J. B. Mauney

James Burton "J.B." Mauney (; born January 9, 1987) is an American professional rodeo cowboy who specializes in bull riding, and competes in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) and Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) circuits.
He also competed in the Championship Bull Riding (CBR) tour. Mauney is the 2013 and 2015 PBR World Champion. Mauney is considered one of the greatest bull riders of his generation. Known for taking the path less traveled, he is noted for picking the rankest bull in the pen when given the choice. He follows his creed, "If you are going to be the best, you've got to ride the best."
Early life.
J.B. Mauney was born James Burton Mauney in Charlotte, North Carolina, on January 9, 1987. Mauney is 5' 10" and 140 pounds. He joined the PBR in 2005 and the PRCA in 2009.
Career.
Mauney is one of only two bull riders to stay on Bushwacker for the full 8 seconds on the Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS), the elite series of the PBR, and one of three bullriders to stay on Bushwacker for the full 8 seconds during the bull's career. He is also one of only five riders to get a qualified ride on Asteroid which he accomplished on the BFTS in San Antonio, Texas, in August 2012, for a score of 93.50 points. Asteroid, the 2012 World Champion bull, earned a high score of 46.25 points.
Mauney competed the first several years of his professional career with a helmet. However, by 2013, he was riding with a cowboy hat. On November 5, 2016, Mauney made PBR history by being the first bullrider to reach the $7 million mark in career earnings.
In 2017, Mauney suffered a significant injury to his right arm, requiring surgery to install a screw and 13 anchors. Mauney's career has been plagued with many injuries, but has continued to pursue professional bull riding history.
"It's part of being a cowboy," he stated in an interview with Monster Energy, "when you crawl in to a chute, nothing else matters. You tie your hand and you don't give up until you hit the dirt." In 2019 Mauney tied another two time world champion Justin McBride for the most televised wins within the 26 year history of the PBR. In an interview for the PBR, Mauney said "What gets me is when people who don't ride bulls for a living try to tell me when it's time to hang it up."
Mauney has won the World Champion Bull Rider title two times, in 2013 and 2015. He has also won the World Finals event two times, in 2009 and 2013. In his first year of competition, he won the Rookie of the Year in 2006.
Since 2020, Mauney has been part owner of Ultimate Bullfighters (UBF), an American freestyle bullfighting organization.
Legacy.
The PBR and the fans rightly consider Mauney a legend due to his records and accomplishments. In January 2018, he became the third bullrider to reach 500 rides on the premier series when he rode All The Way Up for 87.25 points during Round 1 of the Monster Energy Buck Off at Madison Square Garden in January of 2018. In addition to his world championships and event wins, he has numerous event wins and is close to breaking the record for 90-point rides. He has won more money than other bullrider, over $7 million. He has also ridden all of the World Champion Bulls that have been active during his career, except Smooth Operator.
Mauney's accomplishment of riding so many of the rank bulls sets him apart from other bullriders. His creed is "If you are going to be the best, you've got to ride the best." The Livestock Director of the PBR, Cody Lambert, took note of him from the beginning. Two time champion Justin McBride has said that "he is in a class of his own, the best bull rider of his generation. A soon as the day he decides to be done he is headed straight to the Ring of Honor...he will forever in the conversation as the greatest the PBR has ever seen." He and the greatest bull of this generation, Bushwacker, will always be in the conversation as one of the greatest matchups.
Personal life.
Mauney was married to Lexie Wiggly from 2012 to 2015. In 2016, he married Samantha Lyne.
On January 23, 2019, Mauney and his wife Samantha welcomed the birth of their first son. Mauney also has a daughter (born 2011), from a previous relationship. They currently reside in Cotulla, Texas.


Simon J. Murphy Jr.

Simon Jones Murphy Jr. was Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Biography.
Murphy was born Simon Jones Murphy Jr. on March 27, 1851 in Maine. His father was Simon J. Murphy Sr., a prominent lumberman. He attended primary school in Bangor, Maine and moved with his family to Detroit, Michigan in 1866 before graduating from the Lawrence Scientific School. Murphy married Helena Bogardus Platt and the couple had five children. Murphy moved to Green Bay in 1886. He died on September 1, 1926.
Career.
Murphy was Mayor from 1899 to 1901. He made a living by running a sawmill.


Regent Mill, Failsworth

Regent Mill, Failsworth is a Grade II listed former cotton spinning mill in Failsworth, Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. It was built by the Regent Mill Co Ltd. in 1905, and purchased by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in 1930. It was taken over by the Courtaulds Group in 1964. On ceasing textile production it was occupied by Pifco Ltd, and then by Salton Europe Ltd who now occupy this site. It was driven by an 1800 hp twin tandem compound engine by Buckley & Taylor. It became a ring mill with 60,000 spindles in 1915, all provided by Platt Brothers.
Location.
Failsworth is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on undulating ground, on the course of the Rochdale Canal and north bank of the River Medlock. It is west-northwest of Ashton-under-Lyne, south-southwest of Oldham and to the east-northeast of Manchester city centre.
Regent Mill was built alongside the Rochdale Canal on Princess Street, but is now reached from the Oldham Road by way of Fir Street.
History.
Historically a part of Lancashire, until the 19th century Failsworth was a small agricultural township linked, ecclesiastically, with the parish of Manchester. Farming was the main industry of this rural area, with locals supplementing their incomes by hand-loom weaving in the domestic system. The introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution facilitated a process of unplanned urbanisation in the area, giving rise to Failsworth as a mill town, marked architecturally by several large redbrick cotton mills.
It was in the second half of the 19th century, that Oldham became the world centre for spinning cotton yarn. This was due in a large part to the formation of limited liability companies known as Oldham Limiteds. In 1851, over 30% of Oldham's population was employed within the textile sector, compared to 5% across Great Britain. At its zenith, it was the most productive cotton spinning mill town in the world. By 1871 Oldham had more spindles than any country in the world except the United States, and in 1909, was spinning more cotton than France and Germany combined.
Regent Mill was built in 1906 by George Stott, during the third wave of the Joint-stock company boom, that was responsible for many companies referred to as Oldham Limiteds. The plans are extant in the Oldham Local Studies Centre.
The industry peaked in 1912 when it produced 8 billion yards of cloth. The great war of 1914–1918 halted the supply of raw cotton, and the British government encouraged its colonies to build mills to spin and weave cotton. The war over, Lancashire never regained its markets. The independent mills were struggling. The Bank of England set up the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in 1929 to attempt to rationalise and save the industry. Regent Mill, Failsworth was one of 104 mills bought by the LCC, and one of the 53 mills that survived through to 1950.
Post cotton it was occupied by Pifco Ltd, who later became Salton Europe Ltd. It is now the registered office of Spectrum Brands UK Ltd. and Russell Hobbs Ltd
Architecture.
This was designed as a ring mill (thus lower head room was required than in a mule mill) it was 345 feet (105 m)by 130 feet (40 m) It was four storeys high. The cellar contained a warehouse, yarn cellar, waste room, cotton room, and dust room. The first floor was the card room. The second floor was the ring frame room. The third floor was the winding, warping and beaming room. The chimney was 210 feet (64 m), it and the boiler house were demolished in 1964.
Power.
It was powered by a marine type vertical triple expansion engines built by Buckley & Taylor of Oldham in 1906 with 1800 installed horsepower. The engine had a low-pressure cylinder and was sometimes loaded to 2,000 ihp. It ran until 1958, when it was scrapped. It ran 60,000 spindles. There was a 26 ft flywheel, 26 ropes operated at 64 rpm.


Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area

Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area is a United States national recreation area in Kentucky and Tennessee between Lake Barkley and Kentucky Lake. It was designated as a national recreation area in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy.
Originally managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority, which constructed dams to create the two lakes in this area, the recreation area was later transferred to the administration of the United States Forest Service. In 1991, it was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. President Donald Trump's administration withdrew it from the program as of June 2017.
Geography.
The Tennessee and Cumberland rivers flow very close to each other in the northwestern corner of Middle Tennessee and Western Kentucky, separated by a narrow and mostly low ridge. The area of land that separates the two bodies of water has been known as "Between the Rivers" since the 1830s or 1840s.
After the Cumberland River was impounded in the 1960s and a canal was constructed between the two manmade lakes, Land Between the Lakes became the largest inland peninsula in the United States. Downstream from this area, the courses of the two rivers: the mouth of the Cumberland empties into the Ohio River approximately 4 mi (7 km) from that of the Tennessee.
History.
During the American Civil War, the Confederate government built Fort Henry on the banks of the Tennessee River, in an effort to protect the upper reaches of that river from Union gunboats. Kentucky had declared its neutrality in the war. After Fort Henry fell to Union forces in early 1862, there was little more Civil War action in the area. Other areas were more strategically important, and the Union occupied Tennessee from 1862 to the end of the war.
During the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Tennessee Valley Authority as part of his New Deal. Specifically, the Authority was to construct a series of dams for both flood control and generation of electricity throughout the rural Tennessee Valley. The project would provide much needed jobs for men in the area, as well as provide electricity to a large area that lacked it. With the US entry into World War II, the project was also needed to satisfy electrical demand from the aluminum industry for the war effort. The site of the last dam downstream on the Tennessee River was to be Gilbertsville, Kentucky. The resulting impoundment, completed in the early 1940s, resulted in Kentucky Lake.
Because the project would result in flooding of some of the low-lying land on the western side of the area, the TVA exercised eminent domain, condemning some of the properties and forcing the removal of approximately 800 families from their homes. As a result, entire towns, like Birmingham, Kentucky, were flooded and are now underwater.
Some residents were outraged about these actions, while others were happy to sell their land and start a new life in a less remote area.
The plan called for a new dam and the evacuation of residents from the entire former "Between the Rivers" area, not all of which was to be flooded. The area was to be developed as the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area, to produce a multiple-use approach to recreational lands.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers constructed a dam on the Cumberland, producing another lake. It was planned to be at the same elevation as Kentucky Lake, and the two rivers were to be connected by a canal that did not require locks. This project was intended to lessen the shipping distances for goods going from the Cumberland Valley to ports on the Gulf of Mexico, thus increasing their profitability.
The dam on the Cumberland, resulting in Lake Barkley, and a canal were completed in the 1960s. The lake was named after Alben W. Barkley, a Kentucky politician who had served as Vice President under President Harry S. Truman.
Unlike a national park, there would be areas where hunting would be allowed. Plans for the recreation area included attractions such as a bison range, as this mammal had historically been present on the prairie in this area. In addition, a reconstructed 1850-style farm, called "The Homeplace", was to be operated as a living museum, with on-site staff in period costume simulating life on the farm and using period agricultural techniques. (Both of these attractions were added in the 1970s.)
The road through the Tennessee portion was renamed from State Route 49 to "The Trace." This was short for "Buffalo Trace," as both Native Americans and later European-American settlers followed paths, and later roads, developed from the seasonal migration paths of bison).
This project required the abandonment of the communities of Tharpe, Tennessee; Model, Tennessee; and Golden Pond, Kentucky. The remains of a former iron furnace, manned in the 1850s by enslaved African-American workers, is about all that remains of Model. The former site of Golden Pond is now occupied by the headquarters of the recreation area and retains the postal address for it. At this site is a museum, a planetarium, and an environmental education area.
The recreation area has many miles of hiking trails, numerous boat ramps, an off-road vehicle area, and numerous campgrounds, plus group lodges and a few cabins. Most of the attractions require a user fee.
Beginning in the 1970s, the "Elk & Bison Prairie" enclosure was developed. In preparation, the TVA conducted prescribed burns to encourage the expansion of the remnant patches of native prairie, which had been crowded out by the growth of oak and hickory forests over the previous 150 years, when grazing animals were not held here. After the area was regularly burned and reseeded with grasses, elk (from Elk Island National Park of Canada) and American bison were brought to the prairie. Their grazing will help limit the growth of trees.
In 1996 the "Elk & Bison Prairie" was officially inaugurated. It is now open to driving tours and visitors can see the large mammals that occupied a typical 18th-century landscape for this area.
In the 1990s, the directors of the TVA decided to withdraw from activities requiring direct taxpayer funding. In 1998, the US Congress authorized transfer of operation of the area to the U.S. Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture.


