn is long, wide and its roof ridge is high. It is aligned almost north – south, with a large west porch and much smaller east porch. An internal wall partly separates the west porch from the main body of the barn. As originally built each porch had a door large enough for wagons, the west porch had also a small south door and the main barn had small doors in its north and south walls. In the centre of the barn is a threshing floor on which grain was threshed by hand with flails, with the large east and west doors open for a through draught to separate the grain from the chaff.
The barn was part of a monastic grange. It stored most, if not all, of the crop of the grange and received tithes from peasant tenants who were obliged to render a tenth of their crop to the abbey. These tithes were recorded by a clerk called a granger, whose office was in the west porch.
After the dissolution of the abbey.
In 1538 Beaulieu Abbey was dissolved and its estates were seized by the Crown. In 1540 the Crown sold the manor of Great Coxwell to a local landowner, William Morys (or Morris). The Morris family held the estate until 1638 when it was sold to George Pratt, who already held the neighbouring estate of Coleshill. The Pratt family held both Great Coxwell and Coleshill estates until 1700, when they were sold to George Pratt Richmond, also known as Webb. The estate was still in the Webb family early in the 19th century.
In the 18th century the large west doorway was bricked up and the west porch was converted into a stable. South of the barn a brick-built cart shed with a first-floor hay-loft or granary was added to the farmyard. In the 19th century mechanical threshing superseded manual threshing, so the barn's threshing floor lost its original purpose. The small doorways in the north and south gable walls were replaced with ones large enough for wagons. Other buildings were added to the surrounding farmyard.
From 1871 William Morris (1834–96) rented Kelmscott Manor, north of Great Coxwell. He called the barn "as noble as a cathedral" and brought many of his guests to see it.
Ernest Cook (1865–1955) acquired numerous estates including Coleshill. Cook left his estates to the National Trust, which thus has owned the barn since 1956. Most of the modern farm buildings around the barn were demolished. In 1961 the Trust treated the timbers against deathwatch beetle and extensively restored the roof.
Access.
The barn is open to the public daily from dawn to dusk. Just outside the farmyard is a lay-by large enough for a small number of visitors' cars to be parked. Great Coxwell can be reached by Stagecoach West Gold bus route 66 from Swindon, Oxford and Faringdon. Buses run generally every 20 minutes from Mondays to Saturdays and every 30 minutes on Sundays. The nearest stop is just off the main A420 road, about from the barn.


Henry Waitt

Henry Waitt was an American businessman who co-founded Waitt & Bond with Charles Henry Bond.
Waitt was born in Malden, Massachusetts. He spent most of his life in the Franklin Park section (also known as North Revere) of Revere, Massachusetts. As a young man, Waitt became involved in the tobacco business.
In 1870, he and Bond established Waitt & Bond in a small shop in Saugus, Massachusetts. The business grew rapidly and it was relocated to a large factory in Boston. Waitt & Bond eventually became the largest cigar manufacturer in New England and one of the largest in the United States.
In 1898, Waitt moved to Newton, Massachusetts. He died on May 7, 1902 at his home after a long illness.
The city of Revere named the elementary school in Franklin Park after Waitt. The Henry Waitt School opened in 1910 and was sold to a private owner in 1980.


Chestnut (horse color)

