Ranheim Papirfabrikk

Ranheim Papirfabrikk AS was a Norwegian industrial company, which ran a paper factory with the same name at Ranheim, Trondheim, Norway.
The construction of it started in 1882, and it was opened as "Ranheims Cellulosefabrik" in 1884 by businessperson and politician Lauritz Jenssen, a son of Lauritz Dorenfeldt Jenssen who had bought the farm Ranheim and started developing industry there. The factory utilized water from the nearby river Vikelva. The factory also utilized an industrial railroad track, running off of the Nordland Line from Ranheim Station.
In 1891 it was changed from a cellulose factory to a paper factory, and the name changed accordingly. The founder's son Lauritz Jenssen Dorenfeldt, who worked there from 1884 to 1894, was important in this development. In 1894 the Jenssen family did not manage to run the factory any more, and the shares were taken over by Christian Christophersen.
The factory survived and was dominating in its field north of Dovrefjell, until the 1960s when it got a sizeable competitor in Nordenfjelske Treforedling. Ranheim Papirfabrikk became a part of Norske Skogindustrier in 1971. In 1983 the company was sold to the conglomerate M. Peterson & Søn, founded in 1801 in Moss. Following a later reorganization the production unit at Ranheim has been split in two; "Peterson Linerboard AS, Ranheim" and "Peterson Emballasje AS, Ranheim", parts the two main branches "Peterson Linerboard" and "Peterson Packaging" respectively. However the factory still exists.


Fromme-Birney Round Barn

The Fromme-Birney Round Barn near Mullinville, Kansas, United States, is a round barn that was built in 1912. The barn is 50 feet tall and 70 feet in diameter and built with 16 sides to appear round. It was built to house draft horses but the horses were eventually replaced by tractors as the years went on. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
The barn is now owned and operated by the Kiowa County Historical Society and is open daily for visits.


Jeremiah Watkins Clapp

Judge Jeremiah Watkins Clapp (September 24, 1814 – September 5, 1898) was an American lawyer, planter and politician. He owned cotton plantations in Mississippi and Arkansas, and he served as a judge in the Mississippi legislature from 1856 to 1858. An advocate of the Confederate States of America, he served in the First Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1864. During the American Civil War, he was in charge of Confederate cotton in Mississippi as well as sections of Alabama and Louisiana. After the war, he moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and he served in the Mississippi State Senate from 1878 to 1880.
Early life.
Jeremiah Watkins Clapp was born on September 24, 1814 in Abingdon, Virginia. His father, Dr Earl B. Clapp, was a surgeon from Virginia. His mother, Elizabeth Craig, was the daughter of Captain Robert Craig; she was of Scotch-Irish descent.
Clapp was educated at the Abingdon Academy. He graduated from Hampden–Sydney College in 1835. After clerking for J. W. C. Watson in Abingdon, he was admitted to the bar in 1839.
Career.
Clapp practised the Law in Abingdon, Virginia, from 1839 to 1841. He moved his practise to Holly Springs, Mississippi in 1841. He was also the owner of large Southern plantations with African slaves in Mississippi and Arkansas.
Clapp was a Whig until 1850, when he joined the States' Rights Party. From 1856 to 1858, he served as a judge in the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing Marshall County, Mississippi. During the 1860 presidential campaign, he was an elector for John C. Breckinridge's campaign.
At the outset of the Civil War, Clapp attended the Mississippi Secession Convention in favor of the Confederate States of America. He represented the state of Mississippi in the First Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1864.
To assist the Confederate States Army, Clapp was asked by Christopher Memminger, the Confederate Secretary of the Treasury, to oversee cotton production in Mississippi as well as parts of Alabama and Louisiana. Clapp would ensure that cotton be turned into Confederate uniforms and sent to Richmond, Virginia, where General Richard Taylor distributed them. Clapp served in this capacity until Union General Edward Canby forced him to hand over the cotton in New Orleans, Louisiana. Meanwhile, Clapp turned down Canby's offer to serve in the same capacity for the Union Army.
Clapp moved his legal practise to Memphis, Tennessee in 1866. During the 1876 presidential election, he was an elector for Samuel J. Tilden. From 1878 to 1880, he served in the Mississippi State Senate.
Personal life.
Clapp married Evelina D. Lucas, the daughter of Colonel P. W. Lucas, in May 1843. They resided at Oakleigh, a mansion built for them in Holly Springs, Mississippi in 1858, and later in Memphis. They had eight children, including W. L. Clapp, who served as the Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1887 to 1891, and as the Mayor of Memphis, Tennessee from 1895 to 1898.
Clapp became a Master Mason in Abingdon, Virginia in 1836. He attended the Presbyterian church in Holly Springs, and the Second Presbyterian Church in Memphis.
Death.
Clapp died on September 5, 1898 in Memphis, Tennessee. He was buried at the Elmwood Cemetery.


Royal Bath and West Show

The Royal Bath and West is an agricultural show for the West of England. Held every year at its permanent show ground near Shepton Mallet, Somerset, it is one of a number of County shows in the United Kingdom and is a four-day show. In 2009 and 2010 it attracted over 155,000 people.
Background.
The Royal Bath and West Show is organised and run by the Royal Bath and West of England Society. It was founded in 1777 in Bath by a group of philanthropists led by Edmund Rack, and is now a registered charity organisation (1039397). The Society was formed with the aims of encouraging agriculture, arts, manufacture and commerce.
The show.
The annual show was initiated at Taunton in 1852 and was originally peripatetic. It was held on Durdham Down in Bristol in 1886 and again in 1921. Latterly it was held in Bath in 1912 and 1927.
The Royal Bath & West Show aims to celebrate all aspects of farming and rural life, from the best of British livestock to the latest technological innovations in the farming industry. The show offers shopping, food halls, floral marquee, rural crafts, country pursuits, dog show, equestrian competitions and arena displays. The show also attracts over 1,000 trade stands.
It is set in a permanent showground, with a show ring with a 1,200-seater grandstand and complete with its own steam model railway, a canoeing lake and a professional 4x4 off-road track.
Royal visitors.
Every year a member of the Royal Family visits the show. In 2008, Princess Anne visited the show, and in 2009 the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall both attended; the Prince of Wales had last visited the show in 1991. In 2010, the Countess of Wessex become the new Vice Patron of the Royal Bath and West Society. The Queen Mother and Queen Elizabeth II have also visited the show in past years.
21st century.
2009 show.
The 2009 Royal Bath & West Show was held from Wednesday 27 May to Saturday 30 May. Mortimer’s Farm won Supreme Champion Beef Animal with their Charolais bull ‘Mortimer’s Eurovision’.
The Imagineering Fair won the Gold Medal for the best feature in Show with its display of aircraft and vehicles celebrating the 100 Years of Naval Aviation.
The Smelliest Cheese competition was won by Charles Martell, the maker of the Stinking Bishop. The Champion Cheese in the Dairy Produce section, which was a block of Davidstow Cheddar made by Dairy Crest, was brought by R H Longman for £1000.
The Cannon Ball Man, the Band of the Brigade of Gurkhas and the French ornithologist Christian Moullec with his geese, were all features of the show.
2010 show.
The 2010 Royal Bath and West show took place from 2 to 5 June. Over 155,000 visitors attended, highlights included the Red Devils Parachute Display team and skilled displays from the Avon & Somerset Mounted and Dog Handling Sections. Over 2,400 Pigs, Sheep, Goats and Cattle and 2,000 horses were in competition. For the first time ever a Ladies Day took place on Friday 4 June.


