Zhang Tianfu

Zhang Tianfu (, 21 September 1910 – 4 June 2017) was a Chinese agronomist and expert in tea processing, known for promoting processing of oolong. He was also a tea connoisseur.
Biography.
Zhang was born to a Christian family on 21 September (the 18th day of the 8th lunar month), 1910. Both of his parents were doctors who worked at a mission hospital in Shanghai. In 1911, the family moved to Fuzhou, Fujian. He was sent to a local private primary school at the age of 7, then he attended then Ko-Chih High School at the age of 13. Despite his father's objections, Zhang sought to transfer to Shanghai, spending the last year of high school in there. Soon afterwards he was admitted to Fukien Christian University. After completing his first year, he transferred to Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nanking.
Upon graduation Zhang returned to Fukien Christian University as a lecturer. Supported by the university, he surveyed tea cultivation and processing in Japan and then Taiwan under Japanese rule between 1934 and 1935. Later, he established and headed a vocational college of agriculture along with a tea intensive breeding base in Fu'an. In 1936, he introduced the tea processing machines from Japan, facilitating the automation of the domestic tea industry. From 1942 to 1944, he resumed teaching at Fukien Christian University. Then he took over the leadership of the National Tea Research Institute in Chong'an county.
Personal life.
In the 1950s, Zhang was transferred to Fuzhou. He was targeted at the start of the Anti-Rightist Movement and subsequently was exiled to Chong'an until 1962. The Cultural Revolution followed, and Zhang was exiled to Shouning. Despite his exile, Zhang continued scientific research. He was rehabilitated in 1980. He finished a monograph on oolong by the 1990s.
Zhang's first wife died in the early 1990s. He married an acrobat, Zhang Xiaohong, in February 2010.


Frederick Hannaford

Frederick Hannaford (20 December 1829 – 16 March 1898) was a farmer and politician in the British colony of South Australia.
He was born in Devonshire, and migrated to South Australia on the ship "Brightman" with his mother Susannah Hannaford, née Elliott, a sister and four brothers, arriving in December 1840. He began farming on the Adelaide Plains, and later moved to Gumeracha. He set up an apple orchard at Mount Bera, Cudlee Creek, reputedly the first in the colony of South Australia. The farm and orchard were later taken over by his son and grandson. He later moved to the River Gilbert region, and from 1876 with his brother John ran the Riverton Arms Hotel (later Riverton Hotel) in Riverton, and ran a flour milling business in Clare, which he sold to Charles Kimber in 1864.
He was chairman of the District Council of Talunga (later merged into Barossa Council) from 1869 to 1873. (His nephew Ernest Hayler Hannaford (1879–1955) was chairman of the same Council 1912–1920.)
He was member for Gumeracha in the South Australian House of Assembly from February 1875 to April 1878, a colleague of Ebenezer Ward.
He retired to Adelaide and died in Kent Town.
See also.
Susannah Hannaford for more on South Australia's Hannaford family and their many notable members.


James S. Negley

James Scott Negley (December 22, 1826 – August 7, 1901) was an American Civil War General, farmer, railroader, and U.S. Representative from the state of Pennsylvania. He played a key role in the Union victory at the Battle of Stones River.
Early life.
Negley was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, son of Jacob Negley and Mary Ann Scott. His aunt Sarah married Thomas Mellon. He was educated in public schools, and graduated from the University of Pittsburgh (which was known as the Western University of Pennsylvania at the time). He served in a volunteer regiment, Company K of the Duquesne Greys, 1st Pennsylvania Volunteers, during the Mexican–American War. After the war, he became a farmer and horticulturist.
Civil War.
On April 19, 1861, Negley was appointed brigadier general in the Pennsylvania Militia. He raised a brigade of Pennsylvania volunteers and served under Robert Patterson in the Shenandoah Valley in 1861. His appointment as brigadier general expired on July 20 but he was reappointed brigadier general of volunteers on October 1, 1861. In October, he was placed in command of the 7th Brigade in the Department of the Ohio. He commanded the Union expedition (raid) against Chattanooga during the Confederate Heartland Offensive. The expedition proved to be a successful demonstration of the Union Army's ability to strike deep into the heart of Confederate held territory.
On November 29, 1862, he was appointed major general of volunteers and took command of the 8th Division in the Army of the Ohio. His division became the 2nd Division in George H. Thomas' Center Wing of the XIV Corps during the Battle of Stones River. On the second day of fighting, he led a successful counterattack against Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge on the Union left flank. He commanded his division during the Tullahoma Campaign and the Battle of Chickamauga. During the maneuvering that preceded the Battle of Chickamauga, Negley's division, in the advance of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's corps, was almost trapped in a cul-de-sac named McLemore's Cove, but command confusion in the Confederate Army of Tennessee allowed them to escape in what became known as the Battle of Davis' Crossroads. After the Union defeat at Chickamauga, Negley, whose division became scattered during the second day's fighting, was relieved of command, but was acquitted of any wrongdoing during the battle. The most recent study of his actions is highly critical to the general for vanishing from sight without anyone knowing where to find him. Negley, however, blamed his misfortunes on the prejudices toward him of West Point graduates. When Ulysses S. Grant became general-in-chief in 1864 he discussed restoring Negley to command. However, after serving on several administrative boards, Negley resigned in January 1865.
Fort Negley, built in Nashville, Tennessee in 1862 was named after him. It was the largest stone inland fort built during the war.
Postbellum career.
After the war, Negley was elected as a Republican to the United States Congress in 1868 and served from 1869 to 1875. In 1877, during the Pittsburgh Railway Riots, Negley served as commander of the militia organized by the city of Pittsburgh to maintain order in the city.
He served on the board of managers of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers from 1874 to 1878 and from 1882 to 1888. He was re-elected to Congress in 1884 and served from 1885 to 1887. After retiring from politics, he was engaged in the railroad industry. The community of Negley, Ohio bears his name after being founded by the New York, Pittsburgh & Chicago Railway line. In 1897, he became a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars.
Negley died in Plainfield, New Jersey, aged 74. He is buried in the Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.
The famous twentieth century foreign correspondent Negley Farson was a relative and namesake of the general.
References.
 Retrieved on 2008-11-05


Myroodah

Myroodah or Myroodah Station is a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station but presently operates as a cattle station located in Western Australia.
Situated about south east of Looma and about south east of Derby in the Kimberley region, the property is currently owned by the Indigenous Land Corporation and occupies an area . It is south of the Fitzroy River and runs back to the edge of the Great Sandy Desert. It has a range of soil types from the black soil of the flood plains to the red sandhills and spinifex country. The manager since 2011 is Chris Daniell and the property runs approximately 23,000 head of Brahman cattle mostly for the live export trade from Broome.
Both the Margaret River and Fitzroy River severely flooded in 1894, so much so that the rivers that are normally about apart were united for at least two days. Heavy losses were expected at Myroodah similar to the losses at Yeeda and Mount Anderson Stations.
Two landing strips were cleared at Myroodah in 1946 for the mail plane to land on when Upper Liveringa's strip, located across the river and away, was unavailable. The first time the strip was to be used, no ground sheets, to indicate safe landing, had been put out so the plane dropped the mail and continued its run.
The property was stocked with about 28,000 sheep in 1947, of which 13,000 were lost while mustering them for shearing. The station manager, Stephen Godbhaer, claimed that the late rains caused phenomenal growth of the cork screw grass, forming a jungle through which it was impossible to drive them.
The 1951 wool clip of 185 bales had to be transported off the property by a Douglas DC-3 aircraft after the Fitzroy River had become impassable and the wool had to reach Derby urgently to be in time to be shipped to England.


Kabile Manor

Kabile Manor ( ) is a manor house located in Kuldīga Municipality, Kabile Parish, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.
History.
Built in Baroque style between 1734 and 1740 for Eleonora von Behr, it was remodeled in the 1860s. Unique 18th century interiors of manor has been preserved. Vaulted cellars of Kabile Manor has been storing wine since manor house has been built. Now manor has fully operational cidery and winery.


