Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering

Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering (, traditionally abbreviated ) is an institution of higher education located in Obninsk. It began as a branch of the Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute in 1953 to provide specialists in the field of nuclear physics, reactor physics and reactor engineering for growing nuclear industry of the former Soviet Union. The education was provided in a close cooperation with nuclear-relating research institutions located in Obninsk.
In 1985 the status was changed for "Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering" to be the leading educational institution to train specialists for rapidly developing nuclear power in the former Soviet Bloc countries. In 2002 it acquired the status of the state technical university. In 2002-2009 it functioned as the Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering. ().
In 2009 the Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering was incorporated into the MEPhI National Research Nuclear University.


Peter Johns

Peter Johns (19 April 1830 – 24 September 1899) was an Australian mechanical engineer who founded the company Johns & Waygood.
History.
Johns was born in Pembroke, Wales, the son of builder Thomas Johns and his wife Elizabeth, née Tudor. He was for two years assistant foreman for Fox, Henderson & Co., working at the construction of The Crystal Palace.
He emigrated as a steerage passenger to Australia on the clipper "Champion of the Seas", arriving after a 87-day journey in Melbourne in June 1856. He set up a blacksmith's workshop in Flinders Lane, where he fabricated straightforward iron components such as posts for houses and bridges, as well as undertaking a range of construction jobs.
Around 1870 he hired an engineer, Thomas Pearce, who had trade experience with Boulton and Watt of Birmingham, England. With Pearce as an assistant, they greatly expanded their capabilities and specialised in fabricating hydraulic lifts, which were increasingly being installed in multi-storey buildings. The workshop grew and in 1888 he floated Johns Hydraulic & General Engineering Co. as a public company. In 1892 they formed a consortium as Johns & Waygood to supply and install passenger and goods lifts to the new Metropolitan Gas Company building. In 1893 the company became Johns & Waygood Limited after taking over the Australian arm of the British Richard Waygood & Co. Johns, Pearce and Charles Lawson were board members and major shareholders, as were Thomas Bent and George Swinburne who served as chairmen of the company from 1888 to 1909 and 1909 to 1913, respectively.
In addition to the factory at Flinders Lane, the company established headquarters at City Road in South Melbourne, a galvanising plant in Sandringham, manufacturing plants in Adelaide, Hobart and Sydney.
Johns died at home after a long illness, and was buried at Boroondara Cemetery, Kew. His son, the cricketer Alfred Johns, was on tour in England when news arrived that his father was dangerously ill and immediately left for home on the , arriving in Adelaide on 25 September – his father had died the previous night. Peter Johns was by all accounts a generous and highly regarded employer.
Members of the family have been actively involved throughout its history. Peter's sons Alfred E. Johns, Frederic W. Johns, and F. Peter Johns served as directors and chairmen of the company.
In 1966 Johns & Waygood merged with the South Australian heavy engineering firm of Perry Engineering, forming Johns Perry Ltd. In the following decade they closed down their facilities at Mile End, Gawler and Whyalla. The merged company was then acquired by Boral in 1986. After further takeovers the company became known as Advanced Building Technologies Group and was still operating under that name in 2006.
Family.
Johns married Charlotte Eliza Barrett (ca.1831 – 29 August 1918) in 1856, three months after arriving in Melbourne, and lived in Lygon Street before purchasing a home in Hawthorn. They had six daughters and two sons, one being the cricketer Alfred Edward Johns. They lived at "Tudor", Berkley Street, Hawthorn, and were members of the Wesleyan Methodist Church.
References.
Sources


Rohn Industries

ROHN Products, LLC, formerly ROHN Industries, Inc. and UNR Industries, Inc., is a manufacturer of telecommunications towers, poles, utility structures, mounts, and other materials. ROHN products include support structures for antennae, private microwave, cellular telephone, personal communications systems, commercial broadcasting, and amateur radio.
History.
ROHN Manufacturing was founded in 1948 by Dwight Rohn, who at the time was manager of the Peoria Airport. The first tower he built was for airport use. ROHN first began producing antenna towers for home television reception, and subsequently expanded its product line to include the manufacturing of telecommunication towers and other communication products, including broadcast towers of up to 2,000 feet high. ROHN towers have been installed all over the world.
The company was family-owned until it was sold to UNARCO Industries in the 1971. UNARCO Industries, Inc. declared bankruptcy in 1982 and was reorganized as UNR Industries, Inc., later changing the name to ROHN Industries, Inc. In 2003, ROHN Industries, Inc. was acquired by Radian Corporation and in 2008 ROHN Products, LLC became independent again. In 2008, ROHN Products, LLC was acquired by O'Brien Steel Service Co.


Pragati-III Combined Cycle Power Plant

Pragati-III Combined Cycle Power Plant is located at Bawana Delhi, India. The power plant is one of the gas based power plants of Pragati Power Corporation Limited (PPCL). The source of water for the power plant is treated water from Rithala Sewage Treatment Plant.
Capacity.
Pragati Power Station has an installed capacity of 1500 MW and planned capacity of 1500 MW.


Kill (body of water)

A kill is a body of water, most commonly a creek, but also a tidal inlet, river, strait, or arm of the sea. The term is derived from the Middle Dutch "kille" ("kil" in modern Dutch), meaning "riverbed" or "water channel". It is found in areas of Dutch influence in the Netherlands' former North American colony of New Netherland, primarily the Hudson and Delaware Valleys.
Examples of the freestanding use of "kill" are:
"Kill" is also joined with a noun to create a composite name for a place or body of water:
The single 'l' spelling of 'kil' is the norm in modern Dutch geographical names, e.g. Dordtsche Kil, Sluiskil, or Kil van Hurwenen. It can occasionally be found in North America.


Kyger Creek Power Plant

Kyger Creek Power Plant is a 1.08-gigawatt, 1,086 (MW) coal-fired power station located south of Cheshire, Ohio in Gallia County, Ohio. It is operated by the Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC).
History.
The Kyger Creek was launched into service in 1955. The plant with its five units supplied electricity for the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Piketon, Ohio along with its sister plant, Clifty Creek Power Plant in Madison, Indiana. The plant supplied electricity Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant and sold any excess to the markets. In 2003, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) terminated the contract, making Kyger Creek to rely solely on the markets. The Kyger Creek is located downstream along the Ohio River from a much larger, newer coal-fired Gavin Power Plant. In July 2019, the State of Ohio signed into law a bill mandating FirstEnergy customers to subsidize Kyger Creek and Clifty Creek. American Electric Power (AEP), Duke Energy, and Dayton Power & Light (DP&L) customers already subsidize these plants based on power usage. However, the bill for FirstEnergy customers to subsidize Kyger Creek was a part of a public corruption scheme revealed by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) in July 2020.
Environmental mitigation.
When Kyger Creek was first constructed, three smokestacks were constructed to disperse emissions; mitigating the nearby area from soot and foul gases. With amendments added to the Clean Air Act in 1970, regulators pressed Kyger Creek in modernizing their outdated smokestacks. A smokestack, one of the tallest chimneys in the world was built in the mid-1970s. Pollution control systems were installed at Kyger Creek in 2001 to reduce nitrogen oxide () emissions by 80%. The implementation of two jet bubbling reactor flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) systems in 2011 reduced 98% of sulfur dioxide () emissions at Kyger Creek.


DESCO

DESCO is an underwater diving equipment maker which was first organized in 1937 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin as Diving Equipment and Salvage Co.
It was founded by:
In 1935, Nohl, Craig and Browne designed a lightweight heliox diving suit to dive to the liner Lusitania, sunk in May 1915 by a German U-boat in 312 feet of water, 11 miles (18 km) off the southern coast of Ireland.
On 1 December 1937 in Lake Michigan, Max Nohl dived to with DESCO equipment, breaking the previous record of set by British divers in 1930.
In World War II DESCO made hardhat diving gear and oxygen rebreathers for the US Navy.
In 1946, DESCO was sold to Alfred Dorst, who expanded the company's product base of exclusively professional, commercial and military designs to supply a growing peacetime leisure market with water sports equipment. Introduced in 1947 and discontinued in 1960, the DESCO sporting goods range included regulators, masks, fins, snorkels, spearguns, aquaplanes and water-skis. DESCO published a commercial catalogue in 1949 and water sports catalogues in 1949–1954, 1955, 1956 and 1957.
DESCO continues in business in Milwaukee. They produce various models of diving helmets, and related diving gear, and represent Viking Dry Suits, Composite Beat Engel DeepSea helmets, and Broco Welding.
The DESCO "air hat", introduced in 1968, is still manufactured and is popular among air divers and particularly those working in contaminated environments; its free-flow, positive-pressure design affords an extra safety margin when contaminants are present. As compared to demand helmets, the air hat is simple and inexpensive to operate and maintain.
In 2016 DESCO purchased the assets of Morse Diving International out of bankruptcy. They went into production of Morse Helmet models under the brand name A J Morse and Son. Current AJMS models in production are the US Navy Mark V and first generation commercial helmets in breastplate feed and bonnet feed variants. All helmets are available in polished or tinned.


Hadyard Hill Wind Farm

Hadyard Hill Wind Farm is located in Carrick district of South Ayrshire. Costing £85 million, the wind farm consists of 52 three-bladed Siemens wind turbines, each capable of generating 2.3 megawatts (MW) of power, giving a total output of 120 MW. This was Britain's most powerful wind farm when it was commissioned in March 2006.
The diameter of the blades is 80 metres (262 feet) and each turbine is mounted on tubular steel towers. The wind farm includes three permanent 60 metres (197-feet) high anemometer towers to monitor wind speeds, and is connected by a high-voltage overhead transmission line, which connects to the national electricity network at Maybole.
The farm is operated by Scottish and Southern Energy Generation Ltd.


