Powersite Dam

Powersite Dam is a hydroelectric dam that went into service in 1913 in Forsyth, Missouri.
It is found along the White River, and the reservoir it forms is Lake Taneycomo. It was the first hydroelectric dam built in Missouri. Designed in 1911 by Nils F. Ambursen as the largest concrete buttress dam of its kind, the dam is still privately owned by the Empire District Electric Company.
Originally constructed to provide 4 megawatts of 25 hertz power, it has since been upgraded to provide 16 megawatts of 60 hertz power. Sixty hertz is now the standard frequency of electric power in North America, though the old 25 hertz power distribution was more efficient, having less losses.


Parli Thermal Power Station

Parali Thermal Power Plant is located at Parali Vaijnath in Beed district of Maharashtra. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of Maharashtra State Power Generation Company (Mahagenco).


Power station Berlin-Wilmersdorf

The power station Berlin-Wilmersdorf is a power plant which went into service in 1977 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf.
Construction of the facility, which belongs to the BEWAG, started in 1973.
At the time of construction, the three power engines are MS9001B gas turbines, manufactured in Belfort (France) by a cooperation between Alsthom and General Electric.
It has three blocks with a power of 110 megawatts, each equipped with a chimney. This very striking facility received an architectural prize in the 1980s. It is not located nearby a river and therefore must take its cooling water from underground. There was an explosion on January 2, 1992 in one of the blocks. It is run by Vattenfall Europe, a subdivision of Vattenfall.


Loch Sloy Hydro-Electric Scheme

The Sloy/Awe Hydro-Electric Scheme is a hydro-electric facility situated between Loch Sloy and Inveruglas on the west bank of Loch Lomond in Scotland.
The scheme was conceived by the Edinburgh architects Tarbolton & Ochterlony. Following Matthew Ochterlony's death in 1946, the scheme was progressed alone by Harold Tarbolton.
Construction began in May 1945, under the auspices of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board and was completed in 1949. The official opening ceremony took place on 18 October 1950 and was attended by Queen Elizabeth. The project claimed a new British small tunnelling record January 1951, after a distance of 278 ft was bored over a period of seven days.
Historic Scotland has designated the modernist power-station building and the dam as listed buildings of categories A and B respectively.
Twenty-one men lost their lives during the construction. The labour force also included some German prisoners-of-war.
The facility is operated by Scottish and Southern Energy, and is normally in standby mode, ready to generate electricity to meet sudden peaks in demand. It can reach full capacity within 5 minutes from a standing start.


Solapur Super Thermal Power Station

Solapur Super Thermal Power Station is under construction located at Fatatewadi and Aherwadi village in Solapur district in Indian state of Maharashtra. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPCL).
The water for the power project will be sourced from reservoir of Ujjani Dam on Bhima River.
Capacity.
The power station has a planned capacity of 1320 MW (2x660 MW). The first unit of Solapur Super Thermal power station was commissioned and declared commercial on 25 September 2017.
References.
6. Press Release (2012-06-02). Solapur Destined to become Power Hubs with arrival of NTPC Project
http://www.ntpc.co.in/en/media/press-releases/details/kudgi-and-solapur-destined-become-power-hubs-arrival-ntpc-projects


Neyveli Zero Lignite Power Station

The Neyveli Zero Lignite Power Station is an lignite based power station at Neyveli in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. The power station is owned by ST CMS Electric Company India Limited, which is a subsidiary of TAQA (also known as Abu Dhabi National Energy Company) which acquired it from Sharad Tak Power Systems in 2007.
Capacity.
The installed capacity of the power plant in "250 MW" (1x250 MW). There were allegation of corruption in granting of power plant to Sharad Tak Power Systems.


Mica Creek Power Station

Mica Creek Power Station is located 5 km south of Mount Isa in north-west Queensland, Australia. It was natural gas powered with 12 turbines of various sizes that generate a combined capacity of 318 MW of electricity. The power station is owned by state government owned Stanwell Corporation.
Mica Creek was originally coal-fired, with conversion to natural gas completed in 2000. Gas is sourced from the Cooper Eromanga Basin gas field via the 840 km Carpenteria Pipeline.
Mica Creek supplied electricity to mining companies in the region, as well as Mount Isa, Cloncurry, and the nearby region.
Current Status.
For more than 54 years, Mica Creek was the sole large-scale supplier of electricity to mining and residential communities in the State's north west.
In December 2014, a new power station was officially opened in Mount Isa. Customers of Mica Creek switched to the new power station when their power purchase agreements expired, with the exception of one mining customer. They will continue to receive power from Mica Creek until 2019.
At the end of 2014, the requirement for generation from Mica Creek was reduced to less than 100 MW, in line with the commissioning of Diamantina Power Station.
In December 2014, work began to put Mica Creek into a long-term configuration. The C1 and C2 units were placed in cold storage, leaving the power station with seven operational generating units.
The Mica Creek Power Station will be shut down at 8am on 1 January 2021 as the last of its contracts are completed. The Diamantina Power Station will ramp up as Mica Creek's load is gradually lowered.


Dhariwal Power Station

Dhariwal Power Station or CESC Chandrapur Thermal Power Station is a coal-based thermal power plant located at near Tadali town in Chandrapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The power plant is operated by Dhariwal Infrastructure Limited a subsidiary of CESC Limited.
Capacity.
It has an installed capacity of 600 MW (2x300 MW).


White Box Robotics

White Box Robotics was founded in 2000 by Thomas Burick.
In 2005, White Box was acquired by Frontline Robotics of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and in working together the company designed, developed, manufactured and launched the 914 PC-BOT the first of the 9-series robots, a general service robot designed for digital life in the home, at work and at play. Released to early market in December, 2006 and shown as part of the Digital Life Show in New York the 914 PC-BOT won "Best of Show: Future Technology" award.
In 2007 a strategic partnership between Heathkit and White Box Robotics, South Korea was formed to sell the HE-RObot a badge-engineered version of the 914 PC-Bot
In 2014 the PC-Bot line was discontinued after Cohort Systems Inc's acquisition of White Box Robotics and Frontline Robotics.


ZED-2

ZED-2 (Zero Energy Deuterium) is a zero-power nuclear research reactor built at the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, Canada. It is the successor to the ZEEP reactor. Designed by AECL for CANDU reactor support, the unit saw first criticality on 7 September 1960. The reactor is still operating at Chalk River where it is used for reactor physics and nuclear fuel research.
Description.
The ZED-2 is a low-power (200 W), tank-type (3.36 meter diameter, 3.35 meter high), heavy-water moderated reactor capable of a peak flux of 109 n/cm².s. Seven special Zirconium-alloy fuel assemblies are used and reactor control is via moderator level adjustment. Liquid (light or heavy water) and gas (CO2) coolants can be used and be heated to 300 °C at 8.6 MPa while the heavy water moderator can be heated or cooled independently of the coolant in the Zr assemblies.
ZED-2 has also been used for definitive studies of the effects of heavy water and alternative ordinary (light) water and organic coolants. Sufficient CANFLEX (43-element) bundles are being built containing SEU fuel to provide "full-core" simulation for the Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR) project.
In November 2010, the American Nuclear Society officially honoured the ZED-2 reactor with the title of 'nuclear historic landmark', recognising its 50 years of service and many contributions in the field of nuclear research and technology.


Mississauga Cogeneration Plant

Mississauga Cogeneration Plant was a natural gas power station partially owned by TransAlta and located adjacent to Toronto Pearson International Airport. The plant was primarily used to supply steam and power to nearby industrial clients with surplus power sold onto the Ontario grid. From 1992 to 2007, it supplied thermal energy to the McDonnell Douglas and later Boeing aircraft parts plant. As of 2018 the plant is no longer actively generating electricity. The plant started demolition in April 2020 and space will be used for the new Bombardier plant to be built in this location.
The plant was located across near Airport Road and Derry Road next to the former Boeing aircraft plant (now demolished).