The Pas Lumber Company

The Pas Lumber Company (later known as Winton Global Lumber) was a forestry company that owned and operated several sawmills and logging operations in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia.
United States origins.
Charles Joel Winton was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1862. His family later moved to Addison, NY, and he went to Princeton University, before moving to Wasau, Wisconsin in 1884. Once in Wasau, he invested money into various sectors such as land, rail, and oil, and in 1889, he began investing in forestry. In 1897, he and his wife Helen Smith Winton gave birth to David Judson Winton, and in 1899, they gave birth to Charles Joel Winton, Jr. The family moved to Minneapolis in 1909.
After graduation, David Judson Winton also studied at Princeton University. His studies were interrupted by World War I, and before entering his final year of studies, he spent two years in the US Army with the American Field Service Ambulance Corps. He was deployed to France, where he was injured, and received the Distinguished Service Cross and the Purple Heart. After graduating from Princeton in 1920 he worked in logging camps before eventually moving back to Minneapolis. Once there he worked with his father Charles and his brother Charles Jr. at the Winton Companies, and eventually took over as the head of the Winton Companies.
By the 1910s, forests in Wisconsin and Minnesota were running out of wood, and many of the lumbermen began moving to Canada to find new forests to harvest. In 1919, the Finger Lumber Company in The Pas, Manitoba suffered a barn fire at their sawmill, and David Judson Winton used this event as an opportunity to buy-out the company and shift his lumber operations to Canada.
Canadian operations.
The assets acquired from the Finger Lumber Company included the mill facilities in The Pas, one tugboat, two steam barges, and of timber berths along the Carrot and Saskatchewan Rivers. The Wintons had also recently purchased a sawmill in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and decided to move the machinery from it to their larger operation in The Pas, which was renamed to The Pas Lumber Company.
Throughout the 1920s, the company continued upgrading their facilities in The Pas and acquiring new timber berths. Within their first ten years of operating, they doubled their shipping capacity to four steamboats. So much wood was cut along the Carrot River that the river became impassable for ships in the springtime, and the company had to build roads along the river as an alternative mode of travel.
In 1926, The Pas Lumber Company purchased the Red Deer Lumber Company, and began operating their sawmill on Red Deer Lake in 1928.
Around this time, the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) began building another rail line south from Hudson Bay Junction. Since much of the wood for their Red Deer Lake Sawmill had been cut upstream along the Etomami River, the company decided to build a new sawmill and a dam on the Etomami River at the base of the Porcupine Hills within the Porcupine Forest Reserve near to the new rail line. CNoR eventually built another rail line to this area from Crooked River, Saskatchewan. Therefore, the community that grew around the new mill was called Reserve Junction, because it was the only railway junction within the Porcupine Forest Reserve. An alternative source for the word junction in the name of the community is that the mill also sat at the junction of the Etomami and Pewei Rivers. Once the new mill at Reserve Junction was operational, the company shut down its mill at Red Deer Lake.
The Pas Lumber Company continued to operate its mill at Reserve Junction until 1954, when the company opened a new mill in Prince George, BC. By 1958, its mill in The Pas had also closed so the company could focus its efforts in BC.
Even though the company no longer had operations in The Pas, they continued to call themselves The Pas Lumber Company for several decades after the closure, but eventually renamed the company to Winton Global Lumber.
Winton Global Lumber's BC operations were later sold to Sinclair Group (2/3 ownership) and Canfor (1/3 ownership). These companies continued to operate Winton Global Lumber until June 2008 when the US housing bubble popped during the Financial Crisis of 2007-08 and new home construction in the US ground to a halt.
Legacy.
Sinclair Group's Engineered Wood and Prefabricated Home Divisions still use the Winton name.


Peedamulla

Peedamulla Station, often referred to as Peedamulla, is a pastoral lease that currently operates as a cattle station but once operated as a sheep station.
Description.
The homestead is located about south east of Onslow and south west of Panawonica in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The property adjoins the coastline and the town of Onslow. "Peedamulla" is the Indigenous Australian word meaning "plenty water".
The Cane River runs through the property, with the entire river delta found within the station boundaries. The delta is severely degraded as a result of overgrazing.
The majority of the property is composed of spinifex country with areas of cracking clays found on the eastern side.
History.
The Ashburton Land District was opened up for pastoral leases after the explorations of Francis Thomas Gregory in the 1860s.
The Peedamulla leases, originally known as Peedamullah, were taken over by Edmund and Archibald Burt in the early 1880s.
In 1922 the Burts put up a portion of the station for auction. A total of , of which was fenced, was put on the market. The area included parts of the Cane River, including one permanent pool as well as five wells.
The station was sold in 1928 for £60,000 carrying a flock of 30,000 to 35,000 sheep. The property was acquired by Messrs. Banard, Brandi, W. Montgomery and McManus, who had formed the Peedamulla Pastoral Company.
In 1930 the property was on the market again, advertised as having an area of and stocked with 34,000 sheep. The property has an area of enclosed in sheep proof fencing and subdivided into 32 paddocks equipped with 35 wells with windmills and troughs. In 1932 the property was in the hands of liquidators and still for sale. It was acquired by Cornelius McManus and W Montgomery later the same year.
In 1924 the area was struck by a cyclone, with 40 windmills being destroyed at Peedamulla. Drought followed, resulting in further stock losses.
Alexander Edward Hardie acquired Peedamulla in 1937 for £19,522. Firstly Hardie's son, Byron, managed the station then G. Herbert took over in 1942. Herbert later leased a part of Peedamulla which became Cane River Station. The Hardie family still owned the property in 1955 when it was managed by Arthur Roland.
By 1961 the landholding had been reduced down to following resumption of lands for the Onslow town water supply. A cyclone hit the same year followed by another in 1963 with both causing damage to the buildings and loss of livestock.
The Hardies sold the property in the 1970s to Moira and Neville MacDonald for 70,000, then three years later the MacDonalds sold it to the Commonwealth Government, stocked with 28,000 sheep, to be used by Aboriginal people of the region.
The Parker family have managed the property since 1985 and have developed a joint venture with the Ashburton Aboriginal Corporation to use the property as a training centre for Aboriginal people of the Pilbara.
The homestead ruin has been assessed for heritage status due to the connection with the prominent Western Australian Burt family.


Robert Leake (Australian politician)

Robert Rowland Leake (1811 – 14 September 1860) was a sheep farmer politician in the early days of the colony of South Australia.
History.
Robert Rowland Leake and his brother Edward John Leake (1812–1867) emigrated with their parents John and Elizabeth Leake to Tasmania (then Van Diemen's Land) in 1823 with the first flock of Saxon Merino sheep to be brought to the Southern Hemisphere. He was appointed by the South Australia Company to oversee in 1836 the flock they were importing into their new colony.
Robert and his brothers settled in the South-East of South Australia as squatters and eventually Robert became owner of the Glencoe estate.
They founded Inverary station on the shores of Lake Leake, an extinct volcano. Adam Lindsay Gordon was once employed there as a horse-breaker.
Robert served as the first member of the House of Assembly for the single-person electorate of Victoria from February 1857. He resigned in December 1857
On the death of Robert, his brother Edward inherited Glencoe Station of , carrying 53,000 sheep, 3,500 cattle and 300 horses. He was responsible for building a magnificent new woolshed designed by W. T. Gore and accommodating 36 shearers on the board, it is now National Trust. Letitia Leake sold the station to John Riddoch and George Riddoch, who later divided the property between themselves. John took the southern end and in 1898 broke it up for closer settlement; George's named his portion "Koorine".
Family.
Robert Leake married Ruth Hickmer in 1853. She married again, to Henry William Thirkill on 3 January 1867.
Edward John Leake (died 27 April 1867) married Letitia Amanda Clarke on 31 July 1854. She had a son 3 October 1862; she married again, to Richard McCarthy on 19 November 1870.