Fenzy

Fenzy is a scuba diving and industrial breathing equipment design and manufacturing firm. It started in or before 1920 in France. Finally Honeywell bought them out.
In 1961 the company's founder and owner, Maurice Fenzy, invented a divers' "adjustable buoyancy life jacket" (ABLJ) (European terminology) or "buoyancy compensator" (BC) (North American terminology) that became so well known that the company name has become synonymous with the item, although Fenzy also manufactured rebreathers and other items.
Some industrial breathing sets whose make names contain "Fenzy", are made by Honeywell.
External links.
Fenzy rebreathers:


Kodak, Tennessee

Kodak is an unincorporated community and a neighborhood of Sevierville in Sevier County, Tennessee, United States. It is located along State Highway 139 and State Highway 66, and just south of I-40 and Knoxville, Tennessee. The elevation of Kodak is about 896 feet (273 meters) above sea level.
Kodak is included in Sevierville's urban growth boundary for future annexation.
History.
Kodak was named in 1892 when the local postmaster, Harvey N. Underwood, learned of the new "Kodak" brand of camera. Underwood decided that this was a name that was easy to remember and spell, hence he sought permission from the founder of Eastman Kodak, George Eastman, to use this name for his village and its post office. Eastman granted this permission.
In 1989, a new post office building was constructed on Highway 66.
A large portion of Kodak along State Highway 66 and I-40 exit 407 has been annexed into the City of Sevierville since the 1990s.
The Treaty of Dumplin Creek.
The Treaty of Dumplin Creek is the most important historical event in the annals of East Tennessee. The Treaty was signed June 10, 1785. The only treaty made by the State of Franklin was signed after some negotiation. Commissioners were John Sevier, Alexander Outlaw and Daniel Kennedy. Signatory Cherokee chiefs were the King of the Cherokee, Ancoo of Chota, Abraham of Chilhowee, The Sturgeon of Tallassee, the Bard of the Valley Towns and some thirty others. Because of this treaty, the counties of Blount, Hamblen, Jefferson, Knox and Sevier were now opened to Homesteaders.
Retail.
Exit 407 on Interstate 40 has many restaurants and several stores.
Bass Pro Shops is located right off the exit. Other stores in Kodak include Food City, Dollar General, Family Dollar and various local shops.
Education.
Schools in Kodak are a part of Sevier County Schools.


Avio

Avio S.p.A. is an Italian company operating in the aerospace sector with its head office in Colleferro, Rome, Italy. Founded in 1908, it is present in Italy and abroad with different commercial offices and 10 production sites. Avio operates in 5 main business areas in the civil and military sectors:
Avio is Prime Contractor for the new European launcher Vega and sub-contractor for the Ariane program, both financed by the European Space Agency (ESA)
The company is active in the field of technological research. It carries out projects in collaboration with 14 Italian and 10 foreign universities and research centres, which are aimed at the continuous improvement of product and process technologies. It also undertakes the research of solutions in order to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft engines, in conformity with the objectives of consumption and emissions reduction dictated, within the European area, by the ACARE body.
Avio has 5 sites in Italy, France and French Guiana, and employs around 1000 people, about 30% of whom work in research and development.
Avio is listed on the Milan stock exchange in the Star segment: in 2018 it had revenues of 388.7 million euros.
History.
Early 20th century.
In 1908, aeronautical production was in its early stages in Turin, Italy. At that time Fiat decided to design and produce an airplane engine, the SA 8/75, derived from racing cars. The first mass-produced engine produced by Fiat was the A10. 1,070 units were created between 1914 and 1915: at this point the pioneer age had come to an end and the company decided to design and construct complete aircraft. Thus in 1916 the Società Italiana Aviazione was founded, changing its name in 1918 to Fiat Aviazione.
In Turin, besides aircraft engines, and along the lines of the internal-combustion engine, Fiat diversified production with the construction in 1909 of Fiat San Giorgio for marine diesel engines, the area from which activities in the field of industrial engines for electric power generation later ensued. In Colleferro (Rome), the Bombrini Parodi-Delfino-BPD Company, established in Genoa in 1912, started manufacturing explosives and chemical products, from which the space segment originated.
The aeronautical field began in Brindisi with the SACA Company. Gradually, other companies began such as the CMASA di Marina Company in Pisa, founded in 1921 by German design engineer Claude Dornier, in collaboration with Rinaldo Piaggio and Attilio Odero.
Development of large engines and turbines.
Avio were present in the development and manufacture of engines for the production of electric energy, having developed large engines for ships.
Fiat started the study of marine engines in 1903. Beginning from 1926, with engineer Giovanni Chiesa, the manufacture with engines with 750mm-diameter cylinders, the maximum diameter permitted by technologies of the time, which increased engine power up to 4,500HP. In 1971, production began on large diesel engines in Trieste, in a new factory established through a collaboration agreement with the state company IRI (Institute for Industrial Reconstruction).
Starting from the 1930s, a strategy of diversification, which derived from engines produced for ships and submarines, led Avio entering the field of railway diesel engines, while the first engines for the production of electric energy for industrial use had been experimented with in the early post-war period. The development of a gas turbine was started up through a collaboration agreement stipulated with Westinghouse in 1954. Avio's experience in this field, combined with the increased availability of methane gas, enabled the development and manufacture of several electric power generation plants in Italy and abroad.
The success of the gas turbines led to the decision to leave the segment of large diesel engines in order to focus on this. In 1973, Fiat set up the company Turbomeccanica Turbogas (TTG), focusing entirely on the Turin Company's activities in the energy sector. In 1986, Fiat Aviazione incorporated TTG, and developed the activities until 2001, when it was made over to Siemens, changing the marine and industrial activities to the development of aeroderivative turbines.
Development of explosives and propellants.
The BPD industrial plants were established 50 km from Rome, along the railway line for Cassino, due to the initiative of the engineer Leopoldo Parodi – Delfino, supported by Senator Giovanni Bombrini, and the resolution of the State to provide the country with an independent production capacity in the chemical field.
Situated in a poor region of Roman countryside, the town of Colleferro began around the industrial site and was elevated to a municipal district in 1935 by Royal Decree. The town grew in correlation with the production activities of BPD that, from explosives, extended to several chemical products derived for agricultural and industrial uses. The production plants developed and expanded attracting labour, and the company provided for social works.
In 1927, the BPD Test Centre started to experiment on the first rockets powered by chemical powder. After the Second World War, on the initiative of Francesco Serra di Cassano, son-in-law and successor to BPD's founder, mechanical production, which had been started up in the 1930s for munitions activities, was developed and expanded. The Test Centre intensified experimentation on propellants, beginning with the launching of multi-stage sounding rockets for research in the upper atmosphere, produced at the Salto di Quirra military firing range in Sardinia, in the early 1960s.
In 1966, following its success with the rockets, BPD entered into a contract with ELDO (forerunner of the European Space Agency – ESA) for the development and production of the apogee boost motor of the ELDO-PAS telecommunications satellite. This led to development in the field of solid-propellant motors.
In 1968, the SNIA Viscosa Company took over BPD, which became SNIA-BPD. In 1975, under this company configuration, ESA initially gave the BPD branch of SNIA the task of developing and producing the separation motors of the European Ariane satellite launcher, and in 1984, the contract for the manufacture of the Ariane 5 boosters. The Ariane take-off motors have been completed now for over twenty years at the launch site in French Guiana, under the subsidiary companies Europropulsion and Regulus, set up in 1988.
In 1990, SNIA sold the BPD branch to the Gilardini Company, which was bought by Fiat Aviazione in 1994. From 1989 Fiat Aviazione became FiatAvio S.p.A.
Aviation activities.
Fiat took on the role of Italian prime contractor for the NATO F-104G aircraft. With the name change of the Fiat Aviazione to Fiat Avio in 1989, the company collaborated on the design and manufacture of propulsion systems for, among the others, the Panavia Tornado and Harrier in the military sector, and Boeing and Airbus in the commercial one.
In 1997, the acquisition of the controlling stake in Alfa Romeo Avio from Finmeccanica was key to a national strategic project aimed at reducing the excessive fragmentation of the Italian companies and at increasing competitiveness through more systematic synergies.
2000–present.
Avio was able to increase internationalisation, working in the fields of design, development and manufacture of components and modules for aerospace propulsion. After the setting up of AvioPolska in 2001, the creation of DutchAero followed in 2005, with the acquisition of Phillips Aerospace. .
In 2003, the Fiat Group, struggling with the crisis in the automobile sector, sold Fiat Avio S.p.A. to a consortium formed by American private equity fund, the Carlyle Group (70%), and Finmeccanica S.p.A. (30%), who won against competition from French company Snecma. At the time, Fiat Avio was valued at €1.5 billion, and changed its corporate name to Avio S.p.A.
In August 2006, English private equity fund Cinven announced that it had acquired Avio S.p.A. from Carlyle for an enterprise value of €2.57 billion.
Avio is owned by Space2 (72%) and Leonardo S.p.A. (28%)
Production and activities.
The sectors of activities are today:
The sectors of activities in the past were also:


Horden Colliery

Horden Colliery was a coal mine situated in Horden, near Peterlee in County Durham.
History.
It opened in 1900 and was closed on 28 February 1987. Initially owned by Horden Collieries Ltd, it was handed over to the National Coal Board in 1947 when the British coal industry was nationalised. On 9 May 1930, the colliery set a European record for the most coal mined by a single colliery in a day, with a total of 6,758 tonnes mined. This record stood for over thirty years. The colliery's peak employment numbers were reached in 1935 when 4,342 people were employed in the colliery.
Horden power station.
Horden power station was a coal-fired power station situated in the colliery. The station used a 1,000 kilowatt (kW) turbo alternator, along with four 400 kW rotary converters for DC electrical supply, giving the station a total generating capacity of 2,600 kW. The station provided power for the colliery and the local homes, but has now been demolished, along with the colliery.
Howden waste heat power station.
The Howden waste heat power station used gas from the adjacent coke works to generate electricity via steam-driven turbo-alternators. The plant was installed in 1934-35 and comprised:
The electricity supplied in the late 1950s is shown in the table.
The plant had been decommissioned by 1971.
Red Hill.
Tony Parker wrote a book about Horden and the people of Horden Colliery and anonymized it as Red Hill: A Mining Community. U2 wrote a song about the book called Red Hill Mining Town.


Seven Mile Dam

Seven Mile Dam is a concrete gravity-type hydroelectric dam on the Pend d'Oreille River 15 km SE of Trail, 18 km downstream from Boundary Dam and 9 km upstream from Waneta Dam in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The power plant has a capacity of 848 MW and generates 3200 GWh per year. The May, June and early July flow of the river in most years, is greater than the plants capacity. During these times water is spilled, not used to generate power. The reservoir is 420 ha (1,040 acres), which includes 170 ha (425 acres) of flooded river channel. Under the Canal Plant Agreement operations are coordinated with Waneta Dam.


