Tianjin Agricultural University

Tianjin agricultural university was founded in 1976. Approved by the Tianjin municipal government in 2002, Tianjin urban and rural economic school was merged into Tianjin agricultural university. He was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1982 and a master's degree in 2006. In 1996, the first batch passed the evaluation of undergraduate teaching qualification by the Ministry of education. in 2007, it obtained " Excellence" in the evaluation of undergraduate teaching level conducted by the Ministry of education. The school has agricultural science as its main body, and agricultural science, engineering, management, science of science, economics, literature and art have developed harmoniously. After many years of school-running practice, it has formed a distinctive school-running close to regional economic and social development and serving modern urban agriculture
Tianjin Agricultural College (天津农学院 Tiānjīn nóng xuéyuàn) is a university in Tianjin, China under the municipal government.


Cortese

Cortese is a white Italian wine grape variety predominantly grown in the southeastern regions of Piedmont in the provinces of Alessandria and Asti. It is the primary grape of the "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOC) wines of Cortese dell'Alto Monferrato and Colli Tortonesi as well as the "Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita" (DOCG) wine of Cortese di Gavi. Significant plantings of Cortese can also be found in the Lombardy region of Oltrepò Pavese and in the DOC white blends of the Veneto wine region of Bianco di Custoza. Cortese has a long history in Italian viticulture with written documentation naming the grape among the plantings in a Piedmontese vineyard as early as 1659. The grape's moderate acidity and light flavors has made it a favorite for the restaurants in nearby Genoa as a wine pairing with the local seafood caught off the Ligurian coast.
History.
One of the earliest documentation of the Cortese grape dates back to a 1659 report to the Marchesa Doria from the estate manager of the family's villa in Montaldeo that states that all the vineyards were planted with Cortese and Vermentino. In 1870, the ampelographers P.P. DeMaria and Carlo Leardi noted that the Cortese was being widely cultivated in the Alessandria province of Piedmont where it was prized for its hardiness to grape diseases and ability to produce large crop yields as well as it high quality wine.
Wine regions.
Today Cortese is most widely associated with the DOCG wine "Cortese di Gavi" produced in the Gavi region of Alessandria. There are significant plantings of the grape throughout southeastern Piedmont including the DOC wine producing areas of Colli Tortonesi and Cortese dell'Alto Monferrato located a few miles to the west of Gavi and of Monferrato Casalese Cortese which extends to the Basso Monferrato north of the Tanaro. Despite the proximity to Gavi, Cortese experiences a significantly difficult time of the grapes fully ripening in Tortona and Monferrato. Piemonte Cortese DOC can be made in the Province of Cuneo to the west, and Alessandria and Asti.
Outside of Piedmont the grape can be found in significant quantities in the Oltrepò Pavese, part of the Province of Pavia in Lombardy which borders the Province of Alessandria. Further east, Garda Cortese DOC is produced in the hills near Lake Garda (provinces of Brescia and Mantova in Lombardy, and the province of Verona in the Veneto). The grape may also be used as part of the blend for the Bianco di Custoza DOC, also near Lake Garda in the Province of Verona. As of 2000, there were of Cortese planted throughout Italy.
Wines.
Wines made from Cortese (particularly those from the DOCG Gavi) have long been favored by restaurants in the southern neighboring port of Genoa as a wine pairing with the local seafood caught off the Ligurian coast. The wine's moderate acidity and light, crisp flavors pair well with the delicate flavors of some fish. Cortese wines tend to be medium bodied with notes of limes and greengage. In vintages that are particularly cool, the wines can be aggressively acidic and lean, but winemaking techniques such as malolactic fermentation and oak barrel fermentation can temper that.
Synonyms.
Cortese is also known under the synonyms Bianca Fernanda, Corteis, Cortese Bianca, Cortese Bianco, Cortese d'Asti, Cortese dell'Astigliano, Courteis, Cortesi, Courteisa, Fernanda Bianca, and Raverusto.


Frank J.D. Barnjum

Frank John Dixie Barnjum (April 26, 1858 – February 18, 1933) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Queens County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1925 to 1926 as a Conservative member.
Biography.
Barnjum was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Francis Barnum and Leonora Pryor. Barnjum married Bertha L. Clement. He was extensively involved in lumbering in Nova Scotia and became a millionaire. Barnjum, a proponent of forest conservation and reforestation known as the "Canadian Forestry Crusader", opposed the export of pulpwood to the United States. However, an embargo on exports of pulpwood would also benefit Barnjum's business interests. He helped have Otto Schierbeck named as Nova Scotia's first Chief Forester in 1926; in 1923, Barnjum had hired Schierbeck as forester for his own timber holdings in Nova Scotia. Barnjum resigned his seat in the provincial assembly in 1926 because he had made a campaign promise to have a paper mill built on the Mersey River; however, it was built by others first. In 1932, he purchased one of the last remaining large stands of virgin timber on Vancouver Island to preserve it for future generations. Barnjum died in Paris at the age of 74 during a visit to Europe to study forest conservation; he was buried in Lynnfield, Massachusetts.


Kamma (caste)

