Billy Kelleher

Billy Kelleher (born 20 January 1968) is an Irish politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Ireland for the South constituency since July 2019. He is a member of Fianna Fáil, part of Renew Europe. He previously served Minister of State for Trade and Commerce from 2009 to 2011 and Minister of State for Labour Affairs from 2007 to 2009. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork North-Central constituency from 1997 to 2019. He was also a Senator from 1993 to 1997, having been nominated by the Taoiseach.
He was educated at Sacred Heart College, Carrignavar, County Cork and Agricultural College Pallaskenrey, County Limerick. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1992 general election but was nominated by the Taoiseach Albert Reynolds to the 20th Seanad in 1993. Kelleher was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1997 general election and retained his seat at the 2002, 2007, 2011 and 2016 general elections.
He was Minister of State with special responsibility for Trade and Commerce from 2009 to 2011. He previously served as the Minister of State for Labour Affairs from 2007 to 2009. He was previously the assistant Government Chief Whip.
In January 2006, Kelleher became embroiled in a minor controversy when he was caught speeding outside Cashel, County Tipperary on his way to Leinster House in Dublin. He was fined and received two penalty points on his driving licence. The misdemeanour was ironic, for it came in a week when the government was coming under fire over poor road safety statistics.
He retained his seat at the 2011 general election, though an opinion poll from "The Irish Times" had predicted that he was in danger of losing his seat. He was re-elected at the 2016 general election.
He is married to Liza Davis. They have two daughters and one son. He was a cousin of Fine Gael TD Liam Burke.
Kelleher was the Fianna Fáil spokesperson on Health. He had called for a rise in the legal age to purchase alcohol from off-licences.


John Deere Powershift transmission

The John Deere PowerShift transmission was an eight-speed semi-automatic transmission without a torque converter, used in John Deere tractors, including the iconic John Deere Model 4020. The Powershift is not to be confused with similar John Deere transmissions (including the Quad-Range and the PowrQuad), or with the Ford Ultra Command Powershift or the Allis Chalmers Power Director. The PowerShift was dropped in favor of the PowrQuad during the 1980s and reintroduced in the 90s as a 16-speed model built by Funk, a company that was eventually purchased by John Deere. The 5-speed version was also used in the Ford 8630 series tractors as a 36-speed Funk Ultra Command.


Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology

Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology is a university located in Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, established in 1975. It is named after the politician and educator Narendra Deva, who served as vice chancellor of the University of Lucknow and Banaras Hindu University. It also has constituent colleges in Ambedkar Nagar district and Azamgarh district, as well as a planned college in Gonda district.
History.
The foundation stone of was laid on 15 January 1974, by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at Mashodha near Faizabad. Laxmi Narain Rai was the first officer on special duty, succeeded by A.S. Srivastava in October 1974 and by the first vice-chancellor, A.D. Pandey in October 1975. In the same year the government of Uttar Pradesh decided that the main campus of the university would be established at Kumarganj, (Faizabad) Ayodhya instead of Mashodha. The university started functioning in a borrowed building of Gram Swalabi Vidyalaya Acharya Nagar, Naka, Faizabad.
The Mahamaya College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology was established in 2002 at Ambedkarnagar by upgrading the department of Agriculture Engineering in the College of Agriculture.
Constituent colleges.
The university includes the following constituent colleges:


Karnataka Gramin Bank

Kaveri Grameena Bank (Kannada:ಕಾವೇರಿ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್) was a Regional Rural Bank established under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976, was a Scheduled Bank jointly owned by Government of India, State Bank of India(formerly by State Bank of Mysore) and Government of Karnataka (share capital contributed in the ratio of 50 :35:15 respectively), permitted to carry all kinds of banking business. The Bank was operating in 10 Districts of South Karnataka, having its Head Office at Mysore City with Nine Regional Offices at Mysuru, Mandya, Bengaluru, Tumakuru, Hassan, Chamarajanagar, Madikeri, Chikmagulur and Ramanagara
The Bank came into existence on 1 November 2012 (Sponsored by State Bank of Mysore) by Amalgamation of Cauvery Kalpatharu Grameena Bank, Chikmagalur Kodagu Grameena Bank and Vishvesvaraya Grameena Bank, Sponsored by State Bank of Mysore, Corporation Bank and Vijaya Bank respectively.
History.
Year - event
2019 the kaveri grameena bank amalgamated with pragathi krishna grameena bank to form karnatraka gramin bank


Congou

Congou () is a description of a black Chinese tea variety used by 19th-century tea importers in America and Europe. It was the base of the 19th-century English Breakfast tea blend.
Name.
The etymology of the tea is the same as kung fu, from the Chinese for "skill" (工夫 gongfu), via the Hokkien pronunciation "kang-hu". This is the same word as in the Gongfu tea ceremony (工夫茶, sometimes 功夫茶), and "congou" is locally drunk in this style.
The popular variety "Panyang Congou" (or "Panyong Congou") is a corruption of Tanyang (), the name of a small village in Fu'an, Fujian that popularized the style. Once the most expensive style of black tea in the West, with exports to over twenty countries and a gold medal at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915, a state-owned factory established in 1958 continues to produce small amounts.
Identification.
The source the importers called "Cangou" was Amoy Kanghu tea, or Teochew Kanghu tea, the 'espresso' of Chinese teas (Chaozhou Gongfu cha, 潮州工夫茶 or 潮汕工夫茶), or Keemun Gongfu or Congou (祁門功夫) made with careful skill ("gongfu") to produce thin, tight strips without breaking the leaves.


Humane Farm Animal Care

Humane Farm Animal Care is a non-profit organization established to promote and administer its certification and labeling program, "Certified Humane Raised & Handled", for meat, dairy, eggs and poultry raised under its animal care standards in the USA. It is governed by a Board of Directors and retains a Scientific Committee which includes scientists and veterinarians. The organization is endorsed by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
History.
Both the organization and the Certified Humane Raised & Handled program were founded in 2003, by Adele Douglass. In the late 1990s, Douglass had traveled to England to study a brand of farm products which advertised as derived from humanely raised animals.
Mission.
Humane Farm Animal Care's mission is "improving the lives of farm animals in food production from birth through slaughter."
"Certified Humane Raised and Handled" program.
The certification program requires the inspection of aspects of production, including raising of live animals, slaughter and the processing/packaging of animal products, to ensure the authenticity of the Certified Humane Raised & Handled label. The program provides documents detailing certification program requirements and specifications, as well as standards for animal care and slaughter. The program is ISO Guide 65 accredited (the USDA is the accrediting agency in the US).


Chateau Chantal

Chateau Chantal is a winery located on the Old Mission Peninsula, only a few miles north of Traverse City, in Grand Traverse County, Michigan. The chateau sits atop one of the highest points on the Old Mission Peninsula and has views of both East and West arms of Grand Traverse Bay. The winery is a European style chateau on a estate. Chantal is in an official American Viticultural Area, one of five in Michigan, a state that specializes in vinifera, hybrid and native grape varieties. The Chateau has a tasting room, an eleven-room bed and breakfast, and a hospitality room where cooking classes and Jazz at Sunset are hosted.
History.
While Chateau Chantal was not incorporated until 1991, its history began in December 1983, when Robert and Nadine Begin formed Begin Orchards and purchased 60 acres of cherry orchards on the company's current site. Between 1984 and 1991, the Begins cleared much of this land, planted various grapes varieties and purchased additional land. In July 1990, Mr. Begin received a Special Use Permit from the Peninsula Township to operate the Chateau. In June 1991, the company was incorporated and in 1993 construction of the Chateau was completed. July 2003 saw the completion of an expansion which added eight B&B units to the original three, and a Hospitality Room equipped for executive retreats and events. In late 2010, Chantal finished its second major expansion adding onto its cellar and tasting room. The addition adds to the cellar, a tasting room addition, and patio space located on the roof of the cellar for seasonal use.
Argentina.
Chantal purchased a vineyard in Argentina in 2003 to be able to offer a bold red wine to their lineup. The vineyard is in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. The proper name of the South American Vineyard is Chateau Chantal SA and it grows Malbec and Bonarda. Bonarda is a widely planted grape variety in Argentina used to make red wines. Malbec grapes are known for their robust tannins, and are thought of as being the grape of Argentina.
Founders Robert and Nadine Begin.
Robert was a Roman Catholic priest for twelve years and Nadine, a former Felician Sister. The two went their separate ways from serving in the church and were married in 1974. They remain devout in their faith. Mr. Begin did post graduate studies in low income housing under a one-year Ford Foundation Grant in the late 1960s. Further, Mr. Begin studied with the Smaller Company Management Program at the Baker School of Business, Harvard University, during the early 1970s. In 1972, he headed a construction business in the Detroit area. As a nun, Nadine earned a master's degree in Home Economics and taught for 22 years. From 1972 to 1983, Mr. Begin served as the CEO of Matvest, Inc., a construction management company with operations in nine major cities at the time of his resignation. He has been the sole proprietor of Begin Orchards since 1983. In 1991 the company was renamed Chateau Chantal after their daughter Marie-Chantal Begin. Mr. Begin is the company's founder and Chairman of the Board. Nadine wrote the book "Feed my Lambs, Feed my Sheep - The Meals and Memories of a Lifetime." This book is half cookbook half memoir. Nadine is an accomplished cook and prepares many of the meals in the B&B herself. The book outlines her life story from growing up on a farm, joining the convent, marrying Bob and starting a family, and starting a winery in Northern Michigan. The book is filled with photos, prose, poetry and family recipes that she picked up in her journey that began in 1932.
Chateau Chantal as a Corporation.
The Company was incorporated in 1991.
Governance.
The company is governed by a five to nine member Board of Directors. Directors are elected by majority vote of shareholders voting at the company's annual meeting.
Winemakers.
Mark B. Johnson.
Johnson was the company's founding Wine Maker and Vice President. Mr. Johnson received his B.A. degree in social work from Michigan State University in 1974. In 1983, he received a degree in Viticulture and Enology at the Federal Research Station and Institute in Geisenheim, Germany. From 1983 to 1993, Mr. Johnson was employed as a winemaker at Chateau Grand Traverse, a local winery. His employment with the Chateau Chantal began in 1993. Mr. Johnson passed in 2017.
Brian Hosmer.
Hosmer was hired as a WineMaker at Chateau Chantal in 2007. Hosmer was born in Flint, and is a graduate of Michigan State University in Resource Development, he switched his area of study to winemaking and viticulture after several years at a teaching-assistant position in France, Spain, and The Netherlands—where he learned to appreciate wine. Hosmer did his post-graduate studies in the wine/viticulture program at MSU.
Speciality Wines.
Ice Wine.
On years when weather permits Chantal preserves a portion of the Riesling grapes to be harvested after the first hard freeze. Ice wine was first produced in Michigan in 1983 by Mark Johnson, who was working at Chateau Grand Traverse at the time. Chantal continues to follow the German laws that govern what wine qualifies as ice wine. German wine law is similar to the United States wine law and both dictate that ice wine must be picked only when the grapes are frozen on the vine. Because of the impossibility of predicting nature, making ice wine requires a great deal of luck. The grapes are generally picked in December after prolonged below freezing temperatures, to ensure they are frozen all the way through. But on warmer years the grapes cannot be picked until late into January or February. It can also be difficult to protect the grapes from birds and wind as they stay on the vine until after they are very ripe. Leaving the grapes on the vine until the first hard freeze ensures the grapes have reached their full ripeness while the ice captures the excess water leaving naturally concentrated sugars. Ice wine is sometimes referred to as liquid gold because of its high cost to make and purchase and because of the wine's intense sweetness.
The high cost of producing ice wine causes it to generate little profit for the winery. When asked why Chantal still makes it year after year Johnson replied "A good ice wine is almost certain to bring home a medal or two. I do think that natural ice wine is something incredibly special, and it's quite rare. And because they can't do it in California."
Fruit Wines.
Entice.
Entice is a blend of Chantal's ice wine and barrel aged grape brandy, making this a white port.
Cerise.
Cerise is a blend of distilled whole tart cherries and the Chantal's cherry wine.
Annual Events.
Blossom Days.
The Original Traverse City Cherry Festival began in 1925 as the Blessing of the Blossoms Festival. This Festival was originally an event held in early may to attract tourists to Northern Michigan to view the cherry blossoms. In 1931 the Michigan Legislature renamed the festival the National Cherry Festival, and moved the event to the summer. The Wineries of Old Mission Peninsula restarted this tradition in 2004 by hosting the Blossom Days Festival. The festival is a two-day event. The Blessing of the Blossoms is a non-denominational ceremony that takes place at Chateau Chantal. The 2011 Blossom days event took place on May 14–15 and the Blessing of the Blossoms was performed by Bishop Bernard Hedba.
Harvest Festival.
In 2010 Chantal hosted its 11th Annual Harvest Festival in late October. This festival celebrates the successful completion of the growing season. The event includes wine tasting, rides through the vineyard, tours of the winery, and barefoot grape smashing.
Notable Awards.
Fox News Travel ranked Chateau Chantal among the top ten wine inns in the United States.