Valens (company)

Valens Semiconductor is an Israeli Fabless manufacturing company providing semiconductor solutions for the development of HDBaseT devices. Valens provides semiconductor products for the distribution of uncompressed ultra-high-definition (HD) multimedia content. The company is the creators of HDBaseT technology standard and is part of the HDBaseT Alliance.
History.
Valens was founded in 2006 by a group of semiconductor industry veterans, to develop microchips that will enable high quality transmission of audio and video in a home networking environment.
In July 2007, Valens raised $7 million in its first financing round, from venture capital founds Genesis Partners and Magma Venture Partners
On June 14, 2010 Valens, together with Samsung Electronics, Sony Pictures Entertainment and LG Electronics incorporated the HDBaseT Alliance, to promote the HDBaseT standard created by Valens. The HDBaseT 1.0 specification was also finalized in June 2010.
External accessories, such as dongles, were on the market in 2010 for devices not yet embedded with HDBaseT.
In July 2011, Valens raised $14 million in its second round of funding. The round of financing included previous investors Genesis Partners and Magma Venture Partners, as well as new investors Aviv Venture Capital, Taiwan electronics firm Pegatron and Japan's Mitsui & Co. Global Investment Ltd., and US venture capital fund Amiti Ventures.
In January 2013, HDBaseT products were first demonstrated at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.
In mid-2013, the HDBaseT Alliance issued Spec 2.0, an update to the original specification, which enriches the HDBaseT offering to the pro-AV market, and enables a multimedia home connectivity solution. Spec 2.0 specifies the HDBaseT network protocol, defining the required adaptations across all layers of the Generic OSI model, to provide the optimized services for time sensitive applications, such as high throughput video and audio. Spec 2.0 maintains all the features of Spec 1.0, but also adds networking, switching, and control-point capabilities such as flexible and fully utilized mesh topology, distributed routing, and end-to-end error handling, enabling multipoint-to-multipoint connectivity and multistreaming.
In September 2015, Valens won the Technology & Engineering Emmy Award, given by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) for outstanding achievement in the development and Standardization of HDBaseT Connectivity Technology for Commercial and Residential HDMI/DVI Installations.
In January 2016, Valens raised $20 million in its third round of funding and announced their intention to branch out and implement their solutions in automotive infrastructure, partnering with General Motors, Delphi Automotive, and Daimler AG. Valens' automotive solutions are used in advanced driver-assistance systems and infotainment systems.
Technology.
Valens' HDBaseT technology is used for transmitting uncompressed high quality images and audio from the base stations, potentially up to a distance of 100 meters (328 ft) through a single cable, to remote displays as a part of its 5PlayTM system. HDBaseT is transmitted over category 6a cables with 8P8C modular connectors of the type commonly used for Ethernet local area network connections. HDBaseT transmits uncompressed ultra-high-definition video (up to 4K), audio, power over HDBaseT (PoH - up to 100W), Ethernet, USB, and a series of controls such as RS and IR.
HDBaseT is complementary to standards such as HDMI, and it is an alternative to radio frequency, coaxial cable, composite video, S-Video, SCART, component video, D-Terminal, or VGA. HDBaseT connects and networks CE devices such as set-top boxes except Cisco and Scientific Atlantic boxes, DVD players, Blu-ray Disc players, personal computers (PCs), video game consoles, switches, matrices, projectors, and AV receivers to compatible digital audio devices, computer monitors, and digital televisions.


Radioactive Waste Repository Authority

The Czech Radioactive Waste Repository Authority (SÚRAO) was established on 1 June 1997 as a state organisation established by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. In 2001, SÚRAO assumed the status of a government agency. The Authority is headed by its managing director, Dr. Jiří Slovák (since 2014). The governing body of SÚRAO consists of its Board which is made up of representatives from the government, radioactive waste producers and the general public. The managing director and members of the Board of SÚRAO are directly appointed by the Minister of Industry and Trade.
SÚRAO's activities.
The mission of the Radioactive Waste Repository Authority is to ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste in the Czech Republic in accordance with requirements concerning the protection of the population and the environment from any harmful effects. SÚRAO's principal responsibilities include:
SÚRAO's activities are directed principally by provisions set out in the Atomic Act and its various implementing regulations, the Concept of Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Management in the Czech Republic and other relevant legislation. In addition, the treatment of radioactive waste is subject to international treaties and recommendations relating to the use of nuclear energy and ionising radiation which have been adopted by the Czech Republic.
Existing repositories.
The Czech Republic currently has three radioactive waste repositories in operation: The Richard repository located in the former limestone mine of the same name near Litoměřice (60 km north west of Prague), the Bratrství repository located in a former uranium mine near Jáchymov (140 km north west of Prague) and the Dukovany repository located within the Dukovany nuclear power plant complex (200 km south east of Prague). The Hostim repository near Beroun (Central Bohemia) ceased operation more than 50 years ago.
Richard repository.
The repository covers a total area of 16 hectares and is located near the town of Litoměřice. The surface area contains the operations building, an information centre, a laboratory and a fully accredited facility for the testing of waste containers and so-called special form radioactive materials. The total available volume of the former mining complex exceeds 17,000m3, while the underground capacity which has been designed specifically for the storage of waste comprises 10,250m3; the remainder is made up of service corridors and other service areas. The Richard repository is intended primarily for the storage of so-called institutional waste which is generated by the health, industry, agriculture and research sectors. Items disposed of include contaminated work clothes, damaged emitters and syringes.
Bratrství repository.
The Bratrství repository at Jáchymov is located in one section of the underground complex of an abandoned former uranium mine of the same name. The repository itself makes up only a small part of the mining works which takes up a total area of 9.8 square kilometres with more than 80 km of tunnels and crosscuts. Since its commissioning the Bratrství repository has been reserved solely for waste containing natural radionuclides. Waste of this category is created mainly in the decommissioning of certain types of emitters used in the health care and research sectors. The repository has a radioactive waste storage capacity of around 360m3 which will soon be exhausted. The final date and method of closure of the repository will be dependent on the future volume of stored radioactive waste; notwithstanding, decommissioning is planned for around 2020.
Dukovany repository.
The Dukovany surface repository occupies an area of 1.3 hectares within the Dukovany nuclear power plant complex and was designed specifically for the disposal of low- and intermediate-level waste from the Dukovany and Temelin nuclear power plants. The total volume of storage space amounts to 55,000 cubic meters, i.e. enough for around 180,000 waste drums. This capacity will be sufficient for the storage of all the operational waste produced by both plants even if their planned lifetimes should be extended to 40 years. The Dukovany repository provides for the storage of both liquid and solid radioactive waste. Solid waste includes contaminated protective clothing, cleaning cloths, packaging materials, paper, foil, electrical installation materials, construction debris etc.; liquid radioactive waste consists of waste water.
Deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in Czech Republic.
Every year Czech nuclear power plants produce approximately 80 to 100 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel. The State Energy Concept, drawn up by the Ministry of Industry and Trade, presumes that the production of nuclear power will increase in the future. Whether produced by currently operational or future new reactors, there will always be sources of spent nuclear fuel and high level waste to be disposed of.
At present, the potential exists to reprocess spent nuclear fuel for further use in certain types of reactors. Nevertheless, high-level waste will still be produced which will eventually have to be disposed of and isolated from the environment. Therefore, even those countries that reprocess spent nuclear fuel (e.g. France) are building deep geological repositories. In addition, the responsibility to dispose of one's "own" waste is, in most states, including the Czech Republic, reflected in relevant legislation which prohibits the import and storage of radioactive waste and the export of such waste from other countries. Hence, it is essential that the Czech Republic constructs its own deep geological repository.
The deep geological repository will provide a facility in which high-level waste will be safely stored and isolated from the environment for hundreds of thousands of years thanks to the so-called multi-barrier system which is made up of a natural barrier (the rock mass which will remain stable for several million years) and technical (or engineered) barriers, e.g. the waste container.
Safety.
The key to both the construction and long-term safety of the deep geological repository rests in the selection of the most suitable site. It is necessary that the various rock property requirements be fully met in addition to a number of other equally important conditions including local public acceptance, the technical potential for the construction of the complex surface area of the repository and accessibility. In order to ensure the safety of the repository, it will be necessary, from the geological point of view, to find a stable rock formation, determine its origin and evolution over tens to hundreds of millions of years and ascertain that the rock mass will maintain the desired geological properties for the required length of time.
The search for a suitable site for a deep geological repository commenced shortly after the commissioning of the first nuclear units at the Dukovany nuclear power plant, i.e. in the 1980s. In the 1990s the first study was conducted aimed at evaluating the potential of the geological conditions of the whole of the Czech Republic. At that time international research and experimentation began aimed at identifying the most appropriate materials and methods with concern to the construction of both the repository itself and the engineered barriers. Thanks to the multi-barrier system (a system of complementary natural and man-made barriers that completely prevents, or at least minimises, the escape of radionuclides for a period of hundreds of thousands of years), deep repositories represent the safest way in which to dispose of high-level radioactive waste.
Radioactive waste.
Radioactive waste is generated when working with radioactive materials and is defined by the Atomic Law as "objects or equipment containing or contaminated by radionuclides for which no further use is foreseen". It can be classified according either to origin or quantity of radionuclides contained (i.e. activity level).
Classified according to activity level.
The nuclear power sector and smaller generators in the Czech Republic produce approximately 450 tonnes of low- and intermediate-level waste per year; approximately 100 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel is produced annually.
History of radioactive waste storage in Czech Republic.
The history of radioactive waste storage goes back to the mid-20th century. Radioactive waste began to accumulate in the early stages of the nuclear arms race (during the Cold War) and, particularly, due to the rapid development of the nuclear power sector in the 1960s and 70s (the Czechoslovak authorities took the first steps towards the construction of the Dukovany nuclear power plant as early as in 1970). Scientists were thus confronted with the question of where to dispose of the waste so that it would have no harmful effects on humans or the environment.
Low- and intermediate-level waste.
The problem of the disposal of low- and intermediate-level waste was soon successfully resolved through the introduction of storage in surface repositories.
The first such facility in the Czech Republic consisted of the now-closed Hostim radioactive waste repository located three kilometres east of Beroun (Central Bohemia). The actual operation of the Hostim facility lasted only for a short time; the first waste packages were delivered to the repository by the Institute for the Research, Production and Use of Radioisotopes in 1959 and operation ended on 9 August 1965, whereupon the State assumed responsibility for the facility.
The second repository to be opened consisted of the Richard (near Litoměřice) facility which remains in operation to the present day. As with Hostim, the Richard repository is located in a former limestone mine. During World War II the Nazis partially reconstructed the underground complex as a factory for the production of car parts. The first official proposal to use the Richard II mining complex for the storage of radioactive waste was put forward in 1959. Low- and intermediate-level institutional radioactive waste has been stored at the repository since 1964.
In 1974, ten years following the opening of the Richard repository, the Bratrství repository was put into operation. Situated in a reconstructed former uranium mine near Jáchymov, the Bratrství facility serves for the storage of radioactive waste containing only natural radionuclides.
The Dukovany radioactive waste repository, which is situated within the complex of the nuclear power plant of the same name, is the most recently opened Czech repository. The construction of the facility commenced in 1987 and it has been in operation since 1995. Dukovany is primarily used for the storage of waste generated through the production of electricity (i.e. not for the storage of spent nuclear fuel or high-level waste).
SÚRAO has been responsible for the operation of the Richard, Bratrství and Dukovany repositories since 2000 and is also responsible for the safety monitoring of the now-closed Hostim repository.
Spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste.
During the construction phase of the first nuclear power plants in Czechoslovakia (during the communist era), it was assumed that spent nuclear fuel would be transported free of charge to the Soviet Union. Following the political changes of 1989, however, it became apparent that spent nuclear fuel would have to remain in Czechoslovakia (later the Czech Republic). Therefore, in 1992 the Ministry of the Economy was charged with developing a new radioactive waste management concept which included the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Two years later, the Ministry of the Economy established the Council for the Coordination of the Development of a Deep Geological Repository, subsequently abbreviated to the Council of Six (the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of the Economy, ČEZ, a.s. (the Czech Power Company), the Ministry of the Environment, the State Office for Nuclear Safety and ÚJV (Nuclear Research Institute) Řež, a.s.). This development provided the impetus for the creation of the Czech Republic's own nuclear waste disposal concept.
The Atomic Act of 1997 established the Czech Radioactive Waste Repository which, in addition to assuming all obligations relating to the operation of near-surface radioactive waste repositories, also assumed responsibility for the radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel concept. In 2002 the government approved the concept and thus officially declared that the basic strategy of the Czech Republic involved the direct disposal of spent nuclear fuel in a deep geological repository.
Similar developments were also witnessed abroad. In the 1990s those countries producing high-level waste came to the consensus that the disposal issue needed to be addressed. After years of research, the majority of states which produced electricity by means of nuclear power plants, agreed that the best way to store spent nuclear fuel was in deep rock formations. This option meets both safety and technical feasibility conditions and, moreover, is economically viable.


