Laguiole knife

The Laguiole knife (, locally ) is originally a high-quality traditional Occitan pocket-knife, originally produced in the "knife-city" of Thiers where 70% of the French cutting tool production comes from, and in the small village of Laguiole, both located in the Massif central region of France. Laguiole in this instance does not refer to the French knife brand, but to a generic term that has become associated with a specific shape of a traditional knife common to this area.
History.
The major influence on the form of the classic "laguiole" is most likely the Arabo-Hispanic clasp knife of Andalusian Spain, the "navaja". The "laguiole" was first designed in 1829 by Jean-Pierre Calmels. The earliest forms of "laguiole" knife were straight-bladed and handled, the so-called "laguiole droit"; the classic "navaja"-like "laguiole" seems to have been developed around 1860. The Calmels "laguiole droit" had a 'half-lock' on the blade where a small projection on the end of the backspring ("mouche") exerts pressure on a corresponding indent in the heel of blade when the knife is open; this, and not the full locking system of the "navaja", remained a fixed feature in subsequent "laguiole" knives. Seasonal migrations of shepherds and cattle herders between Catalan Spain and southern France in summer and winter introduced the "navaja" to France. The Arabo-Hispanic design of the "navaja" was merged with that of local folding knives represented by older patterns such as the "laguiole droit" and "Capuchadou"; the result became the classic "laguiole". In 1840, the first awl or trocar (a surgical instrument used to puncture body cavities and relieve the suffering of cattle and other animals with bloat) was added to the some "laguiole" knife patterns. In 1880, some models of the "laguiole" began featuring a corkscrew, in response to demands from the owners of bars in the Auvergne, and restaurants in Paris.
Design.
Classic "laguiole" knives feature a slim, sinuous outline. They are about 12 cm long when closed, with a narrow, tapered blade of a semi-yataghan form, steel backspring (slipjoint) and a high quality of construction. Traditionally, the handle was made of cattle horn; however, nowadays other materials are sometimes used. These materials include French woods, exotic woods from all around the world, and fossilised mammoth ivory from Alaska or Siberia. The French designer Philippe Starck re-designed "laguiole" knives using aluminium for the grips, but it was only a revival of a 1910 model. The blade is often made of Stainless steel or High-carbon steel, with XC75 steels being 0.75% carbon and XC100 being 1% carbon.
The traditional "laguiole" utilizes a single blade, but sometimes a corkscrew or some other implement is added. This necessitates an even slimmer cutaway handle, the shape of which is fancifully known as the "lady's leg", the bolster at the base resembling a foot. A 'Shepherd's Cross' consisting of 6-8 inlaid metal pins forming a cross can be found on the handle of some "laguioles" from the end of the 19th century to the present day. This embellishment is a reference to a legend of Catholic shepherds in need of a cross for prayer during their seasonal migrations between the mountains and the plains. Far from any "chapel" or "cathédrale", the shepherd would thrust his opened "laguiole" blade-down into the earth, exposing the visible cross on the handle for purposes of prayer."
There is much mythology about the insect depicted on the spring. A legend identifies the design as a bee granted by Emperor Napoleon I (the bee was adopted as a dynastic symbol by Napoleon) in recognition of the courage of local soldiers. However, the "bee" on the "laguiole" knives was only introduced after World War II, more than a century after the death of the emperor. Technically, "la mouche" (the fly) is the end of the backspring, which sits over the rotating part of the blade. The upper section was expanded to form a thumb rest. Older "laguiole" knives feature many kinds of decorated springs which don't necessarily feature insects.
There are about 109 production steps for a one-piece "laguiole" (single blade), about 166 for a two-piece one (blade and one other tool), and about 216 for a three-piece model (blade and two tools - corkscrew and awl).
The name "Laguiole" has since been used as a trademark designation for various other implements, so that one can now buy, for example, a "Laguiole" corkscrew, spoon, or steak-knife set.
Production sites.
As "laguiole" designates a type of knife and is not a brand or trade name of cutlery, "laguiole" knives are manufactured globally. This has led to the widespread availability of inexpensive, and sometimes low-quality, "laguiole" knives. "Laguiole" knives from France are handcrafted. French production is shared between the cutlery hub town of Thiers, and the village of Laguiole: these places have worked together for more than 150 years. French manufacturers stamp a trademark or signature into the steel of their knives. A description of the type of steel used and "Made in France", will often be stamped as well.


Carl Alexander von Martius

Carl Alexander von Martius (born January 19, 1838, in Munich; died February 26, 1920, in Nonn by Bad Reichenhall) was a German chemist and entrepreneur.
Life.
His father was botanist and explorer Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868) and his mother was author Franziska von Stengel (1801–1843). In 1872, Martius married "Margarete Veit" (1853–1926). On February 16, 1903, Martius became by German king Wilhelm II a nobleman.
Martius studied chemistry. At university he was member of student organisation "Corps Bremensia". He was a student of Justus von Liebig and university assistent August Wilhelm von Hofmann in Berlin.
In 1863, Martius invented in Berlin azo dye Bismarck brown Y, which he named after german chancellor Otto von Bismarck. It is used in histology for staining tissues.
In 1867, Martius invented in Berlin "Dinitronaphthol", which was later named after him as "Martiusgelb". In Berlin, together with German chemist Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy he founded in 1867 German company "Aktiengesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation" (Agfa).
Martius was founding member of German organisation "Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft" in Berlin and of German organisation "Vereins zur Wahrung der Interessen der chemischen Industrie Deutschlands". In 1891, Martius was foundig member of German organisation "German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property" in Berlin. From 1916 to 1918 Martius was member of Prussian House of Lords.