Affenpinscher

The Affenpinscher, also known as the Monkey Terrier, is a terrier-like toy Pinscher breed of dog.
History.
The breed is German in origin and dates back to the seventeenth century. The name is derived from the German "Affe" (ape, monkey). The breed predates and is ancestral to the Griffon Bruxellois (Brussels Griffon) and Miniature Schnauzer.
Dogs of the Affenpinscher type have been known since about 1600, but these were somewhat larger, about 12 to 13 inches, and came in colors of gray, fawn, black, tan, and red. White feet and chests were also common. The breed was created to be a ratter, working to remove rodents from kitchens, granaries, and stables.
Banana Joe V Tani Kazari (AKA Joe), a five-year-old Affenpinscher, was named Best in Show at the 2013 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in New York City. This win is notable since it is the first time this breed has won Best in Show at Westminster.
Description.
Appearance.
An Affenpinscher generally weighs and stands tall at the withers. It has a harsh rough coat when it is not clippered and if clippered it can be softer and fluffier. It has a notable monkey-like expression ("Affe" means monkey in German). Its coat is shaggier over the head and shoulders forming a mane, with a shorter coat over the back and hind quarters. It is harsh and wiry in texture when properly maintained. The FCI and KC breed standards specifies that the coat must be black, but the AKC also allows grey, silver, red, black and tan, and belge (a mixture of red, brown, black and white hairs); other clubs have their own lists of acceptable colors, with black being the preference. The tail is sometimes docked, but in places like Europe, it is illegal.
Temperament.
Affenpinschers have a distinct appearance that some associate with terriers. They are different from terriers, however, in that they are actually part of the "Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers" in the FCI classification and so often get along with other dogs and pets. They are active, adventurous, curious, and stubborn, but they are also fun-loving and playful. The breed is confident, lively, affectionate towards family members and is also very protective of them. This loyal little dog enjoys being with its family. It needs consistent, firm training since some can be quite difficult to housebreak. This type of dog easily becomes bored, so training should be varied. The affenpinscher has a terrier-like personality.
Affenpinschers are somewhat territorial when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children. This dog is mostly quiet, but can become very excited if attacked or threatened, and shows no fear toward any aggressor.
Lifespan.
A small sample (N=21) of affenpinschers in a UK survey had a median lifespan of 11.4 years, which is a typical lifespan for a purebred dog, but a bit lower than most breeds of their size. The most common causes of death were old age (24%), urologic (19%), and "combinations" (14%).
The affenpinscher is prone to hip dysplasia. As with many small breeds of dog, they are prone to collapsed trachea and luxating patella. Some are prone to fractures, PDA, open fontanel and respiratory problems in hot weather. Ocular conditions such as cataracts are occasionally reported. An emerging concern is syringomyelia, although the incidence is currently unknown.
Shedding.
Affenpinschers often appear on lists of dogs that allegedly do not shed (moult). Every hair in the dog coat grows from a hair follicle, which has a three phase cycle, as do most mammals. These cycles are: "anagen", growth of normal hair; "catagen", growth slows, and hair shaft thins; "telegen", hair growth stops, follicle rests, and old hair falls off—is shed. At the end of the telegen phase, the follicle begins the cycle again. The length of time of the growing and shedding cycle varies by breed, age, and by whether the dog is an inside or outside dog.
Frequent grooming reduces the amount of loose fur in the environment.


Philip Morris USA

Philip Morris USA is the American tobacco division of the American tobacco corporation Altria Group.
History.
Creation.
The company's namesake Philip Morris was born in Whitechapel, United Kingdom in 1835, the son of a recent immigrant from Germany who had taken the name Bernard Morris. In 1847, the family opened a shop in London. The first cigarettes that Philip Morris made were in 1854 and were known as "Philip Morris English Ovals," a non-filter brand of oval-shaped cigarettes that were manufactured in very limited quantities until discontinuation in 2017.
Early years.
In 1902, Philip Morris & Co. Ltd. was incorporated in New York City. George J. Whelan bought the American division of the company in 1919 and created Philip Morris & Co. Ltd., Inc., along with fellow shareholders Reuben M. Ellis and Leonard B. McKitterick.
In 1929, the company made its first cigarettes in Richmond, using an existing factory the company purchased. In 1933, this factory was racially integrated more than 30 years before the law required it. In 1938, the company offered preferred stock to ordinary buyers.
In 1924, Philip Morris began advertising Marlboros specifically to women. The cigarettes had "new cork-tip filters housed in a flip-top box with a red roof design."
Radio and television sponsorship.
In 1933, the company and its advertising agency, Milton Biow, searched for a "living trademark" to represent their brand, and chose Johnny Roventini, a midget bellhop at the Hotel New Yorker. Roventini called out the catchphrase "Call for Philip Morris!" in live appearances, and on the radio. The Philip Morris-backed radio programs, including, "It Pays to Be Ignorant", "The Kate Smith Show" and "This Is Your Life", all began with the phrase "Johnny presents", and Roventini's "Call for Philip Morris!"
From 1951 to 1955, Philip Morris sponsored the CBS sitcom "I Love Lucy", with Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz pitching the product often, and Philip Morris controlling the content of the program. In 1955, Philip Morris became an alternate sponsor with Procter & Gamble, eventually bowing out altogether by the end of that year.
Acquisitions.
In 1970, Philip Morris made the first of several acquisitions with the purchase of Miller Brewing Company. In 1985, Philip Morris Companies Inc. became a holding company and the parent of Philip Morris Inc. and bought General Foods. The acquisition of Kraft Foods came in 1988, after which Kraft and General Foods became Kraft General Foods.
Although it had begun investing in the homebuilder by 1969, Philip Morris purchased Southern California's Mission Viejo Company in its entirety for $52 million during 1972. Philip Morris continued to hold on to this investment until 1997, finally selling the division off to J.F. Shea Company.
In the 1970s, in response to smokers’ health concerns, Philip Morris introduced the “Light” cigarette - which was later found to be no safer than any others.
In 1976, Marlboro became the leading brand in the U.S.; Morris operated as the largest seller of tobacco in the U.S. and the second-largest in the world.
In 2001, Kraft Foods launched an initial public offering (IPO) for 11.1% of the company that took in $8.7 billion, making it the second-largest IPO in American history at the time.
In 2002, Miller Brewing and South African Breweries became SABMiller, the second-largest maker of beer in the world, though Philip Morris kept an interest in the merged company.
Altria.
On January 27, 2003, Philip Morris Companies Inc. changed its name to Altria Group, Inc. Even under this new name, Altria continues to own 100% of Philip Morris USA (abbreviated PM USA).
In the fall of 2003, Philip Morris USA moved its headquarters from New York City to Richmond, Virginia. On March 30, 2007, the remaining 88.9% stake in Kraft Foods was spun off to shareholders. Philip Morris International was split from Philip Morris USA in March 2008. This has caused a drop in the needed cigarette production due to no need for export product. Philip Morris shut down its Concord, North Carolina, manufacturing facility in 2010 and moved all domestic production to Richmond, which now contains the largest Philip Morris plant in the world, producing 146 billion cigarettes in 2010.
In 2010, the FDA banned the use of “Light” for ventilated cigarettes because it misrepresented the products as a healthier cigarette, and Philip Morris switched to using colors to brand them to circumvent the rule.
Brands.
Philip Morris USA brands include Marlboro, Virginia Slims, Benson & Hedges, Merit, Parliament, Alpine, Basic, Cambridge, Bucks, Dave's, Chesterfield, Collector's Choice, Commander, Lark, L&M, Players. As of the 27 of December, 2018, Philip Morris also owns a minority stake in JUUL.


Record (agricultural vehicles)

Record A.E.B.E. (brand also spelled in Greek as Ρεκόρ) was the name of a Greek company producing agricultural machinery and vehicles, founded in Heraklion, Crete in 1957 and dissolved in 1999.
Its products have included walking tractors (since 1958), a family of characteristic Greek three-wheel vehicles combining truck and tractor functions (since 1966), "proper" tractors (since 1970) and four-wheel trucks (since 1978); mechanical equipment like clutches and gearboxes for use in its vehicles were also produced. Its main market was Greece, although some of its walking tractors were also exported. Annual vehicle production in the late 1970s and early 1980s averaged 500 units.
The most advanced models were the 1970 "ΓΣ 7" tractor, which used 18-26 hp "Ruggerini" Diesel engines, and the 1980 "GS 2000" truck, which used a 1,400 cc, 55 hp Peugeot Diesel engine. This fibreglass-bodied truck could carry two tonnes and featured a cab design clearly influenced by those of contemporary Japanese models, in particular the first generation Mitsubishi Delica.