Chestnut is a hair coat color of horses consisting of a reddish-to-brown coat with a mane and tail the same or lighter in color than the coat. Chestnut is characterized by the absolute absence of true black hairs. It is one of the most common horse coat colors, seen in almost every breed of horse.
Chestnut is a very common coat color but the wide range of shades can cause confusion. The lightest chestnuts may be mistaken for palominos, while the darkest shades can be so dark they appear black. Chestnuts have dark brown eyes and black skin, and typically are some shade of red or reddish brown. The mane, tail, and legs may be lighter or darker than the body coat, but unlike the bay they are never truly black. Like any other color of horse, chestnuts may have pink skin with white hair where there are white markings, and if such white markings include one or both eyes, the eyes may be blue.
Chestnut is produced by a recessive gene. Unlike many coat colors, chestnut can be true-breeding; that is, assuming they carry no recessive modifiers like champagne or mushroom, the mating between two chestnuts will produce chestnut offspring every time. This can be seen in breeds such as the Suffolk Punch and Haflinger, which are exclusively chestnut. Other breeds including the Belgian and Budyonny are predominantly chestnut. However, a chestnut horse need not have two chestnut parents. This is especially apparent in breeds like the Friesian horse and Ariegeois pony which have been selected for many years to be uniformly black, but on rare occasions still produce chestnut foals.
Visual identification.
Chestnuts can vary widely in shade and different terms are sometimes used to describe these shades, even though they are genetically indistinguishable. Collectively, these coat colors are usually called "red" by geneticists.
Chestnut family colors.
Chestnut is considered a "base color" in the discussion of equine coat color genetics. Additional coat colors based on chestnut are often described in terms of their relationship to chestnut:
Combinations of multiple dilution genes do not always have consistent names. For example, "dunalinos" are chestnuts with both the dun gene and one copy of the cream gene.
Inheritance and expression.
The chestnut color, called "red" by geneticists, is created by an allele that is a mutation from the wildtype and is genetically the most recessive coat color that exists in modern horses. The gene for "red" color is designated as "e". This is because the presence or absence of red color in horses is determined by the equine melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a protein positioned on chromosome 3 (ECA3) at the Extension locus. The wild type version of the gene encoding MC1R is the "E" allele (colloquially, though imprecisely, called the "Extension gene"), and is part of the genetic pathway that allows melanocytes to produce eumelanin, or black pigment. When the "E" allele is not present, no eumelanin is produced, but the "e" allele still allows melanin to be produced in the form of pheomelanin, or red pigment, creating a chestnut or red-based coat color. In general, alleles that create fully functional MC1R proteins are inherited dominantly and result in a black-based coat color ("E"), while mutated alleles that create "dysfunctional" MC1R are recessive and result in a lighter coat color ("e").
Red hair color in horses ("e") is created by a missense mutation in the code for MC1R, which results in a protein that cannot bind to the Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which is released by the pituitary gland, and stimulates the production and release of melanin in skin and hair. So long as one functional copy ("E") is present, the protein is formed normally and black pigment is produced. However, when only mutant copies ("e) of the gene are available, non-functional MC1R proteins are produced. As a result, no black pigment is deposited into the hair and the entire coat is red-based. However, the skin of chestnut horses is still generally black, unless affected by other genes. Some chestnut foals are also born with lighter eyes and lightened skin, which darken not long after birth. This is not the same as the blue eyes and pink skin seen at birth in foals carrying the champagne gene. It is a genetic mechanism not fully understood, but may be related to the pheomelanistic characteristics of "e".
The recessive nature of the chestnut or "red" coat in horses occurs because a single copy of the "E" allele is dominant over the "e" allele. Therefore, for example, bay and black horses may be heterozygous for "e" and if so, could produce a chestnut foal when bred to another horse with at least one copy of "e". However, all chestnut horses are homozygous for the "e" allele and thus breeding a chestnut to another chestnut will always produce a chestnut foal. Thus, unlike many coat colors, chestnut can be true-breeding; if any color other than chestnut occurs, then one of the parents was not chestnut.
Red can occur in horses that carry "E" when other genes influence its expression. In some cases, MC1R exists but is locally antagonized by the agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), or "agouti gene", which "suppresses" black color and allows some red pigment to be formed. This results in localized regions of black-rich or red-rich pigmentation, as seen in bay horses.


