Shotts Iron Works

Shotts Iron Works was established in 1801. The ample supply of coal, ironstone and lime in the Shotts area provided the raw ingredients required to produce pig iron. The iron works and associated extraction of raw materials was the main source of industry in Shotts for a period of over 150 years. Annual output of pig iron at Shotts reached a peak of 75,000 tons with a worldwide reputation for excellence of its foundry castings.
History of Shotts Iron Works.
On 16 April 1801, Robert and Hugh Baird, civil engineers based near Glasgow, obtained a lease of the minerals on either side of South Calder Water. Shotts Iron Company was formed that year when three more partners joined. The Company was wound up in 1952 when an Extraordinary General Meeting of shareholders passed a resolution appointing Joint Liquidators.
Background to the Company and Directors.
The Shotts Iron Company formed in 1801 consisted of Robert Baird, Hugh Baird, George Munro, Walter Logan and John Baird.
In 1810, Robert and Hugh Baird dropped out of the partnership and a New Shotts Iron Company was formed with the addition of Robert Bogle and John Blackburn.
In 1823, Shotts Iron Works was advertised for sale. Two rival groups made strong bids to take over the Company. The winning group was led by John Horrocks and a new company was formed in 1824 with partners Walter Logan (from the old Company) along with William Waddell, William Wilson Duffin, William Crawford, Francis Cameron, William Dun, James Reoch and George Crichton. Four trustees were appointed and a contract of co-partnery under the name of the Shotts Iron Joint Stock Company was set up.
Furnace and Blast Tower.
The furnace bank and hot blast tower are the only remaining surviving remains of the iron-smelting works. Historic Environment Scotland has given a B grade category to these buildings in recognition of their significance to the history and heritage of Central Scotland. Shotts Iron Company was one of the early iron-smelting works in the region, and one of the last to remain in operation. The furnace bank is one of three surviving in Scotland.
Both buildings are listed on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland. Inspections have been carried out in February 2008, June 2010 and December 2014. Each inspection has found the furnace bank to be reasonably secured, but in need of repointing. The hot blast tower also has pointing and internal timber ladders in poor condition. The entrance to the tower has suffered damage from a large stone having dislodged from the wall.
Castlehill Iron Works (1838-1884).
Castlehill Iron Works was owned by Shotts Iron Works and was situated in the Castlehill area of Carluke. At its most busy time, the Iron Works had three furnaces in blast. Coal was supplied to the Works from the nearby Castlehill Colliery, also owned by Shotts Iron Works. Houses for the workers were situated nearby and included 'Furnace Row', while the agent for the Iron Works lived in Castlehill House. Kerrfield House was the home of the manager of Castlehill colliery, and next door in the same building was the station master of the busy goods station which was near the junction of Castlehill Road and Airdrie Road. While Furnace Row has long since disappeared, Castlehill and Kerrfield Houses are still in use and occupied.


List of automobile manufacturers

This is a list of notable automobile manufacturers with articles on Wikipedia by country. It includes companies that are in business as well as defunct manufacturers. Only companies that have articles here are included.
L.
Latvia.
Current
Defunct
U.
United Kingdom.
Defunct
V.
Vietnam.
Current
Defunct


RattanIndia Nashik Thermal Power Station

RattanIndia Nashik Thermal Power Project is a coal-based thermal power plant located in Sinnar in Nashik district Maharashtra. The power plant is operated by the RattanIndia Power Limited (formerly Indiabulls Power Ltd (IPL)).
Coal for the plant is sourced from South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Western Coalfields Limited (WCL) and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL). Water is sourced from output discharge of sewage treatment plant of Nashik Municipal Corporation
BHEL has been awarded contract for construction of this project.


DX encoding

DX (Digital indeX) encoding is an ANSI and I3A standard, originally introduced by Kodak in March 1983, for marking 135 and APS photographic film and film cartridges. It consists of several parts, a latent image DX film edge barcode on the film below the sprocket holes, a code on the cartridge used by automatic cameras, and a barcode on the cartridge read by photo-finishing machines.
History.
In order to simplify the handling of 35 mm film in 135 format Kodak introduced the DX encoding method on 3. January 1983. In contrast to former solutions like Fuji's film speed encoding method in 1977, which was already using electrical contacts for film speed detection on 135 format cartridges, Kodak's later DX code system immediately met success in the marketplace.
The first DX encoded film was the color negative film Kodacolor VR-1000 in March 1983.
The first cameras to use the technology was the Konica TC-X SLR (1985), as well as the compact cameras Pentax Super Sport 35 / PC 35AF-M
and Minolta AF-E / Freedom II in 1984. Pentax instead claimed the A3 / A3000 was the first DX-enabled SLR in 1985. Other DX-enabled SLRs were introduced in 1985 as well: Minolta 7000 (February 1985) and 9000 (September 1985), as well as the Nikon F-301 / N2000.
"DX-iX" (data exchange - information exchange) is an expanded DX encoding system introduced in 1996 to be used in conjunction with the Advanced Photo System (APS). It is only used on APS films format IX240, also known as Advantix.
In 1998, Fujifilm introduced a film identification system for 120 and 220 format roll film called "Barcode System" (with logo "|||B"). The barcode encoding the film format and length as well as the film speed and type is located on the sticker between the emulsion carrying film and the backing paper. This 13-bit barcode is optically scanned by newer medium format cameras like the Fujifilm GA645i Professional, GA645Wi Professional, GA645Zi Professional, GX645AF Professional, GX680III Professional, GX680IIIS Professional, Hasselblad H1, H2, H2F and H3D Model I with HM 16-32 as well as by the Contax 645 AF.
DX cartridge barcode.
Next to the film exit lip is an Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode and a printed number. The 6 digits represent the I3A assigned DX number (middle 4 digits), the number of exposures (last digit) and a proprietary manufacturer's code (first digit). The DX number identifies the manufacturer, film type, and by inference, the necessary developing process type. This is used by automatic photo-finishing machines to correctly process the exposed film.
DX film edge barcode.
Below the sprockets under each frame of 135 film is the DX film edge barcode. The barcode is invisible until the film has been developed. It is optically imprinted as a latent image during manufacturing. The barcode is used by photo finishers to identify each frame for printing. It consists of two parallel linear barcodes, one for a synchronizing clock called the "clock track", and the other encoding film data such as type, manufacturer and frame number, called the "data track". The barcode nearest the film edge (away from the sprocket holes) contains the data track. The data track sequence repeats every half frame, beginning with 6 start bits, followed by 7 bits of DX Number Part 1, 1 unassigned bit, 4 bits of DX Number Part 2, a 7-bit frame/half-frame number, 1 unassigned bit, 1 parity bit, and finishes with 4 stop bits. The 7-bit frame/half-frame number is called the "DXN" number (different than the "DX Number Part 1" and "DX Number Part 2"), and is an extension on the original DX edge code, patented by Eastman Kodak in 1990.
Some image processing software utilized by film scanners allow selection of film manufacturer and type to provide automatic color correction. Interpreting the DX film edge barcode may provide this information, permitting accurate color correction to be applied.
DX Camera Auto Sensing.
The outside of film cartridges are marked with a DX Camera Auto Sensing (CAS) code readable by many cameras. Cameras can then automatically determine the film speed, number of exposures and exposure tolerance.
The DX Camera Auto Sensing code takes the form of a grid of contact points on the side of the metal cartridge surface that are either conductive or non-conductive. Electrical contacts in the camera read the bit pattern. Most cameras read only part of the code; typically, only the film speed is read, and some cameras aimed at the consumer market only read enough bits to tell apart the most common film speeds. For example, 100, 200, 400, and 800 can be detected by reading only S1 and S2 and ground.
Electrical contacts.
On 35mm film cartridges there are two rows of six rectangular areas. The two left-most areas (with the spool post on the left) are both common (ground) and are thus always bare metal. The remaining five bits in the top row represent 32 possible film speeds. But only the 24 speeds representing the 1/3 stops from ISO 25/15° to 5000/38° are used. The codes are not in strict binary order.
In the second row, the first three bits represent eight possible film lengths, although in practice only 12, 20, 24 and 36 exposures are encoded. The remaining two bits of the second row give four ranges of exposure tolerance, or latitude.
Most cameras read the film speed only (first row).
Diagramatically (with spool post to the left):
Where "G" are the two common-ground contacts, "S" is the film speed, "L" the film length, and "T" the exposure tolerance.


Alfred C. Malchiodi

Alfred C. Malchiodi (1942–2011) was a noted American engineer specializing in submarines.
Biography.
Malchiodi was born July 18, 1942 in New London, the son of the late Alfred and Josephine (Donatello) Malchiodi.
After graduating from New London High School, he attended Worcester Polytechnic Institute, graduating with a degree in electrical engineering in 1964.
Malchiodi married Tillie Oppido on June 1, 1968.
He was employed by Electric Boat for over 40 years as an electrical engineer. After working on the USS Narwhal (SSN-671), USS Glenard P. Lipscomb (SSN-685) and NR-1 Deep Submergence Craft, he became Chief Engineer for the Trident Program and USS Memphis (SSN-691), then Director of Engineering for Virginia class submarines. On retirement he was Director of Submarine Concept Formulation.
In 2000, he received the General Dynamics Technology Excellence Award.
In 2003 he received the Gibbs Brothers Medal from the National Academy of Sciences for leading innovations in developing the naval architecture of submarines for the efficient utilization of advanced technology.
Malchiodi retired in 2005. He died on February 28, 2011 of lung cancer.


Carbon Power Plant

Carbon Power Plant, also known as Castle Gate Power Plant was a small, 190-MWe coal-fired power station in Utah, USA operated by PacifiCorp. Its units 1 and 2, rated at 75 and 113.6 MWe, were launched into service in 1954 and 1957. The plant is located at , about north of Helper, Utah, on the east bank of Price River.
The plant was shut down on April 16, 2015.