John Greive

John Greive (26 June 1886 – 7 June 1971) was a Scottish first-class cricketer and cricket administrator.
Greive was born at Howden Farm in Selkirkshire in June 1886 to James Greive, a farmer, and his wife Margaret. He was educated at Selkirk High School. Greive was well known in club cricket in the Scottish Borders region, playing for Selkirk Cricket Club. He set a record in Border cricket in 1920, by scoring 1,011 runs in the season. In fifty years of club cricket he made thirty centuries. Following success at club level, Greive was selected to play first-class cricket for Scotland in 1911, making two appearances against Ireland and the touring Indians at Glasgow and Galashiels respectively. Greive fought in the First World War and survived the conflict. His brothers, William and Walter, who had also played first-class cricket for Scotland, were both killed in the war. Following the war, he made three further first-class appearances for Scotland between 1920 and 1926, playing twice against Ireland and once against Surrey. In five first-class matches, Greive scored 208 runs with a highest score of 58. A farmer by profession, For Selkirk, he had made more centuries in Scottish cricket than any other Borders cricketer by 1937. Grieve was president of the Scottish Cricket Union in 1935. Outside of cricket, he played curling for Selkirk. A farmer by profession, he died at Selkirk in June 1971.


James Bennett (Australian politician)

James Bennett (1874 – 23 November 1951) was an Australian farmer and politician. He was one of the founders of Victoria's People's Party and served a single term in the House of Representatives from 1913 to 1914. He represented the Victorian seat of Gippsland and sat as a Liberal in parliament.
Early life.
Bennett was born in 1874 in South Australia, either in Rapid Bay or Glenelg. He grew up on the Yorke Peninsula, leaving school at the age of 13. He and his parents moved to the Mallee region of Victoria two years later, settling on a property located outside of Warracknabeal. Bennett bought his own farm in 1900, during the Federation Drought. He grew experimental varieties of wheat and conducted scientific tests on the effectiveness of different varieties of fertiliser, in cooperation with the state agricultural department. He was involved with various farmers' advocacy groups.
Politics.
Bennett was one of the co-founders of the People's Party in 1910, serving as the inaugural honorary secretary. He became a paid organiser for the party. In July 1912, he was selected as the endorsed candidate of the People's Party and the Australian Women's National League (AWNL) for the Division of Gippsland. He defeated the incumbent independent member George Wise at the 1913 federal election on a swing of 12.7 points. However, Wise reversed the result at the 1914 election on a swing of 6 points, winning by 610 votes. He was a supporter of preferential voting, and was described by Melbourne's "Punch" as "sound and reliable - a farmers' representative for a farmers' seat".
Later life.
Bennett later worked in Melbourne as a real estate agent and builder. He died on 21 November 1951.


Charlotte Millikin Hoak

Charlotte Milliken Hoak (1874-1967) was a 20th-century teacher, horticulturist, occasional botanist and garden columnist in Southern California. She advocated the use of native plants for landscaping public places including roadsides because they were best suited for the environment and did not draw on scarce water resources. As a teacher she taught organic gardening and composting techniques to her elementary school students and members of the community. Charlotte received recognition and awards from several plant societies, garden clubs, and well known botanists and horticulturists with whom she worked. Her contributions to the field of horticulture and her advocacy for the conservation of natural resources and preservation of wild-lands is documented and warrants recognition.
Biography.
Lottie May Hoak was born on October 24, 1874 to a pioneer son of a Maine farmer, in an area that was to become the town Comptche, California. To mark her birth, her father planted a grove of redwood trees which still stand today. Hoak became a devout student of nature and horticulture. She spent her first 17 years on her family's homestead in the heart of the redwood forest, helping her father plant his orchards and her mother beautify the yard with flowers and trees, ordered by mail, from all over the world. In 1883, when Hoak was 9 years old, her mother died but not before expressing her death-bed wish that her first daughter obtain an education at the University of California in Berkeley, California. In 1890, having graduated from the one-room schoolhouse near home, Hoak moved to San Jose, Ca. to earn a teachers certificate at the Normal school there, then to Berkeley, to attend the University in 1896, fulfilling her mother's wish in 1900, when she was awarded a bachelor's degree in philosophy. The next few years were spent by Hoak interspersed between doing graduate work in botany at the university and teaching in Comptche and Mendocino, California. 1902 was tumultuous for Hoak as she gained her MA at Berkeley, continued teaching in Mendocino and her father sold her childhood homestead in Comptche, a place she remembered fondly in her writing, and visited, throughout her life.
One very formative aspect of Hoak's childhood in Comptche was the progressive manner in which her father, Newman Elvin Hoak, conducted his agricultural endeavors. His friends included Luther Burbank, internationally famous horticulturist, and Carl Purdy, noted botanist and nurseryman who were known to visit Newman together to hunt for game and to collect native plants in the area. Newman won awards at the state fair with, among other fruits and vegetables, his plums, grown from Burbank's grafts. Charlotte grew up placing a high value on the knowledge of farming practices, native plants and the environment, which were fundamental to her belief in the conservation of natural places and resources.
She had a long association with California Garden Clubs, Inc., serving as the inaugural Editor-in-Chief of "Golden Gardens", the organization's publication, from October 1932 to 1935 and going on to become the organization's Horticulture Chairman. She was also the founding President of the South Pasadena Garden Club in 1926.
She was a regular columnist for the "Pasadena Star-News".
She died on .


John Caspar Wister

John Caspar Wister (March 19, 1887 – December 27, 1982) was one of the United States' most highly honored horticulturists.
Early life.
A member of Philadelphia's prominent , John was the youngest of five children born to William Rotch Wister and Mary Rebecca Eustis in the Germantown section of Philadelphia. His sister Mary Channing Wister would marry her cousin Owen Wister, the author of "The Virginian".
As a small boy, John followed his family's gardener around their Belfield and Wister Estates, trying to learn anything and everything he could about plants.
In 1909, Wister graduated from Harvard University. He continued his studies at Harvard's School of Landscape Architecture, supplemented with courses at the New Jersey Agricultural College. He worked in landscape architecture offices in New York and Philadelphia until he enlisted on July 10, 1917, as a private in the Army.
World War I.
Wister trained at the University of Pennsylvania and at Augusta Arsenal before serving in Jonchery, France, with Advance Ordnance Depot 4 during World War I. According to letters he wrote to his family during the war, Wister served most of his time in various ordnance departments, being promoted to Sergeant of Ordnance in November 1917. Wister never strayed far from plants and flowers, using his leave time to visit the gardens of Europe. He would often send plants back to his friends, the Arthur Hoyt Scotts, noted garden enthusiasts whom he met in 1915. He was honorably discharged from the Army on May 10, 1919.
Horticultural work.
Wister helped organize the American Iris Society in 1920 and served as its first president for 14 years.
John Caspar Wister's research in cross-breeding produced hundreds of new hybrid species of common plants and flowers. In addition to the scientific research he performed on plants, he devoted a great deal of his time to sharing his knowledge of plants and the beauty he found in them with those around him. One of his many contributions to local Philadelphia horticulture was the campus of Swarthmore College, where he worked for more than 50 years. In order to recognize the work of Wister's good friends, the Arthur Hoyt Scotts, Swarthmore established the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation and named Wister the foundation's first director in 1930. The Foundation's public garden, with its 5,000 species of trees and shrubs adorns the Swarthmore campus, of which were landscaped by Wister himself. He grouped plant families together within the garden to establish a more practical plan. Swarthmore College awarded Wister an honorary doctor of science degree in 1942 for his work with the college. Wister also operated a landscape architecture business out of the now-demolished Wister Mansion just off of La Salle University's campus in Philadelphia.
In 1946, Wister became the first director of the John J. Tyler Arboretum in Lima, PA, serving as president of both the arboretum and bird sanctuary until 1968. In addition to this organization, he was active in most major scientific and conservation groups and was a member of about 50 horticultural societies and 30 scientific organizations. He served as secretary of the American Rose Society, president and founder of the American Iris Society, and secretary for 24 years of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. He was also intimately connected with the John Bartram Association in Philadelphia.
Recognition.
Wister was the first recipient of four major horticulture awards: the Liberty Hyde Bailey Medal, the Scott Garden and Horticultural Award, the A.P. Saunders Memorial Award from the American Peony Society, and the Honor and Achievement Award from the International Lilac Society. He was honored for his outstanding work with flowers at the centennial celebration of the founding of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden awarded Wister its Garden Medal for outstanding service in 1966, and in that same year, the Royal Horticultural Society dedicated its Daffodil and Tulip Yearbook to him, making Wister the first American gardener to receive this honor.
The Wister Medal of the American Iris Society, their highest award for a tall-bearded iris, was named in his honor.
Marriage.
Absorbed in flowers and plants, Wister did not marry until the age of 73, when he took as his wife Gertrude Smith, a noted horticulturist. Wister referred to marriage as "the fatal plunge" in one of his wartime letters.
Death.
Wister, considered America's “Dean of Horticulturists”, died on December 27, 1982, at his home in Swarthmore. At the time of his death, Wister was director emeritus of both the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation and the John J. Tyler Arboretum. He is interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia, Section M, Plot 128.
Bibliography.
(Unless otherwise noted, all sources can be found in the Owen Wister and Family Collection, La Salle University, Connelly Library, Department of Special Collections.


