Adriano Maleiane

Adriano Afonso Maleiane (born 6 November 1949 in Matola, Portuguese East Africa) is a Mozambican economist and politician of the FRELIMO party.
Early life and education.
Maleiane graduated in economics at Eduardo Mondlane University and got his master's degree in managerial finance at University of London.
Career.
Between 1991 and 2006 Maleiane served as the governor of the Mozambican central bank, the Bank of Mozambique. He served as chairman and CEO of the Banco Nacional de Investimento (BNI), Mozambique's state-owned development bank, between 2011 and January 2015.
Since 19 January 2015, Maleiane has been serving as the Minister of Economy and Finance in President Filipe Nyusi's cabinet.


Matti Louekoski

Matti Kalevi Louekoski (born 14 April 1941) is a Finnish politician and a lawyer as profession. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and a former long-term member of the governing board of the Bank of Finland.
Louekoski was born in Oulu, and was elected to the Parliament for the periods of 1976-1979 and 1983–1996. He was a member of several cabinets, including Minister of Education in Aura cabinet of 1971, Minister of Justice in Sorsa cabinet 1972–1975, Minister of Justice in Holkeri cabinet 1987–1990. In 1990 Louekoski became the Minister of Finance in Holkeri cabinet when Erkki Liikanen became the ambassador to European Union. Louekoski's term as the Minister of Finance ended in the 1991 elections. Louekoski hold the post of a minister for total 2 782 days.
Louekoski served also in the Espoo city council 1977–2002. He was a member of the board of Imatra power 1974-1990 and a member of Finnish Olympic Committee 1988–1993. Louekoski left the Parliament in 1996 to become a member of the board of the Bank of Finland. He acted as the deputy chairman of the board 2000–2008. He retired on 1 January 2008.


Vineland Secondary

The Vineland Secondary is a rail line owned, operated and maintained by Conrail Shared Assets Operations for the use of CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway. It begins at Pavonia Yard in Camden and heads south, with a spur serving the Port of Camden. At Woodbury it junctons with the Salem Branch and Penns Grove Secondary, and continues to Millville, passing through namesake Vineland. At its southern end it connects to the OmniTRAX-owned Winchester and Western Railroad. The line is used exclusively for freight, however, the northern portion is planned to be used for the proposed Glassboro–Camden light rail line.
History.
The West Jersey Railroad (WJ) was granted its charter by the state on February 5, 1853 to build a line from Camden to Cape May. The line was built with the backing of the Camden and Amboy Railroad from Camden to Glassboro, with the first 8.2 miles of the line using the abandoned right-of-way (ROW) built by the Camden and Woodbury Railroad to Woodbury.
In 1896 the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) consolidated all its railroads and several smaller properties in southern New Jersey into the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad (WJ&S). In 1932, the PRR and Reading Company (RDG) merged their southern New Jersey railroad lines into one company, the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines (PRSL). The line was electrified between 1906–1949. In 1968 New York Central Railroad was merged into the PRR becoming Penn Central, which was bankrupt by 1970. The last passenger train ran on February 5, 1971.
The line came under the auspices of Conrail. Following the purchase and division of Conrail it was designated part of the South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area, becoming known as the Vineland Secondary. In 1995, Conrail refurbished the Vineland Secondary and the connected Millville Running Track.
The original station house Glassboro station was restored in the 2010s.
In 2012, New Jersey Department of Transportation determined the ROW should be preserved and could expect expanded future use. In 2019, level crossings through Vineland were upgraded or eliminated.


Virginian EL-C

The Virginian EL-C, later known as the New Haven EF-4 and E33, was an electric locomotive built for the Virginian Railway by General Electric in August 1955. They were the first successful production locomotives to use Ignitron (mercury arc) rectifier technology. Although they proved to be a successful design, no more EL-Cs were built, due to the small number of railroads that had electrification and the advent of improved electric locomotive technology. They were among the last mainline electric freight locomotives in the United States.
Background.
In the mid-1920s the Virginian Railway had adopted an 11 kV 25 Hz AC electrification for its coal-heavy main line between Mullens, West Virginia and Roanoke, Virginia. To work this line the Virginian bought 36 EL-3A boxcab locomotives from Westinghouse. The Virginian added four EL-2B locomotives from General Electric after World War II, but the original fleet was showing its age. In the mid-1950s the Virginian decided to continue electrification in lieu of dieselization, and ordered new locomotives from GE to replace the original boxcabs.
Design.
GE employed then-new ignitron rectifier technology, first used on the experimental Pennsylvania Railroad E2c and E3b locomotives. The rectifiers converted the overhead AC to DC. A transformer stepped the voltage down from 11 kV to feed the rectifier. The DC voltage from the rectifier was then smoothed by a reactor before it was passed on to the traction motors. There were six traction motors, one for each axle. Starting tractive effort was ; maximum power output . The maximum speed of the locomotive was . Each locomotive had six axles in a C-C configuration. They were long and weighed .
History.
GE delivered 12 locomotives, numbered 130–141, to the Virginian between October 1956 and January 1957. The locomotives performed well in freight service and the Virginian retired the EL-3As as planned. The situation changed dramatically in December 1959 when the long-discussed merger between the Virginian and the Norfolk and Western Railway occurred. The routes were largely parallel, and the N&W had scrapped its own electrification scheme in 1950. The N&W renumbered the EL-Cs 230–241 and kept them running, but change was coming. The N&W routed only eastbound traffic over the former Virginian, with all westbound traffic going over the N&W main line. The electrification system became surplus to requirements and was shut down on June 30, 1962.
N&W rebuilt one EL-C, 230, as a road slug, but the experiment proved unsuccessful. In 1963 the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad stepped in. The New Haven was cash-strapped but in need of power to replace 1910s-era boxcabs on its electrification between New York and New Haven. The N&W sold all 12 locomotives, including the slug as a parts source, for $300,000. The New Haven designated the locomotives EF-4 and renumbered them 300–310.
The locomotives gained their fourth owner in 1969 when the New Haven became part of Penn Central. With the change in ownership came a new designation, E33 (following the old Pennsylvania Railroad nomenclature), a renumbering to 4600–4610, and a new assignment: protecting freight schedules on the Northeast Corridor and the Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line. No. 4600 was wrecked and never entered service. A fifth and final change in ownership came in 1976 when the bankrupt Penn Central became part of Conrail. Retained and repainted by Conrail, all 10 E33s were retired at the end of March 1981 when Conrail shut down its electric freight operations.
Preservation.
Conrail sent its remaining E33s back to GE as trade-ins. Two were preserved: ex-Virginian No. 131, painted as Conrail 4601 which was at the Railroad Museum of New England (RMNE) and ex-Virginian No. 135 at the Virginia Museum of Transportation. RMNE sold No. 4601 to the Illinois Railway Museum in 2015


Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend

Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, (; 18 April 167421 June 1738) was an English Whig statesman. He served for a decade as Secretary of State for the Northern Department, 1714–1717, 1721–1730. He directed British foreign policy in close collaboration with his brother-in-law, prime minister Robert Walpole. He was often known as Turnip Townshend because of his strong interest in farming turnips and his role in the British Agricultural Revolution.
Early life.
Townshend was the eldest son of Sir Horatio Townshend, 3rd Baronet, who was created Baron Townshend in 1661 and Viscount Townshend in 1682. The old Norfolk family of Townshend, to which he belonged, is descended from Sir Roger Townshend (d. 1493) of Raynham, who acted as legal advisor to the Paston family, and was made a justice of the common pleas in 1484. His descendant, another Sir Roger Townshend (c. 1543–1590), had a son Sir John Townshend (1564–1603), a soldier, whose son, Sir Roger Townshend (1588– 1637), was created a baronet in 1617. He was the father of Sir Horatio Townshend.
Born at Raynham Hall, Norfolk, Townshend succeeded to the peerages in December 1687, and was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge. He had Tory sympathies when he took his seat in the House of Lords, but his views changed, and he began to take an active part in politics as a Whig. For a few years after the accession of Queen Anne he remained without office, but in November 1708 he was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, having in the previous year been summoned to the Privy Council. He was ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the States-General from 1709 to 1711, taking part during these years in the negotiations which preceded the conclusion of the Treaty of Utrecht.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in April 1706.
Secretary of State and other posts.
After his recall to England he was busily occupied in attacking the proceedings of the new Tory ministry. Townshend quickly won the favour of George I, and in September 1714, the new king selected him as Secretary of State for the Northern Department. The policy of Townshend and his colleagues, after they had crushed the Jacobite rising of 1715, both at home and abroad, was one of peace. The secretary disliked the interference of Britain in the war between Sweden and Denmark, and he promoted the conclusion of defensive alliances between Britain and the emperor and Britain and France.
In spite of these successes the influence of the Whigs was gradually undermined by the intrigues of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, and by the discontent of the Hanoverian favourites. In October 1716, Townshend's colleague, James Stanhope afterwards 1st Earl Stanhope, accompanied the king on his visit to Hanover, and while there he was seduced from his allegiance to his fellow ministers by Sunderland, George being led to believe that Townshend and his brother-in-law, Sir Robert Walpole, were caballing with the Prince of Wales, their intention being that the prince should supplant his father on the throne. Consequently, in December 1716 the secretary was dismissed and was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but he only retained this post until the following April. When he was dismissed for voting against the government, he was joined by his brother-in-law Robert Walpole and other Whig Allies. This began the Whig Split which would divide the dominant party until 1720, with the opposition Whigs joining with the Tories to defeat Stanhope's government over several issues including the Peerage Bill of 1719.
Early in 1720 a partial reconciliation took place between the parties of Stanhope and Townshend, and in June of this year the latter became Lord President of the Council, a post which he held until February 1721, when, after the death of Stanhope and the forced retirement of Sunderland, a result of the South Sea Bubble, he was again appointed secretary of state for the northern department, with Walpole as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer. The two remained in power during the remainder of the reign of George I the chief domestic events of the time being the impeachment of Bishop Atterbury, the pardon and partial restoration of Lord Bolingbroke, and the troubles in Ireland caused by the patent permitting Wood to coin halfpence.
Townshend secured the dismissal of his rival, Lord Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville, but soon differences arose between himself and Walpole, and he had some difficulty in steering a course through the troubled sea of European politics. Although disliking him, George II retained him in office, but the predominance in the ministry passed gradually but surely from him to Walpole. Townshend could not brook this. So long, to use Walpole's witty remark, as the firm was Townshend and Walpole all went well with it, but when the positions were reversed jealousies arose between the partners. Serious differences of opinion concerning the policy to be adopted towards Austria and in foreign politics generally led to a final rupture in 1730. Failing, owing to Walpole's interference, in his efforts to procure the dismissal of a colleague and his replacement by a personal friend, Townshend retired on 15 May 1730. His departure removed the final obstacle to the conclusion of an Anglo-Austrian Alliance which would become the centrepiece of British foreign policy until 1756.
According to historians Linda Frey and Marsha Frey:
"Turnip" Townshend.
His remaining years were passed at Raynham, where he interested himself in agriculture. He promoted adoption of the Norfolk four-course system, involving rotation of turnips, barley, clover, and wheat crops. He was an enthusiastic advocate of growing turnips as a field crop for livestock feed. As a result of his promotion of turnip-growing and his agricultural experiments at Raynham, he became known as "Turnip Townshend". (Alexander Pope mentions "Townshend's turnips" in "Imitations of Horace, Epistle II".) Townshend is often mentioned, together with Jethro Tull, Robert Bakewell, and others, as a major figure in England's "Agricultural Revolution", contributing to adoption of agricultural practices that led to the increase in Britain's population between 1700 and 1850.
He died at Raynham on 21 June 1738.
Family.
Townshend was twice married—first to Elizabeth Pelham (d. 1711), daughter of Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham of Laughton and his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Jones of Ramsbury Manor, Attorney General for England and Wales.
Children of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend of Raynham and Hon. Elizabeth Pelham
Secondly, he was married to Dorothy Walpole (1686–1726), sister of Sir Robert Walpole, who is said to haunt Raynham as the Brown Lady of Raynham Hall.
Children of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend of Raynham and Dorothy Townshend
He had nine sons, one of them died at a young age. The eldest son, Charles, the 3rd viscount (1700–1764), was called to the House of Lords in 1723. The second son, Thomas Townshend (1701–1780), was member of parliament for the University of Cambridge from 1727 to 1774; his only son, Thomas Townshend (1733–1800), who was created Baron Sydney in 1783 and Viscount Sydney in 1789, was a secretary of state and Leader of the House of Commons from July 1782 to April 1783, and from December 1783 to June 1789 again a secretary of state, Sydney in New South Wales being named after him; his grandson, John Robert Townshend (1805–1890), the 3rd viscount, was created Earl Sydney in 1874, the titles becoming extinct at his death. Charles Townshend's eldest son by his second wife was George Townshend (1715–1769), who after serving for many years in the navy, became an admiral in 1765. The younger son Edward (1719–1765) became Dean of Norwich
The third viscount had two sons, George, 1st Marquess Townshend, and Charles Townshend.
Townsend was the maternal grandfather of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis.


Otto Stenroth

Otto Stenroth (13 May 1861 in Saarijärvi – 16 December 1939 in Helsinki) was a Finnish lawyer, politician and banker.
He served as a member of Kansallis-Osake-Pankki bank executive board from 1889 to 1893, and deputy director general of Kansallis-Osake-Pankki bank executive board from 1893 to 1906. Thereafter, he served as the chairman of the board of Hypoteekkikassa from 1904 to 1908 and 1909 to 1916. Stenroth was the managing director of Finnish Real Estate Bank from 1907 to 1908 and 1909 to 1918.
Stenroth was a member of the Diet of Finland for the burghers 1891–1900. He was elected as a member of the parliament for the Young Finnish Party from the Eastern Province of Vaasa constituency 1908–1909. He was a member of the Helsinki City Council 1911-1918 and its vice chairman from 1915 to 1918.
Otto Stenroth was in the Senate of the Grand Duchy of Finland, head of the Senate Commerce and Industry Committee in the Hjelt cabinet 1908–1909. When Finland gained independence, Stenroth became the Head of the Foreign Affairs Board and a senator in the Paasikivi cabinet 27 May 1918 – 27 November 1918.
Stenroth was the Governor of Bank of Finland from 13 December 1918 to 20 January 1923.


Albert Goffin

Albert Goffin (died 1958) was a Belgian banker, civil servant and governor of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) from 16 July until 27 November 1941.
He started his career at the NBB in 1907. In 1922, he became administrator delegate at the Banque Liégeoise and administrator of the Banque de Bruxelles in Liège in 1931 after which he returned to the NBB in 1934, where he was in charge of the discount operations. In 1941, he was appointed as governor of the NBB by Secretary General Plisnier, but the Pierlot government in exile at London did not recognise his appointment. On 27 November 1941, Georges Theunis was appointed instead, by the Pierlot-government. After the end of World War II, Goffin was obliged to resign, which brought an end to his career.