History of agriculture in Cheshire

Agriculture has historically been the primary industry of the English county of Cheshire. Dairy farming has predominated, and the county was particularly known for cheese-making.
Prehistoric era.
The area now forming Cheshire was sparsely populated during the entire prehistoric period compared with southern England. The earliest archaeological evidence of farming dates from the Early Neolithic period (4000–3001 BC); excavations at Oversley Farm near Styal found remains of burnt cereals associated with an Early Neolithic rectangular timber structure. Burnt grain found at Tatton in association with post holes and flint artefacts dated to 3500–2900 BC has been interpreted as a transitory farming settlement. Local historian W.J. Varley speculates that the earliest Neolithic farmers cleared the forest to cultivate emmer wheat and barley using mattocks of bone or stone, and herded oxen, goats, sheep and pigs using dogs; they lacked ploughs and horses.
The absence of lime-rich basic soils and the high rainfall might have delayed Cheshire's agricultural exploitation compared with the adjacent areas of North Wales and the Peak District, with light soils overlaying sand, gravel or sandstone being cultivated before poorly drained clay soils. In the Bronze Age, agricultural usage was largely concentrated on uplands in the Pennine fringe in the east of the county and the Mid Cheshire Ridge. This trend continued during the Iron Age, although there were some scattered lowland farmsteads such as at Bruen Stapleford.
Roman occupation.
Pollen analysis suggests extensive forest clearance had occurred by or during the Roman period, although there is little evidence that the land was cultivated; felling could have been necessary to fuel the salt industry. Only limited evidence of Roman field systems has been found in the county; possible examples include Longley Farm, Kelsall, Pale Heights, Eddisbury and Somerford Hall, near Congleton. Spelt was grown at the Roman settlement of Wilderspool and a farmstead has been excavated at Birch Heath, Tarporley. Querns have been discovered at the settlement at Saltney, near the legionary fortress of Deva (Chester); the site has been suggested to have grown cereals for the garrison, although the heavy clay soil makes this less likely. Corn-drying ovens were installed at Cheshire's only known Roman villa at Eaton by Tarporley.
Domesday survey.
The Domesday survey of 1086 forms the first documentary evidence for agriculture in the county. The county continued to be sparsely populated at this date compared with southern England and the South Midlands. The total population has been estimated to lie between 10,500 and 11,000, with a population density ranging from almost uninhabited in the east of the county to 20 per square mile in the Wirral and the valleys of the Dee, Gowy and Weaver. The county contained around 490 hides of farmed land, mainly in the west, where "hide" refers to a variable area probably equivalent to the land that could support a household. A total of 935 ploughlands was recorded, although there were only 456 plough teams. One interpretation of these figures is that only around 50% of the available arable land was in cultivation at the time of the survey, perhaps because much of the county had made only a limited recovery from the devastation caused by William I's suppression of the Mercian uprisings sixteen years previously. An alternative view is that some land had not previously been taxed.
At the time of the Domesday survey, mixed subsistence farming was the norm. The main crops grown were wheat, barley, oats and peas. Very little meadow was recorded in the Domesday survey; the majority lay in river valleys and probably represented water meadows. Though not mentioned in the survey, cattle, pigs and sheep were presumably the main livestock at this date.
Medieval and Tudor periods.
In the 12th century, the area was described as being "unproductive of cereals, especially of corn". During the 12th to 14th centuries, the main crops were barley, oats and rye, with wheat also being frequently grown. In the 15th and 16th centuries, barley and oats were grown across the county, with rye being largely concentrated in the south; wheat was also grown in some areas, although much of the land was unsuitable. Peas and beans were mainly grown in the north, and other crops included hemp and flax. The three-field system of crop rotation appears not to have been commonly used in the county, with irregular field systems taking its place, as in much of northern England. There is evidence for around 250 commonly held open fields across Cheshire, which were generally smaller than those in the Midlands, and used a two-field or multiple-field pattern. Oxen were usually preferred over horses for ploughing. Orchards were recorded in Chester in the 16th century. The designation of the three royal hunting forests of Mara and Mondrem, Macclesfield and Wirral, which at their height covered around 40% of the county, significantly slowed agricultural development within their boundaries. The rise in population during the 12th and 13th centuries created a need for increased agricultural output, and trees were cleared in the forests (assarting) and marsh reclaimed for use as arable land. Agricultural efficiency also improved during this period with, for example, the practice of applying a clay and lime mixture termed marl as a fertiliser from the early 13th century, earlier than in much of Britain. Marl pits were common in some parts of the county. Subsistence agriculture was gradually replaced by the trade of surplus produce at local markets and fairs.
By the early 14th century, cattle were frequently recorded straying in the hunting forests, and beef was exported from the county. There are records of dairy herds, for example at Macclesfield, in the mid-14th century. Large numbers of pigs were fed on acorns and nuts in the forests and woodland by right of pannage on payment of a fine, and pork was exported from the county in the 13th and 14th centuries. Although the adjacent counties of Shropshire and Staffordshire were important in wool production, Cheshire was probably never a significant sheep-farming area, although it probably produced sufficient wool for domestic use. Large sheep farms were concentrated in the hilly areas of Macclesfield Forest and in cleared areas of Delamere.
In Cheshire as elsewhere in England, clearance of land for agriculture was interrupted by the Black Death of 1348–51, when a substantial proportion of agricultural workers died. Small-scale enclosure of land for use as private arable fields or cattle pasture started in around the 15th century and escalated during the Tudor era, although town fields, remnants of the open-field system, remained until the late 18th or early 19th century. Towards the end of the 14th century, some arable land was converted into pasture. Although the three royal forests remained protected wooded areas, by the mid-15th century, some areas had been cleared for use as pasture, especially in the upland regions of Macclesfield Forest, and all the forests continued to be used to pasture pigs and goats. Although mixed farming remained the norm across the county throughout the medieval period, cattle farming increased during the 15th and early 16th centuries, with dairy cattle predominating in the south and west, and beef cattle in the north.
The dissolution of the monasteries saw the land farmed by the religious houses across the county being forfeit to the Crown between 1536 and 1540. Cheshire contained a higher proportion of monastic land than average, with most of the county's land belonging either to a monastery or to the Crown, and monastic land was in general well managed. St Werburgh's in Chester alone held 57 manors in Cheshire, and Vale Royal, Combermere and Norton also had considerable land holdings. Much of the land was sold or leased to lay members of the Cheshire gentry, creating large estates, although St Werburgh's holdings were used to endow the new cathedral.
17th century to the mid-19th century.
Cheese-making was already well established by the early years of the 17th century, when William Camden attested to the quality of the product:
In the mid-17th century, Cheshire cheese began to be sent by sea from Chester and Liverpool to the London market, and later to the North West. Subsequently, dairy farming and cheese production in the county expanded rapidly, becoming more commercialised. Farms started to pool their milk to make large cheeses for export in specialised dairies, a practice then sufficiently unusual to draw comment from travel-writer Celia Fiennes. By 1729, the trade with London has been estimated at 5,860 tons of cheese, and Cheshire cheese remained the leading brand on the London market until the mid-19th century. During this period, cheese continued to be made by hand, using traditional methods.
The Cheshire Agricultural Society met for the first time in 1838, with Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere as the first president.
Mid-to-late 19th century.
By 1850, Cheshire cheese was being overtaken in popularity by Cheddar from Somerset, and over the following decades there was also increasing competition from cheeses made in the Netherlands and America. Cheshire dairies began to adopt modern production practices pioneered by Somerset innovator, Joseph Harding, but were slow to adopt industrial cheese-making practices developed in America. The proximity to rapidly growing urban centres, together with the expanding railway network, also led to an increase in the production of milk during this period, although cheese remained the county's major dairy product.
Epidemics of cattle disease, including foot and mouth disease in 1839, several outbreaks of pleuropneumonia, and rinderpest (cattle plague) in 1865–66, led to the formation of numerous friendly societies and mutual associations to provide assistance to farmers; several were sponsored by the landowners of the county's major estates, particularly Cholmondeley, Crewe and Peckforton. A short-lived cattle insurance company was also established in Knutsford in 1865. The 1865–66 rinderpest epidemic affected much of England but was particularly devastating in Cheshire; entire herds died and the county's economy collapsed for 18 months.
The land use survey of 1877 recorded of farmland, of which was permanent grass and was arable land, with additionally of orchards, of market gardens and of nursery grounds.
In around 1870, John Marius Wilson's "Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales" described the agriculture of the county:
John Bartholomew's "Gazetteer of the British Isles" of 1887 described "numerous excellent dairy farms" producing the "celebrated Cheshire cheese", but also mentioned "extensive market gardens, the produce of which is sent to Liverpool, Manchester, and the neighbouring towns."
20th and 21st centuries.
Agriculture, especially dairy farming, continued to be Cheshire's primary industry during the 20th century, despite a substantial decline in the proportion of the workforce employed in the sector. The number of full-time agricultural workers halved between the 1920s and 1985, and the agricultural workforce has continued to decline into the 21st century. Agricultural earnings increased rapidly over the century, approaching pay in the industrial sector since the Second World War, reflecting an increase in skills required as farming practices were modernised. In 1921, the Cheshire School of Agriculture opened at Reaseheath, near Nantwich, offering tertiary-level education in agriculture for the first time.
By the early years of the century, milk was beginning to overtake cheese as the main dairy product, mainly to supply the large urban centres close to the county's borders. Milk production required more intensive farming practices; the introduction of tuberculin-tested milk in 1923 and the drive towards increased hygiene also led to changes, including the replacement of traditional shorthorn cattle with Ayrshires and later Friesians, and the gradual adoption of milking machines. Surplus milk production was a problem until the 1930s; it was a major concern of the local branch of the National Farmers Union, founded early in the century, until the creation of the Milk Marketing Board in 1933, which guaranteed a fair minimum price. Farm-based cheese production began to decline early in the century; in 1914 around 2,000 Cheshire farms still sold cheese, but this had fallen to 405 in 1939. In the mid-1920s, Cheshire cheese accounted for 30% of the non-imported domestic cheese market, second only to Cheddar, but competed poorly with imported cheese. In an attempt to improve its competitiveness with factory-made foreign cheeses, which were more uniform in quality, a grading scheme was introduced for Cheshire cheese towards the end of the 1920s; this voluntary scheme was superseded from the 1930s by various compulsory national grading schemes. During the Second World War all cheese production was transferred to factories termed "creameries" and rationing meant that Cheshire cheese had to be reformulated to reduce its tendency to crumble when cut. The county's cheese-producing farms never recovered; they numbered 44 in 1948 and as few as 12 by 1974. Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 1923–24, 1952, 1960–61, 1967–68 and 2001 caused substantial losses to dairy farmers in the county.
Mechanisation of arable farming started during the First World War, in an attempt to increase efficiency due to the scarcity of labour, and continued during the depression of the interwar period, when low food prices sharply reduced farmers' profits. It accelerated with the outbreak of the Second World War, and continued since then. A total of of pasture were ploughed during the Second World War to increase the production of wheat, potatoes and root vegetables, with the Women's Land Army, school children, refugees and prisoners of war all contributing labour.
Early in the century there was agricultural diversification into market gardening, initially to produce vegetables and flowers for urban consumption. Soft fruit production increased after the 1960s, particularly with "pick-your-own" farms; container-grown plants also started to be produced. The number of specialised smallholdings, such as poultry farms, increased during the century.
In 1985 nearly were used for agriculture, a relatively small decrease from the figures for 1877, with around 8,500 farms. Six estates of over still survived, the largest being the Grosvenor Estate of approximately . In 2007, agricultural land had reduced to in 4,545 holdings; it still represented 70% of Cheshire's total area. The total workforce employed in farming was 8,744, with nearly half (47%) being part-time and 7% casual. The trend towards smallholdings was maintained with nearly half (47%) of all holdings being of less than , and almost two-thirds (66%) below ; only 7% were or above. The total number of cattle (both dairy and beef) in 2006 was 225,640, representing 23% of the breeding herds in the North-West of England; however, the number of dairy holdings was in steep decline, from 988 in 2002 to 716 in 2007.


