Henry VIII (TV serial)

Henry VIII is a two-part British television serial produced principally by Granada Television for ITV from 12 to 19 October 2003. It chronicles the life of Henry VIII of England from the disintegration of his first marriage to an aging Spanish princess until his death following a stroke in 1547, by which time he had married for the sixth time. Additional production funding was provided by WGBH Boston, Powercorp and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
It stars Ray Winstone in his first role in a costume drama. His co-star is Helena Bonham Carter who played Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn; her character dominates the first episode and her dramatic death brings the first part of the story to its conclusion. David Suchet also makes an appearance as Henry's first chief minister, Cardinal Wolsey. The second episode, which follows the last eleven years of Henry's life, sees Winstone act opposite Emilia Fox, as his docile third wife Jane Seymour, Sean Bean as Robert Aske, leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace, and Emily Blunt (in her first major appearance) as Catherine Howard, the promiscuous teenager who was coerced into becoming Henry's fifth queen.
Plot.
Episode 1.
The first episode opens to reveal a dying Henry VII mistaking his heir Henry VIII for his late son Arthur Tudor. Concerned for the fragile chances of his family's dynasty, the dying king implores his son to marry his brother's widow Katherine of Aragon and have a son to secure the family line. Fifteen years later Henry VIII is the most popular King to ever sit on the throne, but he still does not have a son by his Queen, only a daughter Mary. Elsewhere at Hever Castle in Kent the Boleyn Family celebrate the engagement of their daughter Anne to Henry Percy the future Earl of Northumberland. The head of the family the Duke of Norfolk assures her father, Thomas Boleyn, that he has the king's ear on the match and that he will give them permission to marry. But once the roving eye of the king falls upon Anne, he quickly finds a reason for the marriage to be cancelled and wastes no time in persuading her for himself, even riding from his secluded coastal castle to Kent during an outbreak of illness. Resolved that Anne will not become his mistress, but his wife, the King instructs his chancellor Cardinal Wolsey to find a way for his marriage to his devoted wife to be annulled, prompting two opportunistic Protestants reformers, Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer, to provide a way for the king to marry Anne Boleyn and bring untold wealth to his pocket but only if he breaks with the Catholic Church. Finally, his wife Anne is soon pregnant, only for Henry's hopes to be dashed. Instead of the longed for son and heir, Anne delivers a daughter, Elizabeth, and Henry's ardor cools towards her, even more so when he meets the sister of two of his courtiers, Jane Seymour. Despite the growing tensions between the King and Queen, Anne becomes pregnant once more but goes into premature labor and delivers a stillborn son. The first episode ends with an angry King Henry demanding Cromwell get rid of Anne which results in her subsequent trial and execution.
Episode 2.
The second episode begins with Jane Seymour being dressed for her wedding and her subsequent introduction to the people who take her to their hearts, whilst the King and Cromwell differ on the dissolution of the monasteries which have angered the English Catholics and united them into a huge army to march on London in protest calling it, the Pilgrimage of Grace, headed by the King's former comrade Robert Aske whom the King tricks into incriminating himself into treason and is sentenced to a gruesome traitor's death. Meanwhile, the country is on edge as the heavily pregnant Queen goes into labour and finally gives birth to a son much to Henry's joy although it is cut short when the Queen dies. Two years after the Queen's death, Cromwell, whose power has steadily risen through the days of Anne Boleyn encourages the King to consider marrying the Protestant Anne of Cleves but once he sets sights on her, the King is repulsed and immediately seeks a way out of the marriage. Sensing the decline of Protestant influence the Duke of Norfolk devises a way to snatch the reign to power and arranges for his teenage niece Catherine Howard to enchant the increasingly obese and terrifying King and to eventually marry him. It soon transpires that the young Queen has a promiscuous history and is having an affair with a man in the king's service which the Protestant reformers seize as their opportunity to rid themselves of the Catholic faction. The Queen and her family are arrested and the young Queen dies at the hands of the executioner, like her cousin Anne Boleyn. With the demise of Catholic peers the reformers take the opportunity to consolidate their powers, enhanced by the wedding of the king to Catherine Parr who attempts to unite the royal family. The film closes as the King reflects on his past loves. His obsession with Anne Boleyn, his quiet but steady affection for Jane Seymour, and his lust for the young Catherine Howard. Finally the king's over indulgent lifestyle catches up with him and he suffers a seizure and later dies in a scene reminiscent of the film's opening, imploring his son to be successful as a man before he can be successful as a king. He dies with his son and last wife beside him.
The closing scene of the film provides a summary of the lives of the remaining characters, the summary is as follows.
' Edward became King Edward VI, but his health was frail. He died of consumption aged fifteen. Edward Seymour, Lord Protector of England, he ruled by proxy until 1551 when he was imprisoned in the Tower and beheaded. Thomas Seymour did finally marry Katherine Parr, but broke her heart when he attempted to seduce the fourteen-year-old Princess Elizabeth. He was executed for treason in 1549. Bloody Mary came to the throne in 1553. She burned hundreds of Protestants as heretics and died embittered and unloved in 1558. Anne of Cleves outlived all the wives. Widely liked and respected, she was buried rich and popular with full honours. Thomas Cranmer continued to lay the foundations for the Church of England, only to be arrested for treason on the orders of Mary I and burnt as a heretic. And what of Henry? After a lifelong struggle to give England an heir, his glorious successor was not a son, but a daughter. Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn came to the throne in 1558 and ruled England for 45 years."
Production.
The serial was announced in 2001, with Alan Bleasdale as the writer. Granada Television's controller of drama Andy Harries could secure only £750,000 for each hour of "Henry VIII" from ITV, so had to attract co-production funding from other companies. He approached the American CBS network for the money. CBS executives wanted to replace Helena Bonham Carter with Sarah Michelle Gellar and dub all of the actors' voices with American accents. Harries declined CBS's funding and got the money from Powercorp, WGBH Boston and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation instead. The final budget was £5.2 million. Bleasdale had originally scripted an opening scene that featured Henry confronting the devil in hell. ITV's director of drama commissioning Nick Elliott told Harries, "I'm not having the devil on ITV. You'd better ring him and tell him I'm not paying £5 million to have the devil on ITV." Bleasdale then quit the project. He was replaced by Peter Morgan, who had written the Granada drama "The Jury".
Filming took place at Pinewood Studios with exteriors filmed at Leeds Castle in Kent. Post-production took six months.


Luc Alfons de Hovre

Bishop Luc Alfons de Hovre, S.J., was an auxiliary bishop of Mechelen-Brussels and titular Bishop of Domnach Sechnaill.
Born on 27 February 1926 in Nederbrakel, he was ordained a Jesuit priest on 10 May 1958 at the age of 32. On 15 February 1982, aged 56, he was appointed as auxiliary bishop for Mechelen-Brussels as well as titular Bishop of Domnach Sechnaill. The following month he was consecrated. His principal consecrator was Cardinal Godfried Danneels as well as Bishops Philip Ekka, Paul Constant Schoenmaekers, Leo-Karel Jozef De Kesel and Jean-Baptiste Musty.
He retired on 20 March 2002, aged 76. He died on 4 June 2009, aged 83, from undisclosed causes. He had been a priest for 51 years and a bishop for 27 years.


Evaristo Marc Chengula

Evaristo Marc Chengula (1 January 1941 – 21 November 2018) was a Tanzanian Roman Catholic bishop from the congregation of the Consolata Missionaries.
Biography.
Chengula was born in Tanzania and was ordained to the priesthood in 1970. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mbeya from 1997 until his death in 2018.


Agustin de Hinojosa y Montalvo

Agustin de Hinojosa y Montalvo, O.F.M. (1575 – 5 July 1631) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Nicaragua (1630–1631).
Biography.
Agustin de Hinojosa y Montalvo was born in Madrid, Spain in 1575 and ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor.
On 12 August 1630, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Nicaragua. On 16 September 1630, he was consecrated bishop by Juan Guzman, Archbishop of Tarragona with Francisco Olivares Maldonado, Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo, and Cristóforo Chrisostome Carletti, Bishop of Termia, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Nicaragua until his death on 5 July 1631.


Juan de Ribera (bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra)

Juan de Ribera, O.S.A. (1588-1666) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1659–1666).
Biography.
Juan de Ribera was born in Pisco, Peru and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. On November 17, 1659, he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Paul V as Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. In 1660, he was consecrated bishop and succeeded to the bishopric. He served as Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra until his death in 1666.


Jean-Pierre Delville

Jean-Pierre Delville, (born 29 April 1951) is the 92nd bishop of the Diocese of Liège. From 1996 to 2002 he taught at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) while also serving as spokesman for the Episcopal Conference of Belgium. In 2002 he was appointed professor of the History of Christianity, and in 2010 ordinary professor. He was editor-in-chief of the international journal of Church History, "Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique". In 2013 he was named bishop of Liège by Pope Francis, and he was consecrated bishop on 14 July.


Pompeo Zambeccari

Pompeo Zambeccari (1518–1571) was Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal from 1550 to 1553 and served also as Bishop of Valva and Sulmona.
Life.
Pompeo Zambeccari was born in Bologna in 1518. He undergo tonsure (and so entered in the clergy) at the age of 12 and, supported by the Colonna family, in 1531 he was granted the incomes of the Abbey of Santo Spirito d'Ocre and later of the Abbey of Santa Maria di Bominaco. On 24 October 1541 he completed his studies earning a doctorate in utroque iure in the University of Bologna and he moved to Rome.
In Rome, Zambeccari undergo doctorate studies in Law at the "Archiginnasio Romano" (as it was called at the time La Sapienza University), and joined the Accademia Romana where he met and was estimated by the humanists of the town. In the meantime he entered in the service of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, nephew of Pope Paul III, and because of that he was appointed deputy of the Farfa Abbey and commander of the church of Santo Spirito in Sassia in Rome.
On 20 June 1536 he was appointed Protonotary apostolic and finally on 1 July 1547 he was appointed Bishop of Valva and Sulmona. The episcopal consecration followed on 3 April 1548 in the church of the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Bologna by the hands of Cardinal Giovanni Morone.
In March 1550 Pompeo Zambeccari was appointed by Pope Julius III new Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal probably without having received detailed instructions. All his nunciature was marked by the lack of a true interest of Rome for the affairs of Portugal. In Portugal Pompeo was interested in the process of beatification of Gonçalo de Amarante. In spring 1552 Pompeo had meetings with king John III of Portugal in order to applicate in Portugal the decrees of the Council of Trent. In 1553 Rome sent Giovanni Francesco Mazza di Canobio to offer the title of Apostolic legate of Portugal to Cardinal Henry of Portugal, the brother of the king. Pompeo Zambeccari so left the Portugal on 25 November 1553, and on 16 September 1554 he entered in Sulmona.
In the following years, Pompeo lived for long periods in Rome notwithstanding the requirement issued by the Council of Trent that bishop should live in their diocese. In Rome Pompeo renovated his family palace nearby the Basilica of the Santi Apostoli: such renovation was so impressive that in January 1554 Pope Julius III blamed him because Pompeo's palace was even more majestic than the ones of the most important Cardinals.
Pompeo Zambeccari arrived in Trento in 17 January 1562 to attend the last session of the Council of Trent. He later returned to Sulmona where he renovated the Episcopal Palace. He had an illegitimate son, named Lepido.
He died in l'Aquila on 8 August 1571 and was buried in his Abbey of Santo Spirito d'Ocre, notwithstanding he had prepared for himself a burial in his family chapel in Basilica of the Santi Apostoli in Rome.