International Business Centre of Madeira

The International Business Center of Madeira (IBCM) or Madeira International Business Centre (MIBC), formally known as the Madeira Free Trade Zone, is a set of tax benefits authorised by Decree-Law 500/80 in 1980, legislated in 1986, and amended throughout the years by the Portuguese government to favor the Autonomous Region of Madeira. Its objectives are to attract foreign investment to the region and internationalise Portuguese companies by allowing them to benefit one of the lowest corporate taxation rates in Europe and in the OECD member countries.
Since 1987, the MIBC has been managed and promoted by a private company, "Sociedade de Desenvolvimento da Madeira S.A." (SDM), in which the Regional Government of Madeira currently holds of 48,86% the shares. The other main shareholder is Pestana Group, holding 51,14% of the shares. As of January 2020, the Vice-Presidency of the Madeira Regional Government announced its intention of acquiring 51% of the shares of SDM.
The International Shipping Registry of Madeira (locally known as MAR or RIN-MAR), created by the Portuguese government to develop its blue economy, is associated strongly with the MIBC. As one of Europe's largest ship and yacht registries, MAR accepts the registration of all types of commercial vehicles. In 2016, MAR had a total of 516 registered vessels. The registry offers benefits to shipping companies and ships, oil rigs and yachts, including a mortgage system and access to European continental and island cabotage.
European Union approval.
The MIBC was created the year that Portugal became a member state of the European Union. The tax benefits approved for Madeira would be considered state aid under EU law, and subject to approval by the European Commission.
Approval of such tax benefits by the European Commission is covered by Article 349 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which states that specific measures are to be implemented in the EU's outermost regions to offset structural, social and economic situations compounded by "remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on a few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development". Among the measures foreseen in the treaty is the creation of free-trade zones.
The MIBC is regulated and supervised by Portuguese (the Regional Government of Madeira, the Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority, and the Portuguese Social Security System) and EU authorities (primarily the Directorate-General for Competition). Through the MIBC, Madeira became the only jurisdiction in Portugal to allow the incorporation of trusts (a common law fiduciary relationship which is non-existent in Portuguese law). In a Madeiran trust, the settlor designates the law regulating the trust.
Tax benefits.
Since the 1980s, MIBC tax benefits have evolved. Their core principle is the reduction of the corporate tax rates in the Portuguese tax code.
Under the current set of tax benefits applicable to the MIBC tax benefits, the applicable corporate income tax rate—known in Portugal as IRC—for licensed companies is 5% of taxable income. However, if the company conducts business activities with other Portuguese companies which are not licensed to operate in the MIBC, the tax rate on profits is the normal 20%.
Since companies licensed in the MIBC are Portuguese companies for all legal purposes, they may qualify (under certain conditions) for the Portuguese-European participation exemption regime applicable to dividends and capital gains.
Trusts.
Apart from the unique rules applicable to trust within the MIBC, trusts are fully exempt from taxation on dividends received from shares, royalties or interest received on the deposits and all (non-financial) income distributed from the trustee to the trust's beneficiaries is fully exempt of taxation provided these beneficiaries are corporate entities licensed to operate within the MIBC or non-Portuguese resident entities/individuals.
Substance Requirements.
The above-mentioned tax benefits, namely the reduced corporate tax rates, are only granted if the following substance requirements are met:
Although the European Commission does not state anywhere in its regime approval, local stakeholders are of the understanding that the employees to be hire need to be on a full-time basis and resident, for tax purposes, on the Autonomous Region of Madeira.
The minimum investment, in tangible or intangible assets, of €75,000 must occur, within two years after incorporation, if the licensed company is to hire less than six employees.
Criticism.
Although labor costs in Madeira are among the lowest in the Western Europe, the minimum wage being below €700, the requirement concerning the need to create job posts has also been harshly criticized by stakeholders, namely the concessionary "Sociededade de Desenvolvimento da Madeira" who reported a mass exodus of companies to competitor jurisdictions, such Luxembourg and Malta, after the job creation was implemented and having it depend on the companies' taxable profit. Furthermore, the number employees per company was higher, before the employment requirement was established, since companies would hire on a need basis and not in accordance with law dictates.
Limits to the tax benefits.
Licensed companies, operating within the MIBC framework are subject to one of the following annual maximum limits applicable to the tax benefits provided for in this regime:
This means that the difference between the normal tax corporate rate in the Autonomous Region of Madeira and the 5% corporate tax rate on the taxable profit, granted to the companies, cannot exceed one of the amounts above mentioned.
Activities.
The Portuguese Tax Benefits Statutes contain a list of economic activities which can benefit from tax benefits applicable to licensed companies in the MIBC:
International Shipping Register of Madeira.
Linked to the MIBC is the International Shipping Register of Madeira (MAR) which offers specific operational advantages, apart from the MIBC tax benefits which are applicable to both vessels (excluding fishing vessels), yachts, shipping and yachting companies incorporated in MIBC.
Specific benefits.
Crew related benefits.
Under the MIBC rules shipping companies with vessels registered in MAR and their respective non-Portuguese crew are exempt from contributing to the Portuguese social security, under the condition that some form of private insurance is guaranteed. Alternatively, crew members may opt for the Portuguese voluntary social security regime or any other type of protection scheme. In addition to the social security benefits, crew of commercial vessels and yachts registered in MAR are also exempt from personal income tax.
In the case of yachts there are no citizenship requirements imposed on the crew. However present regulations stipulate that 30% of the safe manning of all other types of vessels must be European, either EU and non-EU Member-States, or citizens of Portuguese-speaking countries. This requirement applicable to vessels can only be eliminated whenever if duly justified.
Yacht companies.
Yacht owning companies duly registered in the MIBC have access of a discount of 20% on registration and annual fees due to MAR, apart from all the other MIBC benefits applicable to duly lincensed companies.
VAT exemption on yacht acquisitions.
Provided that the importation occurs outside of Portugal, although made by a Portuguese company, there will be not Portuguese VAT liability as the yacht will not enter into Portuguese waters and shall not, assuredly, be subject to custom clearance in Portuguese territory. Nevertheless, the Portuguese tax authorities can, nevertheless, request an evidence of the VAT payment overseas in case of inspection.
On the other hand, should the acquisition of the yacht be made through a Portuguese company (either duly licensed in the MIBC or not) and the vessel be accounted as part of its fixed movable assets, the Regime of Intra-Community Supply of Goods should apply. In this case the Madeira Company should use the VAT reverse charge mechanism (it makes the declaration of both its purchase (input VAT) and the supplier's sale (output VAT) in its VAT return.  In this way, the two entries cancel each other from a cash payment perspective in the same return).
Mortgage law.
A flexible mortgage system applies to vessels register under MAR, allowing the mortgagor and the mortgagee to choose, through written agreement, and the legal system of a particular country that shall govern the terms of the mortgage. Only in case of lack of an agreement shall the Portuguese mortgage law be applicable to vessel registered.
Surveys
Surveys of yachts registered within MAR can be delegated on classification societies, or on other recognized entities duly approved by the Portuguese Government. Under current register's rules only eight classification societies are recognized as competent to conduct surveys within MAR: American Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Det Norske Veritas, Lloyd's Register, Registro Italiano Navale, Rinave Portuguesa, Germanischer Lloyd and ClassNK.
International Conventions.
Given the fact that Madeira is an integral part of Portugal and the EU, all international conventions, either by IMO or ILO, ratified by Portugal are fully applicable to and binding to MAR.
Economic and revenue impact.
International Business Center of Madeira.
In 2017, the MIBC represented 20 percent of the total revenue of the Regional Government of Madeira and 50 percent of the total corporate tax revenue of the autonomous region. According to the Vice-President of the Regional Government, Pedro Calado, the revenue is crucial to maintaining the region's fiscal autonomy from the Republic.
As of December 31, 2017 the employment generated by companies licensed within the International Business Centre was the following, by sector:
In 2018 the MIBC was responsible for generating 13,3% of the total tax revenue of the archipelago and 42,8% of the total corporate tax revenue. Such amount of taxes generated was equivalent to more a less 33,3% of the total expenditure incurred by the Regional Government on the regional healthcare system.
In 2020 the Vice-Presidency of the Regional Government of Madeira, on the presentation of the Regional Budget for 2020, confirmed that Madeira's GDP grew 5,1% in 2019 (way above the national average). In its report to the Legislative Assembly of Madeira the Government informed that such economic growth was due to the substantial GDP generated by the International Business Centre of Madeira.
International Shipping Register of Madeira.
According to reports issued by the OECD and the United Nations the International Shipping Register of Madeira (MAR) ranked, in 2019, top 15 in the world and the top 3 in Europe, just after Malta and Cyprus. As of 30 June 2018 it had 635 vessels registered.
Regime III Audit.
The MIBC has attracted considerable criticism for its low taxation relative to the Portuguese mainland and due to the scandals surrounding companies licensed with it. After the publication of the Panama Papers, the European Parliament inquiry committee on the scandal, and criticism from MEPs such as Ana Gomes and Markus Febber, the European Commission began in 2018 an audit to the MIBC. The audit concerned the job posts created during the so-called Regime III which was enforced between 2007 and 2014, with the tax benefits being applicable until 2020.
Response from the Madeiran Stakeholders.
Following the audit to the regime by the European Commission, the Portuguese Government, the Madeira Regional Government, the "Sociedade de Desenvolvimento da Madeira" and the Madeiran Chamber of Commerce initiated a campaigned to defend the taxation regime on the island. The said campaign involved requesting, the Portuguese Catholic University, an economic and sustainability study on the importance of the taxation regime the island's economy, as well as filling a formal complaint and legal opinion to the European Commission's preliminary evaluation of the taxation regime.
Portuguese Catholic University impact assessment.
According to the study published by the Portuguese Catholic University, on April 4, 2019, should all the companies benefiting from the International Business Centre of Madeira cease to operate then:
Audit results.
On December 4, 2020, the European Commission concluded that the III Regime of the MIBC scheme was not implemented in line with approved conditions and that breaching companies would need to give back the tax benefits granted.
Following the Commission's decision the Portuguese Government filled a bill to be discussed and approved by the Assembly of the Republic where it clearly states that tax benefits are to be granted provided that job posts created by the companies benefiting from the low corporate income tax rate are fulfilled by the people who are resident, for tax purposes, in Madeira.
Regional stakeholders criticism.
The audit results from the European Commission was heavily criticized by Madeiran stakeholders, such as the Regional Government, the Madeiran Chamber of Commerce and "Sociedade de Desenvolvimento da Madeira", who called the decision to be politically motivated and favouring the low taxation lobbies of certain Member-States who do not face the permanent economic constraints that an outermost region faces.
Pedro Calado, Vice-President of the Regional Government, has also criticized the Government of the Republic's response to the job post criteria and vowed to present a different bill to the Assembly of the Republic, as he consideres that the changes presente to the law would close Madeira's economy to the rest world.


Margarita (Valery Leontiev song)

"Margarita " () - is a Soviet song written by Yury Chernavsky and Alexander Markevich. that was first released on Valery Leontiev album in 1990.