Island Station Power Plant

Island Station Power Plant was a coal power plant on the Mississippi River less than a mile up-river from downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota. St. Paul Gas & Light Company commissioned construction of the plant in 1921. In 1923, before construction was even complete, a more efficient technology for burning coal was developed, rendering the plant obsolete before it even opened.
The plant came online in 1926 and operated at three-fourths the intended capacity until 1943 when it was shifted to an off-peak use and only produced power 6–10 weeks per year. In 1975, Northern States Power Co. (who acquired the plant shortly after it was finished) decommissioned the plant and used it for storage.
In 1985 John Kerwin bought the plant and converted portions of the building into studio apartments for local artists. For a time a colony of a half-dozen to a dozen houseboat dwellers moored at the plant. In 2003 Island Station L.L.C. purchased the property for $1.5 million with the hope of turning it into a 235-unit condo with a 20-slip marina. After the $80 million project started work and more than 100 units had been reserved, the project stalled. In 2013, the property was sold for $4.05 million to St Paul Riverwalk, LLC of Scottsdale, Arizona. In February, 2014, a permit was authorized to demolish the plant. The entire structure was imploded on March 16, 2014 at 9:58 am.


Experimental Breeder Reactor II

Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) is a sodium-cooled fast reactor designed, built and operated by Argonne National Laboratory at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho. It was shut down in 1994. Custody of the reactor was transferred to Idaho National Laboratory after its founding in 2005.
Initial operations began in July 1964 and it achieved criticality in 1965 at a total cost of more than US$32 million (US$ million in 2019 dollars). The original emphasis in the design and operation of EBR-II was to demonstrate a complete breeder-reactor power plant with on-site reprocessing of solid metallic fuel. Fuel elements enriched to about 67% uranium-235 were sealed in stainless steel tubes and removed when they reached about 65% enrichment. The tubes were unsealed and reprocessed to remove neutron poisons, mixed with fresh U-235 to increase enrichment, and placed back in the reactor.
Testing of the original breeder cycle ran until 1969, after which time the reactor was used to test concepts for the Integral Fast Reactor concept. In this role, the high-energy neutron environment of the EBR-II core was used for testing fuels and materials for future, larger, liquid metal reactors. As part of these experiments, in 1986 EBR-II underwent an experimental shutdown simulating complete cooling pump failure. It demonstrated its ability to self-cool its fuel through natural convection of the sodium coolant during the decay heat period following the shutdown. It was used in the IFR support role, and many other experiments, until it was decommissioned in September 1994.
At full power operation, which it reached in September 1969, EBR-II produced about 62.5 megawatts of heat and 20 megawatts of electricity through a conventional three-loop steam turbine system and tertiary forced-air cooling tower. Over its lifetime it has generated over two billion kilowatt-hours of electricity, providing a majority of the electricity and also heat to the facilities of the Argonne National Laboratory-West.
Design.
The fuel consists of uranium rods 5 millimeters in diameter and 33 cm (13 inches) long . Enriched to 67% uranium-235 when fresh, the concentration dropped to approximately 65% upon removal. The rods also contained 10% zirconium. Each fuel element is placed inside a thin-walled stainless steel tube along with a small amount of sodium metal. The tube is welded shut at the top to form a unit 73 cm (29 inches) long. The purpose of the sodium is to function as a heat-transfer agent. As more and more of the uranium undergoes fission, it develops fissures and the sodium enters the voids. It extracts an important fission product, caesium-137, and hence becomes intensely radioactive. The void above the uranium collects fission gases, mainly krypton-85. Clusters of the pins inside hexagonal stainless steel jackets 234 cm (92 inches) long are assembled honeycomb-like; each unit has about 4.5 kg (10 lbs) of uranium. Altogether, the core contains about 308 kg (680 lbs) of uranium fuel, and this part is called the driver.
The EBR-II core can accommodate as many as 65 experimental sub-assemblies for irradiation and operational reliability tests, fueled with a variety of metallic and ceramic fuels—the oxides, carbides, or nitrides of uranium and plutonium, and metallic fuel alloys such as uranium-plutonium-zirconium fuel. Other sub-assembly positions may contain structural-material experiments.
Passive safety.
The pool-type reactor design of the EBR-II provides passive safety: the reactor core, its fuel handling equipment, and many other systems of the reactor are submerged under molten sodium. By providing a fluid which readily conducts heat from the fuel to the coolant, and which operates at relatively low temperatures, the EBR-II takes maximum advantage of expansion of the coolant, fuel, and structure during off-normal events which increase temperatures. The expansion of the fuel and structure in an off-normal situation causes the system to shut down even without human operator intervention. In April 1986, two special tests were performed on the EBR-II, in which the main primary cooling pumps were shut off with the reactor at full power (62.5 megawatts, thermal). By not allowing the normal shutdown systems to interfere, the reactor power dropped to near zero within about 300 seconds. No damage to the fuel or the reactor resulted. The same day, this demonstration was followed by another important test. With the reactor again at full power, flow in the secondary cooling system was stopped. This test caused the temperature to increase, since there was nowhere for the reactor heat to go. As the primary (reactor) cooling system became hotter, the fuel, sodium coolant, and structure expanded, and the reactor shut down. This test showed that it will shut down using inherent features such as thermal expansion, even if the ability to remove heat from the primary cooling system is lost.
EBR-II is now defueled. The EBR-II shutdown activity also includes the treatment of its discharged spent fuel using an electrometallurgical fuel treatment process in the Fuel Conditioning Facility located next to the EBR-II.
The clean-up process for EBR-II includes the removal and processing of the sodium coolant, cleaning of the EBR-II sodium systems, removal and passivating of other chemical hazards and placing the deactivated components and structure in a safe condition.
Related facilities.
The objective of the EBR-II was to demonstrate the operation of a sodium-cooled fast reactor power plant with on-site reprocessing of metallic fuel. In order to meet this objective of on-site reprocessing, the EBR-II was part of a wider complex of facilities, consisting of
Integral Fast Reactor.
The EBR-II has served as prototype of the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR), which was the intended successor to the EBR-II. The IFR program was started in 1983, but funding was withdrawn by U.S. Congress in 1994, three years before the intended completion of the program. The Nuclear Energy division of General Electric, which was involved in the development of the IFR, has presented a design for a commercial version of the IFR: the S-PRISM reactor.


List of products manufactured by Kodak

The following is a partial list of products manufactured by Kodak.
For a list of Kodak motion picture film stocks, see List of motion picture film stocks.
Consumer computer printers.
Kodak has produced a range of Computer printers, concentrating on the photo printing market.
Commercial printers.
Kodak has produced a range of high-speed printers that can be used in printing plants and offices.
Kodak Versamark Printing Systems.
Several of these printing systems were acquired from Scitex Corporation and Creo Holding Company.
Digital cameras.
Kodak has produced a wide variety of digital cameras for both professional and consumer use.
Kodak professional digital cameras.
Kodak was a leader in professional-grade digital photography products, although in recent years it has retreated from this market. Since Kodak did not have its own line of lenses, Kodak digital SLRs have all taken either Canon EOS or Nikon F-mount lenses; most have either been based on Canon or Nikon 135 film SLRs. PixPro has seen its kind of revival, but manufactured by JK Imaging instead of Kodak.
Kodak DC260 Pro Edition
Kodak EOS-DCS 1 - converted Canon EOS-1N, released 1997.
Kodak consumer digital cameras.
Kodak DC series.
"DC-Series Cameras" were the earliest consumer digital cameras released. For more details, see Kodak DC Series
Kodak EasyShare consumer digital cameras.
EasyShare was Kodak's line of consumer digital cameras compatible with "docks" also manufactured by Kodak, simplifying the process of interfacing with computers for editing and printing.
Kodak EasyShare DX series.
The DX series cameras were the first EasyShare models released, beginning with the DX3215. It was originally a very basic point and shoot camera series, compatible with the original EasyShare Camera Dock. The CX series eventually replaced the lower-end DX models, and the newer DX-Series models had more advanced features and higher megapixel resolutions and zoom. The DX series is now discontinued. The higher-end of the DX-Series (higher zoom, megapixel) eventually became the Z-Series. Select DX models were the last Kodak consumer digital cameras to use CompactFlash external memory cards.
Kodak EasyShare CX series.
The CX series is now discontinued, replaced by the C series. The CX series grew out of the DX series. At the time, it was the range of the lowest-priced, most basic point and shoot cameras, typically with no more than a 3× optical zoom.
Kodak EasyShare LS series.
The LS series was the first EasyShare range to emphasize small form factor, pocket-size cameras. The LS series has now been discontinued. It has been replaced by the V-Series cameras that emphasize small, stylish design with advanced features. Select LS-series models used custom docks.
Kodak EasyShare C series.
The C series is the current point-and-shoot series for entry-level digital camera owners, replacing the CX series. CD and CW models are simply derivatives of mainstream C series models.
Kodak EasyShare Z series.
The Z-Series is the current high-zoom and performance-oriented range of consumer digital cameras, replacing the original DX series.
Kodak EasyShare V series.
The V-Series is the current style-oriented range of consumer digital cameras, replacing the original LS series. V-Series had a number of innovations, such as dual-lens technology.
Kodak EasyShare P series.
The P-Series was Kodak's performance series which has recently been discontinued in favor of higher-end Z-series models. These were the only consumer models to leverage an external flash (the Kodak P20 Zoom Flash).
Kodak EasyShare-One series.
The EasyShare-One series were the first consumer Wi-Fi Digital Cameras, that used an SDIO card to automatically upload pictures in wi-fi hotspots. The EasyShare-One series is now discontinued.
Kodak EasyShare M series.
The EasyShare M series are a blend between point-and-shoot cameras (C series) and thin and stylish cameras (V series). They are usually available in a variety of colors.
Other Kodak digital cameras.
Kodak DVC series cameras.
The DVC-Series were digital video cameras (web-cams) that took low-resolution pictures and video and attached to a computer via USB. DVC cameras are discontinued.
Kodak PalmPix series cameras.
PalmPix cameras attached to a Palm PDA device, and took low-resolutions pictures. PalmPix cameras are discontinued.
Film cameras.
Kodak has a long history in manufacturing film cameras, but has ceased marketing them in Western Europe and North America, excluding disposable cameras.
Kodak film cameras continue to be sold in India, Latin America, Eastern Europe and China.
Medical diagnostic equipment.
High Speed Scanners


