Sarah Gildersleeve Fife

Sarah Gildersleeve Fife (28 Sep 1885 – 20 May 1949) was a prominent force among women bibliophiles in the first half of the 20th century and a leader in gardening and horticulture, advocating the use of plantings around army bases and military hospitals.
Family background.
Sarah Gildersleeve was born in Gildersleeve, Connecticut to Ferdinand and Harriet Northam Gildersleeve, the second of 4 children. Her family had been in Connecticut since the early 1600s and trace their origins in England for hundreds of years before that. Her grandfather, Philip, fought with Colonel Josiah Smith during the American Revolution. Colonel Smith's unit of 250 men was part of the Long Island Militia which fought under the leadership of George Washington in the Battle of Long Island. Later, Philip was a master carpenter on the USS "Connecticut". She married Robert Herndon Fife, professor of Germanic languages and literature at Columbia University. They had no children. She died in Hartford, Connecticut.
Advocate for women bibliophiles.
In 1944, Fife helped found the Hroswitha Club of women book collectors in New York City and served as its first president. The club was named for Hrotsvitha, a 10th-century German secular canoness, as well as a dramatist and poet who lived and worked in the Abbey of Gandersheim, in modern-day Lower Saxony. The club gave women a place to exchange information about books and collecting. Until creation of the Hroswitha, there were no institutions available to women bibliophiles in the New York area. For example, it would not be until 1976 that the Grolier Club accepted its first woman member. In 1948 the club founded its library and the following year, following Mrs. Fife's death, named it the Sarah Gildersleeve Fife Memorial Library. The club held its 200th meeting in 1994 and continued until at least 1999. Many members eventually joined the Grolier Club.
Garden Club of America.
Sarah Fife was a local and national leader in American gardening. Her involvement with organized gardening began in the Connecticut town of Middleton where she became president of the garden club. As an affiliate of the Garden Club of America, she reported on their activities which included the establishment of a reference library. Her leadership in developing plantings around the public library was a harbinger of her later work, on a national level, to develop plantings around military hospitals.
The Garden Club of America provides leadership as the national organization of regional gardening clubs promoting conservation, coordinating activities, sharing knowledge and skills and advocating beautification projects at all levels of community life in America. A notable member of the club, she served on numerous committees, including the Bulletin, Flower Show, Horticultural and Library committee. It is perhaps for her work on the Committee for the Supervision of Redwood Grove that she made her most lasting impact. In 1931, the committee raised $75,000 (equivalent to over $1,000,000 in 2010) towards the purchase of a 2,552-acre tract of old-growth redwoods known as Canoe Creek Grove. This amount matched that donated by the California State Park Board Fund, making the purchase possible. The Canoe Creek Grove became part of what is now Humboldt Redwoods State Park.
In the late 1930s, Fife served alongside Mrs. Harriet Barnes Pratt as an officer of the Horticultural Society of New York during the period that the Horticultural Society was active in the preparations for the 1939 New York World's Fair. The Horticultural Society was a member of the non-profit corporation Hortus, the entity chosen for planning and administering the Gardens on Parade exhibit at the Fair.
As a result of her tireless and productive work, she was elected president and served from 1935 to 1938. She edited the club's periodical, The Bulletin, and during World War II was chairman of the club's committee on planting gardens at army camps and hospitals. In recognition of her outstanding contributions to the activities of the club and to American Gardening and Horticulture, the Sarah Gildersleeve Fife Award was created (see below). It is considered one of the Garden Club's highest honors. Fife's work assumed national importance with her service as a director of the Horticultural Society of New York and as a board member of the American Botanical Society in Washington, D.C.
New York Botanical Garden.
It was, perhaps, her service to the New York Botanical Garden for which she is most famous. First chosen for membership in the advisory council of the New York Botanical Garden in 1936, she became head of the council in 1940, a post she kept until her resignation in 1948.
In its tribute to her, the board of managers of the NYBG said, in part;
Sarah Gildersleeve Fife Award.
Following her death, a memorial fund was established at the New York Botanical Garden to support awards to be given, jointly with the Garden Club of America, for "exceptionally fine publications, unusual design in planting, horticultural research and other rare accomplishment or service to the world of gardening." In establishing the Fund, the Garden wrote,
The first award from this fund was given in 1952. There have been many notable recipients of this prestigious award. Among them are;
Fife Collection at the NYBG Library.
In 1949, Mrs. Fife bequeathed 440 volumes as well as a collection of pamphlets, reprints and periodicals to the library. These materials constitute a named collection within the LuEsther Mertz Library of the NYBG. Among the exceptional titles donated by Mrs Fife are,
External links.
The Horticultural Society of New York TheHort.org
Gardens on Parade Gardens on Parade


Alheira

Alheira () is a type of Portuguese sausage, made with meats (usually pork, veal, duck, chicken, quail or rabbit) and bread.
Although "alheira" derives from "alho" (garlic) and was once used to describe any sausage seasoned with it, not all present-day alheiras contain garlic, though it is still a common ingredient.
The type of sausage that became known as "alheira" was invented by the Jews of Portugal, who in 1497 were given the choice of either being expelled from the country or converting to Christianity. Those "conversos" who remained and secretly retained their beliefs avoided eating pork, forbidden in Judaism; this put them at risk of being noticed not to hang sausages, traditionally made of pork, in their "fumeiros" (smokehouses). As a way to avoid attracting the attention of the Portuguese Inquisition or in rural areas the Portuguese Christians, they began to make sausages from other meats such as poultry and game, mixed with bread for texture. With time, the dish spread to the remaining population and became an example of typical Portuguese cuisine, though nowadays its preparation is no longer strictly guided by Jewish dietary precepts.
Alheiras were traditionally grilled or roasted and served with boiled vegetables. Nowadays they are often fried and served accompanied by french fries and a fried egg. They are often one of the cheapest items on restaurant menus, although those made with game can be expensive.
Although "alheiras" are typically associated with the city of Mirandela, the regions of Beira Alta and Trás-os-Montes are also famous for their alheiras.
Varieties with PGI protection status include "Alheira de Vinhais" and "Alheira de Barroso-Montalegre".


Advance sowing

Advance Sowing (also known as "no kill cropping") is an agricultural method developed by Bruce Maynard in 1996 in NSW, Australia that allows the production of annual crops from perennial grasslands. It involves dry-sowing crops directly into existing pastures without using tillage, fertilizer or chemicals.
Principles.
Advance Sowing has 5 major principles:
The rationale behind the method is to produce crops without simplifying the biodiversity. All other commonly used sowing methods of cropping rely on eliminating some or all of the plant and animals present to create an advantage for the growing crop. Advance sow relies on complementarity of plant/animal interactions to produce biomass that can be utilised directly for human consumption or fed to animals.
No Kill Cropping offers opportunities to expand the grain crop production throughout the world as an addition to the grazing resources that people depend upon. By using No Kill in areas that are already grasslands or are arid or highly erodible, grain can be produced without risking ecological damage. Other advantages include the low capital costs involved and also low needs for outside energy intensive inputs.
No Kill Cropping is mentioned in the book "Here on Earth" by Tim Flannery, 2010. It is described as 'Zero Kill' or 'Zero Till' on pages 264 and 268. Flannery confuses the method by including the use of ploughs and also of the term pastures rather than grasslands that the crop is sown into. He proposes that the system has possibilities to promote "coevolution's capacity to increase biological productivity and ecosystem stability".
External links.
[[Category:Organic farming in Australia]]


Sotiris Kouvelas

Sotiris Kouvelas (; born May 26, 1936, Amaliada) is a Greek politician. He is a former minister and a former mayor of Thessaloniki.


De Weyert, Makkinga

De Weyert is a smock mill in Makkinga, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 1925 and is in working order. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 31725.
History.
The mill was originally built in 1868 as a sawmill at Gorredijk, where it replaced a smock mill that had been built in 1763, which itself had replaced a post mill that was standing in 1718. The mill stood at (). In 1912, the mill was moved to Twijtel () and converted to a corn mill. The mill was moved to Makkum in 1925. A new windshaft and sails were fitted when the mill was moved. The name "De Weyert" comes from miller Weyert Zeephat, who had the mill moved to Marrum and worked the mill until his death in 1970 at the age of 97. The mill was restored in 1983/84 by millwright Doornbosch. In 1989, the sails were renewed by Fabrikaat Vaags of Aalten, Gelderland. On 17 December 2005, the sails were damaged in a storm. They were repaired in 2006. The mill is used to train millers in the craft of milling.
Description.
"De Weyert" is what the Dutch describe as a " stellingmolen" . It is a smock mill on a two-storey base, there is a stage at second-floor level, above ground level. The smock and cap are thatched. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The sails are Patent sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a cast-iron "windshaft", which was cast by H J Koning of Foxham, Groningen. The "windshaft" also carries the "brake wheel", which has 57 cogs. This drives the "wallower" (30 cogs) at the top of the "upright shaft". At the bottom of the "upright shaft", the "great spur wheel", which has 88 cogs. The "great spur wheel" drives a pair of diameter French Burr millstones via a "lantern pinion stone nut" which has 26 staves.
Public access.
"De Weyert" is open to the public on Saturdays from 09:00 to 12:00.


Square Kauri

The Square Kauri is an estimated 1,200 year old kauri tree ("Agathis australis") in the Coromandel Range on the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. It is the 15th largest kauri on the peninsula
The Square Kauri is a popular stop along the "Tapu-Coroglen Road", as it is only a short walk from the road. Its unusual square-looking trunk spared it from felling when most of the large kauri trees in the area were logged during the late 19th century.
Measurements.
All the measurements above were taken in 1975.