Leopard complex

The leopard complex is a group of genetically related coat patterns in horses. These patterns range from progressive increases in interspersed white hair similar to graying or roan to distinctive, Dalmatian-like leopard spots on a white coat. Secondary characteristics associated with the leopard complex include a white sclera around the eye, striped hooves and mottled skin. The leopard complex gene is also linked to abnormalities in the eyes and vision. These patterns are most closely identified with the Appaloosa and Knabstrupper breeds, though its presence in breeds from Asia to western Europe has indicated that it is due to a very ancient mutation.
Leopard complex patterns.
Coat patterns in the leopard complex range from being hardly distinguishable from an unaffected coat, to nearly pure white. Unlike most other spotting patterns, the spotting and especially the white regions associated with the leopard complex tend to be symmetrical and originate over the hips. Furthermore, a certain amount of this inherited white patterning is present at birth. The amount of white, even if none is present at birth, often grows throughout the horse's life by gradual "roaning" which is not related to graying or true roan. Colored spots reflect the underlying coat color, be it black, chestnut, gray, or silver dun-buckskin. A number of factors, each separately, genetically controlled, interact to produce familiar patterns such as "snowflake," "leopard," and "fewspot".
Leopard spotting.
A single, incomplete dominant gene ("Lp") controls the presence of leopard-spotting in horses. A dominant gene requires only a single copy to produce an affected phenotype; an incomplete dominant gene produces a different result depending on whether one or two copies are present. A horse's genotype may be "lp/lp" (homozygous recessive), "Lp/lp" (heterozygous), or "Lp/Lp" (homozygous dominant). Horses without a dominant "Lp" gene do not exhibit leopard-complex traits, and cannot produce offspring with the "Lp" gene unless it is contributed by the other parent. Such horses are termed "non-characteristic" among Appaloosa horse aficionados. Horses with at least one "Lp" gene possess, at the very least, leopard-complex "characteristics":
The presence of regions of alternating pigmented and unpigmented skin may not definitively suggest the leopard gene. They may not be visible due to the effects of other genes. For example, extensive white markings on the face may mask the presence of mottling around the eyes and muzzle, and white markings on the legs often end in white hooves. Furthermore, other genes may produce similar conditions: white sclera are associated with broad white face markings, striped hooves with the Silver dapple gene, and freckled skin with the Champagne gene.
A DNA test can now identify the "Lp" gene, though a combination of pedigree knowledge and coat characteristics also help.
While both heterozygous and homozygous "Lp" horses possess the aforementioned characteristics, heterozygotes and homozygotes differ significantly in the presence of true spots. True leopard spots are produced only by the "Lp" gene, and directly reflect the underlying coat color (bay, black, gray, cremello, red dun, and so on). Since these spots match the coat color, they are not visible unless the surrounding pigment is removed. As a rule, heterozygous leopards have larger, more abundant spots, while homozygotes have smaller, scarcer spots.
White patterning.
There is at least one genetically controlled type of white patterning that is strictly associated with the leopard complex. These white patterns permit the spots associated with the leopard complex to become visible. Other white patterns, such as tobiano or white leg markings, obscure leopard spots. A certain amount of leopard-associated white patterning may be present at birth. Temporal changes in the amount of white patterning are discussed below. Leopard-associated white patterning is usually symmetrical and originates over the hips. A proposed gene, "PATN-1", may be responsible for the most familiar expressions of white: heterozygotes possessing common-size "blankets" and homozygotes possessing extensive "blankets" that may affect the entire coat. Even horses with extensive white usually retain dark colored regions just above the hooves, on the knees and hocks, stifles and elbows, hips and points of shoulder, the tail, mane, and the bony parts of the face. The smallest amount of white patterning is just a sprinkling of white over the hips.
Leopard-associated roaning.
Just as there is white patterning specifically associated with the leopard complex, there is a type of progressive roaning that is unrelated to graying out or true roan. Horses with coat patterns within the leopard complex are known for their mystifying coat changes. This unusual characteristic is due at least in part to leopard roaning, also called "varnish roaning." While the gray gene only affects the hair, some horses with the "Lp" gene will progressively lose pigment in both the skin and hair as they age. Also unlike graying out, the leopard spots are not affected by this roaning process. Neither are the "bony prominences" strongly affected. As a varnish roan horse lightens, the leopard spots indistinguishable from the rest of the coat become visible. Some horses without any dense white patterning at birth seem to spontaneously develop into white, leopard-spotted horses with maturity. Varnishing is more common among Appaloosa horses, and less common among Norikers and Knabstruppers, whose breed associations find it undesirable.
Interactions and terminology.
Like much of coat color genetics, commonly used terms do not necessarily correspond to precise genetic states. Nevertheless, terminology can reveal a lot about the genetic interactions surrounding the leopard complex.
Patterns.
Base colors are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific category. These patterns are described as follows:
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The "Lp" gene.
Although the spotting and roaning patterns that make up the leopard complex sometimes appear very different from each other, the ability of leopard-spotted horses to produce the full spectrum of patterns, from mottled skin to roaning to more leopard-spotted offspring, has long suggested that a single gene was responsible. This gene was termed "Lp" for "leopard complex" by Dr. D. Phillip Sponenberg in 1982, and was described as an autosomal, incomplete dominant gene. Horses without the gene ("lplp") were solid-colored, those with two copies of the gene (homozygous or "LpLp") were usually "fewspots", while those with a single copy of the gene (heterozygous or "Lplp") ranged from mere mottled skin to full leopard.
In 2004, "Lp" was assigned to equine chromosome 1 (ECA1) by a team of researchers. Four years later, this team mapped the "Lp" gene to a transient receptor potential channel gene, TRPM1 or Melastatin 1 (MLSN1). The leopard complex allele contains a 1378 bp long terminal repeat insertion of retroviral DNA which disrupts transcription of TRMP1.
In 2011, a study identified the "Lp" allele in DNA samples collected from prehistoric horses. This finding represents evidence for the presence of leopard complex spotting in prehistoric wild horse populations. The ancient origin of the allele may explain the presence of spotted horse paintings in paleolithic cave art. It is thought that during the ice age the leopard pattern may have been helpful as camouflage against the snowy environment.
Vision issues.
Congenital stationary night blindness is an ophthalmologic disorder in horses which is present at birth (congenital), non-progressive (stationary) and affects the animal's vision in conditions of low lighting. Horses with CSNB may be hesitant to enter dimly-lit places - such as indoor arenas, dark stalls, or trailers - and be apprehensive when in such conditions, which may interfere with handling or riding. CSNB is usually diagnosed based on the owner's observations, but some horses have visibly abnormal eyes: poorly aligned eyes (dorsomedial strabismus) or involuntary eye movement (nystagmus). The condition can be confirmed using electroretinography, from which a "negative ERG" indicates CSNB. While the retina is a normal shape, the nerve signal triggered when light reaches rod cells does not reach the brain. Rod cells in the retina are connected to bipolar cells, which transmit the nerve impulse to the next set of neurons. It is thought that these cells fail to undergo the basic chemical reaction for nerve impulse transmission, which involves shuttling of calcium (Ca2+).
Congenital stationary night blindness has been linked with the leopard complex since the 1970s. The presence of CSNB in non-leopard breeds and horses suggested that the two conditions might be located on close, but separate genes. However, one study used ERG findings to diagnose all the homozygous "Lp" subjects with CSNB, while all heterozygotes and non-"Lp" horses were free from the disorder. The gene to which "Lp" has now been localized encodes a protein that channels calcium ions, a key factor in the transmission of nerve impulses. This protein, which is found in the retina and the skin, existed in fractional percentages of the normal levels in homozygous "Lp/Lp" horses. A 2008 study theorizes that both CSNB and leopard complex spotting patterns are linked to the TRPM1 gene.
Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) is also present in the breed. Appaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) than all other breeds combined. Up to 25% of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. Uveitis in horses has many causes, including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurring episodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness, which occurs more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Up to 80% of all uveitis cases are found in Appaloosas, with physical characteristics including light colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in the mane and tail denoting more at-risk individuals. Researchers may have identified a gene region containing an allele that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease.
Prevalence.
The Appaloosa horse is the breed best known for the leopard complex patterns, though the complex also characterizes the Knabstrupper, as well as breeds related to the Appaloosa such as the Pony of the Americas and Colorado Ranger. The gene is also relatively common in the Falabella, the Noriker and the related South German Coldblood. The existence of leopard-spotted coats among Asian breeds such as the Karabair and Mongolian Altai has been recorded since ancient times, and suggests that the gene is very old. Leopard complex patterns may exist in low frequencies among some other breeds, depending on whether horses with leopard complex genetics existed in the foundation bloodstock for a given breed.
In cave art.
The approximately 25,000-year-old paintings "Dappled Horses of Pech Merle" in a cave in France depict spotted horses with a leopard pattern. Archaeologists had debated over whether the artists were painting what they saw or whether the spotted horses had some symbolic meaning. However, a 2011 study of the DNA of ancient horses found that leopard complex was present, and therefore the cave painters most likely did see real spotted horses.


Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus

The Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV), also known as Ganjam virus is a species in the genus "Orthonairovirus" belonging to the Nairobi sheep disease serogroup. NSDV's known hosts belong to the hard tick family Ixodidae, including "Rhipicephalus appendiculatus", and "Amblyomma variegatum", and afflict sheep and goats naturally. The virus is in the family Nairoviridae and order Bunyavirales.
Symptoms.
Symptoms of an animal infected with NSDV may include fever, reduction in white blood cells, rapid respiration, anorexia, profound depression, diarrhea, drop in body temperature, premature abortion, and eventually death.
History.
NSDV was first recognised in 1917 as the causative agent of a disease that was affecting sheep brought up from the Masai region of Kenya for sale in the Nairobi livestock markets, where a 70% mortality rate was recorded for local breeds sheep, but a lower rate for European breeds. Another mortality rate of 90% has been reported, affecting highly susceptible populations.
Species affected.
Sheep and goats are natural reservoirs for NSDV and Ganjam, but fatal cases have also been reported among blue duikers in zoos or in the wild. High morbidity and mortality are seen in both sheep and goats, although goats tend to have less severe clinical signs than sheep. African field rats, langur monkeys and Bonnet macaques have been experimentally inoculated with NSDV and Ganjam virus, with the macaques not becoming viremic as result.
Genome.
The genome is composed a single strand of negative sense RNA in three parts—small (S), medium (M) and large (L).


Hive tool

A hive tool is a handheld multipurpose tool used in maintaining and inspecting beehives. Hive tools come in multiple variants and styles, and is intended as an all-in-one tool for beekeepers.
The hive tool is the third most essential tool for the beekeeper after the beekeeping veil and bee smoker. There are two types of hive tool in common use - the standard hive tool and J-type hive tool.
The standard hive tool has a box levering edge and a frame levering edge. The J-type hive tool also has a box levering edge, but on the other side is a j-hook and a small notch. Either type may have a small possibly tapered hole which is intended for removing small nails like a claw hammer. The other job of the hive tool is to lift frames when the hive is propolized. A J-type tool should be used in a specific way – the J goes into the bee space and the notch rests on the hive wall or the frame behind to provide lift. It is recommended not to use the J-hook under the lugs of the frames – it will not fit and may break the lugs off the frame.
Using an ordinary chisel or screwdriver instead may result in damage to equipment or to the beehive. Because an ordinary tool may cause excessive damage, it might not be worth the trouble when using these tools to inspect the hive. This is especially true in the case where a beekeeper is using these tools directly to manipulate materials.
Uses.
The hive tool is mainly used for two things:
The beekeeper will use it throughout hive inspections. Here are some uses:
Variants.
Standard.
The standard hive tool is made of a piece of plate metal bent at 90°.
J-Hook.
The J-Hook variant describes any type of hive tool that utilizes a curved hook at either end. The hook is in the same plane as the prying part and is thus, normally flat. The hook is used primarily for prying the hive frames loose while reducing potential damage done to both the frame and comb. It is traditionally a flat tool.
Frame Grip.
Operating very similarly to a pair of pliers, the frame grip can act as an alternative to a J-hook hive tool. Commonly used on more aggressive hives, the frame grip hive tool allows quick and efficient inspection of the hive frames. It can alternatively be used as a nail puller.


Harmony Mills

Harmony Mills, in Cohoes, New York, United States, is an industrial district that is bordered by the Mohawk River and the tracks of the former Troy and Schenectady Railroad (now the Mohawk-Hudson bike trail). It was listed as Harmony Mills Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. A portion of the district encompassing the industrial buildings and some of the housing built for millworkers was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1999. The centerpiece building, Harmony Mill No. 3 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.
It was the largest cotton mill complex in the world when it opened in 1872, and is one of the finest examples of a large-scale textile mill complex outside of New England.
The complex went into decline after its largest tenant, Barclay Home Products, went out of business in 1988. Mill 2 burned down in 1995. Mill 1 suffered devastating damage in a second fire in 1998.
Developer Uri Kaufman purchased the complex in 2000.
In 2005–2006, a portion of Mill 3 was renovated and turned into high-end residential lofts. The 96 loft apartments completed in this first phase were at 100% occupancy by July, 2006. A second phase containing 135 units was completed in 2010, adding a pool and spa and other luxury amenities. This phase—98% leased as of July, 2012—was called Harmony Mills Fallsview Luxury Apartments because of the views of the Cohoes Falls.
A third phase, restoring Mills 1 & 4 was commenced in early 2013. Mill 4 was completed in early December, 2013. 31 of its 33 loft apartments were pre-leased prior to receipt of the Certificate of Occupancy on December 6, 2013. In all, the Harmony Mills now contains 340 luxury loft apartments.
The revival of the Mills sparked a revival of the City of Cohoes. In the 2010 census, the City gained population for the first time since 1930. According to a study by the Center for Economic Growth, Cohoes was the fastest growing city in New York State in both 2015 and 2016. The project has been hailed as a prime example of how adaptive re-use of historic buildings can revitalize cities, while clearing urban blight in an environmentally friendly manner.
For his efforts in restoring the Harmony Mills, Uri Kaufman was awarded the New York State Preservation League Excellence Award. The Harmony Mills is featured on the Home Page of the New York State Historic Preservation Office Website, as a leading example of historic preservation development.
Mill No. 1.
Due to the powerful Mohawk River Falls and the introduction of the Erie Canal, the location of the Harmony Mills was key to the success and vast expansion of the company. Completed in the year 1837, Mill No. 1 stood as the first textile mill to house the operations of the newly founded Harmony Manufacturing Company. Mimicking the gable-roofed like structures common to the Greek revival movement, these impressive architectural features can still be appreciated today. The construction of this mill prompted the realignment of the Erie Canal which originally sat on the east side to be shifted to the west side of the building (1837-1842). The east side was then used as a hydraulic canal for the growing company. Its location was critical since the western side of the building sat just a few yards from the Erie Canal's lock No. 16. Despite its vast potential, the original owners failed to produce profits and in 1850 the building was acquired by Thomas Garner of New York City and Alfred Wild of Kinderhook, NY. The mastermind and convincing figure behind this purchase was Robert Johnston. A skilled cotton mill worker with years of experience, Johnston was hired on as the company's new supervisor by the proprietors. Almost immediately, he proved himself worthy of the undertaking and under his leadership the company required the addition to the original Mill No.1. It consisted of an architecturally pleasing 5-story 274 foot long building and featured a large tower and arched entryway.
Picker House / Storehouse / Pump House.
In the year 1853, the inclusion of the Picker House was required to increase the efficiency of the growing production. To meet these needs, the Picker House was utilized for the opening and cleaning of the imported cotton bales as well as a storage space. This building and the structural portion of the walkway to Mill No.1 still remain today.
Mill No.2.
Erected in the year 1857, Mill No. 2 was a symbol of the ever growing production of cotton goods in Cohoes. This mill acted as an extension of Mill No.1 and later called for a fourth floor mansard roof addition in 1866.  Unfortunately, the mill suffered severe damage from a fire in 1995 and has since been demolished.
Mill No.3.
Years of continued success and an increase in production had allowed the most significant on the mills to begin construction in 1866. With the first phase completed in 1868 and the second shortly after in 1872, Mill No. 3 stood with an astonishing foot print of 1,185 feet in length and 70-76 feet wide. Standing five stories tall and featuring gorgeous Victorian styled aesthetic features such as the mansard roof and the bronze statue of Thomas Garner near the front two towers, Mill No. 3 was a symbol of tremendous success for the Harmony Factories. Housed in the basement of the mill were two 800 horsepower Boyden turbines which powered all of the machinery in that mill.
Mill No.4.
In 1872 the Harmony Company acquired what used to be the Van Benthuysen Mill and converted it into another cotton mill. This mill’s main responsibility was the production cotton bags and jute.
Miscellaneous Buildings.
In addition the main mills, there was the Boiler House (c. 1911), Office and Sunday School Building (c. 1853), and the Generator Plant. Today the Office and Sunday school building is utilized as a commercial building and is currently leased out by a Salon.
Tenements.
The quick growth of the Harmony Mills accompanied by a large influx of immigrants, allotted the Johnston’s the opportunity to provide an easily adaptable community to entire newcomers. To do so, they constructed over 800 tenements to house these immigrants and their families at very mere costs as long as they worked in the mills. This allowed the mills to employ over five thousand operatives and assisted Cohoes in becoming the nation’s largest producers of wool knit goods in the 1860s.