Style of the French sovereign

The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years. Currently, there is no French sovereign; three distinct traditions (the Legitimist, the Orleanist, and the Bonapartist) exist, each claiming different forms of title.
The three styles laid claim to by pretenders to the French throne are:
The Latin term was the official Latin title of the "King of the Franks" after the accession of the Carolingian Dynasty (sometimes taking the form of ); this title was used in official documents until French replaced Latin as the formal language of legal documents, and remained used on coins until the 18th century. However, from as early as the 12th century, the form ("King of France") was also used.
Most Christian King.
This title , or owed its origins to the long, and distinctive, relationship between the Catholic Church and the Franks. France was the first modern state recognised by the Church, and was known as the 'Eldest Daughter of the Church'; Clovis I, the King of the Franks, had been recognised by the Papacy as a protector of Rome's interests. Accordingly, this title was frequently accorded to the French Kings (although on a number of occasions Kings of other realms would be addressed as such by the Church), and came into frequent use during the reign of Charles VI; under his son, Charles VII, it became recognised as a hereditary and exclusive title of the Kings of France. Pope Julius II, allied between 1510 and 1513 with Henry VIII of England against Louis XII of France, considered transferring the title from the French monarch to the English monarch, drafting a Papal brief to this effect; however, it was never issued. French kings thus continued to use the title, in particular on diplomatic documents, less frequently in France itself or in everyday parlance.
King of the French.
With the French Revolution came the writing of a Constitution for France. As part of the reforms, the monarch ceased to be an absolute ruler of hereditary lands deriving power from God; instead, he became a constitutional ruler ruling by the will of the French People and for the good of the French People. By a decree on 12 October 1789, the king's title was thus changed from 'By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre' to 'By the Grace of God and by the constitutional law of the State, King of the French' (), becoming official with the institution of the new constitution on 1 October 1791. The monarchy was abolished a year later, and the Bourbon supporters supported Louis XVI, and then Louis XVII and Louis XVIII, as King of France and Navarre rather than King of the French, under which title the Bourbons were restored in 1815. However, the constitutional monarchy was revived in 1830, with the Bourbon deposition. Although the Orleanist constitutional monarchy, the so-called "July Monarchy", was abolished in 1848, the heirs of Louis-Philippe continued to claim the title and legacy.
Emperor of the French.
The Bonapartist legacy, the title was instituted in 1804 by Napoleon Bonaparte, who had himself crowned Emperor. It is the title to which the Bonapartists and their supporters continue to lay claim.
Distinct titles.
In addition to the titles above, the Kings of France at one point or another held other titles attached to the Crown.
Brittany.
During the Middle Ages, the Kings of France considered that the Duchy of Brittany was feudally a part of their Kingdom of France (i.e. it was within the traditional borders of the realm, and the King of France was deemed to be overlord of the Duchy). In effect, however, the Duchy of Brittany was a largely independent sovereign state. It was recognized as independently sovereign and lying outside the Kingdom of France by Louis IV, an ally of Alan II, Duke of Brittany. Subsequent Kings of France sought to control Brittany in part because of the attempts of the King of England and the King of Spain to control the Duchy.
The independent sovereign nature of the Duchy began to come to an end upon the death of Francis II of Brittany. The Duchy was inherited by his daughter, Anne, but King Charles VIII of France, determined to bring the territory under royal control. Charles VIII had her marriage annulled and then forced her to marry him in a series of actions that were acknowledged by the Pope. As a result, the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Brittany were placed in the personal union of their marriage, and the King of France also held the title of Duke of Brittany jure uxoris. During their marriage, the Charles VIII prohibited Anne of Brittany from using the title Duchess of Brittany and imposed a Royal Governor from the House of Penthievre on the Duchy.
Legally, however, the Duchy remained separate from France proper; the two titles were linked only by the marriage of the King and Queen, and in 1498 when Charles VIII died childless, the title "Duke of Brittany" remained with Anne, rather than passing to the heir of France, Louis XII. Anne of Brittany returned to Brittany and began to re-establish an independent sovereign rule.
However, the new French King, Louis XII married Anne himself, and so the King of France was once more Duke of Brittany . Legally, Brittany still remained distinct, and its future remained dependent on the Ducal bloodline, now held by the House of Montfort. When Anne died, Brittany passed to her daughter and heiress, Claude, rather than remaining with the King of France, her father.
Claude married the future King of France, Francis I. By this marriage, and through the succession to the French crown, the King of France became Duke of Brittany jure uxoris once more.
Claude's death in 1524 separated the Duchy from the crown once more, and (it would transpire) for the final time. Because Claude, like her mother, was sovereign Duchess, the title of 'Duke' did not remain with her husband, but instead passed to her son, Francis III of Brittany, who was also Dauphin of France. Legally, the Crown and Duchy were again separate, but the Duke was a child, and the Duchy had been governed as an integral part of France for years; the King had little trouble in maintaining royal control over the Duchy. Breton independence was effectively ended when in 1532 the Estates of Brittany proclaimed the perpetual union of Brittany with the French crown. Legally, the Duchy was part of France.
Francis III remained Duke of Brittany, but died without attaining the French crown in 1536. He was succeeded by his brother, Henry II. Henry II was the first person to become both King of France and Duke of Brittany in his own right. Any trace of Breton independence ended with the ascension of Henry, as Henry II of France, to the French throne. The French Crown and Breton Duchy were now united by inheritance, and the merging of Brittany into France was thus completed. Notably, when Henry III (last direct male from Claude of France) died, Brittany passed as part of the Crown to the next heir of France, Henry of Navarre, rather than to Claude's most senior heirs (either Henry II, Duke of Lorraine or Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain).
The title "Duke of Brittany" largely ceased to be used as a title of the King of France after the death of Claude of France. When it appeared the title was bestowed by the King of France to one of his direct descendants, and was in any event titular in status.
The Navarrese inheritance.
Navarre was twice united with France: from 1314–1328 (effectively from 1284, upon the marriage of Philip IV of France to Joan I of Navarre), and from 1589 to the present.
In the first case, the union was merely that of the two crowns: although the relevant Kings held both titles, the two Kingdoms were legally distinct, bound only by the descent of the Kings from the marriage between Joan and Philip. Accordingly, when their direct male descent died out, the two domains separated, France passing to Philip's nephew, Philip of Valois, and Navarre being inherited by the granddaughter (and senior heiress) of Joan and Philip, Joan II of Navarre. However, Joan's possessions within France, inherited from her forebears the Counts of Champagne, did not pass with Navarre to Joan's heirs; instead, by treaty, Joan exchanged them for other lands within France, Philip then merging the Champenois inheritance into the French crown.
By chance, France and Navarre were united again in 1589, in the person of Henry IV of France: his mother, Joan III of Navarre, had been the Queen of Navarre (and senior heiress of Joan II), his father, Antoine de Bourbon, had been the senior-most heir after the House of Valois. He thus became 'King of France and Navarre'. He was also, by inheritance, a holder of other significant lands within France: Béarn, Donnezan and Andorra, which were, although a part of the feudal boundaries of France, were independent sovereignties; and, under crown jurisdiction, the duchies of Albret, Beaumont, Vendôme, and the counties of Foix, Armagnac, Comminges, Bigorre and Marle.
By established tradition, lands within the legal borders of France (thus, Henry's duchies and counties) would merge into the crown when the holder became King; independent lordships, whether they were or were not part of France's feudal borders, would remain distinct possessions. Henry, however, refused to follow this tradition: having no legitimate sons to pass his possessions onto, and forced to fight to secure his rule over France, he wanted to ensure that if he died without legitimate children, in the ensuing division of his inheritance, his sister Catherine would receive all of their parental inheritance (if he allowed his French lands to merge with the crown before dying without legitimate children, the merged lands would go as part of the crown to the next heir to the throne, his cousin Henri, Prince of Condé). Accordingly, by letters patent of 13 April 1590, he declared that his personal estates would remain separate from the crown, and not subject to Salic law; in Letters of 21 December 1596, he further stated that "our ancient domain, in our kingdom of Navarre and sovereign land of Béarn and Donazan, low countries of Flanders, as well as our duchies, counties, viscounties, lands, lordships in this our kingdom, be and remained disunited, disjoint and separate of our house of France not to be in any way included or merged unless it is by us otherwise ordered, or unless God bestows on us the grace of having children we desire to provide thereto." The Paris Parlement refused to register these Letters, stating that French public law did not allow the division of a monarch's public and private possessions; instead, Henry had them registered at the Parlements of Bordeaux and Toulouse. Thus, from 1589–1607, the King of France and Navarre was also the Lord of Béarn, Duke of Albret and Vendôme, Count of Foix, etc.
These acts were reversed in 1606-1607: Henry had a legitimate son, and the death of his sister without issue had nullified any need to share the Navarrese inheritance. By an Edict of 1607, the original ruling of the Paris Parlement that lands within France were automatically merged in the Crown was upheld, and the King ceased to be Duke of Albret and Vendôme, Count of Foix, etc. Because Navarre, Béarn, Andorre and Donazan were independent of France, however, the King remained separately the King of Navarre, and Lord of the other domains.
In October 1620, the merging of the Navarrese inheritance into France was furthered, when Louis XIII on 20 October had an Edict passed in Pau by the Sovereign Council of Navarre, to prevent "the misfortunes and inconveniences which would occur if, failing a male heir to our Royal House, said countries passed by inheritance to Foreign princes, thereby opening a door to enter into our Kingdom". By this "perpetual and irrevocable Edict", Navarre, Béarn, Andorra and Donezan were united and incorporated into the crown of France: although, as in the case of Scotland and England in 1707, whilst the Navarrese domains were politically and monarchically united with France, they retained their separate institutions — thus, they were bound irrevocably to France, but not merged into it. Unlike the British Act of Union, however, Navarre lost its independent judiciary, a fact the Navarrese resented for a long time afterwards. Nonetheless, in recognition of the separate nature of the Kingdom of Navarre (and the lordships of Béarn, Andorra and Donezan, which were considered attached to the Crown of Navarre), the Bourbon Kings of France customarily used the title 'King of France and Navarre'.
In the troubles of 1789, Navarre — being a distinct Kingdom — by order of the Navarrese estates refused to elect representatives to the Estates General of France, instead sending four representatives of the Estates to Versailles at the 'invitation' of the King; these representatives, arriving in July 1789, refused to sit with the National Assembly, and instead the Navarrese estates attempted to revoke the 1620 Union. This was denied, and by vote of the assembly the King's title was changed from 'King of France and Navarre' to 'King of the French' (thus denying the separation between the two Kingdoms, and emphasising the - presumed - unity of the French people). By the constitution of 1791, this change was effected, and the merging of Navarre was completed - it lost all of its separate institutions, and was denied any recognition as a state separate from the French nation. Although the last Bourbons entitled themselves 'King of France and Navarre' once more, it was a title only, 'Navarre' having ceased to exist as anything more than a name.
Other examples.
The King of France was also at times ruler of lands outside France itself. If he would not or could not merge these lands into the French crown, and thus the French state, he would legally be sovereign of those lands separately to his role as French King. In such cases, the King's styles would be treated differently in the relevant territory. However, the title would be used only within the territory, or in documents relating to the territory; it would not be formally used as part of the King's title outside the relevant lands.
In addition, Alsace requested that the King take the title "Landgrave of Upper and Lower Alsace" () in relation to the territory, but this did not happen.
Similar titles.
The monarchs of other countries have received similar titles from the pope:
Sources.
The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs


Cole Emhoff


Umi-Shibaura Station

 is a railway station on the Tsurumi Line in Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). The station is located on the grounds of Toshiba's Keihin Product Operations, and the only exit from the station is into the company's grounds. As a result, only Toshiba employees with valid employee ID cards and invited visitors are permitted to enter and exit the station.
Lines.
Umi-Shibaura station is the terminus of the Umi-Shibaura branch of the Tsurumi Line and lies from the terminus at Tsurumi Station.
Station layout.
A single side platform, located on the waterfront of Tokyo Bay, serves one line for both inbound and outbound trains. The exit is located opposite the buffer stop, with simplified Suica terminals and a ticket disposal box. There is also an automatic ticket machine.
Service.
Umi-Shibaura is served hourly during off-peak times (midday, night and weekends), with more frequent services during morning and evening rush hours.
History.
Umi-Shibaura Station was opened on 1 November 1940 as a station on a spur line of the privately held . The Tsurumi Rinkō line was nationalized on 1 July 1943, and was later absorbed into the Japanese National Railways (JNR) network. The station has been unstaffed since 1 March 1971, although the adjacent Toshiba guardhouse is staffed 24 hours a day. Following the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, the station was transferred to operation by JR East. In 2000, Umi-Shibaura Station was selected as one of the top 100 stations in the Kantō region by a public poll conducted by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.
Surrounding area.
Toshiba owns the land beneath the station and the surrounding portion of the Tsurumi Line, and JR East operates both under a long-term lease. Because of the surrounding scenery, and its status as "the station which you can never leave", Umi-Shibaura has been featured in several books and television programs and has gained some popularity as a day-trip destination. Toshiba has catered to these tourists by constructing a small park (Shibaura Park) within the station for employees and waiting passengers; it is open to the public (during business hours) and has a sweeping view of the surrounding sea.


William Levett (courtier)

William Levett, Esq., (sometimes spelled William Levet) was a long serving courtier to King Charles I of England. Levett accompanied the King during his flight from Parliamentary forces, including his escape from Hampton Court palace, and eventually to his imprisonment in Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, and finally to the scaffold on which he was executed. Following the King's death, Levett wrote a letter claiming that he had witnessed the King writing the so-called Eikon Basilike during his imprisonment, an allegation that produced a flurry of new claims about the disputed manuscript and flamed a growing movement to rehabilitate the image of the executed monarch.
Life.
The brother of Rev. Richard Levett of Ashwell, Rutland, William Levett was likely born in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, the son of James Levett, descendant of a knightly Sussex family of Anglo-Norman descent. Levett entered the Royal service as a Page of the Backstairs, eventually rising to Groom of the Bedchamber. As a courtier, Levett likely benefitted from favors dispensed by the monarchy.
Levett's appointment as courtier seems to date from the beginning of King Charles' reign. Levett was appointed a page in the king's bedchamber at Oxford on 16 January 1644 as a replacement for George Harley. By the time the King had been captured and sent to Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, it was clear that Levett had made himself indispensable: the King requested that Levett be one of the few courtiers allowed to accompany him there. During the King's escape from Hampton Court, Levett had apparently proven his mettle, accompanying the King in his flight southward away from Parliamentary forces.
Towards the end of his life, writing from his home in Wiltshire, where he owned Levett's Farm within Savernake Forest, had long leased the Goddard mansion in Swindon, and owned property at Manton as well, Levett sent a letter claiming that he had seen King Charles writing the Eikon Basilike. The letter, signed by Levet on 29 April 1691, and incorporated into later editions of the work alleged to have been authored by the monarch, was celebrated by those who wished to see the dead King as saint for having given his life for the cause of the nation.
"If anyone has a desire to know the true author of the book entitled Eikon Basilike," Levett wrote, "I, one of the servants of King Charles the First, in his bedchamber, do declare, when his said Majesty was prisoner in the Isle of Wight, that I read over the above mentioned book, (which was long before the said book was printed) in his bed-chamber, writ with his Majesty's own hand, with several underlinings."
"I can testify also," Levett continued in his letter, "that Royston the printer told me, that he was imprisoned by Oliver Cromwell, the Protector, because he would not declare that King Charles the First, was not the author of the said Book." Besides Levett, Royston the printer figured prominently in the attempts to prove that the King himself had authored the Eikon Basilike.
In his letter, which he gave to his son Dr. Henry Levett of the [[Charterhouse London]], Levett made clear that he was much in favor with Charles, which contemporary observers noted. In a later letter to [[Lincoln's Inn]] barrister Seymour Bourman, Levett noted that he was nearly always in the King's presence. "I waited on his Majesty, as page of the bedchamber in ordinary, during all the time of his solitudes, (except when I was forced from him). And specially being nominated by his Majesty to be one of his servants, among others, that should attend him during the treaty at Newport, in the isle of Wight."
[[Image:holy rood swindon.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Holy Rood Church, Swindon, Wiltshire, burial place of two children of William Levett, courtier, of Swindon and Savernake Forest]]
[[John Ashburnham (MP)|John Ashburnham]], another of the King's courtiers also from an old Sussex gentry family, noted in a memoir published later by a descendant that Levett was much in favor with the King and was often to be seen in his presence. "I believe Mr. Firebrace, Mr. Dowset and Mr. Levet know most of them," Ashburnham recalled in his memoir about those who assisted courtier Levet at the time of Charles' death. "The names of these three gentlemen," notes the manuscript, "frequently occur in the histories and memoirs of that time as employed near the king's person, and much in his majesty's confidence."
Following the execution of the King, [[Oliver Cromwell]] permitted the King's head to be sewn back onto his body for burial. Charles was buried in private on the night of February 7, 1649, inside the Henry VIII vault in [[St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle]]. William Levett Esq. and four other royal retainers—Sir Thomas Herbert, Capt. Anthony Mildmay, [[Sir Henry Firebrace]] and Abraham Dowcett (sometimes spelled Dowsett) -- conveyed the King's body to [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]]. The King's son, King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], later planned an elaborate royal mausoleum, but it was never built.
Following the rule of Cromwell and Parliament, Levett, now acting as an officer in the militia, aided the Royal forces when they retook Marlborough, a former hotbed of Roundhead sentiment. In a letter to [[Seymour family|Col. Charles Seymour]] of 1663, Levett wrote of riding into Marlborough, where he and a party of Royalist sympathizers "assaulted the burial place of the Quakers at Wanton and laid it waste, leaving all the prey to the owners' disposal."
William Levett lived out the rest of his life following his service to King Charles at his homes in [[Wiltshire]], where he had secured a sinecure as an agent and surveyor for [[Francis Seymour, 5th Duke of Somerset]]. Levett had leased the [[Swindon]] manor house of the Goddard family property at Swindon beginning in 1658. On 22 January 1658, Francis Bowman Gent., "guardian of Thomas Goddard, leased to Levett a "mansion house lately occupied by Anne Goddard in Swindon." Later Goddard family leases to Levett, who retained his farm within Savernake Forest, would come to include other lands owned by the Goddard family in Swindon. In the lease of April 5, 1664, the lease by Goddard notes that "the Parke etc." is included as well as the Goddard mansion. Levett subsequently buried two of his children at Holy Rood Church, the church on the Goddard estate in Swindon.
Levett frequented acted in legal matters on behalf of the county, and subsequently served [[King Charles II of England]] as Page of the Backstairs, beginning at the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] in 1660. How long he served the [[Royal Household]] is his second incarnation as a courtier is unclear, and he spent the rest of his life trying to recover a pension for his time as a courtier. The former courtier did receive monies from the Crown from time to time, including two such payments in 1680, one advanced out of the "remains of the Queen's Portugal portion."
[[image:eikon.png|thumb|right|300px|Famous frontispiece of the "[[Eikon Basilike]]", "The Pourtrature of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings". Later editions carried sworn statement by courtier Levett]]
Two of his infant children born during his Wiltshire residence are buried within Holyrood Church in Swindon. Levett's daughter Catherine married Rev. Edward Dering. She died in 1701 and is buried with other members of the Dering family within the church of [[Charing]], Kent. There is a monument to Catherine Levett Dering on the floor of the church chancel. They had no children.
"Here lieth the Body of Catherine DERING," reads the monument to the daughter of William Levett, "wife of the Reverend Edward Dering, clerk. She was daughter of William LEVET Esquire who served King Charles the First many years and attended him on ye scaffold at the time of his martyrdom. She departed this life December 4th 1701 and left noe issue."
Levett's sworn statement about the King, once in the hands of his son Dr. Henry Levett, later disappeared. There are indications that Henry Levett, a fellow of [[Exeter College, Oxford]], may given the original to the well-known Oxford antiquarian [[Anthony Wood (antiquary)|Anthony Wood]]. The mementos presented to Levett from King Charles following his death on the scaffold are still owned by the descendants of William Levett's brother, vicar Richard Levett of Rutland, who live at [[Milford Hall]] in Staffordshire. It is also likely that two portraits by artist Sir [[Anthony van Dyck]] of King Charles I and his Queen, later in the possession of Sir [[Richard Levett]], [[Lord Mayor of London]], were initially owned by courtier William Levet and found their way to his nephew the Lord Mayor.
References.
Sources.
[[Category:People from Melton Mowbray]]
[[Category:British and English royal favourites]]
[[Category:People from Swindon]]
[[Category:Levett family|William]]
[[Category:People of the English Civil War]]
[[Category:Court of Charles I of England]]
[[Category:English people of Norman descent]]


