Tree Canada

Tree Canada (in French, "Arbres Canada") is a non-profit charitable organization that promotes the planting and nurturing of trees in Canada's urban and rural areas. It provides tree-related education, technical assistance and resources to communities, corporations, individuals and non-profit organizations.
History.
Tree Canada began in 1992 under the name “The National Community Tree Foundation” and was originally funded by the Canadian Forest Service (CFS), a branch of the government ministry Natural Resources Canada. In collaboration with CFS, the foundation was tasked with delivering the Canadian governmental program Tree Plan Canada, which provided assistance for tree-planting projects across Canada and also sought to educate the public about the importance of trees in fighting climate change. In 1993, the first Canadian Urban Forest Conference was held. Tree Canada has been a principal organizer since the inception of the conference.
In 2007, the Government of Canada ceased funding the organization, prompting it to rebrand as “Tree Canada” as it transitioned to a privately funded charity.
Criticism.
Tree Canada has been accused of greenwashing large oil companies such as Shell Canada.


William Robinson Brown

William Robinson "W. R. " Brown (January 17, 1875 – August 4, 1955) was an American corporate officer of the Brown Company of Berlin, New Hampshire. He was also an influential Arabian horse breeder, the founder and owner of the Maynesboro Stud, and an authority on Arabian horses.
After graduating from Williams College, Brown joined the family corporation, then known as the Berlin Mills Company, and became manager of the Woods Products Division, overseeing the company's woodlands and logging operations. He became an early advocate for sustainable forest management practices, was a member of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission from 1909 until 1952, and served on the boards of several forestry organizations. As chair of the Forestry Commission, Brown helped send sawmills to Europe during World War I to assist the war effort. He was influenced by the Progressive movement, instituting employee benefits such as company-sponsored care for injured workers that predated modern workers' compensation laws. As a Republican, he served as a presidential elector for New Hampshire in 1924.
Brown founded the Maynesboro Stud in 1912 with foundation bloodstock from some of the most notable American breeders of Arabian horses. He looked abroad for additional horses, particularly from the Crabbet Arabian Stud, and imported Arabian horses from England, France and Egypt. At its peak, Maynesboro was the largest Arabian horse breeding operation in the United States. In 1929, he wrote "The Horse of the Desert," still considered an authoritative work on the Arabian breed. He served as President of the Arabian Horse Club of America from 1918 until 1939. Brown was a remount agent and had a special interest in promoting the use of Arabian horses by the U.S. Army Remount Service. To prove the abilities of Arabians, he organized and participated in a number of endurance races of up to , which his horses won three times, retiring the U.S. Mounted Service Cup. This accomplishment occurred even though The Jockey Club donated $50,000 to the U.S. Army to buy Thoroughbreds that tried but failed to beat the Arabians. Brown's legacy as a horse breeder was significant. Today, the term "CMK", meaning "Crabbet/Maynesboro/Kellogg" is a label for specific lines of "Domestic" or "American-bred" Arabian horses, many of which descend from Brown's breeding program. In 2012, the Berlin and Coös County Historical Society held a 100th anniversary celebration of the stud's founding.
Although Brown family members sold personal assets to keep the Brown Company afloat during the Great Depression, including Brown's dispersal of his herd of Arabian horses in 1933, the business went into receivership in 1934. Brown remained in charge of the Woods Division through the company's second bankruptcy filing in 1941. He retired from the company in 1943 and died of cancer in 1955. His final book, "Our Forest Heritage," was published posthumously, and his innovations in forest management became industry standards.
Personal life.
W. R. Brown was born in Portland, Maine, in 1875 to Emily Jenkins Brown and William Wentworth "W. W." Brown. He was the youngest of the couple's three sons, all of whom were avid horsemen. He also had two younger half-brothers. He attended Phillips Andover Academy and Williams College, graduating from the latter in 1897. He was a Kappa Alpha fraternity member who also managed the football and baseball teams at Williams. In 1915, he married Hildreth Burton Smith, the granddaughter of former governor of Georgia, U.S. Senator and Confederate general John B. Gordon. The couple had five children: Fielding, Newell, Brenton, Nancy, and Frances. Brown lived in New Hampshire for the remainder of his life, in Berlin until 1946 and then Dublin. After a long illness, he died of cancer on August 4, 1955, and was buried at the Dublin cemetery. He was survived by his wife, his five grown children, and 15 grandchildren.
Brown's family was strongly affiliated with Williams College; W. R. and his two older brothers Herbert ("H. J.") and Orton ("O. B.") all attended Williams, as did sons Fielding and Brenton. Fielding also earned a Ph.D. at Princeton University and returned to Williams as the Charles L. MacMillan Professor of Physics before retiring to become an artist and sculptor. Daughter Frances married Nobel Prize–winning physicist Charles H. Townes and wrote a book, "Misadventures of a Scientist's Wife," about her life. Newell attended Princeton and served as the Federal Wages and Hours Administrator for the United States Department of Labor during the Eisenhower administration. Politically aligned with the Republican party, W. R. Brown was a presidential elector for New Hampshire in the 1924 election, voting for Calvin Coolidge.
Brown Company career.
H. Winslow & Company, later called the Berlin Mills Company, was founded about 1853, and W. W. Brown purchased an interest in 1868. In 1881, the company expanded from lumber into pulp and paper manufacturing. W. W. Brown obtained a controlling interest in the company by 1888, becoming, along with his older two sons, the sole owners by 1907. The corporation's name was changed to the Brown Company in 1917, removing the word "Berlin" because of the conflict with Germany in World War I.
W. R. Brown went to work for the company in 1897 after finishing college. His father, declaring he "wanted no kittens that couldn't catch mice," made W. R. find a job without family help. As a result, Brown started out selling the company's lumber in Portland, Maine, earning nine dollars a week. He was promoted, returned to Berlin, and after a second promotion became the sawmill's night superintendent. In that position, he developed a method of using exhaust steam to heat a pond that thawed and cleaned logs, speeding up mill production during the winter. Promoted to day superintendent, he organized a successful event on September 8, 1900 to break the world's record for lumber cut by the crew of a "one head rig" in an 11-hour shift, producing 221,319 board feet, a record that still stood 85 years later. After this event, he declared that he "qualified with Father as one of the 'kittens'." His father, who had been out of town on the day of the record attempt, reviewed the results, inquired as to the amount of cut lumber that was actually shipped to customers, and then commented, "Hum, that was good." His father promoted Brown to full general manager of the Woods Division in 1902. He was an officer of the corporation, and managed the company's timberlands as director of woods operations until 1943. When Brown began his career, the company owned of land. At its peak, the company owned, and Brown supervised, , as many as 40 logging camps, plus an inland fleet of more than 30 boats. The loggers used at least 2500 horses to haul logs, and the company-owned railroad had more than 800 freight cars.
The Brown family was later described as "progressive and ... ahead of their times", and had innovative ideas about wood products manufacturing and scientific forest management. During Brown's tenure, the company was one of the first to initiate modern forest management practices and to attempt to conserve the forest for future industry use. He was particularly critical of the damage done by portable sawmills. Brown understood that the pulp mills of his time were dependent on locally accessible timber, and concluded that sustainable practices were important to the industry. He built upon the sustainable forestry practices advocated by company forester Austin Cary, who had been recruited from the U.S. Forest Service. In 1919, Brown set up a tree nursery on the north shore of Cupsuptic Lake that researched sustained yield practices and at its peak was the largest tree nursery in the United States. His innovations in forest management became industry standards; researchers at Plymouth State College concluded that he "led the Brown company to international prominence as a source for scientific research and development."
Brown was influenced by the Progressive movement as applied to business. He paid his workers above the prevailing wage, instituted safety programs, hired a doctor to care for loggers in the camps, and, prior to modern workers' compensation laws, had the company pay for hospitalization of injured workers. He also attempted to improve camp conditions for the workers by banning card games and requiring the loggers to take showers, but those particular reform efforts "were not well received." The Brown family took considerable interest in the city of Berlin. Various family members started a public kindergarten, built a community club with a gym, swimming pool, and bowling alley, provided soup to the sick, and gave Christmas presents to local children. Brown himself helped found a number of civic and business self-help organizations including the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, established in 1901; the New Hampshire Timberlands Owners Association, a fire-protection group established in 1910; and similar fire-protection groups in Maine and Vermont. He set up a series of effective forest-fire lookout towers, possibly the first in the nation, and by 1917 had helped establish a forest-fire insurance company. In 1909, after helping draft the legislation creating New Hampshire's State Forestry Department, he became a member of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission; and its chair from 1910 until 1952, playing a significant role in shaping the forestry practices and laws of the state. Brown also served on the boards of several industry groups, including the American Forestry Association, Society of American Foresters, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, and the Forest Research Council. He represented the U.S. at the first World Forestry Congress held in Rome in 1926.
During World War I, in his capacity as chair of the New England Forestry Commission, Brown worked with the War Industries Board to send 10 sawmills abroad. The equipment went to Scotland to meet Britain's need for lumber. When the war effort in France subsequently required more than 73 million board feet of lumber per month, Brown was commissioned as a major to oversee sawmill operations there, but ultimately was not allowed to serve in France because of his poor vision, as he was partially blind in one eye.