Lakeshore, Bristol

Lakeshore is a development of flats in the Bishopsworth area of south Bristol, England. It is a Grade II listed building.
The building uses a structure of Cor-Ten Steel which is left from the headquarters building of Imperial Tobacco which was built in the 1960s. The tobacco factory and offices closed by 1990 and partially demolished, before being given listed status and then left for ten years. The surrounding factory has been demolished and is now the site of a shopping centre.
The new development of 422 homes and its surrounding landscapes grounds and facilities has been built in a sustainable way, including the use of geothermal energy. The development has won prizes for design and environmentally friendly approach.
Location.
Lakeshore is located in Bishopsworth 2.5 to 3 miles from Bristol City Centre, 2 miles from Temple Meads railway station and 6 miles from Bristol Airport. There is a cycle route into the city centre via Crox Bottom Park, Hartcliffe Way and Bedminster.
The site is irregular in shape and comprised in total. It is bordered by the road to the North and the soon to be called ‘Lakeshore Drive’ to the East, Hengrove Way to the South and Crox Bottom Park to the West. The current buildings are on a site occupied, until the 1960s, by Crox Bottom farm. The farm stopped its activities in 1962. Crox Bottom is a public open space at the edge of Hartcliffe and Headley Park and has been proposed as a Site of Nature Conservation Interest in the Bristol Local Plan. The Pigeonhouse Stream runs through the site.
The main route through the site is part of the Malago Greenway, a cyclist/pedestrian route which connects South Central Bristol with Hartcliffe and Withywood. Crox Bottom is a destination for the local Healthy Walking Group. Bristol City Council has undertaken a regeneration programme for the area of South Bristol to create a range of facilities to residents and opportunities for businesses and employment. Imperial Park is next to Lakeshore and contains shops, restaurants and a health and fitness centre. Nearby is also the South Bristol skills academy and Knowle West Media Centre, a charity that develops and supports cultural, social and economic regeneration. Zion is a local community centre nearby offering a range of community facilities and events. 2012 has seen the opening of the Hengrove leisure centre and South Bristol Community Hospital.
History.
Lakeshore was commissioned in 1967 by Imperial Tobacco whose empire included Bristol tobacco company W.D. & H.O. Wills. They announced the relocation of their Tobacco Factory from Bedminster to Hartcliffe in the late 1960s. The building was designed by Chicago architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as well as UK architects Yorke Rosenberg Mardall. They were inspired by modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who designed the Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago. The clean sculptural expression and rationality of the design are key features of his style.
Imperial Tobacco imported the office architecture of Skidmore Owings Merill and built a state of the art factory for preparing, packing and storing cigarettes, along with an HQ office building with ancillary facilities for the staff. Wills acquired the Hartcliffe site and in 1974 started operation of Europe’s largest cigarette factory. It was of futuristic design being clad in Cor-Ten steel, a material with an 800 year design life. The HQ office building housed a variety of facilities for the 4500 employees, ranging from restaurants, a bank, a supermarket and post office to a film theatre.
The Wills Imperial Tobacco Factory has an established history with art and it was Wills' policy that the building should always reflect contemporary art of its time. In the 1970s large banners were commissioned by six artists; Valerio Adami, Richard Smith, Jack Youngerman, Harold Burchman, Joe Tilson and Robyn Denny. They hung in offices throughout the building. Old photographs of Bristol were enlarged and a selection of pipes, old cigarette, tobacco and cigar label were hung in private offices in vacuum-formed Perspex box frames, all on coloured fabric mounts to match coloured chair upholstery. The Wills collections were works by 20th-century British artists and were hung in the director’s suite. A collection of contemporary prints hung in various offices alongside a selection of oil portraits of past employees.
By 1990 the factory and office had closed following a takeover by Hanson plc, 16 years after it was opened. The factory was demolished in 1998 and made way for the current retail park; Imperial Park. The building was left and became subject to vandalism and arson. An attempt was made to demolish the building but English Heritage stepped in and listed the Grade II building for its architectural qualities in 2001 and it was placed on the Buildings at Risk Register. All that remained was the Cor-Ten steel frame and concrete structure and the neglected lake and landscape.
Urban Splash acquired the site in 2003 for £45 million, with £17.5 million of financial support from the Homes and Communities Agency. It received planning permission in 2006. Redevelopment commenced in 2007 and was slowed in October 2008 due to the economic crisis. Following a successful Kickstart Housing Delivery application, work restarted in February 2010 and is progressing to be finished by end of 2012.
As of 19 February 2015, Urban Splash sold the freehold of the site to Adriatic Land 3 Limited.
Lakeshore won the Housing Design Award (NHBC, DETR, RTPI, RIBA) in 2007 for its design and sustainable features. It has also been shortlisted for the Guardian Sustainable Business, Best Practice Exchange and Sunday Times British Homes Awards
Architecture.
Building.
The block and podium were placed over a newly created lake set within a natural setting incorporating the original Crox Bottom farm, now a park, which was all part of the landscaping scheme by Kenneth Booth. The whole site was modelled in a modern idiom. The buildings were all defined by their metal structure and the scheme won awards from the Royal Institute of British Architects and British Steel Corporation.
The building had a futuristic look when it was originally completed in 1974. The building’s structure is made from Cor-Ten steel used by the BSC under licence from the United States Steel Corporation. It is a weathering steel, which was first used in 1916 in America. It protects itself from progressive corrosion by oxidising on exposure to air and moisture. The protective film gradually darkens with time and assumes a pleasing texture and colour; if exposed near the sea the colour tends to be grey. In a polluted industrial environment it turns almost black and in the countryside it will look a cocoa colour.
The new building was designed by Ferguson Mann Architects who created apartment spaces with extra high ceilings, full height glazing, under floor heating and balconies. Other features include an apple orchard, wild flower meadows, country walks, a fishing club, bird and bat boxes, picnic and barbecue areas, a pontoon, table tennis, parking and allotments. There are 422 homes including studios, 1 and 2 bedroom apartments. 270 apartments are within the existing building, 127 in the Cor-Ten structure, 143 below the podium and 16 in the east wing of the existing building and 136 in the new. There are also 360 car parking spaces. 36 apartments were built for Housing Association, Aster Homes are located in the Cor-Ten phase of the existing building.
The original walkways have been kept but glass balustrades have been added to form balconies so the building looks almost exactly the same from the outside. A new entrance slot was created to the steel Cor-Ten building. An Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) atrium roof has been installed and this inflated pillow material is the same as the Eden Project’s roof. The atrium is a social circulation space connecting the new and existing building via a new street running the entire length of the building below podium level.
The sustainable approach to the redevelopment has focused on passive measures to maximise light penetration and maximising thermal performance of all new walls and windows. Active measures include the use of geothermal boreholes, which feed a ground source heat pump system plus a biomass boiler, using waste timber material formed into woodchips, to provide heating and hot water via a centralised system. The ground source heat pump system consists of a network of 100 m deep boreholes, through which fluid is pumped. This combination of heating technologies ensures the building’s supply of heating and hot water is virtually 100% renewable. The property also has low energy lighting throughout, low water installations and green Sedum roof to the new building, acting as a natural feature.
Lakeshore has sustainable drainage systems to external areas, recycling bins and centralised on-site recycling facilities. Lakeshore also recycled 90% of the concrete used. During the restoration of the lake, the contaminated silt was removed from lake and pumped into huge porous bags, which allowed the water to drain through. The silt was then remediated on site and the resultant soil integrated into the landscaping. During the construction the green guide was adopted as well as waste management strategies.
Landscaping.
Lakeshore is set amongst 10 acres of landscaped gardens and sits on top of a private lake. Kenneth Booth, the original landscaper, in the 1970s, designed the private garden for the Imperial Tobacco Factory HQ. The lake, which acted as the namesake for the new residential property is man-made.
The shared gardens are for social events and include barbecue and picnic areas, a fishing club, pontoon, woodland walks and a variation of wildlife. The lake was fully drained, decontaminated, silt removed, rubbish cleared and then restocked with fish. Wildlife is encouraged through protection of trees and provision of bird boxes and the woodland was repaired and the landscape enhanced. There are also proposals for permanent and temporary art installations.


Wardha Warora Power Plant

Sai Wardha Power Plant is a coal-based thermal power plant located near Warora city in Chandrapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The power plant is operated by the KSK Energy Ventures.
The coal for the plant is sourced from Western Coalfields Limited (WCL). The Engineering, procurement and construction contract (EPCC) is given to Sichuan Electric Design Company of People's Republic of China.
Capacity.
It is a 540 MW (4×135 MW) project.