Baxter Bowman

Baxter Bowman (before 1814 – December 13, 1853) was a businessman and political figure in Lower Canada.
Bowman was a lumber merchant based in Buckingham, Lower Canada who held cutting rights on the du Lièvre River and the upper Ottawa River. He operated a number of sawmills on the du Lièvre, as well as a gristmill. At one time, the legendary French-Canadian lumberjack Joseph Montferrand worked for Bowman on the upper Ottawa. Bowman was a justice of the peace for the region and also served as a captain in the local militia. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada in 1834 for Ottawa County.
He died in Buckingham in 1853 and was buried at Meredith, New Hampshire.
His sawmills on the Lièvre were later purchased by James Maclaren and others in 1864. The municipality of Bowman on the du Lièvre River took its name from Baxter Bowman.


Vicente Martinez Ybor

Vicente Martinez-Ybor (7 September 1818 - 14 December 1896), was a Spanish entrepreneur who first became a noted industrialist and cigar manufacturer in Cuba, then Key West, and finally Tampa, Florida.
Martinez-Ybor is best known for his founding the immigrant-populated cigar manufacturing town of Ybor City just outside Tampa, Florida in 1885. It was annexed by Tampa in 1887 and was a major factor in the community's rapid development from a small town into one of the largest cities in Florida and, for a time, the world's leader in cigar manufacturing. In addition to his "Principe de Gales" line of Cuban cigars, he founded many other businesses in Tampa including an insurance company, street paving, gas stations, a streetcar line, and Tampa's first brewery. For his workers, he built and sold hundreds of affordable homes, brought doctors to the area, and converted his original cigar factory into a social hall and theater for Tampa's first mutual aid society, El Centro Español de Tampa. His business interests were integral to the rapid expansion of the Port of Tampa and Tampa's overall economy.
When Martinez-Ybor died in 1896, much of Tampa closed down to attend his funeral. He has been honored with a statue in Ybor City and a bust on the Tampa Riverwalk.
Early life.
Martinez Ybor was born in Valencia, Spain in 1818. In 1832, at the age of fourteen, he moved to Cuba to avoid the military service then mandatory for all male Spaniards, and took a job as a grocery clerk before learning the cigar business.
History.
Cuba.
In 1856, Martinez-Ybor founded his own small cigar manufacturing company in Havana, Cuba and began selling his "El Principe de Gales" ("Prince of Wales") brand. The brand quickly became popular, and Martinez Ybor's factory was soon producing 20,000 cigars a day. In 1868, the Ten Years' War broke out as Cubans fought to win independence from Spanish colonial rule. Martinez-Ybor sympathized with the Cuban cause and was (correctly) accused by Spanish authorities of quietly providing funds and assistance to Cuban rebels. In 1869, he received word that he faced eminent arrest, so he and his family hurriedly fled to Key West, Florida.
Key West.
Martinez-Ybor soon opened a new factory in Key West and resumed manufacturing his "Principe de Gales" brand, employing many Cubans who had also left their homeland due to the war. Ybor was one of the first manufacturers to create and market a "Havana clear" or "Cuban clear" cigar - a product made with Cuban tobacco by (mostly) Cuban workers in the United States, thus avoiding the high tariff on the importation of finished cigars from Cuba.
While his business prospered, conflict between Spanish and Cuban workers, labor unrest, and the difficulty of transportation to and from the island city eventually led Martinez-Ybor to decide that he should again relocate his business.
Ybor City.