Kamma is a Hindu caste from South India. The community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the "Kammanadu" region of the Guntur and Prakasam districts in Andhra Pradesh. Propelled by their military activity in the Vijayanagara Empire, Kammas are believed to have spread out from the region during the Vijayanagara period, followed by some in-migration during the British period and out-migration again during the twentieth century.
Today they are regarded as the richest group in Andhra Pradesh and are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana).
They also have a notable, albeit smaller, presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. In recent times,
a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States.
Origins.
The modern community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region in coastal Andhra Pradesh. The region, lying between the Gundlakamma river and the Krishna river in the erstwhile Guntur district (which included the three subdistricts later transferred to the Ongole district in 1970), had an identity dating back to ancient times. The term "kamma" either referred to the two rivers that formed the boundaries of the region, or to the Buddhist monastic institutions called "sanghakammas" believed to have been once prevalent in the region.
As the people of the region migrated to other parts, they were often referred to as the Kamma community ("kamma-kula"). Terms such as "kamma-brahmana", "kamma-komati", "kamma-sreshti" and "kamma-kapu" are attested in inscriptions as descriptions of people. The migration was apparently quite extensive, and was made by possible by the Kammanadu's strategic location with access to the Deccan plateau as well as to the regions in the south and southwest. By 1872, only one-fourth of their total population was living in the original region. But the migrants retained links to the homeland and returned to it whenever the situation was favourable.
Medieval history.
Post-Kakatiya period.
The tradition holds that the Kammas, along with Velamas and Reddis, evolved out of the community of Kapus (cultivators) in the post-Kakatiya period. A popular legend collected by Edgar Thurston narrates that Kammas originated from the youngest son of a certain Belthi Reddi, who managed to recover his mother's ear-ornament (called "kamma" in Telugu) that had been appropriated by Emperor Prataparudra's minister. The other sons of Belthi Reddi are similarly said to have given rise to the other prominent caste communities of the Telugu people.
Vijayanagara period.
Kammas served as ministers, military generals, and governors in the Vijayanagara Empire. During the reign of Krishnadevaraya, Kammas are said to have formed the bulwark of the Vijayanagara army. Their role in protecting the last great Hindu kingdom of India was significant. Krishnadevaraya's court had a significant presence of Kamma officers, and they entered into matrimonial alliances with the royal family. It's possible that the influence of Kamma generals led to the importance of the Telugu language in Vijayanagara and the rise of Telugu colonies in Tamil Nadu. During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kamma Nayaks (commanders) were appointed as governors in many areas of Tamil Nadu. Some of the notable Kamma Nayak clans of Vijayanagara include the Pemmasanis, Sayapanenis, and Ravellas.
Of the Pemmasani Nayaks, they controlled parts of Rayalaseema and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century. Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was a leading military commander under Krishnadevaraya, and Aliya Rama Raya and the Aravidus rose to power following a civil war largely because of the support of Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu. Pemmasani Pedda Timmaraja was the minister of Sriranga I and later for Venkata II, the latter of whom oversaw the revival of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is also known that a Pemmasani Nayak, Timmanayudu, had court poets and ministers of his own, such as Channamaraju. Pemmasani Timmanayudu also assisted Venkata II in putting down a rebellion by the Nandyala Chiefs led by Krishnamaraja in 1580. The Pemmasani Nayaks are associated with Gandikota, where they started as commandants and later gained control of Gandikota "Seema" from the Nandyala Chiefs. Numerous Hindu temples, such as Bugga Ramalingeshwara Swamy Temple and Chintalarayaswamy Temple, were constructed and patronized by the Pemmasanis.
The Sayapaneni Nayaks started in service of Vijayanagara when Krishnadevaraya granted administrative control of the Dupadu Region to Shayappanayadu, a twenty-year old from the family. According to the Dupati Kaifiyat, this area was consolidated by Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu, who are Shayappa Nayudu's descendants, and their rule is presented as a peaceful epoch. Although modest actors in the Deccan, their main strength lay in their ability to shift allegiances, facilitated by Niyogi Brahmins, as seen with their initial allegiance to the Vijayanagara Empire and later to the Qutb Shahis and the Nizams after Vijayanagara's demise.
The Ravella Nayaks were another prominent clan that served the Vijayanagara Empire militarily and administratively since the Sangama Dynasty, and they exercised control (on behalf of Vijayanagara) over Srisailam, Udayagiri, Podili, and Kochcherlakota "Seemas" (regions) at various periods. The exploits of this clan are described by the poet Ratnakaram Gopala Kavi in "Sovgandhika Prasavapaharanamu," including mentions of defeating the Qutb Shahis, Gajapatis, and recapturing forts like Adoni. Noted individuals in the Ravella Nayaks include Ravella Linga II, who is surmised to be one of the chief generals of the Vijayanagara Army during the reign of Aliya Rama Raya.
When the Vijayanagara Empire was troubled after the Battle of Tallikota in 1565, the Pemmasani Nayaks, Ravella Nayaks and Sayapaneni Nayaks helped the Aravidu Dynasty in keeping the Muslims at bay. It took another 90 years to consolidate the Muslim power in Andhra country with the capture of Gandikota in 1652 and the defeat of Pemmasani Timmanayudu by Mir Jumla. Following the Battle of Talikota, many Kamma Nayaks either migrated to the dominions of the Madurai and Thanjavur Nayaks where they governed villages and supplied military officers or obtained favours from the Qutb Shahis and Mughals and settled in Telugu regions as local military chiefs.
Qutb Shahi and Nizam period.
Kammas were also in service of the Qutb Shahis. Their roles included serving as the regional aristocracy, revenue officers and military commanders. During the reign of the Qutb Shahis and Nizams, the Sayapaneni Nayaks (1626–1802) ruled a block of territory between the Krishna River and Nellore as vassals. It was also in the Qutb Shahi period that the Vasireddy clan of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu received the deshmukhi of the Nandigama "pargana" in 1670. Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu, a Kamma zamindar, controlled 551 towns and villages in the Guntur and Krishna Districts, had a retinue of several thousand men, and became known for his patronization of Hindu religious rituals, festivals, temples, and Brahmins. The Kamma Yarlagadda zamindars of Challapalli obtained their zamindari in 1596 and deshmukhi jurisdiction in 1640, and they assisted the Muslim rulers in their military expeditions and collection of land taxes. This conferred on the Yarlagaddas the privileges of maintaining their own military force and control over the inhabitants in their area.
Following Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's reign, coastal Andhra witnessed a series of widespread rebellions against the local Mughal officials that enabled Kamma warrior chiefs to usurp administrative power over hundreds, if not thousands, of square miles of land. In the 1600-1800s, Kammas acquired land in the interior Deccan Plateau due to grants that were given by the Nizam of Hyderabad to encourage cultivation in uncultivated areas of Telangana. Moreover, in the Telangana region, Muslim rulers collected taxes through intermediaries from the dominant castes, such as the Kammas, who were given the title "Chowdary".
Modern history.
Although the 1802 Permanent Settlement by the British benefited the Kamma landed aristocracy by reinforcing the Zamindari system, most Kammas saw their landholdings consolidated, and their influence consequently increased, by the introduction of the ryotwari system as a replacement for the zamindari system in the 19th century. Akin to the jenmis of Kerala, there were also big Kamma ryotwari landlords in Andhra. Some Kammas also were in the Madras Army of the British East India Company. Among Telugu Hindus, the East India Company army initially recruited predominantly from the Kamma, Raju, and Velama castes and restricted recruitment from other castes.
In the 1872 census, the Kammas made up 40 per cent of the agricultural population of the Krishna district (which included the present Guntur district until 1904). Along with Brahmins, they formed the dominant community of the district. By 1921, their population in the district increased to 47 per cent, representing a large in-migration. Following Brahminical traditions, Kammas emulated the rituals of the Brahmins, and the literate Kammas learned the Vedas, wore the sacred threads, taught Sanskrit and even performed pujas for the lower-caste members, which is said to have generated controversies. Despite their attachment to Brahminical orthodoxy, the Kammas also related to the Kapus in a narrative. Kammas formed the "Kamma Mahajana Sabha", a caste association, in 1910, which received encouragement from the political leaders. Ranga also started a Madras Kamma Association in 1919 and founded a journal "Kamma Patrika", later renamed to "Ryot Patrika". Kamma caste associations also spawned in Tamil Nadu in the 1920s, with two Kamma zamindars leading the "Kamma Mahajana Sabha" and the "Dakshina Desa Kamma Mahasabha". Kammas constituted 6 per cent of the population in the Telugu-speaking areas of the Madras Presidency in 1921, a figure slightly higher than Brahmins, but lagging far behind the 'Kapu or Reddi'.
Construction of dams and barrages and establishment of an irrigation system in Godavari and Krishna River deltas by Arthur Cotton was a great boon to the Kamma farmers. Availability of water and the natural propensity for hard work made the Kammas wealthy and prosperous. The money was put to good use by establishing numerous schools and libraries and encouraging their children to take up modern education. In 1921, Kammas had the highest literacy rate among other dominant castes, such as Reddis and Kapus, though it was lower than Brahmins. The money was also invested into various companies, industries, such as food processing and transportation, and moneylending. The Kammas of Tamil Nadu, who speak Telugu at home, have also excelled in the cultivation of black cotton soils and later diversified into various industrial enterprises, particularly in Coimbatore and Kovilpatti. Coimbatore was known as the ‘Manchester of South India’ and its textile industry, which is the main economic sector in the city, is almost entirely controlled by affluent Kamma families that were the landed aristocracy of Kongu Nadu.
Today they are regarded as the wealthiest group in Andhra Pradesh and an entrepreneurial community influential in various industries, such as information technology, real estate, media and Telugu cinema. They are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). In united-Andhra Pradesh (including present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Kammas made up 4.8% of the total state population in the last census. Kammas also have a notable, albeit smaller, presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. In recent times, a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States.
Classification.
The varna system of Brahmanic ritual ranking never took hold in South Indian society outside Kerala. There were essentially three classes: Brahmin, non-Brahmin and Dalit. Kammas naturally fall into the non-Brahmin class. Classification of social groups in the Andhra region has changed frequently as the various communities jostle for status. During the British Raj, the Kammas were considered to be "upper Shudra"/"Sat Shudra", along with the Reddy and Velama castes, under the varna system.
Selig Harrison said in 1956 that
Politics.
Prior to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, creating the new state of Telangana, the Kammas and the Reddys were politically and economically dominant in the state. From 1953 to 1983, many Kammas initially associated themselves with the Indian National Congress and offered the party financing and media support. During the 1980s, they played a key role in state and national politics with the inception of the Telugu Desam Party by its then President N. T. Rama Rao also called as NTR.