Stanley P. Saunders

Stanley P. Saunders is a New Testament scholar, whose particular research interest includes eschatology, creation and the Gospel of Matthew. He is also involved in issues of social justice particularly pertaining to the American criminal justice system and creation care.
Career.
Saunders received a B.A. from San Jose Christian College (1975), a M.Div. from Emmanuel School of Religion (1980) and a Ph.D. from Princeton Theological Seminary (1990). He began his academic career as an Assistant Professor of New Testament at Wartburg Theological Seminary (1984-1988). He then took the position of Assistant Professor of New Testament at Columbia Theological Seminary (1991-1999) and now serves as Associate Professor of New Testament (1999–present).
Thought.
In much of Saunders' work he asserts "we usually think that the goal of exegesis is to uncover the meanings in a text. But ‘meaning’ is discovered more in the dialogues that transpire between interpreters, their communities and worlds, the text, the worlds of the text, and the tradition." He is a proponent of the school of biblical interpretation which takes into account all external factors in the current setting, not just the text itself. This has led to an increased emphasis of how scripture engages the contemporary world and its current issues, such as care for the earth and the injustices of the criminal justice system.


Joseph Willard Mlele

John Simalenga was an Anglican bishop in Africa.
He was consecrated Assistant Bishop of South-West Tanganyika in 1963.


John Dolman (Jesuit)

John Dolman of Pocklington (c. 1556 - aft 1590, Pont-à-Mousson, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France), son of Sir Thomas Dolman of Pocklington by Elizabeth Vavasour, was a catholic Jesuit, witness of the persecution of Saint Edmund Campion.
From :, Volume 2 pages 90 to 93 :
After witnessing Fr. Campion's martyrdom at Tyburn, Dec. 1, 1581, and perhaps seeing his notes through the press, John Dolman, a young student at Gray's Inn, managed to evade the pursuivants in search of him, and crossed over ('gone over the seas') to Reims, where he was received at the College by Dr. Allen, May 6, 1582. It was probably he who brought to the College some relics of Fr. Campion. For six days later Dr. Allen wrote to Mr. George Gilbert, at the English College in Rome, informing him that Mr. Dolman had turned off to Rheims instead of journeying as he had intended to Rome, and enclosing a little piece of Fr. Campion's rib as a relic. On the 9th of the following August, Dolman left the College to proceed to Rome, but it is questionable if he persevered in his intention, for his name does not appear either in the College diary or pilgrim-book. It is more probable that he again changed his mind, and went direct to Pont-à-Musson, where he resumed his studies, and after completing philosophy, vas admitted into the Society of Jesus, Feb. 4, 1584, at the age of 27. He afterwards studied moral theology for three years at the same place, and filled the office of Sub-minister. He was still at Pont-à-Musson, according to the catalogue, in 1590, but after this year all trace of him is lost, and he probably died about that period; indeed, the pedigree places his death in 1586, though this date is no doubt too early.


Nathaniel Aipa

(Benson) Nathaniel Aipa was an Anglican bishop in Malawi.
Ainani studied for the priesthood at St John's College, Lusaka. He was ordained in 1963 and served in the Diocese of Malawi. He was appointed Archdeacon of Mangochi in 1978, and Bishop of Southern Malawi in 1987.


Diego de Zambrana

Diego de Zambrana (also Diego de Zambrana y Guzmán or Diego de Carmona) (died 1609) was a Roman Catholic prelate who was Archbishop Elect of La Plata o Charcas (1608–1609) and Bishop Elect of La Paz (1605–1608).
Biography.
On 4 July 1605, Diego de Zambrana was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as the first Bishop of La Paz but never arrived to take possession. On 14 January 1608, he was instead appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas. He died soon after in 1609 before he was consecrated.


Johannes Flintrop

Johannes Flintrop (May 23, 1904 – August 28, 1943) was a prominent Roman Catholic critic of the Nazi Party who died in the Dachau concentration camp.
Biography.
Flintrop was born in Barmen (Wuppertal) to devout working class parents. After his theological studies at the University of Münster, he was ordained a Pastor in Cologne in 1927. At the age of 23, he initially served the congregation Heart of Jesus in Cologne Mülheim, before becoming a vicar general to the congregation of St. Lambert at Mettmann in 1933.
In 1941, he admitted to youth of the Catholic Kolping workers society that the war had long not been won, and that "it is likely that we (German troops) too committed war atrocities" in the Soviet Union. For this he was imprisoned in Düsseldorf, from where he was transferred to the concentration camp at Dachau on May 1, 1942. He died on August 28, 1943, officially of unknown causes. Surviving inmates of the concentration camp reported that he was forcefully subjected to medical experiments and died as a result of them. He was cremated and buried in his hometown of Barmen by the congregation of St.Lambert in 1943 in silent protest. He has a main street in Mettmann named in his memory.