Hannah Hauxwell

Hannah Hauxwell (1 August 192630 January 2018) was a British farmer who was the subject of several television documentaries. She first came to public attention after being covered in an ITV documentary, "Too Long a Winter", made by Yorkshire Television and produced by Barry Cockcroft, which chronicled the almost unendurable conditions of farmers in the High Pennines in winter.
"Yorkshire Post" article.
A Yorkshire Post article published in April 1970 chronicled the daily life of Hauxwell, then 44, as she worked alone in her family home, Low Birk Hatt Farm, a dilapidated farm in Baldersdale, west of Cotherstone, in the North Riding of Yorkshire (since 1974 in County Durham). She had run the farm by herself since the age of 35 following the deaths of her parents and uncle. With no electricity or running water and struggling to survive on £240–280 a year ()at the time, the average annual salary in the UK was £1,339 (). Life was a constant battle against poverty and hardship, especially in the harsh Pennine winters, when she had to work outside tending her few cattle in ragged clothes in temperatures well below freezing.
Television documentaries.
"Too Long a Winter".
In the summer of 1972, Hauxwell was discovered by a friend of a researcher at Yorkshire Television while out walking in the Yorkshire Dales. The researcher contacted Barry Cockcroft, a producer at the company, who proposed to make a TV documentary tentatively entitled "The Hard Life". The documentary started with her leading a cow into a shed during a blizzard in Baldersdale. After the documentary was first shown in 1972, Yorkshire TV's phone line was jammed for three days with viewers wanting to find out more and help her. ITV received hundreds of phone calls and mail containing gifts and money for "the old lady in the Yorkshire Dales". A local factory raised money to fund getting electricity to Low Birk Hatt Farm, and she continued to receive thousands of letters and donations from well-wishers around the world.
"A Winter Too Many".
Almost two decades after "Too Long a Winter", in 1989, the same TV crew returned to her farm to catch up with Hauxwell. The second documentary, "A Winter Too Many", saw that Hauxwell had a little more money, which she had invested in a few more cows. The crew followed her to London where she was guest of honour at the Women of the Year gala. Out of the spotlight, however, her work on the farm continued, and each winter became harder for her to endure. She commented "In summer I live and in winter I exist" in the film, which also showed her departure just before Christmas 1988. With her health and strength slowly failing, she had to sell her family farm and the animals she adored and move into a warm cottage in a nearby village.
"Hannah Goes To Town".
The footage of Hauxwell's journey to the Women of the Year gala at the London Savoy Hotel as a guest of honour, where she met the Duchess of Gloucesterwhich was briefly touched upon in "A Winter Too Many"was used alongside additional footage (collected at the time) to document Hauxwell's entire trip.
"Hannah Hauxwell: Innocent Abroad".
In 1992 director Barry Cockcroft once again ventured into Hauxwell's life making a documentary series which followed Hauxwell on her first trips outside of the UK. Hauxwell visited France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy, during which she met the Pope. The series proved so popular it was followed by another trip, this time to the United States in 1994, filmed as "Hannah:USA".
She was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1992, when she was surprised by Michael Aspel while signing copies of her newly published book, Innocent Abroad, at the Waterstones store in Kingston upon Thames.
Later life.
After selling her farm and land, Hauxwell was by then comfortably off and moved to a little cottage in the village of Cotherstone, less than from Low Birk Hatt Farm, where the meadows, designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest, are now called Hannah's Meadows and managed by Durham Wildlife Trust. A book, "Hannah Hauxwell—80 Years in the Dales" (W. R. Mitchell) was published in 2008. A new DVD, "Hannah Hauxwell—An Extraordinary Life", featuring "Too Long A Winter", "A Winter Too Many", and "Innocent Abroad", was published. Hauxwell was interviewed on "Woman's Hour" in March 2008. To mark her 85th year, she was interviewed by the "Yorkshire Post" and revealed that she was still living a frugal life and remained an avid radio listener.
She moved to a care home in Barnard Castle in 2016, and to a nursing home in West Auckland the following year. She died there on 30 January 2018. After a funeral service at Barnard Castle Methodist Church, Hauxwell was laid to rest at Romaldkirk cemetery, not far from Low Birk Hatt.


Fred Archibald

Frederick George Archibald (died 1979) was a Fijian planter and politician. He served as a member of the Legislative Council in two spells between 1947 and 1966.
Biography.
A part-European, Archibald was born into a family of planters in Vanua Levu. He ran a small copra plantation in the Savusavu area.
In the 1947 Legislative Council elections he contested the Eastern constituency and defeated incumbent MLC Harold Brockett Gibson. He was subsequently defeated by Gibson in the 1950 elections, and unsuccessfully challenged him again in 1953 and 1956. He suffered a mental breakdown in 1958 and spent some time in an asylum. Although he returned to normal life, he did not contest the 1959 elections.
In 1963 he ran against Gibson again, defeating him by 17 votes. However, after the election the result was challenged on the basis that Archibald was 'not of sound mind' and therefore ineligible to be a candidate. It emerged that after his certification in 1958, the certificate had never been cancelled due to an oversight. Following the issue being raised by the challenger, the certificate was cancelled on 11 June. Although the petition was initially dismissed as having been lodged outside the required time limit, in August the Attorney General asked the Supreme Court to declare the seat vacant. This was done by the Acting Chief Justice on 26 August, and a by-election was called for November. Archibald went on to defeat Gibson by 399 votes to 301 and was readmitted to the Legislative Council.
Subsequently, Archibald often challenged other MLCs to prove their sanity during debates, showing his certificate and claiming he was the only MLC who could. He lost his seat to Gibson again in the 1966 elections. Following a long illness, he died in the Colonial War Memorial Hospital in 1979.


Villa Milagro Vineyards

Villa Milagro Vineyards is a winery in the Finesville section of Pohatcong Township in Warren County, New Jersey. The vineyard was first planted in 2003, and opened to the public in 2007. Villa Milagro has 11 acres of grapes under cultivation, and produces 1,500 cases of wine per year. The winery is named for the Spanish words "villa milagro" which mean "house of miracles," because of the green mountain scenery of the farm.
Wines.
Villa Milagro Vineyards is located in the Warren Hills AVA, and produces wines from Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Frontenac, Muscat blanc, Malbec, Merlot, Norton (Cynthiana), Pinot gris, Sangiovese, Syrah, Vidal blanc, and Villard blanc grapes. Villa Milagro is the only organic winery in New Jersey.
Advocacy, features, licensing, and associations.
Villa Milagro is an advocate of the direct shipping of wine from wineries to customers. There is a tourist train from Phillipsburg to the vineyard on weekends from May to October. Villa Milagro has a plenary winery license from the New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control, which allows it to produce an unrestricted amount of wine, operate up to 15 off-premises sales rooms, and ship up to 12 cases per year to consumers in-state or out-of-state. The winery is a member of the Garden State Wine Growers Association and its subsidiary, Vintage North Jersey.


Greaker Industrier

Greaker Industrier AS was a Norwegian industrial company, which ran a paper mill in Sarpsborg, Norway.
It was founded by Cæsar Bang in 1905 as "Greaker Cellulosefabrik". A 1972 bankrupt caused a slight reorganization, and the name "Greaker Industrier" was taken. In 1979 the company was acquired by M. Peterson & Søn. Its main product being greaseproof paper, it was separated from the packaging and solid board branches of M. Peterson & Søn in 1997 under the name "Peterson Scanproof". In 2001 it was merged with an entity owned by Norske Skog Union to constitute the company Nordic Paper, placed under joint ownership of M. Peterson & Søn and Norske Skogindustrier. Both owners backed out of Nordic Paper in 2006.


List of Yukon NDP members

This is a list of members of the Yukon, Canada, branch of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a social democratic political party, and its successor, the Yukon New Democratic Party (NDP).
1944 general election.
One CCF candidate was elected in the 1944 election to the Yukon Territorial Council. Three seats were available. The other two seats were won by non-partisan candidates.
In the 1947 election, no CCF candidates ran.
1949 general election.
One CCF candidate was elected in the 1949 election to the Yukon Territorial Council. Three seats were available. The other two seats were won by non-partisan candidates.
In the 1953, 1957, 1958, 1962, 1963, and 1965 elections, no CCF or NDP candidates ran.
1974 general election.
Two NDP candidates were elected in the twelve seats available in the 1974 election to the Yukon Territorial Council. The other ten seats returned non-partisan candidates.
1978 general election.
One of the fourteen NDP candidates was elected in the sixteen seats available in the 1978 election to the newly created Yukon Legislative Assembly. This was the first fully partisan election.
1981 by-election.
One NDP candidate won a by-election, and one MLA elected as an independent crossed the floor to the NDP, which gave it enough seats to form the Official Opposition.
1982 general election.
Three NDP MLAs were re-elected in the 1982 election, and three more won for the first time for a total of six of the sixteen seats in the Legislature. The NDP again formed the Official Opposition.
1985.
The six NDP MLAs were re-elected, and two more won for the first time for a total of eight of the sixteen seats in the Legislature. The NDP formed a minority government.
1987 by-election.
The NDP won one by-election in 1987, to give it a majority in the Legislature.
1989 general election.
The NDP won nine of the sixteen seats available in the 1989 election, and formed a majority government.
1992 general election.
The NDP lost the election to the Yukon Party and became the official opposition.
1996 general election.
NDP won the election and formed a majority government under Piers McDonald.
2000 general election.
NDP lost the election, but became the official opposition
2002 general election.
The NDP won five of the 18 seats available in the 2002 election, and formed the Official opposition.
2006 general election.
The NDP won three of the 18 seats available in the 2006 election.
2011 general election.
The NDP won six of 19 seats in the 2011 Yukon general election and became the Official Opposition
2016 general election.
The NDP won two seats, both belonging to incumbents, in the 2016 Yukon general election