General Steel Industries

General Steel Industries, Inc. (GSI) was an American steel company founded as General Steel Castings Corporation in 1928.
The company's first headquarters were in Eddystone, Pennsylvania and, prior to completing its own modern steel foundry in 1930, acquired the operations of the Commonwealth Steel Company, a critical supplier to the rail industry.
An acquisition program to diversify from its core steel castings business of manufacturing large steel castings was initiated in the late 1950s and resulted in six divisions and one subsidiary by 1971. The broader business portfolio allowed GSI to close the Castings Division, the company's only business prior to diversification, in 1973.
In 1974, GSI was operating 19 plants across the United States and internationally and continued operating as an independent company until it was acquired by Lukens Steel in 1981.
General Steel Castings.
The General Steel Castings Corporation was a steel casting corporation in the United States established in 1928 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, American Locomotive Company, and American Steel Foundries.
The company began construction on its new foundry and headquarters on , in Eddystone, Pennsylvania near Baldwin Locomotive's facilities. The new plant opened two years later, circa July 1930, and produced castings weighing from .
On July 30, 1929, the company completed its acquisition of the Commonwealth Steel Company and its plant in Granite City, Illinois. Commonwealth Steel was a major supplier of large steel castings, used in products produced by General Steel's owners, such as one-piece locomotive beds long weighing approximately and large cast steel underframes for railroad cars. By 1930 the company was making one-piece locomotive beds with integral cylinders and cradle, pilot beams, Delta trailer trucks, and water-bottom tenderframes that were over long.
As reported in "The Commonwealther", "[t]he new Company, with larger resources and with two plants equipped to produce Commonwealth devices, will undoubtedly mean a better serving of the country with devices for the railroads and other customers. As stated by Mr. Howard [Commonwealth Steel's president, Clarence H. Howard]…the cooperation of the locomotive companies with us should mean a wider field of opportunities for our organization, our men, and our product."
The company's first Board of Directors meeting, after the acquisition of Commonwealth Steel, was held on August 7, 1929 and included among the attendees the president of the Pullman Company, David A. Crawford, President William C. Dickerman of the American Locomotive Company, and President George H. Houston of the Baldwin Locomotive Company. Howard Clarence, the president of the Commonwealth Steel Company became Chairman of the Board of Directors and continued his duties at the Commonwealth Division of the now larger company.
General Steel operated two plants, one in Eddystone, Pennsylvania and one in Granite City, Illinois.
The company, initially using the products developed by Commonwealth Steel, specialized in large castings including tank armor and gun turrets, locomotive frames and trucks.
Over the years, the company expanded into other industrial areas. On May 1, 1961, the company changed its name to reflect its diversified business portfolio and became General Steel Industries.
Early history as General Steel Industries.
In 1929, General Steel Castings Corp. acquired the Commonwealth Steel Company, a Granite City, Illinois based maker of steel, steel castings, and railroad supplies that had been founded in 1901, and had become a supplier to railroad companies. Commonwealth Steel had manufactured large cast steel bolsters for passenger cars for exhibit at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, and designed and produced a one-piece locomotive bed in 1926. By 1928, "practically all locomotives and passenger cars built in the United States" were using Commonwealth products.
General Steel's purchase of Commonwealth included Commonwealth's foundry and its new General Office Building, completed in 1926, both located at 1417 State Street, Granite City, Illinois. After the Commonwealth Steel acquisition, General Steel had two divisions, the Eddystone Division in Pennsylvania and the Commonwealth Division in Illinois. Only the Commonwealth Division was operational; the Eddystone Division's plant would not be completed until 1930. The Illinois operation was commonly referred to as the "Commonwealth," and was located at 1417 State Street in Granite City. During World War II, the Commonwealth plant manufactured steel for armor and cast steel tank hulls and turrets, and employed approximately 5,200 people. After the war, the company returned to manufacturing locomotive castings in Granite City and earth-moving equipment in Eddystone.
"Fortune" magazine ranked the company 464, 481, and 441 in the magazine's Fortune 500 listing in 1962, 1963, and 1964, respectively. Employees numbered 3,650 in 1962, 4,200 in 1963, and 4,400 in 1964.
Expansion.
In 1948, the company's headquarters was moved from Eddystone to Granite City. In the mid-1950s, the company expanded its focus from steel castings products to a more diversified company through an acquisition program that included purchasing National Roll & Foundry Company in 1955, St. Louis Car Company in June 1960, Ludlow-Saylor Wire Cloth, Flex-O-Lite, Standard Pipeprotection, and Simplicity Engineering Corporation. Standard Pipeprotection Division was created from a series of acquisitions.
Recognizing the company had grown beyond its original business of manufacturing steel castings, the company changed its name to General Steel Industries, Incorporated on May 1, 1961. The company's first two plants, the Eddystone plant and the Granite City plant, the acquired Commonwealth Steel facility, became the Castings Division, and both plants continued to produce large steel castings. For example, in 1961, the Eddystone plant provided 85% of the steel castings used in the Union Electric Company's new Taum Sauk hydroelectric power station near St. Louis, and produced railroad specialty products such as "the world's highest capacity flat car", weighing almost 75 tons, with a load limit of 300 tons. The Granite City plant produced "engineered cast steel specialty products" for the railroad industry including one-piece locomotive beds, one-piece cast steel flat car underframes, and wear-resistant manganese steel casting, used in mining and crushing equipment and heavy-duty power shovels.
In the 1950s, the company, then as General Steel Castings, introduced the Commonwealth 53' 6" flatcar that became one of the railroad industry's most commonly used flatcars during the 1950s and 1960s. This flatcar remained in production, with only minor changes, into the early 1970s.
At the Granite City plant, General Steel x-rayed uranium ingots for the Atomic Energy Commission from 1958 through 1966 using two U.S. Government-owned Allis-Chalmers betatrons (Magnetic Induction Electron Accelerators) apparatuses on loan to the company. The betatrons were still at the plant in late 1992 "in a building on the southern section of the plant property" and the contamination from the use of the betatrons was determined to be "highly localized, confined to a few areas, and contained inside an unused building." The building "had residual radioactive contamination until remediation in 1993."
As a defense contractor, the company manufactured cast armor hulls and turrets for the U.S. Army M-60 medium tanks, produced at Granite City and Eddystone, as part of an $8 million contract awarded by Chrysler Corporation in 1961.
By 1971, the Granite City plant had grown to be with under roof and was bordered by the Madison city boundaries on the south, 16th Street on the north, State Street on the east, and the railroad tracks that run along Route 3 on the west.
Discontinued operations.
In 1964, declining demand for large steel castings and excess capacity from operating two foundries led the company to consolidate the Castings Division's operations at its Granite City plant at 1417 State Street in Granite City, Illinois. The Eddystone plant was sold to the Vertol Co. (now Boeing) and converted to the manufacture of helicopters and aviation components. The plant is still in use as of 2014.
Fortunes for both the St. Louis Car Division and the Castings Division began to fade in the mid-1960s. "The smooth, comfortable ride of the modern railroad passenger car is the direct result of General Steel's historic development of new designs of trucks with cast steel frames and bolsters" but the development of new designs would at least partially result in the end of St. Louis Car. In 1970, St. Louis Car won two large fixed-price contracts for rapid transit and commuter cars but "the complexity of new engineering and manufacturing techniques for cars of such advanced design was underestimated" leading to recording a charge of $6,400,000 in 1971 for the expected loss on fulfilling the orders. As the company's largest division at the time, losses at St. Louis Car sank the entire enterprise's net income into the red. At the Castings Division, the Granite City plant improved production efficiency and lowered its breakeven point but a strike from November 20, 1971 to January 17, 1972 completely halted production.
On December 14, 1972, management announced the company's Castings Division and its St. Louis Car Division were to be closed, and after the delivery of pending orders, the divisions' assets were to be liquidated (expected to occur in 1973). The reasons stated to discontinue operations at the two divisions included significant losses and competitive pressure. St. Louis Car incurred losses for seven of the previous eight years and "GSI lacks the financial resources needed to compete with several much larger companies which recently entered the transit car building industry."
The Castings Division had not produced satisfactory earnings for five years, lost approximately $3 million in 1972, and "was not competitive in most of its major markets and there were no prospects for future improvement of its position." The company recorded a charge of $31,173,000 for the anticipated cost of discontinuing the unprofitable divisions. The closing of the Castings Division ended the company's manufacture of steel castings, products the company had been producing since its founding. The five remaining operating units were: National Roll, Flex-O-Lite, Ludlow-Saylor Wire Cloth Division, Standard Pipeprotection, and Simplicity Engineering Company (a subsidiary).
General Steel continued operations at the Granite City plant until orders, pending at the time of the December 1972 announcement of the Castings Division's closing, were completed. The property at 1417 State Street, Granite City, Illinois was purchased by Granite City Steel, a subsidiary of National Steel Corporation, in 1974 and the property became known as the South Plant. Granite City Steel likely occupied the facility until the parent company's bankruptcy liquidation in 2003.
In 1971, General Steel's corporate offices were at One Memorial Drive, St. Louis, Missouri. In 1973, the company's offices had moved to 8474 Delport Drive (8400 Midland Blvd.), also in St. Louis, and the concern launched a new consulting services division, GSI Engineering, to design railcar and locomotive trucks and suspension systems, and to manage the licensing of company products that were in service in 50 countries.
Less than a decade later, when General Steel was acquired by Lukens Steel in 1981 for $66 million, it was a producer of steel, crushing and conveying equipment, reflective highway signs, and protective coatings for oil and gas pipelines.
Castings Division Plant remains.
By October 2009, most of the buildings at the former General Steel plant, including the old Commonwealth foundry at 1417 State Street, Granite City, Illinois had been demolished. About half of the General Office Building, built by Commonwealth Steel in 1926, remains standing. On the north end of the property, there are still several buildings in use.