Beginning in the early 1880s, Martinez-Ybor explored several possible relocation sites for his cigar business. Galveston, Texas was the leading candidate until his friend and city engineer Gavino Gutierrez recommended the small town of Tampa, Florida. Martinez-Ybor and his business partners visited Tampa in September 1885, and the city quickly became their preferred choice due to the low price of land, hot and humid weather needed to keep cut tobacco workable, and convenient transportation links provided by Henry Plant's just-completed railroad and steamship lines. Difficult negotiations over a particular parcel of land almost scuttled the move, but a $5000 subsidy from Tampa's Board of Trade enticed Martinez-Ybor to purchase of scrubland northeast of Tampa in October 1885.
By the following spring, Martinez-Ybor, along with business partner Eduardo Manrara and friendly rival cigar manufacturer Ignacio Haya, had bought several adjoining parcels, and Gavino Gutierrez was hired to plan and lay out a company town that was dubbed Ybor City. Martinez-Ybor's cigar operations were based in a wooden factory until late 1886, when his permanent factory opened. The factory is an imposing brick complex that fills an entire city block and was the largest cigar manufacturing facility in the world at the time of its opening. Ybor's original wooden building was donated to the community and became the first home of El Centro Español de Tampa, an important social club and mutual aid society.
In mid-1886, a large fire in Key West destroyed much of the town and brought hundreds of Cuban and Spanish cigar workers to Tampa seeking employment. This influx began a period of steady growth that would continue for decades. Martinez-Ybor sought to avoid the constant labor unrest he had struggled with in Key West by providing what he considered good wages and living conditions. His company built "casitas", small houses that his workers could purchase at cost, hoping that home ownership would keep his employees from migrating back and forth from Cuba as was common practice among cigar workers in those days.
Martinez-Ybor encouraged other cigar manufacturers to open factories in Tampa to further increase the pool of workers, and welcomed entrepreneurs who founded businesses in the area. He himself established a variety of other businesses catering to the growing community, including a brewery, a hotel, an ice factory, a gas company, a brick factory, an insurance company, and Tampa's first streetcar line, among other ventures.
Martinez-Ybor's plan worked. After a slow start, both his businesses and Ybor City as a whole flourished, with the area's cigar factories hand-rolling and shipping tens of millions of cigars annually by the late 1880s, the number increasing into the hundreds of millions by the turn of the 20th century. Ybor City was annexed by the city of Tampa in 1887 and helped the once small and struggling town grow into an important manufacturing and shipping center by the early 1900s.
The role of Martinez-Ybor in helping to build industry in Tampa is covered in displays at the Ybor City Museum State Park.
Personal life.
Martinez-Ybor married Palmia Learas while living in Cuba in 1848, and they had four children before her death. He married Mercedes de las Revillas in 1862, and they had eight children together. Martinez-Ybor also moved his family to Tampa upon establishing Ybor City, and several of his descendants still live in the area.
Death and legacy.
Martinez-Ybor's role in initiating Tampa's phenomenal growth in population and wealth in the late 1890s was widely acknowledged and appreciated during his lifetime. After his death in Tampa on December 14, 1896, the headline of the Tampa Tribune read "Great Benefactor Gone" and many of the businesses in town closed in his honor for his funeral. He owned so many business ventures and real estate in the area that his partners concluded that there was not enough available capital in Tampa to turn his assets into money. His family eventually did sell off his holdings, but it took almost 10 years.
Vicente Martinez-Ybor is interred in St. Louis Catholic Cemetery section of Oaklawn Cemetery in downtown Tampa. In honor of his contributions to the area's development, streets and schools are named for him, and his likeness is displayed as several pieces of public art, most notably a statue at Centro Ybor on 7th Avenue in Ybor City and a bronze bust on the Tampa Riverwalk near the Tampa Bay History Center.