John Chapman Andrew

John Chapman Andrew (9 March 1822 – 7 December 1907) was a 19th-century Church of England priest, Oxford don, educationist, pastoralist and Member of Parliament in New Zealand.
Born a Yorkshireman, well-educated, he emigrated with his new wife, Emma, to New Zealand in 1856 aged 34 and they took full part in the development of the new colony's important institutions.
Early life.
Andrew was born at Whitby, North Yorkshire, England. His parents were James Andrew, an Anglican clergyman, and Jane Chapman, of the Chapman banking family (grand daughter of John Chapman - Simpson, Chapman and Co.). He obtained a scholarship to University College, Oxford and graduated BA and MA in 1844 and 1847, respectively. In 1848, he was ordained priest. He had become a fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, and vicar of St Michael at the North Gate at the comparatively young age of mid 20s.
On 6 December 1855, Andrew married Emma Fendall, youngest daughter of Henry Fendall, vicar of Crambe. and of the Fendall banking family (grand daughter of William Fendall, Old Bank). The marriage broke the tradition of celibacy for Fellows of Lincoln College, so Andrew had to resign. The couple emigrated to New Zealand, arriving at Lyttelton on the "Westminster" on 7 June 1856. Other Fendalls went to New Zealand before them, and the Christchurch suburb of Fendalton is named after the original landholding of her brother Walpole.
Oxford University.
Andrew was preceded at Oxford University by his elder brother William who won a fellowship at Worcester College and was followed by his younger brother James who distinguished himself in the classics. In later life James became a well known surgeon at St Bartholemew's and a noted medical author, he was subsequently elected a fellow of Wadham College.
Member of Parliament.
He was on the Wellington Provincial Council, representing the Wairarapa East electorate from 1867 to 1876. He represented the Wairarapa electorate from 1871 to 1877, when he resigned. As a parliamentarian he was a strong advocate of enfranchising the right for women to vote and active on educational issues.
Educationalist.
He was also an educationalist; an Anglican priest he was known as "Parson Andrew" in Nelson, New Zealand where he was head of Nelson College, and he was a supporter of the new University of New Zealand.
Andrew's role within the University of New Zealand was a supporter of its inception as a member of the house of representatives advocating a federal university structure for New Zealand. He was appointed to The University of New Zealand senate in 1874 and then appointed as Vice Chancellor of The University of New Zealand in 1885, he maintained the position of Vice Chancellor until 1903.
Andrew oversaw the founding and establishment of Victoria University College (now Victoria University of Wellington) as Victoria University's founding Vice Chancellor and was a vocal advocate for a University of New Zealand college being established in Wellington, as Wellington was the capital of New Zealand.
Andrew received three honorary degrees, one from the University of New Zealand, one from the University of Melbourne and one from the University of Sydney. He later returned to Oxford University and had his Robes returned as the policies on marriage of the Oxford Dons had changed and he had also been widely recognised as the Vice Chancellor of The University of New Zealand. He described his return and restoration of his Oxford robes as the most satisfying moment of his life.
Ica Station.
Andrew purchased a pastoral farming estate in the Wairarapa on the north bank of the Whareama river near Tinui and Castlepoint which he built up until in 1889 he was taxed on 18,170 acres. The bales of wool it produced were shipped from Castlepoint to London with his initials as their identifying mark. As a scholar of ancient Greek literature and Oxford University lecturer in ancient Greek and named John (Ioannis) it was his habit to write his initials I.C.A. and Ica (eye-car) soon came to be the recognised name of his station.


Granadina goat

Granadina is a Spanish breed of goat. It is one of the olderst livestock breeds of Spain, being mentioned in 15th century sources. Its milk-producing characteristics were documented in 1893 and it was officially recognized in 1933. However, since 1975, it is considered a variety of the Murciano-granadina goat, which is a cross between the Murciana goat and the Granadina goat. Only the Murciano-granadina breed is officially recognized by the Government of Spain. Murciano-granadina goats have become the primary milk-producing goat breed in Spain, while the Granadina variety is rare. Its first germplasm bank was created in 2010 to combat its loss of genetic diversity.


Mycogen Seeds

Mycogen Seeds, headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, provides seeds for agriculture. Mycogen produces, markets and sells hybrid seed corn. The company also markets and sells sorghum, sunflower, soybean, alfalfa, and canola.
The Mycogen Corporation was formed in 1982 by members of the San Diego business and scientific communities, including David H. Rammler, a partner in the venture capital firm of Vanguard Associates, who served as the first chairman of the company, and Andrew C. Barnes, a biochemist with an MBA from the Stanford School of Business. The original concept was to develop environmentally safe herbicides from fungi using genetic engineering, thus the name Mycogen, coined from the Greek words for fungus and genetics. In 1998, the company was acquired by Dow Chemical Company. It then became a subsidiary of Corteva Agriscience from the merger and subsequent spin-offs of Dow and DuPont.


Mahindra Tractors

Mahindra Tractors is an international farm equipment manufacturer of Mahindra & Mahindra. In 2010, Mahindra became the world's highest-selling tractor brand by volume. Mahindra's largest consumer base is in India, China, North America, and a growing market in Australia. The company is the largest manufacturer in India and has the capacity to build 150,000 tractors a year.
M&M produced its first tractor in 1963, the Mahindra B-275 by forming a joint venture with International Harvester to
manufacture tractors carrying the Mahindra nameplate for the Indian
market. Mahindra Tractors sold about 85,000 units annually making it one of the largest tractor producers in the world. To expand into the growing tractor market in China, Mahindra acquired majority stake in Jiangling.
To raise awareness about Mahindra in the US, Mahindra USA announced its new sponsorship in the NASCAR Nationwide Series with R3 Motorsports, which is participating with a #23 Mahindra Tractors Chevrolet. The car was driven by Robert Richardson Jr.. With this sponsorship, Mahindra was the first Indian company to sponsor a car in NASCAR. In 2008, Mahindra was a sponsor of the MacDonald Motorsports team which ran the #81 car in the NASCAR Nationwide Series.
Mahindra operations.
Mahindra Tractors operates in ten countries and has a fairly large customer base in the United States, Australia, Chile, Serbia, Indian Subcontinent, Iran, Syria and a major part of the African continent among many more. Mahindra operates in China, North America and Australia through its subsidiaries, Jiangling, Mahindra USA and Mahindra Australia. It also operates in some Indian states through its subsidiaries Mahindra Gujarat and Swaraj.
Mahindra India.
Mahindra Tractors is number one in sales in India - the largest tractor market in the world - and it has been the market leader since 1983. Its sales are predominantly in the states of Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Maharashtra and the Southern States. Its sales in Gujarat are under the label Mahindra Gujarat and its sales in Punjab are under the label Swaraj. In 1999, Mahindra purchased 100% of Gujarat Tractors from the Government of Gujarat. and Mahindra purchased a 64.6% stake in Swaraj in 2004.
Mahindra Tractors started manufacturing 15HP tractor under the brand name Yuvraj in Rajkot in 2011. The plant in Rajkot is set up jointly by Deepak Diesel Pvt Ltd and Mahindra & Mahindra. The plant has a maximum capacity of 30000 tractors per annum.
Mahindra USA.
In 1994, the company entered the American market as Mahindra USA; it has a sales and service network throughout the country. Mahindra USA, a subsidiary of Mahindra Tractors, is responsible for sales in North America. Mahindra has five assembly plants in the US—one at its North American headquarters in Houston, Texas, another in Marysville, California and one in Chattanooga, Tennessee. In August 2012, Mahindra USA opened its fourth assembly and distribution center in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. In 2014, Mahindra USA opened its fifth assembly and distribution center in Lyons, Kansas.
In addition to building their own tractors, Mahindra also sources tractors from other manufacturers. For the USA market, Mahindra has purchased their core products from Tong Yang Moolsan, one of the top tractor manufacturers in South Korea, to cover selected product ranges.
Mahindra Australia.
Based in Brisbane, Mahindra Australia is a branch of Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. In 2005, the company entered the Australian market with the launch of its assembly & customer support centre in Acacia Ridge, QLD. Currently, the company's products are sold and serviced by 40 dealers throughout Australia. Mahindra Australia is also responsible for sales in New Zealand and the rest of Australasia. The Company's products are distributed in Fiji by Carpenters Motors.
In Western Australia and South Australia, Mahindra tractors are distributed by McIntosh Distribution.
Jiangling.
In 2004 Mahindra purchased an 80% stake in Jiangling Tractors from Jiangling Motor Company in China. Mahindra also has a factory in China.
Mahindra has also formed a joint venture with Yueda group in Yancheng, China.
Assembly plants.
United States.
Detroit ( R&D Plant )
Competitors.
New Holland