Barrow-in-Furness power station

Barrow-in-Furness power station supplied electricity to the town of Barrow-in-Furness and the wider area of Lancashire, England from 1899 to about 1960. It was owned and operated by Barrow-in-Furness Corporation until the nationalisation of the UK electricity supply industry in 1948. The power station was redeveloped throughout its operational life. Barrow-in-Furness Corporation also operated Coniston hydro-electric power station.
History.
In 1894 Barrow-in-Furness Corporation applied for a Provisional Order under the "Electric Lighting Acts" to generate and supply electricity to the town. This was granted by the Board of Trade and was confirmed by Parliament through the "Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 1) Act 1894" (57 & 58 Vict. c. xlix). The power station was built in Buccleugh Street (54°06'59"N 3°13'19"W) adjacent to the railway line, it first supplied electricity to the town in 1899.
Coniston power station was developed as a small hydro-electric plant in 1932 with a single water turbine, a second turbine was added in 1937. The installation initially supplied power for Barrow County Council and latterly for the village of Coniston.
The 120 MW Roosecote power station east of the town centre was first commissioned in September 1953. This was more efficient than the old Barrow power station which was gradually run-down and decommissioned in about 1960.
Equipment specification.
In 1923 the steam generating plant at Barrow comprised:
These machines had a total generating capacity of 8,000 kW of alternating current and 1,025 kW direct current.
A variety of electricity supplies were available to consumers:
Coal could be delivered to the station from a siding off the railway just south of Barrow-in-Furness railway station.
New plant, 1950s.
New plant was commissioned over the operational life of the station. In the late 1950s the plant at the station comprised:
The boilers had a total evaporative capacity of 175,000 lb/h (22.0 kg/s), and supplied steam to:
The total installed generating capacity was 23 MW, with an output capacity of 14 MW.
Condenser cooling water was cooled in three wooden cooling towers with a combined capacity of 0.45 million gallons per hour (0.57 m3/s) plus one concrete cooling tower with a capacity of 1.0 million gallons per hour (1.26 m3/s).
The corporation also operated Coniston water turbine generating station at Coniston. This comprised 2 × 150 kW Gilkes-Metropolitan-Vickers water turbo-alternator sets. These generated current at 450 Volts.
Operations.
Operating data 1921–23.
The operating data for the period 1921–23 is shown in the table:
Under the terms of the "Electricity (Supply) Act 1926" (16 & 17 Geo. 5 c. 51) the Central Electricity Board (CEB) was established in 1926. The CEB identified high efficiency ‘selected’ power stations that would supply electricity most effectively; Barrow was designated a selected station. The CEB also constructed the national grid (1927–33) to connect power stations within a region.
Operating data 1946.
Barrow-in-Furness and Coniston power stations operating data for 1946 is given below.
The British electricity supply industry was nationalised in 1948 under the provisions of the "Electricity Act 1947" (10 & 11 Geo. 6 c. 54). The Barrow-in-Furness electricity undertaking was abolished, ownership of Barrow-in-Furness and Coniston power stations were vested in the British Electricity Authority, and subsequently the Central Electricity Authority and the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). At the same time the electricity distribution and sales responsibilities of the Barrow-in-Furness electricity undertaking were transferred to the North Western Electricity Board (NORWEB). At the time of nationalisation the undertaking supplied 23,825 customers over an area of 208 square miles (539 square kilometres).
Operating data 1954–63.
Operating data for Barrow power station over the period 1954–59 is shown in the table:
Operating data for Coniston power station was as follows:
Closure.
Barrow power station was decommissioned in about 1960. The buildings were subsequently demolished and the area has been redeveloped as housing.
Coniston power station was decommissioned in the 1960s.


LUSAS

LUSAS is a UK-based developer and supplier of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) application software products that bear the same name.
History.
LUSAS has its origins back in 1970 when a group of research workers at the University of London (now incorporated into Imperial College London) began work on the London University Stress Analysis System, "LUSAS". This team was led by Dr. Paul Lyons, who, in 1982, set up an independent company, Finite Element Analysis Ltd., to further develop, and subsequently market the software as a general purpose structural analysis system. In 1997, following the introduction of a range of specialist application software packages, the company, for awareness reasons, then started to trade under the LUSAS name.
Software.
LUSAS software consists of a Windows-based Modeller, used for model building and viewing of results, and a Solver for carrying out an analysis. Four commercial application products cater for the following industries:
For Universities, an Academic version which permits the running of any commercial LUSAS software product can be used for teaching and research use.
Example Applications.
Civil and structural engineering uses include Anthony Gormley's Quantum Cloud, built alongside the Millennium Dome, (now the O2 Arena), as part of UK's Millennium Commission sponsored celebrations for the year 2000; Spinnaker Tower, the tallest publicly accessible provincial structure in the UK; and Gwangmyeong Velodrome, the largest domed structure built, so far, in South Korea.
Bridges designed with the aid of LUSAS include the Lune Millennium Bridge, and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge both also built, coincidentally, as part of the UK's year 2000 celebrations, and the Vasco da Gama cable stayed bridge and associated viaduct structures in Portugal.
General mechanical engineering uses are extremely varied and include thermal analysis of marine loading arms - used to transfer Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) from shore to ship and vice versa at a temperature of -163 degrees Celsius, nonlinear analysis of nylon polyamide cable ties used to bundle cables together, and contact analysis of titanium and ceramic hip joint components as used in artificial hip replacement
Composites engineering applications involve the analysis of composite material layups for potential delamination, material damage and fatigue modelling of many types of components in the automotive, aviation, and marine industries.


Harding Street Generating Station

The Harding Street Station (formerly Elmer W. Stout Generating Station) is a 12-unit, 1,196 MW nameplate capacity, gas-, and oil-fired generating station located at 3700 South Harding Street, Indianapolis. It is owned by AES Indiana, a subsidiary of AES (formerly known as Indianapolis Power & Light).
Environmental impact.
Sulphur dioxide.
With its oldest coal-fired unit dating back to 1958, the plant was ranked 12th on the United States list of dirtiest power plants in terms of sulphur dioxide emissions per megawatt-hour of electrical energy produced from coal in 2006. The new flue gas desulphurization system (FGS), also known as a scrubber, and the new stack are expected to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 97 percent, and NOxemissions, as well as other pollutants, by some 87 percent.
IPL stopped burning coal at the Harding Street facility in February 2016 and refueled the units to natural gas.


Bukuzindu Hybrid Solar and Thermal Power Station

Bukuzindu Hybrid Solar and Thermal Power Station is a 1.6MW hybrid solar and diesel fuel-fired thermal power plant in Uganda, the third-largest economy in the East African Community.
Location.
The power station is located in "Bukuzindu Village", "Magoye sub-county", on Bugala Island, the largest island in the Ssese Islands Archipelago, in Kalangala District, in Lake Victoria, Africa's largest fresh-water lake, in Uganda's Central Region. This location is near the town of Kalangala, where the district headquarters are located, approximately nautical , by water, southwest of the town of Entebbe, on the mainland.
Overview.
The hybrid power station has a 0.6 Megawatts solar energy component and a 1.0 Megawatts diesel fuel-fired thermal component. The solar component is for use primarily during the day when the sun is up, and the thermal component is for use primarily at night when the sun is down. As part of the development, electricity transmission lines will be constructed to distribute the generated energy across the urban and rural areas on Bugala Island. The cost of the Power station alone is estimated at UGX:20 billion (approximately US$7.25 million).
Kalangala Infrastructure Services.
In 2005, the infrastructure company called InfraCo Holdings, entered into an agreement with the Government of Uganda, to among other projects, build a power station to supply electricity to Bugala Island, the largest island in the Ssese Islands Archipelago. Kalangala Infrastructure Services (KIS), is the local subsidiary of InfraCo Holdings, that entered into a private-public-partnership arrangement with the government to implement the desired infrastructure developments.
The development projects under the KIS scheme include:
All four projects are expected to cost about US$50 million to construct.
Project Funding.
The entire development is a joint venture between KIS, a subsidiary of InfraCo Holdings and Uganda Development Corporation, on behalf of the Uganda Government. Funding for the US$50 million construction costs was provided by:
The construction of the four components of the project were expected to be complete by December 2014. As of April 2015, the solar power station is operational with over 2,000 customers connected. Two marine vessels, the "MV Pearl" and "MV Ssese", ply the waters between Kalangala and the mainland. The road network on the island and the purified water distribution system are expected to come online in May 2015.
Recent developments.
As of November 2018, the connected customers consume an average of 0.4 megawatts of the 1.6 megawatt capacity generation. Kalangala Infrastructure Services is in the process of encouraging more customers and SMEs to connect to the power station.


Burrinjuck Power Station

Burrinjuck Power Station is a hydroelectric power station at Burrinjuck Dam, New South Wales, Australia. Burrinjuck has three turbines with a total generating capacity of of electricity.
The power station was commenced in 1927, running two turbines. In 1938, an additional two 5 MW turbines were added at the dam wall. In 1972, floods damaged the original two turbines, which were decommissioned. In 2017, the remaining two turbines were each upgraded to , and an additional turbine of was added.