Cardinia Dam Power Station

Cardinia Dam Power Station is a small hydroelectric power station at Cardinia Reservoir near Melbourne, Australia. It is located at the outlet of the pipeline transferring water from Silvan Reservoir. It is capable of producing of electricity and is owned by Pacific Energy.


National Society of Coppersmiths, Braziers and Metal Workers

The National Society of Coppersmiths, Braziers and Metal Workers was a trade union representing foundry workers in the United Kingdom.
The union was established in 1846 as the London and Provincial Society of Coppersmiths. It grew very slowly, reaching 464 members by 1900. In 1910, it changed its name to the "National Society of Coppersmiths, Braziers and Metal Workers", extending its potential membership, which immediately rose to 775. By the 1950s, it had a membership of around 6,000 workers, mostly based in London.
In July 1959, the union merged with the rival National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Braziers to form the National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Coppersmiths.


W. T. Blackwell and Company

W.T. Blackwell & Co. Tobacco was a tobacco manufacturer in Durham, North Carolina. It was best known as the original producer of Bull Durham Tobacco, the first nationally marketed brand of tobacco products in the United States. The Blackwell tobacco factory in Durham, built in 1874, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It is included in the American Tobacco Company Manufacturing Plant historic district, and is now occupied by apartments.
History.
During the occupation of Durham by various military forces in the American Civil War, the quality of some of its tobacco was recognized. Former soldiers sought to acquire the tobacco produced by John Ruffin Green, who created the Bull Durham logo. Green in 1868 partnered with William T. Blackwell, who after Green's death formed a partnership with Julian S. Carr to continue producing and marketing the brand. The company experienced rapid growth, due in part to one of the nation's first nationwide advertising campaigns, which made the Bull Durham logo widely recognizable. The Bull Durham brand continued, through ownership changes, until 1988.
Factory.
The Blackwell factory, located at the corner of West Pettigrew and Blackwell Streets in Durham, was built in stages between 1874 and 1903. It is a four-story brick building, with commercial Italianate style. It has a central courtyard, and was, at , once billed as the world's largest tobacco factory. The Bull Durham brand was manufactured at this facility until 1957, when its manufacture was transferred to a factory in Richmond, Virginia.


John William Taylor

John William Taylor (6 April 1827–20 November 1906) was a philanthropist and bellfounder and a member of the John Taylor & Co dynasty of bellfounders based in Loughborough in Leicester.
He was born in Buckland Brewer near Bideford in Devon in 1827, the eldest son of Amelia "née" Jones (1799–1880) and John Taylor (1797–1858), a bellfounder who, soon after his marriage in 1825 went to Buckland Brewer where he set up his bellfoundry. From here he took orders for all over the country and cast the peal of six bells for St Nectan's Church in nearby Hartland, Devon. John William Taylor was baptised in the parish church of St Mary and St Benedict in Buckland Brewer on 24 September 1827. The family lived in Buckland Brewer until at least 1837, when his sister Amelia Jones Taylor was born in Oxford where the family had a bellfoundry. By 1839 the family had removed to Loughborough where John Taylor set up another foundry.
John William Taylor became a bellringer, for a board dated 1847 in the belfry of Loughborough parish church records that in that year there was rung a peal of Grandsire Triples during which John W. Taylor rang the third bell. In 1852 aged 25 he married Eliza Brayley (1827–1910) of Loughborough. They had seven children: John William Taylor (1853–1919); Mary Elizabeth Taylor (1855–1937); Pryce Thomas Taylor (1860–1940); Charles Stuart Taylor (1862–1920); Edmund Denison Taylor (1864–1947); Horace Newcombe Taylor (1868–1924), and Owen Jemson Taylor (1870–1950);
In 1856 he disagreed with the eminent horologist E. B. Denison over the matter of bellhanging, describing the eminent Denison's views as "most bad in principle."
On the death of his father John Taylor in 1858 he and his younger brother Pryce Jemson Jones Taylor (1835–1862) carried on the business, inscribing their bells 'John Taylor and Co., Loughborough', a tradition that continues to this day. In the same year he purchased land on Freehold Street and Chapman Street on which to build a new foundry. On the death of his brother Pryce aged just 27 in 1862 he assumed sole control of the company; at this time he began to consider a problem that was to occupy his thought for the next 30 years - namely, why it was that bells sounded out of tune. He wrote to the Hon. E. B. Denison, "I have almost a dread of attempting to harmonize bells up to A ... but I flatter myself at being able to reach G satisfactorily." He fell out with Denison over the specifications for the great peal of bells that was being planned for Worcester Cathedral, but Denison eventually won the argument and the bells were cast to his specification. The result confirmed Taylor's unease over the casting, and it was left to his son John William Taylor II to remodel and recast them many years later. However, Denison and Taylor overcame their differences, with Taylor naming his son Edmund Denison Taylor.
In 1881 under his management John Taylor & Co cast Great Paul, which hangs in the south-west tower of St Paul's Cathedral and which, at was the largest bell in the British Isles until the casting of the Olympic Bell for the 2012 London Olympics. For many years Taylor continued with attempting to realise a "true-harmonic" in bell casting until in 1896 the company perfected its five tone principle of bell tuning resulting in the first peal of tuned bells to be hung in Norton church tower near Sheffield. At around this time Taylor made a great advance in the process of moulding bells when he obtained "...a complete set of iron shells for bells up to four tons". With these "bellcases" he was able to mould bells in his foundry and have them cast at "a foundry with which I am connected".
John William Taylor died in Loughborough in 1906 aged 79. In his will he left an estate valued at £47,614 16s 2d. A commemorative plaque in his memory is located on the foundry's tower wall.