Royal Canberra Show

The Royal Canberra Show is an agricultural show that has been staged annually in Canberra since 1927 by the Royal National Capital Agricultural Society. The show has agriculture at its core, but it has expanded with the addition of rides, competitions and educational facilities. It is said that this is where "city meets country" and "country meets city".
History.
The Royal Canberra Show can trace its origins back to the first events organised by the Ginninderra Farmers' Union, which was formed in 1905. At first, it ran sporting events at Ginninderra, including ploughing matches, but in 1909 it held its first annual agricultural show. These shows were discontinued because of the First World War, despite the 1915 event being attended by 1,200 people and raising much-needed funds for the war effort. One of the driving forces, from the days of the Ginninderra Farmers' Union until 1944, was the Ginninderra blacksmith, Harry Curran, father of Babe Curran of Deasland, the district's preeminent wool grower. The Advance Hall and District Association organised a small district show in 1924 and 1925. The show of 1927 is officially recognised by the Royal National Capital Agricultural Society as the "inaugural" Canberra Show. The show continued to grow: the first two-day show was held in 1931, and the 1932 show was opened by Prime Minister J.A. Lyons. After a hiatus in the Second World War, the show resumed with the support of leading sheep breeder Sir Walter Merriman. In 1964 the show moved to its permanent home at the Canberra Showground. The Show was given "Royal" status in 1979.
There was no show in 2021.
The Show today.
The number of people who enter their livestock and other agricultural goods into the various competitions has increased, reflecting the significant role the Show plays in the development of the skills and excellence of those who live in the surrounding region, according to the Royal Canberra Show website.
In 2012, the show marked the International Year of the Farmer.


Kalli Station (pastoral lease)

Kalli Station is a pastoral lease that has operated as both a cattle and sheep station in Western Australia.
Description.
The property covers an area of and has traditionally farmed sheep for the production of wool. The station is located in the Shire of Murchison in the Mid West region of Western Australia; the nearest town is Cue. The soil has a low level of erosion, with 91% of the land being described as nil or minor. The perennial vegetation condition is poor, with 47% of vegetation cover being described as poor or very poor. Kalli adjoins Boolardy, Meka, Mileura and Madoonga Stations.
History.
The station was put on the market in 1918 by John Patrick McGrath. McGrath had previously owned the Peake and left to establish Kalli Station. In 1918 the station covered an area of . The property eventually sold to Ted Church in 1920 and later sold again to John Forrest in 1927.
304 were sold off from the station in 1926.
Three trucks of cattle were sold and moved from the station via Day Dawn to Midland Junction in 1928.
The area was struck by drought in 1936–1937 when the station was owned by Mr A. Lloyd who said "if it had not been for mulga cutting he would have no sheep left at all"; the rains came in April 1937, allowing stock to be turned out.
The property was put on the market in 1948 as part of the estate of E. J. Church, along with the flock of over 5,200 sheep.
In 1989, an inspector from the Department of Agriculture stumbled across a large cannabis crop at Kalli Station. Following a police investigation, Operation Cerberus, another crop was found at Gingin and another was planned to be planted at Mount Elvire by the L'Onorata Syndicate. As a result, ten men were arrested including Rocco Versace and Sebastino Pizzata, who were the ringleaders. The head of the operation Bruno "The Fox" Romeo was arrested years later.
The CSIRO regional land classification system uses the name taken from the station to describe plains of red sand over laterite.
The current lessees are Ross and Ailsa Ariti. Kalli is operating under the Crown Lease number CL574-1966 and has the Land Act number LA3114/670.


Hope and Jiti Tea Estates

Hope Tea Estate and Jiti Tea Estate are tea gardens, located near each other in the Nagrakata CD block in the Malbazar subdivision of the Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Both the tea estates are located in the north-central section of the Dooars.
Geography.
Location.
Hope Tea Estate is located at .
Hope Tea Estate lies at the foot of the Sivalik hills of the outer Himalayas. The Tea Estate is situated at a height of about 1,200 ft. Tea has been planted in the Eastern Division with very steep slopes. The estate receives an average of 450 cm of rain. As a result of its proximity to the hills, the climate remains cool and temperate even in summer. The view towards the north, along the Bhutan border is very picturesque.
Jit Tea Estate is located at
Jiti Tea Estate lies a serene valley bordering the foothills of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan. Hope Tea Estate lies to the south of Jiti Tea Estate. While the Ghatia River flows along its western border, the Jiti River flows on the eastern side. The area receives excessive rainfall and is cooler than other parts of the Dooars. The unique climatic conditions help in producing high quality tea leaves.
Area overview.
Gorumara National Park has overtaken traditionally popular Jaldapara National Park in footfall and Malbazar has emerged as one of the most important towns in the Dooars. Malbazar subdivision is presented in the map alongside. It is a predominantly rural area with 88.62% of the population living in rural areas and 11.32% living in the urban areas. Tea gardens in the Dooars and Terai regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop. Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as census towns or villages. Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.
Etymology.
Hope Tea Estate was named after the daughter of the major share holder of the Hope Tea Company.
The gardens.
Hope Tea Garden was planted around 1878 and the first tea factory came up by 1880 at Thal Khola. In the earlier days tea leaves were carried down to the factory in bullock carts, but around 1886 the factory was shifted to its present site. Initially, the Santals were deployed in the Hope Tea Garden but from around 1880, Adivasis from Chhotanagapur and Nepalis from Nepal were brought in.
Jiti Tea Estate was founded in 1878 as a part of the Hope Tea Estate and initially the green tea leaves were carried to the Hope factory. It got its own factory in 1878.
Goodricke.
Established in 1977, Goodricke owns 18 tea estates in India, all inherited from sterling tea companies, who operated from the late 1800s. Goodricke has 12 gardens in the Dooars. With its rich agro climate the area produces CTC tea. Goodricke’s tea gardens in the Dooars are: Danguajhar, Leesh River, Meenglas, Hope, Aibheel, Chulsa, Chalouni, Jiti, Sankos, Gandrapara, Lakhipara and Kumargram.
Eight sterling tea companies viz., The Assam-Doors Tea Co. Ltd., Hope Tea Co. Ltd., The Lebong Chulsa Tea Co. Ltd., The British Darjeeling Tea Co. Ltd., The Chulsa Tea Co. Ltd., The Leesh River Tea Co. Ltd., The Danguajhar Tea Co. Ltd., and The Meenglas Tea Co. Ltd., were amalgamated with Goodricke in 1977.
Tourism.
Nagrakata, 75 km from Siliguri, has been a major hub of tea trading, with numerous tea gardens in the area – Chengmari, Kurti, Bhagatpur, Nagrakata, Jiti, Hope, Naya Sailee, Hilla, Grassmore, Ghatia, Loosan, Dharnipur and many others. With so many tea gardens in the area, Nagrakata has started attracting tourists.


Laird, Norton Company Building

The Laird, Norton Company Building is a historic commercial building in Winona, Minnesota, United States. From its completion in 1918 to 1958 it was the headquarters of the Laird, Norton Company, the largest and most successful logging firm based in Winona. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 for its local significance in the theme of commerce. It was nominated for its association with the Minnesota lumber industry. The Laird, Norton Company was founded in the 1850s in Winona, a strategic river and rail hub, and pioneered the use of line yards, lumber yards established along railroad lines to sell raw building material to inland settlers.


Schloss Gobelsburg

Schloss Gobelsburg is a winery in the Kamptal wine growing region in Lower Austria, some 50 miles to the north west of Vienna. The estate produces both red and white wines.
History.
The oldest archaeological finds at the Gobelsburg site date back some 4,000 years, and a castle of this name is mentioned in 1178. The Renaissance structure underlying the present face of the castle was renovated in baroque style in 1725. Having belonged to various aristocratic families, castle and grounds were sold to the Cistercian monks of Zwettl Abbey in 1740 and have been in its possession ever since. In 1996, the present managers, Eva and Michael Moosbrugger, took responsibility of the building and the winery, which is directed by Michael Moosbrugger.
Estate.
Wine production at the castle dates back several centuries. After the taking over in 1996, Michael Moosbrugger (who was initially supported by wine producer Willi Bründlmayer) began reforming vineyard work and vinification according to strict quality standards. Of the 39 hectares under vines around the Kamptal village of Langenlois, Gobelsburg’s premium vineyards are the rocky, terraced Zöbinger Heiligenstein and Grub, mostly for Riesling, as well as the lower-lying Lamm and Gaisberg vineyards, whose sand and loess soils are mainly planted with Grüner Veltliner. The Grüner Veltliner varietal makes up 50% of total production, followed by Riesling (25%), St. Laurent (8%), Zweigelt and Pinot noir (both 6%), and Merlot (5%). Vineyard work is done exclusively by hand and mostly follows organic practice. A considerable proportion of Gobelsburg wines is exported.
Winemaking.
Gobelsburg winemaking emphasizes traditional varietals and terroir expression. Oak casks are used sparingly and only for top Grüner Velliner and red wines, otherwise large barrels or steel tanks are used for vinification. Mostly natural yeasts are used for fermentation, and yeast contact is preferred for some premium wines. The Tradition line of wines is using methods drawn from historical winemaking practice.