The Great Depression had a significant impact on the Brown Company. Berlin at that time had a population of about 20,000 people, most of whom either worked for the company or provided services to the families of company employees. The Brown family had borrowed heavily during the 1920s to fund expansion, and, as stated by a company employee, had become "complacent and overly optimistic." The family's nepotism may also have become a disadvantage. Reduced demand for the company's products forced it to take out short-term loans to provide operating capital, and by 1931 the international financial situation led to major losses in the value of the company's bonds. As a result, in the winter of 1931–32 the Brown Company could not obtain the necessary financing for its logging operations, when it normally needed to employ 4,000 to 5,000 loggers to cut timber each winter. Family members sold off personal holdings to try to keep the company solvent, and W. R. Brown dispersed his entire herd of Arabian horses. In 1933, he negotiated a cooperative financing plan with the City of Berlin and the State of New Hampshire, ratified by the state legislature, to fund the woods operations, keeping Berlin's local residents employed. The company was nevertheless forced to file for bankruptcy in 1935, after having gone into receivership the previous year. A court-appointed president took over, but Brown continued as head of the Woods Division. Brown's agreement with the City of Berlin lasted until 1941, when the company again filed for bankruptcy. Ultimately the Brown family ceased to have a significant role on the board of directors and the company was sold to outside investors. Brown officially retired from the company in 1943, but his brother O. B. remained on the board of directors until 1960.
Arabian horse breeder.
Brown bought his first Arabian horses in 1910 and founded the Maynesboro Stud near Berlin in 1912. The farm was named after the original settlement in the area, Maynesborough, located in the White Mountains in an area also known as the Great North Woods Region. The main stallion barn, although moved from its original location, has been preserved and restored by the Berlin and Coös County Historical Society, which is also restoring the work horse barns of the Brown Company. On September 15, 2012, the society celebrated the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Maynesboro Stud.
At its peak, Maynesboro was the largest Arabian stud farm in the United States. In 1919, Brown had 88 horses, some at his main farm in New Hampshire, and others at farms he owned in Decorah, Iowa, and Cody, Wyoming. He is credited as the breeder of 194 horses, and became known as one of the most knowledgeable breeders and authorities on Arabians. He served as President of the Arabian Horse Club of America, now part of the Arabian Horse Association, from 1918 until 1939.
Foundation stock.
As he built Maynesboro, Brown studied the pedigrees of almost every purebred Arabian in the US at the time. He believed the Arabian was actually a separate subspecies of horse, a once-popular but now discredited theory. He found that, even though developed in the desert, Arabians adapted well to the severe winter weather of his New England farm.
When he started Maynesboro, Brown obtained his original foundation bloodstock from his oldest brother, Herbert, who had purchased *Abu Zeyd, a stallion bred by the Crabbet Arabian Stud in England. *Abu Zeyd was considered the best son of his famous sire, Mesaoud. Herbert Brown obtained the stallion from the estate of Homer Davenport following Davenport's death in 1912. The Maynesboro stud also acquired 10 mares from the Davenport estate. Brown considered *Abu Zeyd an ideal representative of the Arabian breed, and when the stallion died, Brown donated the skeleton to the American Museum of Natural History. His other American purchases included most of the horses owned by Spencer Borden's Interlachen Farms in Massachusetts, following Borden's decision to disperse his herd. These horses included animals descended from the breeding program of Randolph Huntington, one of the first people in the United States to breed purebred Arabians. Brown also obtained Borden's extensive collection of literary works on horsemanship, Arab culture, and the Arabian horse, which included 8th-century Furusiyya manuscripts. Following this start, he looked abroad for additional bloodstock, eventually importing 33 horses into the United States.
International purchases.
Many American breeders had purchased horses from the Crabbet Stud, which at the time Brown founded Maynesboro was owned by Lady Anne Blunt and Wilfrid Scawen Blunt. American breeders obtained some of Crabbet's best Arabians during the early 1900s owing to the turmoil within the Blunt family. The couple separated in 1906, and following Lady Anne's death in 1917, Blunt's daughter Judith, Lady Wentworth, became involved in a rancorous and expensive estate battle with Wilfrid over the Crabbet lands and horses. Wilfrid, needing to appease creditors, sold many of the stud's best horses to international buyers for low prices. Through an agent, Brown purchased 20 Crabbet horses in 1918, although for reasons unknown, only 17 actually made it to Maynesboro; he paid only £2727 for the entire lot. The most significant animal purchased was the well-known stallion *Berk, who died in America after siring only four foals, much to the dismay of Lady Wentworth, who was trying to buy back the best breeding stock lost to Crabbet because of her father's actions. Brown bought two additional Crabbet-bred horses from England in 1923, although not directly from Lady Wentworth.
One of the most notable Crabbet-bred stallions Brown eventually kept at Maynesboro was *Astraled, who had come to America in 1909. This horse had been sold by Wilfrid Blunt to an American buyer from Massachusetts, but after siring only two purebred foals in New England, was sold to the remount, shipped west, and lived in obscurity in Oregon, where he sired no purebred Arabian offspring. *Astraled was ultimately obtained by Brown in 1923, who shipped the aged horse by rail from Idaho to New Hampshire. *Astraled only sired one foal crop at Maynesboro, but that group of foals included his most notable American-bred son, Gulastra.
Brown traveled to Europe with the U.S. Army Remount Service in 1921, visiting a number of major European studs in Austria, France, and Hungary. He met Lady Wentworth at Crabbet on the way home, but did not purchase any of her horses. He imported several Arabian mares from France in 1921 and 1922, in part owing to France's reputation for producing excellent cavalry horses.
In 1929, Brown traveled to Egypt and Syria with Arabian expert Carl Raswan in search of desertbred horses. According to Brown's wife, the two apparently did not get along well, and the five horses purchased during their journey somehow never made it to America. Following that trip, Brown wrote "The Horse of the Desert," still considered to be one of the best works written about the Arabian horse.
In 1932, Brown sent his stud manager Jack Humphrey to Egypt, where acting for Brown he bought two stallions and four mares from Prince Mohammed Ali. The Prince was known as a horseman and scholar, publishing a two-volume treatise on the breeding of Arabian horses. Two of the mares purchased were daughters of Mahroussa, whom Brown described as "the most beautiful mare he ever saw". The stallions were *Nasr, a successful race horse, and *Zarife.
Endurance testing and remounts.
Brown was a remount agent, who served on the U.S. Remount Board, and his interest in improving the quality of horses used by the U.S. Cavalry may have been his motivation to breed Arabians. Spencer Borden shared Brown's interest in Arabians as remount bloodstock. Seeking to prove the superior endurance and durability of Arabian horses to the U.S. Army Remount Service, Brown actively encouraged the participation of Arabians in endurance races. He had most of his horses trained to ride and drive. Many were used in endurance races, others shown, and at least one was a polo pony.
In 1918, Brown set up a test ride in which he had two of his horses travel from Berlin to Bethel, Maine, a distance of . They completed the ride in just over 31 hours including breaks; each horse carried a rider and equipment weighing in poor weather and on muddy roads. The horses were Kheyra, a purebred seven-year-old mare who weighed , and Rustem Bey, a half-Arab by Khaled out of a Standardbred mare of the Clay Trotting Horses line. Rustem Bey was taller and heavier than Kheyra. Both horses were examined by a veterinarian, assessed as being sound and fit to continue at the end of the ride, and showed no evidence of soreness 24 hours later. A third Arabian, Herbert Brown's *Crabbet, was ridden by a military officer supervising the test, and that pair covered in seventeen hours. The results of the test were reported in "The New York Times".
Following the 1918 test, Brown helped organize the first U.S. Official Cavalry Endurance Ride in 1919, which was won by his mare Ramla, who carried . The race covered in five days. The U.S. Remount Service requested the weight horses carried in 1920 be raised to , and required horses to travel for about a day for five days. Arabians won the highest average points of any breed, and although an Arabian horse did not win first place that year, Rustem Bey was second. In 1921, with a weight requirement of , again covering in five days, Brown's gelding *Crabbet won the race and Rustem Bey placed third, despite a donation of $50,000 from The Jockey Club to the Army to buy the best Thoroughbreds possible in a failed attempt to beat the Arabians. Brown won again in 1923 with an Anglo-Arabian named Gouya, thus retiring the U.S. Mounted Service Cup.
Brown used Arabian stallions owned by the remount service as breeding animals, and over time he also provided 32 of his own stallions to sire remounts. He advocated crossbreeding Arabians to improve other breeds. He concluded, however, that attempting to breed purebred Arabians for increased size resulted in a sacrifice in quality and Arabian type.
Dispersal.
Brown sold all his horses in 1933 in an attempt to raise funds to keep the Brown Company solvent. They were bought by the Kellogg Ranch, Roger Selby, William Randolph Hearst's San Simeon Stud, and "General" J. M. Dickinson of Traveler's Rest Stud, who acquired most of the horses from Brown's 1932 importation from Egypt. Dickinson in turn sold *Zarife to Wayne Van Vleet of Colorado in 1939, and Azkar, the last foal bred by Brown, to a ranch in Texas. There Azkar was left to fend for himself on the open range as a herd stallion, but, a testament to the hardiness of Brown's Arabians, he survived and was returned to the Arabian breeding world by Henry Babson. Dickinson sold the mare *Aziza to Alice Payne, who later owned *Raffles.
Legacy.
Brown believed it was important to preserve the scenic value of New Hampshire's forests. Between 1903 and 1911, he helped with efforts to establish White Mountain National Forest. Among his many civic activities, Brown promoted early legislative efforts to protect public riding trails. He also helped New Hampshire acquire Franconia Notch and Crawford Notch as public lands, and established a river conservation group in Quebec.
A scholar of the Arabian horse, he collected a significant library of works on the breed, one of the largest collections in the United States. His papers are now kept by the Arabian Horse Owners Foundation (AHOF). Today, the term "CMK", meaning "Crabbet/Maynesboro/Kellogg", is a label for specific lines of "Domestic" or "American-bred" Arabian horses. It describes the descendants of horses imported to America from the desert or from Crabbet Park Stud in the late 1800s and early 1900s and then bred on in the US by the Hamidie Society, Huntington, Borden, Davenport, Brown, W. K. Kellogg, Hearst, or Dickinson.
Bibliography.
Brown authored the following works:


Francis Cherry (governor)

Francis Adams Cherry Sr. (September 5, 1908 – July 15, 1965), was an American jurist and the 35th governor of Arkansas, elected as a Democrat for a single two-year term from 1953 to 1955.
Biography.
Cherry was born in Fort Worth, Texas, the son of a Rock Island Lines railroad conductor. He and his four older siblings grew up in El Reno and Enid, Oklahoma, where he graduated from high school in 1926. He graduated from Oklahoma State University, (then A&M College), in Stillwater in 1930.
In 1932, Cherry moved to Fayetteville to attend the University of Arkansas Law School. He received his law degree in 1936. He moved to Jonesboro in northeastern Arkansas to establish a law practice.
Political career.
In 1936, he was appointed U.S. Commissioner for the Jonesboro division of the Eastern district and in 1940 he was named referee to the Workers' Compensation Commission by Governor Carl E. Bailey.
In 1942, Cherry was elected chancellor and probate judge of the 12th Judicial District, which included Clay, Crittenden, Greene, Craighead, Mississippi, and Poinsett counties. During World War II, Cherry waived his judicial immunity, and applied for a commission in the United States Navy. He served for the last two years of World War II.
Cherry was elected governor in 1952. He defeated the two-term incumbent Sidney Sanders McMath in the primary. He then overwhelmed the Republican candidate, Jefferson W. Speck, 342,292 (87.4 percent) to 49,292 (12.6 percent), who had also lost to McMath in the 1950 general election. Speck (1916–1993) was a planter and businessman from Frenchmans Bayou in Mississippi County in eastern Arkansas. At the time of his death, he was living in Kerrville in the Texas Hill Country. In a post-election statement, Speck said that the GOP had done nothing to assist his two gubernatorial campaigns. He further alleged that the Arkansas GOP would "never fully develop and take its place in Arkansas politics under its present leadership... The same tired old men—old in ideas, old in hopes—will still keep a death grip on southern Republicanism." (Little Rock "Arkansas Democrat", November 5, 1952)
Cherry's administration was responsible for establishing the Department of Finance and Administration and promoted industrial development. When Cherry ran for a second term, he was defeated in a runoff primary by Orval Eugene Faubus of Madison County. Faubus then defeated the Republican Pratt C. Remmel, the mayor of Little Rock, to win the first of his six terms as governor. In that race, former GOP nominee Jefferson Speck endorsed Faubus to protest the state party leadership.
He was only the second governor in Arkansas history to have been denied a second term—the first was Tom Jefferson Terral, who was defeated in 1926. After the governorship, Republican U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Cherry, a staunch anti-communist, to head the Subversive Activities Control Board, a position that continued under Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.
In his scrapbook memoirs "Down From the Hills", Faubus tells a story of having checked into a motel in El Reno, Oklahoma, in 1954, while he was en route on a family trip to Colorado, after having defeated Cherry in the runoff. The motel clerk told Faubus that the Cherrys were an "old-line Republican family" in Oklahoma, but "some fellow beat him this last time." When Cherry ran for office, he sought the governorship as a Democrat at a time when Arkansas had virtually no Republican presence. Cherry's Democratic label did not keep Eisenhower from naming him to the SACB.
Later life, death, and legacy.
In 1963, after a heart operation in Houston, Texas, Cherry was unable to devote full-time to his duties but went to his office in Washington, D.C., several times a week. He died in Washington on July 15, 1965. The first of two funeral services was held at his home in Washington. Then the body was transported to Little Rock to lie in state in the rotunda of the Arkansas State Capitol. Services were also held at the First Presbyterian Church of Jonesboro. Interment was at Oaklawn Cemetery in Jonesboro.
Cherry was married to the former Margaret Frierson (1912–1990), originally of Jonesboro. They had two sons, Haskille Cherry (1940–2007) and Francis Cherry, Jr., and a daughter, Charlotte Cherry, then all of Washington, D.C. Margaret and older son, Haskille Cherry, were living in Williamsburg, Virginia, at the time of their deaths.
Governor Faubus and President Johnson were particularly magnanimous in their public statements of mourning on Cherry's death. Faubus said that his former rival rendered "fine service". Johnson said that Cherry left "a rich legacy of accomplishment... I particularly want to extend my sympathy to his family and dear ones and to the countless citizens of Arkansas who have lost in his passing a distinguished leader and a native son whose devotion to constitutional principles and human dignity won him the confidence and admiration of all who knew him."
In 1964, he was named "Alumnus of the Year" from Arkansas graduates of OSU.
Cherry's papers were donated to the Archives and Special Collections of Arkansas State University.


Store Frederikslund

Store Frederikslund is a manor house and estate located eight kilometres northeast of Slagelse, Slagelse Municipality, Denmark. One of several estates that was established when Antvorskov Cavalry District was sold in public auction. it was established by General Hans Henrik von Eickstedt in 1783 and later owned by the Castenschiold/Grevenkop-Castenschiolds family from 1786 to 1995. The Neoclassical main building from the 1780s was probably designed by Andreas Kirkerup. It was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1918.
History.
Origins.
In 1568, Sorø Abbey sold thefarm Landbytorp and the village of Davidsrød to Jens Hiort. In 1586, Landbytorp and Davidsrø were both incorporated in the fief of Antvorskov. In 1673, Landbytorp was disjoined from the fief as a large farm owned by Povl Nielsen. His widow stayed on the farm after her husband's death but in 1691 sold it to Bertel Pedersen. In 1719, Landbytorp was again acquired by the crown and incorporated in the new Antvorskov Cavalry District.
Hans Henrik von Eickstedt.
Antvorskov Cavalry District existed until 1774. The land was then divided into estates and sold in public auction. Landbytorp was acquired by Hans Larsen Fogh and Davidsrød went to Christian Sveistrup. In 1783, Landbytorp and Davidsrød were both acquired by Hans Henrik von Eickstedt who, back in 1772, had been involved in the revolt against Johann Friedrich Struensee, He merged the land into a single manor under the name Store Frederikslund. The name was a tribute to Crown Prince Frederick, the later Frederick VI. Von Eickstedt constructed a main building on his estate as well as a farm which was given the name Lille Frederikslund.
After the coup d'état in 1884, in which Crown Prince Frederick forced Ove Høegh-Guldberg to resign, von Eickstedt was also dismissed from all his offices. In compensation, he was granted the title chamberlain as well as a considerable pension.
1786-1995: Grevencop/-Castenschiold.
In 1786, he sold Store Frederikslund to Jørgen Frederik Castenskiold. He was the second'eldest son of Johan Lorentz Castenschiold and the brother of Carl Adolph Castenschiold (1740–1820) and Joachim Castenschiold (1743–1817). He was already the owner of two other estates, Hørbygaard at Holbæk and Valbygård at Slagelse, but sold Valbygaard to Poul Christian von Stemann in 1805. He was married to Johanne Vilhelmine Grevencop and the couple had 13 children of which many died in an early age.
Jørgen Frederik Castenschiold died at Store Frederikslund in 1819. He had in 1813 ceded the ownership of Store Frederikslund and Hørbygaard to his eldest surviving son, Caspar Holten Castenschiold, who on 5 May 1826, was granted royal permission to assume the name Grevencop-Castenschiold. Caspar Holten Castenschiold had in 1825 become the owner of his third estate when he purchased Hagestedgaard from a cousin.
Caspar Holten Grevencop-Castenschiold's estates were after his death divided between his three surviving sons. Store Frederikslund passed to his eldest son, Jørgen Frederik Grevenkop-Castenbskiold, who owned it until 1874, He converted most of the copyholds to freeholds. He also improved the management of the estate and refurbished the home farm.
In 1929, Jørgen Adolph Grevenkop-Castenskiold sold Lille Frederikslund to Viggo de Neergaard. In 1935, he ceded Store Frederikslund to his son Erik Wilhelm Grevenkop-Castenskiold.
1995-preseent: Later history.
In 1995, Store Frederikslund was sold to founder of IC Group Klaus Helmersen. In 2012, he sold the estate for around DKK 200 million.
Architecture.

The Neoclassical main building dates from the 1780s and was probably designed by Andreas Kirkerup. It is part of a large, rectangular complex surrounding a cental courtyard. The two side wings have median risalits on both sides. The median risalits towards the garden feature four Tuscan order pilsters and are topped by triangular pediments. The main building was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1918.
Today.
The current owner, St. Frederikslund A/S, is again owned by Bermuda-based TK Foundation. a not for profit foundation and major shareholder of Teekay which was founded when the company's founder, Danish-American Torben Karlshøj, passed away. The foundation is in Denmark also operating iunder the name Kattegatfonden (Kattegat Foundation).
The estate covers approximately 500 hectares of land. The main building is used by the TK Foundation as a conference centre.


Abner Clough

Abner Clough (13 September 1840–22 April 1910) was a New Zealand farm worker and character. He was born in Akaroa, North Canterbury, New Zealand on 13 September 1840. Abner stood at a height of 6'4" and weighed some sixteen stone; his black hair and beard, swarthy complexion, beetling eyebrows, erect bearing giving him a leonine and commanding appearance. One of his contemporaries once said, 'Abner does not usually walk but goes at a slow jog; none has ever been able to keep up with him in N.Z. yet". There is a mountain top in New Zealand called Abner's Head ~ it was his look out point when searching for stray cattle.


De Adriaan, Haarlem

De Adriaan () is a windmill in the Netherlands that burnt down in 1932 and was rebuilt in 2002. The original windmill dates from 1779 and the mill has been a distinctive part of the skyline of Haarlem for centuries.
History of De Adriaan.
Goevrouwetoren.
The windmill was built on the foundations of the Goevrouwetoren by Adriaan de Booys, an industrial producer from Amsterdam. The Goevrouwetoren, or Goede Vrouwtoren (Goodwife Tower), had been the northern support of the city's Catrijnenpoort, a defencework over the River Spaarne. By the late 18th century, the gate was redundant due to the expansion of the city, and de Booys bought the tower and the land around it from the municipality of Haarlem on April 24, 1778. By reinforcing the foundations with wooden supporting poles, the mill was built to 34 metres above the level of the river, and above the surrounding city. De Adriaan was officially opened on May 19, 1779.
De Booys was granted permission to build a windmill to produce cement, paint, and tanbark. The windmill was built under the supervision of miller Henricus Ruijsch from Waddinxveen. De Booy earned the concession to be the sole producer of cement in the city for 25 years.
De Booys sold the windmill to Cornelis Kraan in 1802. The monopoly on cement had not been as lucrative as De Booys had hoped for; a competitor evaded the law by importing cement from Dordrecht. The windmill was sold for 1650 guilders, and Kraan converted the mill into a tobacco mill, to produce tobacco snuff. Kraan already owned a tobacco shop, at the Grote Houtstraat (number 12).
In 1865 a steam engine was placed in the windmill by the then owner, J. van Berloo, but this was not a commercial success. In 1925 the windmill was bought for 12,100 guilders by the Dutch windmill society Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen to prevent demolition.
The mill was severely damaged by a storm in 1930.
Fire.
On the evening of April 23, 1932 the windmill burnt down. The fire brigade arrived quickly but could not prevent the complete burning down of the mill. This event was a shock for many citizens of the city; the cause of the fire has never been established.
Rebuilding.
Immediately after the fire, citizens of Haarlem collected money to pay for the rebuilding of the mill. The owner of the mill, Vereniging De Hollande Molen, started a collection and the result was 3,000 guilders. The insurance money, 12.165 guilders, had to be used to pay off the mortgage on the mill.
The municipality of Haarlem made 10,000 guilders, a large amount of money, available in 1938 for the renovation of the mill, but this was overruled by the provincial council because of the bad economic situation. The renovation had to be postponed until the economic situation improved (1930s).
In 1963 the Haarlem municipality became owner of the mill and tried to restore it. That failed, however, due to a lack of funds.
In September 1985 a plan was presented by the architects Braaksma and Roos for renovation of the Scheepsmakersdijk; and their plan included a renovated windmill. In 1995 detailed plans were made by the Haarlem municipality and on April 21, 1999 the first pole was put in the ground.
De Adriaan was rebuilt on the original foundations of the old windmill. Windmill De Adriaan was reopened on April 23, 2002, exactly 70 years after the fire. The current owner is Stichting Molen De Adriaan.
Tourist attraction.
The windmill is fully functional, and is capable of grinding grain. However, it is not often in use - it works for tourists, mostly on Saturdays and holidays. Inside the windmill is a small museum, and the interior can be seen.