Paul Lahaye

Paul Lahaye (19 April 1902 – 22 April 1983) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Batiscan, Quebec, he was a farmer and life insurance agent by career. From 1922 to 1949 he was secretary-treasurer of his regional school board. Between 1945 and 1948 he was secretary-treasurer of the municipality of Batiscan.
He was first elected at the Champlain riding in the 1958 general election. After serving his only term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, Lahaye was defeated in the 1962 election finishing in third place behind winner Jean-Paul Matte of the Liberal party and Origène Arvisais of the Social Credit party. Lahaye was also unsuccessful in another attempt to return to Parliament at the Rivière-du-Loup—Témiscouata riding in the 1965 election.


Burgundy wine

Burgundy wine ( or "") is wine made in the Burgundy region in eastern France, in the valleys and slopes west of the Saône, a tributary of the Rhône. The most famous wines produced here—those commonly referred to as "Burgundies"—are dry red wines made from pinot noir grapes and white wines made from chardonnay grapes.
Red and white wines are also made from other grape varieties, such as gamay and aligoté, respectively. Small amounts of rosé and sparkling wines are also produced in the region. Chardonnay-dominated chablis and gamay-dominated beaujolais are formally part of the Burgundy wine region, but wines from those subregions are usually referred to by their own names rather than as "Burgundy wines".
Burgundy has a higher number of ' (AOCs) than any other French region, and is often seen as the most '-conscious of the French wine regions. The various Burgundy AOCs are classified from carefully delineated ' vineyards down to more non-specific regional appellations. The practice of delineating vineyards by their ' in Burgundy goes back to medieval times, when various monasteries played a key role in developing the Burgundy wine industry.
Geography and climate.
The Burgundy region runs from Auxerre in the north to Mâcon in the south, or to Lyon if the Beaujolais area is included as part of Burgundy. Chablis, a white wine made from Chardonnay grapes, is produced in the area around Auxerre. Other smaller appellations near Chablis include Irancy, which produces red wines and Saint-Bris, which produces white wines from Sauvignon blanc.
There are 100 Appellations in Burgundy and these are classified into four quality categories. These are Bourgogne, village, premier cru and grand cru. Eighty-five miles southeast of Chablis is the Côte d'Or, where Burgundy's most famous and most expensive wines originate, and where all "Grand Cru" vineyards of Burgundy (except for chablis grand cru) are situated. The Côte d'Or itself is split into two parts: the Côte de Nuits which starts just south of Dijon and runs till Corgoloin, a few kilometers south of the town of Nuits-Saint-Georges, and the Côte de Beaune which starts at Ladoix and ends at Dezize-les-Maranges. The wine-growing part of this area in the heart of Burgundy is just long, and in most places less than wide. The area is made up of tiny villages surrounded by a combination of flat and sloped vineyards on the eastern side of a hilly region, providing some rain and weather shelter from the prevailing westerly winds. The best wines - from "grand cru" vineyards - of this region are usually grown from the middle and higher part of the slopes, where the vineyards have the most exposure to sunshine and the best drainage, while the "premier cru" come from a little less favourably exposed slopes. The relatively ordinary "village" wines are produced from the flat territory nearer the villages. The Côte de Nuits contains 24 out of the 25 red "grand cru" appellations in Burgundy, while all but one of the region's white "Grand Cru" wines are in the Côte de Beaune (the exception being Musigny blanc). This is explained by the presence of different soils, which favour pinot noir and chardonnay, respectively.
Further south is the Côte Chalonnaise, where again a mix of mostly red and white wines are produced, although the appellations found here such as Mercurey, Rully and Givry are less well-known than their counterparts in the Côte d'Or.
Below the Côte Chalonnaise is the Mâconnais region, known for producing large quantities of easy-drinking and more affordable white wine. Further south again is the Beaujolais region, famous for fruity red wines made from Gamay grapes.
Burgundy experiences a continental climate characterized by cold winters and hot summers. The weather is very unpredictable, with rains, hail, and frost all possible around harvest time. Because of this climate, vintages from Burgundy vary considerably.
History.
Archaeological evidence establishes viticulture in Burgundy as early as the second century AD, although the Celts may have been growing vines in the region previous to the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC. Greek traders, for whom viticulture had been practiced since the late Neolithic period, had founded Massalía in about 600 BC, and traded extensively up the Rhône valley, where the Romans first arrived in the second century BC. The earliest recorded praise of the wines of Burgundy was written in 591 by Gregory of Tours, who compared it to the Roman wine Falernian.
Monks and monasteries of the Roman Catholic Church have had an important influence on the history of Burgundy wine. The first known donation of a vineyard to the church was by king Guntram in 587, but the influence of the church became important in Charlemagne's era. The Benedictines, through their Abbey of Cluny founded in 910, became the first truly big Burgundy vineyard owner over the following centuries. Another order which exerted influence was the Cistercians, founded in 1098 and named after Cîteaux, their first monastery, situated in Burgundy. The Cistercians created Burgundy's largest wall-surrounded vineyard, the Clos de Vougeot, in 1336. More importantly, the Cistercians, extensive vineyard owners as they were, were the first to notice that different vineyard plots gave consistently different wines. They therefore laid the earliest foundation for the naming of Burgundy "crus" and the region's "terroir" thinking.
Since Burgundy is land-locked, very little of its wine left the region in Medieval times, when wine was transported in barrels, meaning that waterways provided the only practical means of long-range transportation. The only part of Burgundy which could reach Paris in a practical way was the area around Auxerre by means of the Yonne. This area includes Chablis, but had much more extensive vineyards until the 19th century. These were the wines referred to as "vin de Bourgogne" in early texts. The wines from Côte d'Or would then be called "(vin de) Beaune". These wines first became famous in the 14th century, during the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy in Avignon, which was reachable by Saône and Rhône after some overland transport. In the extravagance of the papal court, "Beaune" was generally seen as the finest wine, and better than anything available in Rome at that time.
The status of Burgundy wines continued in the court of the House of Valois, which ruled as Dukes of Burgundy for much of the 14th and 15th centuries. Their ban on the import and export of non-Burgundian wines, effectively shutting out the then popular wines of the Rhone Valley from north European markets, gave a considerable boost to the Burgundy wine industry. It was during this era that the first reliable references to grape varieties in Burgundy were made. Pinot noir was first mentioned in 1370 under the name Noirien, but it was believed to have been cultivated earlier than that, since no other grape variety associated with Medieval Burgundy is believed to have been able to produce red wines of a quality able to impress the papal court. On 6 August 1395, Duke Philip the Bold issued a decree concerned with safeguarding the quality of Burgundy wines. The duke declared the "vile and disloyal Gamay"—which was a higher-yielding grape than Pinot noir in the 14th century, as it is today—unfit for human consumption and banned the use of organic fertilizer (manure), which probably increased yields even further to the detriment of quality. High-quality white Burgundy wines of this era were probably made from Fromenteau, which is known as a quality grape in northeastern France in this time. Fromenteau is probably the same variety as today's Pinot gris. Chardonnay is a much later addition to Burgundy's vineyards.
In the 18th century, the quality of roads in France became progressively better, which facilitated commerce in Burgundy wines. The first "négociant" houses of the region were established in the 1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines.