Nils Ludvig Arppe

Nils Ludvig Arppe (19 December 1804 — 9 December 1861) was a Finnish industrialist.
Arppe studied jurisprudence but returned in his home area leading a sawmill together with his brother-in-law Johan Fabritius. Eventually he owned many sawmills and owned large forest areas. Due to economical regulation of forest resources, he started processing iron from local limonite resources.
In 1832, Arppe built the first steamship of Finland. He also made experiments with forestry and agricultural methods.
Arppe was married for three times and got altogether eleven children.
Arppe's business led to development of Wärtsilä company.
Early life and studies.
Arppe's parents were lagman Nils Arppe and Margareta Sofia née Wegelius. Nils Ludvig was second oldest from eight children, who lagman Nils Arppe got in his three marriages. The home language in the family was Swedish which he preferred to use in his letters. Also his Finnish was excellent, and when Arppe went to school in Savonlinna, the teaching language was German. He went to gymnasium in Turku and graduated in 1820. Arppe followed his father's steps and studied law. He graduated in 1823 as jurist. Arppe worked shortly as court of appeal trainee in Vaasa, but he left the lawyer career already in the same year. The reason was unexpected death of his father; Arppe supposed that he could not earn enough as a lawyer to be able to take care of his siblings, and therefore he decided to return to North Karelia.
Puhos sawmill.
Arppe became business partner with his brother-in-law Johan Fabritius who had a sawmill in Puhos. Fabritius was practically incapable to operate the sawmill, and therefore Arppe took care of the operations virtually alone. Fabritius died in 1833, after which Arppe continued operating the sawmill. After number of application, Arppe was finally allowed to saw 10,000 logs annually, which made the sawmill one of the largest in Finland. For several times Arppe applied for permission to convert the hydropowered sawmill steam powered, but this was denied, because there was a wide concern that the natural resource would run out.
The sawmill employed 200–300 people at its best days. Arppe never owned the plant; after Fabritius's death it belonged to the widow Sofia, who was Arppe's sister, and her children.
Kuurna sawmill.
After gaining some experience, Arppe started building a sawmill to Kuurna, Pielisjoki in 1832. The Kuurna river had enough of capacity to power a large sawmill and it was wide enough for transportation. In addition, Arppe commissioned building a channel in Utra, to ease access from lake Pyhäselkä to downstream from Kuurna rapids. He bought forests in Ilomantsi for raw material. The scale of the sawmill caused fear among local neighbourhood and politicians for adequacy of wood resource in forests. As soon as the plant was commissioned the Senate ordered Arppe to close it down.
Following the order of closing down the new sawmill, Arppe lost 10,000 hectares of land in court case against the state, due to different interpretation of ownership of wilderness. Arppe's main opponent in Senate in both cases was Lars Gabriel von Haartman. Freiherr von Haartman had a lot of political power, and Arppe had no chance to overrule him.
Steamship "Ilmarinen".
Timber produced in Puhos was transported by ship to Joutseno or Lappeenranta, south side of lake Saimaa, and after that by horse carriage to Uuras. The narrow and curvy passages at lake Saimaa made sailing difficult. Therefore, in September 1832 Arppe applied from the Russian czar for a permission to build a steamship and to have a 50-year-long exclusive right for steamship traffic at lake Saimaa. The decision making was given to the Finnish Senate which granted him permission to build the ship, but limited the traffic privilege to 20 years. The ship was built by Ostrobothnian master builder Sandsund. The engine was bought from Saint Petersburg, but it was made in Clarke Engineering Works in England. Paddle steamer Ilmarinen was the first Finnish-built steamship; she made her maiden voyage from Puhos to Honkalahti in Joutseno in summer 1833. The captain was Taneli Rouvinen. Ilmarinen was used for tugging barges from Joensuu, Puhos and Varkaus to Joutseno. The ship could tug 5–6 barges Arppe also rented the vessel for other sawmill operators, getting a good profit. Ilmerinen served until 1844, when she was decommissioned, and Arppe handed over his steam traffic privilege to Kuopio Viikki brothers. One reason for ending the steam traffic was that Arppe built a sort of "horse railway" over isthmus between Orivesi and Pyhäjärvi, which eased transportation so much that steam ship became unnecessary.
Move to Koivikko.
Arppe lived with his siblings in Puhos estate which consisted about 30 rooms. In about 1835 there moved Carl Gustaf von Essen as a home teacher for Sofia's children. He brought a strict pietistic atmosphere with him, and Sofia fell in love with the young and fiery teacher, who she later married. Arppe, however, could not stand his pathos, and therefore moved apart from the family estate to northern side of lake Ätäsköjärvi in Koivikko where he built a house in 1840, the same year when he married his first wife Jeannette.
Agriculture and forestry.
Arppe travelled to Central Europe in 1845 gaining knowledge about agriculture and forestry. He applied the ideas at his own property. In order to get more land for fields, he reduced the mater level of lake Pyhäjärvi by opening Puhoksenkoski rapids. Consequently, water level went down by two metres and the other discharging river Hiiskoski almost dried out. Flow in Puhoskoski increased, while the height of fall got lower. As a result, Arppe gained 200 hectares of land. Arppe tested new farming methods in his property. He bought cattle from Netherlands and founded a dairy.
Arppe promoted afforestation in order to maintain availability of the natural resource. He planted a larch forest between Koivikko and Puhos. The 1847 planted 12-ha forest included 3,000 saplings which were Siberian and European larch, and some local Scots pines and Norway spruces for reference. The forest is the largest larch forest of Finland and it is nowadays natural reserve.
Arppe suggested obligating slash-and-burn farmers to plant larches on old fields, but his idea was not supported.
Iron processing.
Arppe was annoyed because of closing down the new Kuurna sawmill. Another cause of disappointment was sawmill act, promoted by Haartman, that came into force in 1851 setting limits to potential of the industry. When Sofia and her children wanted to sell the Puhos sawmill in 1856, Arppe was not interested in it any more; the plant was sold to Antti Mustonen and Simo Parviainen.
Arppe had bought a sawmill in Värtsilä in 1836 with rights of processing 10,000 logs annually. The plant had been founded two years earlier, on 12 April 1834. After introduction of the sawmill act, the Finnish Senate wanted to encourage iron processing. Arppe was awarded a permission to build two furnaces in Värtsilä for limonite processing, four power hammers and a workshop. Arppe got a loan free of interest from the state and tax exemption for 15 years. Arppe bought rights of using hydro power from Jukajoki sawmill. The raw material, limonite, was collected in Ilomantsi, Kiihtelysvaara and Tohmajärvi.
He opened another ironworks in Ilajankoski, but the production volume remained small due to unfavourable connections.
Another, more prominent plant was built by Möhkönkoski rapids; it was operated by Rauch brothers since 1848. The ironworks was close to Arppe's lands and the owners had made mining claims in lakes which were inside Arppe's forests. Arppe raised court cases claiming for example that the iron mill is polluting meadows from which the local people get food for their animals. After the Rauch brothers got enough of Arppe's disturbance and left, Arppe redeemed the ironworks to himself in 1851. This happened before the Värtsilä plant was started.
In Arppe's ownership the Möhkö became the largest limonite processor of Finland. The main problem in both ironmills was the high phosphorus content in the mineral; this made the iron hard but fragile. In 1859, Arppe got licence to build a steam-powered puddling and rolling plant in Värtsilä; it was used for the production of both Värtsilä and Möhkö.
The ready ingots were transported to Värtsilä or through Pälkjärvi to shore of lake Ladoga. After the Saimaa Channel was taken into use in 1856, the products could be transported by water. The main market areas were Saint Petersburg and south side of Gulf of Finland. Crimean War increased the demand temporarily, but after that prices dropped. Although the Finnish iron ingots and bars were duty-free in the Russian market, the highly developed international iron producers could sell their products for a competitive price despite of tariffs. Arppe's other supporting leg was his timber industry which enabled investments on ironmills.
Ingots were further processed into bars in Värtsilä. Arppe's company employed thousands of people; Möhkö works alone gave work to 2,000 men for limonite digging, coal burning, operating of barges and driving horses. Arppe's plants provided significant income to the local people. The plants attracted many workers from distant locations and the local food production could not cover the need. Arppe printed his own notes, called "dog tongues", which could be used as payment in company shop.
Läskelä sawmill.
In 1859, Arppe stepped back to forest industry by buying Läskelä hydropowered sawmill. As the sawmill was situated by river Jänisjoki which also flows through Värtsilä, the significance of Värtsilä grew as the main location of Arppe's company.
Private life.
Arppe was married to Jeannette Charlotta née Porthan in 1841, but she died already in 1843. In 1845, Arppe married her sister Matilds, who died ten years later. Arppe's third wife was Amalia Kristina née Seitz. He had altogether eleven children.
Arppe remained faithful to his home county and he had a reputation as a man on whose word one can count. While he was a hard industrialist, he had the ability to identify the capable people among uneducated peasants and put them to responsible positions; such were Taneli Rouvinen, Staffan Riikonen and Paul Hendunen, who worked as plant managers.
Arppe had far-reaching plans for developing his business, but they did not materialise before he fell seriously ill. Despite of being partly paralysed, he wanted to be in place seeing when the last pieces of machinery of his rolling plant, warped along river Jänisjoki, arrived in Värtsilä. Arppe died in 1861, shortly before era of economical deregulation in Finland.
Arppe left as inheritance a significant amount of land; according to estimates, it totalled 120,000–130,000 hectares. His business was continued after and led to development of Wärtsilä company.