David Erskine, 2nd Baron Erskine

David Montagu Erskine, 2nd Baron Erskine (12 August 1776 – 19 March 1855) was a British diplomat and politician.
Background and education.
A member of Clan Erskine, Erskine was the eldest son of Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine, fourth son of Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan. His mother was Frances, daughter of Daniel Moore. He was educated at Winchester and Trinity College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1796. He was called to the Bar of Lincoln's Inn in 1802.
Political and diplomatic career.
Erskine did not practise law; instead he was elected as Member of Parliament for Portsmouth in 1806, in place of his father, who was appointed Lord Chancellor. At the request of Erskine's father to Charles James Fox, then Foreign Secretary, he was appointed Minister to the United States later that year.
In 1809, Erskine was recalled by the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, for having offered the withdrawal of the Orders in Council of 1807 against the Americans and his resolution of the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. He thus remained out of favour and unemployed until 1824, when he inherited his father's title and was appointed Minister to Stuttgart. He subsequently transferred to Munich in 1828. He retired in 1843.
British historian Paul Langford looks at the decisions by the British government in 1809:
Family.
Lord Erskine had lived in the United States prior to his appointment as Minister to Washington. In 1799, he married as his first wife Frances Cadwalader, daughter of John Cadwalader, a general during the American Revolutionary War. She was the great granddaughter of Judge William Moore, of Moore's Hall, Pennsylvania, whose niece married Lord Erskine's father, and hence Lord Erskine and his wife were cousins. The portrait of Lady Erskine by Gilbert Stuart was considered one of his masterpieces. They had twelve children:
Thomas Americus was named after Thomas Cadwalader, Lady Erskine's brother, who became an officer during the War of 1812. John Cadwallader was named after her father. Lady Erskine died in Genoa in March 1843.
Erskine married as his second wife Anne, daughter of John Travis, in July 1843. After Anne's death in April 1851, he married as his third wife Anna, daughter of William Cunninghame Graham of Gartmore and Finlaystone and widow of Thomas Calderwood Durham, in 1852. There were no children from his second and third marriage. Lord Erskine died at his home of Butler's Green in Sussex in March 1855, aged 78, and was buried at Cuckfield. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, Thomas. His widow married the Venerable John Sandford, Archdeacon of Coventry, in 1856. She died in March 1886.


Hungarian nationality law

Hungarian nationality law is based on the principles of jus sanguinis. Hungarian citizenship can be acquired by descent from a Hungarian parent, or by naturalisation. A person born in Hungary to foreign parents does not generally acquire Hungarian citizenship. A Hungarian citizen is also a citizen of the European Union.
The current Hungarian nationality law came into force in 1993. By changes made in January 2011, every person who was a Hungarian citizen or a descendant of a person who was a Hungarian citizen before 1920 or between 1941 and 1945 and speaks Hungarian may apply to become a Hungarian citizen, even if they do not live in Hungary.
Dual citizenship is permitted under Hungarian law.
Citizenship by birth and adoption.
A person acquires Hungarian citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a Hungarian citizen. The place of birth is irrelevant.
Children born in Hungary to foreign parents do not acquire Hungarian citizenship at birth unless they would otherwise be stateless.
Minor children adopted by Hungarian citizens may apply and would normally be granted Hungarian citizenship.
Naturalization as a Hungarian citizen.
Persons may apply to be naturalized as a Hungarian citizen after 8 years continuous residence in Hungary if they:
Persons may apply to be naturalized after 5 years residence in Hungary if they were:
Persons may apply to be naturalized after 3 years residence in Hungary if they are:
Persons may apply to be naturalized if they are:
Applicants aged 60 or over, those of diminished capacity, and persons holding a Hungarian language diploma (from a Hungarian institution) may be exempted the constitutional studies requirement.
Citizenship by ancestry.
A Hungarian citizenship law of 2011 allows ethnic Hungarians to apply for simplified naturalisation if they can speak Hungarian and provide evidence of Hungarian ancestry. The law has created controversy as some five million ethnic Hungarians living beyond Hungary's borders, mostly in Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine, may claim Hungarian citizenship. There are Hungarians living in Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Romania, and Austria whose ancestors lost Hungarian citizenship as a result of the peace treaty ending World War I.
By August 2015, more than 750,000 applications had been filed and 700,000 people had been granted citizenship. The main sources of applicants were 300,000 from Transylvania (Romania), 130,000 from Vojvodina (Serbia) and 120,000 from Ukraine.
Hungarian citizenship by declaration.
Declaration is a simplified form of naturalisation. The following people may be eligible to acquire Hungarian citizenship by declaration:
Oath of allegiance.
Persons becoming naturalised Hungarian citizens are expected to take an Oath of Allegiance as follows:
Those who prefer may take an equivalent "solemn promise" instead of an oath.
Loss of Hungarian citizenship.
It is not possible for a person to lose Hungarian citizenship involuntarily. The exception concerns fraudulent applications for naturalisation (subject to a 20-year time bar after which action cannot be taken).
Hungarian citizens who hold another nationality and live outside Hungary may renounce their Hungarian citizenship.
Dual citizenship.
Hungary allows its citizens to hold foreign citizenship in addition to their Hungarian citizenship. Some countries, however, do not permit multiple citizenship e.g. adults who acquired Hungarian and Japanese citizenship by birth must declare, to the latter's Ministry of Justice, before turning 22, which citizenship they want to keep.
Citizenship of the European Union.
Because Hungary forms part of the European Union, Hungarian citizens are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament. When in a non-EU country where there is no Hungarian embassy, Hungarian citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country. Hungarian citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty.
Travel freedom of Hungarian citizens.
Visa requirements for Hungarian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Hungary. As of May 2018, Hungarian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 180 countries and territories, ranking the Hungarian passport 9th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.
In 2017, the Hungarian nationality is ranked eighteenth in Nationality Index (QNI). This index differs from the Visa Restrictions Index, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, in addition, to travel freedom on internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well.