Eric Macfadyen

Sir Eric Macfadyen (9 February 1879 – 13 July 1966) was an English colonial administrator, rubber planter, businessman and developer of tropical agriculture. He was also Liberal Member of Parliament for Devizes in Wiltshire from 1923–1924.
Family and education.
Eric Macfadyen was born in Whalley Range, Manchester, the son of the Reverend John Macfadyen, a Congregationalist minister, and his wife Elizabeth (née Anderson) who came from Greenock. Macfadyen attended Lynams Preparatory School, also called the Dragon School, in Oxford, from where he won a scholarship to go to Clifton College, Bristol. He later attended Wadham College, Oxford, where he was president of the Union in 1902. In 1920, Macfadyen married Violet Lucy Stanley, daughter of E. H. S. Champneys, of Sellindge, Kent. They had three sons and three daughters.
Soldier.
Macfadyen interrupted his university studies to volunteer as a trooper in the 59th Company, the Imperial Yeomanry to serve in the Second Boer War in 1900–01. He was seriously wounded in an accident which left him with a damaged left eyelid, after which he always wore a monocle. As a result of his injuries he was invalided out of the army with the Queen's South Africa Medal and three clasps. During the First World War, he enlisted in the Royal Horse Artillery and served in France in 1917–18, attaining the rank of lieutenant. In World War Two he served in the 21st Battalion of the Home Guard and achieved the rank of captain.
Career.
Colonial administrator.
After graduating from Oxford with a second in Greats, and the award of an MA degree, Macfadyen entered the Malayan civil service and served for three years from 1902–1905.
Planting.
Macfadyen then went into a partnership obtaining public tenders for road construction to open up new land for agriculture. From there he went into planting and developed significant interests in plantations and the rubber industry which he expanded over the years becoming chairman and director of numerous related companies. He helped establish the United Planters Association and was sometime Chairman of the Planters Association of Malaya. He was Chairman of the Rubber Growers' Association in 1927 and sometime President of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. He was a member of the First Federal Council of the Federated Malay States between 1911–1916 and again from 1919–1920. In 1931 and 1941 he served as President of the Association of British Malaya.
Tropical agriculture and disease.
From the 1920s onwards Macfadyen became more involved in supporting scientific research into tropical agriculture and the modernisation and efficiency of plantation management. Macfadyen was a member of the governing body of the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, which later became a constituent college of the University of the West Indies, becoming its chairman in 1937. He was knighted in 1943 for services to tropical agriculture. He also served as Chairman of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical diseases, Putney Heath from 1946–1958 and was particularly connected to its work to combat malaria.
Garden Cities.
Macfadyen also took an interest in the building of Garden Cities and other aspects of the creation of open, landscaped town planning. He was sometime vice-chairman and later Chairman of First Garden City Ltd, the company formed in 1903 to acquire the land for the building of Letchworth in Hertfordshire. He was active in the work of the Town and Country Planning Association, holding a number of offices in the Association including Hon. Treasurer (1950) and Chairman of the Council (1951–1956).
Politics.
Macfadyen was described in his obituary in The Times newspaper as a Liberal of the old school. He was Liberal candidate for Devizes at the 1923 general election winning the seat from the sitting Conservative MP, William Cory Heward Bell, albeit by the narrow majority of 628 votes. He defended the seat at the 1924 general election but was swept away by the Conservative revival which was particularly strong in the rural constituencies. At the 1924 election, the Liberal Party lost all its agricultural seats in England and was reduced, overall, to just 40 Parliamentary seats. Macfadyen tried to regain his seat at the 1929 general election, this time in a three-cornered contest with the Tories and Labour but trailed the Conservative winner by 1,251 votes. He did not stand for Parliament again.
He also served as a Justice of the Peace.
Death.
Macfadyen died at his home in Hildenborough near Tonbridge in Kent on 13 July 1966 aged 87 years.


Patrick Baxter (politician)

 Patrick Francis Baxter (1 October 1891 – 3 April 1959) was an Irish politician from County Cavan. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) in the 1920s, and later a Senator for over 25 years, serving as Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 1954 to 1957.
Baxter was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1923 general election, when he won a seat as Farmers' Party TD for Cavan in the 4th Dáil. He had stood unsuccessfully in the 1922 general election, but after topping the poll in 1923 he was re-elected at the June 1927 general election with his vote halved. He lost his seat at the September 1927 general election.
After the collapse of the Farmers' Party in the late 1920s, he made three further unsuccessful attempts to return to the Dáil: at the 1932 general election as a Cumann na nGaedheal candidate in Cavan, at the 1933 general election as a National Centre Party candidate in Clare, and as a Fine Gael candidate in Cavan at the 1943 general election.
He was elected in 1934 as a senator for Fine Gael, for a nine-year term, but the Free State Seanad was abolished in 1936. When the house was re-established, he was re-elected in 1938 to the 2nd Seanad on the Agricultural Panel, and held the seat until his death in 1959. He was a Clann na Talmhan senator from 1938 onwards.


Berger Picard

The Berger Picard (, ) or Picardy Shepherd is a French herding dog originating in Picardy. These dogs nearly became extinct after both World War I and World War II and remain a rare breed.
Appearance.
The Berger Picard is a medium-sized, well-muscled dog, slightly longer than tall with a tousled yet elegant appearance. Their ears are naturally erect, high-set and quite wide at the base. Their eyebrows are thick, but do not shield their dark frank eyes. They are known for their smile. Their natural tail normally reaches to the hock and is carried with a slight J-curve at the tip. Their weather-proof coat is harsh and crisp to the touch, not excessively long with a minimal undercoat. Coat colors fall into two colors, fawn and brindle with a range of shade variations.
Temperament.
The Berger Picard's attributes include a lively, intelligent personality and a sensitive and assertive disposition that responds quickly to obedience training. Picards are easygoing and mellow but can be reserved towards strangers. They require a lot of socialization during the first two years of their lives.
Picards are energetic and hard working, alert, and are not excessive barkers. Some Picards are notoriously picky eaters.
The breed also has a well-developed sense of humor, making them an endearing companion, and they continue to be used very effectively as both sheep and cattle herders in their native land and elsewhere.
Like many herding breeds, Picards require human companionship. Since they can be demonstrative to their owners and enthusiastic towards other animals, formal obedience training and positive socialization is important.
Health.
Berger Picards are a relatively healthy breed. Known medical conditions include hip dysplasia and progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). A reputable breeder will have hips certified by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) or by PennHip with the results posted at the OFA database. Eyes will be certified for hereditary diseases through the OFA as well (previously through the Canine Eye Research Foundation) and results should also be published on the OFA database.
The Berger Picard also participates in the Canine Health Information Center. To obtain a CHIC number, dogs must have their hips and eyes checked with the results published on the OFA website and their blood banked for DNA plus one elective, either elbows, thyroid or heart evaluated.
The breed's life expectancy is 12 to 14 years.
Care.
Exercise and activities.
The Berger Picard can compete in agility trials, tracking, obedience, showmanship, Schutzhund, flyball, lure coursing, French ring sport and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Berger Picards exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.
Living conditions.
Despite being able and ready to work outdoors, Picards can do surprisingly well in city life provided they are given enough energy-releasing exercise. They are very loyal and enjoy a lot of attention and may suffer from separation anxiety (even if being left alone inside for short periods of time). This is not a breed created to live outside year round. They lack the layer of body fat that even a lean Livestock Guardian Dog has, and their coat is not dense enough to withstand frigid winter conditions of many areas.
Grooming.
The Berger Picard is a low maintenance dog. The rough, tousled coat can mat if not brushed on a regular basis (once every other week), but the coat does not require special care to yield its rustic appearance.
Bathing is rarely done. Their fur should never be trimmed except possibly hand-stripping the ears. Picards have low oil content in their fur and therefore have little odor.
History.
In 2018 a genetic study found that, just prior to 1859, a broadly distributed European herding dog had given rise to the French Berger Picard, the German Shepherd Dog, and the five Italian herding breeds: the Bergamasco Shepherd, Cane Paratore, Lupino del Gigante, Pastore d'Oropa, and the Pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai.
One author believes that the Berger Picard was brought to northern France and the Pas de Calais in the 9th century by the Franks. Some experts insist that this breed is related to the more well-known Briard and Beauceron, while others believe it shares a common origin with Dutch and Belgian Shepherds. Although the Berger Picard made an appearance at the first French dog show in 1863, the breed's rustic appearance did not lead to popularity as a show dog.
The breeding stock of the Berger Picard was decimated by the ravages of World War I and World War II. With its population concentrated on the farms of north-eastern France, trench warfare in the Somme reduced the breed to near extinction. The prevalence of the breed worldwide remains limited, even in its native country.
In France, there are approximately 3500 dogs. The Berger Picard was accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) in 1955.
Germany has approximately 500 of this breed. There are approximately 400 Berger Picards in the United States and Canada. The Berger Picard Club of America and the Berger Picard Club Canada were formed to help promote and protect this breed. The Berger Picard was fully recognized in the herding group by the American Kennel Club on 1 July 2015. It is also in the herding group category of the Canadian Kennel Club.
The interim breed standard for the Picardy Sheepdog was approved and the breed was accepted on to the import register of the United Kingdom's Kennel Club on 1 April 2014. The breed can only be shown in Import classes and is awaiting official registration of the proposed Picardy Sheepdog Club. The Picard was first shown at Crufts in March 2016 in the Pastoral (Herding) Group.
Recent History.
Berger Picards have been seen in at least three films: "Daniel and the Superdogs" (2004); "Because of Winn-Dixie" (2005); and "Are We Done Yet?" (2007). The producers of the 2005 American movie "Because of Winn-Dixie" brought five Picards from Europe ("Scott", "Laiko" and "Tasha" performed in the movie). The trainer wanted a dog that resembled the scruffy mutt on the original book's cover but needed several that looked alike so that production could continue smoothly, thus he decided on this rare purebred dog from France. People often mistakenly think "Winn-Dixie" is a mixed breed.
Joker, a well-known Berger Picard dog in Germany, has starred in six comedy films based on novels by . He played as Ludwig Eberhofer owned by Franz Eberhofer, a down-in-luck police officer in a small fictitious Bavarian town, Niederkaltenkirchen: ' (2014), ' (2016), ' (2017), ' (2018), "" (2019), and soon-to-be-released "Kaiserschmarrndrama" (2021).