Henry Withy

Henry Withy (11 November 1852 – 31 May 1922) was born in Bristol, England on 11 November 1852. His parents were Edward Withy (Woollen Draper and Tailor) and Sarah Withy (née Atree).
Early life.
In his early childhood, he attended Brean Villa (Quaker) Preparatory School, Camden Terrace, Weston Super Mare, in Somerset. At the age of 10, he went to Friends' School, Sidcot, from 1862 to 1867. He served as an apprentice at Withy, Alexander & Co. in West Hartlepool for 5 years, between 1869 and 1874.
Ship-building.
His first connection with business was in a large hardware establishment in the City of Bristol but he did not remain there long. He started business at the beginning of 1868, and twelve months later saw him moving to Hartlepool, where he went into the yard of Withy, Alexander and Co. where his elder brother, Edward Withy was a partner. Here, he worked as an apprentice for five years, whilst picking up the rudiments of the knowledge of shipbuilding. In the 19th century, the Clyde was in the hey-day of its fame as a shipbuilding centre and it was there that he went, to improve his knowledge of the profession of shipbuilding. In 1873, Henry Withy proceeded to Govan, to the historic shipyard of Robert Napier and Sons, afterwards putting in some time with the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company. In all, Henry Withy spent three years on Clyde side, and then returned to his brother's yard at Hartlepool. Before finally settling down in earnest, he decided to see something of the world and took an extended trip to South America.
Upon his return home, in 1876, Henry assisted his brother Edward in the management of the business of Edward Withy and Co. for about two years, after which Henry assumed the sole responsibility for managing the works, after his brother decided to retire from the firm and move to New Zealand. In 1891, the Furness Line Company of Christopher Furness and Edward Withy and Co. were merged in Hartlepool. to form the Company of Furness Withy.
Henry Withy's theoretical and practical knowledge of electricity enabled him to exploit the practicability of using it as a motive power, and utilising it for motor purposes, as well as for lighting the works. The result was that all of the machines in the extensive establishment of Furness, Withy and Co., Limited were worked by electricity, and as an indication of the progressive character of the firm and Henry in particular, that Furness, Withy and Co. was, at the time, the only shipyard in the United Kingdom to be driven throughout by electric power. Other areas of innovation, where Furness, Withy and Co. took the lead, include building of the first triple steamship in the port, and with the first use of telephone communication. Furness, Withy and Co. was also renowned, as a company, for the quality and quantity of work turned out.
Specific statistics of note are that in 1869, the average tonnage of the vessels they built was 436 tons; in 1879, it was 1,145 tons; while in 1899 it had increased to 5,442 tons. The shipyard was, in 1900, equipped for dealing with vessels of up to 600 ft (180 m) in length, and has turned out numerous fine passenger and cargo boats. The yard also possessed a graving dock, capable of taking in steamers up to 7,000 tons deadweight, where many extensive jobs were undertaken.
Private life.
In his private life, Henry Withy was, besides being a director of Furness, Withy and Co., Ship-owners and Shipbuilders; a Justice of the Peace (JP) and Town Councillor for the Borough of Hartlepool; member of the Board of Guardians; member of the Port Sanitary Authority; member of Lloyd's Technical Sub-Committee; member of the Institute of Naval Architects; of the Steel and Iron Institute; of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (5 August 1884, proposed by his brother Edward Withy); of the Institute of Civil Engineers (6 December 1904) and of the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders (past President, 1900-1901). He was also Mayor of Hartlepool in 1889-90.
In 1902, he presented an ornamental drinking fountain that originally stood in the Burn Valley Gardens but was moved to Clarence Road, Hartlepool in 1979.


Panki Thermal Power Station

Panki Thermal Power Station is located at Panki in Kanpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was commissioned in 1967 by the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. It has an installed capacity of 220 Mega Watts. The power plant is owned and operated by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam.
Operations.
The plant was set in two stages, both having two units. The first stage is not in operation any more. The machinery for the second stage are from Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. The coal to all these units is fed from coal mines of Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Eastern Coalfields Limited by means of Railways. The last unit was commissioned in 1977.
In 2018, the power plant was closed with immediate effect owing to the last working unit of the power plant malfunctioning. There were plans for raising a new unit in the near future, the foundation stone of which was laid down by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019.
Future expansion.
The state government decided in July 2014 to add another unit of 660 MW to the power plant. A contract was issued by UPRVUNL to BHEL on EPC basis for construction of 1x660MW unit at Panki on 31st March 2018, with scheduled project completion in January 2022.


Finite element model data post-processing

Finite element model data post-processing is a paradigm for transforming the often highly detailed and complex outputs of Finite Element Method (FEM) calculations into a format that is easily understood by the user. The outputs from post-processing may be used in engineering judgements or analysis, as part of validity/functionality checks on the FEM model, or for the purpose of reporting results.
Post processing of finite element data generally requires additional software or programming to specify how the data is to be transformed or presented. This software may include checks on the codes and standards to which the model must comply e.g. the check of panel stiffened structures. Using this software can be considered part of the knowledge-based engineering principle.