Rkatsiteli

Rkatsiteli (; Georgian რქაწითელი "rkats’iteli"; literally "red stem" or "red horned") is a kind of grape used to produce white wine.
History.
This ancient vinifera originates in Georgia and is one of the oldest grape varieties. In Georgia, clay vessels were found with seeds of Rkatsiteli grapes which date back to 3000 BC.
Rkatsiteli was popular in the Soviet Union prior to its fall and at one point was responsible for more the 18% of all Soviet wine production. There it was used to make everything from table wine to liqueurs to Sherry-like fortified wine. Prior to President Gorbachev's vine pull scheme, it was possibly the world's most widely planted white wine grape.
In Kakheti it was particularly known for its sweet dessert wines fashioned in the same manner as port wine. There were many attempts to create a sparkling wine from the grape but its naturally high alcohol levels prevented it from being much of a success.
Wine regions.
The grape is mostly planted in its ancestral home of Georgia though there are still sizable plantings in other Eastern European countries like Russia, Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, North Macedonia, Azerbaijan and Ukraine.
Other regions.
It is also planted, in small amounts, in Australia and the eastern United States, mainly in the Finger Lakes region of New York state, Massachusetts, New Jersey and in Virginia and North Carolina . There have also been some experimental plantings in California, the Grand Valley AVA and West Elks AVA of Colorado and China (where the grape is known as "Baiyu").
Viticulture.
The high acidity of the grape is prone to make the wines excessively tart so winemakers try to pick the grapes as late as possible in order to maximize the sugar balance to offset the acidity. In most regions of Eastern Europe harvest is typically in mid October.
Wine style.
Rkatsiteli makes noticeably acidic, balanced white wine with spicy and floral notes in the aroma.


Otto Sverdrup

Otto Neumann Knoph Sverdrup (31 October 1854, in Bindal, Helgeland – 26 November 1930) was a Norwegian sailor and Arctic explorer.
Early and personal life.
He was born in Bindal as a son of farmer Ulrik Frederik Suhm Sverdrup (1833–1914) and his wife Petra Neumann Knoph (1831–1885). He was a great-grandnephew of Georg Sverdrup and Jacob Liv Borch Sverdrup, first cousin twice removed of Harald Ulrik and Johan Sverdrup, second cousin once removed of Jakob, Georg and Edvard Sverdrup, third cousin of Georg Johan, Jakob, Mimi, Leif and Harald Ulrik Sverdrup. He was a brother-in-law of Johan Vaaler, and Otto himself married his own first cousin, Gretha Andrea Engelschiøn (1866–1937), in October 1891 in Kristiania. Their daughter Audhild Sverdrup (1893–1932) married Carl Johan Sverdrup Marstrander.
His father was born on Buøy in Kolvereid municipality. As oldest son Otto was heir to the Sverdrup properties at Buøy. However, he left it all to his younger brothers and went to Åbygda in Bindal, to the farm named Hårstad, where Otto Sverdrup was born. In 1872, at the age of 17, Otto Sverdrup returned to Nærøy, to Ottersøy where his uncle Søren worked in transportation with his own vessels. Here Sverdrup started his career as a seaman and after a while he was sailing abroad. In 1875, he passed his mate's examination, and some years later the shipmaster's examination.
In 1877 Sverdrup's parents moved from Bindal to the farm Trana outside Steinkjer. At this time O. T. Olsen, a teacher and employee in the bank at Kolvereid and a relative of his mother, had purchased the steamboat "TRIO". Sverdrup was employed as captain. Around this time Sverdrup also met the lawyer Alexander Nansen who lived in Namsos. He was the brother of Fridtjof Nansen and through him Sverdrup and Fridtjof Nansen learned to know each other.
Career and expeditions.
Sverdrup joined Fridtjof Nansen's expedition of 1888 across Greenland. In 1892 he was an advisor to Fridtjof Nansen when the ship "Fram" was built. In 1893 Sverdrup was given command of the ship, and in 1895 he was left in charge of it while Nansen attempted to reach the North Pole. Sverdrup managed to free the ship from the ice near Svalbard in August 1896 and sailed to Skjervøy, arriving just 4 days after Nansen had reached Norway.
In the summer of 1897 Sverdrup worked as the shipmaster of "Lofoten", a passenger ship to and from Svalbard. In 1898 he embarked on another expedition with "Fram". Sverdrup attempted to circumnavigate Greenland via Baffin Bay but failed to make it through the Nares Strait. Forced to overwinter on Ellesmere Island, he and his crew explored and named many uncharted fjords and peninsulas on the western shores of the island, explaining the Norwegian names, such as Hoved Island ("main island") and Prince Gustav Adolf Sea (after the Swedish king Gustav VI Adolf) in the Canadian Arctic.
Between 1899 and 1902, he overwintered three more times on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic with the "Fram", continuing to explore and map, culminating in the discovery of the islands to the west of Ellesmere Island, namely Axel Heiberg, Amund Ringnes and Ellef Ringnes, collectively known as the Sverdrup Islands. In adopting Inuit methods, Sverdrup and his crew were able to chart a total of 260,000 square kilometers - more than any other polar exploration. The area was famously mapped by his topographer, Gunnar Isachsen, and 35 academic publications were penned as a result of the expedition. Upon Sverdrup's return in Norway, he was treated as a national hero. However, he remains relatively unknown in North America, and relatively unknown for his Canadian exploration in Norway.
Sverdrup officially claimed all three islands he discovered for Norway in 1902, setting off a sovereignty dispute with Canada, which claimed sovereignty over all land, discovered or undiscovered in what is now the Canadian Arctic. The dispute was not settled until 1930 when Norway ceded the islands to Canada. In that year Sverdrup signed a deal with the Canadian Government, who would buy the records of Sverdrup's expeditions for $67,000 Canadian dollars. Sverdrup died just two weeks after the deal was signed, but the money secured the future of his family. The records were archived in the National Archives of Canada, but was later returned to the National Library of Norway.
One of Sverdrup's lesser known exploits was a search-and-rescue expedition aboard ship "Eklips" in the Kara Sea in 1914–1915. His aim was to search for two missing Arctic expeditions, that of Captain Georgy Brusilov on the "St. Anna" and that of Vladimir Rusanov on the "Gerkules". Sverdrup's fourth and last expedition in Arctic Siberian waters was in 1921, when, from the bridge of the Soviet Icebreaker Lenin, he commanded a convoy of five cargo ships on an experimental run through the Kara Sea to the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei. The ships reached their destinations and returned safely. This was considered an important step in the development of the Kara Sea sector of the Northern Sea Route. Sverdrup also has an unsuccessful business venture in Cuba, a plantation project in the Oriente Province in 1904.
Later life and legacy.
The last years of his life he lived in Sandvika, at the property Homewood on a hill overlooking the town. He died in November 1930. A statue of Sverdrup was erected in Steinkjer in 1957, and in 1999 a statue of Sverdrup was erected in Sandvika, in the square named after him, "Otto Sverdrups plass". In 2008, the Royal Norwegian Navy commissioned the HNoMS Otto Sverdrup, a Nansen class frigate, in honor of the mariner and explorer.
He was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1902, was awarded gold medals from the Norwegian Geographical Society in 1889 and the Royal Geographical Society in 1903, and received an honorary degree at the University of St Andrews.
Sverdrup had also been awarded the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Crown in 1902, but in an open letter to the German legation in Oslo on 25 October 1917 declared that he was returning the order in protest against the unrestricted warfare then being waged by the German U-boats in the First World War, causing the deaths of hundreds of Norwegian sailors. The day before Sverdrup's return of his order, fellow explorer Roald Amundsen had also returned his German awards.


Federated Co-operatives

Federated Co-operatives Limited (FCL), is a co-operative federation providing procurement and distribution to member co-operatives in Western Canada. It was established in 1944 after a series of amalgamations of smaller cooperatives, starting in Saskatchewan, including the Saskatchewan Co-operative Wholesale Society and a fuel production and distribution co-op, the Consumers’ Co-operative Refinery Limited. Federated had expanded to Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia by 1970. Federated Co-operatives is owned by about 365 member co-operatives across the region. Some are large co-operatives, such as Saskatoon Co-op and Calgary Co-op, while others are small co-ops based in small towns, such as Abernethy Co-op.
In 2009, FCL was ranked as the largest co-operative in Canada by total sales. In 2010, FCL was the second largest company by annual sales in Saskatchewan. During that year, it earned revenues of 498 million and returned $355.7 million to its member retailers. In 2008 Federated Co-operatives saw sales increase and posted its 37th record year in a row for both sales and profits.
History.
FCL purchased Downie Street Sawmills of Revelstoke, British Columbia in 1969. The forest products operation replaced a Smith, Alberta, business FCL sold in 1977.
The United Co-operatives of Ontario were purchased by Growmark in 1994, since operating as FS.
In March 2010, Federated Co-operatives announced an agreement with SeaChoice, a program of Sustainable Seafood Canada devoted to sustainable seafood. Through collaboration, the organizations seek to develop a long term sustainability strategy for seafood sales and procurement in the co-operatives' member businesses.
Federated Co-operatives was awarded the SABEX Environmental & Sustainability award from the Greater Saskatoon Chamber of Commerce in May 2010.
In November 2012, FCL sold its Forest Products Division operations in Canoe, British Columbia to Gorman Bros. Lumber. In August 2013, FCL acquired 17 agri-business locations across Saskatchewan, Alberta, and one in Manitoba, from Viterra, which was in the process of selling its Canadian agriculture business to Agrium. All the stores were, in turn, sold to local FCL-affiliated co-operatives except two which FCL retained and later closed. In February 2014, Federated Co-operatives acquired 14 grocery store locations from Sobeys; the divestment was to comply with requirements imposed by the Competition Bureau in the wake of its 2013 acquisition of Safeway. These stores, which were mainly former Safeway locations, were given to local FCL-affiliated co-operatives and re-branded as Co-op stores in May 2014. The acquisition notably marked the first time since 1983 that Red River Co-op had operated grocery stores in its footprint.
In August 2019, FCL member Calgary Co-op announced that Overwaitea Food Group would supply the products for its grocery stores beginning April 2020, rather than FCL. FCL executives criticized the move for their decision to be supplied by a privately-owned competitor, and having a potential impact on the group's overall business (including its Calgary distribution centre).
In December 2019, Unifor called for a national boycott of all Federated Co-op operations due to an ongoing lockout and hiring of replacement workers to replace workers at Co-op's Regina refinery.
Services.
Key services fall into the following categories:
Store brands.
Federated Co-operatives markets several store brands at its affiliated retailers, including "Co-op Gold", "Co-op Gold Pure", "Co-op Market Town", "Co-op Centsibles" (discount-oriented), "Co-op Care+" (pharmacy), "Co-operative Coffee", and "Lucky Dragon" (Asian food line).