Panighatta

Panighatta, or Panighata (English translation: "Water mill"), is a Tea Estate village on the banks of Balason River and the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains. Panighatta falls under the Mirik sub-division of Darjeeling district and is situated about 26 kilometers from Mirik and 32 km from Siliguri in the state of West Bengal in India.
Geography.
Location.
Panighata is located at .
The total geographical area of Panighata village is and is the fourth-biggest village by area in the sub-division.
Area overview.
The map alongside shows a part of the southern portion of the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the Darjeeling district. In the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the Mirik subdivision 80.11% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 19.89% lives in the urban areas. There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting Darjeeling tea. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as census towns or villages. Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.
Demographics.
According to the 2011 Census of India, Panighata had a total population of 5,235 of which 2,595 (50%) were males and 2,640 (50%) were females. There were 438 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Panighata was 3,588 (68.54% of the population over 6 years).
Languages spoken.
Nepali and Hindi.
Tea.
Panighatta Tea Estate employs about 750 permanent and 400 casual staff. The estate is spread over 900 acres and produces about 5.5 lakh kg tea annually.
Notable persons.
Rangu Souriya
Education.
Loreto School Panighatta is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 1995. It has facilities for teaching from nursery to class X. It is affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.
Rainbow High School is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 1980. It has facilities for teaching from class Nursery to class X. It has 20 computers, a library with 1,000 books and a playground.


Florence Hall (WLA)

Florence Louise Hall was the chief of the Women's Land Army from April 12, 1943 until the end of World War II. During her term, at least one and a half million non-farm women joined the farm effort to help alleviate the wartime farm labor shortage.
Florence Hall was born in 1888 in Port Austin, Michigan. She graduated from Michigan State Agricultural College (later part of Michigan State University) in 1909 with a BS in Home Economics. Later in 1933, the college awarded her an honorary master's degree. In 1917 she was appointed home demonstration agent in Allegheny County, PA. She spent 1922 to 1928 in the Agriculture Department's Dairy Bureau, traveling in 32 states to organize “milk for health” campaigns. Rising through the ranks of the Extension Service, in 1928 she was appointed senior home economist, with responsibility for the twelve northeastern states. In 1932, Ms. Hall served as President of the Columbia Home Economics Association. And from 1938 to 1943 she served as the field agent, home demonstration work for the Home Extension Service of the Department of Agriculture.
On April 10, 1943 the War Food Administration announced the formation of the Women's Land Army to be part of the United States Crop Corps. Two days later Ms. Hall was selected to head the organization. As chief, she worked closely with home demonstration agents in the Extension Service and with state agricultural colleges to develop plans and procedures for recruiting and training women for the Women's Land Army at the state and local levels. Eleanor Roosevelt was a supporter of the Women's Land Army, and at a May 10, 1943 press conference, she introduced Florence Hall, who presented the new land army uniform to reporters.
After the war she again became Field Agent and a Senior Home Economist with the Extension Service, USDA for the 12 northeastern states from Maine to West Virginia.
In 1952, an annual award was created, the Florence Hall Award, to recognize outstanding accomplishments by members of the National Extension Association of Family & Consumer Sciences (NEAFCS). This award is presented for an outstanding program conducted by one or more NEAFCS members who have been alert in recognizing new concerns and interests of families and have involved people in planning and implementing programs that benefit families.


Bjarne Lyngstad

Bjarne Lyngstad (9 January 1901 – 4 September 1971) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born in Inderøy.
From August to September 1963 he served as the Minister of Local Government and Work Affairs during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng. When another centre-right cabinet was formed in 1965, under Prime Minister Per Borten, Lyngstad was appointed Minister of Agriculture and held this position until 21 August 1970.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nord-Trøndelag in 1961 and was re-elected on one occasion. During his stints as cabinet member, which included the entire second term, he was replaced by deputy representative Ola H. Kveli. Lyngstad had served in the position of deputy representative during the terms 1954–1957 and 1958–1961.
Lyngstad was a long-time member of the Inderøy municipality council, serving as deputy mayor in the periods 1945–1947 and 1955 to 1961 and mayor from 1947 to 1952.


Charolais horse

The Charolais or Charollais is an extinct breed of warmblood horse from the Charolais, the country lying around the town of Charolles, now in the Saône-et-Loire département of Burgundy, in eastern central France. Like other French warmbloods, it was the result of crossing local agricultural horses with the Thoroughbred, and was known by the name of the region without ever having a specific stud-book. Like other French warmbloods including the Angevin, the Charentais, the Cheval Limousin and the Vendéen, it was fused with the Anglo-Normand in 1958 in order to create the national warmblood stud-book, the Selle français. It was originally used as a multi-purpose horse for riding, driving, and agriculture. During the late 19th century, additional Thoroughbred blood was added and a new type emerged that was principally used as a light cavalry mount. It was also used for dressage and show jumping.
History.
The original landrace ancestors of the Charolais include the Cheval Bourguignon (Burgundy Horse), which developed from horses bred in the Burgundy region in the Middle Ages. Although small, Burgundy horses were known for their endurance and robustness. They were used for riding and agriculture, and as coach horses. This type, combined with other blood, developed into the Charolais, which belonged to a group of French breeds called "demi-sang" or "half-bloods" – crosses between native breeds and Thoroughbreds. Some 19th- and early 20th-century sources claim that Arabian blood was also added from horses captured from the Saracens after the Battle of Poitiers.
Until the mid-20th century, the Charolais and other "demi-sang" breeds, such as the Angevin, Charentais, Cheval Limousin, and Vendéen, were generally known by the name of the region in which they existed, and did not have individual breed stud-books. As these horses were not separated by breed type, but instead by geography, no significant physical characteristics distinguished the Charolais from other "demi-sang" types that developed prior to the mid-19th century. Charolais horses were primarily raised in what is now the Saône-et-Loire department. The areas of Cluny, Charolles, Blanzy, Paray-le-Monial, and Digoin were preferred for breeding, due to the clay-limestone soils that favoured the development of the equine skeletal structure.
Multi-purpose types like the Charolais and the Morvan were slowly supplanted in farmers' favour by draught horses. The Nivernais breed, in particular, was preferred by farmers and threatened the existence of the Charolais. Thus, the original small multi-purpose strain of Charolais gave way to a type of small draught horse that was next crossed with purebred and crossbred Thoroughbreds until, by 1850, it had become a horse for cavalry purposes. It was thought by some enthusiasts, however, that this outcrossing reduced the quality of the breed, and many missed the old-style Charolais, which had disappeared due to a lack of demand and use. However, others thought that the outcrossings had benefited the Charolais breed: in 1919, one author stated that the breeding of the Charolais type was in excellent condition, and a report from the time stated that the favourite horse of King Albert I of Belgium was a Charolais named Titanic.
Like many other French saddle horse types, in 1958, the Charolais was part of a reorganisation of French horse breeding. Many "demi-sang" types, including the Charolais, were merged to create a new national breed, the Selle Français.
Characteristics.
The Charolais breed was small, and most closely physically resembled the Morvan horse, another now-extinct French type. The breed had a short head with small ears and a short, strong neck attached low on the shoulder. The body was short and rounded, with a broad croup and strong legs. They were generally considered to be small and inelegant. They were strong, robust, and hardy, the last of these traits especially so before the breeding changes of the 19th century, and were known for their pulling power.
The Charolais was appreciated for its gaits and endurance. It was known for its ability as a cavalry horse, and in 1933 was called a perfect war horse. It was also used for dressage and show jumping, and members of the breed competed in international events in these sports. It was considered to be a better galloper than the Anglo-Norman horse, another French breed.


John Fanning (Irish politician)

John Fanning (22 October 1903 – 1 January 1982) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. A farmer, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary North constituency at the 1951 general election. He was re-elected at every subsequent general election until he retired from politics at the 1969 general election.


Jean Dybowski

Jean Thadée Emmanuel Dybowski (18 April 1856 – 18 December 1928) was a French agronomist, naturalist and explorer of Polish heritage born in Charonne, Paris. He was the cousin of the Polish naturalists Benedykt Dybowski and Władysław Dybowski.
Biography.
Born in Charonne, near Paris to Polish parents Józef Dybowski (1812-1885) and Kamila Kosiorowska (1826-1888) who settled in France after the failed November Uprising of 1831. He was a cousin of Benedykt Dybowski.
He studied at the "École nationale supérieure d'agronomie" in Grignon, where in 1877 he became a lecturer. From 1889 he performed developmental research in southern Algeria.
In March 1891, he left Bordeaux for the French Congo on a mission with designs of expanding and consolidating French influence in the region north of the Ubangi River. In Africa, he was to join forces with explorer Paul Crampel (1864–1891) and to set up outposts in the interior of the continent. When he reached Brazzaville, he was informed that Crampel had been murdered, but nonetheless continued on with the expedition. On November 22, he entered the village of Yabanda, where he reportedly avenged the death of Crampel. Soon afterwards, he reached the village of Makourou, north of the Shari River, but was compelled to turn back south due to shortage of provisions. Dybowski returned to France in April 1892, and despite limited success of the mission from a political standpoint, significant geographical information of the area between the Ubangi and Shari Rivers was gained, as well as important zoological specimens being collected.
For a period of time, he served as a director of agriculture and commerce in Tunisia. He was also an organizer and director of colonial test gardens, and is credited with establishing the agricultural station at Nogent-sur-Marne. During his career, he received numerous distinctions, including being an officer of the Légion d'Honneur.
He was a founder of the French Institute of Colonial Agronomy in Paris, and a member of the Polish Academy of Learning in Kraków.
Biodiversity legacy.
In 1892, ornithologist Émile Oustalet (1844–1905) named an African finch species, Dybowski's twinspot ("Euschistospiza dybowskii") after him, as did the American zoologist Mary Jane Rathbun with the African freshwater crab ("Potamonautes dybowskii").
The Pousargues's mongoose ("Dologale dybowskii") is also named after him, as he collected the type-specimens of the species in 1892 during his mission along the Ubangi River.