Big Rivers

Big Rivers is a grape growing zone in Australia. It covers the southwestern corner of the state of New South Wales. The zone currently includes four wine regions, which cover the main areas of grape growing in the zone, but not all of them.
The four regions in the Big Rivers zone are Murray Darling, Perricoota, Riverina and Swan Hill. The Murray Darling and Swan Hill regions span the state border (the Murray River), and are partly in Big Rivers zone in New South Wales, and partly in the North West Victoria zone of Victoria. The area enclosed in the Big Rivers zone is bounded by the state boundaries with South Australia and Victoria. It extends as far north along the South Australia border to include the city of Broken Hill. It extends east along the Murray River past Albury. Parkes and Forbes are towns near the northeastern corner.


Aarhus Forestry Botanical Garden

Aarhus Forestry Botanical Garden () is a forestry botanical garden located in the south of Aarhus, Denmark. It forms a small part of the northern section of Marselisborg Forests and is situated right next to Marselisborg Palace and Mindeparken. The botanical garden was established in 1923.
The garden holds 900 different species of trees and bushes from all over the world, on just about . Because of the nearby forest and the varied flora, the botanical garden also attracts a varied fauna and it is not unusual to spot roe deers, squirrels, owls and herons, amongst other animals here.
The Forestry Botanical Gardens status as a scientific study ground, has diminished over the years and it is more viewed as a quiet place for recreation and contemplation nowadays. The garden is free to public access year round, but it is not allowed to pick plant parts. Many of the tall trees are ageing and it is not advised to be around the garden in windy weather, as falling branches are an imminent danger.


Ginjinha

Ginjinha or simply Ginja, is a Portuguese liqueur made by infusing "ginja" berries (sour cherry, "Prunus cerasus austera", the Morello cherry) in alcohol (aguardente) and adding sugar together with other ingredients, with cloves and/or cinnamon sticks being the most common. Ginjinha is served in a shot form with a piece of the fruit in the bottom of the cup. It is a favourite liqueur of many Portuguese and a typical drink in Lisbon, Alcobaça, Óbidos and Algarve. The Serra da Estrela Ginja has protected designation of origin.
History.
The Ginjinha of the "Praça de São Domingos" in Lisbon was the first establishment in that city to commercialize the drink that gives its name to it. A Galician friar of the Church of Santo António, Francisco Espinheira, had the experience of leaving "ginja" berries in aguardente, adding sugar, water and cinnamon. The success was immediate and Ginjinha became the typical drink of Lisbon. In the 2000s, the business was in the hands of the fifth generation. Around 150,000 litres of Ginjinha are produced each year, around 90% is consumed in Portugal and only around 10% is exported, the majority of it to the United States. The traditional liqueur is served all around Portugal, but is especially prominent in the Oeste and Lisbon regions. In Óbidos, Ginjinha is commonly served in a small edible chocolate cup.
"Ginja de Óbidos e Alcobaça".
The sour cherry used to produce the Ginja from Alcobaça and Óbidos was applied for a PGI status in 2013.


Moulton College

Moulton College is a further education college based in Moulton, Northamptonshire, England. Although initially established as the Northamptonshire Institute of Agriculture in 1921, it now has expanded its teaching curriculum to cover a wide range of land-based subjects, sports, and construction. Moulton College operates a number of satellite campuses in Northamptonshire, including ones in Daventry, Silverstone and Higham Ferrers.
Moulton College teaches at all levels on the QCF framework from entry level through to doctorate level, with all BSc and MSc higher education degrees accredited with Northampton University. Academic staff at the college conduct applied research in their field of study. The college funds a number of associate lecturer posts who conduct PhD studies concurrently with teaching on undergraduate courses. The College is also a lead academic sponsor of Daventry University Technical College which is due to open in September 2013.
History.
Moulton College was established in 1921 as the Northamptonshire Institute of Agriculture. See also the brief history section below.


Roebuck Plains Station

Roebuck Plains Station is a pastoral lease that is located close to the township of Broome in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is one of the closest pastoral leases to Broome.
Roebuck Plains is also the name of a roadhouse on the Great Northern Highway, just east of Broome.
The "Plains" in the name is associated with wetlands situated adjacent to Roebuck Bay.
Description.
The station is located approximately east of Broome on a rich marine floodplain. It occupies an area of and is able to support around 20,000 head of cattle. The property is a mixture of floodplains and sandy pindan country.
History.
The traditional owners of the area are the Yawuru peoples.
The property was acquired and developed by the pearlers, Streeter and Company, to supply meat to Broome. A slaughterhouse was also established on the outskirts of town to process the cattle and sheep that were being raised on the property.
The homestead burnt down in 1949; the fire started from a defective kerosene refrigerator.
In 1953 the station was acquired by the Harris family. It was stocked with 10,000 head of cattle at the time.
The Indigenous Land Corporation acquired Roebuck Plains Station in 1999, and in 2006 the Federal Court determined the station was the exclusive possession of the Yawuru under native title. In 2014 the ILC handed the lease over to the Nyamba Buru Yawuru Corporation. Pat Dodson, the chairman of the company, accepted the lease but handed management of the station back to the ILC. The property and the adjacent commercial cattle yards are worth around 15 million.
The plains are also subject to analysis of indigenous perceptions of the landscape.
In 2018, the property was flooded when it received of rain through the wet season, with half of it falling in one week in January. The 6,000 head of cattle had to be moved off the floodplains to higher ground. The cyclone that brought the rain also caused extensive damage to the property, with trees blown over, buildings damaged and fences washed away.