Harold Ray Watson

Harold Ray Watson (born April 17, 1934) is a retired missionary and pioneer in the field of agronomy. He is world recognized for developing a method of cultivating denuded mountain slopes, and for encouraging utilization of the method to help the poorest, small scale, tropical farmers, specifically in the Philippines. He was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1985.
Early life.
Watson was born on a farm from Hattiesburg, Mississippi, the second child and only son of Joseph Watson and Dorothy Mae Cagle. His father farmed cotton, corn and watermelon on of sloping hillside land. His parents separated and his father worked at a government arsenal in Texas and later remarried, but his mother and the two children remained in Mississippi on the family farm.
Watson studied at McLaurin Elementary School and Forrest County Agricultural High School, graduating in 1952. He then served in the United States Air Force from 1952 to 1956. Following his discharge, he married his wife, Joyce, then attended Hinds Junior College in Raymond, Mississippi, for one year, before transferring to Mississippi State University to gain an undergraduate degree in agriculture. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1959, and Master of Science degree in 1960.
Calling to Missionary work.
The idea of becoming a missionary came to Watson whilst on active duty during the Korean war. After graduating university in 1960, he spent a year at the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas, and a further year teaching vocational agriculture at North Forrest High School in Eatonville, Mississippi, before applying for missionary work. He received an appointment as agricultural evangelist to the Philippines in May 1964.
From 1965 to 1970, Watson served at Southern Baptist College in M'Lang, Cotabato, on the island of Mindanao, as an agricultural consultant, and also worked with rural farmers and churches in the area. In 1971, Watson opened the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center, a training center for farmers, which integrates agricultural development with Bible teaching. He served as director for the center until his retirement in 1997.
Watson returned to the United States in November 1997, for final furlough until officially retiring on January 31, 1999. He presently resides in Terry, Mississippi.
SALT.
Observing that the steep slopes of the region made traditional farming impossible, Watson established a site, on abandoned mountain farmland, to develop a system that would allow the Filipinos to better feed themselves. Over many years he was able to develop a method, called Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT), that enabled farmers to produce food on badly eroded hillsides.
SALT has been adopted by a variety of countries and relief organisation to battle hunger. In 1998, he established the Asian Rural Life Development Foundation for the purpose of extending awareness of farming technologies, suitable for poor upland farmers, to other countries in Asia.


Urisino

Urisino Station most commonly known as Urisino is a pastoral lease that has operated as both a sheep station and a cattle station in outback New South Wales.
It is situated about north east of White Cliffs and west of Bourke. The vegetation is predominantly composed of Mulga and mixed native species including Bimble box. In 2014 the area had found to have been overgrazed by sheep and feral goats.
History.
Urisino was owned by Samuel Wilson in the 1860s. By 1883 the owners had spent £28,800 on improvements. In 1894 approximately 120,000 sheep were being shorn at Urisino.
In 1913 the property was running sheep and was being managed by Mr Tooth who was also the manager of Elsinora and Thurloo Downs Stations.
Ursino was later was a strategic watering hole for stock belonging to Sidney Kidman. Kidman acquired the property in 1918 along with Elsinora and Thurloo Downs from Goldsbrough, Mort and Co. and held it until 1923.
The property occupied an area of in 1935 and received an average rainfall of .
The station was abandoned and in disrepair in 1992 when it was acquired by Andrea Rudd and Paul Hansen. The pair restored the homestead making it suitable tourist accommodation.
Since 2007 the station has been the focus of the largest carbon project in Australia's history; the Urisino Forest Regeneration Project. The project works to de-stock the overgrazing feral animals in a humane way, allowing the flora and fauna to recover from the previous drought-stricken state. It is recognised under the Australian Carbon Farming Initiative.


Shropshire sheep

The Shropshire breed of domestic sheep originated from the hills of Shropshire, and North Staffordshire, England, during the 1840s. The breeders in the area used the local horned black-faced sheep and crossed them with a few breeds of white-faced sheep (Southdown, Cotswold, and Leicester). This produced a medium-sized polled (hornless) sheep that produced good wool and meat. In 1855 the first Shropshires were imported into the United States (Virginia). This breed is raised primarily for meat.
1800s.
In 1859 the breed was officially recognized by the Royal Agricultural Society as being a distinct breed. The popularity of the Shropshire breed grew rapidly in England, and in 1882 Shropshire breeders founded the Shropshire Sheep Breeders' Association and Flock Book Society, the world's first such society for sheep. The same year the Society published the first Flock Book, a record of sheep bred and their breeders. The Society still survives, and still publishes a Flock Book annually.
By 1884 more Shropshires were exhibited at the local shows than all other breeds combined. The first documented flock in the United States (one ram and twenty ewes) was brought to Maryland in 1860 by Samuel Sutton. Thousands of Shropshires were exported to the United States after that, as well as to other parts of the English speaking world, notably Australia and New Zealand, and to South America. The breed's adaptability to most environments and their dual-purpose nature led to them quickly becoming a popular breed.
In 1884 the American Shropshire Registry was formed and by the turn of the 20th century the Shropshire was the most numerous breed of sheep in the United States.
1900s.
By the 1930s the Shropshire had been dubbed "the farm flock favorite" in the United States; but in the 1940s, US breeders began producing Shropshires with more wool cover and decreased size. This led to the breed having increased wool cover around the eyes, thus needing to be trimmed around the eyes for better sight. This hindrance and overall loss of size led to the numbers of the breed decreasing among American farmers. They were no longer the most popular breed of sheep, and became increasingly rare around the world, even in their homeland.
In the 1950s, some Shropshire breeders began going back to the original traits that made the breed so popular. They imported some select open-faced Shropshire rams from England with larger size, which helped once again to produce a breed of sheep with medium size and good wool and meat production. The Shropshire became an increasing popular breed among farmers with their ability to adapt to varying environments.
Despite its popularity in the early 1900s, today the traditional Shropshire sheep is considered a rare breed in most countries. However, the modern Shropshire is rising in popularity as a show sheep, especially in the Midwestern US. Its gentle nature and medium size make it very popular with 4-H exhibitors. The mature weights for modern Shropshire rams are between 225 and 250 pounds and between 150 and 180 pounds for the females. The long-legged, long-necked modern American Shropshire bears little resemblance to the breed type and character of the heritage-type Shropshire sheep.
In the 1990s, Shropshires were found to be the only breed that would not nibble on conifers or bite off the bark of fruit trees, making them especially popular with Christmas tree farmers. Not only do they keep the grass short, making herbicides unnecessary, but their droppings turned out to be good manure for the saplings.
The original 1929 heritage Shropshire Breed Description.
General Appearance:
Alert, attractive, indicating breeding and quality, with stylish carriage and a symmetrical form, showing the true characteristics of the Shropshire, covered with fine, dense wool. Active with a free action. Shoulders blending smoothly into the ribs. A full heart girth, strong and straight back with adequate body capacity.
Constitution:
Robust as indicated by width and depth of chest, strength and formation of neck, and by bold active movement.
Size:
Medium-sized; in breeding condition when fully matured, rams should weigh 180 to 240 lbs, and ewes should be 140 to 200 lbs.
Fleece and Skin:
Fleece:
Of good length, dense, elastic to touch, medium fine, free from black fibre, well crimped, with evenness of texture throughout; scrotum of rams well covered with wool. The skin of a light cherry colour, clear and free from dark spots.
Body:
Well fleshed, long, deep and symmetrical. Well proportioned, with shoulders strong, smooth and blending well into body, well placed, fitting smoothly upon chest, which should be deep and wide; forearm well muscled; long, broad, straight level back; well sprung ribs; thick, wide and long loins well covered with firm flesh; hips wide and smooth. Rump long, hind quarters well developed, long and wide with dock well set on and twist deep and full, legs of mutton full, deep and well-muscled.
Head and Neck:
Head, short, broad between the ears and eyes, bold and masculine in rams, without horns; straight or slightly dished face, broad muzzle, masculine on rams, feminine on ewes; white dense wool well covering the whole poll and cheeks and jaw; eyes bright and alert; colour of face and ears dark brown, grey nose hairs permissible. Neck short, strong and muscular (especially in rams),
symmetrically blending head and shoulders in graceful outlines..
Ears:
Short, alert and well set, not upright but perpendicular to head, moderate thickness, colour same as face and legs, cinnamon to dark brown or soft black. Rounded tips, wool covering outside ear.
Legs and Feet:
Legs strong, short, straight, well wooled and well set apart; colour of hair on legs dark chocolate brown, and colour of wool on legs white; feet sound, short in the hoof, and set squarely under the sheep.
Objections:
Animals otherwise good, undersized, oversized; long legs; long neck; narrow bodies; dark fibre in wool, dark skins, white specks on ears, face and legs; horns or horn stubs on rams; lack of wool covering on cap or underneath body, face and legs; skin folds in neck area; long, large or drooping ears, thick skinned or coarse; coarse or Roman nose; jet-black face and leg colour; black armpit; lack of wool below hocks and knees.


Allan Dick (politician)

Allan David Dick (1 September 1915 – 15 March 1992) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party.
Biography.
Dick was born in 1915 at Dunedin. He received his education at Otago Boys' High School. After school, he farmed at North Otago, Kurow and then Lilybank Station at the head of Lake Tekapo in the McKenzie Country. He bought Lilybank in 1937.
In 1962, he won the 1962 Waitaki by-election, after the sudden death of the Hon. Thomas Hayman, who had been an MP from . He was one of six candidates for the National nomination in this largely rural and safe National seat. He represented the Waitaki electorate to 1969, and then the electorate from to 1972, when he was defeated. He was one of four National Party incumbents from Otago and Southland who lost their normally blue electorate to the Labour challenger over the proposed raising of the lake levels of lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, which was opposed by the Save Manapouri campaign. Labour's election manifesto was for the lakes to remain at their natural levels.
Dick held various positions outside parliament. He was a foundation member of the Mount Cook National Park Board. For a time, he chaired the Tekapo Town Planning Committee, and he was a chairman of the Waitaki Lakes Committee. He was chairman of the Mackenzie branch of Federated Farmers. He was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service in the 1981 Queen's Birthday Honours, and was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal in 1990.
Dick died in Oamaru on 15 March 1992. His wife, Betty Dick, wrote a book "High Country Family" (Reed, Wellington, 1964) about their life on Lilybank Station, and the changes when he became an MP. They had four sons and one daughter.