Diamond Crown Maximus

Diamond Crown Maximus (or Maximus by Diamond Crown) is a super premium "cigar" brand handmade by Tabacalera A. Fuente in the Dominican Republic for the J.C. Newman Cigar Company.
Introduced in 2003, Diamond Crown Maximus is a full-bodied cigar with a dark, rich Ecuadorian-grown wrapper. It has a much stronger blend but is just as complex as its smooth, medium-bodied cousin, Diamond Crown cigar.
The wrapper leaves are from Oliva Tobacco's El Bajo farm and are selected from the upper corona portion of the plant, which adds to the strength of its taste.
Ratings.
Cigar Aficionado Magazine has awarded Diamond Crown Maximus cigars with ratings of 90.
Top25Cigars.com lists Diamond Crown Maximus cigars as two of the top twenty-five cigars in the world.
Size Chart.
Source: Cigar Cyclopedia
Tobacco.
Source: Cigar Cyclopedia


Easley Mill

Easley Mill is a historic mill complex in Easley, South Carolina. The mill was the first of three built in Easley between 1899 and 1910. The main building was completed in 1900, and is a four-story brick structure designed by preeminent mill architects Lockwood, Greene & Co.. It was built during a boom in the textile industry across the Southern United States; more than 70 mills were opened in South Carolina alone between 1895 and 1903. The mill met with immediate success, including large shipments for export to China. By 1907, the mill contained over 37,000 spindles and 1,000 looms, and employed 500. It was sold to Woodside Mills of Greenville in 1920, and to Dan River, Inc. in 1956, who operated the mill until 1990. The mill has a shallow-pitched hip roof with bracketed eaves. Most of the arched window openings have been bricked over. Other structures on the site include a one-story office building, a warehouse, smokestack, an ice house, water tower, and monument to the mill's founder, John Mattison Geer. The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. A proposal was made to convert the building to apartments in 2019.


Allorhizobium vitis

Allorhizobium vitis is a plant pathogen that infects grapevines. The species is best known for causing a tumor known as crown gall disease. One of the virulent strains, "A. vitis" S4, is responsible both for crown gall on grapevines and for inducing a hypersensitive response in other plant species. Grapevines that have been affected by crown gall disease produce fewer grapes than unaffected plants. Though not all strains of "A. vitis" are tumorigenic, most strains can damage plant hosts.
"A. vitis" shares many genetic and morphological characteristics with several "Agrobacterium" species, including "A. tumefaciens". The two species have overlapping host ranges, and both "A. vitis" and "A. tumefaciens" may reduce the yield of infected crops. For this reason, research on "A. vitis" focuses on transmission and methods of control.
Biology.
Identification.
"A. vitis" is a Gram-negative bacterium with a thin peptidoglycan layer in its cell wall.
The species is aerobic and mesophilic, with individual cells that are rod-shaped and motile. On culture, colonies are round, white, and translucent.
Range and environment.
The presence of "A. vitis" has been confirmed in Germany, France, Austria, Hungary, South Africa, and the United States. Crown gall disease outbreaks in Europe and North America in the mid-1980s have been linked to "A. vitis", and the species has continued to survive in those regions. Additionally, a survey conducted in China from 2003 to 2009 identified strains of "A. vitis" on blighted banana plants.
Genetic traits.
Chromosome and plasmids.
The genome of "A. vitis" consists of two circular chromosomes and five plasmids. It is 6.32 Mb long and encodes 5549 proteins. Four rRNA operons have been identified. Tumorigenic strains contain a Ti plasmid (pTi). Ti plasmids in galls produce various opines that are then secreted from the gall. In a vitis, pTi codes for octopine and/or cucumopine. Tumorigenic strains also contain a plasmid that allows the bacterium to utilize tartrate.
Classification.
"A. vitis" was formerly referred to as "Agrobacterium" biovar III. Originally, the species included only biovar III strains found in grape hosts. Since then, "A. vitis" has been redefined to include all biovar III strains. It can be distinguished from biovars I and II, "A. tumefaciens" and "A. rhizogenes", on the basis of its hosts and pathogenicity. Fatty acid analysis also reveals differences between "A. vitis" and other strains of tumorigenic bacteria.
"A. vitis" has also been classified in the genus "Rhizobium". A 1999 study suggested that "A. vitis" is more closely related to "Rhizobium galegae" than to other "Agrobacterium" species, based on genetic sequence comparison. In 2001, Young "et al." proposed that "A. vitis" be reclassified as "Rhizobium vitis". More recently, "A. vitis" was transferred to the genus "Allorhizobium".
Pathogenicity.
Hosts.
Grapevines are the plants most commonly infected with "A. vitis". Though "A. vitis" may cause hypersensitive response in other plant species, crown gall disease induced by tumorigenic "A. vitis" is unique to grapevines. All strains of "A. vitis" induce grape root necrosis. Because "A. vitis" may remain latent, not all infected plants show symptoms.
An intraspecific taxon of "A. vitis" has been isolated from banana leaves in China. "A. vitis" may also infect tomato plants, and has been shown to cause leaf panel collapse in tobacco.
Transmission.
The Ti plasmid is responsible for transmission of crown gall disease in plants infected with "A. vitis". Tumorigenic "A. vitis" transfers its Ti plasmid to other bacteria, and transfers T-DNA into plants. Virulence genes encoded by the Ti plasmid generate single-strand T-DNA molecules, which in turn are transferred to healthy hosts. Disorganized cell division occurs in infected hosts, leading to gall development instead of the formation of healthy vascular tissue.
Propagation of diseased wood often transmits "A. vitis". Injuries to a grapevine caused by cutting or freezing may also make the plant more susceptible to crown gall infection. However, galls grow only on trunks or canes, and do not appear on the roots of infected plants.
In Agriculture.
Crown gall disease.
When "A. vitis" causes crown gall disease, several symptoms and tests can be used to identify its presence. On grapevines, young galls appear as soft green bumps, which later become brown and rough. Galls do not appear on all grapevines in which "A. vitis" is present.
Steps can be taken to control crown gall disease and reduce the risk of infection. Injured sites on vines, such as those caused by freezing or cutting injuries, are especially susceptible to infection. Planting in frost-prone areas or areas with poor drainage should therefore be avoided. Reducing other grapevine stressors, such as nutrient deprivation and low soil pH, also limits susceptibility. Additionally, some cultivars are resistant to crown gall disease. "Vitis vinifera" is generally susceptible to crown gall disease, but resistant grape species can be planted preferentially.
Other diseases.
Grape necrosis is a common symptom of "A. vitis" infection, caused by both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic bacteria strains. Tobacco leaf panel collapse can be induced by the non-tumorigenic F2/5 strain of "A. vitis". While the strain of "A. vitis" found in grapevines, "A. vitis pv. vitis", is responsible for most diseases, banana leaf blights have been linked to "A. vitis pv. musae".
Nonpathogenic strains.
Strains of bacteria can be used as biological control agents to limit the growth of pathogenic "A. vitis". Grapevine roots that have been soaked in a suspension containing the inhibitory strain are less susceptible than those that have not. Several ACC deaminase-producing species found in the rhizosphere inhibit "A. vitis" tumor production in tomato plants. Non-tumorigenic strains of "A. vitis" (F2/5, ARK-1, and VAR03-1) have been shown to limit crown gall formation. In investigations involving these strains, F2/5 still induced necrosis but ARK-1 did not.


John McGraw (merchant)

John McGraw (22 May 1815 - 4 May 1877) was a wealthy New York State lumber merchant, philanthropist, early benefactor and trustee of Cornell University.
Early years.
John McGraw was born in Dryden, NY in the year 1815 to Joseph McGraw and Jane Nelson McGraw, both natives of Northern Ireland.
Career.
He and his business partner, Henry W. Sage, together made a great deal of money selling lumber from forests in New York, Wisconsin and Michigan, and operating a large lumber mill in Wenona, Michigan, now part of Bay City, Michigan. They also co-founded the town of Wenona.
Family.
He married Rhoda Charlotte Southworth in Dryden. She was born September 19, 1819, also in Dryden, the daughter of John Southworth of Salisbury, New York and Nancy Ellis Southworth of Dryden. She gave birth to his only daughter, Jennie McGraw. After Rhoda's death in 1847, he married her sister, Nancy Amelia Southworth in 1849. Nancy died on 29 February 1856 at the age of 30. John later married Jane P. Bates Turner in Ithaca, Tompkins, New York, in 1861. She died in Ithaca in 1904 at the age of 84.
Death.
John died May 4, 1877 in Ithaca, New York. His daughter, Jennie inherited his large fortune. She died 30 Sep 1881. Both John and his daughter, Jennie are buried in the crypt at Sage Chapel, Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
Jennie's gift to Cornell.
Upon Jennie's death, some of this fortune was bequeathed to Cornell. A dispute over this gift led to the Great Will Case, ultimately decided by the United States Supreme Court against Cornell in Cornell Univ. v. Fiske et al. (1890). His former business partner, Henry Sage, made a large donation to Cornell in the name of Jennie to replace the lost funds.
Legacy.
The McGraw name graces the principal clock tower of Cornell. Additionally, McGraw Hall is one of the buildings on the main arts quad of Cornell University. Among other uses, it was the first home of Cornell's business school, now known as the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management and located in Sage Hall.