Lucy Brocadelli

Lucy Brocadelli also known as the Blessed Lucy of Narni or Blessed Lucy of Narnia, (13 December 1476 in Narni – 15 November 1544 in Ferrara) was a Dominican tertiary who was famed as a mystic and a stigmatic. She has been venerated by the Roman Catholic Church since 1710. She is known for being the counselor of the Duke of Ferrara, for founding convents in two different and distant city-states and for her remains being solemnly returned to her home city of Narni on 26 May 1935, 391 years after her death.
Early life.
Lucy was born in 13 December 1476 on the feast day of Saint Lucy of Syracuse, the eldest of eleven children of Bartolomeo Brocadelli and Gentilina Cassio, in the town of Narni (then called "Narnia") and in the region of Umbria. A pious child, she is said to have received visions from an early age. When she was twelve years old, Lucy made a private vow of chastity, and she determined to become a Dominican nun.
Circumstances, however, changed to make doing so impossible as her father died the following year, leaving her in the care of an uncle. This uncle, following the wish of her father while he was still alive, decided that the best course of action he could take would be to get Lucy married as quickly as possible. He made several attempts to do so. One of these included holding a large family party. He had invited the man he had chosen to become Lucy's husband to the party, with the intention of having the couple publicly betrothed. He however had not informed Lucy of his intentions. The suitor made an attempt to put a ring on Lucy's finger, only to be slapped repeatedly by her for his efforts.
A later attempt involved Count Pietro di Alessio of Milan, an acquaintance of the family. Lucy was actually quite fond of him, but felt that her earlier vow of perpetual virginity made the marriage impossible. The strain Lucy felt as a result of the conflicting feelings made her seriously ill. During this time, the Virgin Mary and Saint Dominic again appeared to her, this time accompanied by St. Catherine of Siena. They reportedly advised Lucy to contract a legal marriage to Pietro, but to explain that her vow of virginity would have to be respected and not violated. Pietro agreed to the terms, and the marriage was formalized.
A spiritual marriage.
In 1491 Lucy became Pietro's legal wife and the mistress of his household, which included a number of servants and a busy social calendar. Despite her busy social schedule as a Countess, Lucy made great efforts to instruct the servants in the Catholic faith and soon became well known locally for her charity to the poor. Pietro observed Lucy's behavior, and occasional quirks, quite indulgently. He never objected when she gave away clothing and food. Nor when she performed austere penances, which included regularly wearing a hair shirt under her garments and spending most of the night in prayer and helping the poor. He also seemed to have taken in stride the story he was told by the servants that Lucy was often visited in the evenings by Saint Catherine, Saint Agnes, and Saint Agnes of Montepulciano, who helped her make bread for the poor.
However, when one of the servants came up to him one day and told him that Lucy was privately entertaining a handsome young man she appeared to be quite familiar with, he did react. He took up his sword and went to see who this person was. When he arrived, he found Lucy contemplating a large crucifix. The servant told him that the man he had seen Lucy with looked like the figure on the crucifix.
Later Lucy left one night for a local Franciscan friary, only to find it closed. She returned home the following morning, stating that she had been led back by two saints. That was enough for Pietro. He had her locked away for the bulk of one Lenten season. She was visited only by servants who brought her food. When Easter arrived, however, she managed to escape from Pietro back to her mother's house and, on 8 May 1494, became a Dominican tertiary. Pietro expressed his disapproval of this in a rather dramatic form—by burning down the monastery of the prior who had given her the habit of the Order.
Stigmata.
In 1495 Lucy went to Rome and joined a group of Dominican tertiaries who were living in community. The next year she was sent to Viterbo to establish a new convent and there she found she was frequently the object of unwanted attention. It was there, on 25 February 1496, that she is reported to have received the stigmata. Lucy did her best to hide these marks, and was frequently in spiritual ecstasy. The house had a steady stream of visitors who came to speak to Lucy, and, often, just to stare at her. Even the other sisters were concerned about her, and at one point called in the local bishop who watched Lucy go through the drama of the Passion for twelve hours straight.
The bishop would not make a decision on Lucy, and called in the local Inquisition. Reports here vary, some indicating that he referred the case directly to the pope, who is said to have spoken with her and, with the assistance of Columba of Rieti (another mystic of the Dominican Third Order), ultimately decided in her favor, telling her to go home and pray for him. At that time Pietro also came to her, making a final plea to persuade Lucia to return with him as his wife. She declined, and Pietro left alone. He would himself later become a Franciscan friar and a famous preacher.
When Lucy returned to the convent in Viterbo, she found that the Duke of Ferrara, Ercole d'Este I, had determined to build a convent in Ferrara, a city about 230 miles north, and that, having heard of her, he determined that she would be its prioress. In the summer of 1497 he invited her to be the founder of this new community. Lucy, the Dominican Order, and the pope all agreed quickly to the new proposal. The municipal council of Viterbo, however, objected, not wanting to lose their celebrated mystic. She had already been praying for some time for a way to create a new community of stricter observance, however, and agreed to go to the new convent.
Conflict.
Lucy's decision precipitated a conflict between Ferrara and Viterbo which would continue for two years. Viterbo wanted to keep the famous mystic for themselves, and the Duke wanted her in Ferrara. After extensive correspondence between the parties, on April 15, 1499 Lucy escaped secretly from Viterbo and was officially received in Ferrara on May 7, 1499. Thirteen young girls immediately applied for admission to her new community; the construction of the monastery began in June and was completed two years later, in August 1501. It contained 140 cells for religious sisters and the novices, but to fill it with suitable vocations proved to be very difficult.
Lucy expressed the wish to have there some of her former friends from Viterbo and Narni. Duke Ercole, in September 1501, sent his messenger to Rome asking for the help of the pope's daughter, Lucrezia Borgia, who was preparing to marry the Duke's son, Alfonso. She collected all eleven candidates whom Lucy had indicated, and sent them as a special wedding present to Lucy and the Duke, a few days ahead of her bridal party. She herself solemnly entered Ferrara on 2 February 1502.
The Duke petitioned the local bishop for some help for Lucy in governing her new community, and the bishop sent ten women from a local monastery to join Lucia's convent. For better or worse, these women were members of the Dominican Second Order, who were canonical nuns and were thus permitted to wear black veils, something Lucy and the other Sisters of the Dominican Third Order community were not. The differences in canonical standing and requirements between the two groups was to cause friction in the convent.
Tensions were heightened when one of these black veiled outsiders, Sister Maria da Parma, was made the prioress of the convent on September 2, 1503. When Duke Ercole died on 24 January 1505, the new prioress quickly found Lucy to be guilty of some unrecorded transgression (most probably of her open and public support for the Savonarolan church reform), and placed her on a strict penance. Lucy was not allowed to speak to any person but her confessor, who was chosen by the prioress. The local Prior Provincial of the Dominican Order would also not permit any member of the Order to see her. There are records that at least one Dominican, Catherine of Racconigi, did visit her, evidently by bilocation, and that Lucy's earlier visitations by departed saints continued. In response to Lucy's insistent prayer, her stigmata eventually disappeared, which caused some of the other members of the community to question whether they had ever been there at all. This punishment was to last her entire life, or at least until 1541, when a niece of Girolamo Savonarola was elected prioress. When Lucy died on November 15, 1544, many people were surprised to find that she had not died years earlier.
Death, veneration and beatification.
Suddenly everything changed. When her body was laid out for burial so many people wanted to pay their last respects that her funeral had to be delayed by three days. Her tomb in the convent church was opened four years later and her perfectly preserved body was transferred to a glass case.
When the French Revolutionary Army suppressed the convent in 1797, her body was transferred to the Cathedral of Ferrara, and again, on 26 May 1935, to the former Cathedral of Narni, as the diocese had been merged with another.
Lucy was beatified by Pope Clement XI on 1 March 1710.
In popular culture.
Sister Lucia has a very important part in "Prince of Foxes" by Samuel Shellabarger, a historical novel which dramatizes her escape from Viterbo and which some consider Shellabarger's best.
She also was possibly a source of inspiration for "The Chronicles of Narnia" by C.S. Lewis, as Lucy, a girl that believes and can see many things that other people cannot see. Walter Hooper, a biographer of Lewis, has referred to the possible connection.
Bibliography.
Georgiana Fullerton, "Blessed Lucy of Narni." Part Two of "The Life of St. Frances of Rome, of blessed Lucy of Narni, etc." New York 1855, 139-158. [20 p.]. 206 p.
Edmund G. Gardner, "Dukes and Poets in Ferrara: A Study in the Poetry, Religion, and Politics of the Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries." New York 1968 (1904), pp. 364–423, 466. 578 p.
E. Ann Matter, "Prophetic Patronage as Repression: Lucia Brocadelli da Narnia and Ercole d'Este." In Scott L. Waugh and Peter D. Diehl (ed.), "Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500." Cambridge 1996, 168-176. [9 p.] 376 p.
Lucia Brocadelli, "Seven Revelations: The Book of Blessed Lucia of Narni written in her own hand in the year of Our Lord 1544." Introduced and Translated by E. Ann Matter. Published by Maiju Lemijoke-Gardner (ed.), in "Dominican Penitent Women" pp. 216–243. New York 2005, 316 p.
Tamar Herzig, "Witches, Saints, and Heretics: Heinrich Kramer's Ties with Italian Women Mystics." In "Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft (journal)," Summer 2006, 24-55 [32 p.] "Herzig writes: "Lucia Brocadelli, also known as Lucia of Narni, [is] the most famous Italian living saint ('santa viva') of the early sixteenth century", p.31."
Antonio Samaritani, "Lucia da Narni ed Ercole I d'Este a Ferrara tra Caterina da Siena, Girolamo Savonarola e i Piagnoni. Fonti e letteratura." Ferrara, Edizioni Cartografica 2006. 113 p. (30 cm)
Tamar Herzig, "Savonarola's Women: Visions and Reform in Renaissance Italy." The University of Chicago Press 2008, 320 p.
Lucia da Narni, "Vita della Beata Lucia da Narni domenicana copiata dall' Autografo della detta Beata (Autobiografia 1544)." The manuscript recently discovered in Bologna and published by E. Ann Matter and Gabriella Zarri in "Una mistica contestata : la Vita di Lucia da Narni (1476-1544) tra agiografia e autobiografia (pp.1-255)." Roma, 2011. LVI, 262 p.


Chaim Walder

Chaim Walder (born 1969) is an Israeli Haredi rabbi and author of literature for children, adolescents, and adults. In 1993, he became an Israeli publishing sensation with his first book, "Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam" (, "Children Talk About Themselves", translated into English as "Kids Speak"), which revolutionized literature for Haredi children by introducing young protagonists who speak openly about their problems and feelings. "Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam" became one of the top five bestselling books of all time in Israel, and opened the door for many more writers to produce original fiction for Haredi youth. Walder is also a long-time columnist on social issues for the Hebrew daily "Yated Ne'eman", an educational counselor, and manager of the Center for the Child and Family, operated by the Bnei Brak municipality.
Biography.
Walder was born in Haifa and raised in a Haredi family. His father was from Jerusalem and his mother from Haifa. He attended Yeshivat Kol Torah and Knesses Chizkiyahu and married at age 21. Although Haredi men usually do not serve in the Israeli army, he fulfilled his army service as a soldier-teacher.
After his discharge, he began teaching in a Haredi cheder in Bnei Brak. When he began having trouble with an unruly child, he decided to write a story from the child's point of view and read it in front of the entire class, hoping that the child would get the message and calm down. The other students were transfixed by the story, and subsequently he began writing more stories from the children's point of view and reading them aloud. He also encouraged his students to write down any problems or dilemmas that they were experiencing and send him a letter at his post-office box. As his "story hour" became a fixture in the classroom, one of the mothers of the children encouraged him to publish a book. To gauge public interest, he first printed some of his stories in the "Yated Ne'eman"; when they were received positively, he decided to publish a book. On the advice of the Premishlaner Rebbe of Bnei Brak, he borrowed money and self-published 2,000 copies of his book, "Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam" ("Children Talk About Themselves"). Within ten days, the entire run sold out.
In 1996, Walder published his first novel for children, "Korim Li Tzviki Green!" (, "[They] Call Me / My Name is Tzviki Green!", translated into English as "That's Me, Tzviki Green!"). He named the protagonist after his eldest son Meir Zvi (Zviki), then four years old. As of 2011, he has published 26 volumes of stories and novels for children and adults. More than two million copies of his books are in print.
Since 1990, Walder has been a regular columnist for the "Yated Ne'eman", writing about social issues. He also hosts a popular radio talk show. He heads the Center for the Child and Family, run by the Bnei Brak municipality, and is a certified educational counselor working with children who have suffered trauma and abuse. In 2003, he received the "Magen LeYeled" (Defender of the Child) award from the Israel National Council for the Child.
"Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam".
Walder's first book, "Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam" ("Children Talk About Themselves") revolutionized Haredi children's literature by eschewing the "programmatic and religious-indoctrination tone" that had previously characterized books for this age group and introducing the "language of the emotions". The protagonist in each story speaks from the heart about his or her problems and feelings, and the language is "direct and grown-up". The stories are all written in the first person; many are based on true-life incidents that have been told to Walder. Since the publication of the first book in 1993, thousands of children have written letters to Walder, sharing their own feelings and challenges. In 2011, Walder estimated that he had received over 20,000 letters in Hebrew and 10,000 letters in other languages. From these letters, he has learned more about how children think, what interests them, what makes them laugh, and what their fears and worries are. He makes use of the stories that children send him as well as his understanding of a child's mind to craft the plots and dialogue in his tales.
In addition to becoming one of the top five bestselling books of all time in Israel, "Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam" has been translated into eight languages. It paved the way for many new writers to begin publishing "imaginative, thoughtful, emotional, and enjoyable" literature for Haredi children and young adults, a phenomenon that has surged since the late 1990s.
As of 2011, the "Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam" series stands at six volumes. Walder has also published two "Yeladim Kotvim al Atzmam" ("Children Write About Themselves") collections and an adult version of "Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam" titled "Anashim Mesaprim al Atzmam" (, "People Talk About Themselves", translated into English as "People Speak"), which presents adult-themed stories that have come up on his radio show. Factuality of stories printed is not a given. Asked whether a particular story included in "People Speak" was true, Walder responded in the negative, stating that "most of it is made up."
In the early 2000s, Walder developed a therapeutic summer camp called "Yeladim Mesaprim al Atzmam". At these camps in Bnei Brak, Jerusalem, and Haifa, campers are encouraged to explore new avenues of expression, such as writing and acting out stories.


Manuel Franklin da Costa

Archbishop Manuel Franklin da Costa (31 August 1921 – 17 July 2003) was a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Huambo then Lubango, Angola.
Ordained priest in 1948, da Costa was appointed Bishop of Henrique de Carvalho (now the Diocese of Saurimo) in 1975, just months before Angola achieved recognized independence. In February 1977, da Costa became the Archbishop of Huambo and in 1986, Archbishop of Lubango, where he would stay until his retirement in 1997.


Baga de Secretis

In English mediaeval government the Baga de Secretis or Bagga de Secretis was a store of secret documents. It originated as a leather sack, which the collection later outgrew. Its name is a Mediaeval Latin attempt at "bag of secrets" (which more correctly would have been "Saccus Secretorum").
It originated during the reign of Edward IV with the storage of documents regarding treason and writs of attainder. With the reign of Henry VIII, however, its character changed to concentrate more on the sovereign's most intimate and domestic matters which the Crown wished to keep from prying eyes. The subjects of its contents included Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard, Lady Jane Grey, Walter Raleigh, the Earl of Essex, Guy Fawkes, and other such cases. The closet which succeeded the ox-hide pouch was locked with three separate locks, the keys to which were in the possession of the Lord Chief Justice, the Attorney General, and the Master of the Crown Office. In the late 19th century, all documents were removed from the locked closet and given to the care of the Public Record Office, distributed into their proper series and topics, and are now accessible with limitations, with due care for their preservation. The documents of the trial of Queen Anne, for example, had been thought long destroyed but after their removal and examination were found to be almost entirely complete.