Little Britches on the Road

Little Britches on the Road is an American travel show on RFD-TV and premiered March 6, 2013.
The series highlights rural communities across the United States. It is a spin-off of "Little Britches Rodeo".
Overview.
On the Road is a travel documentary series that focuses on small towns, rural areas, and the western lifestyle. It features gorgeous scenery and rural living at its best.
Narration.
Every episode has been narrated by Donna Hodge.


Goff Creek Lodge

The Goff Creek Lodge is a dude ranch in Shoshone National Forest on the east entrance road to Yellowstone National Park. The ranch was probably established c. 1910 by Tex Kennedy. Built in typical dude ranch style with a rustic log lodge surrounded by cabins, its period of significance extends from 1929 to 1950.


Vresselse Bossen

East of the village of Nijnsel and the hamlet of Vressel, both in Meierijstad, North Brabant, Netherlands, is the location of the Vresselse bossen or "Vresselsche Bosch" (Vressels Forest).
The Vresselse Bossen is a forest area of 241 ha. It is owned and managed by the National Forest Service (Staatsbosbeheer).
The forest is named after the nearby hamlet of Vressel.
It is a young forest that planted in a drift-sand ridge.
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was scarcely a tree in the area. The area consisted mainly of dunes and heathland.
At the edges of the area lived farmers who were severely affected by the shifting sands. To protect the fields was therefore decided to reforest the drift-sand. At that time, almost exclusively pine was used for the reforesting. In the twenties of the 20th century, it had become a production forest consisting of Scots pine for the Limburgian mines.
Within the area, there are two main fen systems: The Hazenputten and the Oude Putten. Rare vegetation is found around the fens: among others White beak-sedge and bog asphodel can be found here.
The contemporary management by Staatsbosbeheer focuses on getting a more varied forest composition, including native oak, linden and beech. To prevent the Hazenputten from drying, competing for vegetation is removed around the pools.
The area around the marshes has been grazed by Highland cattle and Exmoor horses in the past.
The area has a rich bird population. Breeding birds are: yellowhammer, kingfisher, black woodpecker, northern goshawk, little grebe, European green woodpecker, common buzzard, great egret, long-eared owl, coal tit, little owl, barn owl and crested tit.
Also many species of mammals can be encountered:
These include: roe deer, European badger, Eurasian harvest mouse, European polecat, European water vole, European hedgehog, Eurasian red squirrel, common pipistrelle, European hare, brown long-eared bat, stoat, serotine bat, European mole, Natterer's bat, least weasel, red fox, Daubenton's bat, beech marten and several species of shrew, dormice, apodemus and arvicolinae.
The "Hazenputten" was nominated by Staatsbosbeheer for the title of "Most beautiful spot" in the Netherlands in 2013.
The Vresselse Bossen are part of Het Groene Woud, a vast nature area between Eindhoven, Den Bosch and Tilburg.
West of the Vresselse Bossen lies the valley of the Dommel; in the northwest, the Vresselse Forest reaches the Moerkuilen.
To the north, there is the reclaimed heathland of the Jekschot Heath and to the east lies the DAF test track and Mariahout Forest.


Daniel Edward Riley

Daniel Edward Riley (November 28, 1860 – April 27, 1948) was a Canadian politician, insurance agent, rancher and real estate agent from Alberta, Canada.
Early life.
Daniel Edward Riley was born on November 28, 1860 in Baltic, Prince Edward Island to Neil Riley and Grace McEacheran. He was educated at Fanning Grammar School in Malpecque and Charlottetown Normal School. He would marry Edith Kate Thompson on April 2, 1890 and have five sons together. In 1882 he would move west, first to Winnipeg to work in the Canadian Pacific Railway shops, and later settling in High River, Alberta. He would become a ranch hand and manager for William Roper Hull and volunteered as a dispatch rider during the North West Rebellion.
Political life.
Riley would serve as the first Mayor of High River when the Village became a Town in 1906. He would also serve as the founding President of the United Farmers of Alberta High River Local in 1909.
Riley would first contest the 1917 Alberta general election in the High River electoral district as a member of the Alberta Liberal Party. He would be defeated by incumbent Conservative candidate George Douglas Stanley by 38 votes.
Riley helped to found the Western Stock Growers’ Association and served various positions in the organization from 1921 to 1937.
Riley was appointed to the Senate of Canada on the advice of Mackenzie King on June 26, 1926 and served until his death at Holy Cross Hospital in Calgary, on April 27, 1948.
Legacy.
He was inducted into the Canadian Agricultural Hall of Fame posthumously in 1965. The Senator Riley Junior High School in High River is named in his honour.


Shire Foods

Shire Foods is a manufacturer of pies, pasties, and sausage rolls based in Warwickshire, England. Due to growing demand for their products, the company moved in 2004 from Warwick to a new facility in the town of Leamington Spa.
The company is family-run and was founded in 1970. It currently employs over 100 people at its factory and is the only major pie manufacturer in the United Kingdom to be EBLEX certified.
Shire foods is most notable for creating the chicken balti pie. Bescot Stadium, home ground of Walsall Football Club, was the first sporting venue where these pies were sold. They are now sold at over 60 clubs including Newcastle United Football Club, Coventry City Football Club, Aston Villa Football Club and many more. This type of pie has gained cult status among football fans, and as a result is now also produced by other British pie manufacturers including Birds Eye.
In 2005, they were chosen by Manchester United Football Club to be their pie supplier for the next 3 seasons.


Harlan Howard Thompson

Harlan Howard Thompson (December 25, 1894 – October 9, 1987) was an author of children's books. He was a member of P.E.N., and its international president from 1958–59, the Western Writers of America and other organizations and wrote "Prairie Colt" under the penname Stephen Holt for which he received the Boys Clubs of America gold medal in 1947.
He was born December 25, 1894 in Brewster, Kansas. He attended South Pasadena High School. He then attended the University of Southern California from 1917 to 1919, which houses his papers.
Among his books are "Prairie Colt", which won the "Boys Clubs of America" gold medal in 1947 , "Stormy", "We were there with the California forty-niners", "Wild Palomino" and many other juvenile western books. "Spook the Mustang" won the silver medal in fiction in the 1956 California Book Awards.
For many years, he owned the "TX Ranch" in [[Alberta]], Canada. He died on October 9, 1987, in [[Pasadena, California]].
References.
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thomas County, Kansas]]
[[Category:Writers from Kansas]]
[[Category:Canadian ranchers]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]


Fannie Mahood Heath

Fannie Mahood Heath (March 5, 1864 – September 29, 1931) was an American gardener who discovered methods for growing imported flowers. She created flower and fruit cultivars and corresponded and collaborated with academics. She was a founding member and vice-president of the National Horticultural Society and her garden would attract 100 visitors a week.
Early life and education.
Mahood was born in 1864 in Wykoff, Minnesota, to John and Elizabeth Mahood. Her father had been involved in the California gold rush and, while there he had learned about the medicinal benefits of plants from the native people. This resulted in the Mahood family having a focus on growing plants and Fannie's grandmother bequeathed her a plot of land when she was seven to set up a garden. The family moved to Grand Forks, North Dakota, in 1880 and it was in 1881 at the age of 17 that she married Frank Heath. They moved to the plains west of the city and Fannie began creating a forest of trees derived from local species, including willow trees, cottonwoods, and box elders alongside her lilac bushes, in order to act as a shelterbelt.
Career and gardening.
After the establishment of the Heath farm, Fannie Heath focused on finding a way to neutralize the high alkalinity of the soil applying vinegar as an acidic countermeasure. It took multiple different attempts and modifications of the soil, but she was eventually able to establish flowerbeds, vegetables and fruit trees. She corresponded with horticulturalists around the country to obtain new seeds and, while many failed to survive in the soil, she kept extensive notes on her experimentation. The flower seeds she was cultivating were sent out to her correspondents and there was a growing demand for her flowers around the world.
Heath also kept up other fields and she sent data to publications, including bird migration patterns in the plains to the official biological survey office in Washington D.C. Her messages to North Dakota State University brought her in contact with O. A. Stevens and she learned about the scientific nomenclature of plants. She had discussions with C. B. Warden about garden and shelterbelt production in the windy plains. These collaborations would eventually lead to the publication of the bulletin "Perennial Flowers for North Dakota Homes" with Albert F. Yeager in 1923.
An additional independent publication was made by Heath in 1924 titled "Flowers From Snow To Snow On The Dakota Great Plains" with a discussion on her 40 years of plant growth research and the hardiness of the 174 plant species that had been tested.
In 1920, she was involved in establishing the National Horticultural Society at the request of Hamilton Traub. The society was officially established in 1922 and Fannie was given the position of vice president. The June meeting in 1922 was hosted at the Heath farm, where Fannie gave a presentation on the topic of "Protection and Beautification of the Home Grounds" and exhibited her methods of how to successfully propagate multiple flowers from different habitats. During the November 1923 meeting of the society, the National Botanical Garden and Herbarium was established in Grand Forks and Fannie donated 250 specimens to its creation. She also joined the Great Plains Horticulture Society in 1925 after she was invited. By 1925, the four acres of the Heath farm had more than 450 different species and over 100 people a week were visiting her garden. This became too much and she ended the public tours. Her planted flowers included species from around the world, including the Asiatic globe flower, the caragana, and a variety of other shrubs from across the region of Manchuria.
Death and legacy.
Heath died, aged 67, on September 29, 1931. The 1933 "Century of Progress" Chicago World's Fair had an exhibit on her and her accomplishments, including a descriptive plaque calling her the "flower lady of North Dakota". A black raspberry cultivar she developed would later be named in her honor.
A collection of her papers, writings, notes, photographs, and newspaper clippings was created at the University of North Dakota after donations in 2000 by her daughter, Pearl Heath Frazier.
Personal life.
During their marriage, Heath and her husband had two children: a son named Frank and a daughter named Pearl. Her son died in 1902.