Pedigree Petfoods

Pedigree Petfoods is a subsidiary of the American group Mars, Incorporated specializing in pet food, with factories in England at Melton Mowbray and Birstall, Leeds; and offices at McLean, Virginia.
History.
Manchester.
In 1934, Mars Limited, a division of the large American confectionery company, that had been based in Slough since 1932, acquired Chappel Brothers in Manchester. This company took low-quality meat and canned it as dog food, branded as "Chappie".
Melton Mowbray.
In 1951, annual sales reached £1m, and the company moved to Melton Mowbray, using a former sewing-thread mill previously used by Patons and Baldwins. In 1953, the company operated seven days a week, 24 hours a day on a shift system. A continuous sterilisation process was introduced instead of batch processing.
New dog food brands Pal and Lassie were introduced during the 1950s. Due to making more than the Chappie product, the company name changed to Petfoods Ltd in 1956. In 1972, this became Pedigree Petfoods Ltd.
A new factory on Shrewsbury Avenue in Woodston, Peterborough opened in October 1974 which originally produced semi-moist products such as Bounce. In March 1975, it became the Pedigree Petfoods division of Mars Ltd.
During the 1970s, around 2,500 workers were at Melton and 200 at Peterborough and produced around 400,000 tonnes of animal food a year and virtually doubled production. The raw materials came from the Oakleigh Manufacturing company in Ascot. Around 3 million cans were used per day at the Melton plant; cans were delivered every 30 minutes, to limit storage space, from the Metal Box company (which became Novar plc). At this time, Whiskas was the company's biggest product by sales closely followed by Pedigree Chum, although more in volume was sold of Pedigree Chum. Whiskas sold four times as much as Kitekat, although only half as much was spent on advertising Kitekat as Whiskas.
Towards the late 1980s and in the 1990s, the company came under much more competition from what became Nestlé Purina PetCare.
A new £22m pouch production line opened in November 2007.
The company is a member of the Pet Food Manufacturers' Association.
A second new additional pouch production line began construction in 2020, opening 2021.
Mars Inc..
In 1968, Mars took over Kal Kan Foods of Los Angeles.
In 1988, Kal Kan Foods changed the name of its dog food to Pedigree, the name Mars used to sell dog food outside the United States. The next year, Mars applied their worldwide branding of Whiskas to their cat food branding.
In 1998, Kal Kan was the top-selling dog food brand but was going downhill. In the United States, its Pedigree Select brand became Cesar, used in Europe and Asia.
Pedigree is now a subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated. The English division of Mars Inc. has been called Masterfoods since January 2002, until it was split into four separate entities in 2007: Mars Petcare UK, Mars Complementary Petcare UK, Mars Chocolate UK and Mars Food UK.
Marketing.
The company makes the market leaders Pedigree (dog food) and Whiskas (cat food), as well as Pal (dog food) and Kit-E-Kat (cat food). The slogan used for many years for Pedigree dog food was "Top breeders recommend it because it's solid nourishment" with a current slogan of "We're for dogs". For Whiskas, the old slogan was "Eight out of 10 owners say their cat prefers it" and for Pal, it was "Prolongs Active Life".
In Australia, the Pal dog food brand was progressively replaced by the Pedigree logo during the 1980s-2000s.
In the United States, the original slogan for the Pedigree brand was "Recommended by top breeders". It was replaced in 2007 by "Dogs rule".
The Pedigree Foundation.
In the United States, The Pedigree Foundation is a philanthropic organization dedicated to helping shelter dogs find permanent homes. The foundation, created in 2008, provides grants to 501(c)(3) dog shelters and breed rescue organizations, and help dog lovers adopt, volunteer, and make donations. According to the foundation's FAQ site, it has raised more than $4 million to date. In 2008, it distributed more than $1.1 million in grant money to more than 500 shelters and breed rescues. Use of awarded grant money by qualified recipients is virtually unrestricted, but is most often used for shelter improvements or veterinary care.


William Sauder

William L. Sauder, OBC (May 27, 1926 – December 19, 2007) was formerly the chairman of Sauder Industries Ltd. and International Forest Products Limited
Sauder graduated from the University of British Columbia in 1948, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, with a Bachelor of Commerce degree, and later returned to the University of British Columbia as a member of the Board of Governors. He was ultimately appointed Chair of the Board, and later elected Chancellor, a position he held from 1996 to 2002. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by UBC in 1990.
On June 5, 2003, Sauder donated a $20 million endowment and the University of British Columbia's Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration which was subsequently renamed the Sauder School of Business. His gift of $20 million was the largest single private donation ever made to a Canadian business school at the time.
In 2004, he was awarded the Order of British Columbia.
William Sauder died after a brief illness on December 19, 2007.


William Rath

William Albert L. Rath (January 28, 1849 – August 10, 1916) was a German expatriate living in America. He was known for developing Mason County and Ludington, Michigan. Rath was a lumber baron, business magnate and philanthropist. He was mayor of Ludington for one term and a member of the Ludington Board of Trade. He was a member of the Ludington board of aldermen and the county board of supervisors.
Early life.
William Rath was born in Hamburg, Germany on January 28, 1849. Rath grew up in Hamburg and attended public schools there for his initial education. His father, Hans, lived his entire life in Germany. His mother, Mary, died at William's home in Ludington, Michigan, after living in America for twenty years.
Rath emigrated to America at the age of 21. He entered New York City, and then made his way to Michigan, arriving in Ludington on June 21, 1870.
Rath served as an apprentice locksmith, but did not complete his apprenticeship. He then assisted his father in the stonemasonry trade as an assistant stonemason laborer shaping stones. He also learned how to put stucco on buildings.
Mid life.
Rath married Lucy Rickhoff, who was also of German descent, on July 17, 1870. This was the culmination of a courtship begun in Germany. They had one child, Jennie. They also had two adopted daughters named Ella and Jessie. They were devout members of the local German Lutheran church, St. John's Lutheran.
Rath's first jobs were as a laborer in Ludington sawmills. Eventually, he was promoted to lumber inspector, gaining him other responsibilities. His success in the lumber industry made him a lumber baron. Rath was a member of the Ludington Board of Trade from its beginning and their president for two years. He regularly reported on the freighter traffic in the harbor. He was also a collector of customs for the port for over a decade.
Rath became a part of the firm Weimer & Rath in 1880. Around 1890, he suffered a large financial loss after falling victim to a fraudulent copper mining investment scam perpetrated by a man named Goldsborough. Later he developed a partnership with Ludington businessman Warren Antoine Cartier. The two formed the lumber business of Rath & Cartier. Rath founded the Ludington State Bank in 1901 with Charles G. Wing. Rath and Wing also founded another bank in Mason County called Fountain Bank. Rath was also involved with the Manistee Watch Company and the Star Watch Case Company.
Rath belonged to the Ludington board of aldermen for ten years. As a member of the county board of supervisors he represented Ludington. He belonged to the Republican Party and was elected as the mayor of Ludington from 1910 to 1911. He ran for a second term but was defeated by his Democratic opponent Joseph Zelf by one vote. Rath was a leader in raising funds for local and charitable causes. He was involved in many corporations and held stock in concerns throughout the nation.
Rath had extensive real estate in Mason and Manistee counties and owned a cottage on the south beach at Epworth Heights, a Ludington summer resort. He was the first president of the resort's Country Club. Rath also owned commercial property in Chicago. Through these real estate holdings he became a wealthy man.
Later life.
When memories of the town's founder, James Ludington, faded, Charles Street was renamed Rath Avenue for William Rath. The William Rath Building, which is in the 100 block south of Ludington Avenue, was presented to the Salvation Army. The building served as the Salvation Army's headquarters from 1936 to 1961. Rath and Antoine E. Cartier bought the Cartier Park land near Lincoln Lake. He bequeathed $25,000 for its improvement and gifted it to the city.
Rath died from a heart attack on August 10, 1916. His remains are interred at Lakeview Cemetery in Ludington. His estate was the subject of two lawsuits over prior businesses he was involved with. Rath is memorialized in a mural showing him drinking from a Fountain of Youth, a stylish trend in the late 1800s. The mural is located at 106 N. Rath Ave; it was painted by Ludington artist Therese Soles.


Timberjack

Timberjack is a manufacturer of forestry machinery for both cut-to-length and whole tree logging, and was a subsidiary of John Deere from 2000 to 2006.
History.
Timberjack was founded in Woodstock, Ontario in the 1950s by Wesley Maggill and Robert Simons, who designed an articulated
four-wheel drive tractor with a winch at the back. They produced a prototype and production took off from there. There were affiliations with King Trailer ind. and with Timberland Ellicott Corp. before Eaton Corporation purchased Timberjack and named it the Forestry Equipment Division. The traditional color of all Timberjack products was a reddish orange. In 1992, the color was changed to green with black and yellow trim. John Deere purchased Timberjack and continued the green, black and yellow paint scheme.
Timberjack was owned by the Eaton Corporation in the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. In 1984 Timberjack made a leveraged buyout from Eaton to become an independent company.
Timberjack was acquired by FMG (ForestMachineGroup), owned by Finnish Rauma-Repola. After a short period carrying the double-name FMG-Timberjack, in 1993 Timberjack became the brandname for the group. Other well known forest machine brands, which have been incorporated into FMG-Timberjack were Swedish Kockums, ÖSA and Bruun System as well as Finnish LOKOMO. In December 2000 John Deere bought Timberjack from Metso Corporation (formerly Rauma-Repola) for $570 million which also included the purchase of a separate company, Waratah, a leading manufacturer of heavy-duty harvester heads.
As of June, 2006, at the forestry fair "Florence Wood", the Timberjack product line was discontinued, and John Deere, its parent company, became the largest single brand of forestry equipment. Its global market share for both cut-to-length and full tree equipment was very strong shortly after the acquisition.


Thomas Reynolds (State Representative)

Thomas Reynolds (March 17, 1840 – January 11, 1919) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
Biography.
Reynolds was born in County Longford, Ireland. He fled Ireland around 1865 due to involvement in a plot to incite an Irish revolt against British rule. In 1866, he moved to Madison, Wisconsin. He later settled in Jacksonport, Wisconsin and become involved in the lumber and farming industries. Reynolds died in Jacksonport in 1919 following an illness.
Family.
Reynolds married Jane Foley ( 1853–1922). They had ten children. His brother Charles Reynolds was also a member of the Assembly. Thomas Reynolds was the father of John W. Reynolds, Sr., the 26th Attorney General of Wisconsin, and the grandfather of John W. Reynolds, Jr., the 36th Governor of Wisconsin and a federal judge.
Political career.
Reynolds was a member of the Assembly during the 1907 and 1909 sessions. In addition, he was chairman (similar to mayor) and a member of the town board (similar to city council) of Jacksonport. He was a Republican.


Enterprise Cotton Mills Building

Enterprise Cotton Mills Building, also known as Zeus Industrial Products, is a historic cotton mill located at Orangeburg, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. It was built in 1896–1897, and is a four-story, 17 bay by 7 bay, brick building with a five-story tower. Attached to the main building is a two-story brick engine room and a one-story brick boiler room.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.