After Burgundy became incorporated in the Kingdom of France, and the power of the church decreased, many vineyards which had been in the church's hands were sold to the "bourgeoisie" from the 17th century. After the French revolution of 1789, the church's remaining vineyards were broken up and from 1791 sold off. The Napoleonic inheritance laws then resulted in the continued subdivision of the most precious vineyard holdings, so some growers hold only a row or two of vines. This led to the emergence of "négociants" who aggregate the produce of many growers to produce a single wine. It has also led to a profusion of increasingly smaller, family-owned wineries, exemplified by the dozen-plus "Gros" family "domaines".
The awareness of the difference of quality and style of Burgundy wines produced from different vineyards goes back to Medieval times, with certain "climats" being more highly rated than others. An early author on this aspect of Burgundy wines was Denis Morelot with his "La Vigne et le Vin en Côte d'Or" from 1831. In 1855, the same year as the famous Bordeaux Wine Official Classification was launched, Dr. Jules Lavalle published an influential book, "Histoire et Statistique de la Vigne de Grands Vins de la Côte-d'Or", which included an unofficial classification of the Burgundy vineyards in five classes and which built on Morelot's book. In decreasing order, Lavalle's five classes were "hors ligne", "tête de cuvée", "1ère cuvée", "2me cuvée" and "3me cuvée". Lavalle's classification was formalized in modified form by the Beaune Committee of Agriculture in 1861, and then consisted of three classes. Most of the "first class" vineyards of the 1861 classification were made into "Grand Cru" "appellations d'origine contrôlées" when the national AOC legislation was implemented in 1936.
Burgundy wine has experienced much change over the past 75 years. Economic depression during the 1930s was followed by the devastation caused by World War II. After the War, the "vignerons" returned home to their unkempt vineyards. The soils and vines had suffered and were sorely in need of nurturing. The growers began to fertilize, bringing their vineyards back to health. Those who could afford it added potassium, a mineral fertilizer that contributes to vigorous growth. By the mid-1950s, the soils were balanced, yields were reasonably low and the vineyards produced some of the most stunning wines in the 20th century.
For the next 30 years, they followed the advice of renowned viticultural experts, who advised them to keep spraying their vineyards with chemical fertilizers, including potassium. While a certain amount of potassium is natural in the soil and beneficial for healthy growth, too much is harmful because it leads to low acidity levels, which adversely affect the quality of the wine.
As the concentration of chemicals in the soil increased, so did the yields. In the past 30 years, yields have risen by two-thirds in the "appellations contrôlées" vineyards of the Côte d'Or, from 29 hectoliters per hectare (hl/ha) (yearly average from 1951 to 1960) to almost 48 hl/ha (1982–91), according to a study by the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine. With higher yields came wines of less flavor and concentration. Within 30 years, the soils had been significantly depleted of their natural nutrients.
The period between 1985 and 1995 was a turning point in Burgundy. During this time, many Burgundian "" renewed efforts in the vineyards and gradually set a new course in winemaking, producing deeper, more complex wines. Today, the Burgundy wine industry is reaping the rewards of those efforts.
Wine characteristics and classification.
Burgundy is in some ways the most "terroir"-oriented region in France; immense attention is paid to the area of origin, and in which of the region's 400 types of soil a wine's grapes are grown. As opposed to Bordeaux, where classifications are producer-driven and awarded to individual "chateaux", Burgundy classifications are geographically-focused. A specific vineyard or region will bear a given classification, regardless of the wine's producer. This focus is reflected on the wine's labels, where appellations are most prominent and producers' names often appear at the bottom in much smaller text.
The main levels in the Burgundy classifications, in descending order of quality, are: "Grand crus, Premier crus", village appellations, and finally regional appellations:
Chablis wines are labeled using a similar hierarchy of "Grand Cru, Premier Cru", and Village wines, plus "Petit" Chablis as a level below Village Chablis. Wines from Beaujolais are treated still differently.
In general, producers are always allowed to declassify their wine in steps to a lower-ranked AOC if they wish to do so. Thus, a wine from a "Grand Cru" vineyard may be sold as a "Premier Cru" from that vineyard's village, a "Premier Cru" wine may be sold as a Village wine, and so on. This practice will almost invariably mean the declassified wine will have to be sold at a lower price, so this is only practiced when something is to be gained overall in the process. One motive may be to only include vines of a certain age in a "Grand" Cru wine, to improve its quality and raise its prestige and price, in which case the wine coming from younger vines may be sold as a "Premier Cru" at a lower price. Overall, such a practice may allow a producer to keep a higher average price for the wine sold.
In total, around 150 separate AOCs are used in Burgundy, including those of Chablis and Beaujolais. While an impressive number, it does not include the several hundred named vineyards ("lieux-dits") at the Village and "Premier Cru" level, which may be displayed on the label, since at these levels, only one set of appellation rules is available per village. The total number of vineyard-differentiated AOCs that may be displayed is well in excess of 500.
Production.
In 2003, the Burgundy vineyards (including Chablis but excluding Beaujolais) covered a total of . Côte d'Or as a whole, including Hautes Côtes de Beaune and Hautes Côtes de Nuits, covered , of which the heartland of Côte de Nuits covered and Côte de Beaune .
In 2000, Burgundy had a total of 3,200 wine "domaines" (compared to 50 in the early 19th century), of which 520 were in the department of Yonne, 1,100 in Côte-d'Or and 1,570 in Saône-et-Loir. Generally, the small growers sell their grapes to larger producers, merchants called "négociants", who blend and bottle the wine. The roughly 115 "négociants" who produce the majority of the wine only control around 8% of the area. Individual growers have around 67% of the area, but produce and market only around 25% of the wine. Some small wineries produce only 100–200 cases/year, while many producers make a few thousand cases/year.
Grower/producer-made wines can be identified by the terms "Mis en bouteille au domaine", "Mis au domaine", or "Mis en bouteille à la propriété". The largest producer is Maison Louis Latour in Beaune with 350,000 cases/year. The "négociants" may use the term "Mis en bouteille dans nos caves" (bottled in our cellars), but are not entitled to use the estate-bottled designation of the grower/producers. Most "négociants" tend to use the term "Mis en bouteille par..." (bottled by...).
Grape varieties.
Of the white grapes, Chardonnay is the most common. Another grape found in the region, Aligoté, tends to produce cheaper wines which are higher in acidity. Aligoté from Burgundy is the wine traditionally used for the Kir drink, where it is mixed with black currant liqueur. Sauvignon blanc is also grown in the Saint Bris appellation. Chablis, Mâcon wines and the Côte d'Or whites are mostly produced from 100% Chardonnay grapes.
Of the red grapes, the majority of production in the Côte d'Or is focused on the Pinot noir grape, while the Gamay grape is grown in Beaujolais. In the Côte de Nuits region, 90% of the production is red grapes.
Rules for the red Burgundy appellations, from regional to "Grand Cru" level, generally allow up to 15% of the white grape varieties Chardonnay, Pinot blanc and Pinot gris to be blended in, but this is not widely practiced today.
Reputation and appreciation.
Burgundy is home to some of the most expensive wines in the world, including those of Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Domaine Leroy, Henri Jayer, Domaine Leflaive and Domaine Armand Rousseau.
Its renown goes back many centuries; in 1522 Erasmus wrote: "O happy Burgundy which merits being called the mother of men since she furnishes from her mammaries such a good milk" This was echoed by Shakespeare, who refers in King Lear to "the vines of France and milk of Burgundy".
British wine critic Jancis Robinson emphasizes, "price is an extremely unreliable guide" and "what a wine sells for often has more to do with advertising hype and marketing decisions than the quality contained in the bottle." While "Grand Crus" often command steep prices, village level wines from top producers can be found at lower price points.
In 2010, the Burgundy region experienced a notable increase in internet coverage thanks to official efforts like the online broadcast of the famous "Hospices de Beaune", as well as the efforts of independent wine aficionados, such as "Bourgogne Live". Some burgundies are also increasingly valued as investment wines.
Fans of Burgundy wine have been organizing events celebrating its virtues for decades. The most famous of these is "La Paulée de Meursault".