Deferral

A deferral, in "accrual accounting", is any account where the income or expense is not recognised until a future date (accounting period), e.g. annuities, charges, taxes, income, etc. The deferred item may be carried, dependent on type of deferral, as either an asset or liability. See also accrual.
Deferrals are the consequence of the revenue recognition principle which dictates that revenues be recognized in the period in which they occur, and the matching principle which dictates expenses to be recognized in the period in which they are incurred. Deferrals are the result of cash flows occurring before they are allowed to be recognized under accrual accounting. As a result, adjusting entries are required to reconcile a flow of cash (or rarely other non-cash items) with events that have not occurred yet as either liabilities or assets. Because of the similarity between deferrals and their corresponding accruals, they are commonly conflated.
Deferral (deferred charge).
Deferred charge (or deferral) is cost that is accounted-for in latter accounting period for its anticipated future benefit, or to comply with the requirement of matching costs with revenues. "Deferred charges" include costs of starting up, obtaining long-term debt, advertising campaigns, etc., and are carried as a non-current asset on the balance sheet pending amortization.
"Deferred charges" often extend over five years or more and occur infrequently unlike prepaid expenses, e.g. insurance, interest, rent. Financial ratios are based on the total assets excluding "deferred charges" since they have no physical substance (cash realization) and cannot be used in reducing total liabilities.
Deferred expense.
A Deferred expense or prepayment, prepaid expense, plural often prepaids, is an asset representing cash paid out to a counterpart for goods or services to be received in a later accounting period. For example, if a service contract is paid quarterly in advance, at the end of the first month of the period two months remain as a deferred expense. In the deferred expense the early payment is accompanied by a related recognized expense in the subsequent accounting period, and the same amount is deducted from the prepayment. The deferred expense shares characteristics with accrued revenue (or "accrued assets") with the difference that an asset to be covered later are proceeds from a delivery of goods or services, at which such income item is earned and the related revenue item is recognized, while cash for them is to be received in a later period, when its amount is deducted from "accrued revenues".
For example, when the accounting periods are monthly, an 11/12 portion of an annually paid insurance cost is added to "prepaid expenses", which are decreased by 1/12 of the cost in each subsequent period when the same fraction is recognized as an expense, rather than all in the month in which such cost is billed. The not-yet-recognized portion of such costs remains as "prepayments" (assets) to prevent such cost from turning into a fictitious loss in the monthly period it is billed, and into a fictitious profit in any other monthly period.
Similarly, cash paid out for (the cost of) goods and services not received by the end of the accounting period is added to the "prepayments" to prevent it from turning into a fictitious loss in the period cash was paid out, and into a fictitious profit in the period of their reception. Such cost is not recognized in the income statement ("profit and loss" or P&L) as the expense incurred in the period of payment, but in the period of their reception when such costs are recognized as expenses in P&L and deducted from prepayments (assets) on balance sheets.
Deferred revenue.
Deferred revenue (or deferred income) is a liability, such as cash received from a counterpart for goods or services that are to be delivered in a later accounting period. When such income item is earned, the related revenue item is recognized, and the "deferred revenue" is reduced. It shares characteristics with "accrued expense" with the difference that a liability to be covered later is an obligation to pay for goods or services received from a counterpart, while cash for them is to be paid out in a later period when its amount is deducted from "accrued expenses".
For example, a company receives an annual software license fee paid out by a customer upfront on the January 1. However, the company's fiscal year ends on May 31. So, the company using accrual accounting adds only five months' worth (5/12) of the fee to its revenues in profit and loss for the fiscal year the fee was received. The rest is added to "deferred income" (liability) on the balance sheet for that year.


Ivy Brookes

Ivy Deakin Brookes (14 July 1883 – 27 December 1970) was an Australian community worker and activist. She held leadership positions across a wide range of organisations in Victoria. She served as president of the National Council of Women of Australia from 1948 to 1953.
Early life.
Deakin was born on 14 July 1883 in South Yarra, Victoria, the eldest of three daughters born to Pattie (Browne) and Alfred Deakin. Her father became the second prime minister of Australia, serving three terms between 1903 and 1910. Based on the frequency of her appearances in his diary, Alfred Deakin's biographer Judith Brett has speculated that Ivy was his favourite child. The Deakin sisters were initially tutored by their aunt Catherine Deakin, before going on to attend Melbourne Girls Grammar.
Music.
In 1901, Deakin began studying singing and violin at The Conservatorium of Music. She gained a diploma in 1903 and won the prestigious Ormond Scholarship in 1904, but had to relinquish it upon her marriage the following year. She was first violin in George Marshall-Hall's orchestra from 1903 to 1913, and maintained an interest in music for the rest of life. In 1926, she was appointed to the faculty of music at the University of Melbourne. She remained a member until 1969, sometimes as its only female member. She was also a foundation vice-president of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra's ladies' committee.
Community work.
Brookes was involved with a wide range of organisations, and according to "The Sydney Morning Herald" was "never merely a figurehead or a sleeping partner in any enterprise with which she allows her name to be associated". One of her most enduring associations was with the Royal Women's Hospital, as a member of the hospital board for 50 years. In 1915, Brookes became the founding president of the Housewives Co-operative Association (later the Housewives Association of Victoria), which promoted thrift and cooperativism to combat the rising cost of living during World War I. She lived in Washington, D.C., from 1929 to 1931, during her husband's service as Commissioner-General to the United States. Upon her return she reported on American child welfare practices to the Children's Welfare Association of Victoria.
After all her children reached school age, Brookes was able to increased her public activity. She was the founder of the International Club of Victoria (1933–1958), and also held executive office in the Victorian branches of the Bureau of Social and International Affairs, the League of Nations Union, and United Nations Association. In 1937, she represented Australia at the League of Nations Assembly in Geneva, as the only woman in the Australian delegation. Brookes was elected as a justice of the peace in 1934. She was the inaugural vice-president of the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, from 1936 to 1966, and was a foundation member of the University of Melbourne's boards of physical education (1938–1970) and social studies (1941–1967).
Political involvement.
Brookes shared many of her father's political beliefs, as did her husband. As an able public speaker and political organiser, she became "her father's most valuable lieutenant in organising women for the liberal cause". In 1909, she became the honorary secretary of the Commonwealth Liberal Party (CLP), an organisation which Deakin had founded to support the "Fusion" Liberal Party he created in federal parliament. The CLP was later absorbed into the People's Liberal Party, where she held a similar position. Brookes was active in policy formation, presenting policy papers on equal pay for equal work, "national social insurance", "delinquent parents", and the role of women in politics. In 1913, she attended a forum chaired by Vida Goldstein, and seconded a motion calling for the federal government to implement equal pay for equal work.
Brookes campaigned for the "Yes" vote during the 1916 and 1917 referendums on conscription, embarking on "an ambitious public speaking trail" in country Victoria. After the creation of the Nationalist Party in 1917, she also held leadership roles in the National Union and National Federation. However, she suspended her active involvement in politics after her father's death in 1919. In 1925, Brookes returned to politics as a substitute for her ill husband, organising finances and election material at the 1925 federal election. Her liberal views had previously brought her into conflict with the more conservative Australian Women's National League (AWNL), but she eventually joined the league and became a vice-president. She assisted Elizabeth Couchman in bringing the AWNL into the new Liberal Party of Australia in 1944, and became one of its founding members and "a matriarch of the party that she and Herbert regarded as the philosophical heir of her father's".
National Council of Women.
Brookes was first elected to the executive of the National Council of Women of Victoria in 1912. She was re-elected to the executive in 1934, then elected vice-president in 1936 and president in 1938. She was one of the Australian delegates at the International Council of Women's 50th anniversary conference, held in Scotland in 1938. As a delegate to the National Council of Women of Australia (NCWA), Brookes chaired its press, arts and letters and peace and international relations committees for a number of years. She was elected national president in 1948, serving until 1953. During her term as president, the organisation lobbied for equal pay and abolition of the marriage bar, and advocated for the interests of migrants and indigenous people. Brookes represented the organisation at the 1951 national inflation conference and as a member of the Advisory Committee on Import Licensing Control. She was appointed a life vice-president of the NCWA at the end of her term as president.
Personal life.
The Deakin family attended the Australian Church, a liberal congregational church run by Charles Strong. In 1905, aged 21, Ivy married Herbert Brookes, a 37-year-old widower and friend of the family who had previously been married to Strong's daughter. They had three children together:
She was widowed in 1963 and died in Melbourne on 27 December 1970, aged 87. She was interred at St Kilda Cemetery alongside her husband.