Atlas Mill, Ashton-under-Lyne

Atlas Mill was a cotton spinning mill in the Waterloo district of Ashton-under-Lyne, Greater Manchester, in England. It was built between 1898 and 1900 for the Ashton Syndicate by Sydney Stott of Oldham. It was last mill in Ashton to cease spinning. It was spinning artificial fibres in 1987, and was demolished in 1994; the site is now a housing estate.
Location.
Atlas mill was built next to Rock Mill which had been built site of the former Wilshaw Mill, on the junction of Oldham Road and Wilshaw Lane. This had been an unusual site for a mill as it was not close to railways or canals. The water needed to supply the steam engine at Wilshaw Mill came from a reservoir formed by damming the Smallshaw Brook. The reservoir was enlarged when Rock Mill was built.
History.
The Minerva Spinning Company Limited was registered in 1891 to build the Minerva Mill at Whitelands. The directors were Messrs Barlow, Marland, Coop, Newton, Pollitt and Pownall; they were later referred to as the Ashton syndicate. In 1891, they built Rock Mill. Then 1898, the syndicate registered the Atlas Mill Co. Ltd, with a capital of £70,000 (£ as of ) to build the Atlas Mill. This was their third mill. The syndicate went on to build Curzon Mill, Tudor Mill, Cedar Mill and finally the Texas Mill.
The cotton industry peaked in 1912 when it produced 8 billion yards of cloth. The Great War of 1914–1918 halted the supply of raw cotton, and the British government encouraged its colonies to build mills to spin and weave cotton. The war over, Lancashire never regained its markets.
On 7 January 1921 all the syndicate's mills went into voluntary liquidation and were passed to the Atlas Mills Ltd group. Atlas Mill was their headquarters. They were struggling. The Bank of England set up the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in 1929 to attempt to rationalise and save the industry. Atlas Mills Limited was taken over by the LCC in 1929. Thus, Atlas Mill was one of 104 mills brought into LCC ownership, and one of the 53 mills that survived through to 1950, where it produced 60 to 100 count mule twist. It closed in 1994 and the site is now a housing estate, part of which was built a number of years before Atlas Mill's closure and was distinguished by a campaign of noise complaint about an establishment of 90 years standing. The roads bear the names Watermill Court and Cedar Mews which gives some indication of their antecedents but will mislead historians about contemporary attitudes.
Architecture.
This was a Sydney Stott building. It was four storeys high built on a basement from engineering brick. The large windows were in groups of three, and there was yellow brick decoration. It had a Hotel-de-Ville style water tower. The six bay engine house, boiler house and chimney were to the north.
Power.
The steam engine was by George Saxon & Co, of Openshaw.
Usage.
Atlas Mill was used for spinning fine counts of twists and weft from Egyptian cotton. In 1951 it was spinning Egyptian yarns of counts 60 to 100, using both ring and twist spindles. In 1987 it was spinning & winding artificial fibres.
The latter utilised advanced German designed Schlafhorst Winding Machinery but as late as 1982 Mather & Platt 1897 winding frames were still used as backup.
This can be seen as admirable frugality or as a sign of the make do and mend and lack of investment that resulted in the closure of the Northern Spinning Division.


Golden Virginia

Golden Virginia is a hand-rolling tobacco brand manufactured in Nottingham, England by Imperial Brands and sold throughout Europe. It is a blend of fine-cut Virginia, burley and oriental tobaccos. Golden Virginia first appeared in the United Kingdom in 1877, and it is currently sold in 30g and 50g pouches. The pouches have a zip lock seal to keep the tobacco fresh along with a sticky tab and one packet of Rizla hand-rolling papers with a 30g pouch, and two packets with a 50g pouch.
According to the Imperial Tobacco website, Golden Virginia is the number one hand rolling tobacco in the UK. It is sold in over 35 markets, predominantly in Western Europe, with its key markets being Belgium, the UK, Spain, Ireland and Luxembourg.
Blend releases.
Smooth blend.
On 2 March 2009, Imperial Tobacco launched its new Golden Virginia Smooth blend on to the roll-your-own market. It was originally sold in 8g, 10g, 12.5g, 25g and 50g pouches with distinctive, bright yellow branding and packaging which was a noticeable contrast to the Original blend's long-established green and gold packaging and design. It soon began outselling the parent Original brand due to the cheaper mid-pricing point and the range of smaller weights available. In 2012, the 'Handy Pack' was launched which was a regular-sized cigarette box containing a small, 8g pouch of tobacco, a 40-paper pack of Rizla and 24 cigarette filters presented in as four tubes of 6 filters.
From 20 May 2017, following an EU Tobacco Products Directive prohibiting the sale of low weights of hand-rolling tobacco (e.g. 8g, 12.5g and 25g), it is now only sold in 30g and 50g pouches, with a slightly larger 30g Handy Pack launched in 2018.
Similarly, on 1 July 2017, another directive outlawed the use of branding, descriptions and attractive colourisation of packaging. Also banned was the use of descriptive words to describe the 'strength' of a tobacco products, such as 'smooth', 'light' and 'menthol'. This meant that Imperial Tobacco had to begin phasing out the descriptive words on all their tobacco products. In Golden Virginia's case, 'Smooth' became 'Yellow', and, after the plain packaging was enforced, the name was changed again to 'gv Bright Yellow'.
As of April 2019, the name of the brand reverted to 'Golden Virginia Yellow', the name that was used prior to the introduction of plain packaging.
Bright Sunrise / Midnight.
On 3 July 2015, Golden Virginia launched two new blends to the range. Following a revision of brand names which saw Golden Virginia Original become 'gv Original' and Golden Virginia Yellow become 'gv Bright Yellow', the new products followed this naming convention and were called 'gv Bright Sunrise' and 'gv Bright Midnight'.
They were initially available in 10g, 12.5g, 25g and 50g pouches until 20 May 2017, where following an EU Tobacco Product Directive, the sale of all hand-rolling tobacco was restricted to only 30g and 50g pouches only.
As of May 2019, both Golden Virginia Bright Sunrise and Bright Midnight have both been discontinued.


Army Club

Army Club was a British brand of cigarettes, owned and manufactured by Cavanders Ltd of London.
History.
The brand was founded by Cavanders Ltd in 1775. Cavanders was a cigarette company originally based in Manchester, but eventually moved its operations in London.
Army Club was a popular cigarette brand in the 1910s, especially during the time of the First World War.
The brand disappeared in 1961, as the company was taken over by the Godfrey Philips Company, whose main factory is now in Mumbai. It is believed that the company eventually got acquired by Philip Morris International.
An Army Club cigarette packet was found at the murder scene of the Taman Shud Case.
In September 2014, Wales Online reported that a +100 year old packet of Army Club cigarettes exists. The pack is kept by Brian Alexander, which has kept it safe since his father passed it onto him after his grandfather, known as Arthur Maddox, gave it to him. "The cigarettes were brought home from World War One by my grandfather Arthur Maddox and he gave them to my father Fred Alexandar. My grandfather bet my father he would smoke them before the month was out because he was a chain smoker. But my father did not smoke them and so he passed them on to me and I still have them," Brian said.
Advertising.
Various posters were made to promote the brand, especially during the time of World War I. The posters were made in multiple languages, such as English and French. Advertising campaigns for this brand adopted the themes of nostalgia of wartime camaraderie and male culture. Army Club cigarettes were also promoted in newspapers, such as The Illustrated London News, as well as on railway carriages. Signs promoting this brand were also made.
In the 1920s these cigarettes were sold in elaborate tins made of pressed copper.
A set of landscape cards were also issued with every pack of Army Club cigarettes, along with a special camerascope to view the pictures with.


Arista Cotton Mill Complex

Arista Cotton Mill Complex, also known as Salem Cotton Manufacturing Company and Arista Cotton Mill (Fries Mill Complex) and Lentz Transfer & Storage Co., is a historic cotton mill complex located at Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. The complex includes two buildings: a brick building built in 1836 by part of the Moravian congregation of Salem and the original home of the Salem Cotton Manufacturing Company, and the other is the original Arista Mill, built in 1880 by F. and H. Fries Cotton Arista Mills. The 1836 Salem Cotton Mill is a three-story, brick building with a monitor roof. The 1880 mill is a three-story brick building, 14 bays long, with bracketed eaves with timber supports. A two-story roughly triangular brick building was added about 1900. The 1836 building has been converted to a hotel known as The Historic Brookstown Inn.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.


Merrimack Mill Village Historic District

The Merrimack Mill Village Historic District is a historic district in Huntsville, Alabama. The cotton mill was built in 1900 by the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, reaching a peak of 1,600 employees by 1955. The mill was sold in 1946, and became known as the Huntsville Manufacturing Company. It operated until 1989 and was torn down in 1992. Houses in the adjoining mill village were built between 1900 and 1937, and encompass many mill house styles not commonly seen outside New England. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
History.
In 1898 the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, based in Lowell, Massachusetts, began to look for a location to build a cotton spinning mill in the Southern United States. Tracy W. Pratt, a Huntsville businessman who owned the West Huntsville Cotton Mill and would later be instrumental in building Lowe Mill, convinced the company to choose a site southwest of Huntsville. The company broke ground on 1,385 acres (560 ha) near Brahan Spring the following year, and the mill opened in 1900. The mill produced grey cloth which was finished in Rock Hill, South Carolina. When it opened, the mill employed about 500–750 people, operating 1,800 looms and 25,000 spindles. The mill was powered by steam from a coal boiler until it was converted to electricity in 1920. A village of about 60 houses was built to house the workers. The village also contained a dry goods store, operated by the W. L. Halsey Company, which also had space for community organization meetings.
Soon after opening, Merrimack announced the construction of a second mill, which would be completed in 1904. The new mill brought the capacity up to 90,000 spindles and 2,900 looms. Joseph J. Bradley, Sr., became the mill's agent in 1905; he began improving services for those in the village. The first hospital opened in one of the village houses in 1913 and was replaced by a larger, dedicated facility in 1916. The first school also opened in 1913, followed by a four-room schoolhouse in 1914 and a larger brick building in 1919, which was later named in Bradley's honor. Several new houses were also built in the 1910s. Buoyed by profits from high production during World War I, the mill expanded in 1920, adding 30,000 square feet (2,800 sq. m.) to Mill No. 1. The mill store was greatly expanded the same year, incorporating the old frame structure and adding a gymnasium, theater, two community rooms, and other amenities. Beginning in 1922, the village houses were wired for electricity, and sidewalks and a sanitary sewer system were added. Further houses were built, bringing the total to 279 by 1925.
During the 1920s and the Great Depression, the company fell into financial trouble. Merrimack reached 1400 employees in 1925, but just two years later, employment had fallen to 850. To raise capital, the mill began selling the village houses, first to employees and then to investors, although they continued to build new houses until 1937. Labor unions also became a presence among the workforce. From July 17 until September 22, 1934, a strike by the United Textile Workers of America brought violence to Huntsville, as part of a nationwide effort to improve working conditions in textile mills; another strike at Merrimack and Dallas Mill followed in 1937. Business rebounded during World War II, but soon after, facing aging equipment and soft prices due to overseas competition, Merrimack sold the mill to M. Lowenstein and Co. of New York City.
At the time of the sale, the mill employed about 800 and had 110,000 spindles and 2,500 looms. Lowenstein invested $1.7 million in modernizing equipment, and expanded to a 24-hour production day. Beginning in 1949, 269 more houses were sold to employees. Two years later, the school was donated to the Madison County School District and Brahan Springs, behind the mill, was donated to the city. By 1955, the two mill buildings were connected, and the entire mill was air conditioned, bringing the mill to its peak of 1,600 employees, 145,896 spindles, and 3,437 looms. Lowenstein sold the mill to Springs Industries in 1988, who operated it for one year before closing it completely. The mills were demolished in 1992, and the land today is used as a public park.
Architecture.
The mill buildings, completed in 1900 and 1904, were designed by preeminent mill architects Lockwood, Greene & Co. Mill No. 1 was three stories and Mill No. 2 was five stories, both of brick with arched lintels and stone sills. Mill No. 1 had the carding, drawing, and picking areas plus a repair shop on the first floor; weaving on the second floor; and spooling, warping, and spinning on the third.
The village is laid out along a grid pattern broken by a Y-shaped street which led to the mill and contained the superintendent's house in the Y. This design is identical to that of Merrimack's mill village in Massachusetts, platted in 1820. The houses followed several basic plans: Type A, a one-story, duplex shotgun house; Type B, a rectangular duplex with double central entry doors and a shed roof porch; Type J, a two-story I-house, usually with a shed roof rear addition; Type L, a two-story, cross-gable duplex with side entrances covered by shallow-pitched gable porches; and Type M, a one-story, hipped roof duplex with a shed roofed front porch. The 96 Type L houses, most of which were constructed in the first wave of construction before 1910, represent the largest collection of the type in the South.