Haukadalur

Haukadalur (, Icelandic for "hawk dale" or "valley of hawks") is a valley in Iceland. It lies to the north of Laugarvatn lake in the south of Iceland.
Geysers.
Haukadalur is home to some of the best known sights in Iceland: the geysers and other geothermal features which have developed on the Laugarfjall rhyolitic dome. The biggest geysers of Haukadalur are Strokkur and Geysir itself, which gave us the word 'geyser'. "Strokkur" is very dependable and erupts every 5 to 10 minutes, whereas the bigger "Geysir" nowadays erupts very rarely. There are also more than 40 other smaller hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles nearby.
Haukadalur geothermal area was first mentioned in written sources around 1294, when the local hot springs were activated by an earthquake. Earthquakes are also known to have activated local geysers in the recent past, including the earthquakes that occurred on 17 and 21 July 2000. Due to the geysers the valley has been a popular tourist attraction since the 18th century.
Nearby attractions.
The Gullfoss waterfall is about 10 km to the north in the direction of the Highlands of Iceland, via the beginning of the Kjölur highland road. Along with Gullfoss and Þingvellir, Haukadalur is part of the Golden Circle.


Cooperative Marketing Act

The Cooperative Marketing Act of 1926 44 Stat. 802 (1926) was a piece of agricultural legislation passed in the United States which expanded upon the Capper–Volstead Act of 1922. It allowed farmers to exchange “past, present, and prospective crop, market, statistical, economic, and other similar information” at their local cooperative meeting, without breaking antitrust laws. Previously, under the Capper–Volstead Act, they had only been permitted to exchange pricing information.
Under the Cooperative Marketing Act, farmers and their local, regional, and national cooperatives could legally exchange a host of information within their marketing systems. It was a critically important strategic authorization that enabled federated cooperative systems and marketing agencies-in-common to effectively function as coordinated entities.
In addition, the Act created the Division of Cooperative Marketing within the United States Department of Agriculture to assist cooperatives in gathering and sharing data on output, prices, and demand. The Act also created the Cooperative Research and Service Division which conducted research and service activities relating to problems of management, organization policies, merchandising, sales, costs, competition, and membership arising in connection with the cooperative marketing of agricultural products and the cooperative purchase of farm supplies and services.
The Cooperative Marketing act was useful, but it was still not satisfactory to the Farm Bureau or other farm lobbyist groups. For farmers, an increase in available information to help cooperatives work together was no substitute for the price floor on select crops that they demanded. Demand for a price floor was steady, and culminated in the passage of the McNary-Haugen bills in 1927, and again in 1928, both which suffered the veto of President Calvin Coolidge.
More recently, "[t]he Treasury Department and the IRS considered a similar but alternative definition of agricultural or horticultural products as agricultural, horticultural, viticultural, and dairy products, livestock and poultry, bees, forest products, fish and shellfish, and any products thereof, including processed and manufactured products, and any and all products raised or produced on farms and any processed or manufactured product thereof within the meaning of the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946, 60 Stat. 1091 (1946). While very similar to the definition set forth in these proposed rules, the Treasury Department and the IRS proposed using the definition based on the Cooperative Marketing Act of 1926, which specifically concerns cooperatives, unlike the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946, which concerns the marketing and distribution of agricultural products."


Onyeka Akumah

Onyeka Akumah (born 21 October 1984) is a technology entrepreneur with focus on the agriculture, real estate, and transportation sectors. He is popularly known as the founder and CEO of Farmcrowdy Limited. Prior to founding his company in 2016, Onyeka Akumah is credited to have been involved in the success of various tech and e-commerce companies in Africa where he held positions and contributed to their growths.
Early life and education.
Onyeka was born in Lagos State, and just before he was 2 years old, his parents relocated to Sokoto State, North-west Nigeria where he then did his Primary and Secondary School education. Onyeka earned his Bachelor's degree at the Sikkim Manipal University India where he graduated with a Grade A or First Class Honours in Applied Information Technology.
Career.
Onyeka ventured into entrepreneurship at a very young age, building startups even while he was still in the University recording successes and failures as he grew. After obtaining his first degree, Onyeka started his work experience with British Council as a Webmaster before going on to join Deloitte as the E-Marketing Coordinator for East, West and Central Africa. In 2010, he was the Online Marketing manager for Wakanow, then later had a stint with GTB to launch the SME Market Hub Onyeka is an e-commerce expert whose experience span top e-commerce companies such as Rocket Internet owned Jumia, Konga and Travelbeta leading their marketing and commercial activities. He is the Co-founder of Farmcrowdy, Plantywaka, Crowdyvest and RentSmallSmall. He is currently the CEO of Farmcrowdy and Plantywaka
On 2 March 2021, Onyeka resigned as CEO of Crowdyvest and appoints Tope Omotolani as CEO.
Farmcrowdy.
In November 2016, Onyeka, together with his co-founders Ifeanyi Anazodo, Akindele Philips, Christopher Abiodun, and Temitope Omotolani founded Farmcrowdy Limited, an agricultural digital platform connecting small scale farmers to investors with the goal of boosting the food production in Nigeria. Farmcrowdy, took off very fast, receiving its first angel investment of $60,000 a month after launch and in 2017, got a $1 million seed investment at the Techstars Atlanta Accelerators Programme. Today, the company has grown to a team of 55 individuals who have worked with over 25,000 rural farmers across 16 states in Nigeria including Kano, Niger, Nasarrawa, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Edo, Akwa-Ibom, Lagos, Plateau, Kaduna, Adamawa, Niger, Kwara, Abuja, Sokoto, and Benue. Farmcrowdy is described by the Vice President of Nigeria, Professor Yemi Osinbajo as the company creating the new wealth in Agriculture and was later honoured with the National Productivity Order of Merit by President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari.
In August 2019, Oyo State announced a partnership with Farmcrowdy to onboard 50,000 rural farmers in Oyo State. He noted the aim of FarmCrowdy at a briefing held at the main office in Lekki, Lagos in 2019. He said “We are establishing this new aggregate outfit as a subsidiary of Farmcrowdy to drive the growth of agriculture not just in Nigeria but on the continent. We have also managed to use the resources we were able to gather from both investors and supporters to put together in the business, to drive food production on the continent. Our aim for doing this is to do all the things that will make a farmers life better in the country. However, this does not in any way affect Farmcrowdy’s operations rather; it will make it better and boost the agric value chain of the country.”
Personal life.
Onyeka lives in Lagos, Nigeria. When he is not doing business or investing in startups, he enjoys speaking and teaching at various events and workshops.


Frederick Bailey (forester)

Lt. Col. Frederick Bailey FRSE FRSGS (11 July 1840–1912) was a British Army officer serving in the Royal Engineers who headed the Indian Forestry Service for the cultivation and export of timber to the British Empire.
Life.
He was born around 1842 the son of Charles Bailey (1803-1865) and his wife Catherine Irvine. Charles was the son of Charles Bailey twice Mayor of Bedford.
He was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1859. In 1871 he joined the Indian Forest Service and became Head of this service and Inspector General of Forests in India, succeeding Hugh Cleghorn in this task. In this service he was based in Lahore. In 1878 he established the First Indian Forestry School at Dehra Dun and served as its first Director. In 1890 he returned to Britain and lectured in a newly created course on Forestry at Edinburgh University from 1890 to 1907.
In 1894 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Geikie. Alexander Crum Brown, Sir William Turner and Peter Guthrie Tait.
From 1895, until his death, he lived at 7 Drummond Place in the New Town of Edinburgh.
He and his wife visited his son in Tibet around 1902.
He died on 21 December 1912.
Family.
In 1879 in Simla he married Florence Agnes Marshman (b.1847) and they were parents to Frederick Marshman Bailey.


Vahenurme Nature Reserve

Vahenurme Nature Reserve is a nature reserve situated in western Estonia, in Pärnu County.
The nature reserve has been established to protect the biologically diverse wooden meadows and forests of the area. It comprises an area of former agricultural land that has turned or is turning into forest. 239 species of vascular plants have been counted in Vahenurme Nature Reserve. Of these, 12 are protected.