Nokota horse

The Nokota horse is a feral and semi-feral horse breed located in the badlands of southwestern North Dakota in the United States. The breed developed in the 19th century from foundation bloodstock consisting of ranch-bred horses produced from the horses of local Native Americans mixed with Spanish horses, Thoroughbreds, harness horses and related breeds. The Nokota was almost wiped out during the early 20th century when ranchers, in cooperation with state and federal agencies, worked together to reduce competition for livestock grazing. However, when Theodore Roosevelt National Park was created in the 1940s, a few bands were inadvertently trapped inside, and thus were preserved.
In 1986, the park sold off many horses, including herd stallions, and released several stallions with outside bloodlines into the herds. At this point, brothers Leo and Frank Kuntz began purchasing the horses with the aim of preserving the breed, and founded the Nokota Horse Conservancy in 1999, later beginning a breed registry through the same organization. Later, a second, short-lived, registry was begun by another organization in Minnesota. In 2009, the North Dakota Badlands Horse Registry was created, which registers the slightly different type of horses which have been removed from the park in recent years. Today, the park conducts regular thinning of the herd to keep numbers between 70 and 110, and the excess horses are sold off.
The Nokota horse has an angular frame, is commonly blue roan in color, and often exhibits an ambling gait called the "Indian shuffle". The breed is generally separated into two sections, the traditional and the ranch type, which differ slightly in conformation and height. They are used in many events, including endurance riding, western riding and English disciplines.
Breed characteristics.
The Nokota horse has an angular frame with prominent withers, a sloped croup, and a low set tail. Members of the breed are often blue roan, which is a color rare in other breeds, although black and gray are also common. Less common colors include red roan, bay, chestnut, dun, grullo and palomino. Pinto patterns such as overo and sabino occur occasionally.
There are two general types of the Nokota horse. The first is the traditional Nokota, known by the registry as the National Park Traditional. They tend to be smaller, more refined, and closer in type to the Colonial Spanish Horse, and generally stand between high. The second type is known as the ranch-type or National Park Ranch, more closely resemble early "foundation type" Quarter Horses, and generally stand from . Members of the breed often exhibit an ambling gait, once known as the "Indian shuffle." Nokota horses are described as versatile and intelligent. Members of the breed have been used in endurance racing and western riding, and a few have been used in events such as fox hunting, dressage, three-day eventing and show jumping. Sources vary on the etymology of the breed's name, with one source stating that the Nokota derives its name from the Nakota people who inhabited North and South Dakota, while another says that the name was a combination of North Dakota created by the Kuntz brothers.
History.
The Nokota horse developed in the southwestern corner of North Dakota, in the Little Missouri River Badlands. Feral horses were first encountered by ranchers in the 19th century, and horses from domestic herds mingled with the original feral herds. Ranchers often crossbred local Indian ponies, Spanish horses from the southwest, and various draft, harness, Thoroughbred and stock horses to make hardy, useful ranch horses. Theodore Roosevelt, who ranched in the Little Missouri area between 1883 and 1886, wrote:
In a great many —indeed in most— localities there are wild horses to be found, which, although invariably of domestic descent, being either themselves runaways from some ranch or Indian outfit, or else claiming such for their sires and dams, yet are quite as wild as the antelope on whose domain they have intruded.
In 1884, the HT Ranch, located near Medora, North Dakota, bought 60 mares from a herd of 250 Native American-bred horses originally confiscated from the Lakota leader Sitting Bull and sold at Fort Buford, North Dakota in 1881. Some of these mares were bred to the Thoroughbred racing stallion Lexington, also owned by the HT Ranch.