Spathic iron ore


Etak

Etak, Inc. was an independent US-based vendor of automotive navigation system equipment, digital maps, and mapping software. It was founded in 1983.
Its original headquarters were in Sunnyvale, but the company later moved to 1430 O'Brien Drive (View on OpenStreetMap) in Menlo Park, California. The company finally ceased to exist under the name "Etak" shortly after its acquisition by Tele Atlas in 2000. In its time, it was a pioneer in commercializing automotive navigation systems and digital mapping, technologies that have since entered the mainstream.
Founding of the Company.
Etak's initial start-up funding came from Nolan Bushnell, famous for starting Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theater.
"[Co-founder Stan Honey] was doing military-related research at SRI International in 1983 when he sailed with Pong inventor and Atari founder Nolan Bushnell to victory in a Transpac race. Bushnell was impressed with Honey's navigational electronics and asked whether he had any other ideas. Honey suggested a car navigation system. Bushnell gave him $500,000 in seed money, and digital-mapping firm Etak (named after a Polynesian term for navigation) was born."
Etak's Navigator was the first commercially available automotive navigation system of any practical significance. Etak initially delivered the hardware system, the maps and dynamic content for its automotive navigation system.
Early Etak product literature claimed that "Etak" was an ancient Polynesian term that described navigating intuitively by the stars.
Etak Navigator.
Etak's initial product, the Navigator, was introduced in 1985. This system was the precursor to today's GPS-based automotive navigation systems, many of which trace a direct line of descent to Etak's technology.
The original Etak Navigator was a specially-packaged Intel 8088-based system with 256K RAM, 32K EPROM, 2K SRAM, and a cassette tape drive on which digital maps and some of the operating system were stored. The tapes could not hold much information, so for the Los Angeles area, for example, three to four tapes were required. When an edge of the map was reached, the driver needed to change cassette tapes to continue benefitting from the accuracy of map-matching. The system had a tape drive that was designed to be installed within easy reach of the driver, so this could be done while driving. The map moved on the screen as the car was driven, but instead of the color raster graphics display of today's systems it had a green vector display.
The Navigator had address geocoding (the ability to convert a street address to a latitude/longitude point). It worked by using a digital compass mounted somewhere in the car (typically inside the headliner) and two wheel sensors mounted on the non-driven wheels (with magnetic strips installed on the wheel rims themselves). The system used "map-matching augmented dead reckoning". The user entered the location of the car where it was first installed, and took it on a short calibration drive. From then on, the system self-corrected: error accumulated through dead reckoning could usually be reduced by checking to see if the current location and direction of movement corresponded to a street in the map data. These and other techniques developed by Etak would perhaps now be viewed as very high-end features for a car navigation system. At the time, however, because there was no GPS to provide an approximate absolute location, they were critically important.
The move to digital mapping.
The Navigator enjoyed a brief vogue, selling a few thousand units in a few years, and even finding its way to the dashboard of pop star Michael Jackson. It also appeared in a 1991 feature film "Nothing But Trouble", shown being used in a BMW by Chevy Chase and Demi Moore (albeit with a color display).
However, Etak did not have the financial resources for mass production of improved models of the Navigator. In 1985, Etak had entered into an exclusive agreement with General Motors, under which they would have to continue paying Etak a certain minimum amount regardless of whether GM's Delco Electronics division fielded a car navigation product.
Etak stopped making its own hardware and focused more on digital mapping technology with its Etak Maps and EtakGuide products. The transition away from automotive navigation engineering activities was gradual. Etak licensed its car navigation technology to other companies, notably Clarion in Japan, Bosch (Blaupunkt) in Germany (as the TravelPilot), as with Delco earlier. Etak continued to provide engineering support for the productization efforts of its licensees (except in the case of Delco, from which no product was forthcoming ), and continued to develop and support vertical market fleet vehicle applications that used both the original Navigator and the TravelPilot as in-vehicle platforms.
As early as 1987, Etak was mapping Japanese cities. However, this was in an era of conflict between the U.S. and Japan in the automotive market. Japan had gotten an earlier start in car navigation efforts with Honda's Electro Gyrocator and other projects, but hadn't created a successful product. It's been argued that the Japanese government shielded its own manufacturers, and Etak might have been shut out in its mapping efforts even after having been allowed in. As reported in Fortune magazine in 1992:
"[Etak] was the first to begin electronic mapping of Japanese cities in 1987, hoping to enable ambulance services and others to find addresses on computer screens. But a year later the government decided that Etak needed a license. By the time it came through, the company's head start was gone and a Japanese competitor had moved in."
Etak's acquisition (for a reported $25 million) by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation marked a decisive change in emphasis. Murdoch had been persuaded that digital maps would be a major advertising medium, and Etak was arguably the leader in mapping the markets of major nations.
Sony Corporation in 1995 announced the Sony NVX-F160 system using Etak's digital mapping software. In April 1997, after Sony acquired Etak, Sony launched the "SkyMap" portable GPS system. Originally marketed to business travelers, SkyMap included two CD-ROMs (Eastern and Western US), a remote control, dashboard GPS antenna, and a PCMCIA card for laptops. Recreational vehicle owners became a surprise market for the SkyMap product. Etak was involved in many web and mobile initiatives during the dotcom boom, and partnered in the release of the first consumer internet-enabled Location-Based mobile applications.
Expansion and Consolidation.
In 1995 News Corp expanded Etak's field operations unit to more quickly create accurate maps of major US cities. The majority of a second building at 1605 Adams Drive in Menlo Park (around the corner from the first building) was leased by Etak to house a map library, Unix *Sparc digitizing stations, and field operations in early 1995. Prior to this, all national field operations were out of the Menlo Park office. Field offices, staffed by between 6-16 personnel, were opened in (in order of opening): Detroit, New York, Los Angeles, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Miami, Chicago, Houston, Atlanta and Orlando.
Starting in 1996, a highways project was started to capture geometry, geo-location, services, and navigation attributes along the interstate and federal and state highway systems. Under Sony's ownership, urban core projects were started in 1997 in Portland, Sacramento, Boston, New York, Las Vegas, San Diego, Dallas, San Antonio, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, and Kokomo, Indiana, due to the agreement with GM's Delphi (formerly Delco) unit.
As the Etak map database was built (on old TIGER files) and updated, the field operations unit reassigned personnel to smaller satellite offices. The Miami field office, blocked by the Orlando office, was shuttered, and its personnel moved to Minneapolis, St. Louis, and Phoenix. In March 1998, the Chicago, Atlanta, Seattle, and Washington D.C. offices were closed, and headcount at remaining offices was reduced. On June 4, 1998, all remaining field offices were closed, marking the end of independent mapping efforts under the Etak banner.
Acquisitions.
Etak went through a number of acquisitions.
Etak was acquired in 1989 by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. It was during this time that Fox Sports' FoxTrax hockey puck was introduced for use in NHL telecasts, using Etak GPS technology (there is a display in the Etak lobby).
News Corporation then sold Etak to Sony Corporation in May 1996.
In May 2000, Etak, Inc. was acquired from Sony Corporation by Tele Atlas and became Tele Atlas North America. Etak, Inc. ceased to exist as a separate company soon after.