Bayard Thayer

Bayard Thayer was a yachtsman and horticulturalist, and member of the Thayer Family of Lancaster, Massachusetts.
Early life.
Born in Boston, Massachusetts on April 3, 1862, he was the grandson of Thayer, and also was the grandson of Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Thayer, Unitarian minister of the First Church of Christ in Lancaster and son of Nathaniel Thayer, a banker. He was named after his maternal grandmother Harriet Elizabeth (Bayard) Van Rensselaer. His twin brother was John Eliot Thayer the ornithologist.
Boston townhouses.
Bayard city homes were a part of the Thayer Family land. He lived at both 305 Commonwealth Ave, designed by Peabody & Stearns, and later at 32 Hereford, designed by McKim, Mead, & White, with his wife Ruth Thayer.
Thayer estate.
He built the Thayer estate in Lancaster, Massachusetts, in 1901 and designed by architect Guy Lowell and landscape by Herbert W.C. Browne.
It was built as a summer home to Thayer who was a horticulturalist, the mansion then passed through the hands of the Greek Orthodox and Catholic churches, was briefly a school for the blind, and ultimately became the famed Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center used by celebrities such as Elizabeth Taylor.It still stands today in Lancaster, and is presently unoccupied and up for sale.
Yachting.
Bayard Thayer was also a yachtsman. He would compete in many races after purchasing E.D. Morgan's steel hull schooner "Constellation" in 1892, and having the George Stewart designed the yacht "Pilgrim" built for him.


Ror

Ror or Rod is a Haryanvi Hindu caste found mainly in the North Indian state of Haryana. It is one of the 36 main Jātis in Haryana. In the parts of Baiswara in Uttar Pradesh that are inhabited by Ror people, Rors along with similar groups like Bhatis, Chauhans and Tomaras are associated with Delhi and its outskirts. The migration history of Rors began and ended in Haryana, a region north of Delhi.
Demographics.
According to a 1994 report by the Anthropological Survey of India, the largest concentration of Rors are found in Karnal, Kurukshetra, Kaithal, Panipat, Sonipat, Fatehabad and Jind district of Haryana.
History.
Out of the 36 main communities of Haryana, Ror is the only community that has ruled as kings, and no other community member has ruled as king, therefore, the Ror are known as Ror Kings. (Ror Raja in native dialect)
Ror people are the original descendants of Raja Ror. Raja Ror was a ruler of Kagarol. Raja Ror built a fort there, and from then on that area was called Kagaror now corrupted to Kagarol.
In the Archaeological Survey of India Report from the years 1871-72, A.C.L. Carlleyle talks in detail about a warrior of the Ror community who resides in a Ror village on the outskirts of Delhi:
"“The features of the face are fine and manly, of the handsomest Hindu type. The warrior has his right knee raised; on his right arm he presents a shield in defense and in the left hand he brandishes a straight sword of huge dimensions over his head. In a belt round his waist he wears a dagger with a cross-shaped hilt at his left side. The hair of the head is full but drawn back in straight lines on the head. Evidently, it is a figure of a warrior of great strength.”"
Occupation and Culture.
As of a 1990 report by the Backward Classes Commission, Government of Haryana, they were mostly engaged in farming, with some practicing animal husbandry. Some Rors work in organised sectors and also in foreign countries such as Australia.
Located in Karnal, the "Ror Mahasabha" or Caste panchayat has the role of bringing social reforms to the community. Most follow Hinduism and are Hindus, but there are also a very small number of followers of Sikhism. The Hindu organization Arya Samaj has had a great influence on the Ror population ever since its founding. Major festivals celebrated by the Rors are Holi and Diwali.
More Information About ROR Caste.
click here for more information about ROR Caste https://m.youtube.com/results?sp=mAEA&search_query=Rorboys+haryana


Mary Livingston Ripley

Mary Moncrieffe Livingston Ripley (1914 – April 15, 1996) was a U.S. horticulturist, entomologist, photographer, and scientific collector.
Early life.
Mary Livingston was born in New York City in 1914. She was the daughter of Gerald Moncrieffe Livingston, a governor of the New York Stock Exchange, and Eleanor Hoffman (née Rodewald) Livingston. Through her father, she was a member of the long prominent Livingston family. Her sisters were Mrs. Livingston Briggs and Geraldine Livingston.
Her paternal grandfather was Crawford Livingston and her maternal grandfather was William MacNeil Rodewald of Tuxedo Park, New York. Her great-grandfather was the Rev. Dr. Charles Frederick Hoffman.
Career.
She worked in a clerical position for the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. While traveling with the OSS, she was a roommate of Julia Child (then Julia McWilliams).
After she married, she accompanied her husband on ornithological and entomological expeditions to India, Bhutan, Indonesia and Irian Jaya. Ripley's work of organizing volunteers led to the creation of the Smithsonian Institutions Women's Committee.
In 1983, Ripley was made an "Honorary life member of the Smithsonian's Women's Committee".
Personal life.
Mary, a member of the Colony Club and the Colonial Lords of the Manors and the Colonial Dames of America, was first married to Spencer F. Eddy Jr., son of diplomat Spencer F. Eddy, before their divorce in 1935. While stationed in Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) and working for the OSS, she met Sidney Dillon Ripley (1913-2001). They married in 1949, and were the parents of three daughters:
Ripley died in Litchfield, Connecticut on April 15, 1996.
Legacy.
The Mary Livingston Ripley Garden, part of the Smithsonian Gardens, is named after her.


Trebbiano

Trebbiano is an Italian wine grape, one of the most widely planted grape varieties in the world. It gives good yields, but tends to yield undistinguished wine. It can be fresh and fruity, but does not keep long. Also known as ugni blanc, it has many other names reflecting a family of local subtypes, particularly in Italy and France. Its high acidity makes it important in Cognac and Armagnac productions.
History.
Trebbiano may have originated in the Eastern Mediterranean, and was known in Italy in Roman times. A subtype was recognized in Bologna in the thirteenth century, and as Ugni blanc made its way to France, possibly during the Papal retreat to Avignon in the fourteenth century.
Pedigree.
An Italian study published in 2008 using DNA typing showed a close genetic relationship between Garganega on the one hand and Trebbiano and several other grape varieties on the other hand. It is therefore possible that Garganega is one of the parents of Trebbiano; however, since the parents of Garganega have not been identified, the exact nature of the relationship could not be conclusively established.
Relationship to other grapes.
During a series of trials between 1924 and 1930, Trebbiano was crossed with Gewürztraminer to create the pink-skinned Italian wine grape variety Manzoni rosa. Also, in the early 21st century, DNA analysis has suggested that there may be a close genetic relationship between Trebbiano and the Emilia-Romagna wine grape Alionza.
Distribution and wines.
Argentina.
Like many Italian grapes, Trebbiano came to Argentina with Italian immigrants.
Australia.
"White Hermitage" came to Australia with James Busby in 1832. The major plantings are in New South Wales and South Australia, where it is mostly used for brandy and for blending with other grapes in table wine.
Bulgaria.
It is known as 'Thalia' in both Bulgaria and Portugal.
France.
'Ugni blanc' is the most widely planted white grape of France, being found particularly along the Provençal coast, in the Gironde and Charente. It is also known as 'Clairette Ronde', 'Clairette de Vence', 'Queue de Renard', and in Corsica as 'Rossola'.
Under the name 'St. Émilion,' Trebbiano is important in brandy production, being the most common grape variety in Cognac and Armagnac. In the Armagnac / Côtes de Gascogne area it is also used in the white Floc de Gascogne.
Italy.
The Trebbiano family account for around a third of all white wine in Italy. It is mentioned in more than 80 of Italy's DOCs ("Controlled origin denominations"), although it has just seven of its own : Trebbiano d'Abruzzo, Trebbiano di Aprilia, Trebbiano di Arborea, Trebbiano di Capriano del Colle, Trebbiano di Romagna and Trebbiano Val Trebbia dei Colli Piacentini and Trebbiano di Soave.
Perhaps the most successful Trebbiano-based blend are the Orvieto whites of Umbria, which use a local clone called Procanico.
Trebbiano is also used to produce balsamic vinegar.
Trebbiano is one of the most commonly cultivated vines in Atri, modern name of Hatria.
Portugal.
As in Bulgaria, the variety is known as 'Thalia' in Portugal.
United States.
Italian immigrants brought Trebbiano to California, but is seldom seen as a single variety table wine.
Vine and viticulture.
The vine is vigorous and high-yielding, with long cylindrical bunches of tough-skinned berries that yield acidic yellow juice.
Synonyms.
Albano, Albana secco, Biancone, Blanc Auba, Blanc De Cadillac, Blancoun, Bobiano, Bonebeou, Branquinha, Brocanico, Bubbiano, Buriano, Buzzetto, Cadillac, Cadillate, Castelli, Castelli Romani, Castillone, Chator, Clairette D'Afrique, Clairette De Vence, Clairette Ronde, Engana Rapazes, Espadeiro branco, Falanchina, Greco, Gredelin, Hermitage White, Juni Blan, Lugana, Malvasia Fina, Muscadet Aigre, Padeiro branco, Perugino, Procanico, Procanico Dell Isola D Elba, Procanico Portoferraio, Queue De Renard, Romani, Rossan De Nice, Rossetto, Rossola, Rossula, Roussan, Roussea, Rusciola, Saint Emilion, Saint Emilion Des Charentes, Santoro, Shiraz White, Spoletino, Talia, Trebbianello, Trebbiano, Trebbiano Della Fiamma, Trebbiano Di Cesene, Trebbiano Di Empoli, Trebbiano Di Lucca, Trebbiano Di Tortona, Trebbiano Fiorentino, Trebbiano Toscano, Trebbianone, Tribbiano, Tribbiano Forte, Turbiano, Ugni blanc, Bouan, Beau, Thalia, Trebbiano Romagnolo, Trebbiano Gallo and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo.
Trebbiano shares at least three synonyms with the Spanish wine grape Viura including Queue de Renard, Rossan, Ugni blanc and the similarly spelled Gredelín/Gredelin.