Falerio dei Colli Ascolani

Falerio dei Colli Ascolani is a denominazione di origine controllata white wine that is located in the region of Marche, in Italy. The DOC was created in 1975.
Geography.
The region lies on the eastern coast of Italy, encompassing the towns of Civitanova Marche, San Benedetto del Tronto and Ascoli Piceno. The wine region is one of the southernmost DOCs in the Marche.
History.
The name of the DOC can be traced back to Roman times, and is named after the ancient Roman city of Faleria, which is now the modern day commune of Falerone.
The Passerina and Pecorino Grapes.
Falerio dei Colli Ascolani, like many wines of the Marche, is unique in its use of rare local Italian varietals that are seldom found anywhere else, here the Passerina and Pecorino grape varietals. The blend requires a minimum of 20% and a maximum of 50% Trebbiano Toscano, 10% to 30% Passerina, 10% to 30% Pecorino and up to 20% other white varietals.


Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences

The Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TAAS; ) is an agricultural scientific research organization located in Tianjin, China. It oversees 15 institutes, including ten type one public-benefit institutions, three type two public-benefit institutions, and two transformation enterprises. It has four national research centers, six provincial key laboratories, and ten municipal research centers. It has more than 516 professional employees, including one academician from the Chinese Academy of Engineering (ACE), 64 State Council experts who enjoy special allowance and 10 experts with outstanding contribution.
History.
The Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences was established in 1979 after the reshuffle of Tianjin Institute of Paddy Rice, Tianjin Institute of Vegetables and Tianjin Institute of Alkaline Soils Restoration.


Jewel Box (St. Louis)

The Jewel Box (also known as the St. Louis Floral Conservatory and the City of St. Louis Floral Display House) is a greenhouse located in Forest Park, St. Louis, Missouri. It now serves as a public horticultural facility and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
It was designed by architect William C. E. Becker and built in 1936 by the Robert Paulus Construction Company. It consists of five stepped, composition-covered wood roofs with clerestories, rather than a regular glass roof, in order to prevent damage from frequent hailstorms.
History.
In 1913, Nelson Cunliff became Commissioner of Parks and Recreation for St. Louis City. Due to high levels of smoke and soot within the city, he began a survey to determine which plants could survive the conditions. He later asked John Moritz, who was in charge of the city's greenhouses, to set up a display greenhouse to showcase various plants which could survive. It is said that someone called the displays "like a jewel box", hence the name. In 1933, Bernard Dickmann became Mayor of St. Louis and decided to build a new facility. The building cost $125,000 and William C. E. Becker, then Chief Engineer of Bridges and Buildings for the city, was assigned to design the building. Construction began on December 12, 1935 and the facility opened on November 14, 1936.
In 2002, a $3.5 million year-long renovation of the building was completed.
Construction.
The Jewel Box consists of of plate glass in over 4,000 panes, set in wood and wrought iron supports. Most of the glass is framed by copper with a verdigris patina. The Jewel Box is supported by eight fixed arches, which carry the structure's weight. There are also triangular trusses between every other arch. The ceiling is composed of wood planking. The Jewel Box's entrance is a vestibule made of limestone. Inside the greenhouse, there is a concrete-floored balcony located across the south end. A reflecting pool lies in front of the Jewel Box's entrance.


Carmel Winery

Carmel Winery () is a vineyard and winery in Israel. Founded in 1882 by Edmond James de Rothschild, its products are exported to over 40 countries. It is the largest winery in Israel, with a local market share of almost 50%.
Overview.
Carmel Winery manufactures mainly wine, brandy and grape juice. It is the prime producer of wine in Israel, as it produces nearly half of the Israeli wine market, and one of the largest wine producers in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is the first and oldest exporter of wine, brandy and grape juice in the country, and also the largest producer of kosher wine in the world.
The company is owned by the council of the Vine-growers Union (75%) and the Jewish Agency for Israel (25%). Its parent company is Societe Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves Richon Le Zion & Zikhron Ya'akov Ltd. (S.C.V.)
The company holds the two largest wineries in Israel (Rishon Le Zion and Zichron Ya'acov), as well as two new smaller ones: Yatir Winery (50% ownership) and the Kayoumi Winery. In addition, the company owns 1,400 hectares (3,472 acres) of vineyards in Israel.
Carmel's production reaches 15 million bottles per year and its profit from export is US$5 million from 40 countries.
History.
When the settlers of the First Aliyah, Jews who immigrated to Palestine from Eastern Europe in the second half of the 19th century, encountered difficulties in cultivating the land due to their lack of experience and the soil's characteristics, they began to seek support outside of Palestine for establishing vineyards and wineries. Their representatives visited France, where they met Baron Edmond de Rothschild, owner of Château Lafite. As a Zionist, Rothschild provided financial and moral assistance to the settlers. His first vineyards were planted near Rishon LeZion, south east of Jaffa. In 1882, French rootstock was imported, and the Baron sent his own wine specialists to advise the pioneers in this enterprise. Construction began on a large wine cellar in Rishon LeZion. Later, a second winery was established in Zikhron Ya'akov, situated on Mount Carmel just south of Haifa.
In 1895 Carmel Wine Co. was formed to export wines of Rishon LeZion and Zikhron Ya'akov, first in Poland, then in Austria, Great Britain and the United States. In 1902 Carmel Mizrahi was founded in Palestine to market and distribute wines to the cities of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1896, the first Carmel wines were presented at the International Exhibition of Berlin at a special pavilion devoted to the industries of the Jewish colony in Palestine. Over a hundred thousand people visited the exhibition, looked at the products, and drank a glass of Rishon LeZion wine. A year later, a world gardening exhibition was held in Hamburg where the settlers' wines were well received. Rishon LeZion wines won a gold medal at the Paris World's Fair in 1900.
In 1906, both the vineyards and the management of the two wineries were deeded to the winegrowers, forming the "Societé Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, Richon le Zion and Zikhron Jacob Ltd."
Many of Israel's historical figures worked in the vineyards and in the wineries. Perhaps the two most famous were the first Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion and his successor, Levi Eshkol.
Through the early decades of the 20th century the wine business bloomed. Branches of Carmel Wine Co., were opened in Damascus, Cairo, Beirut, Berlin, London, Warsaw and Alexandria, and sales increased, particularly during the First World War, when allied troops passed through Palestine. However, the businesses fell sharply when the war was over. The industry lost its principal markets in Russia due to the October Revolution, in the United States because of Prohibition, and in Egypt and the Middle East because of Arab nationalism. Many of the vineyards were uprooted and replanted with citrus trees.
However, during the Second World War, the industry began to grow again and with successive waves of immigrants, drinking habits gradually changed. In 1957, the estate of the Baron Edmond de Rothschild deeded over the two wineries to the Cooperative of Winegrowers, the Societé Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, by then, better known under the trade name Carmel Mizrahi in Israel and Carmel worldwide.
For some years after the end of the war, Carmel's output was focused on sweet wines used for sacramental purposes. However, with the emergence of the new world in wine making, Israeli wine makers sought new varieties of grapes, thus in 1971 Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc, the first varietal wines from Israel, were presented in the United States market.
In the early 1980s, the wine industry in Israel fell upon hard times, but in the second half of the decade, wine became more popular and demands for quality stimulated tremendous improvements in the varieties of grapes being grown, the cultivation of new growing regions and the updating of fermentation and production techniques.
Over the past few years, new wineries have been built, the existing wineries have been renovated and a new team of wine makers have been employed.
In 2003 Carmel agreed to sponsor 'Carmel Trophy for Best Eastern Mediterranean Producer' at I.W.S.C. in London. In 2004 Peter Stern (formerly at Mondavi & Gallo) from California was appointed wine making consultant. The same year Carmel founded 'Handcrafted Wines of Israel'.
Exports are made to over 40 countries.
Wineries.
Carmel's first winery and head office is Rishon LeZion Winery, which is located in the city of Rishon LeZion. It was built in 1890 by Baron Edmond de Rothschild, making it the oldest industrial building in Israel still in use. The winery is the largest winery in Israel in terms of production of wines, spirits and grape juice. It was the first establishment in Israel to install electricity and telephone, and David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first prime minister, worked there. It underwent renovations in the 1990s.
Carmel's second winery is Zikhron Ya'akov Winery. Located in Zikhron Ya'akov, it is used for production of wine and blending of olive oil. it was built in 1892, also by Baron Edmond de Rothschild. The winery is the largest winery in Israel in terms of grapes received at harvest. It includes a new winery built in 2003 and a pilot micro-winery for research and development.
Yatir Winery is a small winery built in 2000 which receives grapes only from its own vineyards. It is situated in Tel Arad, an archaeological site with 3,000 years of history, in the northeastern Negev. The winery was a joint venture between Carmel (50%) and Gadash local wine growers (50%). Yatir Winery is now solely owned by Carmel Winery. Its vineyards are located in Yatir Forest in the southern Judean Hills.
Another newly built winery is Ramat Dalton, located in Ramat Dalton, Upper Galilee. It was built in 2004 and receives its grapes from vineyards in Upper Galilee and Golan Heights.
Vineyards.
Carmel Winery owns numerous vineyards across Israel, from the Galilee and the Golan Heights in the North to the Negev in the South. These vineyards include some of the finest individual vineyard sites in the country. On average, Carmel harvests about 25,000 tonnes of grapes, which is approximately 50% of Israel's total harvest. Exported wines will show the growing region on the label.
In the Galilee and Golan, which are generally accepted as Israel's finest wine growing areas due to their higher altitude and cooler climate, Carmel's vineyards focus on growing quality grapes. Carmel has vineyards in the central and northern Golan and it is the leading winery presence in the premium Upper Galilee. The grapes from the finest vineyards go to Ramat Dalton Winery.
The coastal regions of Sharon and Central Coastal Plain are Israel's traditional grape growing areas, where Carmel's vines were originally planted. In the northern Sharon Plain, Israel's largest wine growing region, benefiting from Mount Carmel Range and from breezes off the Mediterranean Sea, Carmel owns extensive areas of vineyards. The main concentration of vineyards is in the valleys surrounding the winery towns of Zikhron Ya'akov and Binyamina. This is the largest region for Carmel which surrounds the Zikhron Ya'akov Winery. It was announced in early 2008 that a wine park would be created on the slopes between Zikhron Ya'akov and Binyamina in order to promote tourism in the area and wine tourism in Israel in general.
The Central Coastal Plain (known as Dan) and the rolling hills of the Judean Lowlands make up the second coastal region, in which grapes have been traditionally grown. This is the second largest area for growing vines in Israel, as it has a coastal Mediterranean climate: hot, humid summers and warm, mild winters. It is a large region for Carmel and it supplies the Rishon LeZion Winery.
In the Judean Hills, an area proved to yield grapes of high quality due to its warm days and cool nighttime temperature, Carmel has premium vineyards in Yatir Forest, the largest forest in Israel. These vineyards, which are up to 900 meters above sea level, supply grapes for the Yatir Winery.
Carmel is a pioneer in the Negev, a popular area for vine growing in ancient times, with its high quality Ramat Arad vineyard situated on the north east Negev plateau, 500 meters above sea level with very hot days and cold nights.