Foden Trucks

Foden Trucks was a British truck and bus manufacturing company which had its origins in Elworth near Sandbach in 1856. Paccar acquired the company in 1980, and ceased to use the marque name in 2006.
History.
In 1856 Edwin Foden, became an apprentice at the agricultural equipment manufacturing company of Plant & Hancock. He left the company for an apprenticeship at Crewe Railway Works but returned to Plant & Hancock at the age of 19. Shortly afterwards he became a partner in the company. On the retirement of George Hancock in 1887 the company was renamed Edwin Foden Sons & Co. Ltd. The company produced massive industrial engines, as well as small stationary steam engines and, from 1880, agricultural traction engines.
Experimental steam lorries were first produced shortly after the turn of the 20th century. In 1878, the legislation affecting agricultural use was eased and as a result, Foden produced a successful range of agricultural traction engines. The perfecting of the compound traction engine in 1887 gave a significant marketing advantage and later proved invaluable to the development of the steam lorry.
In 1896 the restrictions affecting road transport were eased, which permitted vehicles under 3 tons to travel at up to without a red flag. The time was right and Foden produced a series of four prototype wagons. The experience gained from this, enabled Foden to build a 3-ton wagon for the War Office 1901 self-propelled lorry trial.
This design was consistently faster and more economical over the arduous road trials but was placed second overall as it was claimed that the Thornycroft entry had better off-road performance. Foden's wagon was nevertheless regarded by most commentators as a clear winner (the result was questioned in Parliament by Crewe's MP). This model was the basis for a highly successful line of vehicles which were produced over the next 30 years. The great majority of Foden steam lorries were overtype, but undertypes were also produced, including the unsuccessful E-type and the O-type "Speed-6" and "Speed-12", which was a much more modern vehicle.
By 1930, Edwin's son, Edwin Richard Foden (known to everyone as simply E.R.) could see the future lay in diesel power. In late 1932 he resigned from the Board of Directors, following several years of bitter wranglings, and subsequently retired; he was 62 and ready for retirement, having spent his entire working life at Foden's. His son Dennis could not afford to resign, but was not prepared to let things ride; however, with financial input from across the immediate family a new company was set up to design and produce diesel lorries. George Faulkener, related to Dennis by marriage, became works manager and Ernest Sherratt, both ex-Foden employees, helped to design a new diesel wagon. Edwin Richard Foden was persuaded to come out of retirement and head the new company which became known as ERF.
In the early 1930s, however, Foden realised that the future was diesel, and changed their production almost immediately, though the production of steam vehicles continued in diminishing numbers until 1934. Their first diesel vehicle was the Foden F1 introduced in 1931 and regarded as the "first commercially successful type of diesel lorry".
Post-war initially saw the re-introduction of the old models with few improvements, although Foden entered the bus chassis market in 1946 (a number of prototypes, including a double-decker had been built in the 1930s) by 1950 they had developed a rear-engined model, predating the Leyland Atlantean by seven years. Although the Foden PVR was a high-framed single decker, the cruciform chassis bracing used by Foden made an underfloor engine location as in the competitive AEC Regal IV, Leyland Royal Tiger or Daimler Freeline a non-starter. The completely new FE and FG lorry ranges were introduced in 1948, along with the new Foden FD6 two-stroke diesel engine, which became the standard engine for certain Foden heavy lorry models, such as the S18 FE6/15 Rigid Eight-Wheeler – the optional Gardner 6LW-engined version was the S18 FG6/15. (The S18 designation refers to the new cab that was produced for the new range.) The FD6 two-stroke engine, along with Gardner engines, was also fitted in Foden motorcoaches and buses. Only one Foden PVD double decker had the Foden Engine but it was popular in the PVS and PVR single-deckers, especially in coaching applications because it was much higher revving than the Gardner 5LW or 6LW. Bus and coach production ceased in 1956, but the last chassis only left the works in 1959, when it was registered 367CKA and received an early Plaxton Panorama body.
In 1958 lightweight glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) used in cab production was introduced, and this led to the manufacture of the first British-built, mass-produced tilting cab in 1962. The first Foden GRP cab was the distinctively-styled S21 model. The S21 was initially nicknamed both "Spaceship" and "Sputnik" by the commercial vehicle press but was more popular by the "Mickey Mouse" nickname. The more traditional metal-and-wood S20 cab, introduced in 1956, was still fitted to many Foden lorries until at least 1963, after which it was just fitted to special vehicles until 1968. The aforementioned GRP tilt cab, introduced in 1962, was designated S24. S21 Cab production continued until 1969.
In 1964, a change in the Construction & Use Regulations favoured articulated vehicles over the older rigid designs and a new model was introduced to compete in the 32-ton market. More than 75% of heavy chassis sold in Britain in the following years were tractor units.
In 1969, Foden made its first sales in Portugal. Because the company name was similar to a profanity in Portuguese, they were badged as Podens.
Collapse and takeover.
A massive new production facility was developed in the early 1970s on a green field site, adjacent to the Foden works. The new plant was designed for an annual capacity of 6,000 trucks, based on an expectation of a continued boom in truck sales and exports. Instead, the market collapsed. The expenditure and the economic downturn of the period saw Foden run into financial difficulty in December 1974. It was given support by Harold Wilson's Labour government. Foden struggled as its home market continued to be depressed. It was 1977–78 before Foden returned to reasonable profitability. Large MOD contracts to supply military vehicles helped with this recovery. The military required fibreglass cabs (strengthened for military use), meaning that civilian Foden trucks were constructed in the same way.
After a period in receivership in 1980 the company was acquired by the American firm Paccar, becoming a division of that company. By 1986, Foden employed a workforce of 450, as compared to around 3,000 at the high point. Foden specialised in highly customisable trucks, offering any paint, any drivetrain available, and even split windscreen Kenworth C500 oilfield trucks were also built in small numbers at the Sandbach plant.
After the takeover of Leyland Trucks by Paccar in 1998, independent Foden production ceased, and was replaced by models of DAF Trucks rebadged as Fodens (DAF Trucks having been acquired by Paccar in 1996). These vehicles have had the option of either Caterpillar, Detroit Diesel, or Cummins ISMe engines.
Marque retirement.
In 2005, Paccar announced that Foden production was likely to cease in 2006. The reason given was that Foden production would be terminated to release manufacturing capacity at Leyland Trucks to allow for increased volume of DAF brand trucks.
The last Foden was produced in July 2006, putting an end to 150 years of Foden truck manufacturing. The final vehicle to roll off the production line at the factory in Leyland was an 8x4 rigid, which was delivered to the nearby British Commercial Vehicle Museum.


Ronald Brown (English politician)

Ronald William Brown (7 September 1921 – 27 July 2002) was a British Labour Party politician. He was the younger brother of George Brown, interim Leader of the Labour Party in 1963.
Brown was educated in South London and at Borough Polytechnic. He served as a councillor on Camberwell Borough Council and was leader of the council. He was the first leader of the London Borough of Southwark from 1964, on which he served as an alderman.
Brown was first elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Shoreditch and Finsbury at the 1964 general election. In 1966 he was challenged for his seat by the fascist Oswald Mosley (standing under the Union Movement), who had been interned without trial during the Second World War. Following boundary changes for the February 1974 election, Brown was elected for Hackney South and Shoreditch. After 1979 he was sometimes confused with the new Scottish Labour MP Ron Brown.
In 1981, Brown was among a number of Labour MPs who defected to the Social Democratic Party (his brother also indicated his support and later joined). He lost his seat at the 1983 general election, polling 18% of the vote behind the Labour candidate Brian Sedgemore (who defected to the Liberal Democrats himself in 2005). Brown died in 2002 aged 80.


EuroJet Turbo GmbH

EuroJet Turbo GmbH is a multi-national engine manufacturing consortium. It is headquartered in Hallbergmoos, Germany.
The consortium was created in 1986 to manage the development, production, support, maintenance, support and sales of the EJ200, a military grade turbofan engine. The present partner companies involved are Rolls Royce of the United Kingdom, Avio of Italy, Industria de Turbo Propulsores (ITP) of Spain and MTU Aero Engines of Germany. Its main product, the EJ200, principally powers the Eurofighter Typhoon fighter aircraft, it is also available for use on other platforms.
History.
Eurojet GmbH was formed in 1986 to manage the development, production, support, maintenance, support and sales of the EJ200 turbofan engine for the Eurofighter Typhoon. The selection of the EJ200 had some controversy attached to it at the time as, while Italy, West Germany and the UK had agreed to proceed, it had confirmed France's decision to withdraw itself from the programme. A major contributing factor for France's lack of involvement was an insistence that the Eurofighter be powered by a French-built engine, the SNECMA M88, which was not viewed as attract as the EJ200 to the other nations involved.
At the time of its establishment, the original partners in Eurojet GmbH were Rolls-Royce, MTU, Fiat and Sener. However, since then, Fiat's aircraft engine division was demerged, becoming Avio. Sener's aircraft engine division is now Industria de Turbo Propulsores (ITP), a wholly owned subsidiary of Rolls-Royce following its acquisition of Sener's stake in the firm.
On 30 January 1998, the first production contract was signed between Eurofighter GmbH, Eurojet and NETMA. During December 2006, Eurojet completed deliveries of the 363 EJ200s for the Tranche 1 Eurofighters. Tranche 2 aircraft require 519 EJ200s. , Eurojet was contracted to produce a total of 1,400 engines for the Eurofighter project.
The EJ200 engine combined the leading technologies from each of the four European companies, using advanced digital control and health monitoring; wide chord aerofoils and single crystal turbine blades; and a convergent / divergent exhaust nozzle to give excellent thrust-to-weight ratio, multimission capability, supercruise performance, low fuel consumption, low cost of ownership, modular construction and significant growth potential.
Several improvements to the base model of the engine have been mooted. In addition to the potential for increased thrust output of up to 30%, the EJ200 engine has the potential to be fitted with a thrust vectoring control (TVC) nozzle, which the Eurofighter and Eurojet consortium have been actively developing and testing, primarily for export but also for future upgrades of the fleet. TVC could reduce fuel burn on a typical Typhoon mission by up to 5%, as well as increase available thrust in supercruise by up to 7% and take-off thrust by 2%. Eurojet has sought funding to test TVC nozzles on a flight demonstrator. Clemens Linden, Eurojet TURBO GmbH CEO, stated in 2018 of the consortium's development efforts that "To achieve more thrust we would increase the airflow and pressure ratios of the high and low pressure compressors and run higher temperatures in the turbines by using the latest generation single crystal turbine blade materials. And with higher aerodynamic efficiencies we can achieve a lower fuel burn. A third area of improvement would be the engine exhaust nozzle which would be upgraded with the installation of a 2-parametric version allowing independent and optimized adjustment of the throat and exit area at all flight conditions, providing fuel burn advantages. The technologies for the different components are at a Technology readiness level of between 7and 9. The nozzle has been at ITP in Spain on a test bed for 400 hours."
External links.


HT3R

The University of Texas of the Permian Basin (UTPB) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), are proposing a multifaceted energy research facility called the High-Temperature Teaching & Test Reactor (HT3R or HT3R) to be located in Andrews County, Texas. The proposal envisions a 25MWt (Megawatt thermal) reactor operated by a merchant nuclear power operating company with the education and science at the facility managed through an arrangement between LANL and UTPB/UTS (University of Texas System).
The original Pre-Conceptual Design (PCD) for the facility was completed in January, 2008 by UTPB and General Atomics. The HT3R, per the PCD, is a "Generation IV" (GEN-IV) gas-cooled (with Helium) reactor with a graphite block core containing fuel “compacts.” These compacts are made by mixing graphite with TRISO fuel pellets with Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) which has less than 20% of Uranium-235. However, the “new” planned operating temperature of 700° to 750 °C is well below the previous PCD operating temperature of 850° to 900 °C first called for by the DOE’s NGNP program.
The HT3R will be the experimental cornerstone of a new energy research center at the UTPB. Since the early 1990s no new university teaching and training reactors have been constructed and in fact many across the United States have been shut down. Further, only two other aging water-cooled research reactors, one at the University of Missouri (1966) and one at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (1967), are capable of operating at power levels greater than 10 MWt that can provide useful facilities for fuel qualification, training, and basic advanced research. Neither of these reactors can provide the enhanced capabilities necessary for education, research and pilot-scale testing for Gen-IV reactor systems.
The mission of the HT3R is to serve as a national user facility for:
This joint effort uses the scientific and technical resources of New Mexico and Texas to enhance national energy security and regional economic development, plus reduce the environmental impact of GEN-IV nuclear reactors plus liquid fuels production and use. These new technologies offer promising concepts for using low risk technologies to provide security and economic stability for US energy supplies.