Heck cattle

Heck cattle are a hardy breed of domestic cattle. These cattle are the result of an attempt by the Heck brothers to breed back the extinct aurochs from modern aurochs-derived cattle in the 1920s and 1930s. Controversy revolves around methodology and success of the programme. There are considerable differences between Heck cattle and the aurochs in build, height, and body proportions. Furthermore, there are other cattle breeds which resemble their wild ancestors at least as much as Heck cattle.
Development.
Heck cattle originated in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s in an attempt to breed back domestic cattle to their ancestral form: the aurochs ("Bos primigenius primigenius"). In the first years of the Weimar Republic, the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck independently started their extensive breeding-back programmes. Their motivation behind that was to rescue the aurochs from oblivion because it was constantly confused with the wisent, the other large bovine of Holocene Europe. The Heck brothers believed that creating a look-alike and showing both species next to each other would help to show the difference between the two species to a broader public. Apart from that, they believed they were able to reconstruct the species and therefore to correct the mistake man made when killing the species off.
Heinz was the director of the Hellabrunn Zoological Gardens in Munich and Lutz of the Berlin Zoological Gardens. Only eleven years after they started their breeding experiments, just as the Weimar Republic was drawing to a close, they each announced success. The two brothers used different selections of cattle breeds in their breeding-back attempts. For example, Lutz Heck (in Berlin) used Spanish fighting bulls, while Heinz Heck (in Munich) did not. The Berlin breed seemingly did not survive the Second World War, so all modern Heck cattle go back to the experiments of Heinz Heck in Munich. The ancestral breeds used include:
In 1932, the first bull that Heinz Heck believed to resemble the aurochs, named ″Glachl″, was born. It was a 75% Corsican and 25% (Gray cattle × Lowland × Highland × Angeln) cross individual. This bull and its father subsequently were bred into further breeds to increase weight. As a consequence, most modern Heck cattle go back to Central European milk- and meat cattle that were supplemented by cattle from other regions. Advocates of Heck cattle often claim that Heinz′ and Lutz′ breeding results looked largely identically ″proving the success″ of their experiment. However, Berlin and Munich Heck cattle did not look very similar.
Characteristics.
A typical Heck bull should be on average tall, and a cow , with weight up to . Heck cattle are twenty to thirty centimeters shorter than the aurochs they were bred to resemble. Heck bulls are not larger than other domestic bulls and actually a little smaller than cattle used in modern intensive agriculture, while aurochs bulls reached shoulder heights of between 160 and 180, in rare cases even 200, cm. Aurochs bulls are believed to have weighed some .
Size is not the only aspect in which Heck cattle differs from its wild ancestor. Heck cattle are bulky like many other domestic breeds, while the aurochs, as a wild bovine, had an athletic body shape. The legs of Heck cattle are shorter and the trunk much longer than in the aurochs, in which shoulder height and trunk length nearly equalled each other. Heck cattle have a comparably small and short head, while aurochs had an elongate large head sitting on a muscular neck. Aurochs had a well-developed shoulder musculature, carried by long spines, which is absent in Heck cattle. All in all, proportions and body shape of Heck cattle are not significantly similar to the aurochs and do not differ from many other domestic breeds.
The horns of the aurochs had a characteristic and relatively stable shape. At the base they grew outwards-upwards, then forwards-inwards and inwards-upwards at the tips. Aurochs horns were large and thick overall, reaching in length and or more in diameter. However, the horns of Heck cattle differ in many respects. Usually, they curve too much upwards or outwards compared to the original, or do not reach the length or diameter of the aurochs. Often the horns of Heck cattle strongly resemble the breeds it was created from (i.e. Grey Cattle).
In coat colour Heck cattle may resemble the aurochs, in having bulls with a black overall coat colour with a light eel stripe and cows displaying a reddish-brown colour. However, some Heck bulls may have a light colour saddle on the back (which was apparently not present in the European aurochs) and the sexual dimorphism in color is unclear in most cases; bulls and cows either may have a dark colour with a lightly coloured saddle, black cows appear regularly and also lightly colored bulls are no rarity. There are other deviant colours as well, such as individuals having a grayish or gray colour or cows being beige. White patches, typical for pied dairy breeds, do appear as well, sometimes to the same extent as in Holstein cattle.
Heck cattle demonstrate a higher amount of heterogeneity than in any wild animal or most other domestic breeds. There is considerable variation in coat colour, horn shape and horn dimensions, as well as size and proportions. Besides the features that are desired because they bear resemblance to the aurochs, numerous divergent features may appear (as explained above).
Heck cattle differ in many respects from the aurochs, and there are breeds which resemble the aurochs at least as much, such as the Spanish fighting bull. Nevertheless, they are capable of coping in the wild with cold temperatures or nutrient-poor food. On the other hand, there are other robust cattle breeds which cope with harsh conditions at least as well as Heck cattle and feral cattle are no rarity.
Taurus cattle.
Taurus cattle are an advanced form of Heck cattle. The ABU ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft Biologischer Umweltschutz"), a conservation group in Germany, started to crossbreed Heck cattle with southern-European primitive breeds in 1996, with the goal to increase the aurochs-likeness of certain Heck cattle herds. These crossbreeds are called Taurus cattle. It is aimed to bring in aurochs-like features that are supposedly missing in Heck cattle, using Sayaguesa, Chianina and, to a lesser extent, Spanish Fighting Cattle. The same is done in the Hungarian national park Hortobágy National Park, additionally using Hungarian Greys and Watusi, in Lille Vildmose National Park in Denmark, using only Chianina and Sayaguesa so far, and in Latvia.
Controversy.
Criticism of the methodology and result of the Heck brothers' programs dates back to at least the 1950s. Cis van Vuure describes the work of W. Herre in 1953 and O. Koehler in 1952:
A lack of basic knowledge about the extinct aurochs, broad selection criteria [of breeds chosen to create the cattle]...and the rich imagination and complacency of the two brothers led to their excessive simplification of the breeding-back procedure.
Criticism also focused on the carelessness, the ease and the speed with which they had carried out their experiments as well as the genetic basis. Cis van Vuure further stated that:
On account of the absence of any marked similarity in size, colour and horn shape, among other aspects, Heck cattle cannot be considered to resemble the aurochs closely. Rather they should be seen as a population of cattle in which a few aurochs characteristics may be found; a trait they share with many other cattle populations.
In the view of some experts, primitive Southern European cattle breeds are much closer overall to the aurochs than Heck cattle, such as the Spanish fighting bull.
Distribution.
There are about 2000 Heck cattle in Europe and few elsewhere. Heck cattle are found in German zoos because of the erroneous claim by the Heck brothers that these cattle represent resurrected aurochs and are suitable for conservation projects today. In Oostvaardersplassen in Flevoland (Netherlands), about 600 Heck cattle roam freely. Weak animals are shot by hunters in order to prevent unnecessary suffering. Others are at the Falkenthaler Rieselfelder near Berlin, at the Nesseaue nature reserve near Jena, Thuringia and at the Grubenfelder Leonie nature reserve in Auerbach, Bavaria. About 100 were registered in France in 2000. In 2009 Derek Gow, a British conservationist who operates a rare breeds farm at Lifton in Devon, bought a herd of 13 Heck cattle from Belgium in 2009. The herd grew to 20 animals, but in 2015 Gow slaughtered all but six due to handling problems.
Use.
Heck cattle are propagated in some places to fulfill the role of extinct megafauna in the ecosystem. However, European bison supporters claim that Heck cattle landscape management is a public relations ploy in order to illegitimately garner support for Heck cattle at the expense of a genuine native species, the European bison. Some have been used in other attempts to recreate the aurochs, such as the Taurus breed of Germany.