Walter Mulford

Walter Mulford (September 16, 1877 – September 7, 1955) was an American forester for the state of Connecticut, and a professor. He was the first state forester in the United States.
Biography.
He was born on September 16, 1877 in Millville, New Jersey.
He was professor at the University of Michigan (1905–1911), and Cornell University (1911–1914), the latter at which he helped re-establish and lead a department of forestry. In 1914 he came to the University of California, Berkeley, where he served until his retirement in 1947, filling successively the roles of chief of Division of Forestry, chairman of the Department of Forestry, and first dean of the School of Forestry. He served as president of the Society of American Foresters in 1924, of which he was elected fellow in 1939. The University of Michigan bestowed on him an honorary Doctor of Science degree in 1938.
He died on September 7, 1955 at a sanitarium in St. Helena, California at the age of 78.
Legacy.
Mulford Hall, constructed for the UC Berkeley School of Forestry (now part of the College of Natural Resources), is named for him.


Henry Hobhouse (author)

Henry Hobhouse (24 December 1924 – 5 March 2016), was an English sailor, broadcaster, journalist, farmer, author, and politician, best known for his book "."
Early life.
Henry Hobhouse was known as "Tom" to distinguish him from his grandfather, a well-known Liberal politician also named Henry Hobhouse. He was born at Lamyat, Somerset in 1924 and was the second child of Arthur Hobhouse, Liberal MP for Wells and the architect of Britain’s National Park system. His uncle was the religious writer and peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse.
He was educated at Eton, but ran away at 17 in 1942 to join the Merchant Navy, where he was involved in the Atlantic convoy, and soon transferred to the Royal Navy, where he saw the D-Day landing whilst working on the Operation Pluto underwater pipeline.
Career.
After the war, Hobhouse found work with CBS, as one of US television's earliest on-screen news reporters, before becoming a newspaper journalist in the US, for the "Wall Street Journal". He returned to the UK and worked for "The Economist", and "The Daily Express".
In the 1950s, he moved back to Somerset, where he spent the rest of life running a farm on the family estate, and became a Conservative Party county councillor in the 1980s. He was chairman of the county council from 1989 to 1992.
His 1985 book, "", shows how the history of the world since Columbus "discovered" America has been changed by five plants: sugar, tea, cotton, the potato, and the cinchona (source of quinine). His obituary in "The Guardian" noted that "Seeds of Change altered the way we understand modern history".
In the 1999 second edition of the book, "Seeds of Change: Six plants that transformed mankind", Hobhouse added the coca plant to the list. In 2003, he published a follow-up book "Seeds of Wealth: Four Plants That Made Men Rich" covering timber, wine, rubber, and tobacco.
Personal life.
His first wife was the American sculptor Frances Liedloff, and their daughter, Janet Hobhouse, became an author and biographer of Gertrude Stein.
His second wife was Pamela Hill. They married in 1954 and had four sons together, including the businessman Will Hobhouse. She died in 1981. In 1987 he married Bridget Brooks, who survives him.
At his funeral, the eulogy was given by his godson, the Tory MP Jacob Rees-Mogg.


Heathcote wine region

The Heathcote Wine Region of Victoria, Australia, is nestled between the Goulburn Valley and Bendigo regions. The region is famous for its Shiraz production.
Geography.
North of the Great Dividing Range the region is at elevations between . The climate and soils are strongly influenced by the Mt Camel range that extends from Corop to Tooborac. For the most part, the soil under vine is Cambrian - red and deep with excellent water holding capacity. The region’s rainfall is evenly distributed between the seasons and the temperature range is defined as temperate, with cooling winds emanating from the south resulting in summer temperatures two to three degrees cooler than nearby Bendigo.
Wines.
The oldest Shiraz vines on the Cambrian soil were planted by Albino Zuber in the late 1960s on a site that has now been acquired by Shadowfax Winery. The Heathcote wine region includes wineries such as; Merindoc, McIvor Estate, Heathcote Winery, Wild Duck Creek, Sanguine, Humis Vineyard and many more.


Malcolm Lyall Darling

Sir Malcolm Lyall Darling (10 December 1880 – 1 January 1969) was a member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) who was appointed Assistant Commissioner of the Punjab, British India, in 1904. Having held numerous other posts, he became Financial Commissioner of the same province in 1936 and retired from the ICS in 1940. Thereafter, he was engaged in various roles, including as chairman of the Horace Plunkett Foundation, and was for some time head of the BBC India Section.
Recognised as something of a maverick in comparison to most of his colleagues in India, Darling sought to improve the life of rural villagers and was an expert on the subject of peasant agriculture. He wrote several books, including some that are considered to be classic studies and which have been republished with introductions from academic writers in the 21st century.
Early life.
Malcolm Lyall Darling was born on 10 December 1880 into a wealthy literary family. His parents were the Reverend Thomas Darling, the Rector of the church of St Michael Paternoster Royal in London, and Mildred, née Ford, whose father, Richard, had been president of the Law Society of England and Wales. Alfred Comyn Lyall, who was an administrator in India and literary figure, was his uncle, guardian and a significant influence on his humanist education. He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, prior to joining the ICS in 1904 after sitting the competitive examination.
Career summary.
Appointed as an Assistant Commissioner, Darling was initially posted to the Punjab. He was a subdivisional officer in Rajanpur in 1906 and then from 1907 was tutor and guardian to the Raja of Dewas State (Senior), Tukojirao III. Darling later wrote about these early years in his book "Apprentice to Power", in which it is apparent that his appointment as tutor and guardian to the 19-year old was a stroke of luck that significantly affected his future activities in the country. He learned as much, if not more, from the raja than he taught. It was while acting as tutor that he invited E. M. Forster to India, with whom he had been friends at college in Cambridge. While in Dewas, Forster wrote "The Hill of Devi", which he dedicated to Darling, and his stay also inspired much of "A Passage to India". Forster noted in the former that Dewas
Somewhat in contradiction to this, Lynn Zastougil sees Darling as preferring Indian society to that of the "conservative, racist opinions" that prevailed in the ICS precisely because of his humanist upbringing, and says that he subsequently became disenchanted with the behaviour of his royal charge.
In 1911, Darling was appointed as an undersecretary in the Political Department before moving to Sirsa in 1913 as a subdivisional officer. He joined the Co-operative Department as an assistant registrar in 1916, working with the new rural co-operative credit movement, and became registrar of co-operative societies in 1927.
In 1930, Darling was appointed to chair a commission of inquiry — the Punjab Banking Inquiry Committee — following a series of banking failures in the province. He became a commissioner in Rawalpindi in 1931 and in 1935 was put on special duties with the Government of India to report on the co-operative movement. He was Finance Commissioner of the Punjab between 1936–1939, and acted as chairman of the Punjab Land Revenue Board in 1938. He was twice appointed vice-chancellor of the University of the Punjab, in 1931 and 1937, and in 1934 spent some time in Burma investigating co-operative farming movements.
Upon his retirement from the ICS in 1940, Darling headed the Indian Section of the BBC Eastern Service between 1940-1944, where he worked with both Forster and George Orwell. In 1947 he became chairman of the Horace Plunkett Foundation, which was involved with agricultural co-operation, and between 1951-1960 he was involved with missions to Egypt, Greece, India, Pakistan and Yugoslavia.
Work in India.
Darling, who has been described as a pioneer of community development, was not typical of the ICS administrators in Punjab during his time. A variety of changes, such as understaffing by financial pressures after the World War and an increasing preference by talented people to seek opportunities in Britain rather than abroad, together with political changes in Delhi and London, meant that, according to historian Christopher Harding, "most civil servants in Punjab [were] striving simply to hold the provincial administration together and [were] generally cynical of any grand plans that harked back to the "good old days" of the early Punjab administrators". That was not the case with Darling. Tensions were high because the British authorities were desperately trying to stem the tide of nationalism with piecemeal reforms, and communal disputes between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were increasing. In the toxic environment, where the authorities were almost entirely concerned with maintaining law and order, Darling and a colleague, Frank Lugard Brayne, stood out as mavericks for their attempts to improve the conditions in rural villages.
In Darling's case, he was affected by the knowledge of the debt burden that was carried by many peasant farmers, some of whom owed more than 20 times their annual incomes. He believed that the perceived necessity of holding elaborate and expensive celebrations for life events such as birth, circumcision, marriage and death lay at the heart of the indebtedness. Debt was also affected by matters of prestige such as land ownership itself, which caused people to buy tracts that were uneconomic, and the role of Bania moneylenders, who also acted as agents for the payment of taxes and often dealt with those matters, without reference to the peasant. A cycle of increasing debt resulted from heavy interest payments on existing debt, which forced the cash-poor peasant to take on even more debt. The more prosperous the peasant was, the more credit-worthy they were and so the more debt they accrued.
Darling thought that moneylenders were exploiting the situation and that the peasants were particularly exposed to problems should they suffer some natural or personal calamity, with debts sometimes doubling within a space of five years because of interest charges and families potentially being faced with repayments over several generations. He want to expand the co-operative credit facilities to improve the situation as well as to set up courts for arbitration and to introduce measures to increase prosperity without recourse to debt, such as animal breeding centres. He estimated that the number of moneylenders and dependants in Punjab had quadrupled between 1868 and 1911, and the decline in prices for agricultural produce that followed the end of World War I made the repayment of debt even more difficult. He noted that the moneylenders were generally Hindus and the peasants were mostly Muslim, a situation that prevailed despite the intent of the Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1901. His attitude to the moneylenders was not, however, entirely negative: he recognised the significance of their accessibility and the historic good that they had brought to regional development. At the same time, he was criticising their usurious nature, which, he thought, was being implicitly accepted by the unwillingness of the Raj authorities to intervene. His 1925 book, "The Punjab Peasant in Prosperity and Debt", is a classic work of research, analysis and prescription, which demonstrated, according to D. N. Dhanagare, that he was "far ahead of his time".
It was while working with the Punjab Banking Inquiry Committee that Darling was able to persuade the introduction of co-operative credit in every village of the province. In 1942, Darling noted that the Raj simply pumping financial resources into Indian agriculture was not an optimal policy. He agreed with Bryce Burt that it was desirable to preserve the way of life while nonetheless encouraging technological progress, but he added that in India
While the decline in agricultural prices following World War I was a factor in the debt problems that Darling saw and tried to alleviate, he noted later that it was the rise in those prices during World War II that finally put an end to the necessity of debt among the Punjabi peasantry. He said that
Darling tried always to befriend and understand the native population of India and spoke several of their languages. To that end, he made several long-distance tours of the country on horseback. One, in 1946–1947 began in Peshawar and ended, later, in Jubbulpore where he visited his friend Mahatma Gandhi. Believing in fair play, he found himself at odds with other British people in India when he denounced Dyer's massacre of civilians at Amritsar in 1919.
Recognition.
Lyall was appointed as a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1934 and as a Knight Commander of the same order in 1939. Having held an Exhibition while a student at King's College, he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the college in 1957.
Family.
Darling married Jessica, daughter of Alexander Low, Lord Low of the Laws, Berwickshire in 1909. The couple had a daughter and two sons. Jessica died in 1932 around the time that Darling was commissioner in Rawalpindi. Darling died on 1 January 1969, aged 88.
Publications.
Darling wrote several official reports, including:
In addition, Darling wrote several books among them some "classic works on the Punjab peasantry", in the opinion of Indivar Kamtekar. Some of these have been republished by Oxford University Press in the 21st century with introductions by academic writers. Among his published books are:
His journal articles include:
Darling's wife, Jessica, wrote "Love In A Mist", published in 1921.