Barnevelder

The Barnevelder is a Dutch breed of domestic chicken. It resulted from cross-breeding between local Dutch chickens and various "Shanghai" birds imported from Asia to Europe in the later part of the nineteenth century; these may have been of Brahma, Cochin or Croad Langshan type. It is named for the town and "gemeente" (municipality) of Barneveld, in Gelderland in the central Netherlands. The hens are good layers of large brown eggs and, unlike some other breeds, continue to lay well during winter.
History.
In the 1850s Asian chickens began to arrive in Europe, where they were at first known as "Shanghai" chickens. These were initially cross-bred among themselves, and only later developed into breeds such as the Brahma, the Cochin and the Croad Langshan. From about 1865, some of these Shanghai chickens were cross-bred with local farmyard chickens in the area of Barneveld. Towards the end of the nineteenth century there may also have been some breeding with a type called "Amerikaanse Nuthoenders" ("American utility birds"), which showed some similarity to the American Wyandotte; it is not known what these birds were, or if they were really American. In about 1906 there may also have been some cross-breeding with British Buff Orpington stock. According to Hans Schippers, the greatest influence on the characteristics of the Barnevelder was from the Langshan, which contributed hardiness, brown eggs, and good winter production.
The name Barnevelder was first used for birds shown at the Landbouwtentoonstelling or agricultural exhibition held in The Hague in 1911. From about this time attempts were made to breed for consistent type and colour. However, when the Dutch Poultry Club discussed whether to accept the Barnevelder as a new breed in 1919, it was found to be too variable. In 1921 a breeders' association was formed, and the first standard was drawn up. The breed was recognised in 1923.
From about 1921 the Barnevelder was exported to the United Kingdom, where brown eggs were in demand. The birds were at first very variable, with single-laced, double-laced or – mostly – partridge plumage. Partridge and double-laced varieties were included in the British Poultry Standard; the double-laced became the principal variety. There may have been some cross-breeding with Indian Game stock. The partridge variety was added to the "Standard of Perfection" of the American Poultry Association in 1991.
Characteristics.
The original and most well-known Barnevelder variety is the double-laced variety, which has a single vertical comb and yellow legs, but other varieties also exist. In standard-sized birds, the pattern is expressed on a brown (e^b/e^b) background. Only the females express the double-laced pattern, whereas the males are melanized black-breasted reds. The Barnevelder Club of the Netherlands recognizes the double-laced, double-laced blue, black, and white varieties in both large fowl and bantam versions. The club also recognizes the silver double-laced variety, but only the bantam version. They note that a few new varieties, such as the silver-black double-laced, are in development but are not yet officially recognised.
Some countries recognize varieties not recognised in the Netherlands, such as the autosexing barred, dark brown, partridge, chamois, blue, and silver varieties.
Use.
A Barnevelder hen lays some 175–200 brown eggs per year, with a weight of about


Cheongwon Mill

Cheongwon Mill is a pulp mill and paper mill situated in Cheongju, South Korea. Owned by Jeonju Paper, the mill sources its fiber from deinking to feed a single paper machine producing newsprint. PM1 has an annual production of 183,000 tonnes, featuring a trimmed width of and a production rate of per minute.
The mill was established by Shin Ho Paper, with construction starting in March 1994. Shin Ho was struck hard by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. They sold two of their mills, Cheongwon and Singburi Mill in Thailand, to the Norwegian pulp and paper company Norske Skog on 18 September 1998. Cheongwon Mill became Norske Skog Korea. These assets were merged into PanAsia Paper from 1 February 1999. Operations in Korea were established through the company PanAsia Paper Korea, which along with Cheongwon consisted of Jeonju Mill. Ownership passed to Norske Skog again in January 2006. The Korean operations were the first of Norske Skog's mills to be demerged, in June 2008. Cheongwon then became part of Jeonju Paper.


Coker Experimental Farms

Coker Experimental Farms, also known as Coker Pedigreed Seed Company, is a National Historic Landmark agricultural site at 1257 South Fourth Street in Hartsville, South Carolina, USA. Now a museum property, the property was where David R. Coker performed critical breeding experiments to improve strains of cotton and other crops grown throughout the American South. Coker was a major force in the development of agricultural extension services in the South in the early decades of the 20th century. What remains of his farm was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
Description and history.
The Coker family once owned thousands of acres of agricultural lands in the area around Hartsville, South Carolina. At their main station south of the city, David R. Coker began to apply techniques in plant hybridization discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s and only brought to wider notice around the turn of the 20th century. His first experiments involved attempts to breed cotton with a longer staple, and to improve resistance to disease and pests. Coker eventually broadened his work to other crops, and was a major force in improving the education of farmers in the American South through the use of agricultural extension services. By 1963, more than half the cotton grown in the South was derived from Coker seeds, as were larger percentages of oat and tobacco crops.
Of the original Coker farm holdings, some of the area used by Coker in his breeding experiments was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1964 for its significance in revolutionizing the field of agriculture in the South. This area was roughly bounded on the south by United States Route 15, the east by Swift Creek Road, the north by the Seaboard Air Line tracks, and the west by a line paralleling west of South Carolina Highway 151, and included farm outbuildings dating to the 1930s in the west side of Highway 151. By the 1990s, the outbuildings had been demolished, and the land on the west side of Highway 151 developed commercially, and the landmark designation was reduced to , solely to the east of Highway 151. Since then, portions of the land on the east side have also been developed. A further-reduced parcel of farmland remains, on which a barn-shaped museum has been built to interpret the property and its importance.


Ray F. Smith

Ray Fred Smith (20 January 1919, Los Angeles – 23 August 1999, Lafayette) was an American agronomist and entomologist whose research focused on biological methods of arthropod pest management. He was a chair of the Entomology Department at the University of California at Berkeley from 1959 to 1973.
Biography.
Smith was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Monterey. He received his BS, MS and PhD from the University of California, Berkeley where he was influenced by E.O. Essig, A.E. Michelbacher, and E.G. Linsley. He joined as a faculty in 1941 at Berkeley and his teaching focused on an ecological approach to insects that examined natural population regulation factors and only sought minimal targeted use of pesticides. He was instrumental in expanding the program to include four subdivisions within the field. During this time, he was also director for the University of California for Pest Management and Related Environmental Protection Project with UC/AID, and later, executive director of the Consortium for International Crop Protection. Smith also helped to establish the Panel of Experts on Integrated Pest Control of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme.
Beginning in 1972, Smith was an associate project director of the Huffaker Project, which coordinated the research of scientists at 18 land-grant universities regarding integrated pest management for six major crops. It was through this endeavor that Smith met and developed breakthrough techniques of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) with Perry L. Adkisson. By using locally relevant ecological methods to control insects, weeds, and disease, integrated pest management allows farmers to reduce their use of and reliance upon pesticides while increasing profits.
Along with Adkisson, Smith was awarded the World Food Prize in 1997 for his achievements in implementing IPM both in the United States and in developing countries. He also received the C.W. Woodworth Award for Outstanding Achievements in Entomology of the ESA, an honorary doctorate from College van Dekanen, Wageningen, and a UC Berkeley Citation after his retirement.
Smith died on 23 August 1999. He was 80 years old and was survived by his wife Elizabeth, a son and a daughter.


Wahikar Union

The Wahikar Union was a peasants organization in Punjab, India. It was founded in the mid-1970s and functioned as a mass organization of the Punjab Communist Revolutionary Committee (later the UCCRI(ML)).
The Wahikar Union organized a militant mass protest in Jagraon in 1974. Police opened fire on the demonstration, killing one peasant. Later in the same year, on 26 November, an armed demonstration was organized jointly in Bhatinda by Wahikar Union, Punjab Students Union and Bharat Naujavan Sabha. The rally was dispersed by police forces. Several leaders of the protest were arrested.
By 1982 the Wahikar Union had become defunct.


Quilceda Creek Winery


Lindsay Poole

Alick Lindsay Poole (4 March 1908 – 2 January 2008) was a New Zealand botanist and forester.
Academic career.
Poole started at the New Zealand State Forest Service 1926, then to Auckland University College on a scholarship. After various jobs during the Great Depression, he joined the Botany Division of the DSIR in 1937. He enlisted in 1940, and spent the war at the Scientific Liaison Office in London. After the war he worked for the British zone in Germany gaining valuable experience. In 1947 he was appointed Assistant Director of the Botany Division of DSIR. In 1951 he was appointed Assistant Director of the New Zealand Forest Service and rose to Director-General, retiring in 1971. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1962. In the 1971 New Year Honours, Poole was appointed a Companion of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the development of forestry and the forest industries.
He died in Wellington in 2008.


Civilian Conservation Corps Camp S-52

Civilian Conservation Corps Camp S-52 is a former forestry camp of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the unincorporated community of Cusson, Minnesota, United States. Four workshops built around 1933 survive from the time of the camp, which was one of the 25 original CCC camps established in Minnesota in the first year of the program. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for their local significance in the theme of politics/government. They were nominated for being the area's only known surviving CCC buildings. Civilian Conservation Corps camps were typically populated with simple utilitarian structures only intended for temporary use, and thus few survive to the present day.


William Hayes (Irish politician)

William Hayes was an Irish politician and farmer. He was elected unopposed as a Sinn Féin Teachta Dála (TD) to the 2nd Dáil at the 1921 elections for the Limerick City–Limerick East constituency. He supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty and voted in favour of it. He was re-elected unopposed as a pro-Treaty Sinn Féin TD at the 1922 general election. He did not contest the 1923 general election.