Steve Hare (musician)

Steve Hare is an American musician, who sings CCM, praise & worship and pop rock, and is currently signed to Dream Records. His debut studio album "Heart Like Your Own" was released on May 7, 2013, and Me in Motion's Seth Mosley produced the album. The album charted at No. 92 on the "Billboard" 200 chart and fourth on the Christian Albums chart, for the week of May 25, 2013.
Background.
Hare is the senior pastor of Faith City Family Church located near Christiana Mall between Newark and Wilmington, Delaware. His father Bert started the church, and was the first pastor. In addition, Hare is the founder and CEO of Reach Radio Networks.
Music.
Hare was signed to Dream Records in 2013. His first studio album was produced by Seth Mosley, and is entitled "Heart Like Your Own", which was released on May 7, 2013.


Tom Savage (bishop)

Thomas Joseph Savage was an Anglican bishop in the third quarter of the 20th century.
Born on 5 February 1900, and educated at Highgate and Peterhouse, he was ordained in 1927. Following a curacy at "St John’s, Waterloo Road" he worked at the "South African Church Railway Mission" and was then a Toc H padre. After a spell as rector of Springs, Transvaal he was vicar of Leominster then "Tait Missioner" for the Diocese of Canterbury. In 1955 he was appointed dean of Cape Town and three years later bishop of Zululand, a post he held to his death on 22 October 1966.


Solomon Kuponu

Solomon Kuponu is an Anglican bishop in Nigeria: he is the current Bishop of Ijebu-North. following Ezekiel Ayo Awosoga.
Kuponu was born in Badagry. He was ordained in Lagos in September 1983. He was consecrated bishop on September 11, 2005.


Abraham Akinlalu

Abraham Akinlalu is a former Anglican bishop in Nigeria. He is Bishop Emeritus of the Anglican Diocese of Oke-Osun; he retired in 2019.
He was elected as Bishop of Oke-Osun in 2010 on the retirement of Bishop Fasogbon.


Shaker Elsayed

Shaker Elsayed (born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1951) is a dual citizen of Egypt and the US, and has been the Imam of the Dar Al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church, Virginia, since June 1, 2005.
Educational background and scholarship.
Elsayed has an undergraduate degree in Economics and Independent Islamic Studies from Cairo, and has done graduate work in Educational Administration and Psychology at the University of Houston in Texas. He has translated the Koran into English.
Comments on Kahane killing.
In 1990, he was the Principal of the Al-Ghazly Islamic School in Jersey City. The children of El Sayyid Nosair, who was convicted in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the killing of Meir Kahane, attended the school until 1989. Elsayed said about Kahane's killing: "It was not a violation [of Islamic law], in the sense that Kahane adopted a position against all Arabs and Muslims. He put himself in that category."
Muslim American Society Secretary General.
Prior to becoming imam at the mosque, Elsayed was Secretary General of the Muslim American Society from 2000–05. While still at MAS, in 2004 Elsayed was also on the mosque's Executive Committee.
Elsayed described the 2002 hunt by federal agents for evidence against Sami Al-Arian as "a war on Muslim institutions." Al-Arian ultimately made a plea agreement, pleading guilty to conspiracy to help a "specially designated terrorist" organization, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
When three defendants who were part of the Virginia Jihad Network were convicted in March 2004 of conspiring to help wage violent jihad in Kashmir and possibly against American troops in Afghanistan, Elsayed said "It is evident that Muslims should not expect justice. Muslims are besieged after 9/11, for no fault of their own."
In April 2005 Ali Al-Timimi went on trial for treason for verbally encouraging people to train for jihad and to attack the US. Elsayed said: "He is not accused of anything except talking. It's all about him saying something. If this isn't a First Amendment issue, I don't know what is." After Al-Timini's conviction, Elsayed said that "Ali never opened a weapon or fired a shot, and he is going to get life imprisonment for talking. What kind of country are we turning the United States into today?"
Dar al-Hijrah mosque.
"Islam forbids you to give allegiance to those who kick you off your homeland, and to those who support those who kick you off your homeland," Elsayed told worshippers and explained afterwards the statements are in opposition to U.S. foreign policy, not against American people. At the same time Elsayed spoken strongly towards American patriotism, stating that Muslim Americans "are in love with their country" and stand firm in promoting their country's safety. "Shaker Elsayed is more like a political figure than a religious figure", said M.A. Muqtedar Khan of Adrian College in Michigan, who worshiped at Dar al-Hijrah mosque for several years. "Dar al-Hijrah is a very Arab-centric mosque, very much centered on Arab politics." Elsayed unequivocally condemns terrorism and states that the mosque actively publicizes it to the public.
Ahmed Omar Abu Ali, who was convicted of plotting to assassinate President Bush, worshiped at Dar al-Hijrah. Elsayed spoke out on behalf of his family. He described Abu Ali's confession as "laughable", and said that Abu Ali and other young Muslims were being unfairly accused by the Justice Department.
In 2017, he made comments suggesting that female genital mutilation prevents 'hypersexuality', but later apologized for his statements.


Thomas Paulsamy

Thomas Paulsamy is the serving Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dindigul, India. He is the second bishop of the diocese.
Early life & education.
He was born on 2 August 1954 in N. Poolampatty,  Diocese of Tiruchy. He has acquired Masters in Arts. He studied Philosophy & Theology at St. Paul's Seminary, Tiruchirapalli and M.Th at Maryknoll School of theology, New York, USA.
Priesthood.
He was ordained a priest on 25 May 1977.
Episcopate.
He was appointed Bishop of Dindigul on 11 April 2016 by Pope Francis and ordained on 22 May 2016 by Salvatore Pennacchio