French Lop

The French Lop is a breed of domestic rabbit developed in France in the 19th century from the selective breeding of English Lop and Flemish Giant stock. The French Lop resembles the English Lop, but the French Lop is heavier in stature and does not have the exaggerated ear length of the English Lop. Weighing approximately , it has an average lifespan of five years. The French Lop is currently recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) and by the British Rabbit Council (BRC).
History.
The French Lop was first bred as a meat rabbit, beginning around 1850 in France. It is believed to have been produced by crossing two existing breeds, the English Lop and the Giant Papillon ("géant papillon français" or "Butterfly Rabbit of France"). The new breed became popular in neighbouring countries including the Netherlands, from which ten specimens were exported in 1933 to the UK for exhibition there. By the 1960s, the French Lop had become a mainstream breed in the UK, and in 1970-1971, the first French Lops were imported into the United States.
Appearance.
The French Lop is a very large rabbit, typically weighing around 10-15 pounds. They do not have a maximum weight in the show standard. Their ears are typically between 5 and 8 inches long and hang down below the jaw. They have a stout, thickset body and a large head. The front legs are short and straight and the hind legs are carried parallel to the body. The French Lop has a dense, soft coat that comes in two colour varieties: solid and broken. Within these categories can be found a number of different colour variations, including agouti, black, chinchilla, and fawn.
Behavior.
Due to their relatively larger size in comparison to other breeds, the French Lop needs ample living space. They will not fare well in either outdoor or indoor cages. The French Lop is known to have a warm and relaxed temperament, and can even get along well with cats, dogs and young children. However, French Lops are not for the first-time rabbit owner because they are very large and can be hard to handle. They have very strong back legs, and can cause injury to the handler unintentionally.


Vaughan Smith

Henry Vaughan Lockhart Smith (born 22 July 1963) is an English restaurateur, sustainable farmer, and freelance video journalist. He ran the freelance agency Frontline News TV and founded the Frontline Club in London. "The Guardian" has described him as "a former army officer, journalist adventurer and rightwing libertarian."
Early life.
Smith's father was a Queen's Messenger and a colonel in the Grenadier Guards. Smith was an officer in the same regiment, serving in Northern Ireland, Cyprus and Germany. Smith captained the Army shooting team. Prior to setting up Frontline News TV, he was briefly a microlight test pilot.
Career.
In the 1990s, Smith worked as an independent cameraman and video news journalist covering wars and conflict in Iraq, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Chechnya, Kosovo, and elsewhere. Smith himself filmed the only uncontrolled footage of the Gulf War in 1991, after he bluffed his way into an active-duty unit while disguised as a British Army officer.
During the '90s, Smith also ran "Frontline News TV", an agency set up in 1989 to represent the interests of young video journalists who wanted to push the envelope of their profession. The workings of "Frontline News TV" captured the imagination of a generation of young freelancers and was described by the BBC world affairs editor John Simpson as one of the "high peaks of journalism". Its history has been detailed in a book "Frontline: Reporting from the World's Deadliest Places", by David Loyn of the BBC.
During Smith's time as a freelance, he worked for many of the world's leading television stations and became an expert on, and advocator of, greater support for freelances operating in war zones. He has worked on journalist safety programmes.
As a freelance cameraman, he won, either individually or part of a team, 28 news awards (see below).
Smith has been shot twice, but escaped both times with light injuries. While he was filming the Serbian action at Prekaz in April 1998, a bullet lodged in his mobile telephone.
Current activities.
Smith founded the Frontline Club in London in 2003 as an institution to champion independent journalism and promote better understanding of international news and its coverage.
Smith also runs a mixed organic farm on his estate at Ellingham Hall, in Norfolk, a "sprawling and elegant Georgian manor house near the town of Bungay" which has belonged to his family for more than three centuries. The estate is "[s]urrounded by 600 acres of woods and fields. . . . It has 10 bedrooms, a large dining room with a convivial circular table, and portraits of Smith's ancestors hanging on the walls." The farm specialises in pedigree rare-breed pigs, and provides the seasonal food for the Frontline Club and its public restaurant.
Julian Assange.
In 2010, Smith gave refuge to Julian Assange, the founder of whistle-blowing website WikiLeaks, first at the Frontline Club and then at his country house.
He said of his decision to house Assange: "Having watched him give himself up last week to the British justice system, I took the decision that I would do whatever else it took to ensure that he is not denied his basic rights as a result of the anger of the powerful forces he has enraged."
"It was about standing up to the bully and the question of whether our country, in these historic times, really was the tolerant, independent and open place I had been brought up to believe it was and feel that it needs to be."
Having backed Julian Assange by offering surety in December 2010, he lost the money in June 2012 when a judge ordered it to be forfeited, as Assange had sought to escape the jurisdiction of the English courts by entering the embassy of Ecuador. At the Westminster magistrates court in October 2012, Smith plead on behalf of himself and eight other Assange sureties to keep their money, arguing they could not "meaningfully intervene in this matter […] between the Ecuadorean, British, Swedish, US and Australian governments."
Personal life.
Smith lives at Ellingham Hall in Norfolk, England, with his wife, Pranvera, and their two daughters, Beatrice & Louise.
Awards.
As a freelance cameraman Smith won, either individually or as part of a team, 28 news awards. Most of them were for "The Valley", a film which Smith produced about the Kosovo War, which remains one of the most acclaimed documentaries ever shown on the UK's Channel 4 television.
In 2007, Smith was the joint winner of a MediaGuardian Innovation Award and in 2008 a Rory Peck Award finalist for his film about Grenadier Guards in Helmand.
Giving a speech at the Rory Peck Awards ceremony, Smith strongly criticised news broadcasters for failing to give cameramen due recognition for their work. "I've been shot more times than I have been credited by the BBC," he said. "Without the recognition we deserve we spill our blood anonymously, consigned to the margins."


Ein Tamar

Ein Tamar (, "lit." Date Palm Spring) is a moshav in the northern Arava valley in Israel. Located south of the Dead Sea, it falls under the jurisdiction of Tamar Regional Council. In Ein Tamar had a population of .
History.
Ein Tamar was established in August 1982 by 24 families. The biblical village of Tamar mentioned in Ezekiel 47:19 is probably located in the Hatzeva Fortress near Ir Ovot. Ein Tamar and the neighboring village of Neot HaKikar are among the country's most remote places, forty minutes away from the nearest city, Dimona. Most of the residents of Ein Tamar earn their livelihood from agriculture. Peppers and melons the most popular crops.