By the early 20th century, the feral horse herds became the target of local ranchers looking to limit grazing competition for their livestock. Many horses were rounded up, and either used as ranch horses, sold for slaughter, or shot. From the 1930s through the 1950s, federal and state agencies worked with ranchers to remove horses from western North Dakota. However, when Theodore Roosevelt National Park was established in the 1940s, during construction, a few bands of horses were accidentally enclosed within the Park fence, and by 1960 these bands were the last remaining feral horses in North Dakota. Nonetheless, the park sought to eliminate these horses. The National Park Service was declared exempt from the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 that covered free-roaming horses and burros on other federal lands. This allowed them to view the herds as nuisances and deal with them as such, including sending many to slaughter.
In the late 1970s, growing public opposition to the removal of feral horses prompted management strategy changes, and today the herds within the Theodore Roosevelt National Park are managed for the purposes of historical demonstration. However, in 1986 the park added outside bloodlines with the aim of modifying the appearance of the Nokota. Park management felt that the horses created with the outside bloodlines would sell better at subsequent auctions. The dominant herd stallions were removed and replaced with two feral stallions from Bureau of Land Management Mustang herds, a crossbred Shire stallion, a Quarter Horse stallion and an Arabian stallion. At the same time that the stallion replacements took place, many horses from the park were rounded up and sold. At the 1986 auction, concerned about the welfare of the Nokota horse, Leo and Frank Kuntz purchased 54 horses, including the dominant stallion, a blue roan. This was in addition to smaller numbers of horses purchased in 1981, 1991 and 1997. After researching the history of the breed, the Kuntzs stated that they had found evidence that the horses in the park were probably related to the remaining horses from the band of 250 Sitting Bull horses, who had been range-bred by the Marquis de Mores, who founded the town of Medora. However, the short-lived Nokota Horse Association claimed that there was no evidence for this claim.
1990s to today.
By 1993, the Kuntz brothers had a herd of 150 horses, including those purchased from the park over the course of several auctions and their descendants. They used the horses mainly for ranching and endurance races. In 1993, the Nokota was declared the Honorary State Equine of the state of North Dakota. In 1994, researchers conducted a study of the horses in the park and on the Kuntz's ranch, and discovered that none of the horses in the park, and only about 20 on the ranch, had characteristics consistent with the Colonial Spanish Horse. Since then, the horses on the Kuntz ranch have been bred to maintain and improve their Spanish characteristics. In 1999, the Kuntz brothers founded the Nokota Horse Conservancy to protect and conserve the Nokota horse. The Nokota Horse Conservancy tracks around 1,000 living and dead horses, and Nokota horses can be found throughout the United States.
Theodore Roosevelt National Park has continued thinning the herd, with several roundups conducted throughout the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century. In 2000, the last horses to be considered of "traditional" Nokota type was removed from the wild, with some being purchased by supporters of the Nokota Horse Conservancy. The National Park Service currently maintains a herd of 70 to 110 horses. In 2006, the breed was chosen to be the beneficiary of Breyer Animal Creations' annual "Benefit Horse" Campaign for the following year; a Breyer model was created, manufactured, and marketed in 2007, with a portion of the proceeds going to the Nokota Horse Conservancy. As of 2006, the Kuntz family owned approximately 500 Nokota horses, with the Nokota Horse Conservancy owning an additional 40. At that point, there were less than 1,000 living Nokotas in the world.
The Nokota Horse Registry is the breed registry, organized by the Nokota Horse Conservancy. There was briefly a second registry: a Minnesota-based organization called the Nokota Horse Association. In October 2009, the two registries disputed which had the right to the Nokota breed name, with the Association claiming that they own the legal trademark to the name. The Registry sued, contending that they created the name and had a longer history with the breed. A US District Court ordered that the Association cease registering horses until the matter was settled, and the association disappeared from public view soon after. In the fall of 2009, another organization, the North Dakota Badlands Horse Registry, was created. This organization registers horses that have been removed from the park in recent years, stating that these horses are not accepted by the Nokota Horse Registry. As of March 2011, approximately 40 horses had been registered. These horses tend to be of a slightly different phenotype and genotype than the horses registered by the Nokota Horse Registry due to the additional blood from different breeds released into the park.