ROF Wrexham


Ineos

Ineos Group Ltd is a British multinational chemicals company headquartered and registered in London, England.
Ineos is organised into about 20 standalone business units, each with its own board and operating almost entirely independently, although founder Sir Jim Ratcliffe and his associates appear to occasionally sit on their boards.
Name.
The name Ineos is derived from INspec Ethylene Oxide Specialities, a previous name of the business. It also incorporates one Latin and two Greek words. "Ineo" is Latin for a new beginning, "Eos" is the Greek goddess of dawn, and "neos" is Greek for something new and innovative. As well as being an acronym, Ineos states its name represents the "dawn of something new and innovative".
History.
In 1992, Inspec was formed by Sir Jim Ratcliffe, previously a director of the U.S. private equity group Advent International, and by John Hollowood, for the purpose of executing a management buy-in of British Petroleum's (BP) chemicals arm.
In 1995, Inspec bought BP's ethylene oxide, and glycol, businesses for £78 million, to become "Inspec Ethylene Oxide Specialities".
In 1998, Ratcliffe, then a director of Inspec, established Ineos for the purpose of purchasing Inspec's ethylene oxide facility in Antwerp, Belgium. The £84 million purchase was funded by three entities: the Scottish investment house Murray Johnstone (£10 million), Ineos management (£1.5 million), and the investment bank BT Alex Brown (£72.5 million, raised through junk bonds).
The company grew quickly through the acquisition of commodity chemical businesses from corporate giants such as BP, ICI and BASF.
There have been three distinct phases of Ineos's growth. The first phase spanned over ten years, with Ineos acquiring 22 companies between 1998 and 2008. The two most notable of these were Innovene, the olefins and derivatives and refining subsidiary of BP, in October 2005 for $9 billion, and ICI's commodity chemicals business in 2001.
The second phase between 2008 and 2010 saw a period of consolidation as the company tackled the impact of the global recession. As production of consumer goods, cars, and construction fell during this period, the company saw sales and earnings fall. During this period a major competitor LyondellBasell filed for bankruptcy. Some predicted a similar fate for Ineos but the company emerged from this period intact.
The third phase commenced in 2011. In this phase the company has continued to grow through a series of strategic joint ventures.
In June 2011, the largest of these, Petroineos, was completed. It is a 50:50 joint venture between Ineos and PetroChina. It combines Ineos's refining interests at Grangemouth, Scotland, and at Lavéra near Martigues, France (about 30 miles west of Marseille), with PetroChina's access to upstream raw materials.
In June 2011, Ineos and BASF combined their styrene businesses to form another 50:50 partnership, Styrolution.
Ineos' growth has continued through this period, expanding production in the US and China. Most recently Ineos announced a joint venture with Solvay bringing together their European polyvinyl chloride businesses.
Ineos's heritage is in a number of well-known blue chip chemical companies. These include Amoco, BASF, Bayer, Borealis, BP, Degussa, Dow Chemical Company, Enichem, Erdölchemie, Hoechst, ICI, Innovene, Lanxess, Monsanto, Norsk Hydro and Solvay. The company was formed in 1998 to implement a management buyout of the former BP petrochemicals assets in Antwerp, Belgium. Since then, it has expanded by purchasing several other businesses. Several of its divisions formerly belonged to BP, and others that have been divested by large companies such as Amoco, BASF, ICI, Dow Chemical, Solvay and UCB, as they have looked to focus more closely on their main product lines. In October 2005 Ineos agreed to purchase Innovene, BP's olefins and derivatives and refining subsidiary, which had an estimated 2005 turnover of US$25 billion, for $9 billion. The deal, which was completed on 14 December 2005, roughly quadrupled Ineos's turnover, which was previously around $8 billion.
In 2007 Ineos formed a joint venture with Lanxess and created Ineos ABS, comprising Lanxess's activities in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene production, located in Tarragona. Ineos paid €35 million in a first tranche. In March 2010 Ineos Healthcare terminated its drug development programme for commercial reasons.
In February 2011 Ineos Bio broke ground on a landmark advanced biofuels facility in Florida.
"INEOS Bio’s biorefinery will have the capacity to produce 8 million gallons of ethanol and 6 megawatts (gross) of electricity per year." "The INEOS Bio process can produce ethanol and renewable energy from numerous non-food feedstocks, including construction and municipal solid waste, forestry and agricultural waste." In July 2013 Ineos Bio announced that the Florida plant is producing cellulosic ethanol on a commercial scale and claim to be the first in the world to do so using this new technology.
On 23 October 2013 Ineos announced the closure of its petrochemical plant in Grangemouth, Scotland, following a dispute with the Unite trade union over pensions and an attempt to impose a wage freeze and new contract on the workforce. However, by 25 October 2013 the union capitulated to the closure threats and agreed to all Ineos's demands meaning the plant would stay open and strike-free for three years. In September 2016 the company completed a new headquarters building at Grangemouth as part of a "site rejuvenation plan".
In April 2017, Ineos reached an agreement to buy the Forties pipeline system in the North Sea from BP for $250 million. The sale included termini at Dalmeny and Kinneil, a site in Aberdeen, and the Forties Unity Platform. Towards the start of 2019, in the wake of British MPs rejecting Theresa May's Brexit Deal, the company chose to fund a €3bn investment (£2.6bn) in petrochemical production in Antwerp, Belgium.
In April 2020, during the Coronavirus outbreak, hand sanitiser was in short supply due to high demand. Ineos set up new plants to produce it using key ingredients the company had used to manufacture polymers, and provided it free to hospitals. Ineos factories have the capability of producing a million bottles of hand sanitiser a month.
In June 2020, Ineos signed an intent to acquire the petrochemicals unit of BP for $5 billion. The business is focused on aromatics and acetyls. It has interests in 14 plants in Asia, Europe and the U.S., and achieved production of 9.7 million metric tons 2019. The deal is expected to close prior to the end of 2020.
In September 2020, Ineos inked a 10-year deal to acquire offshore wind power from Engie's Northern wind farm. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
In January 2021, it was announced that Ineos was to donate £100 million to Oxford University for a new research institute for tackling antibiotic resistance.
Markets.
Ineos provides products for many markets including: Fuels and Lubricants (23.3%), Packaging and Food (18.5%) and Construction (16.1%). Other markets include Automotive & Transport, White Goods & Durables, Pharmaceutical & Agrochemical and Textiles.
The majority of Ineos's geographic earnings are distributed across Germany (16.8%), USA (16.1%), UK (12.3%), France (11.6%) and Benelux (10.8%).
Ineos is involved in renewable energy and is one of the world's leading pioneers in the development of generating sustainable energy from waste material.
Ineos reportedly runs operations with minimal head office management, feeling that "work teams" are better suited for handling of the workflow day to day, without middle-management.
In November 2014, Ineos announced plans to invest up to £640m in shale gas exploration in the UK. The company plans to use the gas as a raw material for its chemicals plants, including Grangemouth near Falkirk. Ineos CEO, Jim Ratcliffe, has criticized restrictions on fracking in the UK.
Joint ventures.
Petroineos.
Petroineos is a refining and trading joint venture between Ineos and PetroChina formed in 2011. It is Europe's leading independent crude oil refiner, with a turnover of $15 billion. It has two refineries, one in Lavéra (part of Martigues), France, and one in Grangemouth, Scotland. The value of the Grangemouth chemicals plant, which Ineos had once valued at 400 million pounds was written down to nothing by them in October 2013 during conflict with the union. Later that month it was reported that PetroChina was unhappy with the return on the billion dollars cash they had paid for a 50% stake in the Grangemouth, Scotland and Lavera, France refineries. According to a Hong Kong business analyst: "The European refineries are pretty much loss making. In future there won't be any similar investments".
In May 2020 Petroineos sought a £500 million bailout from the UK government for its Grangemouth refinery, due to declining oil sales. But environmental groups wrote to the Scottish first minister and the UK's prime minister, urging them to reject the appeal. The request came a year after Sir Jim Ratcliffe, who is said to be the UK's third-wealthiest person, relocated to Monaco, apparently for tax reasons.
Other ventures.
PQ Corporation is a joint venture between Ineos (31%), CCMP (58%), and PQ management (11%). PQ is a global producer of inorganic chemicals, catalysts and engineered glass products.
Most recently, Solvay and Ineos are to create a 50:50 joint venture which will see them combine their chlorvinyls sites in Europe. This joint venture will become the world's third largest producer of PVC.
Ineos Automotive.
Ineos Automotive Ltd. was formed in 2017 by Jim Ratcliffe in order to develop and manufacture an off-road utility vehicle, intended as a "spiritual successor" to the Land Rover Defender, under the codename "Projekt Grenadier". In September 2019, it was initially announced that vehicle, now officially named Ineos Grenadier, would be manufactured in two new factories in Estarreja, Portugal (chassis and body) and Bridgend, South Wales (final assembly), with powertrains supplied by BMW. Launch is planned for 2021. In December it was announced the Final assembly would take place in Hambach, France instead of South Wales. The announcement was condemned by Welsh Labour MP Chris Elmore, who contrasted the decision to relocate production to the European Union with Ineos CEO Sir Jim Ratcliffe's support for Brexit.
Products.
Ineos manufactures and distributes a wide range of petrochemicals, speciality chemicals and oil products:
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Industrial relations controversy.
2008.
In April 2008 Ineos, which was experiencing adverse economic conditions, was at the centre of an industrial relations dispute with Unite over pension entitlements of the workforce at its Grangemouth Refinery, when the company decided to close the final salary pension scheme to new employees. Unite claimed the Grangemouth workers were paid £6,000 less than those at comparable facilities. The 48-hour strike that followed caused panic buying of petrol throughout the country and the Forties production pipeline, a third of Britain's North Sea oil production, being closed. Ineos has been accused by some of buying assets then cutting costs through the introduction of new working practices, lower wages, and terminating pension schemes. According to Ratcliffe, some 65 per cent of salary costs at Grangemouth related to pensions.
2013.
Stephen Deans, convener for Unite union at the Grangemouth plant where he worked, and also head of the Falkirk branch of the Labour party, was suspended from his employment at Grangemouth by Ineos in the summer of 2013, while they investigated what they said were accusations he had been using company resources for political campaigning; related to recruitment of Unite members in Ineos workforce to the local Labour branch, where the selection of a new parliamentary candidate was taking place after the de-selection of Eric Joyce. A Labour Party head office investigation into allegations that people had been made new members without them knowing or signing cleared Deans of the accusations, who had been suspended from the Labour party pending the investigation as well as the Unite candidate he was supporting.
Unite said Deans was being subjected to "sinister" treatment, and in October an overtime ban at Grangemouth plant, which according to Ineos had operated at a loss of £150 million per year for the previous four years, started in protest. A 48-hour strike was set for 20 October. Ineos announced the plant would be shut down before the strike and put forward a new deal direct to the workforce, warning that the plant might close permanently if it was rejected. Two-thirds of workers voted against accepting Ineos's proposal, which would have reduced pension, shift pay and redundancy entitlements in addition to a pay freeze. On 23 October Ineos announced the permanent closure of the petrochemical site at Grangemouth. The next day the Unite union reversed its position and agreed to Ineos's proposals, which included an undertaking not to strike for three years. Deans resigned from his job at Grangemouth on 28 October 2013 after Ineos presented its findings to his team.
Criticism.
In March 2016, Ineos's Port of Runcorn ChlorVinyls facility was found guilty of releasing caustic soda into the Manchester Ship Canal. The company was ordered to pay a fine of £166,650.
In 2018, Ineos applied for a test core drilling for shale gas at Woodsetts (United Kingdom). It was met by protests of residents. New plans for drilling at Woodsetts and Harthill had been applied and eventually approved by the Planning Inspectorate.
Sports.
Ineos sponsors the Ineos Grenadiers cycling team and the Ineos Team UK sailing team. Ineos is also a principal sponsor of the Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team. On Friday 18 December 2020, it was confirmed that Ineos would become one third shareholder of the Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team.