John Spurgeon Henkel

Johannes Elias Spurgeon Henkel aka John Spurgeon Henkel (1871 in Peddie, Eastern Cape – 5 April 1962 in Pietermaritzburg), was a South African botanist and forester. He was deeply involved in the conservation of forests in southern Africa and the introduction of exotic species such as Eucalyptus to Zululand.
Life and career.
Henkel was the son of the soldier, painter and botanist Caesar Carl Hans Henkel (1839-1913) and his wife Auguste Henkel (née Radue). He was the eldest of 12 children. He was educated at Dale College, King William's Town and in 1888 he joined the Cape Forest Department, working as an assistant to the conservator of forests in the Eastern Cape for several years. He was promoted to district forest officer of King William's Town in 1893 and compiled survey maps of Port Alfred (in 1894) and the forested area of Bathurst (in 1895). In 1898 he became district forest officer of Stutterheim.
When the Anglo-Boer War broke out he served in the Stutterheim Mounted Troops as captain and was awarded the Queen's Medal. In 1902 he was selected to study forestry at the Royal Indian Engineering College at Cooper's Hill, where he obtained a Diploma in Forestry.
Henkel returned to South Africa and was appointed Assistant Conservator of Forests in the Eastern Conservancy in 1905. He transferred as Assistant Conservator of Forests to the Western Conservancy (in Cape Town) in 1907 and served as lecturer in forestry at the South African School of Forestry (part of the South African College) until February 1908. In 1909 he moved to Knysna where he succeeded Colin Beddoes McNaughton as Assistant Conservator of Forests and in 1912 was promoted to Conservator of Forests. In 1915 he transferred to Pietermaritzburg as Conservator of Forests for Natal and Zululand. He initiated afforestation in the Zululand coastal region with exotic species including Eucalyptus.
In 1920 he took up an appointment as chief of the newly established Forest Service of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). His presentation at the 1919 congress of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science led to a detailed survey of the vegetation of Rhodesia, the first of any African country.
He remained in Rhodesia until his retirement in 1931, after which he settled in Pietermaritzburg and wrote a field guide to the woody plants of Natal. He was a personal friend of John William Bews and assisted him in his investigations of the ecology of the Natal vegetation. He also compiled a map of the Hluhluwe Game Reserve in 1936. From 1944 until his death he worked on a guide to the grasses of southern Africa. The plants he collected are in the Bews Herbarium of the University of Natal.
Private life.
In February 1896 he married Juanita Gutsche and they had one child.


List of windmills in Cher

A list of windmills in Cher, France.


A. E. V. Richardson

Arnold Edwin Victor Richardson MA, BSc., (12 September 1883 – 5 December 1949) was an Australian scientist noted for dry farming research, who became founding director of Waite Research Institute then director of the organisation now known as CSIRO.
History.
Richardson was born in Thebarton, South Australia to George Edwin Richardson (c. 1848 – 25 July 1921) and his wife Louisa, née Mansfield (c. 1849 – 3 May 1911) of 4 George Street, Thebarton. George Edwin, who arrived in South Australia with his parents on the "William Hyde" in May 1849, was proprietor of Port Road Steam Works in 1881, and inventor of an improved brick-making machine. an improved direct-action stamp battery, and an automatic railway coupling, He was proprietor, 1886–1889 with Kempster, of "Manton Ironworks" on Manton Street, Hindmarsh. He later ran a foundry in Thebarton.
Arnold was educated at the Currie Street public school, then Adelaide Agricultural School, where he was dux for four terms, and was awarded the School's gold medal and a scholarship to Roseworthy Agricultural School, where he earned a first-class Diploma. In 1902 he returned to the Agricultural School to assist Andrew Ferguson, BSc in what proved to be the last year agricultural subjects were offered. He joined the Education Department as a student teacher to avail himself of free tuition at the University of Adelaide, where as what the "Public Service Review" called "one of the most talented students which the University of Adelaide has produced" he achieved his BA in 1907, BSc (Agric) in 1908 and MA in 1909. His thesis on "The milling qualities and chemical properties of flour from high and low grade wheats" won praise from Sydney University assessors. He was joint winner of the John Howard Clark Scholarship for English Literature in 1907. His teaching duties took him to Moonta Mines and Port Adelaide Public Schools, after which he joined the University Training College, where he was appointed assistant lecturer.
Career.
In 1908 Richardson accepted the position of Assistant Director of Agriculture, and was involved with the Director, Professor William Angus in research. In 1909 he took up residence at the Parafield Experimental Farm, where he was responsible for the breeding of several new varieties of wheat. He acted as Director of Agriculture for a few months in 1911 between the resignation of Angus and the appointment of Professor William Lowrie.
In June 1911 Richardson was appointed Agricultural Superintendent and Chief of the Division of Agriculture in Victoria. He established research stations at Werribee and Rutherglen, and did much to reverse farmers' antipathy to modern farming methods. From 1917 to 1919 he lectured part-time at the University of Melbourne, and was appointed Director of the School of Agriculture then when the Faculty of Agriculture was created, he was appointed inaugural Dean. In 1924 the University conferred on him the honour of Doctor of Science.
In 1924 he accepted the position of Waite Professor of Agriculture with the University of Adelaide and returned to South Australia to become the first Director of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute. He directed research into water and nitrogen requirements of different crops. He was Commonwealth delegate to the first Imperial Agricultural Research Conference in London in 1927, and in 1932 was one of the official advisers to the Australian delegation at the Imperial Economic Conference in Ottawa.
In 1938, he was appointed Deputy chief executive officer for CSIR and in 1946 was promoted to chief executive officer, succeeding Sir David Rivett, who had been made chairman.
Responding to Federal (Liberal) Opposition claims of Communist influence and leakage of secrets from the CSIR, the Chifley Labor government, through the relevant Minister John Dedman, placed the CSIR under the control of a five-man Executive. Rivett refused to continue under this regime and in March 1949 resigned. Richardson followed, citing health reasons, quite plausible, as he died five months later. But Rivett's son Rohan Rivett was in no doubt both resignations were protests against Government interference in the functioning of the organisation, envisaged by its founder Stanley Bruce as truly independent of both Government and Public Service.
Memberships.
He was in 1923 President of section K (agriculture and forestry) of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science (now ANZAAS).
He was, from 1935 to 1936, the first president of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science. (Prof. J.A. Prescott was the first president of the South Australian branch).
He was from 1947 to 1949 President of ANZAAS.
He was a member of the Adelaide Club and the Melbourne Club.
He was a member, and in 1949 President, of the Melbourne chapter of Rotary International.
Family.
He married Lilian Moonta Lucas (4 April 1879 – 30 June 1976) on 30 September 1909. Lilian, a noted concert singer, was also composer of a song which she presented to the Boy Scouts of America.
They had one daughter, Yvonne Lilian Lucas Richardson (27 December 1911 – ), who married Lindsay Cust in Melbourne on 23 July 1940


Pajuna cattle

Pajuna is a rare Spanish cattle breed, originating in Granada (Andalusia), which resembles the extinct aurochs, the wild ancestor of domestic cattle, in certain features.
Appearance and description.
Although the Pajuna has been constantly crossed with breeds such as the Retinta or the Murciana after 1950 and several lineages have lost their primitive characteristics (such as the wild type colour, long legs and athletic body shape) some lineages still bear considerable resemblance to the aurochs. Pajuna bulls weigh on average and can reach a height of at the shoulder. The horns, especially of the bulls, face forwards and are light in colour with a dark tip. Bulls are dark brown to black with a light eel stripe; the cows are a much lighter reddish brown. In this aspect, Pajuna resembles the aurochs. It has been suggested that the breed originated in north Africa, and indeed some bulls have a saddle that looks very similar to depictions of north African aurochs.
Range and use.
This primitive cattle breed is given special protection in the official Spanish cattle breeds catalogue, because numbers have declined rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s. The quality of their meat is valued, but traditionally Pajuna were used as draft animals.
Like other robust cattle breeds, the Pajuna is adapted to harsh conditions, especially in cold mountainous regions. They require supplementary feeding only in extreme weather when grazing is not possible. Because of their hardiness, their aurochs-like body plan and their wild type colour, Pajuna is used by the Dutch organisation Stichting Taurus in the TaurOs Project, to fill the ecological niche once occupied by the aurochs. Together with breeds like Sayaguesa Cattle, Maremmana primitivo, Tudanca Cattle or Limia Cattle, the project aims to breed a type of cattle that resembles the aurochs.


Guy M. Brandborg

Guy M. Brandborg (1893–1977) was supervisor of Montana's Bitterroot National Forest from 1935 to 1955 and later became a conservation activist. His campaigns were instrumental in passing the National Forest Management Act of 1976, the most significant policy affecting forestry practices on public lands since the founding of the National Forest Service.
Born in 1893 to a Minnesotan farmer, Guy M. Brandborg began working for the National Forest Service in the summer of 1914 as a seasonal ranger in the Lewis and Clark National Forest. From this starting point, he then studied forestry at the ranger training program at The State University of Montana in Missoula, which later changed its name to The University of Montana. After taking on a few other assignments with the Forest Service in Idaho and Montana, Brandborg became supervisor of the Bitterroot National Forest in 1935.
After World War II, to meet increased demands for timber, the Forest Service changed its management outlook from that of caretaker to that of lumber producer. A believer in sustainable practices, Brandborg was alarmed at the increased rate of forest cutting. His management goal was to balance production with conservation so that both forests and jobs would be conserved, and, in his judgment, the Forest Service practices were too exploitative to preserve either for future generations. Brandborg also opposed the Forest Service’s plan to ship logs to mills outside of the immediate area; he preferred to keep those jobs within the local community. He attempted to continue with his own management practices and keep the status quo, but that stance was not favored by the Forest Service, and in 1955 Brandborg retired from his position.
As the Forest Service increased timber harvest, including clearcutting, in the Bitterroots, many in the local community became concerned about the aesthetic and environmental impacts. They turned to Brandborg for help. In what is known as the “Bitterroot Controversy”, he and others challenged the Forest Service through the Bitterroot Resource Conservation and Development program. Under this pressure, the Forest Service responded by contracting a third party—the School of Forestry at the University of Montana—to study the problem. The resulting report found that timber production in the Bitterroots was taking place without consideration of the effects on environment, economy, and aesthetics of the area. It also took a close look at the problems that stem from clear cutting and from forestry management decisions that lack local participation. Although disputes over forestry practices continue, this event sparked major changes to U.S. forestry policies in the 1970s and influenced the passage of the National Forest Management Act of 1976.
Brandborg led several campaigns to change forestry practices during his lifetime.
He died in 1977.
Further reading.
Swanson, Frederick H. (2011) The Bitterroot and Mr. Brandborg: Clearcutting and the Struggle for Sustainable Forestry in the Northern Rockies.