Friendly Society of Iron Founders of England, Ireland and Wales

The Friendly Society of Iron Founders of England, Ireland and Wales (FSIF) was an early trade union representing foundry workers in the United Kingdom.
History.
The union was founded in 1809 in Bolton as the Friendly Iron Moulders' Society. Unlike the many friendly societies which focused on mutual welfare, it organised workers with the aim of improving their working conditions. This was illegal under the Combination Act 1799, and so in the early years, the books of the organisation were buried in a nearby peat bog between meetings, in order to evade detection. By 1837, it felt able to meet publicly, and held its first delegate meeting. This meeting, in Manchester, decided to rename the union as the Friendly Society of Operative Iron Moulders of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
The union relocated from Manchester to London in 1850, and decided against joining the newly formed Amalgamated Society of Engineers. In 1852 it elected its first full-time general secretary, William Harvey, who held the office for eleven years. Although he was seen as hard-working, in particular in establishing a central register of all members and benefits, under his leadership there was little financial oversight of branches, and numerous cases of embezzlement emerged. The union's appeal committee dismissed the entire executive committee including Harvey, who nonetheless agreed to remain in office until an election was held. This was won by Daniel Guile, who became a nationally prominent figure as a member of the trade union "Junta". In 1864, the union took its final name, while, three years later, it claimed to have more than 11,000 members.
In 1899, the union was a founder of the General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU), with secretary Joseph Maddison becoming the GFTU's treasurer. The union also affiliated to the Labour Representation Committee, and its member Arthur Henderson became one of the first Labour Members of Parliament. However, in 1901 it was expelled from the Trades Union Congress following a dispute with the Brass Moulders.
In 1905, the union relocated back to Manchester, to a purpose-built headquarters on Chorlton Road. The union's entire executive was dismissed in 1912 for agreeing to pay itself expenses at 12s 6d per day, when the rules stated it was only due 7s. This led to a lengthy dispute during which former assistant general secretary Jeremiah Olive ran the union until fresh elections were held in 1914 and won by a new face, Alfred Todd. Todd took the union into a merger in 1920, joining with the Amalgamated Society of Coremakers of Great Britain and Ireland and the Associated Iron Moulders of Scotland to form the National Union of Foundry Workers.
Election results.
The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in numerous elections, and Arthur Henderson was frequently elected.


VCR/DVD combo

A VCR/DVD combo, or more commonly, a DVD/VCR combo, is a multiplex or converged device, convenient for consumers who wish to use both VHS tapes and DVDs.
Hybrid VCR/DVD players were first introduced around the year 1999, and were sometimes criticized as being of poorer quality in terms of resolution than stand-alone units. The first VCR/DVD combo player released was by Go Video, model DVR5000. The product also has a disadvantage in that if one function (DVD or VHS) becomes unusable, the entire unit must be replaced or repaired, though later models of DVD/VCR which suffered from DVD playback lag still functioned with the VCR.
Normally in a combo unit, it will have typical features such as recording a DVD onto VHS, on most, record a show to VHS with the built-in tuner (Now a digital to analog converter must be used.), LP recording for VHS, surround sound for Dolby Digital and DTS (DVD), component connections for DVD, although some may lack the connection, 480p progressive scan for the DVD side, VCR+, playback of tapes in a variety of playback speeds, and front A/V inputs (VCR only).
To help the consumer, they will have (a) button(s) for switching the output source for ease of use. Usually, the recording capabilities are VCR exclusive, while the better picture quality is DVD exclusive, but some include S-Video and Component (Or HDMI) for VCR too.
These devices were among the only VCRs alongside some VCR/Blu-ray combo to be equipped with an HDMI port for HDTV viewing upscaling to several different types of resolutions including 1080i
Shortly after the turn of the century, hybrids including DVD recorders (instead of players) also become available. These can be used for transferring VHS material onto recordable blank DVDs. Very rarely, will there be component inputs to record with the best connection possible.
In July 2016, Funai Electric, the last remaining manufacturer of VCR/DVD combos, due to manufacturing costs, announced they would cease production at the end of the month, causing the demise of the combo after 17 years of production, but they can still be found on store shelves.


List of spacecraft manufacturers

History.
During the early years of spaceflight only nation states had the resources to develop and fly spacecraft. Both the U.S. space program and Soviet space program were operated using mainly military pilots as astronauts. During this period, no commercial space launches were available to private operators, and no private organization was able to offer space launches.
In the 1980s, the European Space Agency created Arianespace, the world's first commercial space transportation company, and, following the Challenger disaster, the American government deregulated the American space transportation market as well. In the 1990s the Russian government sold their majority stake in RSC Energia to private investors (although it has recently renationalized the Russian space sector in 2013–2014.)
These events for the first time allowed private organizations to purchase, develop and offer space launch services; beginning the period of private spaceflight in the late-1980s and early-1990s.
Satellite manufacturers.
There are 8 major companies that build large, commercial, Geosynchronous satellite platforms:
In addition to those above, the following companies have successfully built and launched (smaller) satellite platforms:
Launch vehicle manufacturers and providers of third party services.
Commercial wings of national space agencies:


Chembukadavu

Chembukadavu is a village situated near to Thiruvambady and Kodanchery in Kozhikode district of Kerala. Thusharagiri Falls is near to here. The Chembukadavu Dam project I in Kozhikode, North Kerala, India is the first of the string of 14 small hydroelectric projects undertaken by the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB), in collaboration with Hang Tso International Centre in China.It is located about 50 km east of Kozhikode in the foothills of Western ghats
In the first phase, the 2.7 MW mini hydroelectric project is expected to yield 6.59 million units. Without using a reservoir, the water in the Chaliya river is channeled through a weir, tanks, and pipes to a powerhouse to generate electricity. The first four out of the 14, Chembukadavu I, Chembukadavu II, Urumi I and Urumi II will be commissioned by the end the year. Chemukadavu I and Chembukadavu II have warranted an investment of Rs 11.38 crore and Rs 12.72 crore and are envisaged to yield 6.59 million units and 9.03 million units respectively.
UNIDO.
UNIDO's setting up of its regional small hydroelectric power base in Thiruvananthapuram has enhanced Kerala's investment potential in the cost-effective small hydroelectric power. The contribution of the UNIDO's southern hub will primarily be in planning and in facilitating soft loans for mini hydel power projects.
Transportation.
Chembukadavu village connects to other parts of India through Calicut city on the west and Thamarassery town on the east. National highway No.66 passes through Kozhikode and the northern stretch connects to Mangalore, Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. The eastern National Highway No.54 going through Adivaram connects to Kalpetta, Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest airports are at Kannur and Kozhikode. The nearest railway station is at Kozhikode.


Griffon Hoverwork

Griffon Hoverwork Ltd (GHL) is a British hovercraft designer and manufacturer.
It was originally founded as Griffon Hovercraft Ltd in 1976, based in Southampton. The firm set about the development of its own product range, launching its first diesel-powered hovercraft, the 1000TD, in 1983. During 2008, Griffon Hovercraft was acquired by the Bland Group; in the following year, it was merged with two other hovercraft specialists, Hoverwork Ltd and Hovercraft Consultants Ltd; the combined entity was branded Griffon Hoverwork Ltd. The company's primary facility is based along the River Itchen in Southampton.
At present, Griffon Hoverwork supplies a range of hovercraft, boats and other specialised marine services to governments, NGOs, and private companies for use in humanitarian, search and rescue, security and commercial roles. Being one of the oldest hovercraft manufacturers, Griffon Hoverwork's products have been used in various parts of the world. By August 2016, the company's existing market share extended into 41 countries while around 180 hovercraft have been delivered to end users. Perhaps its most commercially successful vehicle has been the Griffon 2000TD hovercraft.
History.
As a business entity, the company was established under the name Griffon Hovercraft in 1976; for the onset, it operated as a specialised manufacturer of hovercraft for commercial, military and search and rescue purposes. The company's founder, Dr E. W. H. Gifford, had been one of the early pioneers in the field, working alongside British inventor Sir Christopher Cockerell and having been involved with the first commercial hovercraft operations during the 1960s. Likewise, many of Griffon's engineering staff had participated in the development of various hovercraft at the competing manufacturing interest British Hovercraft Corporation, and drew upon their knowledge of the industry in the development of the company's own product range. Griffon Hoverwork's first diesel-powered hovercraft, which was marketed as the 1000TD, was launched in 1983.
Dr Gifford remained in charge of Griffon Hovercraft for many years; John Gifford, son of the founder, was the company's managing director at the time of its merger with "Hoverwork Ltd" in March 2009. Hoverwork Ltd was a long-established intermediary between hovercraft operators and manufacturers, having helped to launch chartered hovercraft services across the world and having predated Griffon Hoverwork by almost a decade. The merger also involved the integration of "Hovercraft Consultants Ltd", a formerly independent specialist in the design, manufacture and operation of hovercraft since 1982; prior to its acquisition, the company had been a supplier to Griffon Hoverwork.
Following the completion of the merger, other changes have been made at the company while under Bland Group's ownership; changes in Griffon Hoverwork's operating practices include an investment in modern lean manufacturing techniques and a new emphasis on after-sales customer interaction; the latter involves offering operators various products and services to improve the sustainability of both air cushion and conventional marine vessels. During the development of the 12000TD hovercraft in the 2010s, Griffon Hoverwork drew on passenger-orientated analysis supplied by operator Hovertravel, a sister company also owned by Bland Group; the passenger experience was a major focus point for the new craft. The company has also made efforts to increase its distributor network; in September 2015, Griffon Hoverwork signed a distributor agreement with South African defence firm Paramount Group.
Models.
Griffon Hoverwork produces a range of hovercraft that vary from a 380kg payload to 35-75 tonne payloads. Their hovercraft are typically built with aluminium hulls, while parts of the cabins are constructed from glass-reinforced plastic with a bespoke design specialised to the role each given craft shall be used for. Griffon Hoverwork has designed each vehicle to facilitate a wide variety of fit-out configurations to suit various military, paramilitary, industrial, commercial, logistical and commuting purposes. Hovercraft provide a high level of versatility over challenging environments impassible to most other vehicles, such as marshland, tidal estuaries, shallow water, ice, and rapids.
The company was the first hovercraft manufacturer to power their craft with marine diesel engines which, they have claimed, provides a greater level of durability while operating within salt water conditions. Over time, Griffon Hoverwork has incorporated various advances into its product range. The 995ED hovercraft features an adhesive-bonded aluminium hull to decrease craft weight and thereby increase its viable payload; it is the first commercially available hovercraft in the world to be controlled through azimuthing propeller ducts instead of traditional rudders. The company's more recent hovercraft, such as the 995ED and the larger 12000TD, have adopted an electric transmission to deliver power from the diesel engines to the propulsion, maneuvering thrusters, and lift systems.
Griffon hovercraft have been predominantly used for civilian transport, military, and life guard operations. They are commonly regarded as commercial craft for heavy duty applications, although considerations have also been made towards their use as leisure craft; passenger-orientated models typically feature noise-minimisation measures, increased external visibility, and accessibility accommodations. Furthermore, the company's product range is designed to meet exacting engineering standards; larger vessels are typically classified to Lloyd's Register standards or other customer-specified standards; they also meet compliance with various environmental, safety and reliability standards.
Specialised boats have been offered, capable of achieving speeds of up to 70 knots. The company also performs experimental design work. They designed and produced an experimental trimaran ferry boat for operation on the River Thames in London, hovering crop-sprayers, hovering cricket-pitch covers for Lord's Cricket Ground, and a hovering reed-cutter for a company in Austria.
Applications.
Military.
Griffon Hoverwork's products, primarily versions of their lightweight Griffon 2000TD hovercraft, have been purchased by numerous militaries around the world, including the Royal Marines, the Korean Coast Guard, the Pakistan Navy, the Swedish Coast Guard, the Polish Border Guard, the Estonian Border Guard, and the Lithuanian State Border Guard Service.
During 1993, the United Kingdom's Royal Marines received the first of several Griffon Hoverwork-built 2000TDs. Principally used for their amphibious capabilities, these craft participated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Royal Marines used 2000TDs to perform high-speed patrols along the waterways of the Zubayr river, south of Basra. In 2008, Britain decided to upgrade the Royal Marines' 2000TD fleet to the 2400TDs configuration, which resulted in a higher payload capacity along with increased ballistic protection for its occupants.
Between 2000 and 2014, the Griffon-GRSE 8000 TD-Class Hovercraft was manufactured in India for the Indian Coast Guard.
In 2010, in response to the 2010 Pakistan floods, the Pakistan Navy deployed its fleet of 2000TDs in a humanitarian aid capacity, assisting the 20 million people across the country; the fleet was able to deliver medical supplies and meet other logistical needs across uncharted waters that had otherwise isolated whole communities. That same year, the Pakistan Navy procured a pair of 8100TD hovercraft, each being capable of carrying up to 10 tonnes of payload.
During 2010, Griffon bid for work on the Ship-to-Shore Connector, which would replace the United States Navy's Landing Craft Air Cushion. On 6 July 2012, it was announced that a rival bid headed by Textron Marine & Land Systems had been awarded the $212.7 million fixed-priced contract instead.
During the 2010s, the Colombian Naval Infantry has introduced several hovercraft into their forces; these have been deployed in their long-running conflict against FARC insurgents within the challenging terrain of the Amazon rainforest. According to John Carlos Florez, commander of Colombia's Naval Force South, hovercraft have enabled year-round movement, which was previously impossible with conventional vehicles.
Civil.
In 1983, Griffon Hoverwork supplied the South Coast hovercraft operator Hovertravel with the first of their AP1-88 hovercraft; these were used to ferry passengers between Southsea and the Isle of Wight up until 2016. Hovertravel elected to replace its AP1-88 fleet with a pair of Griffon Hoverwork's 12000TD hovercraft, known as "Solent Flyer" and "Island Flyer", which have been in operation since then.
In 2000, Griffon Hoverwork supplied the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI), a UK based charity dedicated to saving lives at sea, with its first hovercraft. Two years later, the RNLI began operating a fleet of seven 470TD hovercraft, known as the H class. These are typically used for search and rescue over coastal terrain, including mud flats and quicksand.
In 2008, a Griffon 380TD entered service with Avon Fire and Rescue Service.