Berkshire College of Agriculture

Berkshire College of Agriculture is a further education agricultural college at Hall Place in Burchetts Green, Maidenhead, Berkshire. It was founded in 1949, as the Berkshire Institute of Agriculture.
Courses.
The college was built to provide a training centre for agricultural workers. It has expanded to offer work with animals and construction. The college is located on of farm land, with residential accommodation for over 70 students.
Principals:
2013: Gillian May
Catchment area.
As this is a further education college, there is no legal catchment area, but its rural location causes an extensive bus service to be run to many towns and villages including Amersham, Beaconsfield, Bushey, Bracknell, Camberley, The Chalfonts, Gerrards Cross, Great Missenden, Henley, High Wycombe, Maidenhead, Reading, Rickmansworth, Slough, Thame, Uxbridge, Wallingford, Windsor, Watford and Wokingham.


Liu Xingtu

Liu Xingtu (; 10 September 1936 – 6 May 2021) was a Chinese agronomist born in Malacca, Malaya. He specialized in wetland research and regional agriculture of Northeast China.
Liu was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2007. He was vice director of the Wetland Research Centre of China, an arm of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and contract professor of the Regional Farming System Research Center of China Agriculture University.
Wetland Specialist.
As the leader of the National Key Technology R&D Program of China in the region of the Songnen and Sanjiang Plains, Liu has presided over many major programs and projects, such as the survey of agricultural resources, the ecological engineering of wetlands, the soil and water control of low-lying farmland, the sustainable development of regional agriculture, and so on. Also, as the director of the experts committee of wetland survey in China, he took charge of the project "Survey and Classification of Lakes and Marshes in China".
Liu initiated the model of Complex Ecological Agriculture Project of Paddy-Reed-Fish, blazed a way in the located ecological research on marsh, and accomplished a great deal in the harness of low lying farmland, regional ecological conservation and agricultural sustainable development.
Works and awards.
Liu wrote 13 monographs including "Mire Science Conspectus", "Wetlands in Northeastern China", "Research on Comprehensive Development of Regional Agriculture in Northeast China", "Natural Environmental Changes and Ecological Protection in the Sanjiang Plain", and "Management on Degraded Land and Agricultural Development in the Songnen Plain", and more than 100 articles.
He has won three national second or third place awards for progress in science and technology and five provincial or ministerial first or second place prizes for progress in science and technology. Furthermore, he was granted the honors of National Young Experts with Outstanding Contributions, National Excellent Returned Overseas Chinese Intellectual, Advanced Individual of National Key Technology R&D Program in the Eighth Five-Year Plan and Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China, Distinguished Expert of Jilin Province. In 1991, he enjoyed a Special Subsidy from State Council of China.


John Robert Kelly

John Robert Kelly (26 September 1849 – 1 September 1919) was a farmer and politician in colonial South Australia who later ran a farm in Queensland.
He was born near Yankalilla the eldest son of Robert (1823 – 17 May 1893) and Mary Ann Kelly, née Clarke, ( – 14 May 1893) who left London on the "John Woodhall", arriving in South Australia in January 1849. They farmed at "Cornhill", Bald Hills near Yankalilla. John took over the farm when his parents retired to Knightsbridge.
He represented the electorate of Encounter Bay in the South Australian House of Assembly from April 1890 to April 1896 as an associate of Henry Downer. His cousins Hugh Craine Kelly and Robert Kelly represented Wooroora from April 1890 to January 1891 and February 1891 to April 1893 respectively.
He moved to Oakey on the Darling Downs, Queensland, where he ran a substantial farm, and was appointed a magistrate there in 1899. He actively supported Federation and was prominent in farmers' organizations.
He was a founder, with W. Kent, of the Queensland Farmers' Union, and founded a land agency in 1912 with Edward Gore (c. 1877–1935). Kelly retired a few years later, but the company Edward Gore & Co. prospered.
Family.
Robert Kelly (1823 – 17 May 1893) married Mary Ann Clarke ( – 14 May 1893) before leaving for South Australia. They died within four days of each other. Their family included:


Bloomsburg Fair

The Bloomsburg Fair has been held in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, since 1855 and continues to this day.
History.
It was originally held as an agricultural exhibition located on the lower end of Second Street, which is now Main Street. Since then it has grown to be the largest fair in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Bloomsburg Fair was started by Caleb Barton in 1854. The 156th Bloomsburg Fair was held from September 25 to October 2, 2010. In 2006, fair attendance for the week reached 413,203 people. The 157th Fair was scheduled to be held from September 24, 2011, to October 1, 2011, was canceled due to the 2011 Tropical Storm Lee flood. However, the fair returned in style with the 158th edition in 2012 after a one-year hiatus. In July 2020, the Bloomsburg Fair posted a transphobic post on their Facebook page apparently showing a man dressed as Dr. Rachel Levine, the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Health, getting dunked in a dunk tank for a fundraiser. On July 28, 2020, it was announced that the fair has been cancelled for 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides 2011 and 2020, there were other cancellations in 1917–18 due to World War I and 1942–44 due to World War II.
Currently.
The 164th Bloomsburg Fair had an attendance of 411,869 people. The 166th Bloomsburg Fair will start on Friday, 24 September 2021 at 14:00 and run until Saturday, 02 October 2021. There will be a preview day Friday, 24 September 2021 with a Special $3 Admission Price for anyone at least 13. Gate Admission Saturday thru Saturday is $8. A Week Pass is available for $35 - it allows 9 entrances into the fairgrounds (one entrance per day). The grandstand concerts at that year's fair include Chicago, Jon Pardi and Brad Paisley with more announcements made soon.
Organization.
The Bloomsburg Fair is run and maintained by a board of 13 directors, each in charge of a different aspect of the Fair. They are voted in by the thousands of members that hold a share in the Bloomsburg Fair during a yearly meeting. Each director has a different term length and can maintain their station as long as the shareholders allow. Any member can run for position on the board of directors as long as they have held that share for more than two years. While each director has a specific set of duties they all vote for major changes and additions that happen at the Fair Grounds.
Unique aspects.
The Bloomsburg Fair is one of the last quarter-mile dirt tracks to remain open during the winter season for harness racing. While the stage and seating is limited at the Bloomsburg Fair they still have high end entertainment. Fair week entertainment has been country music dominated but they allot two of the nights for a newer rock band and a classic rock band still in the past the fair has hosted acts such as Sugarland, Seether, Lady Antebellum, Trace Adkins, 38 Special, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Foreigner, and comedians such as Jeff Dunham and Bill Engvall.
Attractions.
The fair has a variety of games, foods, shows, and contests. It has a midway with an assortment of carnival rides.
Entertainment.
Every year, the Bloomsburg Fair's Grandstand hosts a variety of world-renowned musical artists, comedians, and general entertainment. The horse races and demolition derby are also a popular form of entertainment at the Bloomsburg Fair. The Bloomsburg Fair also has over 1,500 food stands.
In 2006, international superstar Taylor Swift performed her first major concert at the fair.
Vendor Problems.
In 2016, early in the Fair Week, a merchant selling the Hitler Youth flag was expelled from the Fair for being a registered sex offender.