Cuyahoga River

The Cuyahoga River ( , or ) is a river in the United States, located in Northeast Ohio, that bisects the city of Cleveland and feeds into Lake Erie.
As Cleveland emerged as a major center for manufacturing, the river became heavily affected by industrial pollution, so much so that it "caught fire" at least 13 times, most famously on June 22, 1969, helping to spur the American environmental movement. Since then, the river has been extensively cleaned up through the efforts of Cleveland's city government and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). In 2019, the American Rivers conservation association named the Cuyahoga "River of the Year" in honor of "50 years of environmental resurgence."
Etymology.
The name "Cuyahoga" is believed to mean "crooked river" from the Mohawk name "Cayagaga", although the Mohawk were never in the region alongside Settlers, so this is highly unlikely. Children in the area are usually taught that it comes from a Seneca word for "jawbone." This, however, is also likely incorrect. A close match in the Seneca language is "Gayó'ha'geh", meaning "on your chin." The river's crooked form does vaguely resemble an animal's jawbone. It is possible that Settlers once wished to call it that, but the name "Cuyahoga" ended up becoming more prevalent and folk etymology took over, creating an accidental link between the two names that did not actually exist.
The name also could possibly be related to the Wyandot language words "kaye'ska" and "hake'nya'a", roughly translating to "small land." (Literally "here, small.") Early maps from the era of French control of the region, when the Wyandot were the only tribe there, mark the river as "Cuyahoga." There is also the possibility that the name comes from the amalgamation of two Cayuga Iroquois language words, "gihe:k" and "hoga:"; Gihe'hoga, meaning "Elm Tree River." Assuming the name had come from the Erie originally, not the Wyandot, then Cayuga is the closest surviving language to Erie. Seneca was once a different dialect of Cayuga that was arguably closer, but shifted into a completely different language during the Colonial Era.
Course.
The Cuyahoga watershed begins its journey in Hambden, Ohio, flowing southward to the confluence of the East Branch Cuyahoga River and West Branch Cuyahoga River in Burton, where the Cuyahoga River officially begins. It continues on its journey flowing southward to Akron and Cuyahoga Falls, where it turns sharply north and flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in northern Summit County and southern Cuyahoga County. It then flows through Independence, Valley View, Cuyahoga Heights, Newburgh Heights and Cleveland to its northern terminus, emptying into Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga River and its tributaries drain of land in portions of six counties.
The river is a relatively recent geologic formation, formed by the advance and retreat of ice sheets during the last ice age. The final glacial retreat, which occurred 10,000–12,000 years ago, caused changes in the drainage pattern near Akron. This change in pattern caused the originally south-flowing Cuyahoga to flow to the north. As its newly reversed currents flowed toward Lake Erie, the river carved its way around glacial debris left by the receding ice sheet, resulting in the river's winding U-shape. These meanderings stretched the length of the river (which was only 30 miles (50 km) when traveled directly) into a 100-mile (160 km) trek from its headwaters to its mouth. The depth of the river (except where noted below) ranges from .
History.
The river was one of the features along which the "Greenville Treaty Line" ran beginning in 1795, per the Treaty of Greenville that ended the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country, effectively becoming the western boundary of the United States and remaining so briefly. On July 22, 1796, Moses Cleaveland, a surveyor charged with exploring the Connecticut Western Reserve, arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga and subsequently located a settlement there, which became the city of Cleveland.
Environmental cleanup.
The Cuyahoga River, at times during the 20th century, was one of the most polluted rivers in the United States. The reach from Akron to Cleveland was devoid of fish. A 1968 Kent State University symposium described one section of the river:
From below Lower Harvard Bridge to Newburgh and South Shore Railroad Bridge, the channel becomes wider and deeper and the level is controlled by Lake Erie. Downstream of the railroad bridge to the harbor, the depth is held constant by dredging, and the width is maintained by piling along both banks. The surface is covered with the brown oily film observed upstream as far as the Southerly Plant effluent. In addition, large quantities of black heavy oil floating in slicks, sometimes several inches thick, are observed frequently. Debris and trash are commonly caught up in these slicks forming an unsightly floating mess. Anaerobic action is common as the dissolved oxygen is seldom above a fraction of a part per million. The discharge of cooling water increases the temperature by . The velocity is negligible, and sludge accumulates on the bottom. Animal life does not exist. Only the algae "Oscillatoria" grows along the piers above the water line. The color changes from gray-brown to rusty brown as the river proceeds downstream. Transparency is less than in this reach. This entire reach is grossly polluted.
At least 13 fires have been reported on the Cuyahoga River, the first occurring in 1868. The largest river fire, in 1952, caused over $1 million in damage to boats, a bridge, and a riverfront office building.
Things began to change in the late 1960s, when new mayor Carl Stokes and his utilities director rallied voters to approve a $100-million bond to rehabilitate Cleveland's rivers. Then the mayor seized the opportunity of a June 22, 1969 river fire triggered by a spark from a passing rail car igniting an oil slick to bring reporters to the river to raise attention to the issue. The 1969 fire caused approximately $50,000 in damage, mostly to an adjacent railroad bridge, but despite Mayor Stokes' efforts, very little attention was initially given to the incident, and it was not considered a major news story in the Cleveland media.
However, the incident did soon garner the attention of "Time" magazine, which used a dramatic photo of the even larger 1952 blaze in an article on the pollution of America's waterways. The article described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays" and listed other badly-polluted rivers across the nation. (No pictures of the 1969 fire are known to exist, as local media did not arrive on the scene until after the fire was under control). The article launched "Time"'s new "Environment" section, and gained wide readership not only on its own merit, but because the same issue featured coverage of astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landing on the moon the previous week in the Apollo 11 mission, and had Senator Ted Kennedy on the cover for a story on the Chappaquiddick incident in which Kennedy's automobile passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne, had drowned.
The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire helped spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities, resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). Mayor Stokes gave Congressional testimony on his and other major big cities' struggles with polluting industries to restore the environmental health of their communities. As a result, large point sources of pollution on the Cuyahoga have received significant attention from the OEPA in subsequent decades. These events are referred to in Randy Newman's 1972 song "Burn On," R.E.M.'s 1986 song "Cuyahoga," and Adam Again's 1992 song "River on Fire." Great Lakes Brewing Company of Cleveland named its "Burning River Pale Ale" after the event.
In December 1970 a federal grand jury investigation led by U.S. Attorney Robert Jones began, of water pollution allegedly being caused by about 12 companies in northeastern Ohio; it was the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in the area. The Attorney General of the United States, John N. Mitchell, gave a Press Conference December 18, 1970 referencing new pollution control litigation, with particular reference to work with the new Environmental Protection Agency, and announcing the filing of a law suit that morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation for discharging substantial quantities of cyanide into the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland. Jones filed the misdemeanor charges in District Court, alleging violations of the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act. There were multiple other suits filed by Jones.
Water quality has improved and, partially in recognition of this improvement, the Cuyahoga was designated one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998. Despite these efforts, pollution continues to exist in the Cuyahoga River due to other sources of pollution, including urban runoff, nonpoint source problems, combined sewer overflows, and stagnation due to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified portions of the Cuyahoga River watershed as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern. The most polluted portions of the river now generally meet established aquatic life water quality standards except near dam impoundments. The reasons for not meeting standards near the dam pools are habitat and fish passage issues rather than water quality. River reaches that were once devoid of fish now support 44 species. The most recent survey in 2008 revealed the two most common species in the river were hogsuckers and spotfin shiners, both moderately sensitive to water quality. Habitat issues within the navigation channel still preclude a robust fishery in that reach. Recreation water quality standards (using bacteria as indicators) are generally met during dry weather conditions, but are often exceeded during significant rains due to nonpoint sources and combined sewer overflows. In March 2019 the OEPA declared fish caught in the river safe to eat.
Modifications.
The lower Cuyahoga River, just west of present-day downtown Cleveland, has been subjected to numerous changes. Originally, the Cuyahoga river met Lake Erie approximately west of its current mouth, forming a shallow marsh. The current mouth is man-made, created in 1827, and allows shipping traffic to flow freely between the river and the lake. Additionally, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers periodically dredges the navigation channel of the otherwise shallow river to a depth of , along the river's lower , from its mouth up to the Mittal Steel Cleveland Works steel mills, to accommodate Great Lakes freighter traffic which serves the bulk (asphalt, gravel, petroleum, salt, steel, and other) industries located along the lower Cuyahoga River banks in Cleveland's Flats district. The Corps of Engineers has also straightened river banks and widened turning basins in the federal navigation channel on the lower Cuyahoga River to facilitate maritime operations.
Ice-breaking.
The United States Coast Guard sometimes conducts fall and spring ice-breaking operations along Lake Erie and the lower Cuyahoga River to prolong the Great Lakes shipping season, depending on shipping schedules and weather conditions.
Flooding.
Some attempts (including dams and dredging) have been made to control flooding along the Cuyahoga River basin. As a result of speculative land development, buildings have been erected on many flat areas that are only a few feet above normal river levels. Sudden strong rain or snow storms can create severe flooding in these low-lying areas.
The upper Cuyahoga River, starting at over from its mouth, drops in elevation fairly steeply, creating falls and rapids in some places; the lower Cuyahoga River only drops several feet along the last several miles of the lower river to at the mouth on Lake Erie, resulting in relatively slow-moving waters that can take a while to drain compared to the upper Cuyahoga.
Some tributary elevations above are higher than the Cuyahoga River elevation, because of small waterfalls at or near their confluences; and distances are measured in "river miles" along the river's length from its mouth on Lake Erie.
Dams.
Former Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam.
The Brecksville Dam at river mile 20 was the first dam upstream of Lake Erie. It affected fish populations by restricting their passage. The dam was removed in 2020.
Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam.
The largest dam is the Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam, also known as the FirstEnergy Dam, on the border between Cuyahoga Falls and Akron. This 57-foot dam has for over 90 years submerged the falls for which the City of Cuyahoga Falls was named; more to the point of water quality, it has created a large stagnant pool with low dissolved oxygen.
The FirstEnergy Dam was built by the Northern Ohio Traction and Light Co. in 1912 to serve the dual functions of generating hydropower for its local streetcar system and providing cooling-water storage for a coal-burning power plant; however, the hydropower operation was discontinued in 1958, and the coal-burning plant was decommissioned in 1991. Some environmental groups and recreational groups want the dam removed. Others contend such an effort would be expensive and complicated, for at least two reasons: first, the formerly hollow dam was filled in with concrete in the early 1990s, and second, because of the industrial history of Cuyahoga Falls, the sediment upstream of the dam is expected to contain hazardous chemicals, possibly including heavy metals and PCBs. The Ohio EPA estimated removal of the dam would cost $5–10 million, and removal of the contaminated sediments $60 million. The dam is licensed through 2041.
Advanced Hydro Solutions (AHS), a company based in Fairlawn, Ohio, filed a notice of intent to use the dam to generate hydropower. The company contends hydropower is a cleaner source of power and the emissions saved by the plant will be the equivalent of taking 10,000 cars off the road. Citing concerns with erosion, dewatering of the scenic river reach below the dam, and use that is inconsistent with the Gorge MetroPark's purpose, opponents to this plan include, in addition to environmental and recreational groups, some governmental agencies, including Summit Metro Parks, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Ohio EPA. At public meetings held on July 27, 2005, the proposed project, which would generate enough electricity to power 2000 homes, encountered substantial opposition. On May 25, 2007, AHS suffered a setback in its effort to develop the site. The United States Court of Appeals for the sixth circuit denied its application to conduct tests at the site, refusing to overturn a lower court's ruling that the MetroParks had the right to deny AHS access to conduct the tests. In a letter dated June 14, 2007, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) terminated AHS's application for the Integrated Licensing Permit without prejudice, citing the company's failure to adhere to strict timelines. FERC will allow AHS to refile if it can conduct the required studies and move forward with the project. The final decision from the FERC on the project was due in July 2009. On June 12, 2009, AHS dropped its permit and terminated the project.
On April 9, 2019, officials from the U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA announced a plan to remove the Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam by 2023 at a cost of $65 to $70 million. Funding for the project was authorized through the Great Lakes Legacy Act with funds coming from the City of Akron and members of the Gorge Dam Stakeholder Committee, including Summit Metro Parks, FirstEnergy, and the City of Cuyahoga Falls.
Dams in Cuyahoga Falls.
Two dams in Cuyahoga Falls, the Sheraton and LeFever Dams, were scheduled for demolition in late 2012. This is the result of an agreement between the City of Cuyahoga Falls, which owns the dams, and the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, which will provide $1 million of funding to remove the dams. This schedule was delayed, in part because of complications with the bidding process, and because of requirements from the Army Corps of Engineers. On December 12, 2012, the ACOE issued a permit, allowing the demolition to proceed. As part of the project, a water trail will be developed. In early June 2013, dam removal began, and ended in July 2013. This will bring about a mile of the river back to its natural state, remove 35 feet of structures, and expose an equivalent quantity of whitewater for recreation. As of August 20, 2013, both small dams had effectively been totally removed, and there is essentially no impoundment of water now. Cleanup and remediation of the general area within downtown Cuyahoga Falls remains to be completed. In 2019, attempts by the city to address increased erosion as a result of the removal of these and other area dams were publicized.
Munroe Falls Dam.
Two other dams, in Kent and in Munroe Falls, though smaller, have had an even greater impact on water quality due to the lower gradient in their respective reaches. For this reason, the Ohio EPA required the communities to mitigate the effects of the dams.
The Munroe Falls Dam was modified in 2005. Work on this project uncovered a natural waterfall. Given this new knowledge about the riverbed, some interested parties, including Summit County, campaigned for complete removal of the dam. The revised plan, initially denied on September 20, 2005, was approved by the Munroe Falls City Council on a week later. The 11.5 foot sandstone dam has since been removed, and in its place now is a natural ledge with a 4.5 foot drop at its greatest point.
Kent Dam.
The Kent Dam was bypassed in 2004 and was the first dam modification project in the state of Ohio that was made only for water quality issues. The modification resulted in the river fully attaining the designated Ohio water quality standards.
Lists.
Variant names.
According to the United States Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System,
the Cuyahoga River has also been known as:
Tributaries.
Generally, rivers are larger than creeks, which are larger than brooks, which are larger than runs.
Runs may be dry except during or after a rain, at which point they can flash flood and be torrential.
Default is standard order from mouth to upstream:


SkyWater Technology

SkyWater Technology is a Minnesota-based semiconductor engineering and fabrication company. The company was formed in 2017, when private equity firm Oxbow Industries acquired Cypress Foundry Solutions, a microelectronics fabricator that was a subsidiary of San Jose, Calif.-based Cypress Semiconductor Corp.
SkyWater Technology filed an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in March, 2020.


Atomera

Atomera Incorporated is a materials engineering company and is engaged in the development, commercialization and licensing of processes and technologies for the semiconductor industry.
Overview.
Atomera was founded by Robert J. Mears in 2001 and is headquartered in Los Gatos, California. It was formerly known as Mears Technologies, Inc. and changed its name to Atomera Incorporated in January 2016. It is traded on NASDAQ as ATOM.
Atomera used atomic level material science to develop a material called Mears Silicon Technology (MST) in response to the slowdown in the advancement of Moore's law. MST enhances transistors to deliver significantly better performance in today's electronics by inserting a layer of oxygen in between the silicon lattice as the latter forms MST is a thin film of typically 100 to 300 angstroms (or approximately 20 to 60 silicon atomic unit cells) thick which is a reengineered silicon. In 2018, Atomera Licensed MST Technology to Asahi Kasei Microdevices and STMicroelectronics.
See also.
Materials science


Riverbend Steam Station

The Riverbend Steam Station was a 454-MW coal-fired electrical power plant, owned by Duke Energy. It was originally slated for decommissioning in 2015, but was closed in April 2013. The four-unit station was named for a bend in the Catawba River on which it was located. Riverbend was considered a cycling station to be brought on line to supplement supply when electricity demand was highest. Four gas-fired combustion turbine units were also housed on the site, but were retired in October 2012. The last recognizable section of the structure and its boiler were demolished on 22 June 2018. Duke Energy claimed that coal ash basins from Riverbend Steam Station has fully been excavated in March 2019.


Transphorm

Transphorm Inc. [OTCQB:TGAN] is a semiconductor company focused on producing transistors made from gallium nitride (GaN) for use in switched-mode power supplies. It has raised about $220 million in venture capital since 2007 from investors including Fujitsu, KKR, Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers, and Google Ventures. It is headquartered in Goleta, California, close to the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) from which the company is an offshoot and where the co-founder and CTO, Umesh Mishra, is a professor.


Temporary Generation South

Temporary Generation South and its larger sibling Temporary Generation North are gas turbine power stations in South Australia. They were bought by the Government of South Australia in 2017 as a response to the 2016 South Australian blackout and load-shedding in February 2017.
Temporary Generation South is four open cycle gas turbines at the former Port Stanvac Refinery at Lonsdale.
The generators were purchased to be used only in emergency shortfalls in electricity supply to the grid, such as in extreme hot weather. They were first used on 24 January 2019 to deal with a supply shortfall in Victoria.
The intent of the Weatherill ALP state government was that the turbines will be converted from diesel fuel to natural gas and moved to a single location while remaining owned by the government.
In August 2019, the state government (following the 2018 election, now controlled by the Liberal party) announced that it had arranged 25-year leases of the power stations to two different companies, with the leases taking effect from May 2020. Both companies operate wind farms in South Australia. The four generators at Lonsdale will be leased to Infigen Energy and will be moved from the SA Water desalination plant to the SA Water Bolivar Waste Water Treatment Plant and converted to operate on natural gas instead of diesel.


Flint Creek Power Plant

Flint Creek Power Plant is a base load, coal fired, electrical power station located west of Gentry, Arkansas in Benton County, Arkansas.
The lone unit uses coal mined from the Powder River Basin shipped via Kansas City Southern Railway. The output is owned jointly half and half by SWEPCO/AEP and Arkansas Electric Cooperative Corp.