Riverland Solar Storage

Riverland Solar Storage is a proposed photo-voltaic solar power station planned to be built near Morgan in South Australia.
The project was announced in March 2017 by Lyon Group at a press conference which included Jay Weatherill, the premier of South Australia. Construction was expected to start within months and would employ 270 people during construction. It is proposed to generate up to 330MW of electricity from 3.4 million solar panels. It was also announced that it would have 1.1 million batteries providing 100 MW / 400MWh of electricity storage. It received development approval on 29 November 2017. The developer said it expected it to begin operations in late 2018. However only a month later, another press release announced that the project was on track to commence construction in early 2019.
A delay arose in late 2017 when the intended supplier of solar modules, First Solar sued Lyon Group for an unpaid loan. At the time, Lyon was attempting to sell several of its development projects, including Riverland Solar Storage. Lyon continued to prepare development of Riverland and two sister projects, and announced partners JERA (a joint venture of Tokyo Electric Power Company and Chubu Electric Power) and Fluence (a joint venture of Siemens and AES Corporation) for the battery storage in May 2018. Administrators were appointed to three companies in the Lyon Group in May 2019. In October 2019, Lyon announced that it had reached an arrangement with China Huadian Corporation to partner in developing projects in Australia and Asia.


Pool Test Reactor

Pool Test Reactor (PTR) was a 10 kWt ordinary (light) water moderated pool-type reactor fueled with highly enriched uranium built at Chalk River in 1957. It used 93% enriched uranium-aluminum plate-type fuel. The reactor, was used for burnup measurement of fissile samples from NRX. The reactor was designed and built by Canadair.
History.
On November 29, 1957 the reactor attained first criticality and shortly took over the function of ZEEP for measuring reactivity effects of materials, particularly after irradiation. It was shut down and defueled in 1990.


Wildenthal (Eibenstock)

Wildenthal is a village in the town of Eibenstock in the district of Erzgebirgskreis in the Saxon Ore Mountains of Central Germany.
Location.
The state-recognised resort lies in a deeply incised valley of the Große Bockau river at the foot of the 1019-metre-high Auersberg within the Ore Mountains/Vogtland Nature Park. The village lies at an elevation of between 720 and 1019 metres above sea level (NN). The hamlet of Oberwildenthal on the state road to Johanngeorgenstadt also belongs to the town subdivision of Wildenthal. A link road to Carlsfeld branches off in the village.


Richard Phelps (bell-founder)

Richard Phelps (c.1670–1738) was born in Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Phelps was a bell-founder, or a maker of bells, primarily for churches. He was master of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in London from 1701 to 1738, and is best known for his large bell, Great Tom, in the steeple of St Paul's Cathedral in London, England. The foundry, in operation since at least 1570, was listed by the "Guinness Book of Records" as the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain.
Whitechapel foundry owner.
Little is known of Phelps before he became owner of Whitechapel. He took over the foundry on the death of the former foundry owner James Bartlett in January, 1701. Phelps remained as the head of the foundry for thirty-seven years, during which time the business grew to be the most successful in the kingdom. The bells that the foundry made were installed in many locations across England. Among his most well-known bells used to be hung in the steeples of St Michael-upon-Cornhill; St Magnus the Martyr; All Hallows, Lombard Street; St Andrew, Holborn; and Cambridge (Great St Mary's), and there is still a bell at St Paul's Cathedral. It was customary for bell-founders to add an inscription to their bells. Phelps’ inscriptions were typically much longer than his predecessors. For example, the following inscription used to appear on the tenth bell of St Michael-upon-Cornhill until it was recast in 2011:
The Whitechapel foundry was very prosperous under the ownership of Richard Phelps. Lukis cites the inscription on the tenor bell at Avebury, Wilts, "Richard Phelps, London, Nat. par. hujus 1719" as indicating Phelps was born there.
Bells for St Paul's Cathedral.
Phelps’ most famous bell is Great Tom at St Paul's Cathedral in London, England. The history of this bell began long before Phelps’ involvement with it. In 1698, King William III gave the bells from St Stephen's Chapel to the newly rebuilt St Paul’s. The largest of these bells was originally called "Edward I" or "Edward of Westminster", and was later known as "Great Tom of Westminster". The name "Great Tom" is thought to be a corruption of "grand ton", referencing its deep, sonorous tone. It then weighed .
In 1699, while the bell was being moved to St Paul’s, it fell off its carriage and was cracked. Bell Yard at Temple Bar received its name from this event. The bell remained in a shed in the yard of St Paul's Cathedral until 1708 when it was recast by Philip Wightman at a weight of approximately and hung in the south west tower. The recasting was a failure.
In 1709, Richard Phelps cast a new bell, which was delivered to the Cathedral before the old one was taken away, but the new bell also failed. Nine years later Phelps was given the job of recasting it once again. The present bell is described by Phelps’ successors Charles and George Mears as being in diameter, , and with thickness at sound bow , and weighing . The larger part of the metal of which it is made came from "Great Tom of Westminster". It bears the inscription:
The bell, which hangs in the South West Tower of the cathedral is “only used for tolling the hour, and for tolling at the death and funeral of a member of the royal family, the Bishop of London, the Dean of the Cathedral, or the Lord Mayor”. An exception was made for the death of American President James Garfield.
In 1717, Richard Phelps cast two more bells that were added as quarter jacks. Still in use today, the first weighs , is in diameter and is tuned to A flat; the second weighs and is in diameter and is tuned to E flat.
Other churches.
He cast a large number of bells for London churches, including the tenor bell at St Margaret's Church in West Hoathly, West Sussex, which is inscribed:
On 5 September 1726, Richard Phelps and church wardens James Smith and Charles Ball of St Dionis Backchurch reached an agreement for a set of eight new bells and frames. Included in the deal was the exchange of the old bells. The agreement was later amended to include two more bells and frames.
The bells at St Magnus the Martyr, London Bridge were formed a ring of ten with a tenor of . Succeeding a ring of five, the back eight were cast in 1714 by Richard Phelps, ten years after the spire was built, and the trebles very soon after. These bells were scrapped in 1976.
Last bell cast.
The last bell bearing Phelps’ name was the priests’ bell at St George's Cathedral, Southwark in Southwark, inscribed:
Phelps died in 1738, and the order for this bell was completed by his foreman Thomas Lester, to whom he bequeathed his business and the lease of the foundry.