William M. Bray

William M. Bray (March 17, 1880 – March 15, 1964) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and the Wisconsin State Senate.
Biography.
Bray was born on March 17, 1880 in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. He attended Northwestern University and Harvard University and would become involved in the lumber business.
He died in Klamath Falls, Oregon on March 15, 1964.
Political career.
Bray was elected to the Senate in 1914. Previously, he was a member of the Assembly in 1908. He was a Republican.


Bourne Mill

The Bourne Mill is an historic textile mill on the border between Tiverton, Rhode Island and Fall River, Massachusetts.
The various buildings in the cotton mill complex were completed from 1881 to 1951 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. The Bourne corporation had a unique profit sharing arrangement based upon Jonathan Bourne's experience in the whaling industry. The company treasurer, George A. Chace, designed the original mill building.
Although only a very small part of the property is located in Fall River, Massachusetts the complex is generally grouped and referenced with the mills of that city.
After lying dormant for decades, the Bourne Mill was converted into 166 apartments, which were completed in early 2009. In September 2009, an arsonist set fire to the former detached picker house near the main mill, which had also been scheduled to be redeveloped.


Richland Cotton Mill

Richland Cotton Mill, also known as Pacific Mills, Lowenstein Mill, and Whaley's Mill, is a historic cotton mill building located at Columbia, South Carolina. It was built in 1894, and is a four-story, rectangular brick mill building. It features a seven-story stair tower, with a circular vent flanked by two arched vents. Attached to the building are an engine room, a boiler room with chimney, and a machine shop.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.


Hege Nerland

Hege Nerland (27 October 1966 – 12 March 2007) was a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party.
In 2003 she helped found the local party chapter in her native Hemsedal. She worked with organic farming there, and had organizational experience from the Norwegian Farmers and Smallholders Union and Via Campesina. She was elected to the municipality council the same year, and became deputy mayor of Hemsedal. Following the 2005 Norwegian parliamentary election, she served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Buskerud. In November 2006, however, she had to relinquish her political positions due to illness. She died four months later.


Paenibacillus larvae

Paenibacillus larvae is a species of bacterium, found worldwide, which causes American foulbrood, a fatal disease of the larvae of honeybees ("Apis mellifera"). It is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, which forms spores which can remain viable for at least thirty-five years.
Morphology.
"P. larvae" is a rod-shaped bacterium with slightly rounded ends, approximately 2.5–5 μm long and 0.5 μm wide. The spore of "P. larvae" is oval, approximately 0.6 μm wide and 1.3 μm long.
Classification.
In 1906, G.F. White first described the bacteria which caused American foulbrood, and named it "Bacillus larvae". In 1950, a bacteria isolated from bee larvae and associated with the rare disease "powdery scale" was named "Bacillus pulvifaciens" by Katznelson. In 1993, both "B. larvae" and "B. pulvifaciens" were transferred to a new genus, "Paenibacillus". The two species were combined into a single species: "Paenibacillus larvae" in 1996, remaining differentiated as two subspecies: "P. larvae" ssp. "larvae" (formerly "Bacillus larvae") and "P. larvae" ssp. "pulvifaciens" (formerly "Bacillus pulvifaciens"). In 2006, the subspecies were eliminated based on spore morphology, biochemical profile and DNA testing, and when it was also demonstrated that experimental infection of honeybee larvae with the "pulvifaciens" subspecies caused American foulbrood signs without causing "powdery scale".
There are four strains of "P. larvae", named after their enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences. Strains I and II correspond to the former species of "Bacillus larvae", and strains III and IV correspond to the former species of "B. pulvifaciens".
Epidemiology.
"P. larvae" is found worldwide. Strain ERIC I is found worldwide, whereas ERIC II is found only in Europe. Strains ERIC III and IV are found in bacteriology archives and are considered practically unimportant.
American foulbrood.
"P. larvae" causes American foulbrood in honeybees. The most virulent strain of "P. larvae" is ERIC II, which can cause the death of all larvae in a hive within 7 days of infecting the colony.


Mooresville Mill Village Historic District

Mooresville Mill Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Mooresville, Iredell County, North Carolina. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
History of the site.
The mill village was built by the Mooresville Cotton Mills in the early 20th century to house local workers. Like many mill villages of the south, Mooresville Mill Village was a self-sufficient village within the town limits of Mooresville. Between 1902 and 1930, over 400 homes were built to provide housing for the influx of workers coming to work at the cotton mill.
A variety of floor plans were built over the time of construction. The earliest homes, shown on the 1902 and 1908 Sanborn maps of Mooresville, were mainly 3-room, T-shaped houses with front and back porches. In 1916–17, the mill added 4- and 5-room houses. Architectural styles represented are American Craftsman and Colonial Revival.
The village also provided boarding houses and services for its residents. A church, a school, a band hall, and stores all appear on the early Sanborn maps.