English Bread and Yeast Cookery

English Bread and Yeast Cookery is an English cookery book by Elizabeth David, first published in 1977. The work consists of a history of bread-making in England, improvements to the process developed in Europe, an examination of the ingredients used and recipes of different types of bread.
Background and writing history.
The food writer Elizabeth David had published six books and several booklets before 1977. Her first works had been about the foods of the Mediterranean, France and Italy, but she had also begun to write about English cuisine; her first book on the subject was the 1970 work "Spices, Salt and Aromatics in the English Kitchen".
"English Bread and Yeast Cookery" was David's second book on English food, which she spent five years researching and writing. Some of the research was undertaken with Jill Norman, her friend and publisher. She was angered by the standard of bread in Britain and wrote:
What is utterly dismaying is the mess our milling and baking concerns succeed in making with the dearly bought grain that goes into their grist. Quite simply it is wasted on a nation that cares so little about the quality of its bread that it has allowed itself to be mesmerized into buying the equivalent of eight and a quarter million large white factory-made loaves every day of the year.
In the book, David reproduced a newspaper cartoon published during a bakers' strike in 1974, showing one housewife telling another, "I've been giving them sliced bathroom sponge, and they haven't noticed yet."
Book.
The work covered the history of bread-making in England and an examination of each ingredient used. David follows the pattern of "Spices, Salt and Aromatics in the English Kitchen", devoting the first part of the book to history and the second to recipes. Reviewing the new book, the food writer Jane Grigson wrote "Mrs. David gives the history of wheat and milling … She goes into weights and cost from the establishment in 1266 of the Assize of Bread up to present-day regulations, with a separate chapter on costing your own bread vis-à-vis bought loaves."
In the second part, David devotes chapters to recipes for various forms of baking. Bread comes first, followed by recipes for, among many other things, buns, yeast cakes, soda-bread, brioches, croissants, "pain au chocolat" and pizza. As in her earlier books, the recipes are interspersed with excerpts from earlier authors, including Fernand Braudel, Auguste Escoffier, and the painter John Constable.
Contents.
The following list refers to the 1977 edition.
Release and reception.
In 1977 David was badly injured in a car accident—sustaining a fractured left elbow and right wrist, a damaged knee cap and a broken jaw—from which she took a long time to recover. "English Bread and Yeast Cookery" was published while she was in hospital. Its scholarship won high praise, and Jane Grigson, writing in "The Times Literary Supplement", suggested that a copy of the book should be given to every marrying couple.
In "The Observer", Hilary Spurling called the book "a scathing indictment of the British bread industry" and also "a history of virtually every development since Stone Age crops and querns". Spurling rejoiced in the range of David's recipes, and thought the book was done with "orderliness, authority, phenomenal scope and fastidious attention to detail". Roger Baker, reviewing in "The Times" wrote "This is probably Mrs. David's most academic work yet. However, not one ounce of the familiar charm, good sense, asperity (reserved for modern commercial white bread), clarity or warmth is missing."
Publishing history.
The book was published by Allen Lane in hardback and Penguin Books in paperback, with reprints in 1978 and 1979. The first American edition was published by Viking Press in 1980, and a rewritten American edition was published by Penguin in 1982. In 1995, Biscuit Books of Newton, Mass. published a new American edition. A new edition was published in London by Grub Street books in 2010.