Eastman Business Park

Eastman Business Park, formerly Kodak Park, is a large manufacturing and industrial complex in the city of Rochester, New York, in the United States. The complex is run by Eastman Kodak and is located north of downtown Rochester and south of Lake Ontario. The complex runs parallel to New York State Route 104 and Mount Read Boulevard for most of its length. Also part of the complex is the Kodak Center performing arts center and conference facility.
Eastman Business Park is serviced by both CSX, via the Charlotte Running Track, and Norfolk Southern, via the Rochester and Southern Railroad. The plant also maintains an intra-plant railroad. It was formerly serviced by the Rochester Subway via the Dewey Avenue surface connection.
The ashes of Eastman Kodak founder George Eastman are buried here.
History.
In the decades following 1890, Kodak Park was constructed to meet the massive demand of Eastman Kodak Company's photographic and motion picture film products. The park would eventually become the largest photographic product manufacturing facility in the world, employing over 15,000 employees in over 154 different buildings spanning its 1,300 acres.
In the mid-2000s, Eastman Kodak began downsizing its film manufacturing operations due to the shrinking demand for film. A number of unused buildings were demolished in 2007.
On November 11, 2008, Eastman Kodak officially renamed Kodak Park "Eastman Business Park" and began an aggressive marketing campaign to attract new tenants to the park.
During the bankruptcy of Eastman Kodak in 2012, Eastman Kodak began selling off a number of large assets in Eastman business park as it continued to downsize; this included its coal power plant, as well numerous other land and building assets.
The park has been used as a filming location for several television series and films, including the 2019 automobile racing reality competition series "Hyperdrive".
Controversy.
In 2012 it was revealed that Kodak had weapons grade uranium in an underground lab for almost 30 years.
Companies and institutions in or near the Eastman Business Park.
As Eastman Kodak Downsized the manufacturing facilities were leased out to both established and start-up manufacturing companies. Current Members of Eastman Business Park Include:
Future of Eastman Business Park.
Eastman Business Park has been described as a vital part of Rochester, NY's economic growth efforts. State and local governments and Eastman Kodak Company itself have been steadily working towards turning Eastman Business Park into an innovation hub which would attract large companies as well as small start up companies with a focus on green-tech, photonics, optics and material science to the park.


Karadeniz Holding

Karadeniz Holding is a Turkish energy company which owns and operates land based power plants and Powerships through its subsidiary Karpowership. It is based in Istanbul, Turkey.


Petten nuclear reactor

The Petten High Flux Reactor (HFR), is a nuclear research reactor located in Petten, The Netherlands. The HFR is on the premises of the Petten research centre and it is a high flux reactor. It is owned by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and managed by the Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG).
Medical importance.
Apart from its function as a research centre, the HFR is a large producer of radioactive material for the purpose of medical diagnosis and the treatment of cancer and contrast agents (Radiopharmaceuticals). The nuclear facility supplies 60% of the European demand for medical isotopes. Also at the high flux reactor, one of the neutron beam channels, which was originally installed for performing fundamental research, has been specially modified for the direct irradiation of patients. This allows use of neutrons for the treatment of tumors after saturation of these tumors with a pharmaceutical containing boron. When hit by a weak neutron beam, boron will locally emit radiation that will destroy the tumor. This technique is mainly suitable for the treatment of brain tumors.
Technology.
, only low-enriched uranium fuel was used at the facilities in Petten. As a result of political pressure from the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), research reactors are no longer allowed to use highly enriched uranium fuel because of its potential use for the production of nuclear weapons. The use of highly enriched uranium targets for the production of medical isotopes was discontinued in January 2018.
The high flux reactor.
The high flux reactor in Petten has been in use since 1961. The first criticality was obtained on 9 November 1961. The reactor was furnished by Allis-Chalmers.
Its capacity was increased in steps to 45 MW (thermal) by 1970. The reactor is property of the European Commission and is operated by the Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG).
 the reactor is expected to remain operational until 2024, when it will be replaced at Petten by a new high flux reactor; ("Pallas").
From August 2008 the reactor was shut down due to corrosion of the pipes in its primary cooling circuit. The operator is expecting to bring the plant back on-line in February 2009.
The low flux reactor.
The low flux reactor was first used in 1960 and permanently shut down in 2010. It had a capacity of 30 kW. The reactor was property of the Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG) and mainly used for the production of neutrons for biological and physical research.
Timeline.
In 2009 the Argentine company INVAP (teamed with Spanish group Isolux) was pre selected in the international tender for the PALLAS project, for the procurement of an 80 MW nuclear reactor for the Dutch village of Petten
but on February 2010, the Dutch radiopharmaceutical producer Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG) extended the preparatory phase up to end of the year for financing
In mid-May 2014, NRG, the company that operates the reactor, asked for a bridging loan at the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, because of the financial losses in the previous years. A bankruptcy could not be ruled out, if the credit would be refused. In addition, there were negotiations with the banks, because of the estimated 80 million euros, needed for the upcoming maintenance of the 50-year-old reactor.


OKI Wiredot


Smith Tobacco Barn

The Smith Tobacco Barn is a flue-cured tobacco barn in Dillon County, South Carolina. It is on the east side of a dirt road, south of South Carolina State Highway 17-34, north of South Carolina State Highway 17-155, and about east of the intersection of South Carolina State Highway 17-22 and South Carolina State Highway 155. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1984.
History.
Bright tobacco was introduced in South Carolina in the 1880s and 1890s. This grows well in the sandy, loamy soils of the Pee Dee and is flue-cured. The traditional barns had one or two fireboxes using wood or coal. In the 1950s, many barns were changed to gas or oil heat for better temperature regulation.
Tobacco leaves were strung onto tobacco poles that were laid across horizontal tier poles in the barn. There were three drying stages. The first stage at to yellowed the leaves. In the second stage, the temperature was raised to to to dry the leaves. The final stage was at to to dry the stems.
Description.
The barn is rectangular with a metal gable roof and a brick foundation. The walls up to the eaves are sawn timber. The timbers are notched at the corners and have mortar chinking. The gable ends are covered with horizontal weatherboarding. There are small rectangular doors in the gables that can be opened for ventilation. On the south and east sides, there are metal shed roofs supported by posts. These sheds provided shade for stringing leaves. The east and west sides have small doors at ground level. The name "J. L. King" and the date "1942" are scratched into the chinking. The barn was divided into five "rooms" or "bents" by wooden tier poles.
On the south end, there is a brick, double-arched firebox that has been bricked in. As can be seen in other photographs, the fuel was later changed to gas.
At the time of its nomination, it was said to be no longer used as a tobacco barn, but was considered the most intact tobacco barn in Dillon and Marion counties built between 1895 and the 1950s. It was also described as an "extremely fragile resource."


Scotford Cogeneration Plant

Scotford Cogeneration Plant is a natural gas power station owned by Heartland Generation. The plant is located in Strathcona County, just northeast of Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada at the Scotford Upgrader site. The plant is primarily used to supply steam and electricity to the Athabasca Oilsands Upgrader (a joint venture between Shell Canada, Chevron Canada Resources Limited and Western Oilsands LP). The Upgrader utilizes two-thirds of the electricity generated with the balance being sold to the Alberta Interconnected Grid.
Description.
The plant consists of:


Vienna Generating Station

The Vienna Generating Station is a 167 MW oil-fired electric generating plant owned by NRG Energy, located in Vienna, Maryland.
References.


Winston-Salem Tobacco Historic District

Winston-Salem Tobacco Historic District is a national historic district located at Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 16 contributing buildings and 16 contributing structures in a predominantly industrial section of Winston-Salem. The buildings date from about 1890 to 1959, and include buildings relating to the tobacco industry, specifically R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Also on the district are a once-thriving African American and the wholesale commercial business district that once catered to the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company workers. Located in the district is the separately listed Romanesque Revival style S. J. Nissen Building and Piedmont Leaf Tobacco Company.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.


Port Talbot Power Station

Port Talbot Power Station was a proposed 1,100–1,300 MW natural gas-fired power station in Port Talbot, situated in Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales. A proposed 350 MW biomass power station would have been sited next door to it.
Gas-fired power station.
The power station was projected to cost £500 million, and be completed around 2012. It would have been built by ESB International. It would have been sited near the docks and steel works. It would have been a CCGT-type power station that runs on natural gas. In 2007 it was being reported that the "proposals are currently with the Department of Trade and Industry".
Proposed wood-fired station.
The £400 million biomass plant was granted planning permission in 2007, despite fierce opposition in the town. The plant would have been a wood-fired station. The plant was being developed by Prenergy Power. However by 2013 there appeared to be no prospect of construction starting.


Drigg

Drigg is a village situated in the civil parish of Drigg and Carleton on the West Cumbria coast of the Irish Sea and on the boundary of the Lake District National Park in the Borough of Copeland in the county of Cumbria, England.
Drigg and Carleton parish comprises the areas and settlements of Drigg, Stubble Green, Low Moor, Carleton, Saltcoats, Maudsyke, Wray Head, Hallsenna, Holmrook. The civil parish population at the 2011 census was 449.
Drigg sits to the north of the River Irt, with Carleton to the south of the river. The river runs from Wastwater lake to the Irish Sea. There are three bridges over the river in the parish; the main bridge is in Holmrook which takes the A595 road over the river. The Cumbrian Coast Line railway crosses the River Irt at the head of the tidal estuary where the Irt joins the River Mite at Ravenglass. There is an old small packhorse bridge in the Drigg Holmes which does not take vehicles.
Drigg railway station is on the Cumbrian Coast Line.
The parish has a number of areas of natural interest: the sandy beach and dunes, Hallsenna Moor and Drigg Holmes. Part of the dunes are an important bird reserve, a local nature reserve and a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
On 2 June 2010, Carleton became one of the settlements involved in a killing spree spanning Cumbria, when 52-year-old Derrick Bird shot and killed a person in the village.
Governance.
Drigg is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency, Trudy Harrison is the Member of parliament.
Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.
Low Level Waste Repository.
During WW2 a Royal Ordnance Factory (ROF Drigg) was established at Drigg between the railway line and the sea. This is now the site of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority low-level radioactive waste repository. The site, which was opened in 1959 by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, covers about , and holds about one million cubic metres of radioactive waste, although historic disposal records are incomplete. Much of the waste came from the nearby Sellafield nuclear complex.