Dutch Harness Horse

The Dutch Harness Horse, or Tuigpaard, is a warmblood breed of fine driving horse that has been developed in the Netherlands since the end of World War II. Their studbook is kept by the Koninklijk Warmbloed Paardenstamboek Nederland (Royal Warmblood Horse Studbook of the Netherlands) or KWPN. The breed is based on the native Groningen and Gelderland horses, which were formerly indispensable in agriculture and transportation services. Strict selection procedures and a clear breeding aim enabled breeders to produce a refined, high-stepping horse within a few decades. While with 40 sires and fewer than 2,000 broodmares the population is not large, Dutch Harness Horses are highly recognizable. In the past few years, a handful have come to North America, where they are used as sport horses and saddle seat horses alike.
Characteristics.
The Dutch Harness Horse is distinctive among warmbloods for its high action, and gaining popularity among those saddle seat aficionados who seek a larger, more substantial horse. They are traditionally shown with a braided mane and natural tail, and when shown in-hand often wear a white bridle without a cavesson. The hooves are usually allowed to grow longer than a riding horse's feet, but are never shod with weighted shoes. While the colors black, brown, bay and chestnut are most common, there are greys, true roans, and creme dilutes. Tuigpaarden are often very well-marked, and many have extensive sabino or rabicano markings. There are even some tobianos, though they are rare.
The expressive head is made up of straight lines and distinctly warmblood in type. It is usually narrow, long and quite dry, similar to the Saddlebred.
The neck is set on quite high, and the shoulders are uniformly long and powerful. The carriage of the head and the level croup with high-set tail distinguish the harness horses from their riding-type relatives. The longer back, more open loin, and flatter croup enable the hindlegs and forelegs to work independently and with great action. By comparison, the harness horse appears to stand higher off the ground.
Strict selection procedures mean that the Dutch Harness Horse is reasonably uniform in type and motion, and also means that the gait qualities of the horses are inherent. As the show horses are not asked to canter in harness, this gait receives less attention. The walk is diligent, but the trot is the true show gait. The forelegs are typically longer than the hindlegs - by design - and as such the horse will "sink" in the back and rise in the front. This quality is responsible for the powerful, active hind end and the great freedom in the forehand. These horses usually have a metronomic trot and ample suspension.
In comparison to the riding horse type, the Tuigpaarden are more hot and sensitive to the energy of a crowd. However, with the control of the stallion inspections, bad-tempered horses or those with poor constitutions are at the very least identified, if not culled outright. A dangerous stallion would never obtain breeding permission in the first place, and so the breed is reactive and courageous, but pleasant and kind.
Branding is now illegal in the Netherlands, so the lion-rampant brand of the KWPN appears on the left thigh of only older horses. Today, KWPN horses are microchipped instead.
The letter which begins a Dutch Harness Horse's name corresponds to his year of birth. Daughters are often given only a very slight variation of the dam's name, for example: 1988 was the "G" year, so the daughter of a mare named "Zilvia" was "Gilvia".
History.
The Dutch have a strong tradition of breeding driving horses, and during the late 19th century and early 20th century, these horses were known as "luxury horses." They consisted of two separate breeds: northern Groningens which were heavier and primarily dark colors, and Gelderlanders from the south which were taller, leggier, and usually chestnut. They were elegant, though heavy, carriage horses which could work on the farm too. Naturally, horse owners felt competitive about whose horse or horses were the finest and most showy. This was not forgotten when mechanization made agricultural horses obsolete and the driving horses needed a new occupation. The Royal Warmblood Horse Studbook of the Netherlands or KWPN was founded in 1969 and from the beginning featured a distinct studbook for driving horses.
Much of the development from heavy carriage horse to fine driving horse was completed within the native horse populations, however the influence of the Hackney stallion Cambridge Cole significantly helped the gene pool. Also influential was the chestnut American Saddlebred stallion, Immigrant (American Saddlebred Horse Association name Callaway's Mardi Gras), born in 1990. In comparison to his Dutch peers, his gaits were not considered impressive, but he did contribute his good character and dry type to the gene pool. Other Hackneys to cover Dutch Harness Horse mares were Marfleet Raffles and his son Grants Hornet, and Brook Acres Silversul. Currently the Hackney Horse stallions GTF Maker's Mark and Plain's Liberator are approved for use in Dutch Harness Horse breeding. A palomino American Saddlebred stallion, originally named Denmark's Golden Playboy, stood in the Netherlands as Holland's Golden Boy.
Uses.
While most Tuigpaarden are shown in special fine harness competitions, they have also made their mark in combined driving. Several of the teams at the 2006 FEI World Equestrian Games were Dutch Harness Horses. A few have distinguished themselves in sport, rather than show, though they are the exception. Some of the successful sport Dutch Harness Horses include Constance Menard's Lianca and Anneke Muilwijk's Atuur, both of which compete in dressage.
The Dutch Harness Horse is unique from other high stepping trotting breeds in that it has strict shoeing rules for competition, the shoes must be within a certain width and thickness and no pads are allowed. This insures that the breed is sound and able to trot so spectacularly on its own accord, not because of special shoeing.
Of late, Dutch Harness Horses have been crossbred with Arabians in the United States to produce a more powerful horse for half-Arabian Saddle seat-style English pleasure, fine harness and "park" classes.
Medical issues.
Prior to licensing, Tuigpaard stallions must undergo a thorough vet check. Any horse with defects of the genitalia or bite, sub-par semen analysis, or any evidence of a congenital disorder or defect is not permitted to breed. A horse which has had surgery to correct a congenital abnormality is likewise culled. Furthermore, the stallions and elite performance mares must undergo a thorough radiographic exam of their joints. Horses with evidence of OCD lesions do not pass. For these reasons, the breed is healthy, sound, and long-lived. The primary concern facing the breed is inbreeding, due to the small size of the gene pool.


Patrick Houlihan

Patrick Houlihan (25 March 1889 – 4 May 1963) was an Irish politician. A farmer, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Clare constituency at the June 1927 general election. He was re-elected at the September 1927 general election but lost his seat at the 1932 general election. He was elected again at the 1933 general election but lost his seat again at the 1937 general election.


Forestry in Ethiopia

In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. However, about 45,000 square kilometres of dense forest exist in the southern and southwestern sections of the highlands. Some of these include coniferous forests, found at elevations above l,600 meters, but a majority of the forestland consists primarily of woodlands found in drier areas of the highlands and in the drier areas bordering the highlands.
Lumber from the coniferous forests is important to the construction industry. The broadleaf evergreen forests furnish timber that is used in construction and in the production of plywood. The woodlands are a major source of firewood and charcoal. Certain trees --"boswellia" and species of "commiphora"—are of special economic significance. Both grow in the arid lowlands and produce gums that are the bases for frankincense and myrrh. A species of acacia found in several parts of the country is a source of gum arabic used in the manufacture of adhesives, pharmaceutical products, and confectionery. The eucalyptus, an exotic tree introduced in the late nineteenth century and grown mainly near urban areas, is a valuable source of telephone and telegraph poles, tool handles, furniture, and firewood. It is also a major source of the material from which fiberboard and particleboard are made.
Data on forestry's contribution to the economy are not readily available, largely because most GDP tables aggregate data on forestry, fishing, and hunting. In 1980/81 forestry accounted for 2.5% of GDP at constant 1960/61 factor cost and 5.4% of the share attributable to the agricultural sector.
Before 1974 about half of the forestland was privately owned or claimed, and roughly half was held by the government. There was little government control of forestry operations prior to the Ethiopian revolution. The 1975 land reform nationalized forestland and sawmills, which existed mostly in the south. The government controlled harvesting of forestland, and in some cases individuals had to secure permits from local peasant associations to cut trees. But this measure encouraged illegal logging and accelerated the destruction of Ethiopia's remaining forests. To ensure that conservation activity conformed with government policy and directives on land use, reforestation programs were organized through the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development or district offices that planned, coordinated, and monitored all work. The local peasant associations lacked decision-making authority.
Reforestation.
Reforestation programs resulted in the planting of millions of seedlings in community forests throughout Ethiopia. A variety of Non Governmental Organizations, which had to organize their activities through the local peasant association, supplemented government efforts to rehabilitate Ethiopia's forests. However, critics maintain that both systems caused communal resources to be developed at the expense of private needs. As a result, reforestation programs did not perform well. Seedling survival rates varied from as low as 5 to 20% in some areas to 40% in others, largely because of inadequate care and premature cutting by locals. In late 1990, Addis Ababa was in the process of launching the Ethiopian Forestry Action Plan (EFAP) to improve woodland conservation, increase public participation in reforestation projects, and prevent further depletion of existing forest resources. It remained to be seen whether this plan would improve the state of Ethiopia's forests.
Some protected and reforested areas in Ethiopia have been documented:
Deforestation.
It is estimated that in 2000 Ethiopia had 4,344,000 ha of natural forest area, which is 4% of its total land area. Compared to other East African countries Ethiopia's deforestation rate is about average. However, the deforestation rates in East Africa are second highest of the continent. Moreover, it has the smallest fraction of its forest area designated primarily for conservation. Apart from Northern Africa, East African countries show the second highest decline rates of conservation forests in the continent.


Frederick Wurm

Louis Friedrich Wurm (1832 – 1 December 1910), generally known as Fred or Frederick was an early colonist of South Australia.
History.
Wurm was born at Dortmund (then in Prussia), in 1832. He emigrated to South Australia aboard "not found" in 1849.
The following year he joined the Mounted Police, and was for some years stationed at Angaston.
In 1856 he joined his brother Friedrich Carl Wilhelm Heinrich "Henry" Wurm in business in Grenfell Street, but when Henry left for New Zealand in 1860 Frederick went into business as a grain and produce merchant in Twin Street.
In 1873 he entered into partnership with C. N. Collins with a general store in Stansbury, with branches at Curramulka and Minlaton.
Family.
Wurm married Julia Crush ( –1912) in 1859. Their family included:


David P. Kvile

David Pedersen Kvile (21 September 1861 – 24 June 1918) was a Norwegian teacher, farmer and politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born at Kvile in Breim as a son of farmers Peder A. Kvile and Kirsti J. Kaudal. He graduated from Stord Teachers' College in 1882, and worked briefly in Gransherred from 1883 before settling as a teacher in Øvre Rendal in 1885. From 1890 he also ran the farm Berger. He married a farmer's daughter from Gransherred.
He was a member of Øvre Rendal municipal council from 1893 to 1904, serving as mayor since 1897. In 1911 he again became mayor after a hiatus. He was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway in 1909, 1912 and 1915. He died in June 1918 and was buried in Øvre Rendal.


Liederkranz cheese

Liederkranz is an American re-creation of Limburger cheese, made subtly different by the use of a different bacterial culture for smear-ripening. Liederkranz is a cow's milk cheese, with an edible pale yellow-orange tan crust, and a semisoft, pale interior with a mildly pungent flavor and distinct aroma that could become unpleasantly ammonia-like if aged incorrectly.
Liederkranz was created in 1891 by Emil Frey (1867–1951), a young Swiss cheesemaker in Monroe, New York, who later also created Velveeta there in 1923. Frey was apprenticed to Adolph Tode, who ran the Monroe Cheese Company, as well as a New York City delicatessen. They named the cheese after a local singing society, a Liederkranz Club ("singing circle"), perhaps the famous one in New York, or perhaps just on a whim for its Germanic sound.
Until the original line went out of production, the cheese was sold in small boxes, with perforations in the sides. The return of the product sees it wrapped in aroma proof foil. It is very similar in flavor to the French cheese Epoisses.
The Monroe Cheese Company, the original source of Liederkranz, passed to new ownership, but Emil Frey stayed on and followed Liederkranz production to Van Wert, Ohio, in 1926. In 1929, the company was sold to the Borden Company. Frey retired in 1938.
At the end of 1981, after a fire damaged its Van Wert plant, Borden terminated its natural cheese lines in favor of "processed cheese". A few months later the Fisher Cheese Company purchased the Van Wert plant and began to produce Liederkranz. In 1985, bacterial contamination of a batch of Liederkranz and several other cheeses induced Fisher to withdraw Liederkranz from the market, selling the franchise and the bacterial culture to Beatrice Foods (and thus eventually, later Beatrice acquirer ConAgra) and the New Zealand Dairy Board. That was the last batch of Liederkranz to be made for 25 years.
In 2010, the cheese was reintroduced by DCI Cheese Company of Richfield, Washington County, Wisconsin, which had acquired the trademark and the cultures (whose survival had been doubted during Liederkranz's long absence from the market).
Liederkranz was the favorite cheese of poet W.H. Auden, having been recommended to him by T.S. Eliot.