Hastings Foundry-Star Iron Works

The Hastings Foundry-Star Iron Works is a historic foundry building in Hastings, Minnesota, United States. Located at 707 First Street East, it was built by A. R. Morrell, an ironsmith from Vermont, in 1859. The building is historically significant as the location where the first steam engine in Minnesota was built (1860). In 1861 the engine for the "Stella Whipple" was manufactured there as well. Iron for bridges and engines for railroad elevators, automobiles, and river boats were manufactured in this earliest surviving industrial site in the state.


Peaking power plant

Peaking power plants, also known as peaker plants, and occasionally just "peakers", are power plants that generally run only when there is a high demand, known as peak demand, for electricity. Because they supply power only occasionally, the power supplied commands a much higher price per kilowatt hour than base load power. Peak load power plants are dispatched in combination with base load power plants, which supply a dependable and consistent amount of electricity, to meet the minimum demand.
Although historically peaking power plants were frequently used in conjunction with coal baseload plants, peaking plants are now used less commonly. Combined cycle gas turbine plants have two or more cycles, the first of which is very similar to a peaking plant, with the second running on the waste heat of the first. That type of plant is often capable of rapidly starting up, albeit at reduced efficiency, and then over some hours transitioning to a more efficient baseload generation mode. Combined cycle plants have similar capital cost per watt to peaking plants, but run for much longer periods, and use less fuel overall, and hence give cheaper electricity.
As of 2020, open cycle gas turbines give an electricity cost of around $151-198/MWh.
Peak hours.
Peak hours usually occur in the morning or late afternoon/evening depending on location. In temperate climates, peak hours often occur when household appliances are heavily used in the evening after work hours. In hot climates, the peak is usually late afternoon when air conditioning load is high, during this time many workplaces are still open and consuming power. In cold climates, the peak is in the morning when space heating and industry are both starting up.
A peaker plant may operate many hours a day, or it may operate only a few hours per year, depending on the condition of the region's electrical grid. Because of the cost of building an efficient power plant, if a peaker plant is only going to be run for a short or highly variable time, it does not make economic sense to make it as efficient as a base load power plant. In addition, the equipment and fuels used in base load plants are often unsuitable for use in peaker plants because the fluctuating conditions would severely strain the equipment. For these reasons, nuclear, waste-to-energy, coal and biomass are rarely, if ever, operated as peaker plants.
Renewable energy.
As countries trend away from fossil fuel-fired base load plants and towards renewable but intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar, there is a corresponding increase in the need for grid energy storage systems, as renewable alternatives to building more peaking or load following power plants. Another option is broader distribution of generating capacity, through the use of grid interties, such as the WECC Intertie Paths.
Types.
Peaker plants are generally gas turbines or gas engines that burn natural gas. A few burn biogas or petroleum-derived liquids, such as diesel oil and jet fuel, but they are generally more expensive than natural gas, so their use is limited to areas not supplied with natural gas. However, many peaker plants are able to use petroleum as a backup fuel, as storing oil in tanks is easy. The thermodynamic efficiency of simple-cycle gas turbine power plants ranges from 20 to 42%, with between 30 and 42% being average for a new plant.
For greater efficiency, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is added at the exhaust. This is known as a combined cycle plant. Cogeneration uses waste exhaust heat for process, district heating or other heating uses. Both of these options are used only in plants that are intended to be operated for longer periods than usual. Natural gas and diesel generators with reciprocating engines are sometimes used for grid support using smaller plants.
Another option for increased efficiency and power output in gas turbines is installing a turbine inlet air cooling system, that cools down the inlet air temperature increasing mass flow ratio. This option, in combination with a thermal energy storage tank, can increase the turbine power output in on-peak periods up to 30%.
Hydroelectric dams are intentionally variable; they can generate less during off-peak and quickly respond to peak demands, consequently hydroelectricity may function as load following or a peaking plant and with sufficient water, a base-load plant. Natural gas turbines or pumped storage are often used where there is not enough hydroelectricity to respond to daily and weekly variations in generation and consumption. It is not unusual for a dam to be built with more capacity than can be sustained by the water supply, allowing for a higher peak output. Upgrading equipment at existing dams can be one of the least expensive ways of increasing peak generation. The ability to vary the amount of electricity generated is often limited by the requirement that minimum or maximum flows downstream are satisfied.
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity is the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage available, used for averaging off-peak and peak electrical demands. The site stores energy using the gravitational potential of water stored in a reservoir. Low-cost off-peak electric power from base load or intermittent sources is used to pump water at a low elevation to storage in a high elevation reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power. Start up times are only a few minutes, and some can start in a few tens of seconds.
Batteries are used in some cases where conditions favor it to smooth flow (avoiding a costly power line upgrade) as well as supplying peak power and other grid services such as operating reserve, sometimes in hybrid configuration with turbines or diesel engines. Battery power is by far the fastest responding of all powerplants, and can respond to grid conditions at millisecond timescales, giving slower responding equipment a chance to react to outages.
Pumped-storage and batteries are net consumers, as they have no inherent energy source, and the conversion between electricity and storage and back incurs some losses.
Solar thermal peaker plants were proposed in 2017, under a US Department of Energy Technology 2 Market award to Hank Price of SolarDynamics, whose paper "Dispatchable Solar Power Plant" proposed utilizing the thermal energy storage inherent in a solar thermal energy power plant, that enables this heat-based form of solar to generate like a gas peaker, to supply power on demand day or night, and in return be controlled by the utility and paid in capacity payments to be available when needed, like a traditional peaker plant. A solar thermal power plant makes electricity in a steam cycle power plant like a traditional power plant but the heat for steam is supplied by solar energy heating a material such as molten salts and storing the heat until needed to make steam for power generation.
Base load power plants.
The opposites of peaking plants are base load power plants. Nuclear and coal burning plants generally operate continuously, stopping only for maintenance or unexpected outages. The high cost per watt of Nuclear power and other technical issues, make them relatively expensive and awkward to use for load following and peaking.
Intermediate load following power plants such as hydroelectric operate between these extremes, curtailing their output on nights and weekends when demand is low. Base load and intermediate plants are used preferentially to meet electrical demand because the lower efficiencies of peaker plants make them more expensive to operate.