West Campus Cogeneration Facility

West Campus Cogeneration Facility is a natural gas fired, electrical power station located in Madison, Wisconsin in Dane County. The facility is owned jointly by Madison Gas and Electric and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, with Madison Gas and Electric operating and maintaining the facility. It provides electricity to Madison Gas and Electric, and steam heat and chilled-water air-conditioning to the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus.


Laverton North Power Station

Laverton North Power Station is a natural gas-powered plant, owned and operated by Snowy Hydro Limited. It is situated in Laverton North, on the south-western outskirts of Melbourne, Victoria, approximately 15 km from the Melbourne Central Business District. It is a peaking power plant, particularly constructed to cater for the growth in Victoria's summer electricity demand, and can be rapidly activated when required.
The station has two open-cycle gas turbines that together can generate a total of 320 MW of electricity. The turbines are primarily fuelled by natural gas supplied from the Brooklyn-Lara gas pipeline but, in the event of a gas supply curtailment, they can burn low sulphur emission heavy oil as a backup fuel. The plant is normally operated remotely from Snowy Hydro Limited's central control room in Cooma, New South Wales, but is also equipped to be run locally.
Snowy Hydro contracted Siemens to complete the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) for the project. Initial civil works started in October 2004 and the station was commissioned in December 2006.
The original licence only allowed the power station to operate for 10% of the year, but in May 2007 Snowy Hydro applied for an emergency extension of operating hours because a drought had affected hydro energy supplies. The Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal issued an interim order that the plant remain shut down on weekdays between 8am to 5pm, due to neighbouring offices being affected by the level of noise and vibration. However, the order was lifted in July 2007.


John Houlder

John Maurice Houlder CBE MBE(Mil.) (20 February 1916 – 2 February 2012) was a British engineer, operator of Elstree Aerodrome.
He was a pioneer in marine operations and design and was involved with the Kingsnorth Marine Drilling vessels. His first diving support vessel was the Oregis originally built for Houlder as an Ore carrier, which he had converted for diving. Following this he met Thor Haavie, a marine architect, at an exhibition where he was showing a design for a semisubmersible diving support vessel. Houlder build this vessel in the mid 1970s at the Aker Yard in Norway. Somehow the vessel came to be named after him and is still operating now as "Uncle John". The next project was the "Orelia" diving support vessel which is a barge like vessel with six independent diesel driven thrusters arranged in a triangular configuration of three forward and three aft.


Henderson Station One

Henderson Station One (HMP&L One) was a coal-fired power station owned and operated by the city of Henderson, Kentucky.
Citing rising costs and mounting environmental regulations, Henderson Municipal Power and Light closed its 58-year-old Station One power plant on Water Street by December 31, 2008.
It has since been replaced by Henderson Station Two (HMP&L Two) as a part of Sebree Station.


General Steel Castings


Brandon Shores Generating Station

The Brandon Shores Generating Station is an electric generating station located on Fort Smallwood Road north of Orchard Beach in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, near Glen Burnie, and is operated by Raven Power Holdings, Inc. Brandon Shores consists of two Babcock & Wilcox coal-fired boilers and two General Electric steam turbines with a combined nominal generating capacity of 1370 MWe. Unit 1 went into operation in May 1984 and Unit 2 in May 1991.
The station shares a site adjacent to the Patapsco River with the Herbert A. Wagner Generating Station. The Brandon Shores plant dominates the site with its exhaust and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) system stacks. Talen Energy will convert the coal-fired units to alternative fuels by 2025.
Coal delivery.
The Brandon Shores and Wagner Generating Stations consume approximately 4.8 million tons of coal annually. Coal for both stations is delivered by barge. Although there is a railroad spur into the site, it is unused and would require improvements to restore it to an operational state.
Environmental violations.
Constellation Energy disposed fly ash from Brandon Shores at a former sand and gravel mine in Gambrills, Maryland during 1996 to 2007. The ash contaminated groundwater with heavy metals. The Maryland Department of the Environment issued a fine of $1 million to Constellation. Nearby residents filed a lawsuit against Constellation and in 2008 the company settled the case for $54 million.
Renovation.
In order to meet Maryland requirements for reductions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and mercury, the plant was substantially renovated between 2007 and 2010. A new twin FGD stack was built to replace the existing stacks, which have been capped and are inoperative. Flue gas from the boilers is routed through the emissions control system that sprays the exhaust with a limestone slurry and collects gypsum for use in wallboard and fly ash for use in concrete. The system uses treated municipal wastewater from the Anne Arundel County Cox Creek wastewater treatment plant as the source of water for making the limestone slurry.
2012 sale.
The plant was originally constructed by a predecessor company of Constellation Energy, which was purchased by Exelon in 2012. On August 9, 2012, Exelon announced that it had reached an agreement for the sale of the Charles P. Crane, Brandon Shores, and Herbert A. Wagner Generating Stations to Raven Power Holdings LLC, a newly formed portfolio company of Riverstone Holdings LLC, for approximately $400 million. Exelon had committed to divest the plants as condition for regulatory approval of its merger with Constellation Energy to alleviate concerns regarding potential market power in the regional wholesale electricity market. The sale was completed on November 30, 2012.
Scheduled closure.
On November 10, 2020 Talen Energy (parent company of Raven Power) announced that it will stop burning coal at the Brandon Shores and Wagner plants by the end of 2025. The plants will be converted to use alternative fuel sources.
Dispatch of electricity.
The electrical output of Brandon Shores Generating Station is dispatched by the PJM Interconnection regional transmission organization.


Sisson Dam

The Sisson Dam is a hydroelectric dam built in the Canadian province of New Brunswick and is operated by NB Power corporation. Its power house has a capacity of 9 megawatts with its single turbine. It is located at the southeast corner of the Sisson Branch Reservoir, which it created, in Lorne Parish, Victoria County.


Miami Fort Power Station

The Miami Fort Generating Station is a dual-fuel power generating facility. It is a major coal-fired electrical power station, supplemented with a small oil-fired facility. Miami Fort is located in Miami Township, Hamilton County, immediately east of the tripoint of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio. Miami Fort Station is named for the nearby Miami Fort (not to be confused with Fort Miami in the same state).
Units and ownership.
A cooling tower was commissioned in the 1970s by Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company (CG&E), a forerunner of Duke Energy, in order to meet pollution control mandates set by the State of Ohio. Unit 5 was permanently shut down in 2010. Unit 6 ceased coal generation on June 1, 2015. The plant used to be co-owned by Duke Energy and Dayton Power & Light (DP&L). In August 2014, Duke Energy sold its stake in both the coal and oil facilities to Dynegy. DP&L continued to own its remaining share of ownership until 2017 when it sold its stake to Dynegy.
Environmental impact.
With its oldest unit dating back to late 1940s, the plant was ranked 36th on the United States list of dirtiest power plants in terms of sulphur dioxide emissions per megawatt-hour of electrical energy produced in 2006.
Retirement.
In September of 2020, Vistra announced its plans to retire the power station by year-end 2027 or earlier.