Luiz Nishimori

Luiz Hiloshi Nishimori (born 9 April 1949) is a Brazilian politician and farmer. He has spent his political career representing Paraná, having served as a state deputy representative from 2005 to 2011 and as federal deputy representative from 2011.
Personal life.
Nishimori is married to Akemi Nishimori and has two children. He has been a farmer since 1970, growing soybeans and wheat. His family owns the pesticide company named Mariagro Agrícola Ltda and his children are the owners of another company named Nishimori Agrícola.
Political career.
Nishimori voted in favor of the impeachment against then-president Dilma Rousseff and political reformation. He would later vote in against opening a corruption investigation against Rousseff's successor Michel Temer, and voted in favor of the 2017 Brazilian labor reforms. Nishimori is a supporter of reforming the pension system run by the government in Brazil.
Nishimori was one of the principal drafters of bill 6299, which relaxed the rules concerning the usage of pesticides on Brazilian farms. This bill essentially overturned Law 7.8022 passed in 1989 that limited the amount of pesticides that the Ministry of Agriculture would allow used, with regulation from health agencies. Bill 6299 was passed and became a law in 2018.
There was some controversy as Nishimori's company profited from the loosening laws regarding pesticide usage that Nishimori helped pass. He has also been accused of covering up the use of DDT in his and other farms in Brazil.


Puszcza Zielona

Puszcza Zielona (; ) is a forest in Poland which extends from the Narew River and the border of what was once East Prussia. It is bounded on the east by the Pisa River and on the west by the Orzyc River. The forest lies in a lowland and contains a wet sandy soil, but it is rich in various minerals which are mined.
The Green Wilderness (Puszcza Zielona) is usually associated with the White Wilderness (Puszcza Biała), and together the two forests are often referred to as the Kurpie Forest (Puszcza Kurpiowska) because the two forests were populated by inhabitants who, over the centuries retained their distinct ethnic character. Due to isolation they developed a unique culture of their own, called Kurpie.
History.
The forest was first ordered colonized by Masovian Prince Janusz I in the first half of the 14th Century by peasants and petty nobles. Colonization continued on and off subsequently, and its inhabitants, because of their isolation by living deep in a forest, developed a distinct culture. They retained their independence from their neighboring Poles, who give them the derogatory name of "kurpś", because they retained their ancient tradition of making shoes made of fibers from the linden tree and sealed with lime. Eventually, these people formed a unique culture separate from their neighboring Poles, known as Kurpie.
Current status.
Because of deliberate cutting down of forest, even though the area is not suitable for agriculture, much of the forest remains in broken patches. Villages which once housed Kurpie-style structures have now been replaced, for the most part, by more modern structures.
After the communist government disappeared, portions of the forest are being preserved and protected as nature preserves by the Polish government.


Asti wine

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Limestone Coast zone (wine)

Limestone Coast zone is a wine zone located in the south east of South Australia. It extends south of a line of latitude approximately in line with Cape Willoughby at the east end of Kangaroo Island and it is bounded by the continental coastline and the border with Victoria. It consists of the following wine regions all of which have received appellation as an Australian Geographical Indication (AGI): Coonawarra, Mount Benson, Mount Gambier, Robe, Padthaway, Wrattonbully and a small number of vineyards located outside the above regions. The zone received AGI in 1996.
Extent and appellation.
The Limestone Coast zone is located in the south-east of South Australia bounded by the continental coastline to the south, the border with the neighbouring state of Victoria to the east and the Lower Murray wine zone to the north. The wine zone is the land south of a line located at appropriately 36 degrees 50 minutes south, i.e. in line with Cape Willoughby at the east end of Kangaroo Island. The term ‘Limestone Coast’ was registered as an AGI under the "Wine Australia Corporation Act 1980" on 27 December 1996.
Constituent regions.
The wine zone includes the Coonawarra, Mount Benson, Mount Gambier, Robe, Padthaway and Wrattonbully wine regions.
Coonawarra wine region.
The Coonawarra wine region covers an area centred on the strip of land adjoining both sides of the Riddoch Highway mainly north of the town of Penola. The region is presumably named after the town of Coonawarra which is located within the extent of the region. The region is bordered by the Wrattonbilly region in the north, by the Mount Gambier region in the south and by the Victorian border in the east. The term ‘Coonawarra’ was registered as an AGI on 6 January 2003.
Mount Benson wine region.
The Mount Benson wine region extends over an area partially rectilinear in shape with Cape Jaffa at its north west corner, Cape Thomas at the north end of Guichen Bay in the south and the north end of Lake Hawdon in the south east corner. It borders with the Robe wine region on its east and south sides. The term ‘Mount Benson’ was registered as an AGI on 18 March 1997.
Mount Gambier wine region.
Mount Gambier wine region is located around the regional city of Mount Gambier and borders with the Coonawarra wine region on its north, the Victoria border to its east and the continental coastline to its south. The first planting of vines occurred in 1982. The region received appellation as an Australian Geographical Indication in 2010 and as of 2014, is represented by 20 vineyards and eight wineries.
Padthaway wine region.
The Padthaway wine region extends from Naracoorte in a north westerly direction along the Riddoch Highway passing through Padthaway and ceasing when the Riddoch Highway turns north towards Bordertown. The term ‘Padthaway’ was registered as an AGI on 29 November 1999.
Robe wine region.
The Robe wine region occupies a section of coastline about wide extending from the north end of Guichen Bay where it borders the Mount Benson region to near Beachport in the south. The region is presumably named after the town of Robe which is located within its extent. The term ‘Robe’ was registered as an AGI on 15 August 2006.
Wrattonbully wine region.
The Wrattonbully wine region extents from north of Naracoorte where it borders with the Padthaway wine region to the east where it is bounded by the state border with Victoria and to the south east where it borders with the Coonawarra wine region just north of Penola. The region is presumably named after the town of Wrattonbully which is located within its extent. The term ‘Wrattonbully’ was registered as an AGI on 5 July 2005.
Other wine growing areas within the Limestone Coast zone.
Vineyards exist in the zone outside the registered regions in the following areas - the area west of Bordertown and Mundulla, the area between Lucindale, Callendale, Bool Lagoon and Penola, and the area immediately east of the Mount Benson region.