Maithon Gas Turbine Station

Maithon Gas Turbine Station is a gas-based thermal power plant located at Maithon in Dhanbad district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The power plant is owned Damodar Valley Corporation.
Capacity.
It has an installed capacity of 82.5 MW.


GomSpace

GomSpace is a manufacturer and supplier of nanosatellites for customers in the academic, government and commercial markets. GomSpace's services include systems integration, nanosatellite platforms and miniaturised radio technology. The company serves customers in more than 50 countries and is also a key partner for ESA in the development of formation-flying nanosatellites, and within this framework, ESA is one of the company's customers. GomSpace miniature satellites have also generated sales for use in telecommunications and natural disaster monitoring.
The nanosatellite market is a young but fast growing market where the driving factor is the high cost of bringing mass in to orbit. GomSpace is estimated to own a market share of 15% in the nanosatellite manufacturing sector.
GomSpace was founded in January 2007 and it is headquartered in Denmark. It has subsidiaries in Sweden, North America, Singapore and Luxembourg. In 2016, GomSpace became listed on Nasdaq in Sweden and GomSpace Sweden is founded.
NanoSpace.
In October 2016, GomSpace bought the Swedish company NanoSpace from the Swedish Space Corporation. NanoSpace is developing MEMS-based miniature ion thruster for satellite navigation. using ionized xenon as a propellant. In 2018, NanoSpace changed name to GomSpace Sweden.
AISTECH.
In July 2018, GomSpace signed a contract with the Spanish company AISTECH for a value of approximately 1.4 million EUR. AISTECH will provide nanosatellite platforms, pre-launch environmental testing services, and other engineering services for GomSpace within the next 12 months of their signed agreement.


Lissa Martinez

Lissa Ann Martinez is an American ocean engineer and consultant from San Antonio, Texas. During her career, she has worked on policy-based solutions for environmental challenges. Following her graduation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Martinez worked as a federal employee for the US Maritime Administration and the US Coast Guard. Her focus was shipping-related pollution control, maritime health, and safety. Martinez has also worked for the National Research Council and was on MIT's board of trustees. In San Antonio, she has been involved with urban forestry initiatives.
Early life and education.
Lissa Ann Martinez was born in San Antonio, Texas on July 15, 1954. Her father, Edmundo O. Martinez, was a US Marine Corps Staff Sergeant. She graduated from Jefferson High School and won a scholarship to MIT. Martinez graduated from MIT in 1976 with a bachelor's degree in ocean engineering. She earned her master's degree in technology and public policy from MIT's Department of Ocean Engineering in 1980. Her thesis was "Hazardous Chemical Incineration at Sea: A Disposal Alternative for the United States" and her thesis supervisor was Judith Tegger Kildow.
Engineering career.
From 1976 to 1994, Martinez's work focused on shipping-related pollution control and maritime health and safety. She started her career as a general engineer at the US Maritime Administration's Office of Ship Construction in 1976. Martinez was a member of the United States Interagency Ad Hoc Work Group for the Chemical Waste Incinerator Ship Program. Martinez and Daniel Leubecker's paper "Chemical Waste Incinerator Ships - The Interagency Program to Develop a Capability in the United States" was presented at a Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers meeting in 1981. She continued working for the Maritime Administration until 1983. She was elected as the first Fellow of the National Academy of Engineering in 1984. Martinez worked for the US Coast Guard as a staff mechanical engineer from 1985 to 1988. As a staff officer for the National Research Council, she worked on US compliance with an international agreement to reduce oceanic plastic pollution. She established a private consulting practice specializing in maritime environmental protection and safety beginning in mid-1988.
Following her work as a federal employee, Martinez continued on in the same field as a consulting engineer. She was a founding member of the DC chapter of the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers. In 1997, Martinez was elected to a five-year term on MIT's board of trustees.
Urban forestry in San Antonio.
Following flooding incidents in 1998 and 2003, Martinez turned her focus to urban forestry. She attended the 2003 National Urban Forest Conference, participated in tree inventories and tree plantings, and measured Champion Trees. In 2009, Martinez trained as a Texas master naturalist. In San Antonio, she worked with organizations dedicated to local creek cleanup. She conducted tours of Olmos Creek and monitored water quality through the citizen science testing initiative Texas Stream Team.
After reading the San Antonio Climate Action & Adaptation Plan (CAAP) and finding nothing on trees and forestry, Martinez volunteered to help with the plan.
Personal life.
Martinez married Brian Hughes, who she met as a fellow undergraduate at MIT. They had two sons. While living in Takoma Park, Maryland in 1991, Martinez was a member of a task force that created new election districts, leading to changes in the law allowing non-citizens to vote in city elections. Martinez and Hughes moved back to San Antonio in the 1990s. Beginning in the late 1990s, they started investing in high-tech companies in San Antonio. They also represented MIT by recruiting and interviewing students from the area. Martinez lives in Castle Hills.


Solarpark Meuro

Solarpark Meuro is a 166 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station located in Meuro and Schipkau, Germany. The plant was built on a former lignite mine and is the country's largest solar park. It was named POWER-GEN International solar project of the year in 2012.
The PV system uses about 636,000 solar panels provided by Canadian Solar and 20k-string inverters from REFUsol.
It is also the first solar park to use a 690VAC gridvoltage for some of REFUsol's 333k HV central inverters.


Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant

The Nuclear power station Oskarshamn is one of three active nuclear power stations in Sweden. The plant is about north of Oskarshamn, directly at the Kalmarsund at the Baltic Sea coast and with one active reactor, producing about 10% of the electricity needs of Sweden. All reactors were built using BWR technology.
Unit 1 had an installed output of 494 MW and Unit 2 664 MW; these are now decommissioned. Unit 3, the newest reactor block at the facility, has an installed output of 1,450 MW.
Clab, the temporary storage facility for spent nuclear fuel from all Swedish reactors, is also located at the site.
Operator.
The responsible utility is OKG, short for the "Oskarshamnsverkets Kraftgrupp OKG", which was acquired by Sydkraft in 1993, (later: "E.ON Sverige"). Uniper owns 54.5% and the other partner Fortum 45.5% of OKG.
History.
On July 25, 2006, Units 1 and 2 were shut down as a precaution after a safety-related incident at an identical reactor at the Forsmark plant. The incident related to a failure of diesel generators to automatically start up when required, after a blackout caused by a shortcut at the grindgear sections at the plant. Modifications were later made to all the plants to address the issue.
On May 21, 2008, a welder was caught on the entrance security check with trace elements of explosives on a carrier bag and his hand. The same evening Reactor 1 of the facility was shut down to allow bomb teams to sweep the facility. With police investigations ongoing, Kalmar police spokesperson Sven-Erik Karlsson confirmed to the TT news agency that a welder on his way in to the plant on Wednesday morning was caught with a relatively small amount of a highly explosive substance. The substance was later shown to be from nail polish and the event had no relevance to the operation of the plant or nuclear safety.
During 2010 Unit 2 underwent power and security upgrades. Unit 3 was after many upgrades the most powerful BWR in the world at approximately 1450 MWe. Due to the upgrade, the reactor had been on and off the grid with prolonged maintenance outages throughout 2010. Unit 2 will be upgraded in several steps and will reach maximum capacity of thermal power 2,300 MW and 840 MWe in 2011.
On September 30, 2013, a portion of the plant (the third reactor) was closed when a group of jellyfish clogged the cooling water intake pipes. It was not indicated as to whether the event had been classified as a safety disturbance yet, and to what level on the scale used for nuclear plants.
A decision on premature shutdown of units 1 and 2 was made in 2015. The decision entails that there will be no future investments at unit 2 and the reactor will not be restarted.
Unit 1 was originally set for decommissioning on June 29, 2017, but it was closed prematurely due to an "operational disturbance" on June 17, 2017. It was decided not to restart the unit ahead of the shutdown scheduled for June 29, 2017.
In December 2018 a strategy was outlined for the "radiological demolition" of units 1 and 2 to be carried out between 2020 and 2028. This will allow the land to be used for other nuclear power related purposes.