Energen Wave Power

The Energen Wave Power device is a generator that uses the motion of near shore ocean surface waves to create electricity. It is an attenuating wave device designed for extracting energy available from a single wave over a large surface area. It has a simple robust design that will enable it to withstand harsh sea conditions. The design of the generator allows for single or modular installations. Modular installations will reduce costs making power generating sites more financially viable. The size of each generator can be changed to accommodate regional wave conditions to maximise power output and reduce energy unit costs. All power generating equipment is housed in the parallel floating pontoons, providing protection from the harsh corrosive sea conditions.
Operation.
The Energen device consists of a series of semi-submerged cylindrical pivoting torque tubes connected to two large cylindrical pontoons. The wave-induced movement of these torque tubes is resisted by a hydraulic system which pumps high pressure oil through hydraulic motors. The hydraulic motors drive electrical generators to produce electricity.
A 50th scale model has been tested at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Stellenbosch and using actual wave data off the South African coast it is estimated that a single device will produce 1.4 MW of power, or 979 GW hours of electricity per annum.


Advanced Linear Devices

Advanced Linear Devices Incorporated, also known as ALD, is a semiconductor device design and manufacturing company based in Sunnyvale, California. The company develops and manufactures precision analog CMOS linear integrated circuits for industrial controls, instrumentation, computers, medical devices, automotive, and telecommunications products. It is best known for its redesign of the 555 timer IC as a low-voltage CMOS device.
The company provides MOSFET arrays, including proprietary designs with zero voltage thresholds. They also produce and operational amplifiers, analog voltage comparators used in electronic systems as current sources and voltage references.
History.
ALD was founded in 1985 by Robert Chao, who hired engineers and scientists from semiconductor design, technology and manufacturing backgrounds. They developed many new analog semiconductor products, particularly voltage comparators MOSFETs, and energy harvesting devices.
Other products developed at ALD are rail to rail operational amplifiers, Function Specific ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits), low charge injection analog switches, timers and on-chip electronic trimming.
Technology.
ALD technology development focuses on improving the precision of CMOS linear integrated circuits to reduce power consumption, improve energy efficiency, increase sensitivity or expand the operating range of electronic systems.
ALD three main contributions to the advancement CMOS linear integrated circuit design are called Electrically Programmable Analog Device or EPAD; energy harvesting; and supercapacitor auto balancing or SAB.
EPAD.
EPAD is technique ALD devised for CMOS devices to cut the wasted energy of current and voltage leakage by enabling finely-tuned control of specific parameters such as gate threshold voltage.
ALD optimizes the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor, or MOSFET, which can be used to build low-voltage, low-power, high-precision linear circuits on a printed circuit board. Over time, ALD has continuously refined the use of gate trimming to deliver more precision parameters. Devices shaved this way makes it possible to implement circuits that consume as little as 0.1-volt in MOSFETs, or several orders of magnitude below previous devices.
EPAD involves the trimming of a CMOS transistor to create electrically programmable analog devices with a floating gate of polysilicon embedded in the device gate oxide. Gate trimming is performed by injecting a charge of "hot" electrons with sufficient energy to enter the oxide through the floating gate structure. Once programmed, the set voltage and current levels are stored indefinitely inside the device.
MOSFETs with gate trimming can be programmed individually or in differential pairs. When programmed in differential pairs, one channel can be programmed to activate a particular condition, thus providing bi-directional control capability which enables a high degree of flexibility in the design of logic and functions.
Supercapacitor Auto Balancing.
Supercapacitors are an emerging technology used for energy storage in growing numbers of electronic circuit board applications. However, it is often necessary to combine individual supercapacitors a series to store and discharge a level of useful amounts such as five volts.
Over time, supercapacitors cells designed in parallel create overvoltage, which can damage each cell and cause the energy storage application to fail. Therefore, all supercapacitors must be balanced with additional devices and circuits to balance to prevent overvoltage.
ALD designed an EPAD MOSFET array to automatically balance each supercapacitor cell in a series by utilizing the leakage current of each cell. The advantage here is to provide a superior alternative to traditional balancing techniques using operational amplifiers or resistors by minimizing device count, board space, and energy consumption.
ALD used a simple principle to offer auto balancing by utilizing the natural threshold characteristics of MOSFET devices to control the voltage at which a MOSFET turns on and starts to conduct a current. The combined SAB MOSFET and a supercapacitor array can self-regulate with various array leakage mismatches and environmental temperature changes.
MOSFET arrays are then incorporated into printed circuit boards to produce supercapacitor auto balancing modules to accelerate design integration.
Energy Harvesting.
Energy Harvesting (EH) is the process of capturing and accumulating energy from a faint or intermittent energy source, storing the energy for a period, and then conditioning the power to operate an application such as remote, low power microprocessor–based sensing system.
ALD offers devices with the precision parameters to enable the harvesting of faint energy sources and the efficient accumulation, storage and discharge of usable power for electronic systems.
Energy Harvesting allows the capture of residual energy that occurs as a by-product of a natural environmental phenomenon such as releases from industrial processes. Previously, residual energy was not sufficient in quantity or frequency to be captured, stored and discharged in a usable form. Target energy harvesting sources are mechanical energy resulting from vibration, stress, and strain; thermal from furnaces and other heating sources; solar from light sources; electromagnetic captured via inductors, coils and transformers; wind and fluid energy resulting from air and liquid flow; and chemical energy from naturally recurring biological processes.
ALD has specialized in energy harvesting devices and circuits that can finally provide the overall energy management to provide a useful output and to make these sources viable for ultra-low power applications, such as wireless sensor nodes. Using EPAD technology, ALD designed devices with a high degree of sensitivity to stay in the active mode and be ready to perform the energy capture function whenever a trace or residual source starts to generate.
To capture and accumulate these small energy packets, ALD designed high energy retention methods to store the energy for long periods of time, and the micro signal conditioning to perform the mission. Precision parameters such as a 0.0-volt gate threshold, allow the circuit to remain on so that energy collection could start immediately above 0.0V. ALD devices also tolerate a wide range of voltage, current, and waveform inputs, including over-voltage, over-charge, and other irregular input conditions.


Samuel N. Mumma Tobacco Warehouse

Samuel N. Mumma Tobacco Warehouse is a historic tobacco warehouse located at East Hempfield Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1914, and is a three-story, three bay by ten bay, rectangular brick building. It has a gable roof and sits on a limestone foundation. It was built for the processing and storage of cigar leaf tobacco.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.


Chopwell Colliery

Chopwell Colliery was a coal mine situated at Chopwell, in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. The pit was first sunk in 1781, and was closed on 25 November 1966. The colliery was bought by the Consett Iron Company in 1896, before being handed over to the National Coal Board in 1947, when the British coal industry was nationalised. The colliery's highest employment numbers were in 1921, when 2,185 people worked there.
A coal-fired power station was situated at the colliery, which as well as generating its own electricity, received surplus electricity from the generating equipment at Derwenthaugh Coke Works.
Nature reserve.
After the closing of the colliery, part of the site was turned into the Chopwell Meadows Nature Reserve.
In June 2014, Durham Wildlife Trust took over the management of this reserve from Gateshead Council and will continue the work to develop the area for wildlife.


Hammarlund

The Hammarlund Manufacturing Company was founded by Oscar Hammarlund in New York City, New York, United States in 1910. When the company was dissolved in 1973, it was among the USA's very oldest producers of radio equipment.
History.
The first Hammarlund plant was a loft operation engaged in radio component manufacturing on Fulton Street in lower Manhattan, New York City. Their variable capacitor designs quickly became industry standards, and the component's schematic symbol was adopted as the company's logo. In the mid-1920s, Hammarlund formed a partnership called Hammarlund-Roberts Co. specifically to offer kits for AM broadcast radios using Hammarlund parts. The company opened its major manufacturing facility in Mars Hill, North Carolina in 1951.
Comet pro receiver.
When Hammarlund-Roberts went out of business in 1931, Hammarlund Mfg. Co., Inc. entered into the shortwave receiver market with the introduction of the "Comet Pro", the first commercial short wave superheterodyne receiver. Professional listening post installations made great use of the Comet Pro, and it was used also on many major exploration expeditions.
Super pro receivers.
Following introduction of the Comet-Pro came an improved receiver, called the "Super-Pro" (the SP-200 series). The latter was put in production in 1936. Hammarlund expanded when World War II broke out. In addition to manufacturing Super-Pro receivers (Signal Corps model BC-779), Hammarlund variable capacitor production totaled 1 million a month. At the end of World War II, the market was flooded with surplus receivers, which may be a reason many working examples of this model are still found today.
In 1947 the SP-600 Super-Pro receiver, which surpassed the SP-200 in performance, was introduced, covering the frequency range of 540 kHz to 54 MHz with a 0-100 calibrated mechanical band spread. The SP-600 series were widely used throughout the world for military, laboratory and commercial application.
Communications gear.
While Hammarlund was most famous for its amateur/short-wave receiver lines such as the Super Pro series and the HQ series (which includes the HQ-100, 110, 120, 129, 145, 150, 160, 170, 180, 200 and 215), a number of transmitters were also produced. These saw only limited use.
Hammarlund also built a substantial quantity of the VHF FM "Village Radios" for the United States Agency for International Development (AID) to use in Vietnam, as well as a number of land-mobile radios and transceivers for the Citizens band radio market.
Final decades.
Even as the company continued to produce communications equipment for the amateur, commercial, and Citizens Band radio markets, it underwent frequent changes of ownership. The first was in the late 1950s when Hammarlund was sold to Telechrome. Several years later Telechrome sold out to Giannini Scientific. In the late 60's the company was once again sold to the Electronic Assistance Corporation (EAC). But, this sale was final. The product line was sold off in parts or phased out. The Cardwell Condenser Corporation purchased all remaining stocks, and in 1973 the Hammarlund factory closed. At the time of its dissolution, Hammarlund was among the USA's very oldest producers of radio equipment.
Today, many Hammarlund radios are collected, restored and used by vintage amateur radio enthusiasts.
Hammarlund legend.
There are a number of false etymologies regarding why amateur radio operators are colloquially called hams. Likely an example of corporate wishful thinking, one such tale is that Hammarlund products were supposedly so pre-eminent in the pioneering era of radio that they became a part of the language of radio. As the story goes, early radio enthusiasts affectionately called Hammarlund products "Ham" products, and called themselves "Ham" operators. In truth, Hammarlund was a minor and barely known company at the time "ham" started to be used.


Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station

Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station is a state-owned gas fuel-based power plant located in Basin Bridge, Chennai. It has a capacity of 120 MW and is operated by the Tamil Nadu State Electricity Board.
History.
The plant was constructed as a 120-MW gas turbine power plant with four units, each with a capacity of 30 MW, the plant with all the four units was commissioned in February–March 1996. The power station was built at a cost of about 400 crores. The first two units were supplied by Overseas Economic Co-operative Fund, Japan, while the third and fourth units were from BHEL.
The plant is run and maintained by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) and is normally used during peak hours (06:00 to 09:00 hours and 18:00 to 21:00 hours).
Operations.
The units can be operated by various fuels, such as naphtha and natural gas (dual-fuel system), and the starting fuel used is high-speed diesel (HSD). However, due to non-availability of natural gas/LNG in Chennai, the units are operated on naphtha fuel. From 20 January 2010, the units are run also as synchronous condenser to supply reactive power to the grid for better voltage profile and system stability. The plant is operated in open cycle mode. The cost of generation of power at the plant was 9.72 per unit.
Incidents.
On 6 March 2000, a fire broke out at around 21:00 hours at Unit IV of the power station, which was put out by more than 20 fire tenders and Metrowater tankers. Initially, smoke emanated from the reduction gear compartment used to reduce the speed of the machine. At the time of the event, three of the four units were functioning, generating 90 MW of power. All the units were switched off as a precautionary measure until the fire was put out. There was neither any causality nor any loss of power generation.


Tangential firing

Tangential firing is a method of firing a fuel to heat air in thermal power stations. The flame envelope rotates ensuring thorough mixing within the furnace, providing complete combustion and uniform heat distribution.
Overview.
The most effective method for producing intense turbulence is by the impingement of one flame on another. This action is secured through the use of burners located in each of the four corners of the furnace, close to the floor or the water-screen. The burner nozzles are so directed that the streams of coal and air are projected along a line tangent to a small circle, lying in a horizontal plane, at the center of the furnace. Intensive mixing occurs where these streams meet. A scrubbing action is present which assures contact between the combustible and oxygen, thus promoting rapid combustion and reducing carbon loss. A rotative motion, similar to that of a cyclone, is imparted to the flame body, which spreads out and fills the furnace area. The ignition at each burner is aided by the flame from the preceding one.
Advantages.
With tangential firing the furnace is essentially the burner, consequently air and coal quantities need not be accurately proportional to the individual fuel nozzle assemblies. Turbulence produced in the furnace cavity is sufficient to combine all the fuel and air. This continuously ensures uniform and complete combustion so that test performance can be maintained throughout daily operation. With other types of firing the fuel and air must be accurately proportioned to individual burners making it difficult to always equal test results.
With this type of firing, combustion is extremely rapid, and short flame length results. The mixing is so intense that combustion rates exceeding 35,000 Btu/(ft3·h) or 360 kW/m3 are practical under certain conditions. However, since there is considerable impingement of flame over the furnace walls it is absolutely necessary that they be fully water-cooled. This sweeping of the water-cooled surfaces, in the furnace, by the gas increases the evaporation rate. Thus, in addition to absorption by radiation from the flame envelope, there is transfer by convection, and the resulting furnace temperatures are lower than with other types of burners, even though the heat liberation rates may be somewhat higher. Tangentially fired furnaces are usually clean in the upper zone and, as a result, both the furnace and the boiler are comparatively free from objectionable slag deposits.


Reeves Plains Power Station

Reeves Plains Power Station is a proposal from Alinta Energy to build a gas-fired power station at Reeves Plains between Gawler and Mallala in South Australia. The proposed site borders both the Moomba-Adelaide gas pipe and an electricity transmission line. The power station is proposed to use six gas turbines to produce up to of electricity. It is expected to be operated as a peaking plant rather than running full time. The primary source of fuel will be the gas pipeline, however the plant will also be able to operate on diesel fuel, and will have diesel storage on site. Stage 1 is expected to only be two or three of the turbines, generating 100 to 150 MW of electricity. The power station was originally expected to take 12 months to build, and be commissioned in January 2019. An extension of time request granted an additional 12 months in February 2019, but as of November 2019, the Alinta board had not yet decided to make the investment.
History.
Alinta Energy had previously operated the coal-fired power stations in South Australia known as Northern Power Station and the older Playford A and Playford B Power Stations, all near Port Augusta. It closed the last of these power stations in 2016, and since then had not been involved in generating electricity in South Australia. Both Alinta and the state government were widely criticised for closing the coal power stations when the state experienced a major blackout during a storm in September 2016.
Ten years earlier, in March 2007, Flinders Power (now owned by Alinta Energy, and was the operating subsidiary for the Port Augusta power stations) had proposed to spend to build a 450MW gas-fired power station at Redbanks only one kilometre further north than the Reeves Plains proposal. However the Redbanks power station was never built.
The development application for Reeves Plains was submitted on 12 October 2017 and opened for public comment on 8 November the same year. It received approval from John Rau, the Minister for Planning on 16 February 2018, the last day the government could make major decisions before the state election. Alinta had not yet completed its internal investment case and received approval from its board to proceed to construction. In September 2018, Alinta chief executive Jeff Dimery said that it had failed to get enough support from customers to reduce the investment risk of building the power station. The project was one of 12 projects shortlisted in March 2019 from 66 registrations of interest in the Australian Government's Underwriting New Generation Investments program.


Martin Lake Power Plant

Martin Lake Power Plant is a 2.25-gigawatt (2,250 MW) coal power plant located southwest of Tatum, Texas, in Rusk County, Texas. The plant is owned by Luminant. It began operations in 1977. The plant us also served by the Luminant owned Martin Lake Line, shuttling coal from nearby as well as the Powder River Basin in Wyoming via BNSF.
History.
The plant consists of three units. Unit 1 was commissioned in 1977, Unit 2 in 1978, and Unit 3 in 1979. All three, when first activated, had a capacity of 750 MW. Plans for a fourth, 858 MW coal unit at Martin Lake was formally cancelled in 1986. A man-made lake was created for the plant's cooling source. Martin Lake was retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems by Fluor in 2008 to reduce nitrogen oxide () emissions.
Martin Lake receives its energy from nearby lignite mines and coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming. Martin Lake used to receive lignite from Oak Hill Mine in nearby Rusk and Panola Counties until its closure in December 2016.
One of Martin Lake's units was idled in September 2013 due to low electricity prices. The unit was restarted in March 2014 as electricity prices rose during the 2014 North American cold wave.
Incidents.
In February 2017, a contractor died in an accident at the site.


NorthStar

NorthStar is an international company, which produces lead–acid batteries and battery cabinets. NorthStar's products are used in Telecom Power Systems, Uninterruptible Power Supplies and Engine Start applications. The headquarters of the parent company, NorthStar Group, is based in Stockholm, Sweden. NorthStar Group oversees two business units: NorthStar SiteTel, which produces battery cabinets and site solutions, and is based in Sollentuna, Sweden; and NorthStar Battery, which produces lead–acid batteries, and is based in Missouri, United States. NorthStar also has offices in Shanghai and Shenzhen, China; and Nashik, India; as well as global distribution and service centers in Panama, Dubai and Singapore.
History.
The company was founded in 2000. NorthStar sell many of its products to international OEMs, such as Ericsson, Nokia Siemens Network and Huawei and is a member of the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium.
In July 2010, NorthStar Battery Company built a second manufacturing plant, to increase capacity from 1 to 1.8 million batteries per year.
In November 2010, Exide announced a collaboration with NorthStar, to sell NorthStar engine start batteries under the Exide brand.


Eisenhammer Weida

The Eisenhammer Weida ("Weida Iron Hammer Mill") is the oldest, working hammer mill in the German state of Thuringia. The iron hammer works lies on the River Auma in the village of Liebsdorf in the borough of Weida, just below the Auma Dam.
History.
In 1770 the first attempts took place to erect a hammer works on this site. The iron hammer forge was built using an available weir which was being used to irrigate the sheep pastures of Liebsdorf. In order to make better use of the water power, the building was dug into the earth, rather like a cellar. This enabled a drop of 2.70 metres for the two overshot wheels.
In earlier times, the mill made tools and components for other mills, as well as hammers, wagon parts, metal tyres, fittings, anvils, surface plates, wagon axles and – usually in summer when the water level was low – horseshoe nails.
The bell clappers made here were well known far beyond Weida; several are supposed to have weighed four hundredweight. These clappers may be found today in Naumburg Cathedral, Erfurt Cathedral, in Magdeburg, in Cologne and even in the Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem.
The operation was closed in 1921.
Today.
In 1990 work began on renovating the technical monument. With the aid of monument conservation the following work was carried out: renewal of the roofing and roof truss, restoration of the mill ditch and rebuilding of two weirs as well as the restoration of the east wall.
These renovation measures were carried out under the supervision of an architect, an statistician and a geologist. In 1990 the hammer mill was sold to a private buyer.