C. W. Miller Livery Stable

C. W. Miller Livery Stable is a historic multi-story livery stable located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is a six-story, rectangular masonry building 65 feet wide and 236 feet deep, built between 1892 and 1894. As horses were phased out and automobiles became more common, it was converted for use as a parking garage.
Designed by Lansing and Beierl, it was nationally known because of its engineering and other innovations to handle the requirements of horses and wagons, coaches, etc. in a vertical environment. Originally built with long ramps, in the 1920s it was modified with steeper ramps so that motor vehicles could move more efficiently between floors. When opened, it was proclaimed a "palace for horses."
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.
The site was purchased in 2017 by Buffalo Public Schools for its Emerson School of Hospitality. It plans to work with real estate developer Mark Croce in converting the facility to a culinary school, in partnership with the Curtiss Hotel next door.


Gjeddesdal

Gjeddesdal is a manor house located in Greve Municipality, some 20 kilometres west of central Copenhagen, Denmark. The estate was created in the 1670s but the current main building was built after a fire in 1916.
History.
1782–1761:Vind and Benzon.
Gjeddesdal was created In 1672 by Holger Vind. It replaced the village of Pårup. Vind named the estate after his wife Margrethe Gjedde. She became the owner after his death in 1683. She died in 1706 and the heirs then sold it to Niels Benzon. His son Lars Benzon inherited it in 1708 but sold it to his brother Peder Benzon in 1814. Peder Benzon significantly increased the size of the estate, for instance by closing down all the farms in the village of Torslundelille. In 1730, he divided it in two by creating the name manor of Benzonsdal from almost half of the land. When it was sold in auction after Peder Benzon's death in 1735, Lars Benzon bought it back but sold it to their brother Jacob Benzon in 1740. He owned it until his death in 1761.
1761–1822: Von Kløcker, Wulff Gjøe and Barfred.
In 1761, Benzon's heirs sold the estate to Herman Lengerken von Kløcker. He created a so-called from the estate with the effect that it could no longer be sold, mortgaged or divided between heirs but it was dissolved shortly thereafter. In 1774, his widow, Caroline von Hoppe, sold the estate to Michael Wulff Gøye. Gøye was interested in the enlightenment philosophy of the time and for the living conditions of the farmers on his land. Gøye died in 1795. In his will, he granted the tenant farmers the right to buy their farms at prices determined in the will. He also decided that part of the money from a sale of Gjeddesdal should be used for the creation of a grant. Tune Landbyskole was founded after the turn of the century
Gøye's heirs sold Gjeddesdal to Jens Laurids Barfred in 1797. Most of the farms were sold to the farmers at prices determined by Gøye in his will. Jens Laurids Barfred bought up more land in the area. In 1819, he created a new farm, Barfredshøj, from the northern part of the estate. It was, however. difficult times for Danish agriculture. Faced with bankruptcy, Barfred had to sell first Barfredshøj and then in 1822 Gjeddesdal.
1822–1927: Valentiner family.
The new owner was Heinrich Christian Valentiner. He was originally from Holstein but had purchased Bredeshave at Præstø the previous year. He improved the soil and introduced new farming methods. He also established his own slaughterhouse on the farm, salting the meat and exporting it to France and the Netherlands. From 1828 he also kept dairy cattle and opened a dairy on the farm shortly before his death.
His son, Adolph Valentiner, inherited the estate in 1831. He renovated the main building and drained the land systematically as the first landowner in the country.
After Adolph Valentiner's death in 1868, Gheddesdal was passed down to first his son Heinrich Nicolai Valentiner and then to his grandson Adolph Herman Valentiner. The old main building was destroyed in a fire in 1196 and a new one was built in its place.
1927–present: Nymann family.
In 1927, Adolph Herman Valentiner sold Gjeddesdal to Martin Nymann. Barfredshøj was purchased in i 1989.


Hernder Estate Wines

Hernder Estate Wines is a Canadian winery located in Niagara Peninsula, Ontario.
History.
The Hernder family is in its third generation of viticulture and is one of the largest family estate winery operations in Canada. Gottfried Hernder emigrated from Germany to Western Canada. In 1939, the family moved to St. Catharines, Ontario, to a mixed fruit farm that included acreage of indigenous grapes. After the passing of his father, Fred Hernder purchased the family farm in 1968, and began the acquisition of others. Fred Hernder began selling grapes, juice, and winemaking supplies to the growing home market as well as wineries.
In the late 1980s Fred Hernder replanted his acreage with classic "Vitis vinifera" and French hybrid varieties. This launched Hernder Estate Wines. The first vintage in 1991 consisted of 7,000 bottles of Vidal. On September 17, 1993, Hernder Estate Wines officially opened to the public.
Current production.
Hernder Estate Wines presently produces more than 25 varieties of V.Q.A. (Vintners Quality Alliance) wines from its of land spread between St. Catharines and Beamsville. Current plantings focus on traditional "Vitis vinifera" varieties including Chardonnay, Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Pinot gris. Other varieties include varieties suited to cool climate such as Vidal, Baco noir and Maréchel Foch. Hernder Estate Wines also produces fruit wines and Iced Fruit Wines, utilizing Ontario fruits. All Hernder table wines are produced from 100% Ontario grapes, and all have attained the V.Q.A. status.
Awards.
Hernder Estate Wines has won multiple awards from competitions such as Toronto Wine and Cheese Show; Ottawa Wine & Food Show; Chardonnay du Monde; Ontario Wine Awards; All-Canadian Wine Championship; Intervin 2003; and Canadian Wine Awards.