John Bosco

John Melchior Bosco (; 16 August 1815, 31 January 1888), popularly known as Don Bosco , was an Italian Roman Catholic priest, educator, and writer of the 19th century. While working in Turin, where the population suffered many of the ill-effects of industrialization and urbanization, he dedicated his life to the betterment and education of street children, juvenile delinquents, and other disadvantaged youth. He developed teaching methods based on love rather than punishment, a method that became known as the Salesian Preventive System.
A follower of the spirituality and philosophy of Francis de Sales, Bosco was an ardent devotee of Mary, mother of Jesus, under the title Mary Help of Christians. He later dedicated his works to de Sales when he founded the Salesians of Don Bosco, based in Turin. Together with Maria Domenica Mazzarello, he founded the Institute of the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians, a religious congregation of nuns dedicated to the care and education of poor girls. He taught Dominic Savio, of whom he wrote a biography that helped the young boy be canonized.
He is one of the pioneers of Mutual Aid Societies that were initiated as collaborative financial support to young migrant Catholic Workers in the city of Turin. In 1850 he drew up regulations to assist apprentices and their companions when any of them was involuntary without work or fell ill.
On 18 April 1869, one year after the construction of the Basilica of Mary Help of Christians in Turin, Don Bosco established the Association of Mary Help of Christians (ADMA) connecting it with commitments easily fulfilled by most common people, to the spirituality and the mission of the Salesian Congregation (CG 24 SDB, 1996, NR. 80). The ADMA was founded to promote the veneration of the Most Holy Sacrament and Mary Help of Christians (Don Bosco, Association of the Devotees of Mary Help of Christians, San Benigno Canavese, 1890, page 33).
In 1875, he began to publish the "Salesian Bulletin". The "Bulletin" has remained in continuous publication, and is currently published in 50 different editions and 30 languages. In 1876, Bosco founded a movement of laity, the Association of Salesian Cooperators, with the same educational mission to the poor.
Bosco established a network of organizations and centers to carry on his work. Following his beatification in 1929, he was canonized as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius XI in 1934.
Life.
John Bosco was born on the evening of 16 August 1815 in the hillside hamlet of Becchi, Italy. Becchi is located in a region that was called Castelnuovo d'Asti, which was later renamed Castelnuovo Don Bosco in honor of the saint. He was the youngest son of Francesco Bosco (1784–1817) and Margherita Occhiena. He had two older brothers, Antonio, and Giuseppe (1813–1862). The Boscos of Becchi were farmhands of the Moglian Family. John Bosco was born into a time of great shortage and famine in the Piedmontese countryside, following the devastation wrought by the Napoleonic Wars and drought in 1817.
When he was little more than two years old, his father, Francesco, died, which left the support of three boys to his mother, Margherita. She played a strong role in Bosco's formation and personality, and was an early supporter of her son's ideals.
In 1825, when he was nine, Bosco had the first of a series of dreams that would play an influential role in his outlook and work. This first dream "left a profound impression on him for the rest of his life", according to his own memoirs. Bosco apparently saw a multitude of very poor boys playing and blaspheming and a man, who "appeared, nobly attired, with a manly and imposing bearing" and said to him, "You will have to win these friends of yours not with blows, but with gentleness and kindness. So begin right now to show them that sin is ugly and virtue beautiful".
Bosco, when he was ten years old at the festive oratory, started watching his classmates' attitudes, and in every fight, he was the referee. The older boys were scared of him because he knew their strengths and their weaknesses.
When traveling entertainers performed at a local feast in the nearby hills, he watched and studied the jugglers' tricks and the acrobats' secrets. Then, he would put on shows of his skills as a juggler, magician, and acrobat with prayers before and after the performance. The money that he needed to prepare all the shows was taken from selling the birds that he hunted and given to him by his mother because she trusted him.
Poverty prevented any serious attempt at schooling. His early years were spent as a shepherd, and he received his first instruction from a parish priest. His childhood experiences are thought to have inspired him to become a priest. Being a priest was then more commonly a profession for the privileged classes, than for farmers. Some biographers portray his older brother, Antonio, as the main obstacle for Bosco's ambition to study, as Antonio protested that John was just "a farmer like us!"
On a cold morning in February 1827, John left his home and went to look for work as a farm servant. At 12, he found life at home unbearable because of the continuous quarrels with Antonio. Having to face life by himself at such a young age may have developed his later sympathies to help abandoned boys. After begging unsuccessfully for work, he ended up at the wine farm of Louis Moglia. Although he could pursue some studies by himself, he was not able to attend school for two more years. In 1830, he met Joseph Cafasso, a young priest who identified some natural talent and supported his first schooling. Bosco's mother, Margherita, managed to earn enough money to finance his education. In 1835, Bosco entered the seminary at Chieri, next to the Church of the Immacolata Concezione. In 1841, after six years of study, he was ordained a priest on the eve of Trinity Sunday by Archbishop Franzoni of Turin. He was twenty-six years old.
Priesthood and first apostolates.
John Bosco was first called to be chaplain of the Rifugio ("Refuge"), a girls' boarding school founded in Turin by the Marchioness Giulia di Barolo. His other ministries included visiting prisoners, teaching catechism, and helping out at many country parishes.
Adulthood.
Turin then had a population of 117,000 inhabitants. The city reflected the effects of industrialization and urbanization. Numerous poor families lived in the slums of the city and had come from the countryside in search of a better life. In visiting the prisons, Don Bosco was disturbed to see so many boys from 12 to 18 years of age. He was determined to find a means to prevent them from ending up here.
Because of population growth and migration to the city, Bosco found the traditional methods of parish ministry to be inefficient. He decided that it was necessary to try another form of apostolate, and he began to meet the boys where they worked and gathered in shops and marketplaces. They were pavers, stonecutters, masons, plasterers who had come from far away, as he recalled in his brief "Memoires".
The Oratorio was not simply a charitable institution, and its activities were not limited to Sundays. For Don Bosco, it became his permanent occupation. He looked for jobs for the unemployed. Some of the boys did not have sleeping quarters and slept under bridges or in bleak public dormitories. Twice, he tried to provide lodgings in his house. The first time, they stole the blankets; the second, time, they emptied the hayloft. He did not give up, and in May 1847, he gave shelter to a young boy from Valencia in one of the three rooms he was renting in the slums of Valdocco, where he was living with his mother. He and "Mamma Margherita" began taking in orphans. The boys sheltered by Don Bosco numbered 36 in 1852, 115 in 1854, 470 in 1860, and 600 in 1861, reaching a maximum of 800 sometime later.
Bosco and his oratory moved around town for several years; he was turned out of several places in succession. After only two months based in the church of St. Martin, the entire neighborhood expressed its annoyance with the noise coming from the boys at play. A formal complaint was lodged against them with the municipality. Rumors also circulated that the meetings conducted by the priest with his boys were dangerous; their recreation could be turned into a revolution against the government. The group was evicted.
Work with apprentices.
In the archives of the Salesian Congregation is a contract of apprenticeship, dated November 1851; another one on stamped paper costing 40 cents, dated 8 February 1852; and others have later dates. They are among the first contracts of apprenticeship to be found in Turin. All of them are signed by the employer, the apprentice, and Don Bosco. In those contracts, Don Bosco touched on many sensitive issues. Some employers customarily made servants and scullery boys of the apprentices. Don Bosco obliged them to agree to employ the boys only in their acknowledged trade. Employers used to beat the boys. Don Bosco required them to agree that corrections be made only verbally. He cared for their health and demanded that they be given rest on feast days and an annual holiday. Despite all the efforts and contracts, however, the situation of the apprentices of the time remained difficult.
One influential friend was Piedmontese Justice Minister Urbano Rattazzi. He was anticlerical in his politics but saw some value in Bosco's work. While Rattazzi was pushing a bill through the Sardanian legislature to suppress religious orders, he advised Bosco on how to get around the law. He found a religious order to keep the oratory going after its founder's death. Bosco had been thinking about that problem too and had been slowly organizing his helpers into a loose "Congregation of St. Francis de Sales". He was also training select older boys for the priesthood. Another supporter of the idea to establish a religious order to carry out Bosco's vision was the reigning pope, Pope Pius IX.
Bosco disliked the ideals that had been exported by Revolutionary France and called Rousseau and Voltaire "two vicious leaders of incredulity". He favoured an ultramontane view of politics that acknowledged the supreme authority of the pope. In 1854, when the Kingdom of Sardinia was about to pass a law suppressing monastic orders and confiscating ecclesiastical properties, Bosco reported a series of dreams about "great funerals at court" that referred to politicians or members of the Savoy court.
In November 1854, he sent a letter to King Victor Emmanuel II and admonished him to oppose the confiscation of church property and suppression of the orders, but the King failed to respond. His actions, which had been described by the Italian historian Roberto Petoia as having "manifest blackmailing intentions", ended only after the intervention of Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. The king's family suffered several deaths in a short period. From January to May 1855, the king's mother (age 54), wife (32), newborn son (Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Genoa; nearly four months old), and his only brother (32) all died.
Opposition to Bosco and his work came from various quarters. Traditionalist clergy accused him of stealing the young and old people away from their own parishes. Nationalist politicians, including some clergy, saw his several hundred young men as a recruiting ground for revolution. The Marquis de Cavour, the chief of police in Turin, regarded the open-air catechisms as overtly political and a threat to the state and was highly suspicious of Bosco's support for the powers of the papacy. Bosco was interrogated on several occasions, but no charges were made. Closure may have been prevented by orders from the king that Bosco was not to be disturbed.
Several attempts were also made on Bosco's life, including a near-stabbing, bludgeoning, and a shooting. Early biographers put that down to the growing influence of the Waldensians in opposition to Catholic clergy.
Foundation of Salesians of Don Bosco.
Some of the boys helped by Don Bosco decided to do what he was doing: working in the service of abandoned boys. That was the origin of the Salesian Congregation. Among the first members were Michael Rua, John Cagliero (who later became a Cardinal), and John Baptist Francesca.
In 1859, Bosco selected the experienced priest Vittorio Alasonatti, 15 seminarians, and one high school boy and formed them into the "Society of St. Francis de Sales". That was the nucleus of the Salesians, the religious order that would carry on his work. When the group had their next meeting, it voted on the admission of Joseph Rossi as a lay member, the first Salesian brother. The Salesian Congregation was divided into priests, seminarians, and "coadjutors" (the lay brothers).
Next, he worked with Mary Mazzarello, and a group of girls in the hill town of Mornese. In 1871, he founded a group of religious sisters to do for girls what the Salesians were doing for boys. They were called the "Daughters of Mary Help of Christians". In 1874, he founded yet another group, the "Salesian Cooperators", who mostly lay people who would work for young people like the Daughters and the Salesians but would not join a religious order.
The first Salesians departed for Argentina in 1875. After his ordination, Bosco himself would have become a missionary if his director, Joseph Cafasso, had not opposed the idea. Bosco nevertheless eagerly read the Italian edition of the Annals of the Propagation of the Faith and used this magazine to illustrate his "Cattolico Provveduto" (1853) and his "Month of May" booklets (1858).
When Bosco founded the Salesian Society, the thought of the missions still obsessed him, but he then completely lacked the financial means. Bosco claimed that in another dream, he was on a vast plain inhabited by primitive peoples, who spent their time hunting or fighting among themselves or against soldiers in European uniforms. Along came a band of missionaries, but they were all massacred. A second group appeared, which Bosco at once recognized as Salesians. Astonished, he witnessed an unexpected change when the fierce savages laid down their arms and listened to the missionaries. It seems the dream made a great impression on Bosco because he tried hard to identify the men and the country of the dream, and for three years, he collected information about different countries. A request from Argentina turned him towards the Indians of Patagonia, and a study of its people convinced him that the country and its inhabitants were the ones that he had seen in his dream. In late 1874, Bosco received letters from the Argentine consult at Savona requesting that he accept an Italian parish in Buenos Aires and a school for boys at San Nicolas de Los Arroyos.
Bosco regarded it as a sign of Providence and started to prepare a mission. Adopting a way of evangelization that would not expose his missionaries to wild, "uncivilized" tribes, he proposed setting up bases in safe locations at which missionary efforts were to be launched. Negotiations started after Archbishop Aneiros of Buenos Aires had indicated that he would be glad to receive the Salesians. In a ceremony held on 29 January 1875, Bosco was able to convey the great news to the oratory. On 5 February, he announced the fact in a circular letter to all Salesians asking volunteers to apply in writing. He proposed for the first missionary departure to start in October. There were many volunteers.
Salesian Preventive System and other Works.
In the years that Bosco had spent running his oratory and giving spiritual and practical instruction to the boys he had housed there, he relied on a different approach on education and general instruction, which he believed to be superior to traditional educational methods, which he labeled as a Repressive System of Education. On 12 March 1877, Bosco gave an opening address on the systems of education during the day for the opening of the St. Peter's Youth Center in the new quarters of the Patronage de Saint Pierre in Nice in which he first mentioned the term 'Preventive System'. Upon his return to Turin, Bosco wrote down the address as a polished essay under the title "The Preventive System in the Education of the Youth", which was published in 1877 in which he included in the initial draft of the Rule for the Salesian Order. It espoused the values of reason, Religion, and loving kindness with a goal of producing "good Christians and honest citizens". That was the only attempt that Bosco made at a systematic exposition of his educational system. Though the idea itself was not innovative by any means, Bosco having drawn the inspiration for his system through the contemporary criticisms of the punitive and outdated educational systems prevalent in Europe during his time, and he was one of the first to combat it and to put his criticisms into practice.
Though Bosco's written works were little known outside of his own order and the subscribers of his "Salesian Bulletin", which he founded in August 1877, he wrote frequently and voluminously. Though Don Bosco was described as more of a man of action than a scholar, he was an exceptional historian. He penned the 1881 "A Compendium of Italian History from the Fall of the Roman Empire", which was translated and continued to the present by John Daniel Morell.and was noted by scholars for its cultural importance on the knowledge base of ancient to modern civilization. He was also a skilled biographer. His two most well-known biographies were on his mentor, Joseph Cafasso and one of his students, Dominic Savio, which would later be instrumental in his canonization.
Death and canonisation.
Bosco died on 31 January 1888. His funeral was attended by thousands. Soon, there was popular demand to have him canonized. The Archdiocese of Turin investigated, and witnesses were called to determine if Bosco was worthy to be declared a saint. The Salesians, Daughters, and Cooperators gave supportive testimonies. However, many remembered Bosco's controversies in the 1870s with Archbishop Gastaldi, and some others in the upper Church hierarchy thought him to be a loose cannon and a "wheeler-dealer". In the canonization process, testimony was heard about how he went around Gastaldi to get some of his men ordained and about their lack of academic preparation and ecclesiastical decorum.
Pope Pius XI had known Bosco and pushed the cause forward. Pius XI beatified Bosco on 2 June 1929 and canonised him on Easter Sunday (1 April) of 1934, when he was given the title of "Father and Teacher of Youth".
Bosco had been popularly known as the patron saint of illusionists, on 30 January 2002, Silvio Mantelli petitioned Pope John Paul II to declare Bosco formally to the patron of stage magicians. Catholic stage magicians who practice gospel magic venerate Bosco by offering free magic shows to underprivileged children on his feast day.
Bosco's work was carried on by an early pupil, collaborator, and companion, Michael Rua, who was appointed rector major of the Salesian Society by Pope Leo XIII in 1888.
He is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on January 31.
In popular culture.
Bosco was the subject of the 1935 biopic "Don Bosco", directed by Goffredo Alessandrini, and was played by the actor Gian Paolo Rosmino.
Bosco was also the subject of two Italian movies: "Don Bosco" (1988) and "" (2004).
An Italian church, St. Giovanni Bosco, is named after him in Montreal, Canada, in the Ville-Émard area. St. Giovanni Bosco is the patron saint of the capital of Brazil, Brasília, which he supposedly foresaw in a prophecy concerning an extraordinary new civilization that would flourish in Central Brazil.
A borough in Quilmes, Argentina, is named after him.
There is a technical college in Mandaluyong, Philippines, that is named for him.
St. John Bosco College in Piara Waters, Western Australia, is named after him.
Brooklyn Park in South Australia is home to the St John Bosco Church and St John Bosco Primary School, which were established by the Salesians.
St John Bosco Arts College is named after him in Liverpool, United Kingdom.