Jack Lazor

Jack Lazor (died November 28, 2020) was a pioneering organic farmer. He was co-owner of Butterworks Farm in Westfield, Vermont since 1976. The farm is credited with being the first certified organic dairy farm in the United States.
Early life and education.
Ledger grew up in Somers, Connecticut. His father was a polymer chemist at Monsanto. He first became interested in farming while working at Sturbridge Village during the summer in his college years.
Lazor graduated from Tufts University with self-designed degree in the history of agriculture.
Butterworks Farm.
Lazor started Butterworks Farm in Westfield, Vermont with his wife Anne.
Initially, the farm sold raw milk products. Jack delivered them door to door. Their lack of license led to inquiries by regulators, but the state of Vermont helped get certification for them, with their milk handlers license given in 1984.
When their products were first sold in retail stores in 1984, they were one of the few organic brands during the rise in yogurt consumption. They quickly established themselves as a respected brand and shipped to markets across the United States.
The rise of large corporate organic brands has led to a decline in the farm's profits.
In 2016, the farm transitioned into a grain free, 100% grass fed operation.
Northern Grain Growers Association.
Lazor co-founded the Northern Grain Growers Association.
He wrote the 2013 book, "The Organic Grain Grower: Small-Scale, Holistic Grain Production for the Home and Market Producer".
Personal life.
With his wife Anne he had one daughter, Christine.


Auto-sexing

Auto-sexing breeds of poultry are those in which the sex of newly-hatched chicks can be determined from the colour and markings of the down. Some breeds of chicken, of goose and of domestic pigeon have this characteristic. The idea of such a breed is due to Reginald Punnett, who created the first auto-sexing chicken breed, the Cambar, at the Genetical Institute in Cambridge in 1928.
Chickens.
The concept of an auto-sexing breed of chicken is due to the geneticist Reginald Punnett, who during the First World War had already proposed the technique of cross-breeding chickens carrying the barred gene (B) with others to produce sex-linked chicks with plumage differences that could easily be distinguished.
Working at the Genetical Institute of Cambridge University, he and Michael Pease cross-bred Golden Campines with barred Plymouth Rocks, resulting in the creation of the Cambar in 1928. About ten years later they produced the Legbar by crossing brown Leghorns with barred Plymouth Rocks.
Other "Cambridge" breeds later developed were:
Many other breeds were created in the same way, all making use of barred Plymouth Rocks to impart the barred gene:


Stele Forest Museum


Cytisus proliferus

Cytisus proliferus, tagasaste or tree lucerne, is a small spreading evergreen tree that grows high. It is a well known fertilizer tree. It is a member of the Fabaceae (pea) family and is indigenous to the dry volcanic slopes of the Canary Islands, but it is now grown in Australia, New Zealand and many other parts of the world as a fodder crop.
Biology.
Tagasaste is an evergreen shrub that has rough yellow-grey bark and velvety hairy young growth. Its leaves are composed of three greyish-green equal-sized leaflets, which are slightly paler on the underside. Its scented, creamy-white flowers form in small clusters in the leaf axils. Its flat pea-like pods are green, ripening to black. The seeds are tiny (45,000/kg), shiny and black. Tagasaste is considered to be a promiscuous legume, compatible with cowpea and Tagasaste 1502 Rhizobium. It will nodulate with a wide range of rhizobia.
Tagasaste is suited to sandy, well-drained soils of pH range 4–7. On deep, freely drained soils its roots can extend down to at least 10 metres. Any physical or chemical barrier in the soil that restricts root growth will reduce the productivity and survival of tagasaste. Cultivars from arid sandy areas are very susceptible to root rot fungus on poorly drained soils, specifically Fusarium, Pythium and Rhizoctonia. It will tolerate winter temperatures as low as −9 °C, but cultivars exist that can handle winter temperatures down to minus 15 °C as in Orange, Eastern Australia. Tagasaste leaves will be burnt by frost and seedlings can be killed at temperatures below 0 °C. Growth of mature trees will slow at winter temperatures below 20 °C. Tagasaste can tolerate temperatures up to 50 °C, but above 36 °C leaves close up from stress. Tagasaste flowers during the early rainy season, typically June to October in Australia, New Zealand and East Africa.
Tagasaste has two types of roots. There are a few large 'sinker' roots that can extend down to at least 10 metres. These are used to extract moisture from that depth during the long dry summers. There are also many 'feeder' roots that are mostly confined to the top 1 metres. These can extend out at least 15 metres from the trunk. They extract mineral nutrients from the soil, and also water in winter. In summer the soil water can be taken up at depth by the sinker roots, drawn into the shallow feed roots and then pumped into the soil. This 'hydraulic lift' allows the tagasaste to keep extracting nutrients from the shallow soil which would otherwise be too dry. This hydraulic lift is also seen in the native banksia shrubs that grow naturally on these soils and have a similar root design.
When tagasaste is planted in rows that run north–south, it has been found that both the shoots and the roots grow twice as fast on the west side of the plant as on the east side.
Fodder crop.
Tagasaste is a valued forage for ruminants because of its good palatability and high protein content. It can be grazed directly, or cut and fed fresh or dried.
As a fodder crop tagasaste delivers between 23 and 27% crude protein (14–30% in Western Australia) and 18–24% crude indigestible fibre. With proper application of fertiliser it can maintain these levels even when grown on poor soils.
Phosphorus is particularly important both for the growth of tagasaste and for the growth of the animals grazing on it. Higher levels of phosphorus are required for the maximum growth of the animals than for maximum plant growth. Fertiliser will also reduce the level of phenolic compounds (similar to tannins) that increase when the plants are moisture stressed. These phenolic compounds make the tagasaste less palatable and reduce the animals' feed intake. The phenolics suppress the utilisation of protein in the rumen, and as a result feed intake. Despite the crude protein always being above 14%, supplementing with a high-protein feed like lupin seed stimulates animal feed intake when phenolics are high in tagasaste. Tagasaste typically has the same nutritional value as the best type of alfalfa when planted on good soil balanced in nutrients. Daily weight gains of 1 to 1.5 kg per steer per day are achieved during the growing season, with 6–10 rotations per year, typically one every 6–8 weeks.
Flowering also changes the palatability of tagasaste. In Western Australia it will commence flowering in winter (~ June). The seeds are mature and shed in early summer (first warm day in December). In the summer following flowering the palatability changes in different parts of the plant. In tagasaste that has not flowered the leaves will be grazed and bark on the stems ignored. After flowering the leaf becomes less palatable and the bark more palatable. This results in stock stripping bark off the trunk. Also the growth rate of the plant slows and leaves will be shed. The grazing management is designed to prevent flowering and keep tagasaste in the vegetative juvenile state. Trials have shown that if tagasaste is heavily grazed an or mechanically cut in the first six months of the year, it will not flower in the second half of the year. Occasionally when mechanically cutting, one limb on a plant can be missed. This limb will go on to flower, and show all the other problems, while the rest of the plant is maintained in a vegetative state.
Initially tagasaste was developed to replace hand feeding sheep during autumn in Western Australia, when feed supplies were normally very low. This involved locking the tagasaste up for 11 months and then grazing it with 100 sheep per hectare for a month. As the tagasaste grows to about 3 metres height in 11 months, it must be mechanically cut while the sheep are in the paddock. Sheep can not be set stocked on tagasaste as this can lead to plant deaths.
A breakthrough came with the discovery that cattle can be set stocked on tagasaste. Cattle tongues are too large to pick off the new shoot buds, and some leaves always remain on the plant. Sheep can remove every leaf from tagasaste but this does not cause plant deaths. The removal of new buds by sheep, which appear about six weeks after grazing, can lead to plant deaths. Today the majority of tagasaste is used for cattle grazing with plantations able to be grazed at any time of year. Though it can grow up to 5 metres in height, when managed for grazing it is kept to less than 2 metres in height.
On the poor white sands in Western Australia tagasaste has increased the animal carrying capacity from 1 to 2 dry sheep equivalents, with annual pastures to 8-10 dry sheep equivalents (~ 1 cow) per hectare with mature tagasaste. This is roughly a tenfold increase in soil fertility-based carrying capacity. The yield of edible dry matter (leaves and fine stems) in the West Midlands is mostly in the range of 3–5 tonnes per hectare. It also prevents the wind erosion and excessive ground water recharge that were major environmental problems before. Recently it has been found that tagasaste can sequester carbon at the rate of about 6 tonnes CO2 equivalent per hectare per year. About half the CO2 being stored is as organic carbon in the soil and half is in the wood of the branches, trunk and roots. Tagasaste typically yields roughly 1 ton of edible material per 100mm of rain per hectare per year.
Tagasaste by country.
Australia.
The potential of tagasaste as a Spanish fodder was identified by Dr Perez, a medical practitioner, based on La Palma island in the Canary Islands in the 1870s, and Spanish cattle farmers. He wrote to the Spanish authorities promoting tagasaste as a fodder shrub but could not get them interested. He then sent seed to Kew Gardens in England. Kew Gardens tested tagasaste and then sent seed to all its colonies around the world. In Australia, tagasaste's potential was promoted by a number of individuals over the next century (e.g. Dr Schomburge in South Australia and Dr Laurie Snook in Western Australia) but was not adopted on a large scale until the 1980s in Western Australia.
The first 2 ha of tagasaste in the West Midlands was planted by John Cook on his farm near Dandaragan in 1982. The success of this small paddock excited the interest of local farmers and researchers. Before this the farming systems in the region were totally based on annual pastures and crops. The region has strongly winter dominant rainfall, with up to eight months without rain over some summers. Until the development of tagasaste it was believed it was not possible to grow perennial pastures in this region.
In 1984 the Martindale Research Project was started by the University of Western Australia with a large grant from Sir James McCusker. This project encouraged the participation of local farmers and the Western Australia Department of Agriculture in research and development. Farmers such as John Cook and Bob Wilson at Lancelin developed seeding and mechanical cutting equipment that allowed tagasaste to be sown and managed cheaply by farmers on a broadacre scale. The Martindale Research Project resolved many issues relating to agronomy, animal production and economics that resulted in a reliable package that farmers could adopt with confidence. The Western Australia Department of Agriculture also conducted trials on their Badgingarra Research Station and at Bob Wilson's farm at Lancelin. Local farmers and researchers formed the West Midlands Fodder Shrub Improvement Group. This evolved into the Evergreen Group, which expanded its interests to include a range of other shrubs, grasses and perennial legumes.
There are now about 100,000 ha of tagasaste in Western Australia. In Western Australia it is mostly grown on deep, infertile sands in regions nearer the coast with 350 to 600 mm rainfall. Most of the tagasaste in Western Australia is in the West Midlands sand plain to the north of Perth.
New Zealand.
The use of tagasaste as a fodder crop was identified as early as 1897 in the Taranaki Region. it is still recommended as a fodder crop in some parts of the country but it also is becoming an invasive species. The Department of Conservation, a government agency responsible for protecting public conservation land, considers tagasaste to be an "environmental weed".
Cultivars.
In Australia a prostrate form of tagasaste has been developed by selection, called Weeping Tagasaste. It is hoped that this plant will not require mechanical cutting or pruning. It is too early to say whether Weeping Tagasaste will yield the same production levels as that of normal tagasaste. Initial indicators are that production is lower and that the plant may be more vulnerable to soil disease.
In South Africa three eco adapted genetic lines have been trademarked: "Green Kalahari" for arid areas (300–500 mm), "Cattle Candy" for temperate areas (600–800 mm) and "Kilimanjaro" cultivar for tropical highland areas (800–3500 mm) of rain. Commercial breeding of tree lucerne cultivars have led to improved varieties with increased hardiness, disease resistance and a wider range of growing conditions and applications. The use of tree lucerne for silvopasture agroforestry as a companion crop is one example of dual use of the same land for increased production. Sheep are then used to suppress weeds and keep the tree lucerne in check, preventing it from shadowing out the main forestry crop. The biological fertilisation is enhanced with green manure and trampling, improving the soil over time, and leading to production increases.