G. G. Allen Steam Station

G. G. Allen Steam Station is a 1.140 GW coal-fired electricity generating facility, located in South Point Township, Gaston County, North Carolina, on man-made Lake Wylie (part of the Catawba River). Units 1 and 2 (165 MW each) began operating in 1957; units 3, 4, and 5 (275 MW each) in 1959, 1960, and 1961 respectively. Named for George Garland Allen, a former president and first chairman of the board for Duke Power, the Allen facility is the only Duke Energy station with five units under one roof. The plant is equipped with a flue-gas desulfurization system, completed in 2009, that decreases the air emissions coming from the plant. In February 2021, Duke Energy in a filing to the North Carolina Utilities Commission advanced their planned closure for Unit 3 from December 31, 2021 to March 31, 2021.
Environmental impact.
G. G. Allen Steam Station is still a major air and water polluter in the region.


Consumers Cigar Box Company

Consumers Cigar Box Company, also known as Red Lion Woodcraft Inc., is a historic factory located at Red Lion, York County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1921, with additions in 1925 and 1935-1936. It is a large two-story, "L"-shaped building. It is built of concrete block and brick with a gable roof and stepped parapet. Cigar boxes were manufactured until the 1950s. The building housed various manufacturing operations until 1979.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is located in the Red Lion Borough Historic District.


Britannia Foundry

Britannia Foundry is a heritage-listed converted foundry at 210 Alice Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built . It is also known as Smellie & Co Warehouse and Public Works Depot. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
History.
This building was constructed for the engineering and iron founding firm of Harvey Sargeant & Co., which was founded in 1880 and was part of the fledgling heavy engineering industry in Queensland. It produced ironworks, brick making machinery, girders, and agricultural machinery. The ironworks necessary for much of the building boom carried out in Brisbane in the 1880s were supplied by Harvey, Sargeant, & Co.
In 1885 the company purchased a site in Alice Street for a foundry and a building was erected . Called the Britannia Foundry, it was one of several foundries in the street, including Smellie & Co, and Smith, Forrester & Co, who operated the Queensland Ironworks.
Harvey, Sargeant & Co went into insolvency in 1892, but a new company was formed to continue operating the foundry. In 1903 the business moved to new premises in Alice Street. The firm remained in this part of the city until 1966 when it moved to Sherwood, where it traded under the name of ANI-Sargeant for many years, celebrating its centenary in 1981.
In 1909 the property was purchased by Smellie & Co, a firm which imported machinery and farming equipment, for use as a warehouse. Smellie's owned adjacent properties in Alice and Edward Streets (Old Mineral House and Smellie's Building). In 1945, Smellie & Co sold the building, along with its other properties to the Queensland Government. The Department of Public Works has used this building as a workshop, and more recently for storage.
The building was subsequently sold by the Department and is now used as commercial offices.
Description.
This two-storeyed building, situated in Alice Street, is of brick construction with a rendered facade and a galvanised iron roof.
The facade has semi-circular arched windows on both levels. There are eight openings on the upper level and three to each side of a central square carriage way on the lower level. All the arched openings have moulded architraves, sills, and ornamented keystones. An opening on the ground floor has been converted to a doorway. A pilaster of vermiculated quoins runs down the northern end of the facade. A frieze and dentilled cornice extend across the building and are surmounted by two simple triangular pediments with scroll-like brackets to each side.
The rear elevation had a circular opening and four rectangular ones, all of which have been blocked up. A steel escape stair and aluminium framed glazed doors have been inserted on the exposed side of the building facing the yard.
The interior of the building has been altered but still shows evidence of its original construction and use. Some cast-iron columns incorporating brackets remain at the front of the building on the ground floor. The timber trusses of the two gable roofs are exposed on the upper level.
Heritage listing.
Britannia Foundry was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The building also provides evidence of engineering and foundry works which previously were a major activity in the Alice Street area.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The building is significant as an example of an intact 1880s industrial building with a decorative facade.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The building is significant for its contribution to the Alice Street streetscape along with neighbouring Old Mineral House.
See also.
Other Smellie & Co buildings:


NDrive

NDrive is a Portuguese company of global automotive navigation systems for mobile phones and tablets. The company was founded in 2001 and is headquartered in Porto, Portugal. It became one of the first companies to offer navigation for Android and iPhone and the first GPS navigation solution for Bada and WebOS.
History.
The company was founded in 2001 by Eduardo Carqueja.


Mount Lazarev

Mount Lazarev (Гора Лазарева, "Gora Lazareva") is a massif on the northern portion of Yuzhny Island, Novaya Zemlya, in Russia. It was used for many Soviet nuclear tests, starting with the first underground nuclear test on Novaya Zemlya, 18 September 1964, which may have resulted in tired mountain syndrome.


Zilog

Zilog, Inc. is an American manufacturer of 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. Its most famous product is the Z80 series of 8-bit microprocessors that were compatible with the Intel 8080 but significantly cheaper. The Z80 was widely used during the 1980s in many popular home computers such as the TRS-80, MSX, Amstrad CPC and the ZX Spectrum, as well as arcade games such as "Pac-Man". The company also made 16- and 32-bit processors, but these did not see widespread use. From the 1990s, the company focused primarily on the microcontroller market.
The name (pronunciation varies) is an acronym of "Z integrated logic", also thought of as "Z for the last word of Integrated Logic". In the oral history interview video which Federico Faggin (co-founder of Zilog) recorded for the Computer History Museum, he pronounced Zilog with a long "i" consistently.
History.
Zilog was started in California in 1974 by Federico Faggin and Ralph Ungermann, who both left Intel after working on the 4004 and 8080 microprocessors and custom chips. Masatoshi Shima, who also worked with Faggin on the 4004 and 8080, joined Zilog in 1975. Ungermann had a falling-out with Faggin and left Zilog in 1978. The company became a subsidiary of Exxon in 1980, but the management and employees bought it back in 1989, led by Dr. Edgar Sack.
Zilog went public in 1991, but was acquired in 1998 by Texas Pacific Group. Curtis Crawford replaced Dr. Sack and changed the company's direction towards 32-bit data communications processors. Bonds were sold against the company to fund the new developments, but after the Internet bubble burst in 2000 and the resultant reduction in customer demand for such products, Curtis Crawford was replaced by James (Jim) Thorburn, who reorganized the company under Chapter 11 bankruptcy in late 2001 and refocused it on the 8- and 16-bit microcontroller market.
Jim Thorburn led Zilog back into profitability, and by FY 2007, Zilog had $82 million in sales. During this time, the company developed the Z8 Encore! 8-bit Flash MCU and ZNEO 16-bit Flash MCU product families. In February 2007, Zilog hired Darin Billerbeck to replace Jim Thorburn as President and CEO.
The last year Zilog introduced any new 8-bit microcontroller products was 2007. With no new product road map, FY2008 sales fell 20% to $67.2 million. Sales fell 46% in FY2009 to $36.2 million.
In January 2008, Zilog declined an unsolicited proposal made by Universal Electronics Inc. to acquire the company.
On February 19, 2009, Zilog announced that it had sold off its 8-bit Crimzon Universal Remote Control infrared microcontroller product line, as well as its ARM9 32-bit microcontrollers, including the Zatara security microcontrollers and 15 patents, to Maxim Integrated Products. Remote control manufacturer Universal Electronics Inc. purchased all of Zilog's software and intellectual property assets related to Zilog's universal remote control business, including all ROM code, software, and database of infrared codes. Zilog sold these assets for $31 million cash.
In December 2009, IXYS Corporation bought the company for $62.4 million in cash, which was significantly below the market valuation of Zilog's stock at the time. Details of the acquisition have been under investigation.
Since early 2010, Zilog has refocused its efforts toward satisfying the industrial and consumer markets for motion detection, motor control, RF wireless and embedded security applications, and is currently producing a number of reference designs that integrate its 8- and 16-bit microcontrollers with IXYS power management products.
In February 2012, Zilog announced the release of its Z8051 family of microcontrollers and tool sets to fill a vacancy in the developer market for 8051 cores that was created when chip-maker NXP Semiconductors exited the 8051 market. Later that year, Zilog announced its ZGATE Embedded Security solution, which incorporates its eZ80F91 MCU and TCP/IP stack with an embedded firewall to offer protection against cyber threats and attacks at the chip level.
In August 2017, Zilog and its parent IXYS Corporation were acquired by Littelfuse Inc in exchange for $750 million in cash and stocks.
Microprocessors.
Z80.
The Z80(i) is an improved implementation of the Intel 8080 architecture, with substantial extensions to the register model and instruction set and with added hardware interface features.
At introduction, the Z80 was faster, more capable, and much cheaper than the 8080. Alongside the 6502, the Z80 was one of the most popular 8-bit processors for general purpose microcomputers and other applications from the late 1970s well into the 1980s, and modern CMOS versions of both CPUs are still in production and use today (as of May 2021). The Z80 CPU was used in the Sinclair ZX80, ZX81, ZX Spectrum and the Amstrad CPC home computers as well as the MSX architecture and the Microbee and Tandy TRS-80 (models I, II, III, 4, and others). The CP/M-80 operating system (and its huge software library featuring hits like WordStar and dBase) was known to be "the" Z80 disk operating system, and its success is partly due to the popularity of the Z80. The 1985 Commodore 128 added a Z80 to the Commodore 64 hardware allowing it to run CP/M software; the DEC Rainbow 100 similarly added a Z80 to an Intel 8088-based MS-DOS computer to enable the machine to run both MS-DOS and CP/M software natively.
The Z80 was a common choice for creators of video games during the Golden age of arcade video games, with a Z80 powering "Pac-Man", dual Z80s in "Scramble", and three in each "Galaga" machine. It was the central processor for the ColecoVision game console (1982) and Sega's Master System (1986) and Game Gear (1990).
In the 1990s, the Z80 was the CPU of the Texas Instruments graphing calculator series, as well as being used as the secondary/support CPU in the Sega Genesis (most typically used for sound).
Other chips.
After the Z80 Zilog introduced the 16-bit Z8000 and 32-bit Z80000 processors, but these were not particularly successful, and the company refocused on the microcontroller market, producing both basic CPUs and application-specific integrated circuits/standard products (ASICs/ASSPs) built around a CPU core. As well as producing processors, Zilog has produced several other components. One of the most famous was the Zilog SCC serial communications controller as found on early Apple Macintosh, Sun SPARCstations and SPARCservers up to the SPARCstation 20.
Zilog also formed a Systems Division, which designed the Zilog System 8000, a Z8000- or Z80000-based multiuser computer system running a Unix derivative called ZEUS (Zilog Enhanced UNIX System).
Zilog attempted to enter the 32-bit microcontroller market in February 2006 with the demonstration of ARM9-based Point-Of-Sale (POS) microcontroller product line. The final product was released in 2007 called Zatara. Sales were disappointing and the entire ARM9 series was sold to Maxim Integrated Products in 2009.
Zilog also produced Zdots single board computers. It includes Zilog eZ80AcclaimPlus controller, 1MB flash memory, 512KB SRAM, 10BaseT Ethernet Controller, IrDA transceiver, 2 x 60-pin system expansion interface with full MPU bus/control signals, RJ-45 Ethernet connector. Motion detection version includes Z8 Encore! XP MCU.