H-2A visa

An H-2A visa allows a foreign national worker into the United States for temporary agricultural work. There are several requirements of the employer in regard to this visa. The H-2A temporary agricultural program establishes a means for agricultural employers who anticipate a shortage of domestic workers to bring non-immigrant foreign workers to the U.S. to perform agricultural labor or services of a temporary or seasonal nature. In 2015 there were approximately 140,000 total temporary agricultural workers under this visa program. Terms of work can be as short as a month or two or as long as 10 months in most cases, although there are some special procedures that allow workers to stay longer than 10 months. All of these workers are covered by U.S. wage laws, workers' compensation and other standards; additionally, temporary workers and their employers are subject to the employer and/or individual mandates under the Affordable Care Act. Because of concern that guest workers might be unfairly exploited the U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division is especially vigilant in auditing and inspecting H-2A employers. H-2A employers are the only group of employers who are required to pay inbound and outbound transportation, free housing, and provide meals for their workers. H-2A agricultural employers are among the most heavily regulated and monitored employers in the United States. Unlike other guest worker programs, there is no cap on the number of H-2A visas allocated each year.
Employing H-2A workers.
Wages.
The wage or rate of pay must be the same for U.S. workers and H-2A workers. The hourly rate must be at least as high as the applicable Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR), federal or state minimum wage, or the applicable prevailing hourly wage rate, whichever is higher. The AEWR is established every year by the Department of Labor for every state except Alaska.
If a worker will be paid on a piece rate basis, the worker must be paid the prevailing piece rate as determined by the State Workers Agency (SWA). If the piece rate does not result in average hourly piece rate earnings during the pay period at least equal to the amount the worker would have earned had the worker been paid at the hourly rate, then the worker's pay must be supplemented to the equivalent hourly level. The piece rate offered must be no less than what is prevailing in the area for the same crop and/or activity.
Hiring.
Hiring means an active effort, including newspaper and radio advertising in areas of expected labor supply. Such recruitment must be at least equivalent to that conducted by non-H-2A agricultural employers in the same or similar crops and area to secure U.S. workers. This must be an effort independent of and in addition to the efforts of the SWA for at least 15 days. In establishing worker qualifications and/or job specifications, the employer must designate only those qualifications and specifications which are essential to carrying out the job and which are normally required by other employers who do not hire foreign workers.
Livelihood of workers.
Housing and meals.
The employer must provide free housing to all workers who are not reasonably able to return to their homes or residences the same day. Such housing must be inspected and approved according to appropriate standards. The housing provided by the employer must meet all of the Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards that were set forth at CFR 1910.142 or the full set of standards at 654.404-645.417.
An alternative form of housing is rental housing, which has to meet local or state health and safety standards. In North Carolina, the current state standards include no provision for doors and windows, 75 ft3 per person or 27 people per refrigerator, one wash tub per 30 people with hot and cold water, facilities for drying clothes; there are no sanitary requirements for mattresses provided, 1 toilet/15 people or 1 urinal/25 men, and 1 shower per 10 people with no privacy stalls.
The employer must either provide three meals a day to each of the workers or furnish free and convenient cooking and kitchen for workers to prepare and cook their own meals. If the employer provides the meals, then the employer has the right to charge each worker a certain amount per day for the three meals.
Transportation and tools.
There are several provisions on the transportation of workers. The amount of transportation payment shall be no less (and shall not be required to be more) than the most economical and reasonably similar to the transportation charges for the distances involved. The employer is responsible for several forms of transportation depending on the situation. After the worker completes at least half of the work contract period, the employer must reimburse the worker for the costs of transportation and subsistence from the place of recruitment to the place of work if these expenses were charged to the worker. The employer must provide free transportation to the worker between the employer's housing and the area of work. And upon completion of the work contract, the employer must pay the costs of a worker's subsistence and transportation back to the place of recruitment. Some special conditions apply when the worker does not return to the area of recruitment because they are moving to another job. If the employer compensates foreign workers for transportation costs then they must do so for U.S. workers as well. If the employer provides transportation for foreign workers, they must provide transportation to US workers as well.
The employer must cover the cost of tools and supplies necessary to carry out the work at no cost to the worker, unless this is uncommon and the occupation calls for the worker to provide certain items.
Application process.
The process in order for a worker to be able to start in H-2A status involves a job order from a State Workforce Agency, a Temporary Labor Certification from the U.S. Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration's Office of Foreign Labor Certification, a Form I-129 approval from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (a branch of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security), a visa from a consular officer representing the U.S. Department of State, and a Form I-94 issued by U.S. Customs and Border Protection at a port of entry.
Job order (ETA Form 790).
A job offer (ETA Form 790) must be filed with the State Workforce Agency (SWA) in the area of intended employment between 60 and 75 days before the date of need for workers. Each State Workforce Agency has a mailing address and some have websites, contact email addresses, and phone numbers. The State Workforce Agency is also responsible for handling job orders for the H-2B visa, but the specific contact person or mailing address may differ. The job orders are publicly listed by the State Workforce Agency (including on their website). Additionally, the employer must advertise for the position in local newspapers. Any United States citizen who applies for the job must be given one.
H-2A Temporary Labor Certification from the U.S. Department of Labor.
The employer needs to obtain a Temporary Labor Certification (TLC) from the United States Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration's Office of Foreign Labor Certification. Note that this labor certification should not be confused with PERM labor certification for employment-based permanent immigration, or with the Labor Condition Application for H-1B and similar statuses. It is also separate from a similar process for H-2B temporary labor certification.
The application package must include ETA Form 9142A and an accepted Job Order (ETA Form 790) from the State Workforce Agency. It must be filed with the Chicago National Processing Center "or" online through the iCert portal, no less than 45 days prior to the employer's date of need.
In order to approve the certification, the Department must verify that:
Form I-129 petition submitted to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
The employer must submit a Form I-129 (Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker) on behalf of the prospective worker (beneficiary) with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, with the job order (ETA Form 790) and the approved H-2A Temporary Labor Certification as initial evidence. Note that Form I-129 is used for a large number of nonimmigrant worker statuses, not just the H-2A. Those using it for the H-2A status need to fill the main form followed by the H classification supplement, Pages 13–17.
The H-2A status is one of the statuses where it is possible for a single Form I-129 to be used for multiple beneficiaries. Additional beneficiaries may be listed on Attachment 1 (Pages 35–36) of Form I-129. However, all beneficiaries listed in a single petition must have the same requested start and end date, and they are all approved together. In case different start dates are needed for different beneficiaries, or one of them has a more complicated situation (so that beneficiary's petition may be delayed) employers are advised to file separate I-129s for such employees.
The filing fee for Form I-129 is $460. Forms are automatically expedited given the seasonal and time-sensitive nature of agricultural work, but it is also possible to request Premium Processing Service for $1225 to get an initial response within 15 calendar days.
In general, Form I-129 petitions can be submitted six months in advance of the job start date. However, since the petition's initial evidence includes a job order, that must be filed between 60 and 75 days before the start date, the application can effectively be submitted at most 75 days prior to the start date.
Eligible Countries List.
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services is given an Eligible Countries List for H-2 visas (with slight differences between the H-2A and H-2B) and generally approves petitions only if the beneficiary is from a country on the list. Updates to the Eligible Countries List are published in the "Federal Register". Effective January 18, 2016 the Eligible Countries List contains 84 countries, and the full list can be found on the USCIS website. The list has expanded since it originally started: 16 new countries having been added as recently as November 2015.
According to official regulations, a national from a country not on the list may only be the beneficiary of an approved H-2A petition if the Secretary of Homeland Security determines that it is in the U.S. interest for him or her to be the beneficiary of such a petition.
A country may be added to the list based on a recommendation from the U.S. Department of State, the country's government, an employer that would like to hire nationals of the country in H-2A status, or any other interested party or parties. When designating countries to include on the list, the Secretary of Homeland Security, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, will take into account factors including, but not limited to:
Visa application.
If the beneficiary is already in the United States in a valid status and with no requirement to leave the United States, the beneficiary can simply transition to H-2A status. If the beneficiary is outside the United States, two additional steps are needed:
Validity.
Basic rules.
Below are the basic rules governing the H-2A status:
Calculation of interrupted stay.
For workers who leave the United States temporarily, the following rules apply with respect to excluding time outside the United States:
Note that the time needed outside the United States in order to qualify for an interrupted stay exceeds the maximum time permissible for automatic visa revalidation, which is 30 days.
If the worker is outside the United States for 3 months or more, the worker's clock is completely reset, and whenever the worker next returns on a H-2 visa, the worker's time in the United States starts from zero.
History.
Introduction in 1986.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 introduced a temporary unskilled worker category, the H-2 category. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 subdivided this category into two subcategories: the H-2A (an uncapped category for temporary agricultural workers) and H-2B (a capped category for temporary workers in other domains). The particular importance given to temporary agricultural workers was intended to balance the potential decline in the illegal immigrant population due to the increased border security and immigration enforcement provisions of the Act.
Introduction of Premium Processing Service in 2001.
On June 1, 2001, the Premium Processing Service was introduced at a price of $1000, available for Form I-129 petitions for most statuses, including the H-2A status. In November 2010, the Premium Processing Service fee was hiked from $1000 to $1225 as part of a general change to the fee schedule for USCIS forms.
Changes to the Eligible Countries List.
The Eligible Countries List for the H-2A was created through a rule published by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security on December 18, 2008 and effective January 17, 2009. The list has grown gradually from 28 countries in the beginning to 84 countries as of 2016. Summarized below are the dates of various "Federal Register" announcements on updates to the list, with the total number of countries, number of new countries added, and the names of the new countries added. The dates listed below are the announcement dates. The date that the list becomes effective may be a little after the announcement date. Generally, updated lists become effective starting around January 17 or January 18 of the year.
Statistics.
Visa approvals by fiscal year and country.
Note that the count below is of the number of visas issued by a United States consular officer. The years here are Fiscal Years, so for instance the year 2004 refers to the period from October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2004. These should approximately match but may not exactly match with the number of Form I-129 approvals of H-2A status by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, or the actual number of workers who arrive in the United States in H-2A status. The countries included in the chart below are selected as the top users in Fiscal Year 2014. In addition to the top users of Fiscal Year 2014, Thailand and Haiti are included because they used to be bigger users of the program in past years. Note that the Eligible Countries List became active starting January 2009, so Haiti and Thailand had a dip in their usage between the time the list became active and the time they were added to the list.
As can be seen from the data below, Mexico has consistently accounted for over 90% of the use of the H-2A visa. Currently, the other source countries for H-2A visa holders are mostly from the Americas, in regions physically close to the United States. The biggest user from the African continent is South Africa (accounting for over 90% of usage from Africa) and the biggest user from Europe is Romania (accounting for about half of the usage from Europe). Also, whereas Mexico and Peru have been consistently strong users of the program since 1997 (when records started being kept), the usage by other countries has started more recently.
Number of petitions approved by USCIS broken down by quarter and state.
Since Fiscal Year 2012, the USCIS has released data on the number of H-2A petitions (Forms I-129) received, approved, and denied, broken down by quarter, U.S. state, and employer. Note the following caveats:
Variation based on the quarter and state reflects seasonal and geographical differences in demand for agricultural labor. In FY 2017, more than half of all H-2A positioned were certified to work-sites in just five states: North Carolina, Washington (state), Florida, Georgia (U.S. state), and California.
Data for some quarters is included below.