Farwell Mill

The Farwell Mill is an historic former mill complex at 244 Lisbon Street (Maine State Route 196) in Lisbon, Maine. Built in 1872, it is a fine example of a cotton mill built at the height of the Industrial Revolution. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It is now residential housing.
Description and history.
The Farwell Mill is located in central Lisbon, at the junction of Village and Lisbon Streets and on the western bank of the Sabattus River. It is a large and sprawling L-shaped brick three-story structure. The building is minimally decorated, with corbelling at the cornice below the gable roof, and a four-story tower at the southwestern end whose top level has paired round-arch Italianate windows and a shallow-pitch hip roof with a broad eave. The complex was originally larger, with four-story additions to the south and west, but these have been demolished. Just north of the main building is a small single-story gas works building, one of the few of its type surviving in the state.
The mill was built in 1872 by Nathaniel Farwell, a businessman with textile-related interests all over New England. This was the only full-scale textile operation he owned. It was built using the water privilege of one of Maine's earliest woolen mills, established in 1808, and expanded using a second water privilege just downstream that originally had a grist mill. Farwell's mill was reported to have a capacity of 12,000 spindles, and was an economic mainstay of the otherwise rural region for many years.


Edgar M. Cullman

Edgar M. Cullman (January 7, 1918 – August 28, 2011) was an American businessman who served as President and CEO of General Cigar Company and is credited with transforming the image of cigars.
Biography.
Edgar Meyer Cullman was born to a Jewish family on January 7, 1918, the son of the son of Francis Nathan Wolff and Joseph Cullman Jr. He comes from a family that was deeply involved in the tobacco business. His great-grandfather was the wine and tobacco merchant Ferdinand Kullman who emigrated to the United States in 1848. His grandfather and uncle, Joseph and Jacob, founded the tobacco brokerage house Cullman Brothers in 1892. His father owned farmland in the Connecticut River Valley that grew the tobacco used for cigar wrappers. In 1929, his father purchased the Webster Tobacco Company after the 1929 stock market collapse and in 1941, his father and uncle, Howard S. Cullman, founded the investment company Cullman Brothers Incorporated to purchase Benson & Hedges. He had two brothers: Joseph Frederick Cullman III, who served as chairman and CEO of Philip Morris; and Lewis B. Cullman (married to Dorothy Cullman), known as the "father of the leveraged buyout."
In 1940, Cullman earned a B.A. in economics from Yale University in 1940. After school, his father secured him an entry-level job hand-rolling cigars at H. Anton Bock in Manhattan. In 1961, Cullman and a group of investors bought for $25 million a controlling interest in then the 2nd-largest cigar producer in the United States, New-York-based General Cigar Company which owned the brands White Owl, Tiparillo, Tijuana Smalls, and Macanudo. In 1962, he was elected president and CEO of General Cigar; he grew sales at the company from $70 million and 11% market share in 1963 to $220 million in 1967. General Cigar benefited from the switch of many tobacco consumers from cigarettes to cigars propelled by a 1964 surgeon general's report that demonstrated a link between cigarette smoking and cancer; and introduced smaller and milder cigars to attract cigarette smokers and the young market. In 1976, the company's name was changed to Culbro Corporation and he diversified the company into snack foods, Ex-Lax, packaging, real estate, and in 1996, opened the cigar club Club Macanudo in Manhattan. In 1981, he retired as president but remained as CEO until 2005 when the company was sold to Swedish Match. He died on August 28, 2011 in Stamford, Connecticut, aged 93.
Personal life.
In 1938, he married Louise Bloomingdale (1919–2014), granddaughter of Lyman Bloomingdale; they had three children, Edgar Cullman Jr., Lucy Cullman Danziger, and Susan Cullman Kirby (married to attorney John Kirby).


Taftville, Connecticut

Taftville is a small village in eastern Connecticut. It is a neighborhood of Norwich but has its own post office (ZIP Code 06380). It was established in 1866 as site for the large Taftville Mill, later Ponemah Mill. The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Taftville and as alternative name Taftville/Ponemah Mill National Register Historic District.
Currently redevelopment of the large mill is being conducted by The O'Neill Group in conjunction with OneKey LLC. The National Park Service will oversee the historic preservation of the structure, to ensure the historic elements are sustained. The Ponemah Mill is being converted into luxury apartments and commercial space.
History of the Ponemah Mills.
The Ponemah Mills, a cotton textile factory, was built on the Shetucket River where a large dam could be built to provide power. The large mill building (Building No. 1) was purported to be the largest weave-shed under one roof at that time. The original workers were predominantly Irish immigrants, and they were hard hit by the depression of the 1870s that began with the Panic of 1873. Unemployment rose and wages dropped appreciably from 1873 to 1875, causing bitter relations between workers and management in many places.
In April 1875, the 1,200 workers went on strike. The mill owners had raised rents in company-owned housing as well as prices at the company-owned store. Wages at the time were under $10 for a 67-hour work week. In one often-cited anecdote, a workingman said he and his daughter had worked full-time for more than three months but only had four dollars between them to show for it. The immediate cause of the strike was a pay cut of 12 percent in an attempt to stop unionization. Workers were told half of the pay cut would be restored to anyone who had not participated in trying to form a union at the company.
The company replaced the workers with French Canadians, who would come to number more than 70 percent of the population. Workers were evicted from company-owned housing, and the Connecticut General Assembly passed a strict "tramp law" aimed at workers (such as those from Taftville) who became drifters after their strikes were broken.
Ponemah Mills operated for about 100 years. It sat abandoned for over 40 years until being redeveloped into residential apartments.
A similar mill and village community is Wauregan Historic District, which is also NRHP-listed.
Local institutions.
Taftville has a public elementary school operated by the Norwich Public School System called Wequonnoc Magnet Elementary School and a private elementary school called Sacred Heart School. Students then attend Kelly Middle School. After graduating from there, they move on to either Norwich Free Academy, Norwich Technical High School, or other surrounding high schools.
There are two churches: Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church and the Taftville Congregational Church.
Notable people, past and present.
Among the more accomplished Taftville residents was Ned (Edward) Hanlon who managed the Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1889), Pittsburgh Burghers (1890), Baltimore Orioles (1892–1898), Brooklyn Superbas (1899–1905), and the Cincinnati Reds (1906–1907). He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996. Another ballplayer was the Quebec-born right fielder, Augustine "Lefty" Dugas, whose family settled in Taftville. He played for the Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators between 1930 and 1934.
In the academic arena Saunders Mac Lane was the son of the Minister of the Taftville Congregational Church and a mathematician of world note, who spent his career at the University of Chicago, Yale and Harvard. He was the co-author of "A Survey of Modern Algebra", a book which was the standard work in that field for many years.