Allen Combined Cycle Plant

The Allen Combined Cycle Plant is a 1.1-gigawatt (1,100 MW) natural gas power plant located south of Memphis, Tennessee that began generating electricity in 2018. It is operated by Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
Background.
TVA announced plans that the Allen Fossil Plant would be replaced with a $975 million natural gas plant in order to reduce emissions by 2018 set by a 2011 agreement with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The TVA had plans to utilize greywater from the nearby Maxson Wastewater Treatment Plant, but was unviable and expensive. Instead, the TVA drilled wells on the Memphis Sand Aquifer to use for the plant's cooling source. During subsequent testing of groundwater and alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the combined cycle plant, TVA discovered that water contained arsenic and lead which raised concerns that use of the on-site wells may lead to cross-contamination of the Memphis Sand aquifer. As a result, the use of wells on site was suspended and all water for the plant was supplied from the MLGW system. As MLGW could not supply sufficient steady-state water flow to operate the combined cycle plant at full capacity in summer, TVA constructed four water storage tanks with 10 million gallon total capacity. The Allen Combined Cycle Plant went into commercial operations on April 30, 2018.
In addition to the natural gas plant, there is a 1 MW solar farm on site. The facility is also expected to burn biogas produced by the nearby Maxson wastewater treatment and biogas plant.


Northern Power Systems

Northern Power Systems is a company that designed, manufactured, and sold wind turbines, and provided engineering development services and technology licenses for energy applications, into the global marketplace. The company was founded in 1974, and has since grown into a multinational corporation headquartered in Barre, Vermont, with European headquarters in Zurich, Switzerland and a significant presence in the United Kingdom and Italy. It closed in 2019.
Products.
Northern Power Systems has almost 40 years’ experience in technologies and products generating renewable energy. Northern Power Systems currently manufactures the NPS 60 and NPS 100 wind turbines for community applications. The NPS 100 is rated as having a 100 kilowatt capacity, and the NPS 60 is rated as having a 60 kilowatt capacity. Northern Power Systems also manufactures the larger 2.3 megawatt turbine designed for industrial applications such as wind farms, called the Northern Power 2X platform. With millions of run time hours across its global fleet, Northern Power wind turbines provide customers with clean, cost effective, reliable renewable energy. Patented next generation permanent magnet/direct drive (PM/DD) technology uses fewer moving parts, delivers higher energy capture, and provides increased reliability due to reduced maintenance and downtime.
Northern Power Systems offers comprehensive in‐house development services, including systems level engineering, advanced drive trains, power electronics, PM machine design, and remote monitoring systems to the energy industry.
Some of the world’s largest manufacturers license NPS next generation technology and IP for their utility and distributed wind products and markets.


Rudhall of Gloucester

Rudhall of Gloucester was a family business of bell founders in the city of Gloucester, England, who between 1684 and 1835 cast more than 5,000 bells.
History.
There had been a tradition of bell casting in Gloucester since before the 14th century.
The family business was founded by Abraham Rudhall (1657–1736) who developed a method of tuning bells by turning on a lathe rather than the traditional "chipping" method with a chisel.
One of the earliest ring of bells he cast was for St Nicholas' Church, Oddington in 1684. He came to be described as the greatest bell-founder of his age. The business was continued by his eldest son, also called Abraham (1680–1735), his son Abel (1714–60), and three of Abel's sons, Thomas (?1740–83), Charles (1746–1815) and John (1760–1835). In 1815 John Rudhall was declared bankrupt and the bell foundry bought by Mears & Stainbank who owned the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. The business formally closed in 1828 but bells bearing John's name have been found with dates up to 1835.
Selected bells.
Five bells cast in 1702 by Abraham Rudhall I hang in St James the Great, West Hanney, Oxfordshire. A sixth was recast in 1856.
In 1706 and 1707 Abraham Rudhall I cast three of the bells of Great Malvern Priory.
In 1710 Abraham Rudhall I cast six bells for SS Michael and Wulfad's church in Stone, Staffordshire. In 2012 the four heaviest bells, including the tenor, were re-hung in the church but the other two were replaced by new bells cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. The two redundant bells were moved to St Michael's Tower, Gloucester, near to where they were cast.
Three of the bells of St Mary Magdalene, Adlestrop were cast by Abraham Rudhall I in 1711.
Six of the bells in the Church of St Leonard, Middleton, Greater Manchester were cast by Abraham Rudhall I in 1714.
Five of the bells of St Michael and All Angels, Great Torrington were cast by Abraham Rudhal I in 1716.
Six of the bells in Pershore Abbey were cast in 1729 by Abraham Rudhall II: a seventh (also 1727) was recast in 1897.
Six bells by Abel Rudhall (cast in 1738 and 1753) hang in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin.
Eight change ringing bells (tenor: in F) at Old North Church in Boston were cast by Abel Rudhall in 1744 and hung in 1745. One bell has the inscription: "We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A.R. 1744."
All eight bells from the Church of St Anne, Shandon, an iconic symbol of Cork, Ireland, were cast by Abel Rudhall in 1750. They were recast in 1870.
Four of the bells of Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral, Cork, were cast by Abel Rudhall in 1751.
Five bells cast by Abel Rudhall in 1757 still hang in Wells Cathedral.


Reactor operator

A reactor operator (or nuclear reactor operator) is an individual at a nuclear power plant who is responsible for directly controlling a nuclear reactor from a control panel and is the only individual at a nuclear power plant who can directly alter significant amounts of reactor reactivity. The reactor operator occupies a position of great responsibility that may require him or her to start up a nuclear reactor, shut down a nuclear reactor, monitor reactor parameters, or respond to a casualty of the nuclear reactor.
All reactor operators are required to be licensed or qualified by their respective governing body (for example, the NRC for U.S. civilian nuclear reactors and Naval Reactors for U.S. naval reactors).
Civilian reactor operators are individuals with enormous responsibilities to protect the health and the safety and their site and the public. The job can be extremely stressful and requires individuals to maintain high awareness of the controls. The high mental standard required for the job is often compared to that of naval aviators.
The median annual salary for a licensed reactor operator is $140,000 - $200,000 a year plus bonuses and other monetary benefits. The job outlook for the near future predicts a 10% growth with many people retiring.
United States.
Civilian reactor operator licensing.
There are two types of civilian reactor operators licensed by the NRC: reactor operators (RO) and senior reactor operators (SRO).
Reactor operator.
A reactor operator is an individual who has met the licensing requirements of 10 CFR 55 and NUREG-1021 for being a reactor operator. These requirements include:
A reactor operator is licensed to manipulate the controls of a nuclear reactor which may alter reactivity and change the power level. Typically, this means that a reactor operator is qualified to remotely operate control rods and other remote actions required to control the reactor as desired (within regulatory requirements).
Senior reactor operator.
A senior reactor operator is an individual who has met the licensing requirements of 10 CFR 55 and NUREG-1021 for being a senior reactor operator. These requirements are similar to the requirements for a reactor operator, except:
A senior reactor operator is licensed to manipulate the controls of a nuclear reactor and direct others to manipulate controls. A senior reactor operator is the senior watch stander in a control room and is responsible for directing the operation of the nuclear reactor as desired (within regulatory requirements). They also are licensed to perform fuel movement/core alterations within the reactor vessel (only SRO and Limited SROs are allowed to do this).
A senior reactor operator licensee (like aviation pilots and masters of ships at sea) is authorized by law to depart from regulations during emergencies. 10CFR50.54(x) states they may "take reasonable action that departs from a license condition or a technical specification (contained in a license issued under this part) in an emergency when this action is immediately needed to protect the public health and safety and no action consistent with license conditions and technical specifications that can provide adequate or equivalent protection is immediately apparent." and 10CFR50.54(y) "Licensee action permitted by paragraph (x) of this section shall be approved, as a minimum, by a licensed senior operator, or, at a nuclear power reactor facility for which the certifications required under Sec. 50.82(a)(1) have been submitted, by either a licensed senior
operator or a certified fuel handler, prior to taking the action."
Trainee.
The only other person who may manipulate the controls of a US civilian nuclear power reactor is an individual who:


Integrated Device Technology

Integrated Device Technology, Inc. is an American corporation headquartered in San Jose, California, that designs, manufactures, and markets low-power, high-performance mixed-signal semiconductor solutions for the advanced communications, computing, and consumer industries. The company markets its products primarily to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Founded in 1980, the company began as a provider of complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) for the communications business segment and computing business segments. The company is focused on three major areas: communications infrastructure (wireless and wired), high-performance computing, and advanced power management.
Business segments.
The communications segment offers communication clocks, serial RapidIO solutions for wireless base station infrastructure applications, radio frequency products, digital logic products, first-in and first-out (FIFO) memories, integrated communications processors, static random-access memory (SRAM) products, and telecommunications semiconductor products. This segment markets its products to the enterprise, data center, and wireless markets.
The computing segment provides timing products, PCI Express switching and bridging solutions, high-performance server memory interfaces, multi-port products, signal integrity products, and PC audio and video products. This segment's computing products are designed for desktop, notebook, sub-notebook, storage, and server applications.
The consumer segment provides products for digital TVs, smartphones, and gaming consoles through touch controllers, timing products, multi-port memory, audio, and power management devices.
History.
IDT's first product was the first low-power, high-speed CMOS-based 6116 static random-access memory (SRAM) device, released in 1981, followed by the first CMOS FIFO introduced in 1982. Subsequent achievements include the first dual-port memory, pioneering in embedded RISC processors, leadership in network search engines and the first flow-control management device.
In 1993, IDT entered the PC clock market with a family of devices (CV104, CV105, CV107, and CV109) focusing on desktop computer platforms. IDT planned to expand its market by producing a suite of PC clock devices that serve next-generation notebook and desktop computing platforms.
In the early 2000s IDT introduced its first integrated microprocessor, the RC32334. The RC32334 was the first in the family of integrated processors targeted to communication applications. Then a year later IDT introduced an industry's first network search engine.
In 2003, IDT announced its entry into the PC clock market. The company shifted its initial PC clock family to products serving current-generation desktop, notebook, and server platforms.
In 2004, IDT continued to expand its business by acquiring ZettaCom and Internet Machines Corporation, allowing IDT to enter the serial switching industry. Rather than continue to evolve ZettaCom's full line of existing physical-layer switching and traffic management chips, IDT converted ZettaCom's operation into a new serial switching division. With the acquisition of Internet Machines, IDT was able to accelerate its entry into the standards-based serial-switching market with the addition of PCI Express technology licensed from Internet Machines.
By the mid 2000s IDT had developed a single-chip clocking device for Intel Centrino for the notebook PC, jitter attenuator for PCI Express applications, PCI Express interconnect to manage all communications in high density blade systems.
In July 2009, IDT and Micron Technology entered an alliance to develop PCI Express Solid-State Drive technologies for the server, storage and embedded markets. During this alliance, IDT and Micron co-developed enterprise flash controllers with PCIe host interface optimized for Micron's flash devices and future generation RealSSD solid-state drives.
Currently IDT provides for analog and USB switches, audio solutions, clock/timing devices, digital logic products, display/video solutions, FIFO solutions, memory interface products, multi-port memory/dual-port RAM, PCI Express solutions, power management, RF solutions, SRAMs, Serial RapidIO solutions, signal integrity, telecommunications ICS, temperature sensors, and touch products.
Mergers and acquisitions.
In 1999 (or 2002 ), IDT acquired Quality Semiconductor, a provider of high-performance logic and networking semiconductor products, in an all-stock deal.
In 2001, IDT acquired Newave Inc., a Chinese semiconductor firm, to accelerate its investment in the growing Asian semiconductor industry and telecommunications market. Newave became a subsidiary of IDT through a cash-for-stock merger.
In April 2001 IDT acquired Solidum Systems, an Ottawa-based fabless semiconductor company.
In April 2004, IDT acquired ZettaCom, a serial switching and bridging semiconductor company, for $35 million. This enabled IDT to be one of the few communications IC suppliers to participate in the standards-based Advance Switching initiative spearheaded by Intel.
IDT made two acquisitions in 2005. In June, IDT acquired Integrated Circuit Systems (ICS) for about $1.7 billion in cash and stock. The acquisition provided a platform for growth within the communications, computing, and consumer market. In October, IDT acquired Freescale Semiconductor's timing solutions business for $35 million. The transaction was originally initiated by Integrated Circuit System Inc. before it was acquired by IDT earlier that year.
In July 2006, IDT acquired the PC Audio division of Austin-based company SigmaTel for $80 million. This including the design, marketing and manufacturing rights, and software products. IDT planned to maintain the production flow of the existing SigmaTel products as part of the purchase agreement. This division was later spun-off from IDT and became Tempo Semiconductor, Inc. in 2013.
In October 2008, IDT purchased the video processing technology and related assets from Silicon Optix, including the Hollywood Quality Video (HQV) brand and the Reon product line. This transaction included members of the Silicon Optix HQV engineering teams to enable continued delivery of video processing solutions.
In April 2009, IDT sold its network search engine business to NetLogic Microsystems for approximately $100 million.
In June, 2009, IDT acquired the touch sensor technology assets and employees of Leadis Technology necessary to execute the existing roadmap. That same month, IDT acquired Tundra Semiconductor for about CDN $120.8 million to expand IDT's serial switching bridging products through PCI Express, RapidIO, and VME interconnect standards.
In 2010, IDT made two acquisitions. In January, IDT acquired Mobius Microsystems Inc., a developer of all-silicon oscillator technology. Terms of the deal were not disclosed. In late April of that year, IDT acquired the assets of IKOR, a former subsidiary of iWatt Corporation that manufactures power module VRM solutions for high-performance computing. The all-cash transaction allowed IDT to produce high-performance power management solutions for enterprise computing.
In September 2011, IDT and Qualcomm announced the signing an agreement to transfer IDT's Hollywood Quality Video (HQV) and Frame Rate Conversion (FRC) Video Processing product lines and certain related assets to Qualcomm. As part of the agreement, both companies will be exploring options to include more of IDT's products in Qualcomm's reference designs.
In 2012, IDT made three acquisitions. In April, IDT acquired FOX Electronics, a global supplier of frequency control products (FCPs), in an all-cash transaction for approximately $30 million. In July 2012, IDT acquired NXP’s high-speed data converter assets and Alvand Technologies, an analog IP company specializing in data converters. Terms of the deals were not disclosed. These transactions add to IDT's solutions for wireless infrastructure.
In 2015, IDT acquired ZMDI in Dresden, Germany for $307 million.
In 2017, IDT acquired GigPeak, a highly regarded optical interconnect product and technology business, for total cash consideration of $3.08 per share, or approximately $250 million in cash.
In Sept 2018, Renesas announced it had agreed to buy IDT for $6.7 billion. The deal is expected to close in the first half of 2019. On March 30, 2019, Renesas completed the acquisition of Integrated Device Technology.