Frederick Easson

Edward Frederick Easson (29 July 1905 – 11 February 1988) was a Scottish Episcopal Church bishop of the Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney in Scotland from 1956 to 1972 and Dean of Aberdeen and Orkney from 1953 to 1956.
Biography.
He was educated at Morgan Academy, the University of St Andrews and Edinburgh Theological College. He was a Maths and Science teacher at Lasswade Secondary School from 1929 to 1931; Assistant Curate of St Peter, Edinburgh from 1933 to 1936; and of St Aidan, Craigmillar from 1936 to 1939; Rector of St Peter, Peterhead from 1940 to 1948; and of St Devenick, Bieldside until his appointment as Dean.


Francesco Saverio Caruana

Francesco Saverio Caruana (7 July 1759 – 17 November 1847) was a Maltese prelate who was Bishop of Malta from 1831 to his death in 1847. He was also a rebel leader during the Maltese uprising of 1798–1800.
Caruana was born in Żebbuġ on 7 July 1759. At the age of 24 he was ordained priest by Archbishop Vincenzo Labini and in 1796 he became canon of the Mdina Cathedral chapter. During the French occupation of Malta Canon Caruana was made a member of the "Commission de gouvernement" (Government commission) but resigned some time later when he saw that he could not prevent the French from establishing unjust laws and when they started stealing precious artifices from the Maltese churches. Canon Caruana played a prominent role in the Maltese uprising against the French and in bringing the British to Malta. During the revolt, he was the commander of the battalions of Żebbuġ and Siġġiewi. Tas-Samra camp and battery fell under his overall command.
In 1822 Caruana was nominated as the cathedral archdeacon and in 1829 he was appointed diocesan administrator upon the death of Bishop Ferdinando Mattei. Two years later, Pope Gregory XVI appointed him as the successor of Mattei and he was consecrated on 15 May 1831 by Publio Maria Sant, who would eventually become his successor in 1847. Bishop Caruana died in 1847, at the age of 88, after 16 years as bishop.


Pedro Ignacio Wolcan Olano

Pedro Ignacio Wolcan Olano is from June 19, 2018 the bishop of Tacuarembó.
Biography.
Pedro Wolcan was born in Nueva Helvecia in 1953, and studied in the interdiocesan major seminary of Montevideo and was ordained priest on September 21, 1986, being incardinated in the diocese of Mercedes.
From 1986 to 1991 he was priest of the cathedral. In 2005 he became parish priest of Santísima Trinidad and, in 2006, parish priest of Nuestra Señora del Carmen.
Since 2015 he was vicar general of the diocese. On June 19, 2018 he was nominated bishop of Tacuarembó. He was ordained bishop in the Cathedral of Tacuarembó on the following 12 August by bishop Carlos María Collazzi Irazábal.


Abraham da Cagliari

Abraham da Cagliari was a rabbi at Cagliari, Sardinia, in the eighth century. He is mentioned by , a historian of the time, and by Delotone, in his "". The latter relates that Abraham interpreted many Phoenician inscriptions collected by the Sardinian king Gialeto; and the former that, together with another Jewish scholar named Canaim, he deciphered Greek and Phoenician inscriptions found in the palace of Masu.


Peter Imasuen

Peter Imasuen is an Anglican bishop in Nigeria.
Imasuen is the current Bishop of Benin; he was enthroned as Bishop of Benin in 2004.


Heinrich Bassermann

Heinrich Gustav Bassermann (July 12, 1849 – August 30, 1909) was a German Lutheran theologian born in Frankfurt am Main.
From 1868 to 1873 he was a student at the universities of Jena, Zurich and Heidelberg. At Jena he was a pupil of Karl August Hase (1800–1890), and in Heidelberg he studied under Heinrich Julius Holtzmann (1832–1910). During this time period he also served with a dragoon unit in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71).
In 1873–76 he was an assistant pastor in Arolsen, and later worked as a lecturer of New Testament exegesis at the University of Jena. Soon afterwards he was appointed an associate professor of practical theology at Heidelberg, where in 1880 he became a full professor and a university preacher.
Bassermann was co-founder of the "Allgemeinen evangelisch-protestantischen Missionsvereins", and from 1879 was editor of the "Zeitschrift für praktische Theologie" in collaboration with Rudolf Ehlers (1834–1908). He died in Samaden, Switzerland on August 30, 1909.


Ubaidur Rahman Zia

Maulana Ubaidur Rahman Zia () was a Pakistani Islamic scholar who served as the Vice Chairman of the All Pakistan Ulema Council and president of Tehreek e Ahyaa e Sunnat Pakistan. He died on 27 May 2020.


Stuart McMillan (church leader)

Stuart McMillan (born 1955) was the national President of the Uniting Church in Australia (UCA) from July 2015 to July 2018. He was installed for a three-year term on 12 July 2015 at a service at Perth's Scotch College.
Uniting Church in Australia.
In 1982, McMillan was interviewed for and appointed to a position as an accountant with the UCA's Northern Synod, based in Darwin, Northern Territory. He and his wife Ros moved from Epping in Sydney with their young family.
McMillan has had many roles in the Northern Synod and associated organisations: accountant, operations manager, general manager of the Arnhem Land Progress Association (ALPA) - now the Arnhem Land Progress Aboriginal Corporation, pastor, cultural awareness trainer, resource worker, community developer, and Moderator.
After living and working in the Northern Territory for some time, a man McMillan knew adopted him as his brother in the Gupapuyngu clan of the Yolngu nation with the skin name "bulany" meaning "red kangaroo". In order that Yolngu kinship ties were proper in terms of Stuart and Ros’ relationship, and to complete the induction, the man’s wife also adopted Ros McMillan as her sister.
McMillan worked as an advisor to the former Moderator of the Uniting Church in Australia's Northern Synod, the Rev. Djiniyini Gondarra, for 12 years through the period after the High Court’s Mabo case decision established native title. McMillan was involved in researching the claimants' situations, and making trips to Canberra to assist Gondarra and others as they gave their input on the drafting of the Native Title Act under the Prime Minister of Australia, Paul Keating.
The McMillans became part of the Humpty Doo semi-rural community near Darwin, and its Uniting Church. After several ministers, McMillan took on the role of pastor, presiding over weddings, funerals and other activities of an ordained minister.
Moderator, Northern Synod.
McMillan's wife, Ros McMillan, served as Moderator of the Northern Synod, based in Darwin, from 1996 to 1999.
McMillan served as moderator for five years until June 2015.
President of the Assembly.
McMillan was elected as President-Elect at the 13th Assembly, held in Adelaide, South Australia in July 2012.
McMillan was installed as the President of the UCA on Sunday 12 July 2015, at the 14th Triennial Assembly held in Perth, Western Australia (12–18 July 2015). He replaced the Rev. Andrew Dutney.
He started his address to the installation service with the words, in the Yolŋu language, “Bala limurr roŋyirr ŋorraŋgitjlil” – “Let us return to the white ashes of the fire”, an allusion to the Holy Spirit.
As a lay president, McMillan’s role in worship will be slightly circumscribed. Under Uniting Church regulations he will not be able to officiate at baptisms or preside over communion outside his synod without the authorisation of the host presbytery.


Alexander Cairncross (bishop)

Alexander Cairncross (1637–1701) was Archbishop of Glasgow 1684–1687.
Life.
Alexander Cairncross was descended from the ancient family of Cairncross of Cowmull. For some time he followed the trade of a dyer in the Canongate of Edinburgh. Subsequently, he became parson of Dumfries, where he remained until 1684 when, by the recommendation of the Duke of Queensberry, he was promoted to the see of Brechin, from which he was in a few months promoted to that of Glasgow. Having incurred the displeasure of the Lord Chancellor, the Earl of Perth, he was in January 1687 removed from the see, but after the Glorious Revolution he obtained the notice of the new powers, and in 1693 was made Bishop of Raphoe in Ireland, where he remained until his death on 14 May 1701. By will he left a great deal of money to the poor of the parish of Raphoe, and the tenth part of his personal estate to the episcopal clergy of the Kingdom of Scotland. He was buried in the Cathedral of Raphoe.


Barzani (tribe)

The Barzani tribe () is a term for both the Kurdish Barzani tribe and for the confederation of various neighboring tribes inhabiting Barzan in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The Barzan tribe is mostly Naqshbandi and one of the most influential ones in Kurdistan. It is furthermore claimed that the tribe converted to Islam and it has Jewish members as well. Other than the Barzani tribe, the Barzani confederation consists of the Sherwani, Muzuri, Beroji, Nizari, Dolomari, Herki bneji and Gerdi tribes. During the Kurdish genocide, about 8,000 members of the tribe were massacred.
Persecution by the Iraqi Government.
On 10 June 1932 the Iraqi Army approached the Barzani to avenge their forgoing uprising. Some 400 families left their possessions and fled. Women and children went to Turkey and about 250 men stayed to defend their homeland. Between 1932 and 1934 the Iraqi Army together with the Royal Air Force attacked and destroyed 79 villages in the Barzan area. 2382 families had to flee the area. On 11 November 1945 the Royal Air Force bombed and destroyed 35 villages. More than 15.000 civilians fled to Iran. On the 10 April 1947 the Irani Army attacked the Barzani with tanks and artillery and about 5000 men, women and children fled back to Iraqi Kurdistan, where they were imprisoned and held captive between 2 and 12 years.
In July and August 1983, on the orders of President Saddam Hussein over 8,000 men and boys of the Barzani tribe, some as young as 13, were killed by the Ba'athist Iraq.