Jack Holloway (ecologist)

John Thorpe Holloway (15 November 1914 – 10 June 1977), commonly known as Jack Holloway, was a New Zealand alpine explorer and forest ecologist. He was born in Oxford, New Zealand, on 15 November 1914. He was the only child of Margaret Brenda North and husband John Ernest Holloway, a vicar in the Church of England.
Early life.
Along with his mother and father, Holloway grew up in rural New Zealand until 1916. His family moved for several years until finally they settled down in the town of Dunedin. His father then became a lecturer of botany at the University of Otago. Jack Holloway spent most of his childhood attending a boarding school in Oamaru. As a small boy, he enjoyed climbing. After he graduated from the Waitaki Boys' High School in Oamaru he went on to further his schooling at the University of Otago, like his father before him. Holloway graduated in 1937 with a Master of Science degree and honours in botany and chemistry.
Alpine exploration.
By the 1930s, John Thorpe Holloway was an established mountaineer. He explored many places, but two of the most known explorations he led were on the Barrier and Olivine ranges. Over the course of eight years Holloway made over 50 new accents on the Olivine and Barrier Ranges, including discovering twelve new passes, and he produced detailed maps. No one before Holloway had made maps of these mountain ranges. Once Holloway had mapped these new lands, exploration in New Zealand was changed. Holloway led many explorations during what were called the "depression years." He would often trade maps that he had made for food rations in order to survive. Holloway became a member of the New Zealand Alpine Club.
New Zealand Forest Service.
In 1938 Holloway sailed for Britain to undertake PhD studies in plant physiology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology and Rothamstead Experimental Station. The advent of the Second World War disrupted these plans, and he returned to New Zealand in November 1939 to enlist. Shortly after marrying Una Scott Stevenson, a lab technician, in March 1940 Holloway left New Zealand with the 11th Forest Company, Corps of New Zealand Engineers. Soon after he moved to the outskirts of London where he worked for four years in the sawmills. However, when Holloway was not working in the sawmills, he started a census of the woodlands that he was exposed to. In 1945, he joined the New Zealand Forest Service. Holloway began to work on the National Forest Survey. Holloway studied the forests of New Zealand and their native wildlife. These observational studies led to many of the papers that Holloway wrote in his life, including "Forests and Climates in South New Zealand."""
Major research.
One of the more prominent studies completed by Holloway was his study of deer species in Southland. In this study, he observed the impact of deer species on the Southland environment. Holloway not only noticed that the species just east of Southland were thriving, but the species in Southland were nearly diminished. He proposed that this change could be due to the "virgin environment." Holloway studied the Long Wood Range's deer population the most thoroughly. He found that the environment's deer population was the lowest in Southland due to newly operating sawmills and deforestation. Holloway believed heavily in the preservation of the natural world. After many studies Holloway stated that in order for society to thrive, then it must first think about its surroundings.


Willet M. Hays

Willet Martin Hays (19 October 1859 – 16 January 1928) was an American plant breeder and U. S. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture.
Biography.
Hays was born 19 October 1859 on a farm near Eldora, Iowa.
He graduated from Drake University in 1885 and obtained a master's degree in agriculture from the Iowa State College at Ames. In 1888 he became the first faculty member of the newly founded Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station of the University of Minnesota at St. Paul. He served there until 1904, interrupted by a two-year stint at the North Dakota Agricultural College at Fargo 1891–1893.
Systematic breeding.
"There are Shakespeares among plants" was Hays' reasoning for selecting specific plant units for further breeding. Thus he produced new varieties of plants by selective breeding and crossing. Among his successes were commercially important varieties of superior flax, wheat, corn, barley, and oat; he also discovered winter-resistant Grimm alfalfa.
Government service.
In 1904 Hays was appointed Assistant Secretary of Agriculture and served under James Wilson in the administration of Theodore Roosevelt. He was responsible for setting up the project system for agricultural research that was later developed into the state experimental stations. Hays improved rural infrastructure and took measures to help teach agricultural practices. The Smith-Lever Act and the Smith-Hughes Act were drafted with his help. He left government service in 1913.
In 1913 Hays drafted the protocol for the "New International Institute of Agriculture" in Rome, the forerunner of today's United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. The same year he went to Argentina where he helped to set up the Department of Agriculture and in the planning of the University of Tucuman.
Death.
By 1915 Hays suffered from ill health and retired on a farm, first in Pennsylvania, later in Iowa. He died on January 15, 1927 in Eldora, Iowa.
Organizations.
Hays was influential in the creation of a number of organizations. In 1903 he founded the "American Breeders' Association" (ABA), renamed "American Genetic Association" in 1915. Hays was the first president of the ABA, a position he kept for ten years. He formulated the three objectives of the organization: "(1) Determine the laws of inheritance in animals and plants. (2) Learn the application of these laws to increase the intrinsic commercial and artistic values of living things. (3) Aid in bringing about this desired improvement through associated effort."
Legacy.
Hays had a Liberty ship, the "U.S. Willet M. Hays", hull number 2763, named after him. The ship was laid down at the Permente Metals Corporation, Shipbuilding Division, Yard No. 2, Richmond, California, in February 1944, and launched on March 4. In 1947, the "Willet M. Hays" was sold, and it was scrapped in 1964.


Gandrapara and Lakhipara Tea Estates

Gandrapara Tea Estate and Lakhipara Tea Estate are tea gardens, located near each other in the Dhupguri CD block in the Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision of the Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Both the tea estates are located in the north-central portion of the Dooars.
Geography.
Location.
Gandrapara Tea Estate is located at .
Gandrapara Tea Estate is located the hilly northern part of the district close to the Bhutan border.
Lakhipara Tea Estate is located at
Lakhipara Tea Estate is located in the misty hills close to the Bhutan border.
Area overview.
The map alongside shows the alluvial floodplains south of the outer foothills of the Himalayas. The area is mostly flat, except for low hills in the northern portions. It is a primarily rural area with 62.01% of the population living in rural areas and a moderate 37.99% living in the urban areas. Tea gardens in the Dooars and Terai regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop. Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as census towns or villages. Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.
Etymology.
Gandrapara Tea Estae got its name from an illustrious Machia tribesman, Gandra Machia.
the name Lakhipara means ‘the abode of Godess Lakshmi’ in local languages.
The gardens.
Gandrapara Tea Garden was established in 1894.Parnell, the first manager planted 258 acres in 1895.Duncan Brothers were the owners since inception. Goodricke took it over in 1978.
Lakhipara Tea Estate produces CTC tea. It was established in 1912.
Goodricke.
Established in 1977, Goodricke owns 18 tea estates in India, all inherited from sterling tea companies, who operated from the late 1800s. Goodricke has 12 gardens in the Dooars. With its rich agro climate the area produces CTC tea. Goodricke’s tea gardens in the Dooars are: Danguajhar, Leesh River, Meenglas, Hope, Aibheel, Chulsa, Chalouni, Jiti, Sankos, Gandrapara, Lakhipara and Kumargram.
Eight sterling tea companies viz., The Assam-Doors Tea Co. Ltd., Hope Tea Co. Ltd., The Lebong Chulsa Tea Co. Ltd., The British Darjeeling Tea Co. Ltd., The Chulsa Tea Co. Ltd., The Leesh River Tea Co. Ltd., The Danguajhar Tea Co. Ltd., and The Meenglas Tea Co. Ltd., were amalgamated with Goodricke in 1977.
Events.
Gandrapara Tea Estate is at times visited by herds of elephants, in spite of barbed wire fencing to prevent the animals from entering the garden. On the other hand Lakhipara Tea Garden faces problems with leopards straying in.
Although, most of the better organised tea gardens go in for periodical wage revisions of the workers with the trade unions, there are people who protest against the daily wage, considered to be low by many people, prevalent in the tea gardens.


La Stella

LaStella is a Canadian wine grower and producer. It is located on the east bench of Osoyoos lake, British Columbia, only a few minutes from USA-Canada border. Southern Okanagan Valley is known for its many wineries because of its unique desert micro climate. In fact the Sonoran desert that starts in Mexico, ends some 20 kilometers after entering Canadian border.
It is the sister winery to Le Vieux Pin. Both wineries are owned and operated by Enotecca Wineries and Resorts, a holding company owned by entrepreneurs Sean and Saeedeh Salem.
History.
LaStella opened its doors to visitors in 2007 by Sean Salem, his wife and partner, Saeedeh Salem. It was named for the starry nights of Osoyoos and inspired by the traditions of winemaking in Italy.
Its first vintage was in 2006. The winery practices organic farming.
The estate is co-managed by Severine Pinte (winemaker/viticulturist), Jody Subotin (vineyard manager) and Rasoul Salehi (director of sales and marketing). The current winemaker, Severine Pinte, joined LaStella in 2010 after relocating from France. She also serves as the winery’s Viticulturalist.
In 2010, almost four acres of the La Feuille d’Or, one of the estate's vineyards, was wiped out by a mudslide.
Foad Rafii is the designer and architect behind LaStella’s Tuscany-inspired villa. He completed the project in 2007.
Wines.
The estate features five vineyards: Le Feuille D’or, Mercier, Stagg’s, Selona, and Lumeno. In total, the LaStella has 60 acres of land, shared with its sister winery, Le Vieux Pin.
The red wines that LaStella produces are primarily made from Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saniovese Grosso, and Cabernet Franc.
White wines are primarily made from Moscato, Pinot Grigio, and Chardonnay.