National Backward Krushi Vidyapeet Solapur

National Backward Krushi Vidyapeet Solapur is a public college in Solapur, Maharashtra state, India.
Established in 2014, the college provides programs in agriculture education, research, and resources.
References.
National Agriculture Education Institute of Research & Resources


Dobermann

The Dobermann, (; ) or Doberman Pinscher in the United States and Canada, is a medium-large breed of domestic dog that was originally developed around 1890 by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector from Germany. The Dobermann has a long muzzle. It stands on its pads and is not usually heavy-footed. Ideally, they have an even and graceful gait. Traditionally, the ears were cropped and posted and the tail was docked. However, in some countries, these procedures are now illegal. Dobermanns have markings on the chest, paws/legs, muzzle, above the eyes, and underneath the tail.
Dobermanns are known to be intelligent, alert, and tenaciously loyal companions and guard dogs. Personality varies a great deal between each individual but, if taken care of and properly trained, they are generally considered to be loving and devoted companions. The Dobermann is driven, strong, and sometimes stubborn. With a consistent approach, they can be easy to train and will learn very quickly.
Appearance.
World breed standards are published by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, or FCI (World Canine Organisation), on the advice of the IDC (International Dobermann Club), which is the Dobermann breed's governing council and has 36 countries in its member list. To become a world champion, dogs are judged to FCI standards. The AKC has its own standards, as do some other countries, although most still adhere to FCI standards. The breed standard describes the Dobermann as a dog of medium size that is also strong and muscularly built. In order to be eligible to meet these standards, the body of the Dobermann should appear to be almost square.
It should also appear elegant and noble.
The dog was originally intended as a guard dog, so males typically have a muscular and intimidating appearance. Females are usually thinner, but should not be spindly.
The American Kennel Club (AKC) breed standard differs from the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standards, with the latter being an often larger and heavier dog. This has led some to argue that Dobermanns and Doberman Pinschers should be considered and evaluated differently.
Size and proportions.
Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, most follow the standard set by the FCI, which describes the size of male dogs as at the withers; The Kennel Club in the UK quotes as being ideal. The size of female dogs, according to the same standards, is , with being ideal. The Dobermann has a square frame; its length should equal its height to the withers and the length of its head, neck, and legs should be in proportion to its body.
The standards for the weight of the Dobermann are also described by the FCI. The ideal dog must be of a sufficient size for an optimal combination of strength, endurance and agility. The ideal weight of male dogs is described as and the ideal weight of female dogs is described to be .
Color.
Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for "black" (B) and one for "color dilution" (D). There are nine possible combinations of these alleles, which can result in four different color phenotypes: black, blue, red, and fawn (Isabella). The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one dominant allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd) and is commonly referred to as "black", "black and rust," or "black and tan". The "red", "red rust," or "brown" coloration occurs when the black gene has two recessive alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). The "blue" Dobermann has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The "fawn" coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red.
Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called Color Dilution Alopecia, a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.
In 1976, a "white" Doberman Pinscher was whelped and was subsequently bred to her son, who was also bred to his litter sisters. This tight inbreeding continued for some time to allow the breeders to "fix" the mutation. White Dobermanns are a cream color with white markings and blue eyes. Although this is consistent with albinism, the proper characterization of the mutation is currently unknown. The animals are commonly known as tyrosinase-positive albinoids, lacking melanin in oculocutaneous structures. This condition is caused by a partial deletion in the SLC45A2 gene.
Tail.
The Dobermann's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth.
The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the Dobermann as a breed. The historical reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work. Docking has always been controversial, however. Docking and cropping (see below) have been written out of the Breed Standard by FCI and IDC, and dogs born after 2016 will not be allowed to participate in FCI or IDC shows without a full tail and natural ears. This is mirrored in most EU and Commonwealth countries. In the UK, dogs with docked tails have been banned from show for a number of years and the practice is now illegal for native born dogs. Veterinary Certificates are required as proof to avoid prosecution on imported animals. It has also been made illegal in many other European countries, as well as Australia. The American Kennel Club standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd vertebra. Docking is a common practice in the United States, Russia, and Japan (as well as a number of other countries with Dobermann populations), where it remains legal.
Ears.
Dobermanns often have their ears cropped, a procedure that is thought to be done for functionality for both the traditional guard duty and effective sound localization. According to the Doberman Pinscher Club of America, ears are "normally cropped and carried erect". Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries.
Intelligence.
Canine intelligence is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist Stanley Coren ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of "obedience command training," based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book "The Intelligence of Dogs"). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category, and Tortora (1980) gave the Dobermann the highest rank in general trainability. Although the methods of evaluation differ, these studies have consistently shown that the Doberman Pinscher, along with the Border Collie, Standard Poodle, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, and Rottweiler, is one of the most trainable breeds of dog.
Aggression.
Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive. As a personal protection dog, the Dobermann was originally bred for these traits: it had to be large and intimidating, fearless, and willing to defend its owner from attackers (especially from other guard dogs), but sufficiently obedient and restrained to do so only on command. These traits served the dog well in its role as a personal defense dog, police dog, or war dog, but were not ideally adapted to a companionship role. The Dobermann's aggression has been toned down by modern breeders over the years, however. Today's Dobermanns are known to have a much more even and good-natured temperament, as well as extreme loyalty, high intelligence, and great trainability. The modern Dobermann is known to be energetic, watchful, fearless, and obedient.
They can easily learn to respect and protect their owners and are therefore considered by many to be excellent guard dogs. Given that they are properly socialized from a young age, they are generally sociable toward familiar humans and can also be sociable with other dogs. However, Dobermanns do rank among the more-likely breeds to show aggressive behaviour toward strangers and other dogs, though they are not among the "most" likely to do so. They are highly unlikely to show aggressive behaviour toward their owners.
There is some evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders. Because of these differences in breeding strategies, different lines of Doberman Pinschers have developed different traits. Although many contemporary Doberman Pinschers in North America are gentle and friendly to strangers, some lines are bred more true to the original personality standard.
The personality of the Doberman Pinscher is known to be unique. There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined. Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine personality or temperament by using statistical techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness, average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness, and low on sociability. Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability.
In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other household dogs. This study found that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g., Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, and Great Dane). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall. In regards to Dobermanns attacking owners, it is rare and usually in the case of overdiscipline. Dobermanns accept physical punishment to an extent. However, when they consider it to no longer be punishment, but an attack on themselves, they will defend themselves.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as German Shepherd Dogs, Rottweilers, Husky-type dogs, wolf-dog hybrids and Alaskan Malamutes. According to this Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.
Health.
The Dobermann's lifespan is about 10–13 years on average. The breed is prone to a number of health concerns. Common serious health problems include dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM),
 cervical vertebral instability (CVI), von Willebrand's disease (a bleeding disorder for which genetic testing has been available since 2000), and prostatic disease. Less serious common health concerns include hypothyroidism and hip dysplasia. Canine compulsive disorder is also common. Studies have shown that the Doberman Pinscher suffers from prostatic diseases, (such as bacterial prostatiti, prostatic cysts, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and benign hyperplasia) more than any other breed.
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a major cause of death in Dobermanns. This disease affects the breed more than any other. Nearly 40% of DCM diagnoses are for Dobermann Pinschers, followed by German Shepherds at 13%. More recent studies based on European dogs, however, has indicated that DCM affected rates are much higher for this population than their American relatives: around 58% of European Dobermanns will develop DCM within their lifetime. Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds, as well as an additional fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and Boxer breeds.
This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected.
Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes, and an additional fifty percent die of congestive heart failure. Among female Dobermanns, the sudden death manifestation of the disease is more common, whereas males tend to develop congestive heart failure. In addition to being more prevalent in Dobermanns, this disease is also more serious in the breed. Following a diagnosis, the average non-Dobermann has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Dobermann Pinschers, however, the expected survival time is less than two months. Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Investigation into the genetic causes of canine DCM may lead to therapeutic and breeding practices to limit its impact.
History.
Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann in Apolda, Thuringia, Germany, a tax collector who ran the Apolda dog pound. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him. He set out to breed a new type of dog that would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after Dobermann's death, Otto Goeller, one of the earliest breeders, created the National Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, breeding and refining them in the 1890s.
The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann Pinscher is a combination of several breeds including the Beauceron, German Pinscher, Rottweiler and Weimaraner. The single exception is the documented crossing with the Greyhound and Manchester Terrier. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's "The Dobermann Pinscher" (1939) describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, who helped to establish the breed. The American Kennel Club believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.
After Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the word 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for 'terrier' was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later; now the US and Canada are the only countries who continue to use Pinscher and have dropped an "n" from Dobermann's surname.
During World War II, the United States Marine Corps adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official war dog, although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role.
In the United States, the American Kennel Club ranked the Doberman Pinscher as the 12th most popular dog breed in 2012 and 2013.
Popularity.
The Dobermann became very popular over a short period of time. It is a relatively new breed, less than 150 years old. According to the latest ranking in 2017 by the American Kennel Club, Dobermanns are the 16th most popular dog breed. Dobermanns started to become popular when they were used in World War II as guard dogs. In the 1970s, Dobermanns had their fair share in movies. They starred in the 1972 American film "The Doberman Gang". Dobermanns also became popular after winning four Westminster Kennel Club Dog Shows in 1939, 1952, 1953 and 1989. The Dobermann was recognised (as the Doberman Pinscher) by the American Kennel Club in 1908 and since then they have been one of the most popular dog breeds due to their intelligence and agility. Even today, the numbers of Dobermann dog registrations are increasing.