Forest disturbance by invasive insects and diseases in the United States

Species which are not native to a forest ecosystem can act as an agent of disturbance, changing forest dynamics as they invade and spread. Invasive insects and pathogens (diseases) are introduced to the United States through international trade, and spread through means of natural and human-dispersal. Invasive insects and pathogens are a serious threat to many forests in the United States and have decimated populations of several tree species, including American chestnut, American elm, eastern hemlock, whitebark pine, and the native ash species (see extended listing below). The loss of these tree species is typically rapid with both short and long-term impacts to the forest ecosystem.
Pathways and spread.
Pathways.
International trade is the primary pathway for introduction of invasive insects and pathogens into the United States.
Live plants.
The importation of live plants has been the pathway attributed to over 60 percent of the most damaging non-native pests to the United States. Live plants are an especially effective pathway because they provide sustenance to the pest over long journeys on otherwise inhospitable cargo ships. Notable early examples of live plant harbored pests—such as beech scale, chestnut blight, and white pine blister rust—led to the Plant Quarantine Act of 1912 and regulations from the US Department of Agriculture in 1919. Despite these and subsequent regulations, insects and pathogens have continued to be introduced through live plants.
Wood products.
Wood products—including wood packaging material—are the second most common pathway, accounting for about 30 percent of the most damaging non-native pests to the United States. These low quality wood products, like crating and pallets, often retain the outer part of the tree (bark and phloem) where insect life can be harbored.
Other.
Other less common pathways include "hitch-hiking" directly on cargo ships and containers and in air passenger baggage.
Spread.
Once introduced into forests of the United States, invasive insects and pathogens can spread in two ways: natural and human-assisted dispersal. The rate of human-assisted dispersal can be erratic and cause the pest to invade distant, discrete locations. The rate of natural dispersal varies depending on the adaptations of the pest species but is more diffuse, spreading outward from the invaded area. A typical dispersal of invasive insects and pathogens is characterized by both means: diffuse spread coupled with long-distance "jumps" to discrete areas.
Natural dispersal.
Pathogens can spread through the air, water, or on insect and animal vectors (hosts). Dutch elm disease was spread by elm bark beetles, yet the tree mortality was caused by a pathogen. Chestnut blight is a fungus spread through wind dispersal and rain splatter; the blight traveled up to 50 miles in a year by natural means. Insect pests, once they reach the adult phase, have the ability to disperse by flight. Emerald ash borer beetles can travel over seven kilometers per day. Asian long-horned beetle, however, usually stays with the tree it matured on, maintaining localized natural spread.
Human-assisted dispersal.
Human-assisted spread can cause invasive insects or pathogens to "jump" to new and often distant locations. The transported pest may then spread by natural means, forming new, discrete populations. A significant means of human-assisted spread is through transportation of infected firewood. For example, discrete populations of emerald ash borer have been traced to remote campsites where natural spread would not have been possible.
Forest impacts.
Non-native invasive species can disrupt ecosystems because they do not have natural predators, or other ecological checks-and-balances. Thus, with less competition from native species, non-native populations can explode. Invasive insects and pathogens have eliminated entire tree species from forests of the United States in as little as decades. This rapid change in forest composition has consequences for the entire ecosystem. The extent of the impact depends on characteristics of both the pest and host tree.
Pests differ in their means of attack and extent of damage. For example, defoliating insect (gypsy moth) may weaken trees but not directly cause mortality, while boring insects (Emerald ash borer) can often cause serious damage. A pathogen may slowly weaken a tree (beech bark disease) or it may cause rapid decline (chestnut blight). A pest may attack a specific species (hemlock woolly adelgid) or it may attack several species (emerald ash borer) or species across many genera (Asian long-horned beetle).
The impacts to the forest also differ depending on characteristics of the host tree. The decline of a more dominant tree (American chestnut) or one that fills a unique role (such as a nitrogen fixer) has a greater impact. A pioneer tree species, one that is able to quickly regenerate after a disturbance, may be able to reassert its role in the forest while a climax tree species may not.
Forest impacts can be divided into two phases: short-term physical disturbance caused directly by the pest, and long-term changes in ecosystem functions in response to the disturbance.
Short-term.
Short-term disturbances are physical damages directly caused by the invasive pest and are measured on a time-scale of months to years. Short-term forest productivity is reduced by significant tree mortality. For example, productivity of mixed ash forests affected by emerald ash borer were measured at around 30 percent reduction after the disturbance. Forest-productivity can be reduced even without widespread mortality. During a gypsy moth outbreak, entire forests can be defoliated but then recover. However, the energy required for new foliage weakens the trees. Oaks—a favorite food source for gypsy moth larva—produce a reduced acorn crop for years after a defoliating event. Animals that rely on acorns are thus affected; but some animals benefit from the gypsy moth, namely those that prey on the caterpillars (larva). Understory plants can also benefit from the increased sunlight and rainfall; or they may perish if left too exposed. Nitrogen levels in the soil increase from the insect excrement, dead caterpillars, and dropped foliage.
Other short-term impacts include: changes in forest micro-climate from a more open canopy, which increases temperature and reduces humidity, decline of species in symbiotic relationships with the affected tree (Clark's nutcracker and whitebark pine), decline of specialist species (ash specialist arthropods), decline of species which rely on affected trees for habitat (black-throated green warbler and hemlock), changes in aquatic species composition from streams switching from shaded to more sun, increased erosion from loss root mass and tree cover.
Long-term.
Long-term disturbances are changes in the way the forest ecosystem functions as a result of the disturbance event and are measured in decades to centuries. Changes in the forest ecosystem are primarily a result of changes in forest structure and species composition. American chestnut used to compose up to 50 percent of the canopy in many eastern deciduous forest, Ash species make up 7 percent of all Wisconsin forests (for example) and up to 90 percent of some forests. Eastern hemlock is the most common conifer in many northeastern forests. The loss of these species from the forest represents a loss of the contributions they made to the function of the ecosystem. Co-existing tree and plant species will gain in the void left by the affected species, but often providing different functions. Eastern hemlock, for example, is commonly replaced by black birch in the northeast—a slow-growing, shade-tolerant and deep shade producing evergreen tree, replaced by a fast-growing, open, deciduous tree. While short-term forest productivity was discussed above, long-term productivity of ash forests will depend on the species which fill the void; a slow-growing species (maples) would reduce forest productivity while a fast-growing species (box-elder) might increase productivity.
Limitations.
The complete picture of long-term ecological effects from invasive pests is difficult to measure; and it is too early to determine the effects of the many new invasive pest introductions. Much of the research has focused of the biology of the pests—i.e. life cycle and host preferences—towards understanding how to contain their spread. Recent and rapid outbreaks such as emerald ash borer, however, have invigorated interest in understanding the ecological consequences of invasive pests and how to restore affected forests.
Survival and recovery.
The American chestnut, virtually eliminated from the forest, survived in small isolated pockets. The survivors have been cross-bred with the blight-resistant Chinese chestnut and reintroduced into National Forests in trial studies.
Parasitoid wasps have been approved for release by the USDA to combat the emerald ash borer. Pesticide applications are also used to protect ash trees against borer invasion. Blue ash is the one native ash species which shows some natural resistance to emerald ash borer.
Though the American elm remains susceptible to Dutch elm disease, it persists in forests—thus preserving genetic diversity—because it reaches maturity at a young age, produces seed that travels long distances through wind dispersal, can establish in disturbed areas and is tolerant of harsh conditions. Cultivars of American elm have been produced, and are available in the nursery trade, which are Dutch elm disease resistant, such as 'Valley Forge' and 'Princeton'.
List of invasive insects and pathogens affecting tree species in North America.
Insects.
Note: Pathogens carried by insects are included under Pathogens


Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University

Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (SDAU) is a State Agricultural University in India. It is approximately from Palanpur town in Banaskantha District of Gujarat.
History.
The Gujarat Agricultural University started functioning in June 1972. It was established with specific mandates of promoting productivity of agriculture by pursuing research in agriculture and allied sciences. The unique feature of the Gujarat Agricultural University was a multi-campus set-up. The other three campuses were at Junagadh, Navsari and Anand.
Since 2004, the GAU was split into four campuses. The Gujarat Agricultural University started functioning with specific mandates for promoting productivity of agriculture through the pursuance of research in agriculture and allied sciences. The Gujarat Agricultural University had 11 constituent colleges faculties which undertook undergraduate and postgraduate teaching under a semester system.
The total number of students who have graduated from the Gujarat Agricultural University (until 1996) were 8532 in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Renewable Energy & Environmental Engineering, Dairy Science, Basic Science and HumanitiesAgricultural Engineering, Horticulture and Forestry, Home Science and Fisheries. 2159 students have obtained Masters, and 393 have acquired their PhD degrees.
Campuses.
Gujarat Agricultural University does not exist any more. The four campuses of Gujarat Agricultural University were converted into four independent universities on May 1, 2004 by Gujarat Government through the Gujarat Agricultural Universities Act 2004.
The Sardarkrushinagar campus in Dantiwada Taluka (earlier the headquarters of GAU) is known as Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University and has ten colleges:
The other agriculture universities which were converted into universities from GAU are Anand Agricultural University, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari and Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.


James Finlay Weir Johnston

James Finlay Weir Johnston, FRS FRSE (13 September 1796 – 18 September 1855) was a Scottish agricultural chemist and mineralogist.
Life.
Born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Johnston was educated at University of Glasgow, where he studied Theology and graduated MA.
Johnston founded a grammar school in Durham in 1825, which later merged with other local schools, such as Brandon and Bowburn, to form a single comprehensive school for the area, named Durham Johnston Comprehensive School, preserving James Finlay Weir Johnston's name.
He acquired a fortune at the time of his marriage in 1830, and was able to devote himself to studying chemistry. He visited the chemist J. J. Berzelius in Sweden and was a co-founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
In 1832 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Thomas Charles Hope. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1837.
He was appointed reader in Chemistry and Mineralogy at Durham University on its foundation in 1833, but continued to reside in Edinburgh out of term. From 1847, his assistant was Augustus Voelcker who also lectured in agricultural chemistry at Durham University.
In 1849 the Assembly of New Brunswick contracted Johnston to survey and report on potential development. In his "Notes on North America", Johnston reported that the Provincial soils were more productive than those of New York or Ohio.
Johnston died in Durham on 18 September 1855.
Works.
Johnston's works are available through Internet Archive:
Family.
In 1830 he married the daughter of Thomas Ridley of Durham.


David Arblaster

David Amos Arblaster, (16 November 192910 August 2006) was a New South Wales politician, Minister for Culture, Sport and Recreation and Minister for Tourism in the cabinet of Sir Eric Willis until the Liberal party lost the 1976 election. Arblaster was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the Electoral district of Mosman in 1972 and served until his retirement in 1984.
Early life.
Arblaster was born in Sydney in 1929, the only child of Hugh and Ivy Arblaster, and was educated at Manly Village Public School and then later at Sydney Church of England Grammar School. Upon graduating, he studied accountancy but had a varied career, becoming a salesman for Larke Hoskins Ltd in Sydney, and then a grazier in outback New South Wales and Cunnamulla in South West Queensland. On 17 July 1954, Arblaster married Mary Ann Roberts, and had two daughters, Ann and Fiona. In 1968, Arblaster became a director of Noble Lowndes Australia, and later the managing director of Mitchell's Marina at Church Point.
Political career.
Arblaster joined the Liberal Party in 1956 and held various party positions, including as a member of the State executive and then a country and metropolitan vice-president. He was actively involved in encouraging youth involvement in the Liberal Party and he was the last appointed Liberal Youth Council chairman before the Young Liberals was reconstituted in 1964 as an independent wing of the Liberal Party. During this time, his vice-chairman was future Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard.
Arblaster contested the 1967 Australian Senate election on the NSW Liberal ticket but was on third position and failed to gain a seat.
Arblaster then stood for and was elected to the seat of Mosman at a July 1972 by-election caused by the mid-term retirement of former Liberal Leader and Minister of the Crown, Pat Morton. He went on to be re-elected with a significant majority a further five times. During the Askin and Lewis Government he remained on the backbenches, but following the poor performance of Premier Lewis, despite a federal swing towards the Coalition after the 1975 Federal election, Arblaster, along with fellow backbenchers Neil Pickard (Hornsby) and Keith Doyle (Vaucluse), all of whom had supported Sir Eric Willis in previous ballots, moved against Premier Lewis. At the party room meeting on 20 January 1976, Pickard moved the motion that the leadership be declared vacant. This was carried 22 votes to 11 and Willis was made Leader and Premier unopposed. Willis then appointed Arblaster to the cabinet as Minister for Culture, Sport and Recreation, and Minister for Tourism, being sworn in on 23 January 1976.
Minister of the Crown.
As Minister for Sport, Arblaster was responsible for the introduction of on-the-spot fines, by increasing the power of the trustees, for unruly fans during Sports events at the Sydney Cricket Ground. On 5 April, Arblaster announced the implementation of a 3 million dollar per annum scheme of funding for state sporting organisations and the establishing of a State Sporting Secretariat, to provide administrative assistance to those sporting bodies. He held this post to 14 May 1976 when the Liberal Party lost the 1976 election to the Labor Party under Neville Wran. Thereafter he was appointed as Shadow Minister for Public Works, Ports and Housing under Opposition leader Willis until his resignation on 16 December 1977. Arblaster then announced his intention to contest the vacant leadership against John Maddison, Peter Coleman and Kevin Rozzoli. However, Coleman eventually emerged successful and Arblaster remained as Shadow Minister for Public Works and Ports from 20 December 1977 to 7 October 1978 when Coleman lost his seat at the 1978 election.
Later life.
When Coleman was formally replaced by John Mason, Arblaster then decided to contest the Deputy Leadership against John Dowd, Rozzoli, Jim Cameron and Bruce McDonald. However, McDonald emerged as the new Deputy and Mason then appointed Arblaster as the Shadow Minister for Transport, a position he held from 2 November 1978 to 12 October 1981, lasting through the successive leaderships of Bruce McDonald and John Dowd.
During a heated debate in the Legislative Assembly on 8 November 1979 over the Minister for Transport, Peter Cox's decision to reverse the decision to retain Alan Reiher as Commissioner of the Public Transport Commission, Arblaster accused the Government of being influenced by the NSW Labor Council in reaching the decision. After Cox denied this, Arblaster was given several warnings for interjecting before the Speaker, Laurie Kelly, expelled him from the House for 24 hours. From 29 October 1981 to 15 March 1983, Dowd appointed Arblaster as Shadow Minister for Police Services and Shadow Minister for Sport and Recreation, it was to be his last appointment. After Nick Greiner became leader, Arblaster returned to the backbenches until he retired on 5 March 1984.
In retirement, Arblaster continued his interest in sailing and yachting as a Member of the Middle Harbour Yacht Club and later as patron of the New South Wales 16-foot skiff club. The Arblasters returned to their farm in Cunnamulla, Queensland and thereafter to Singleton, New South Wales. They then moved to Corlette in Port Stephens, and then to Mangerton in Wollongong. He died at his Wollongong residence on 10 August 2006. On his death, during a condolence motion in the House, his former parliamentary colleague, Ian Armstrong, paid tribute to Arblaster:


Holsteiner

The Holsteiner is a breed of horse originating in the Schleswig-Holstein region of northern Germany. It is thought to be the oldest of warmblood breeds, tracing back to the 13th century. Though the population is not large, Holsteiners are a dominant force of international show jumping, and are found at the top levels of dressage, combined driving, show hunters, and eventing.
Breed characteristics.
Holsteiners are medium-framed horses averaging between at the withers. Approved stallions must be a minimum of 16 hands and mares a minimum of . The type, or general appearance, exhibited by Holsteiners should be that of an athletic riding horse. As a breed, Holsteiners are known for their arched, rather high-set necks and powerful hindquarters. The heavy neck was perpetuated even in modern Holsteiners with the help of Ladykiller xx and his son, Landgraf. In centuries past, Holsteiners retained the hallmark Roman nose of the Baroque horse, but today it has been replaced by a smaller head with large, intelligent eyes. These conformational characteristics give most Holsteiners good balance and elegant movement.
Before the onset of mechanization, these horses were used in agriculture, as coach horses, and occasionally for riding. The closed stud book and careful preservation of female family lines has ensured, in an era of globalization, the horses of Holstein have a unique character. While the active gaits, arched neck, and attractive manner in harness of the early foundation bloodstock have been retained, the breed survived because of the willingness of its breeders to conform to changing market demands. The high-headed jump and leg faults were corrected with supple, basculing jumping technique and structurally correct improvement sires. In the past 15 or 20 years, even more pronounced refinement and aesthetic appeal have occurred.
The easiest way to identify a Holsteiner is by the hot brand on the left hip, which is given to foals when they are inspected for their papers and passport. Foals outside of the main registry can receive an alternate brand. In most cases, the last two digits of the life number are part of the brand.
Many male Holsteiners have names beginning in the letters "C" or "L" due to the dominance of male lines perpetuated by Cor de la Bryére, Cottage Son xx, and Ladykiller xx. However, since Holsteiners from those families are used to add jumping ability to other warmblood breeding programs, non-Holstein warmbloods also often have those initials. Fillies, though, are named by year with I and J being the same year and Q and X not being used. For example, fillies born in 2008 and 1986 had names beginning in the letter "A". The use of the sire's name as part of the name of his offspring is discouraged.
Gaits.
Holsteiners in general have round, generous, elastic strides with impulsion from the haunches and natural balance. In motion, Holsteiners retain the character of their coach driving forebears, often exhibiting more articulation of the joints than is common among other warmbloods. The acknowledged specialization for jumping capacity in the breed sometimes means the quality of the walk and trot suffer, though this is not the rule. The canter, which is typically light, soft, balanced, and dynamic, is the best gait of the Holsteiner.
Jumping.
The strongest asset of the Holsteiner breed is their jumping ability. Even the average Holsteiner usually exhibits great power and scope, and correct technique. The scope and power were inherited from the heavier old Holsteiners, but they lacked carefulness, speed, adjustability, bascule, and technique. Improvement sires like Cor de la Bryére successively eliminated these flaws, making the Holsteiner breed internationally known for Olympic-caliber jumping. Werner Schockemöhle, a leading breeder of warmblood sport horses in neighboring Oldenburg said no breeding community in the world has a better knowledge of the show-jumping horse than the breeders of Holstein.
Coat colors.
Similar to horse breeds in the nearby areas of Oldenburg, Groningen, and Friesland, traditional Holsteiners were dark-colored and minimally marked. This tendency has evolved into a preference for black, dark bay, and brown, though lighter shades such as chestnuts and grays are also permitted. Horses with large white spots suggestive of pinto patterning or any of the traits associated with leopard-spotting are excluded from the registry. Despite the fact that palomino and buckskin are not acceptable colors for the Holsteiner, the Thoroughbred improvement sire, Marlon xx was himself a dark buckskin that left the registry with a number of palomino and buckskin offspring.
Temperament.
There are unflappable, lazy Holsteiners and sensitive, spooky Holsteiners. Some families, like that of Capitol I, are known for an uncomplicated temperament. Amateurs can find uncomplicated, cooperative, steady mounts, and professionals can find bold, sensitive rides; there is no one perfect temperament. Many Holsteiners are well-balanced, strong-nerved, reliable, and bold. Some critics of the breed, or particular lineages within it, find that strong selection for jumping performance results in capable high-level jumpers, but at the cost of rideability.
Breed history.
The Holsteiner breed has been bred in the northernmost region of Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, for over 700 years. The windswept coastal marshes where the breed originated are characterized by rich, wet soil that could dry out and turn concrete-like in a matter of hours. Since the first century, these fertile marshes were said to be home to an autochthonous horse that was small and suited to the climate.
Organized horse breeding in Holstein was first conducted in the monasteries of Uetersen. Monks were frequently the most literate members of Middle Ages societies, so accurate record-keeping depended on them. From the small native horses of the Haseldorf marshes, the Uetersen monks began to develop larger horses suitable for riding in times of war, and for agriculture in the demanding environment.
As knightly combat gave way to the cavalry, horses used in warfare required more endurance and agility. Similar to other quality European horses of the time, the popularity of Neapolitan and Spanish horses were reflected in the Holsteiner. While not exceptionally tall, they had thick, high-set necks, animated gaits, and Roman noses. King Philip II of Spain routinely purchased Holsteiners to populate his stud at Cordoba. Following the Protestant Reformation, the breeding of horses was no longer the responsibility of the monks, but of local officials and individual farmers. As early as 1719, the state offered awards to the finest stallions bred by Holstein farmers. To qualify, the stallion had to be between four and 15 years old, stand at least 15.2 hands and have sired at least 15 foals in the previous season. Twelve black Holsteiner stallions were purchased for the foundation of Celle State Stud in 1735. These horses became the foundation of the Hanoverian breed.
Nineteenth century.
The 19th century brought a change to European horse breeding: compact and powerful Baroque horses were replaced by the fleet English Thoroughbred as the primary animals used to improving local horse breeds. Improvements in roads and the development of the locomotive meant long coach rides were less often required. As a result, the emphasis fell on producing elegant, attractive carriage horses. Cleveland Bays and their Thoroughbred-infused relatives, Yorkshire Coach Horses, were imported from Britain to refine the Holsteiner, but the breed still maintained an even temperament. The same organizational efforts that enabled the construction of railways and better roads also affected horse breeding. In the 1860s, the state-owned stud farm (Landgestüt) at Traventhal was established under the Prussian Stud Administration. Traventhal, like other state studs, provided local private horse breeders with affordable access to high-quality stallions. The Duke of Augustenburg was particularly influential, importing fine Thoroughbred stallions and encouraging locals to use them. In 1885, Claus Hell Senior authored a breeding goal for the Holsteiner horse:
A refined, powerful carriage horse with strong bone structure and high, ground covering strides, which at the same time should possess all the qualities of a heavy riding horse.
The Holsteiner stud book was founded by economic advisor Georg Ahsbahs in 1891, and within five years he helped to found the Elmshorn Riding and Driving School. This establishment, which is today home to the "Verband" sires, was the first such school in the world. Assignment of each mare family a stem number ("stamm") was practiced even in the very beginning, and has allowed breeders to track the performance of female families. So well-organized and well-protected were the 19th century Holsteiners that one of the Thoroughbred sires imported by the Duke of Augustenburg is represented by several modern descendants.
Twentieth century.
The early 20th century brought about significant changes for the Holstein horses and their breeders. World War I and World War II resulted in increased demand for powerful horses to pull the artillery wagons. In 1926, the Federation of Horse Breeders of the Holsteiner Marshes were made to turn over their stallions to the state stud, which redistributed the sires. These stallions were soon supplemented by those belonging to another regional breeders' association, as two local societies merged in 1935 to create today's Holsteiner verband.
After World War II, the mare population in 1950 was near 10,000; 11 years later, this number fell by over a third. In that decade, farmers had abandoned the breeding of horses, and the State Stud of Traventhal was dissolved. Instead of allowing the agricultural horses to die out as a breed, the Board of Directors of the breeders' federation purchased 30 Holsteiner stallions and three Thoroughbreds and completely reshaped the breeding direction. Former state stallions were now owned by the breeders' association, a completely unique arrangement among German warmblood breeding societies. To accomplish the updating of the Holsteiner, several Thoroughbred and French stallions were imported. By 1976, most of the top Holsteiner stallions were Thoroughbred or half-Thoroughbred. The new style Holsteiners were more agile, quicker, taller, and had better jumping technique. These changes have been especially important over the 15 to 20 years, as riding sport has left the realm of male professionals and soldiers, and become dominated by women and girls who ride as a leisure activity. To meet the needs of this new market, today's Holsteiners have been made more rideable, more beautiful, and more refined.
Methods of arriving at this goal have changed, too. In the past, sires were assigned to stallion depots to bring them closer to the mares that would benefit from them. Today, most breeders use artificial insemination, so the "Verband"-owned stallions reside at the central stud in Elmshorn. The mares, though, have often remained with small farmers who do not derive their income solely from horse-breeding.
Influential sires.
Warmblood breeds, including the Holsteiner, are modeled to meet the demands of the market, and are never stagnant. When agile cavalry horses were required, Baroque horses from Spain and Naples were used; when flashier coach horses were in demand, the Yorkshire Coach horse contributed its genes. Following World War II, the farm horse gave way to the leisure riding horse and sport horse. Holstein breeders have achieved their aims in the past century with the use of Thoroughbred, Anglo-Arab, and Anglo-Norman sires. The mare base with which breeders were working was of heavy warmblood type. They were calm and sensible, with great depth and breadth but also with elegance, quality and active gaits suitable for coaching. Holsteiners of this era lacked elasticity and athleticism for dressage, and were heavy and slow off the ground over fences. Therefore, the influences due to selection for pulling power had to be systematically eliminated.
Holsteiner breeders today rarely add in foreign blood, and allow upgrading stallions based on their proven ability to contribute to the genepool. Other important sires for the Holsteiner breed include Almé Z, especially through his son Quidam de Revel, and Bachus Z, son of the Shagya Arabian Bajar.
Uses.
Although Holsteiners make up only 6% of the total European horse population, they represent a large proportion of successful show jumpers in particular. Holsteiners are also excellent show hunters and hunt seat equitation horses in North America, and there are numbers of Holsteiners on the international scene in dressage, eventing, and combined driving.
The Holsteiner studbook was ranked No. 3 in international show jumping by the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses in 2008. Furthermore, the 2008 WBFSH rankings of top 30 sires of show jumpers were dominated by Holsteiners: No. 6 Caretino, No. 8 Libero H, No. 11 Cassini, No. 13 Calido, No. 17 Carthago, No. 18 Contender, No. 19 Corrado I, No. 20 Calvados, No. 28 Corland, No. 29 Acord II. Olympic medalists in show jumping, bearing the Holsteiner brand include Cedric and Carlsson vom Dach (team gold, Beijing), In Style (team silver, Beijing), Nobless M and Cantus (team bronze, Beijing), Fein Cera (team gold, Athens), Cardento and Magic Bengtsson (team silver, Athens), Cöster (team bronze, Athens), Cento (team bronze, Athens and team gold, Sydney), Calvaro V (team silver, Sydney), Classic Touch (individual gold, Barcelona), Orchidee (team gold, Seoul), Robin (team gold, Munich), and Trophy (team gold, Munich and team silver, Montreal).
In North America, Holsteiners are often employed as top-quality show hunters. Of the top 20 sires of hunters listed by the USEF in 2008, Holsteiners were again dominant: No. 1 Cheenook, No. 3 Cassini I, No. 6 Acorado I, No. 9 Come Back II, No. 11 Acord II, No. 13 Coriano, No. 15 Carano, No. 16 Hemmingway, No. 19 Burggraaf. The 2008 No. 1 Regular Working Hunter was Cunningham, a Holsteiner.
Holsteiners that reach the upper echelons of dressage are less common, but do exist. Successive generations of selection for jumping power have given most Holsteiners a powerful "engine." The studbook was ranked No. 8 in international dressage by the World Breeding Federation for Sporthorses in 2008. Cheenook, mentioned above as the No. 1 sire of USEF Hunters in 2008, competed up to Intermediare I dressage and participated twice in the German Federal Dressage Horse Championships. Holsteiners currently competing in international dressage include Liebling II (Lorentin I), Amicelli (Amigo), The Lion King B (Landos), Lanzaro (Lavall I), Samsung Cinque Cento (Cambridge), and Jamiro Rosso (Caletto). Holstein's impact on dressage is not limited to these horses. The No. 6 sire of international dressage horses, Flemmingh, had two Holsteiner parents: Lacapo, a Landgraf son, and Texas, a Carneval daughter. True to his ancestry, Flemmingh is known for producing knee action. Also on the list of top sires of FEI dressage horses are No. 14 Contango, who stands in the United States, and No. 25 Carpaccio. Like Cheenook, Carpaccio was also sired by Caretino. Holsteiners to prove themselves at the Olympic level include both the gold medal in the individual competition at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, won by Granat. The "Marlon xx" son, Montevideo, was a member of the gold medal-winning dressage team in Los Angeles.
Most Holsteiners with the speed to succeed in eventing have a Thoroughbred sire. As a studbook, they are ranked No. 6 based on performances in international eventing. This point was highlighted in 2008 when Marius, a Holsteiner by "Condrieu xx", won the individual gold medal in Beijing. Holsteiners Madrigal and Albrant have won individual bronze and team silver, and team silver, respectively. Holsteiners currently competing in FEI eventing include Sundancer (Sunset Boulevard xx), ADM. V. Schneider (Sir Shostakov xx), So Lonely (Salient xx), Master Boy (Martel xx), and Coolroy Piter (Caretino).
A small but significant number of Holsteiners continue their historical roles in harness by competing in the sport of combined driving. The 1976 World Championship in Combined Driving was won by Emil Jung and 4 Holsteiners.