Beverly Rae Kimes

Beverly Rae Kimes (August 17, 1939 – May 12, 2008) was an American automotive journalist and historian, known as the "First Lady of Automotive History" and "The Grande Dame of Automobile History". She was born in West Chicago, Illinois on August 17, 1939 and grew up in Wheaton, Illinois. She received a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois, and a master's degree in journalism from the Pennsylvania State University.
Her first job was at "Automobile Quarterly" in 1963. She claimed that the total extent of her car knowledge when she started was the info on her driver's license. She had originally wanted to be a theater writer, but once she started writing about cars, the theater dream faded. She said, "My first assignment was a history of the Curved Dash Oldsmobile and I was hooked." She was promoted to head editor in 1975, a position she held until 1981, when she left to concentrate on free-lance writing.
Books.
She went on to write 15 books, including "The Standard Catalog of American Automobiles", considered by auto journalists as the most comprehensive work on the history of defunct automobile companies. Her co-writer was Henry Austin Clark, Jr. Some of her other works include ""The Classic Era," "Pioneers, Engineers, And Scoundrels: The Dawn Of The Automobile In America," "The Star and the Laurel: The Centennial History of Daimler, Mercedes, and Benz, 1886-1986," “Packard: A History of the Motor Car and the Company,” "The Cars That Henry Ford Built," "Walter L Marr: Buick's Amazing Engineer," (with James H. Cox), (books which won the Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot Award), "Chevrolet: A History from 1911," (with Robert Ackerson), "Speed, Style and Beauty," and "My Two Lives" She also became editor of the "Classic Car" magazine, for the Classic Car Club of America.
Besides books, she wrote hundreds of articles, many of them winning the Karl Benz Award. In 2005, she was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Automotive Media Awards.
Awards.
Kimes received numerous awards including several Moto Awards from the International Automotive Media Awards and the Thomas McKean Memorial Cup from the Antique Automobile Club of America. She was honored by Society of Automobile Historians as a Friend of Automotive History, their highest award. In 1993, she received a Distinguished Service Citation from the Automotive Hall of Fame.
She also was given a Lifetime Achievement Award as well as the "Best of Books" honor from IAM Awards.
Besides books, she wrote hundreds of articles, many of them winning the Karl Benz Award. In 2005, she was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Automotive Media Awards. Probably no auto historian has been cited as many times as Beverly Rae Kimes.
Personal life and death.
In 1984, Kimes was married to James H. Cox, her collaborator on the Walter Marrs book. Her full name after marriage was Beverly Rae Kimes Cox.
She loved New York City and was active in city improvement activities, including being the President of The East 80th St Block Association, and an officer for the U of I Alumni Club of Greater New York.
Kimes' husband, James Cox, announced her death on May 12, 2008. She died of kidney failure in Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, New York.


Allen Fossil Plant

The Allen Fossil Plant was a 741-megawatt (MW), coal power plant located south of Memphis, Tennessee. It generated electricity from 1959 to 2018. At the time of its closure, the plant was operated by Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
History.
Memphis Light, Gas and Water (MLGW) began construction of the Allen Fossil Plant in 1956 with commercial generation beginning in 1959. The plant was named after Thomas H. Allen, a former president of MLGW. The TVA took over plant operations in 1964 as a lease with MLGW before buying the plant outright in 1984. Allen had a generating capacity of 741 MW. TVA announced plans that Allen would be replaced with by the Allen Combined Cycle Plant, a natural gas plant, in order to reduce emissions by 2018 set by a 2011 agreement with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). TVA shut down the plant on March 31, 2018.
Environmental impact.
Byproducts from Allen, known as coal combustion residuals (CCR), were deposited in the West Ash Impoundment. These residuals were known to contain arsenic. When the TVA released an environmental impact statement (EIS) of the impoundment in 2016, three options were generated to deal with approximately 250,000 cubic yards of CCR once the plant closed. Ultimately, the TVA opted for Alternative B. The CCR would remain in place in the impoundment, but modifications of the site would be made to minimize leachate escaping into the Mississippi River, local groundwater, and nearby McKellar Lake. Groundwater monitoring equipment would also be installed at the site.


Runit Island

Runit Island () is one of 40 islands of the Enewetak Atoll of the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The island is the site of a radioactive waste repository left by the United States after it conducted a series of nuclear tests on Enewetak Atoll between 1946 and 1958. There are ongoing concerns around deterioration of the waste site and a potential radioactive spill.
Runit Dome.
Construction.
The Runit Dome, also called Cactus Dome or locally , is a diameter, thick dome of concrete at sea level, encapsulating an estimated of radioactive debris, including some plutonium-239. The debris stems from nuclear tests conducted in the Enewetak Atoll by the United States between 1946 and 1958.
From 1977 to 1980, loose waste and topsoil debris scraped off from six different islands in the Enewetak Atoll was transported here, mixed with concrete, and stored in the nuclear blast crater of the Cactus test from May 6, 1958. Four thousand US servicemen were involved in the cleanup and it took three years to complete. The waste-filled crater was finally entombed in concrete.
Erosion.
In 1982, a US government task force raised concern about a probable breach if a severe typhoon were to hit the island. In 2013, a report by the US Department of Energy found that the concrete dome had weathered with minor cracking of the structure. However, the soil around the dome was found to be more contaminated than its contents, so a breach could not increase the radiation levels by any means. Because the cleaning operation in the 1970s only removed an estimated 0.8 percent of the total transuranic waste in the Enewetak atoll, the soil and the lagoon water surrounding the structure now contain a higher level of radioactivity than the debris of the dome itself, so even in the event of a total collapse, the radiation dose delivered to the local resident population or marine environment should not change significantly. Concern primarily lies in the rapid tidal response to the height of the water beneath the debris pile, with the potential for contamination of the groundwater supply with radionuclides. One particular concern is that, in order to save costs, the original plan to line the porous bottom crater with concrete was abandoned. Since the bottom of the crater consists of permeable soil, there is seawater inside the dome. However, as the Department of Energy report stated, the released radionuclides will be very rapidly diluted and should not cause any elevated radioactive risk for the marine environment, compared to what is already experienced. Leaking and breaching of the dome could however disperse plutonium, a radioactive element that is also a toxic heavy metal.
An investigative report by the "Los Angeles Times" in November 2019 reignited fears of the Dome cracking and releasing radioactive material into the soil and surrounding water. The DOE has been directed by Congress to assess the condition of the structure and develop a repair plan during the first half of 2020.
Illness of army personnel.
Many US army personnel worked to build the dome and transport the radioactive material. Some of these have died of cancer and others have become sick. The US government has so far refused to offer any compensation for the illnesses associated with the construction of Runit Dome.


BorsodChem

Wanhua-BorsodChem is a Hungarian chemical raw material manufacturing company headquartered in Kazincbarcika, Northern Hungary. It is the European member of the "Wanhua Chemical Group". The company specializes in isocyanates (MDI, TDI), PVC and chlor-alkali (vinyl) businesses. The main production site is located in Kazincbarcika, Hungary but the production is also supported by other European production capacities located in Ostrava, the Czech Republic and Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland. Several branch offices are available in Hungary, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Italy and Poland. Since 2008 a new R&D and technical support center was established in Gödöllő.
History.
Beginnings.
The establishment of the "Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát (BVK)" the predecessor of Wanhua-BorsodChem, was decided at the end of 1949, based on the Borsod coal, the water of the Sajó, the proximity of the road and the railway. In the new industrial area, a decision was made to build a coal classifier, a coking plant, a coal-fired power plant and a Lignite-based chemical plant (nitrogen plant), as well as service plants, with a budget allocation of HUF 1 billion. The giant investment took place between 1950 and 1955, and was inaugurated on 10 December 1955. It became the largest industrial facility in the country at the time. Deficiencies and errors made during construction delayed the start of continuous production for 3 years.
PVC era.
The year 1963 brought the biggest changes in "BVK's" life to date. They switched to the production of natural gas-based synthesis gas, and in parallel, coke-based operations were discontinued. They merged with the "Berente Chemical Works" and launched the Olefin I program, under which the production of thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) began for the first time in the country. They built their mercury cathode chlorine and hydrochloric acid plant.
The second expansion of the nitrogen plant began in 1964, during which the construction of their urea plant was also started. In 1969, the "PVC-II Factory", which also produces PVC powder, was put into operation. At that time, "BVK" was the 6th largest company in the Hungarian chemical industry in terms of headcount.
A modern plastic factory capable of producing 150,000 tons of PVC per year was built in 1971. This became the largest chemical investment in Hungary to date. Three years later, the expansion continued with the construction of a new PVC plant "(PVC III)", which was built on oil instead of natural gas and processed ethylene purchased from the "Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát (TVK)". From the early 1980s, great emphasis was placed on plastic processing. In 1983, the mixing plant and the PVC window plant, the last plants in the program, were put into operation and the installation of the phosgene plant was completed.
BorsodChem.
Stock market membership in Budapest and London.
On 1 August 1991, as the legal successor to the 1949-founded "Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát", the company "BorsodChem" was officially established. "BorsodChem" has become one of the largest chemical companies in Hungary. In 1996, it became the first company to register its shares on the Budapest Stock Exchange as well as the London Stock Exchange. In 2000, he bought 28.5 percent of the shares of "Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát", which were later resold to "MOL".
M&A incident in 2000.
Irish-registered offshore company "Milford Holdings" purchased a 24.7% stake in 2000. It sold the stake to "CIB", the Hungarian subsidiary of "Banca Commerciale Italiana". "Vienna Capital Partners" was involved in the affair. Hungarian prime minister called for an investigation into the deal of M&A (Mergers and Acquisitions) .
Wanhua Industrial Group.
In 2006, the majority ownership of the company was acquired by "Permira Venture Capital Fund", which delisted the shares from the stock exchange in the following year. Since 2011, "BorsodChem Zrt." has been managed by the Chinese "Wanhua Industrial Group" the fastest growing group of companies producing and selling polyurethane raw materials in the world. Today, "Wanhua – BorsodChem" is Hungary's leading chemical company and one of Europe's leading producers of MDI, TDI and PVC raw materials and a leading manufacturer of specialty chemical products.
Developments.
At the end of 2018, "Wanhua – BorsodChem" decided to invest in brownfields and had begun to build an aniline factory. Of the cost of 142.2 million euros, 45 million is covered by the Hungarian state subsidy. The handover of the factory is expected in 2021. With the start-up of the new plant, the company will create about fifty new jobs.
Again on the stock market.
In 2019, a successor of "Wanhua Industrial Group", injected the shares of "BorsodChem" into the listed associate company Wanhua Chemical Group.
Administrative changes.
Thanks to the establishment of "Borsodi Vegyi Kombinát" and the huge number of workers attracted here, Kazincbarcika was awarded the city's rank and became one of the first so called 'socialist city' in 1954.
Its location in Berente, a village annexed to Kazincbarcika in 1954, caused several residents resenting the fact that they receive only a small part of the local taxes the factory pays. This led to the secession of Berente in 1999.