Stephen Furniss

Stephen Joseph Furniss (8 May 1875 – 2 September 1952) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Mara Township, Ontario and became a farmer by career.
Furniss's ancestors were originators of the Furniss Steamship Lines. He attended school in Mara Township then at Ontario Business College.
He was first elected to Parliament at the Muskoka—Ontario riding in the 1935 general election then re-elected in 1940. Furniss did not seek re-election in the 1945 election after completing his second term, the 19th Canadian Parliament.


Polypay

The Polypay sheep breed is a white, medium-sized (65 kg), polled sheep which was developed in the 1960s at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station in Dubois, Idaho. In general, Polypay sheep are noted for being a highly prolific maternal dual-purpose (meat and wool) breed. It produces yearly about 4.2 kg of wool and is weaned at 120 days.
History.
Dr. Clarence V. Hulet, at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station in Dubois, Idaho, had five main goals when creating the new breed.
The original breeding stock were taken from the Finnsheep for their high prolificacy, early puberty and short gestation, Dorset for their superior mothering ability, carcass quality, early puberty and long breeding season, Targhee for their large body size, long breeding season and quality fleeces, and Rambouillet for their adaptability, hardiness, productivity and quality fleeces. In 1968, Hulet performed the first cross breedings generating Finnsheep x Rambouillet (F x R) and Dorset x Targhee (D x T) lambs, which were born in 1969. The first 4-breed composites (F x R x D x T) were made in 1970. After seeing the potential and enthusiasm for the new breed, Hulet coined the name for the breed in 1975. The Polypay name was created from poly, meaning multiple, and pay, meaning return on investment. Pay also means the ability the breed has to contribute more than two paying "crops" each year, i.e. two lamb crops and one wool crop. The American Polypay Association was then later formed in 1980.
The community of Polypay breeders is active and continues to grow to develop the breed. Currently, there are about 100 members of the American Polypay Association and there are typically about 1,500 animals registered each year. In 1987, the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP)] was initiated and included the Polypay breed. Through the efforts of the breeders enrolled in the program, breeders have been able to significantly enhance the breed characteristics. There are currently 41 breeders and 1,244 animals were added to the NSIP in 2016. There are nearly 14,000 animals in the registry. Each year there are national sales that highlight the breed in Sedalia, MO, Spencer, IA and Wooster, OH. These sales incorporate traditional conformational characteristics as well as estimated breeding values (EBVs) generated through the NSIP.
Breed characteristics.
To be registered as a Polypay, an animal must be the offspring of registered parents, of parents each containing 1/4 Rambouillet, 1/4 Targhee, 1/4 Dorset, and 1/4 Finnsheep blood, or of a registered sire and some other combination of foundation breeding, which would produce at least a 15/16 Polypay offspring. Furthermore, the animal must:
In general, Polypay ewes are able to lamb at 1 year of age, wean twins, and mature ewes will weigh between 150 and 200 lbs. Mature Polypay rams will weigh between 240 and 300 lbs. All animals entered in a show or sale should be a twin or better and all ewes shown in a Yearling Ewe Class must have already lambed. Although Polypays are a general purpose breed, they are also known as a maternal breed because of their prolificacy, ability to breed aseasonally, early fertility, high milk production, and good mothering. In cross-breeding programs with a meat-type terminal sire offspring exhibit hybrid vigor for traits such as growth rate and carcass quality.


Frederiksborger

The Frederiksborger is Denmark's oldest horse breed. They were tremendously popular throughout the Renaissance and Baroque periods and were considered luxury items. Today, the breed is rare, but has a loyal following. Stallions and mares undergo studbook inspections before being allowed to breed. They are most often chestnut with white markings.
History.
The Royal Frederiksborg Stud was founded in 1562 under King Frederik II, who populated it with the Neapolitan horse and the Iberian forerunners of the Andalusian horse. As the Norfolk Roadster and Arab-bred horses gained popularity later on, they, too, were selected to stand at the royal stud. As a courtly mount, the Frederiksborg had to be agile and trainable for the courtiers' pursuits in "haute ecole" and warfare, stylish and high-stepping for parades and court ceremonies, and strong and uniform in appearance to trot before the royal carriages. By the 18th century, the Frederiksborger enjoyed such particular fame that the Danes began to export them in great numbers. They contributed to the formation of the heavy warmbloods, but also to the Lipizzaner. A grey Frederiksborger stallion born in 1765, "Pluto", became a foundation stallion in the breed.
The popularity of the breed took its toll, and in 1839, the royal stud was closed. The breeding of Frederiksborgers continued with private breeders, though the needs of the people reshaped the horse to some degree. Instead of a luxury item, the horses were redirected to be more suitable for the stagecoach and agricultural work. In 1939, efforts to re-establish the breed were started, adding East Friesian, Oldenburgs, Thoroughbreds, and Arabians later. The modern Danish Warmblood often traces back to the Frederiksborger through the female lines, though the pedigrees of these horses are mostly German. Nevertheless, as the Danish breeders made use of German and Swedish horses, some part-Frederiksborger mares made their way back into the breeding population. So to do the Holsteiner "Manfreid" ("Markgraf"), Swedish "Rousseau" (Herzog), and the Hanoverians "Atlantic" ("Abglanz"), "Ergo" ("Abendjaeger"), and "Boheme" ("Bolero"). Otherwise, the Frederiksborger has been purebred for the past century, which accounts for their uniform type.
Characteristics.
Today, the numbers of Frederiksborgers are low, but the remaining examples are handsome horses. They are most often vividly marked flaxen chestnuts, though bays, buckskins, palominos, and greys are seen, as well. They usually have sabino-type markings and many have rabicano roaning, as well.
In conformation and type, the Frederiksborger was "ahead of its time", so the horses express great quality and are quite uniform. The muzzle is wide and the straight lines of the head often border on convex. The neck is powerful and usually crested, and is set high on strong shoulders. The withers are not high, and the back, while long, has a strong loin. The hindquarters are broad and deep and the croup is level. The level topline and high-set neck of the Frederiksborger belie its showy trot. The legs are solid and square, a little more than half the horse's height. The tail is well-carried.
The gaits of the Frederiksborger are expressive and powerful, with natural self-carriage. The trot is the best gait and is showy with a long stride. The walk is diligent and open, and the canter is sufficient. Most Frederiksborgers are willing jumpers, though calm-natured horses are less likely to be concerned about knocking rails.
Uses.
Frederiksborgers are best in harness and compete up to the international levels of combined driving. They are also suitable horses for amateurs, as they are not selected for sensitivity. Some individuals are successful in competitive dressage and show jumping, as well.
Medical issues.
Frederiksborgers are early-maturing, long-lived, and sound reproductively and structurally well into their old age. The greatest concern facing the health of the Frederiksborger is inbreeding due to a limited gene pool. However, studbook inspections are intended to safeguard the breed against weakness; a horse with a known genetic disorder is not approved to breed.