Frederik Nannestad

Frederik Nannestad (21 October 1693 – 11 August 1774) was a Norwegian theologian, author, and bishop.
Biography.
Frederik Nannestad was born at Eidsberg in Østfold, Norway. He was the son of Christopher Jenssen Nannestad (1633–1707) and his third wife, Karen Tønnesdatter Unrow (1652–1716). He father had been a parish priest in the Church of Norway.
Nannestad received his master's degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1718. Initially he remained in the academic environment. In 1732 he became the dean in Aarhus. On 6 August 1732, he married to Martha Elizabeth Jensdatter Wissing (1712–1734). She died two years later and he remained a widower for the rest of his life.
In 1742 he received his doctorate of theology.
On 11 May 1748, he was appointed the bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros. In 1758, after 10 years of work there, was he named the bishop of the Diocese of Oslo following the death of Bishop Niels Dorph. Nannestad remained a conservative orthodox theologian throughout his career. He had a reputation for learning and proper administration. He retired and left office on 1 October 1773 and died less than a year later.


Charlie Lowell

Charles Daniel Lowell (born October 21, 1973) is an American pianist most known for being the pianist and keyboardist for Christian alternative folk rock group Jars of Clay.
Biography.
Lowell was raised in Rochester, New York, where he attended McQuaid Jesuit High School. Lowell attended Greenville College as a musical studies major. While there, Lowell spotted another student wearing a T-shirt for the band Toad the Wet Sprocket. He introduced himself to this man whose name was Dan Haseltine, who was also studying music at Greenville. The two began making music with guitarist Steve Mason and eventually formed the band Jars of Clay.
The group added a fourth member, Matt Bronleewe, after a short while, as an additional guitarist. The group recorded an EP entitled "Frail" in 1994. As the EP gained momentum, the group decided to leave college without graduating to pursue their musical career. As Bronleewe wanted to complete his education, he left the band. Lowell then recruited his friend and McQuaid High School classmate Matt Odmark as the new guitarist. While different drummers and bassists have rotated in and out, Haseltine, Lowell, Mason, and Odmark have remained the four members of Jars of Clay.
In 2001, Lowell and the rest of Jars of Clay were awarded honorary graduations from Greenville College due to their demonstrated understanding of their craft.
Also of note, Lowell is a descendant of Mayflower Pilgrims Myles Standish and John Alden.


Otto III van Holland

Otto van Holland (died 27 March 1249) was a bishop of Utrecht from 1233 to 1249.
Otto was the second son of William I, Count of Holland and his first wife Adelaide of Guelders. He was elected as bishop in 1233, but because of resistance from the canons of Utrecht, his consecration was delayed until 1245. He emerged as a forceful ruler who involved himself primarily in secular affairs. After the death of his brother Floris IV, Count of Holland in 1234, he became guardian of Floris' son William II, Count of Holland, and he governed the County of Holland. He resolved the problems in Drenthe, problems which had cost his predecessor Otto II of Lippe his life. He also subjected the lords of Goor to his authority.


Mischa Willett

Mischa Willett is an American poet and essayist best known for his work in the poetic elegy and for his academic championship of the Spasmodic poets.
Biography.
Willett was born in Phoenix, Arizona to a family associated with People's Church, an offshoot of the Jesus movement. His childhood was spent moving around the west coast before he attended Wheaton College (Illinois) where he studied under evangelical writers such as Leland Ryken and Alan Jacobs (academic). There he attended his first poetry readings by poets such as Li-Young Lee, Dana Gioia, and Jeanne Murray Walker.
After college, Willett moved to Flagstaff where he lived as a church sexton (office) while completing a Master of Arts degree from Northern Arizona University.
He moved back to the Pacific Northwest to complete an Master of Fine Arts degree at University of Washington under the direction of Richard Kenney (poet) and Linda Bierds. There, under the auspices of study abroad programs, he first began taking the trips to Rome that would become a recurrent feature in his poetry.
Willett stayed at University of Washington for a Ph.D. focusing on Romanticism, during which time he first began to appreciate the Spasmodic poets. While writing his dissertation, he spent a year as scholar-in-residence at University of Tübingen in Baden-Württemberg, where he gave a public poetry reading in the Hölderlinturm. There, he began work on the impressions of Rainer Maria Rilke that would form his second book, "The Elegy Beta".
Willett is married to the choreographer Amber Willett. They have two children.
Currently, Willett teaches on the English faculty at Seattle Pacific University.
Academic career.
Willett's published research focuses mainly on British Romantic poets such as Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Spasmodic poets such as Alexander Smith, and Philip James Bailey.
Published Works.
Poetry.
"Phases" is a book of largely religious poems that are often ironic or humorous. It was listed among the "Best Books 2017" by the "Washington Independent Review of Books". The poems have been compared stylistically to the poems of Richard Wilbur and noted for their interest in Italian culture and classical civilizations.
Willett's second book, "The Elegy Beta" is an extended meditation on angels as represented in The Duino Elegies by Rainer Maria Rilke. It was the first poetry book published by Mockingbird Press and was included among the ten best poetry books of 2020 by "Relief Journal". The book has been stylistically and thematically compared to the Metaphysical poets especially John Donne, and to John Berryman.
Essays.
As an essayist, Willett writes on culture and religion in venues such as The Gospel Coalition, Mere Orthodoxy, Cardus, The Curator, Front Porch Republic, and First Things.


William Mostert

William Mostert is a South African Anglican bishop. He has been the Bishop of Christ the King since his consecration on 25 February 2017.


Giovanni Antonio Farina

Giovanni Antonio Farina (11 January 1803 – 4 March 1888) was an Italian Catholic bishop known for his compassionate treatment of the poor and for his enlightened views of education; he was sometimes dubbed as the "Bishop of the Poor". He served as the Bishop of Vicenza and later as the Bishop of Treviso; he is also known for ordaining the future Pope Pius X to the priesthood.
He was beatified on 4 November 2001 by Pope John Paul II and was canonized on 23 November 2014 by Pope Francis following the recognition of miracles attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast day is celebrated annually on 4 March, the date of his death. He remains the patron saint of his religious order and of his hometown as well as the dioceses in which he served.
Biography.
Early life and family.
Giovanni Antonio Farina was born in Gambellara in the Venetian Province to Pedro Farina (30 January 1768 - 22 September 1864) and Francesca Bellame. Farina had ten siblings: Giacomo (b. 28 March 1792), Teresa (b. 17 March 1793), Gio Batta (b. 6 January 1795), Maddalena (b. 30 January 1796), Girolamo (b. 14 February 1801), Pietro (b. 2 March 1806), Lucia Fortunata-Farina (b. 18 August 1807), Giambattista (b. 18 October 1809), and Palma (b. 17 October 1811).
Following the death of his father in 1864, Farina was mentored by his maternal uncle Antonio who was a priest. At the age of 15, he entered the seminary in Vicenza.
Ministry.
At the age of 21, Farina began teaching at the seminary, where he continued to serve for 18 years, and he taught grammar. He was ordained to the priesthood on 15 January 1827 and remained as a teacher at the seminary and even served as a librarian for a brief period and the canon of the local cathedral. In the first decade of his priesthood, he served as a chaplain at the parish of San Pietro and was sensitive to the educational needs of its people, in particular, girls and those who were deaf and blind.
In 1831, he founded the first school for poor girls in Vicenza, and on 11 November 1836, the Institute of the Sisters Teachers of Saint Dorothy, Daughters of the Sacred Hearts (). The Sisters taught at the girls' school, and also cared for the sick and the elderly.
On 25 May 1850, Farina was appointed as the Bishop of Treviso. He received his episcopal consecration as a bishop on 19 January 1851, by Giovanni Giuseppe Cappellari, the Bishop of Vicenza, assisted by Bernardo Antonino Squarcina, the Bishop of Adria, and Federico Manfredini, the Titular Bishop of Famagusta. He was formally installed in his new diocese on 16 February 1851. On 18 September 1858, Farina ordained as a priest Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, the future Pope Pius X. On 18 June 1860, Farina was appointed as the Bishop of Vicenza, a position he held until his death in 1888, and he was formally installed in his new diocese on the following 16 December. In 1869 and 1870 he attended the First Vatican Council and was among the supporters for the definition of papal infallibility.
He died on 4 March 1888 at the age of 85 from a stroke. He had suffered a serious illness in 1886 and his strength continued to decline until his death. His remains were transferred to the order's motherhouse in 1898. His order received the decree of praise from Pope Gregory XVI on 1 March 1839 and papal approval from Pope Pius X later after his death on 2 May 1905. In 2005 there were 1541 religious in a total of 179 houses in nations such as Poland and in Israel.
Canonization.
The cause for Farina's beatification started on 1 June 1990 and was therefore titled as a Servant of God. The diocesan process opened in Vicenza and spanned from 9 October 1990 until being closed on 6 February 1992; the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the process in Rome on 23 April 1993 and received the Positio dossier from the postulation in 1999. The historians approved the direction of the cause on 22 February 2000 while theologians voiced their approval for the cause on 12 December 2000 as did the C.C.S. on 20 February 2001 On 24 April 2001 he was proclaimed Venerable after Pope John Paul II approved his life of "heroic virtue".
The process for a miracle that led to his beatification spanned from 1985 until 1987 and received validation on 19 January 1996. A medical board approved this on 25 January 2001 as did theologians on 29 May 2001 and the C.C.S. members on 3 July 2001. The pope issued final confirmation for this miracle on 7 July 2001 and deemed it to be a healing attributed to Farina's intercession. John Paul II beatified Farina in Saint Peter's Square on 4 November 2001. March 4 was designated as his annual liturgical feast.
The second miracle had to be approved for him to be sainted and one such miracle was investigated and then validated on 4 April 2003 before a medical board approved it on 14 April 2005. Theologians also assented to it on 24 January 2006 as did the C.C.S. sometime later on 18 March 2014. Pope Francis signed a decree on 3 April 2014 recognizing a miracle that had been attributed to Farina's intercession and allowed for his canonization to take place. He was canonized - alongside five others - on 23 November 2014 in Saint Peter's Square.
The postulator at the time of his canonization was Sr. Albarosa Ines Bassani.
Lineage.
His paternal grandparents were Girolamo (9 January 1738 - 18 December 1822) and Maddalena Disconzi (1734 - 31 October 1815). His paternal aunts were Pasqua (b. 2 March 1763), Angela (b. 28 August 1778), Antonia (b. 10 January 1766), and Anna (b. 23 February 1770).
His paternal great-grandparents were Francesco (1 May 1701 - 7 February 1779) and Antonia Capitanio. His paternal great-great-grandparents were Sebastiano Farina (b. 2 March 1673) and Pasqua. Farina's paternal great-great-great-grandfather was Sebastiano (b. 1580).