J. P. Chenet

JP Chenet is a French wine brand, produced by Les Grands Chais de France since 1984. The brand is bottled with a curved bottleneck. It claims the title of most sold French wine in the world, with a distribution in more than 160 countries.
History.
In 1984, Les Grands Chais de France (GCF Group) conceived of a branded bottle consisting of characteristic curved bottleneck and a large body. Calling the bottle design "Josephine", its manufacture required the adaptation of existing industrial tools. The new brand was named J. P. Chenet.
The first JP Chenet bottle went on sale in 1984. In 1987 a sweeter white, Vin de Pays des Côtes de Thau, and a rosé, Cinsault Vin de Pays d’Oc, were added to the range.
In 1992 the brand had sold 400,000 cases of 9 litres. The brand launched a line of 25cl wines in 1994. Beginning in 1996 JP Chenet added two wines aged in barrels: Merlot-Cabernet and Chardonnay. A 3 litre bag-in-box was launched in 2000.
In 2004 7.4 million boxes of 9 litres were sold, and JP Chenet launched a range of sparkling wines available in 750 ml and 200 ml. In 2005, the brand revised its packaging for 750ml and 250ml. Also in 2005, the Joséphine bottle was engraved with the brand’s logo for the entire wine range. In 2008 the Classic range was revamped. In 2009, JP Chenet launched a flavoured wine called Fashion.
In 2011 JP Chenet launched wine in a range of 18.7cl PET containers. JP Chenet that year also launched a range called Terroir offering characteristic AOP grape varieties.
The company launched a limited edition Cabernet-Syrah and Merlot in 2012, and launched JP Chenet ice, a sparkling wine, in 2014.


Jason Barber

Jason Barber (born 1966) is an English farmer. Owning a farm in Beaminster, Dorset, he is the creator of Black Cow Vodka, which is cited as the "world's first milk vodka".
Career.
Jason Barber was born in 1966, operates a dairy farm in Beaminster, Dorset; the farm was previously run by Barber's father, who gave the job to him in 2000. Barber would be the 6th generation of farmers in his family, dating back to the start of the 19th century.
Barber is married to Sally. They have two sons.
Black Cow Vodka.
Black Cow Vodka was created by Jason Barber and Paul Archard, through a trial and error process that took approximately five years. Barber had been inspired by the drink Araka, an alcoholic form of fermented mare's milk used by Genghis Khan and his armies. Araka, which is still made today, is approximately 7% ABV and more akin to a beer.
The vodka is made using whey, as it is high in lactose and sugars to convert to alcohol with a specific yeast that will react with lactose. The product is triple filtered, including through a carbon made from coconut husk. After distillation, the product comes out at 48% ABV, at which point they process the liquid into Black Cow Vodka. The final concentration of the product is 40% ABV. In total, of milk are required to make of vodka.
The curds from the same milk are used to make "1833 cheddar" and "Black Cow Deluxe Cheddar", two other products from the same dairy farm, meaning that there is very little waste between the two processes. In 2016, the company produced 120,000 bottles of the vodka.


Arneis

Arneis is a white Italian wine grape variety originating from Piedmont, Italy. It is most commonly found in the hills of the Roero, northwest of Alba, where it is part of the white "Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita" (DOCG) wines of Roero. It can also be used to produce DOC wines in Langhe. Arneis (literally: little rascal, in Piemontese) is so called because it is regarded as a somewhat difficult variety to grow. It is a crisp and floral varietal, and has been grown for centuries in the region. The white wines made from the Arneis grape tend to be dry and full bodied with notes of pears and apricots.
History.
Wine historians disagree on how long Arneis has been growing in the Piedmont region and under what name. A potential root of the name Arneis in the Piemontese dialect, "renesi", makes an appearance in the description of several different grape varieties in the 15th century. Some historians believe that Arneis may be the Ranaysii grape that was documented in 1432 growing in the province of Turin around the village of Chieri. Around Canale in the province of Cuneo a Reneysium grape was documented in 1478. The first usage of the name "Arneis" appears in Italian ampelographer Count Giuseppe di Rovasenda's 1877 text where the grape was described as already being well established in Piedmont.
Despite sharing several similar synonyms, Arneis has no genetic relationship to the notable Piedmontese red wine grape Nebbiolo but the two grapes do share a close historic relationship. For centuries the white Arneis grape was used to soften the tannins and harshness of Nebbiolo grape in the wines of the Barolo region, hence the common synonym of "Nebbiolo bianco", "Barolo bianco" or "white Barolo". In the vineyard, Arneis was often planted with Nebbiolo in a field blend with the aim of having the sweet scent of ripe Arneis berries attract birds and keep them away from the more valuable Nebbiolo clusters.
In the 20th century, as Barolo producers begun focusing on 100% varietal Nebbiolo, acreage steadily declined almost to the point where the variety was on the verge of extinction. By the 1970s, only two producers were making any kind of Arneis, Bruno Giacosa and Vietti. The 1980s saw a renaissance in interest for white Piedmont wines and plantings began to increase. By 2000, there were . By 2006 the number of plantings of Arneis declined to around nearly all found in the Roero and Langhe region of Piedmont.
Wine regions.
Arneis is found primarily in the Italian wine region of Piedmont where it is featured in the white DOC/G wines of Roero and Langhe. It is permitted as a blending grape in the red Nebbiolo based wines of Roero but its use in this capacity is today rarely seen. In 2004, nearly 1 million gallons (38,000 hectoliters) of DOC designated Arneis was produced in these two regions. Outside of Piedmont, limited plantings of the grape can be found in Liguria and on the Italian island of Sardinia.
In the United States, Arneis is mostly found in California wine region of Sonoma County and the Oregon wine region of the Willamette Valley. Other American Viticultural Areas with some plantings of the grape include the Mendocino, Russian River Valley, Paicines and Santa Ynez Valley AVAs. It is also being grown in Willcox, Arizona. In the 21st century, plantings of Arneis have begun appearing the Australian wine regions of Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales as well as the New Zealand wine region of Gisborne in the North Island.
Viticulture and winemaking.
The Arneis vine can be a difficult grape to cultivate, with naturally low acidity and tendency to get over ripe if it is harvested after September. Additionally, the vine is prone to powdery mildew though recent cloning research has begun to isolate clones of Arneis that have more tolerance to mildew. The vine's propensity for low crop yields and for the wine to oxidize easily, contributed to its steady decline in the early to mid 20th century. Better understanding of the variety in the later half of the century helped revive the variety as winemakers found that the chalky, sandy soils around Roero gave the grapes more acidity and structure while Arneis grapes planted in sandy clay soil developed an elegant and exotic perfume.
Arneis historical role has been as a softening for Nebbiolo, though today the grape is more commonly seen as a varietal wine. Wines fermented and/or aged in oak will be more full bodied while unoaked Arneis can have more aromatics and perfume. Arneis has the potential to produce highly perfumed wines with aromas of almonds, apricots, peaches, pears and hops. Some producers make a late harvest "passito" Arneis.
Synonyms.
Arneis is also known under the synonyms Bianchetta, Bianchetta d'Alba, Bianchetta di Alba, Bianchetto, Bianchetto Albese, Bianchetto di Alba, Bianchetto di Verzuolo, and Nebbiolo bianco.


Jimmy Cooney (hurler)