Rotolactor

The Rotolactor is the first invention for milking a large number of cows successively and largely automatically, using a rotating platform. It was developed by the Borden Company in 1930, and is known today in the dairy industry as the "rotary milking parlor".
History.
The Rotolactor was the first invention for milking a large number of cows using a rotating platform. It was invented by Henry W. Jeffers. The Rotolactor was initially installed in a "lactorium," a building specifically designed for milking cows, in Plainsboro, New Jersey. The rotating mechanical milking machine was first used by the Walker-Gordon Laboratories dairy and was put into operation on November 13, 1930.
Jeffers conceived the idea for the Rotolactor in 1913 as a cost-cutting and labor-saving method for milking a large number of cows. Development of the project was put on hold during World War I. In 1928, the Walker-Gordon Laboratories dairy was purchased by the Borden Company, and Rotolactor development resumed in earnest. Borden provided $200,000 in 1929 for building the Rotolactor at the Walker-Gordon Laboratories dairy farm.
Description.
The first line of the Abstract of the 1930 Cow Milking Apparatus (Rotolactor) patent starts: "The object of this invention is to provide an apparatus whereby an indefinitely large number of cows may be milked successively and largely automatically..."
The Rotolactor ("roto" + "lactor" ium) was a large rotating "merry-go-round" style platform for holding 50 cows. The machine brought the cows into position for milking with automatic milking machines. The rotating platform machine was sixty feet in diameter and made one complete revolution about every twelve and a half minutes, which was the time required to prepare and milk each cow.
The first step for each new cow was receiving a bath. They were bathed with warm water and automatic showers, supplemented by two men using pressure hoses, who "devote their attention to the cleansing of udders and flanks."
The next operator prepared the udder for the milking. Then the teat-cups of the automatic milking machine were attached to the cow's udder. The cow was then milked for the twelve and a half minutes during the Rotolactor's one-time complete rotation. The teat-cups would then be detached at the end of the twelve and a half minute rotation. The cow would then step off the platform and return to the barn to her stall.
The milk was drawn by a vacuum to sealed glass containers above the cow's head. It was then transported in pipes to weighing and recording apparatuses. Then it was piped to another room where the milk was cooled and bottled. This was faster and more efficient than the methods previously used. Human hands never touched the milk, and the milk never came into contact with air, which was important to prevent premature spoiling. The Rotolactor could milk the Walker-Gordon dairy's 1,680 cows three times daily. This produced 26,000 quarts of milk.
The August 1931 issue of the "American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health" described the Rotolactor as an advance in cleanliness and hygiene for milk production.
Legacy.
The Rotolactor and the Walker-Gordon farm in Plainsboro became popular tourist attractions, showcasing the unusual and modernistic features of the dairy. The farm building in Plainsboro containing the Rotolactor had an observation room to accommodate visitors, including large groups of school children.
A 1930 film was titled: "New Jersey. 'The Rotolactor' - hygiene's latest - automatically washing and milking 50 cows at one time in 12 1/2 minutes - inaugurated by Mr. Thomas Edison."
The Rotolactor was also featured at the 1939 New York World's Fair in the Borden’s exhibit.
The dairy operation at the Walker-Gordon farm ended on June 18, 1971.
As of 2013, a working Rotolactor is open to the public as a part of the "Dairy Adventure" tour at Fair Oaks Farms in Fair Oaks, Indiana.


Petre Andrei

Petre Andrei (June 29, 1891 – October 4, 1940) was a Romanian sociologist, philosopher and politician.
Biography.
Origins and work.
Born in Brăila into a family of low-ranking civil servants, Andrei attended Nicolae Bălcescu High School from 1902 to 1910. He then moved to Iași, where he enrolled in the literature and philosophy faculty of Iași University, graduating in 1913. While a student, his mentor was Ion Petrovici. He continued his education in Berlin, where he audited a seminar on logic and history of philosophy, and in Leipzig. Returning home when the war broke out, he volunteered for service, in spite of being exempt due to the fact that his father was deceased. He was assigned to an infantry regiment in March 1915, and from July to September 1916, during which time Romania entered the war, he attended the reserve officers' school in Târgoviște. He was sent to another regiment, effective November, and distinguished himself in the battles at Oituz, Slănic and the Cașin valley. For his acts of bravery, he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, the Order of the Crown and War Cross with Bars.
In 1918, he defended his thesis, "Filosofia valorii", at Iași, receiving the title of doctor in philosophy. Initially a high school teacher, he was on the faculty of several Iași institutions: the National College, the Military High School and the Orthodox High School for Girls. He was then a substitute professor of history of philosophy in the sociology department of Iași University, becoming a full professor in 1922. The appointment to this post, left vacant upon the departure of Dimitrie Gusti, prompted a fierce battle within the faculty that drew the attention of the contemporary press. One wing, led by Ion Găvănescul, pushed for Garabet Aslan; another, which Petrovici headed, wanted Andrei. The latter faction was joined by Garabet Ibrăileanu when Petrovici promised to support Mihai Ralea's appointment after the latter's return from France; and by the new dean, Traian Bratu, a bitter adversary of Găvănescul and his ally Oreste Tafrali.
From 1927 to 1930, Andrei headed the local magazine "Minerva", dedicated to cultural synthesis. His sociological ideas, which Andrei promoted both within and outside the department, are encapsulated in a series of studies and articles, among them: "Sociologia revoluției", 1921; "Problema fericirii"; "Fundamentul etic sociologic", 1921: "Fascismul", 1927; "Probleme de metode în sociologie", 1927; "Probleme de sociologie", 1927; "Sociologie generală", 1936; "Manual de sociologie", 1938. He was among those professors who opposed the university's politicization. In 1924, as a member of the faculty senate, he condemned not only Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's assassination of Constantin Manciu, but also A. C. Cuza for using his department to spread nationalist ideas, calling him the "true moral assassin".
Politics.
Attracted by its promise of deepening bourgeois democracy, Andrei joined the new National Peasants' Party (PNȚ) in 1928, becoming president of its Vaslui County chapter. He sat in the Assembly of Deputies while the PNȚ was in power from 1929 to 1933, making frequent speeches before the body. He spoke memorably of the role of parliament in the nation's political life, and worked to pass modern legislation, particularly in the fields of education and administration. In particular, he pushed for a law late in 1929 that brought about administrative decentralization, commenting that it would allow for a genuine exercise of national sovereignty. He was undersecretary of state at the Agriculture and Domains Department (1930) and the Public Instruction, Religious Affairs and Arts Ministry (1932–1933).
Andrei was conflicted when King Carol II established an authoritarian National Renaissance Front (FRN) regime in 1938. On the one hand, his character and civic impulses recoiled at the idea of dictatorship; nevertheless, he joined forces with what he saw as the only viable means of preserving domestic order, maintaining the country's traditional pro-French foreign policy and crushing the Iron Guard. Andrei's hesitation can be seen in the diary he kept, where he opines that the law and not political assassination, which he utterly rejected, should decide serious national questions. Under the FRN regime cabinets of Miron Cristea, Armand Călinescu, Gheorghe Argeșanu, Constantin Argetoianu and Gheorghe Tătărescu, he served as Education Minister from December 1938 to July 1940. His term witnessed the adoption of a law on the organization of professional, lower and middle education; and one on industrial boys' education. In addition, the foundations were laid for a law on higher education.
On June 26, 1940, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum, demanding that Romania cede Bessarabia. During the Crown Council deliberations the next day, Andrei first voted to reject the ultimatum, but on the second, decisive ballot, he voted with the majority to accept it. The subsequent Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina sent Romania into a deep political crisis.
Downfall and legacy.
Carol's abdication and the establishment of a National Legionary State in September 1940 had dramatic consequences for Andrei. The incoming Education Minister, Traian Brăileanu, ordered his dismissal from higher education, while the new dictator Ion Antonescu had him put under investigation. In early October, after Iron Guard members searched his home and due to be arrested, he committed suicide, swallowing potassium cyanide. His political testament is contained in two letters: one to his wife, the other to his four sons. He is buried at Eternitatea Cemetery in Iași.
After World War II, the authorities of the new communist regime arrested his son Petru for having taken part in student anti-communist demonstrations; he was imprisoned from 1949 to 1952. Initially banned, the work of Petre Andrei was censored, with all passages referring to communist concepts, doctrine and practice excised, even from an authoritative edition published in the 1970s. Nevertheless, a rehabilitation of sorts began in 1970, when one of his most famous books, "Sociologie generală", appeared at Editura Academiei in 1970. A further four volumes, under the heading "Opere sociologice", came out between 1973 and 1983. In 1974, a treatise on sociological thought relegated Andrei to a "departmental sociologist", prompting a vigorous response from his son. Later in the decade and into the 1980s, Ovidiu Bădina and Romanian Communist Party ideologue Ștefan Voicu engaged in a polemic on the value of Andrei's work.
This could only be appreciated in full after the Romanian Revolution, when Petru Andrei made it his mission to preserve and publish his father's writings. In 1990, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death, the private Petre Andrei University of Iași was founded. In January 1991, he was elected a titular post-mortem member of the Romanian Academy. His diary was published at Iași in 1993.


German Whiteheaded Mutton

The German Whiteheaded Mutton (German: "Weißköpfiges Fleischschaf") is a breed of sheep developed to live along the North Sea coast of Germany. It is a dual-use breed used for both its fine wool and meat production. They often graze along the North Sea dikes in Northern Europe.
Origin.
As per its name, the German Whitehead Mutton originated in Germany. It was bred in the mid-20th century by crossing the British breeds English Leicester, Cotswold, Hampshire, and Oxford with the local Wilstermarschscha marsh sheep. The breed has been further improved by cross-breeding it with other varieties, primarily the Dutch Texel starting in 1966 and the French Berrichon du Cher in the 1970s.
Characteristics.
The Whiteheaded Mutton is a breed designed to live in the cold, wet regions around the North Sea marshes. Consequently, the sheep was bred for hardiness and durability to cope with the rough weather in the region. Rams typically weigh about 110-130 kg and ewes normally weigh around 70-80 kg. The Whiteheaded Mutton possesses a very long, rough fleece, with average fleece weight being about 7.4 kg for rams and 5.5 kg for ewes, and a fiber diameter of 37-41 microns. Its fleece is also known for its very good crimp, which is exceptionally high considering the roughness of the Whiteheaded Mutton's wool. The Whiteheaded Mutton also possesses very meaty hindquarters and thick loin and rack meats, making it good for meat production as well. Another important characteristic of the Whiteheaded Mutton is its high fecundity. The Whiteheaded Mutton typically reproduces at a rate of 1.5-1.8 lambs per ewe per year.
Usage.
The German Whiteheaded Mutton is a dual-use sheep and is used for both the production of wool and meat. In Germany, the German Whitehead Mutton is commonly grazed along the grassy areas of the North Sea dikes, where they both are fattened off the grass and help to solidify the dikes by trampling and compacting the earth they graze on. In the winter, the sheep are moved behind the dikes and often are grazed on harvested cropland.
The German Whiteheaded Mutton has also been utilized for its genetics. In the 1980s a population was exported to New Zealand from Denmark to improve the genetics of local sheep flocks (today the breed is very rare in New Zealand, with only several hundred remaining). The German Whiteheaded Mutton was also the basis for the development of the British Oldenburg breed.
Conservation status.
The German Whiteheaded Mutton is listed as a class III endangered livestock breed according to GEH. There is an estimated world population of roughly 182 rams and 1,734 ewes remaining.