ROF Aycliffe

 ROF Aycliffe, was a Royal Ordnance Factory built on an site off Heighington Lane, Aycliffe, County Durham, England during the early 1940s.
"Aycliffe Angels".
The factory's workers included around 17,000 women from the surrounding towns and villages, who worked filling shells and bullets and assembling detonators and fuzes for the war effort. They became known as the "Aycliffe Angels" after a Nazi propaganda broadcast from Lord Haw-Haw threatened that "The little angels of Aycliffe won't get away with it" and promised that the Luftwaffe would bomb them into submission.
By its nature the work was very dangerous and many workers were killed and injured during the manufacturing process; however due to the secrecy surrounding the factory and its workers, many incidents went unrecorded and unreported in the news and their efforts went unrecognised.
In 2000 local newspaper "The Northern Echo" launched a campaign to have their work officially recognised, this led to a memorial service which was attended by Prime Minister and local MP Tony Blair and the Queen. A permanent memorial was also placed in Newton Aycliffe town centre commemorating their efforts.
Operations.
The marshy location was chosen as it was an ideal site, shrouded in fog and mist for much of the year providing cover against bombing by the Luftwaffe. It opened as ROF 59 (Filling factory early in 1941, resulting in the construction and opening of two new stations on the former Clarence Railway at and .
As a munitions factory, ROF Aycliffe operated 24 hours a day, employing over 17,000 workers in three shift groups. Most of the workers were women. They were transported from surrounding areas onto the site by bus and train, with the most local workers arriving on foot or by bicycle.
During its existence, the factory produced finished munitions including bullets, shells and mines. Operational for just over four years until the end of World War II in 1945, by which point it had produced some 700 million bullets and countless other munitions. The factory was designated as a 'Top Secret' installation and surrounded by high fences with barbed wire.
The factory was visited during the war years by Winston Churchill and members of the British Royal Family. Many well-known entertainers of the day also performed at the factory for the workers.
Post-war.
After the war, the factory closed and the site was turned into the Newton Aycliffe Industrial Estate in the late 1940s. Many of the original buildings are still standing today.
References.
Photographs and brief history of the Aycliffe Angels


Jorgensen Engineering

Jorgensen Engineering is a global processing equipment-supplier with headquarters in Odense, Denmark.
History.
Jorgensen Engineering A/S was established in 1933 under the name of Bøg Jørgensens Maskinfabrik by engineer Rasmus Bøg Jørgensen.
After having worked in the United States for 10 years, Mr. Jørgensen had gained experience in the field of constructions, and in 1935 the first canning machines were made. From then on, processing equipment was the core business, and today, Jorgensen Engineering mainly supplies systems for handling food, pet food, and pharmaceutical packaging.
Rasmus Bøg Jørgensen was in front of the company until 1955, when his son, engineer Paul Bøg Rasmussen took over. Under his management, export was heavily expanded, and in 1974 the company of Jorgensen Food Engineering ApS was established. In 1987, the company was made public and took the name of Jorgensen Engineering A/S.
In 2016 Jorgensen Engineering becomes a member of the Swedish Xano Group.


SK Hand Tools

SK Hand Tools (styled earlier as S-K, now usually SK) is an American tool company located in Sycamore, Illinois. Major products include sockets and drive tools, wrenches, air tools, and other mechanics' tools. The company has a tool line of over 3,500 items including wrenches, ratchets, screwdrivers, tool boxes and air tools. It has manufacturing facilities in Colorado Springs, Colorado and Sycamore, Illinois. Outlets for their products include independent tool-truck dealers, auto parts stores, and major internet vendors such as Sears and Amazon.com.
Jay Leno described SK as "an iconic American brand for decades," and the company is known for inventing the round-head ratchet wrench.
History.
SK was founded as the Sherman-Klove Company, specializing in screw machine products, by Mason H. Sherman and Noah Grover Klove. The company was founded in the early 20th century to supply munitions in World War I, and made mortar housings in a screw machine plant on Harrison Street in Chicago. During the 1920s SK operated primarily as a contract company, making tools for other brands (including Craftsman). Business thrived, they made specialty screw machine products that did well until the Depression. William S. Sherman (W.S.), Mason's son, came to SK after graduating college in 1927 and was eventually a major owner of the company. One of the products the company made was socket wrenches for Hinsdale Socket and Wrench Company. The Hinsdale Company went out of business during the great depression leaving Sherman-Klove with a large inventory of this product. They then redesigned the product and changed the company name to S-K Tools.
Theodore Rueb, an engineer for the Sherman-Klove Company, went on to develop a new mechanism for a very successful line of ratchets, scaled from 1/4-drive up to 3/4-drive. The "round-head" ratchet has remained one of the most popular ratchet styles in the seven decades since S-K's first development, and many modern ratchets are little changed from the earliest design. SK invented the round-head ratchet wrench in 1933 and received a patent for it the following year, which remains a mainstay of their, and every major competitor's product line today.
In 1962, SK, along with manufacturing partner Lectrolite Corp., of Defiance, Ohio, was bought out by Symington-Wayne and became SK Wayne.
In 1968 S-K Wayne was purchased by Dresser Industries as part of the merger between Wayne Oil and Tank Company and Dresser Industries. Dresser Industries made many changes to S-K's tools including dropping the cross-hatch pattern from their sockets in order to 'modernize' them.
In 1985, SK became part of the French company Facom Tools. In 2005 it was purchased by its management and again operated independently as the S-K Hand Tools Corporation.
On June 29, 2010, the company declared bankruptcy. On August 23, 2010, it was announced that two days later, on August 25, 2010, Ideal Industries would acquire SK.


Zero emission

Zero emission refers to an engine, motor, process, or other energy source, that emits no waste products that pollute the environment or disrupt the climate.
Zero emission engines.
Vehicles and other mobile machinery used for transport (over land, sea, air, rail) and for other uses (agricultural, mobile power generation, etc.) contribute heavily to climate change and pollution, so zero emission engines are an area of active research. These technologies almost in all cases include an electric motor powered by an energy source compact enough to be installed in the vehicle. These sources include hydrogen fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheel energy storage devices.
In some cases, such as compressed air engines, the engine may be mechanical rather than electrical. This mechanical engine is then powered by a passive energy source like compressed air, or a combustible non-polluting gas like hydrogen.
The above engines can be used in all vehicles, from cars to boats to propeller airplanes. For boats, energy sources such as nuclear power and solar panels can also be a viable option, in addition to traditional sails and turbosails.
A concept like vegetable oil economy produces emissions.


HKW Chemnitz-Nord

HKW Chemnitz-Nord (abbreviation for Heizkraftwerk Chemnitz) is a lignite-fired power station in the northern parts of Chemnitz with a power capacity of 120 megawatts. It has a 301.8 metre tall chimney. In 2013 the chimney was painted in pastel colours by Daniel Buren.