George Chapman Caldwell

George Chapman Caldwell (August 14, 1834 – September 7, 1907) was an American chemist, horticulturalist, and instructor.
Early years.
Born August 14, 1834 in Framingham, Massachusetts, the son of the Rev. Jacob Caldwell (Unitarian) and Mary Ann Patch, in 1851 he matriculated to Harvard University where he studied at the Lawrence Scientific School. After graduating in 1855, he spent two years studying at the laboratory of Friedrich Wöhler in the University of Göttingen, followed by a year at Robert Bunsen's laboratory at Heidelberg. He was awarded a Ph.D. from Göttingen University in 1856.
Career.
Returning to the United States, in 1859 he was appointed assistant professor of chemistry at Columbia College, where he remained until 1860 when he was appointed professor of chemistry, botany, and physics at Antioch College. In 1861 he was married to Rebecca Stanley Wilmarth. Following the start of the American Civil War, he became chief clerk and hospital visitor for the United States Sanitary Commission during 1862–64, whereupon he was named professor of chemistry for the Pennsylvania State College. In 1867 he became vice president of the college.
With the founding of Cornell University in 1868, he was recruited to serve as professor of agriculture and analytic chemistry—becoming the first professor appointed at the University. While Dr. Caldwell was chair of the chemistry department at Cornell, it expanded from a single classroom and laboratory into a department that occupied two buildings, making it one of the world-leaders in chemistry education and research. A number of graduates of the department, among whom were students of Dr. Caldwell, became notable soil scientists. In 1869, he published "Agricultural Chemical Analysis", the first textbook on agricultural science. He became head of the newly founded Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station in 1879. In 1903, Caldwell was named professor emeritus, then he retired on June 7, 1906. He died September 7, 1907 at Ithaca, New York.
Legacy.
Dr. Caldwell helped to found the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science and served as president of the Official Agricultural Chemists. He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was elected vice president in 1881. In 1892, he was elected President of the American Chemical Society. Caldwell Hall on the Cornell University campus was named after him in 1913. His daughter Grace Wilmarth Caldwell graduated with an A.B. from Cornell in 1892.


Instituto Forestal

The Instituto Forestal (INFOR) or Instituto Forestal de Chile is a Chilean public service tasked with carrying out research and development programmes related to the forestry sector in Chile. It belongs to the belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture. Instituto Forestal begun in 1961 as a project by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), but was officially created by the Government of Chile in 1965. Currently it has 5 centers in Chile.


Bev Shipley

Beverly "Bev" Shipley (born June 22, 1947 in Middlesex Centre, Ontario) is a retired farmer and politician in Ontario, Canada who served as the Member of Parliament for the riding of Lambton—Kent—Middlesex from 2006 to 2019 as a member of the Conservative Party.
Shipley ran in the 2004 election for the Conservatives in Lambton—Kent—Middlesex but lost to incumbent Rose-Marie Ur of the Liberal Party of Canada by only 164 votes. Shipley won the seat in 2006 after Ur did not seek re-election, and was re-elected in 2008, 2011, and 2015. Shipley announced on July 9, 2018 that he would not be running in the 2019 federal election.
Political life.
Shipley has championed various agriculture-related causes during his time in Parliament, including his Prime Member's Motion M-460. The motion called on Parliament to streamline the fertilizer regulations and approval processes with the United States. It has influenced sections of Bill C-18: "Agricultural Growth Act". Shipley also introduced a second Private Members' Motion M-382 on Religious Freedom. It passed by unanimous consent in the House of Commons and backed the creation of the Office of Religious Freedom.
Shipley was chosen in 2011 by the Prime Minister to chair the South West Ontario Conservative Regional Caucus. He sat as a member on many standing committees, including Public Accounts and International Trade. In October 2013, he was elected as Chair of the Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-food. The committee was involved in various studies, including Bill C-30: "Fair Rail for Grain Farmers Act" and Bill C-18: "Agricultural Growth Act". The committee also conducted a study of the Canada-Europe Trade Agreement (CETA).
Personal life.
Shipley has lived in Middlesex County his entire life. His interest in agriculture stems from having taken over his family farm. A graduate of the Centralia College of Agricultural Technology, Shipley was elected as a councilor in Lobo Township in 1986 and as the Warden of Middlesex County in 1995. He was also the mayor of Middlesex Centre for six years.
Shipley is married to Barb Shipley (née: Stewart) and has three children, one girl and two boys. His father-in-law is Bill Stewart, former Minister of Agriculture for the province of Ontario (1961–1975).


Dougald Kennedy

Dougald Kennedy (12 September 1869 – 31 May 1937) was a Progressive party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Halton County, Ontario and became a farmer.
Kennedy served as a municipal councillor at Van Horne Township, Ontario.
He was elected to Parliament at the Port Arthur and Kenora riding in the 1921 general election. After completing one federal term, 14th Canadian Parliament, Kennedy left the House of Commons and did not seek re-election in the 1925 vote.