Francesco Maria di Francia

Francesco Maria di Francia (19 February 1853 - 22 December 1913) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Capuchin Sisters of the Sacred Heart. He formed a close bond with his older brother (canonized in 2004) and the two studied together under a priest uncle. He tried music after experiencing doubts about his vocation but continued his studies leading to his ordination in Messina where he would spend his entire life ministering to people. He aided the ill during a cholera epidemic while in 1908 aiding in rescue and reconstruction efforts following a violent earthquake. Di Francia also taught moral theological studies to seminarians for a time before being given a role in archdiocesan curial affairs some months before his death from a heart attack.
The beatification process for the late priest opened in the mid-1980s (he became titled as a Servant of God) after his order lobbied for a cause to be opened in the Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela archdiocese. The cause culminated on 19 March 2019 after Pope Francis acknowledged his life of heroic virtue and so titled him as Venerable.
Life.
Francesco Maria di Francia was born on 19 February 1853 in Messina as the last of four children to the nobleman Francesco di Francia (c. 1818-10.10.1852) and Anna Toscano (c. 1829-1888). His father died just four months before his birth. His parents married around 1846. His older brother Annibale was canonized in 2004. He was baptized on 27 February 1853 in the names of "Maria Francesco di Paola" in honor of the saint of that name. His siblings (in order) were his brother Giovanni and his sister Maria Caterina and then his saint brother Annibale.
Both he and his older brother Annibale were first entrusted to an old aunt before being sent to the College of the Cistercian Fathers in Messina under the care of their paternal priest uncle Raffaele di Francia. It was he who oversaw his and his older brother Annibale's education due to his mother being unable to provide for all her children on her own. His brother was noted for being more like his father while he was noted for being more like his mother due to his affection and dedication. Their schooling under their uncle both instilled in them a desire to enter the priesthood but their mother opposed her two sons entering the priesthood (despite her own strong religious devotion) though relented at a later point. Di Francia loved music since his childhood as well as poems and in 1869 composed a short song in honor of Saint Francesco di Paola (his patron saint).
Di Francia received the clerical garb (in secret from his mother since she was still opposed to his vocation at that stage) in the San Francesco church on 7 December 1869. But he soon experienced doubts about the strength of his vocation and so left his studies to discern his future. His passion for music saw him twice pursue paths down a musical career in Naples but these did not work out in the end. He returned to his studies after determining God's plan for him and on 19 March 1877 received the tonsure in 1877. He received his ordination to the priesthood on 18 December 1880 in the San Paolo church in Messina from the metropolitan archbishop Cardinal Giuseppe Guarino. His pastoral duties extended to all, though his brother's activities as a priest inspired him to focus on the poor in more depth than he had before. In the late summer of 1887 a cholera epidemic hit Messina and Guarino granted di Francia permission to tend to the ill sufferers of the disease in the most affected areas despite his mother's concerns that he would contract the disease himself (she died in 1888 after the epidemic ended). He also was motivated to help when he saw few doctors offering their support to the victims. He worked among the ill for the duration of the epidemic and following this in 1888 began tending to ill children in the civic hospital. For a time di Francia taught moral theological studies to seminarians in Messina. In 1896 he first met the Servant of God Natala Briguglio and she inspired him to found an order catering to female religious. In 1897 in Messina he founded a religious congregation called the Poor Sisters of the Sacred Heart which later became titled the Capuchin Sisters of the Sacred Heart; Briguglio became a professed religious as "Veronica di Gesù Bambino" and was the first to join this order.
He and his brother helped in the rescue and reconstruction efforts following the violent earthquake that struck Messina on 28 December 1908. On 28 February 1912 the archbishop Letterio D'Arrigo Ramondini appointed him as the archdiocesan vicar general in a move that meant he had curial responsibilities to manage and which saw him work closer to the archbishop. But he still managed to go around preaching and hearing confessions despite the increased workload.
Di Francia came to Messina via train during the morning on 22 December 1913 but felt unwell in the train station in what was a heart attack. He asked to go to Roccalumera despite his deteriorating condition and said: "I prepare for paradise". Di Francia died there at 9:00pm from a heart attack with the nuns of his order gathered at his bedside after he blessed them. His brother learnt about his death on 31 December from Florence and wrote a letter to the archbishop to extoll his brother's good works and to express his condolences to the archdiocese. His remains were exhumed and relocated on 24 May 1935 from his grave to the Santuario di Sant'Antonio di Padova in Roccalumera that Briguglio oversaw work on. His order received a decree of praise on 4 March 1943 and then papal approval from Pope Pius XII on 16 February 1957 and exists in countries such as Colombia and Slovakia. The end of 2008 saw the order have 224 religious in 29 houses.
Beatification process.
The beatification process launched on 8 July 1986 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints provided the official "nihil obstat" (no objections to the cause) declaration and titled di Francia as a Servant of God. This decree also enabled for the cause's initial investigation to be launched on the archdiocesan level. This diocesan process for the investigation was opened in the Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela archdiocese on 12 June 1989 and closed less than a decade later on 3 October 1996. The investigation saw 144 testimonies collected as well as documentation attesting to di Francia's reputation for holiness. Other processes were held in Albano and Turin as well as in Brescia and Trani for supporting evidence. The investigation moved to Rome where the C.C.S. issued a decree on 6 November 1998 validating the process and confirming that it abided to their rules for conducting diocesan investigations.
The postulation (the officials coordinating the cause) compiled and submitted the official Positio dossier to the C.C.S. officials for additional evaluation on 22 December 2014. Historians approved the cause on 29 September 2015 as did nine theologians on 19 June 2018 and the C.C.S. cardinal and bishop members later on 5 March 2019. Di Francia became titled as Venerable on 19 March 2019 after Pope Francis signed a decree acknowledging the fact that Di Francia had practiced heroic virtue throughout his life.
The current postulator for the cause is Fra Carlo Calloni O.F.M. Cap.


Pierre-Marie Coty

Pierre-Marie Coty (22 November 1927 – 17 July 2020) was an Ivorian Roman Catholic bishop.
Coty was born in the Ivory Coast and was ordained to the priesthood in 1955. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Daloa, Ivory Coast from 1975 to 2005.


Wes King

Wes King (born January 20, 1966) is an American contemporary Christian singer, songwriter, photographer, and musician. He is perhaps best known for his 1993 album "The Robe." His demo material, a cassette tape named "Lonely Poet", is sung by other artists, such as Kim Hill. He briefly attended Covenant College outside of Chattanooga, Tennessee, in the late 1980s. He also led worship at Christian youth retreat camps.
Background.
After picking up the guitar at the age of 14, Wes wrote his first songs two years later; after studying the Bible at Covenant College, he relocated to Franklin, Tennessee. Wes signed with Reunion Records and recorded his first solo LP The Ultimate Underlying No Denying Motivation in 1990. After issuing Sticks and Stones a year later, King resurfaced in 1993 with The Robe. 1995's Common Creed was his biggest hit to date, notching three CHR chart-toppers -- "Life Is Precious," "The Love of Christ" and the title cut. In 1997, King issued A Room Full of Stories, his most acclaimed effort yet followed by What Matters Most in 2000 which was released on Word Artisan.
In 2005 Wes was diagnosed with Lymphoma and underwent many months of extremely difficult treatments and years of side-effects. Wes is now cancer free and is feeling well enough to spend time in his studio again.
Wes King's song "Good to Be Alive" is a song of celebration and thankfulness for the life the Lord has given him. Other free downloadable singles include, "Point to the Light", "My Dear Mother" (written as a dedication to his close mother who passed just months before), and "The Robe" (remixed/mash-up as "The Robe / Come as You Are" by Masaki).
Collaborations.
King has collaborated with other artists on numerous occasions, most notably with artist Phil Keaggy on Invention (Keaggy, Dente & King). Credits include:


Antonius Subianto Bunjamin

Mgr. Antonius Subianto Bunjamin, OSC (born 14 February 1968) is a Roman Catholic bishop and the general secretary of the Bishops' Conference of Indonesia.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1996, Bunjamin was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bandung, Indonesia in 2014 succeeding Johannes Pujasumarta.
The Vatican appointed Bunjamin as Apostolic Visitator to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ruteng in 2017, and to the Archdiocese of Merauke in 2019.
Background.
Bunjamin was born on 14 February 1968 in Bandung, West Java. When he was a child, he was called "beke", a Sundanese words which means short, because comparing to his friends, Bunyamin was short. He grown up in Parish of Santa Odilia.


William Byrne (priest)

Rev. Dr. William Byrne STL DD was an Irish priest and educator.
Fr. Byrne was born in Knocklofty, County Tipperary. He was a student at Clonmel High School and later entered St. John's College, Waterford to begin his ecclesiastical studies. He was ordained at Maynooth College and following three years as Professor at All Hallows College, Dublin, he returned to St John's Seminary where succeeding Dr. Whelan he became President serving for ten years, and ministered in the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore.
During the first World War he Dr Byrne edited of The Catholic Record of the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore and under his editorship the circulation of the Record reached the figure of six thousand copies a month.
In 1930 he was made parish priest of Ballybricken parish, the largest in the diocese. He was later created Archdeacon and finally a Domestic Prelate. He was Vicar Capitular of the diocese in the interim between the death of Bishop Hackett and the elevation of Dr. Kinane as bishop. He was awarded the title of Canon and subsequently Monsignor. He was noted for preaching against communism, speaking out against infiltration of workers groups in waterford by Socialists and Communists in the 1930s and around the time of the Spanish civil war. In 1936 Dr. Byrne was transferred to St. Peter and St. Paul's, Clonmel.


Franz Maria Doppelbauer

Franz Maria Doppelbauer (1845–1908) was the Catholic bishop of Linz from 1889 to 1908.
Doppelbauer established a newspaper and found a seminary, the Petrinum, in Urfahr.
Doppelbauer also founded a boy's seminary, the Petrinum, in Urfahr for training future clergy. Moreover, he was responsible for completion of the Linz cathedral in May 1905.


Jorge Hourton

Jorge María Hourton Poisson (May 27, 1926 – December 5, 2011) was the Roman Catholic titular bishop of Materiana and, in 1992–2001, the auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Temuco, Chile.
Born in France, he acquired Chilean nationality and studied at the Seminary of Santiago and the Theology school of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Being ordained to the priesthood in 1949, Hourton Poisson became a bishop in 1969 retiring in 2001.