Jimmy Cooney (born 28 July 1955) is an Irish former hurler who played as a left corner-back for the Galway senior team.
Born in Bullaun, County Galway, Cooney first arrived on the inter-county scene when he made his senior debut in the 1979 championship. Cooney went on to play a key part for Galway for a brief period, and won one All-Ireland medal. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.
As a member of the Connacht inter-provincial team at various times, Cooney won one Railway Cup medal in 1980. At club level he is a one-time Connacht medallist with Sarsfields. In addition to this he also won two championship medals.
Throughout his career Cooney made 9 championship appearances. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1982 championship.
His brother, Joe, also had a lengthy career with Galway.
In retirement from playing, Cooney became an inter-county referee. He is best remembered for blowing the full-time whistle five minutes early during the All-Ireland semi-final between Offaly and Clare in 1998, prompting Offaly fans to stage a sit down protest in Croke Park. Clare were winning at the time, however, Offaly won the subsequent re-fixture.
Playing career.
Club.
Cooney enjoyed much success at club hurling with Sarsfields.
In 1980 Sarsfields qualified for the final of the senior championship for the first time in history, with Cooney lining out at midfield. The free-taking of Michael Mulkerrins secured a narrow 0–11 to 0–9 defeat of Meelick-Eyrecourt and a Galway Senior Hurling Championship medal for Cooney. He later added a Connacht medal to his collection following a convincing 4–12 to 0–5 defeat of Tremane.
Almost a decade later Sarsfields were back in the championship decider once again. A 3–7 to 1–8 defeat of Athenry gave Cooney a second championship medal.
Three years later in 1992 Cooney was in the twilight of his club career. He won an All-Ireland medal as a non-playing substitute following a 1–17 to 2–7 defeat of Kilmallock.
Inter-county.
Cooney made his senior championship debut for Galway on 1 July 1979 in a 1–23 to 3–10 defeat of Laois in the All-Ireland quarter-final. He was an unused substitute for the subsequent All-Ireland final defeat by Kilkenny.
In 1980 Cooney was a regular member of the starting fifteen as Galway reached the All-Ireland decider once again. Limerick provided the opposition on this occasion and an exciting championship decider followed. Bernie Forde and P. J. Molloy goals for Galway meant that the men from the west led by 2–7 to 1–5 at half-time. Éamonn Cregan single-handedly launched the Limerick counter-attack in the second-half. Over the course of the game he scored 2–7, including an overhead goal and a point in which he showed the ball to full-back Conor Hayes and nonchalantly drove the ball over the bar. It was not enough to stem the tide and Galway went on to win the game by 2–15 to 3–9. It was Galway's first All-Ireland title since 1923, with Cooney picking up a winners' medal and the celebrations surpassed anything ever seen in Croke Park.
1981 saw Galway reach a third consecutive All-Ireland final and Offaly were the opponents. Everything seemed to be going well for Cooney's side as Galway hoped to capture an unprecedented second consecutive All-Ireland title. Offaly 'keeper Damien Martin was doing great work in batting out an almost certain Galway goal early in the second-half. With twenty-three minutes left in the game Galway led by six points, however, they failed to score for the rest of the game. Johnny Flaherty hand-passed Offaly's second goal with just three minutes remaining. At the long whistle Galway were defeated by 2–12 to 0–15.
Cooney's last game for Galway was an All-Ireland semi-final defeat by Kilkenny in 1982.
Inter-provincial.
Cooney also lined out with Connacht in the inter-provincial series of games and enjoyed some success.
In 1979 Cooney was at left wing-back as Connacht reached the inter-provincial decider. A 1–13 to 1–9 defeat by Leinster was the result on that occasion. Cooney retained his place on the team in 1980 as Connacht faced Railway Cup specialists Munster in the decider. A low-scoring game followed, however, a 1–5 to 0–7 victory gave Connacht their first Railway Cup title since 1947. It was Cooney's sole winners' medal in the inter-pro competition.
Refereeing career.
In retirement from playing Cooney became an inter-county referee at the highest levels. One of the biggest assignments in the early stages of his career was as referee for Limerick's 4–16 to 2–17 defeat of Kilkenny in the All-Ireland decider in the intermediate grade in 1998.
On 22 August 1998, Cooney was assigned to referee the 1998 All-Ireland semi-final replay between Clare and Offaly at Croke Park. The match had been a fairly uneventful one for Cooney until the 68th minute when he sounded the long whistle to end the match. Clare had won by 1–16 to 2–10, however, it was only then that Cooney realised that he had ended the match two minutes early. Before he could restart the match he was bundled away by some security officials, while the Offaly supporters took to the Croke Park pitch to stage a sit-down protest. Offaly were subsequently granted a replay, which they won, while Cooney, who received death threats after the match, ended his inter-county refereeing career.


Henry Boyce

Henry Boyce (1797 – March 1, 1873) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.
Education and career.
Born in 1797 in Derry, Kingdom of Ireland, Boyce read law in 1820. He entered private practice in Bayou Leche, located in the eastern portion of modern day New Orleans, Louisiana, until 1824. He continued private practice in Alexandria, Louisiana from 1824 to 1828. He was a planter in Rapides Parish, Louisiana from 1828 to 1849. He was a Judge of the Louisiana District Court for the Sixth and Seventh Judicial Districts from 1834 to 1839. He was the United States Attorney for the Western District of Louisiana in 1849.
Federal judicial service.
Boyce received a recess appointment from President Zachary Taylor on May 9, 1849, to the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana, to a new seat authorized by 9 Stat. 401. He was nominated to the same position by President Taylor on December 21, 1849. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 2, 1850, and received his commission from President Millard Fillmore the same day. His service terminated on February 19, 1861, due to his resignation.
Later career and death.
Following his resignation from the federal bench, Boyce resumed the occupation of planter in Rapides Parish from 1861 to 1873. He was a member of the Louisiana State Legislature in 1865. He was elected to the United States Senate from Louisiana in 1865, however the Senate refused to seat him. He died on March 1, 1873, in Boyce, Louisiana, which was named in his honor.
Steamship explosion.
Boyce was among the survivors of the steamboat "Lioness" explosion that occurred on the Red River south of Natchitoches on May 19, 1833.
Family.
Boyce married Irene Archinard with whom he had two children, Henry Archinard Boyce and Louise Frances Boyce. Irene died when she was 22 years old. Boyce subsequently married Octavia Mullanphy Delaney of St. Louis, with whom he had one child Mary Boyce. Powhatan Henry Clarke, West Point graduate and Medal of Honor recipient, is his grandson.


Summerhill Pyramid Winery

Summerhill Pyramid Winery is a winery company based in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. Established in 1986 by the Cipes family, it is the most visited winery in British Columbia. It was the first winery to be certified an Organic Winery by the Pacific Agricultural Certification Society of Vernon The winery features a bistro which serves organic selections for lunch and dinner. The winery has also been certified as bio-dynamic by Demeter


Jens Rohde

Jens Rohde (born 18 April 1970) is a Danish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2014 until 2019. He was a member of the Danish Social Liberal Party, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. He is currently a member of the Christian Democrats.
Rohde represented the ALDE group in Parliament. Rohde was originally elected for Venstre, but on announced that he would be joining the Social Liberal Party, due to disagreement with Venstre's immigration and foreign policy.
In January 2021 Rhode left the Social Liberal Party. He is now a member of the Christian Democrats.
Political career.
National politics.
Between 1998 and 2005, Rohde represented Venstre in the Danish parliament, where he served as his parliamentary group's spokesperson on media policy.
Member of the European Parliament, 2009–2019.
In the 2014 European elections, Rohde was elected as a member of European Parliament. Between 2009 and 2014, he served as Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. From 2014, he was a member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, where served as the ALDE group's coordinator. In addition, he served as the ALDE group's shadow rapporteur for telecoms regulation.
In December 2015, Rohde moved to the Danish Social Liberal Party in protest at a proposal of the Rasmussen government to give immigration authorities the power to search asylum-seekers’ clothes and luggage and to seize valuables and cash.
In January 2021 Rhode left the Social Liberal Party.


Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture

The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture (M.S.P.A.) is one of the earliest agricultural societies in the United States. The Society was incorporated by an act of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on March 7, 1792. The Society's founding members included Samuel Adams, Charles Bulfinch, Timothy Pickering, Benjamin Lincoln, Christopher Gore, and Benjamin Guild.
History.
The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture was established to promote the study and experimentation of agricultural endeavors. The M.S.P.A. historically has given handsome premiums to individuals who made useful discoveries in the field and communicated these improvements to the general public.
Premiums.
The first premiums (prizes) offered by the MSPA were $50 for "the most satisfactory account of the natural history of the canker-worm" and $100 for the cheapest and most effective method of eradicating it. Premiums were also offered for the cultivation of wheat and other grains; the improvement of land, including the reclamation of salt marshes; the raising of trees; the greatest stock maintained on the least land; the best vegetable food for wintering stock; the most and best wool from a given number of sheep; the best process for making cider, maple sugar, butter, cheese, flax, and salted provisions; and for the best farm journals, manures, tree plantations, advances in ploughs and ploughing techniques, and farms in general.
Publications.
In 1813, the M.S.P.A. began publishing semi-annually the Massachusetts Agricultural Journal, which was discontinued in 1827 when the publication of various weekly farming journals supplanted the need for a semi-annual one.