Powership

A powership (or power ship) is a special purpose ship, on which a power plant is installed to serve as a power generation resource.
Converted from existing ships, powerships are self-propelled, ready to go infrastructure for developing countries that plug into national grids where required. Unmotorised powerships, known as power barges, are power plants installed on a deck barge. These are sometimes called "floating power plants" or "barge mounted power plants". They were initially developed during World War II by General Electric for the War Production Board as a transportable large-scale power generation resource.
Powerships or power barges can be equipped with single or multiple gas turbines, reciprocating diesel and gas engines, boilers or nuclear reactors for electricity generation. Bureau Veritas, an international certification agency with experience in overseeing both shipbuilding and power plant development, classifies such floating power plants as "special service power plants".
History.
One of the earliest powerships was the "SS Jacona", built in 1931 by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Virginia for the New England Public Service Company of Augusta, Maine. The idea came to the president of the Augusta firm, when one winter a severe winter storm took out a lot of the New England major power transmission lines. The role of the "Jacona" would be to dock as near as possible to the affected area and hook into the local power grid, restoring power. During the summer months the Jacona would hook into vacation area power grids where power needs are extremely low during off season and extremely high during the summer vacation season. The Jacona was fitted with steam boilers which drove two generators which could produce 10 MW each.
At one time the US Navy used its submarines when disaster hit a local community that brought down the commercial power grid, which led to the idea of powerships for the US Navy, and an early US Navy powership was the , a former US Navy naval ship. "Saranac" was a 1942 built fleet oiler before her conversion into a powership following the Second World War to serve in the US Navy and Army. In 1957, she was sold to Hugo Neu Corporation of New York City and was used then as a power facility abroad by the International Steel and Metal Corporation. In 1959, she was renamed "Somerset".
The first floating nuclear reactor ship was the MH-1A, used in the Panama canal zone from 1968 to 1975. This ship (named Sturgis) was decommissioned and scrapped over the period of 2015 to 2019.
Power barges and powerships offer a number of advantages over other forms of power plant. Due to their mobility, powerships can be connected to local power grids to temporarily cover demands whenever on site power plants are insufficient or the building of new power plants will take time, while dual-fuel engines on board can be powered by either liquid fuels or gas. The power barge and powership are able to use any infrastructure available at the site on which she is required.
Today.
Some recently built powerships are existing large bulk carriers, which are fitted with used reciprocating engines and new state-of-the-art, large-bore dual-fuel diesel engines that run on heavy fuel or natural gas to generate electricity, relevant transformers and electric switchboards. The only other powerships were based on US Naval vessels. Powerships utilizing new purpose built ships would not be competitive to a purpose built power barge due to the higher cost of construction. The crew quarters and propulsion systems are under utilized during the power plant operational period which can be up to the life of the power plant.
It is expected that a power barge or powership could moor at one place for an average duration of three to five years on a lease, or up to 20 years under a PPA. For this reason, powerships if constructed already, are a solution to bridge the gap for a certain time until a local power plant is built or the high demand in electricity supply is over.
Karadeniz Powership Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of Karadeniz Energy Group based in Turkey, developed and carries out a project named "Power of Friendship" that aims to provide a total of 2,010 MW of electricity to more than ten shortage-stricken countries in the Middle East, northern Africa and southern Asia with ten different ships by the end of 2010. The first powership of the project, which can supply 144 MW power, went into service at the beginning of 2010 off the shore near Basra in south-eastern Iraq, and the second powership is on its way to the same place. The company also signed a contract with Pakistan, but the Pakistani government terminated this project. This case in now being heard in the World Bank Tribunal.
All other builders of powerships have gone out of business as power barges have proved to be more cost effective.
During the 1990s, power barges became a popular way of providing energy to developing nations, with companies building power barges including equipment suppliers like General Electric, Westinghouse, Wärtsilä, and MAN; and by developers such as Smith Cogeneration, AES, GMR Vasavi, which operate floating power plants for customers located in New York City (United States), Khulna (Bangladesh), the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Ecuador, Angola, Nigeria, Thailand, Effassu (Ghana), as well as in the Philippines, Jamaica, Kenya and Malaysia. Engineering, procurement and construction companies such Power Barge Corporation, Waller Marine Inc, Hyundai, IHI Corporation and Mitsui offer gas turbine power barge construction programs, and Karadeniz Energy, MAN and Wärtsilä offer medium speed engine power barges.
Today there are over 75 power barges deployed and operating around the world. The utilization rate of power barges is around 95% with only one or two power barges available in the global market at any one time.
In April 2011, Waller Marine finalized installation in Venezuela of two large floating power generation barges into a prepared basin at Tacoa. The two 171 MW barges, each supporting a GE 7FA dual fuel industrial gas turbine, are connected to the grid and soon supply much needed power to Caracas. Power Barge Corporation recently delivered a 96 MW gas turbine power barge to Angola, a 72 MW Wartsila power barge to Panama and a 105 MW gas turbine power barge to Venezuela.
In 2010s Russia has built a large nuclear power barge "Akademik Lomonosov", which was used to replace the aging Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant in the Northeastern Chukotka region. Since the late 2019, it is in operation in the city of Pevek, supplying the nearby gold mines and settlements. In 2018, two Chinese companies announced that they would build a fleet of nuclear power barges for the South China Sea islands.
External links.
Fuel systems for powership (fuel saving, waste sludge, reduce the cost of operation)


List of Copper Country mills

The following is an incomplete list of stamping mills in the Copper Country of Michigan.