Esperanza Garden

Jardin de la Esperanza or Esperanza Garden was a community garden started in 1978 by Alecia Torres, a resident of New York City's Lower East Side, who began clearing rubble and trash out of an empty lot on East 7th Street, close to Ave C. The garden, later on, became a community space for growing medicinal plants, tending chickens, and a safe space for children to play.
Background.
On February 15, 2000 Ezparanza Garden was demolished by the city government, after an ongoing feud between community residents and the Giuliani administration. New York City Parks describes this feud as:"The battle between development and preserving open space, a perennial tension in cities across the world and not limited just to community gardens in New York, culminated in an agreement brokered by then–Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and the City to preserve more than 400 sites across the five boroughs, either leaving them under the jurisdiction of City agencies or transferring them to the Parks Department. (That left approximately 150 parcels open to eventual development for New York's housing needs.)"The demolition of the Garden was accompanied by the destruction of two-thirds, and 17-year-long closure, of the Carmen Pabon del Amanecer Garden (Carmen's Garden) on Ave C. The destruction of these gardens was brought on by real estate developer Donald Capoccia, who bought the lots when the Giuliani administration put them up for public auction in the late 1990s. Capoccia's firm, BFC Partners, partially funded Mayor Giuliani's political campaign, and brokered a 1999 deal with then Council Member Margarita Lopez that saved Carmen's Garden and the mural inside of it—titled "From One Generation to Another 1984" by John Weber.
Demolition.
Beginning in 1999, and especially after receiving a 5-day demolition notice, activists, gardeners, and community organizers gathered to try and save the garden through direct action. According to Swathmore's Global Nonviolent Action Database, these activists organized community events and watches so that at least two people would be in the garden 24 hours a day. They built and designed a giant Coquí, a symbol of Puerto Rico associated with a legend of resistance. On the day of the demolition, February 15, 2000, a call went out to a network of community residents who were willing to risk arrests, by 7:00am 150 people had showed up in protest, many of them locking themselves to the fence, the Coquí, and other garden landmarks. The video of the destruction is available on the Internet Archive at https://archive.org/details/XFR_2013-07-31_2A_01.
The same day as the demolition Attorney General Eliot Spitzer put in place a temporary restraining order against the City that, at 2pm that same day, protected community gardens from demolition and auctioning by the City. Spitzer argued that the lots could be sold only after a state environmental review or an act of the Legislature.


William Ferguson (pioneer)

William Ferguson (c. 1809 – 3 December 1892) was a pioneer settler of South Australia, one of the last surviving emigrants on in 1836.
History.
Ferguson was a farmer born in Hawick, Scotland, and emigrated in 1836 on what has been termed the "First Fleet of South Australia" on Governor Hindmarsh's flagship "Buffalo". His wife, who was pregnant when they embarked, gave birth to their first child on board the "Buffalo" in South Australian waters.
Ferguson was present at the Proclamation ceremony by the Old Gum Tree on 28 December 1836, and helped thatch the roof of the original Government House.
Ferguson purchased two "city acres" in a block stretching between Hindley and Currie Streets, the eastern boundary of which later became a thoroughfare, named Rosina Street after Mrs. Ferguson. He also purchased an acre on Rundle Street where Adelaide Arcade now stands, and another, on which the Primrose Brewery later stood. He also owned property at Magill (or Makgill as it was once spelled). It was there he grew one of the colony's first wheat crops, before selling it to Dr. C. R. Penfold. He also purchased a part of section 251, Hundred of Adelaide, which he named "Roseville", again for his wife, and they lived there for around ten years.
"Roseville" became the suburb Highgate.
Ferguson later purchased Section 267 at Glen Osmond. This property was first owned by Capt. Berkeley, who sold it to William Sanders, who built a house and named it "Myrtle Bank", then sold to Capt. William Elder, brother of Sir Thomas Elder. Ferguson purchased the property from Elder in 1848 and lived there until he died. That property is now the suburb Myrtle Bank.
Apart from his farming and land speculation activities, Ferguson was a partner with Robert Cock, for whom Cox Creek was (mis)named, as auctioneers.
Ferguson was a founder of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society, and an active supporter, both as an exhibitor and judge, later accorded life membership of the Society.
He was a strong adherent of Chalmers Church.
Family.
William Ferguson (c. 1809 – 3 December 1892) married Rosina Forsyth (c. 1810 – 15 December 1893) on 22 December 1835. Their children included:
Further reading.
Rosina Forsyth Ferguson "William and Rosina Ferguson" 1943


Kadoorie Agricultural Aid Association

The Kadoorie Agricultural Aid Association (KAAA) () was founded in 1951 in Hong Kong by two businessmen, Lawrence and Horace Kadoorie, to help destitute refugees transform their lives through various agricultural programmes.


Purcari (winery)

 Purcari, part of the Purcari Wineries LLC, is a popular wine brand in Central and Eastern Europe. The Winery is located in Purcari Wine Region, Ștefan Vodă District. Through the years, Purcari Winery has won over 250 medals at international contests like Decanter World Wine Awards, International Wine & Spirits Competition, International Wine Challenge and many other competitions.
As an exporter Purcari Winery has entered in over 30 markets in Europe, North America and East Asia, in countries like the US, Canada, Great Britain, Norway, Czech Republic, China, Poland, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Romania, Turkey, Japan, Luxembourg, and in the Baltic Countries.
The Government of Republic of Moldova awarded Purcari Winery with the for achievements in wine making.
History.
In 1827, Emperor of Russia Nicholas I issued a special decree granting Purcari the status of the first specialized winery in Bessarabia. It was named in honor of one of the founders originating from Germany – Harmizone. Since then, the owners of Purcari have become Moldovan boyars (barons) Dancila and Clot, but also other Germans, Russians and French.
Two decades later, at the Agricultural Bessarabian Fair, Purcari received its first gold medal.
By 1878, the winery was being celebrated in a closed wine tasting at the Paris World Expo. French experts were impressed by the dry wine with an intense ruby color. They were sure that it was a new Bordeaux wine. What a surprise when they found that the wine had originated in a small village on the banks of the Dniester River. In such a way, the Negru de Purcari wine won its first gold medal at an international exhibition.
For a long time, Purcari wines were as popular as Bordeaux or Burgundy wines. The wine was served to Emperor Nicholas II as well as King George V and Queen Victoria of Great Britain.
Emerging from war, a new era in Purcari’s history started in 1950, when the Moldovan wine makers restored the classic production techniques of the famous wines. One of the greatest professionals of that time – Pimen Cupcea, reconstructed the legendary Negru de Purcari, while Ion Ungureanu created a new masterpiece – Purpuriu de Purcari.
Later, as the winery was under the control of the Soviet government, the production ceased for 10 years when the Soviet Union collapsed. In 2003 the winery was reestablished when Vinaria Purcari Company took over the management. The Purcari production facility was fully revived and upgraded, and the old cellars were rebuilt and renovated by the model of the old ones, as they were in 1827. The original wine vault dating back to 1827 also has been restored and it is considered the oldest wine cellar of Moldova.
Sold in Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and France, Purcari wines were highly appreciated and continued to win international acclaim. Purcari wines once again achieved wide popularity, and became synonymous with the Republic of Moldova.
Location, soil and climate.
Most of the Moldovan wineries and vineyards are located in the grape growing areas of southern and central Moldova, at the same latitude as Bordeaux in France. Purcari is located in Ștefan Vodă district. The climate is moderate continental.
Purcari has its own micro-climate. The elevated Purcari region is 120 to 160 meters above sea level, with warm winds from the Black Sea, which is 60 km away. Fog may set in from over the Dniester River (situated 500 meters from the estate's vineyard), and the warm stream of air protects the vines in winter and favors the gentle ripening of the grape throughout summer. The well-drained sandy loam chernozem, rich in calcium has a relative humidity factor which varies from 0.68 to 0.75 and the amount of active temperatures is 3300˚ C. Combined with a perfect climate, the good soil is part of the favorable environment for grape cultivation.
Purcari Winery has cellars which were built at the end of the 19th century in the style of a manor house, where the temperature and humidity are constant. The Purcari Vinothèque houses the best wines. Oak barrels and bottles of wine are placed there for maturation, before being marketed.
Vineyards spread out along hills for over 260 hectares, and allow maximum exposure to sunlight throughout the day, helping the ripening the grapes.
Wine.
Purcari grapes are hand-picked and processed using traditional methods. The wine making process is based on the strictest canons of French viniculture.
Before fermentation, the grapes are cooled to obtain a high quality wine, then the fermentation is repeated.
After obtaining the young wine, filtered and clarified at a low temperature, the creation of the famous vintage wines continues for Negru de Purcari, Rosu de Purcari, and Alb de Purcari.
The winery maintains its secret “know how” for years, since the very beginning.
Purcari Winery produces two million bottles of wine each year. The wine portfolio of Purcari Winery consists of 4 Vintage Wines, 6 Limited Collection Wines and 9 - 1827 Collection Wines and 3 Sparkling Wines "Cuvée de Purcari".
Vintage Wines - Negru de Purcari Limited Edition, Negru de Purcari, Roșu de Purcari and Alb de Purcari.
Limited Edition Wines - Purcari Ice Wine, Vinohora Rară Neagră and Malbec, Vinohora Fetească Albă and Chardonnay, Vinohora Fetească Neagră and Montepulciano, Maluri de Prut, Freedom Blend.
1827 Collection Wines - Sauvignon Blanc de Purcari, Chardonnay de Purcari, Pinot Grigio de Purcari, Rosé de Purcari, Rară Neagră de Purcari, Cabernet Sauvignon de Purcari, Merlot de Purcari, Pinot Noir de Purcari, Pastoral de Purcari.
Sparkling Wines - Cuvée de Purcari White Brut, Cuvée de Purcari White Extra Brut, Cuvée de Purcari Rosé Brut.
Chateau Purcari.
Chateau Purcari is the first “wine castle” built in Moldova, in 2003. The Chateau is located in the same picturesque place as Purcari Winery is, in the south-east part of Moldova, Ștefan-Vodă district.
The Chateau integrates the legendary Purcari cellars since 1827; The cellars store a part of country’s heritage – the famous collection of Vintage Purcari Wines.
At the estate, built in the style of a french chateau, the visitors can find everything for a weekend escape, because Chateau Purcari integrates a cosy, rustic hotel, a restaurant, a terrace and offers activities like chateau and winery tours, wine tasting, promenades in the vines with the bikes or by car, hydro-bike rides on the lake among the swans. The place has a tennis territory and a safe playground for kids.
Chateau Purcari is also known for the different kind of events organized on its territory.
Purcari LLC.
Purcari LLC was founded in 2003, being a part of Purcari Wineries PLC, company that includes the wineries - Purcari, Bostavan and Crama Ceptura (Romania), as well as Bardar, a brandy producer. Purcari LLC is a leader in the export of premium wines. Currently, Bostavan Wineries Group accounts for 30% of the wine market in Moldova and approximately 20% of the country's export market. The group's distribution network includes over 25 countries in Europe, North America, and East Asia. The company has a modern production capacity and over 1,000 hectares of vineyards in Romania and Moldova. The winemaking consultant is the Italian oenologist Giotto Federicco, who works in quality control, including soil analysis, and studies the organoleptic quality of wine.
In 2010, the American fund Horizon Capital and the World Bank became shareholders of the group.