Lady Macbeth (film)

Lady Macbeth is a 2016 British drama film directed by William Oldroyd and written by Alice Birch, based on the novella "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" by Nikolai Leskov, though the film's ending deviates significantly from the source text. It stars Florence Pugh, Cosmo Jarvis, Paul Hilton, Naomi Ackie and Christopher Fairbank. The plot follows a young woman who is stifled by her loveless marriage to a bitter man twice her age.
The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2016, and was released in the United Kingdom on 28 April 2017 by Altitude Film Distribution and in the United States on 14 July 2017 by Roadside Attractions. It received positive reviews and has grossed over $5 million worldwide.
Plot.
In 1865, Katherine is in a loveless marriage to an older man, Alexander Lester. They live at the estate of Alexander's father, Boris, in rural Northumberland in the North East of England. Katherine is forced to maintain a strict schedule and prevented from leaving the house. Boris scolds her for not giving Alexander a son, but Alexander's sexual interest in his wife seems to be limited to watching her naked body. One day, both Boris and Alexander have to leave the estate for separate business matters, leaving Katherine alone with the housemaid, Anna. For the first time in memory, she is free to explore the area to alleviate her boredom.
Katherine discovers Anna being suspended from the ceiling of an outbuilding in a sheet by the men who work on the land. They say they are weighing a sow. Katherine has the woman released. She is attracted to one of the men, Sebastian, and the next day sets herself up to meet him. When Sebastian comes to the house to visit Katherine, they begin an affair. Anna informs the local priest, who attempts to warn Katherine, but she sends him away. When Boris returns home, he finds his favourite wine has run out. He accuses Anna of drinking it and tells her to get on the floor on all fours: if she behaves as animal she will be treated as an animal. Katherine says nothing. Boris is later informed of the affair, beats Sebastian and locks him in a stable. He strikes Katherine when she demands his release. Katherine then poisons his food, and calmly makes small talk with Anna as he chokes to death in the next room.
Anna is terrified into muteness, and Boris is buried without suspicion. Katherine takes over the estate, and she and Sebastian continue their affair openly. One night, while they are asleep in Katherine's marital bed, she awakes to realise that Alexander has returned home. After he reveals that he is aware of the infidelity, Katherine summons Sebastian and they start to have sex in front of him. A fight ensues, during which Katherine kills Alexander. The couple bury Alexander's body in the woods and kill his horse. They are not directly accused of the murder, and Sebastian begins to dress and behave as the lord of the manor himself.
A woman arrives at the estate with a young boy named Teddy, who she claims is the product of an affair between Alexander and her daughter. Katherine reluctantly shelters the pair. Sebastian, angry at the change in living arrangements, returns to the outbuilding. Katherine realises she is pregnant, but is unable to inform Sebastian. She also begins to bond with Teddy. When Teddy disappears after Katherine scolds him, Sebastian finds the boy sitting over a waterfall and rescues him. When he returns Teddy to the house, he admits that he considered pushing him. Katherine dissuades Sebastian from leaving, promising to do anything he wants in return.
While Teddy's grandmother is asleep, the couple use the opportunity to smother Teddy. Sebastian hides in the woods while Katherine claims that Teddy died in his sleep. The village doctor is sceptical of the story, but while the issue is being discussed, a guilt-ridden Sebastian returns from the woods and confesses everything. Katherine turns Sebastian's confession back on him, and accuses him of committing all of the murders with Anna. Her word is taken over his, especially when Anna remains mute. As Sebastian and Anna are taken away by the police, the remaining servants leave and Katherine remains alone in the house with her unborn child.
Production.
In September 2015, it was announced Florence Pugh, Cosmo Jarvis, Christopher Fairbank, Naomi Ackie and Paul Hilton had been cast in the film, with William Oldroyd directing from a screenplay by Alice Birch.
Release.
The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2016. Shortly after, Roadside Attractions and Altitude Film Distribution acquired US and UK distribution rights to the film, respectively. It went onto screen at the BFI London Film Festival on 14 October 2016 and the Sundance Film Festival on 20 January 2017.
The film was released in the United Kingdom on 28 April 2017 and in the United States on 14 July 2017.
Critical response.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 189 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.57/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Lady Macbeth" flashes some surprising toughness beneath its period exterior, bolstered by a mesmerizing – and unforgiving – central performance by Florence Pugh." On Metacritic, which assigns an average rating to reviews, the film has a weighted score of 76 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Guy Lodge of "Variety" said "Florence Pugh announces herself as a major talent to watch in William Oldroyd's impressively tough-minded Victorian tragedy." David Friend of The Canadian Press calls Pugh's performance "a revelation" and "a striking portrayal of a woman on the brink."
Mick LaSalle of "The San Francisco Chronicle" writes "Oldroyd's approach to "Lady Macbeth" guarantees some longueurs as the film wears on. But the clarity with which Pugh and Oldroyd communicate Katherine's thoughts and motives maintains a solid interest throughout."


Hao Feng-ming

Hao Feng-ming (; born 19 September 1959) is a Taiwanese politician. He has served as the Political Deputy Minister of Labor since 17 February 2014.
Education.
Hao received his bachelor's degree in law from the National Chung Hsing University. He obtained his master's and doctoral degrees in law from the Universite de Droit in France.
Early career.
Hao held several positions in the academia, such as the Vice President, Professor and Dean of the Law Department at National Chung Cheng University and a lecturer at the Judges and Prosecutors Training Institute of the Ministry of Justice.
Political career.
At the central government, he has held several positions, such as the committee of the Examination and Review of Labor Insurance Disputes of the Council of Labor Affairs, member of the Committee of the Management of National Health Insurance Fund of the Department of Health and member of the Committee on Attorney Certification Examination Review of the Ministry of Examination of the Examination Yuan.
At the regional government, he was the member of the Legal Affairs Committee of the Chiayi City Government and member of the Petition and Appeal Committee of the Taichung County Government.


Pavonia Yard

Pavonia Yard is a Conrail Shared Assets Operations (CSAO) rail yard in Camden, New Jersey.
The yard begins just north of where the Vineland Secondary tracks cross the Cooper River near the intersection of State and Federal Streets, and continues north until approximately 36th Street, ending near the 36th Street River Line station on the Bordentown Secondary.
History.
It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) and opened in 1888. The yard was used to interchange with the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad (WJ&S) during 1896 to 1932, and with the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines (P-RSL) during 1932 to 1976. Initially the PRR operated large locomotive and car repair shops at the yard. In later years the engine work was discontinued, but the car repair shops remained in operation through the late 1930s. The yard was rebuilt in the 1960s.
Conrail.
Pavonia Yard is serves as CSAO's main classification yard for the Southern New Jersey area. It is a double-ended hump yard with a 32-track classification bowl. In 2009, Conrail Shared Assets significantly downgraded the yard, reflecting its changed status from a major hub to a regional classification center. Most of the hump's height was removed, and the tower was torn down, replaced with a "switching kiosk" which crews use manually to throw switches. Conrail builds two CSX and one Norfolk Southern train there every day. (Info from a Trains Magazine article on Conrail Shared Assets Operations)


Bezeq

Bezeq () is an Israeli telecommunications company. Bezeq and its subsidiaries offer a range of telecom services, including fixed-line, mobile telephony, high-speed Internet, transmission, and pay TV (via Yes).
History.
Bezeq was founded in 1984 as a government-owned corporation, taking over the provision of telephony services in Israel, which had been run directly by the Ministry of Communications. The previous system was highly bureaucratic, requiring customers to wait lengthy periods of time for a telephone line.
In the late 1980s Anat Hoffman founded a group to protect the interests of Bezeq customers. A major complaint was that Bezeq did not send customers itemized bills. 46 cases were brought to small claims court and the consumers won 43 of them. Within two years of the campaign. consumers began to receive itemized bills.
In 1994, Bezeq acquired 50% ownership of Pelephone, Israel's first mobile communication company, in 2004 acquired full ownership of the company from its co-owner Motorola.
In 1998, Bezeq co-founded Yes, a direct-broadcast satellite provider, which began broadcasting in July 2000.
In January 2012, Bezeq International Optical System was completed, a submarine telecommunication cable linking Tel Aviv and Bari in Italy. The system spans 2,300 km of cable, and extended terrestrially from Bari through Interoute's network to major European cities.
In April 2012, Bezeq acquired full ownership of Walla! Communications, Israel's leading Internet portal, which has more than 2.5 Million monthly unique users. Bezeq operates the B144 directory enquiries and yellow pages brand.
In February 2015, Bezeq acquired full ownership of Yes, Israel's leading television provider, for ₪680 million.
In 2018 the company announced that company CEO Stella Handler would be resigning her position. She is one of several Bezeq employees under investigation by the Israel Securities Authority and the Israel Police regarding Bezeq's purchase of Yes shares and allegations of improper dealings with the Israeli Ministry of Communication. Also in 2018, board members Shaul Elovitch, Or Elovitch and Orna Elovitch resigned as a result of Case 4000, an ongoing corruption investigation involving the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
Loss of monopoly status.
In 1994, Cellcom a new Mobile communication company was founded, breaking Pelephone's monopoly in this area. In 1999, a third competitor, Partner Communications Company, was established.
In 1997, two new competitors were introduced in international calling services (Barak and Golden Lines), and Bezeq was obliged to establish a new subsidiarity to compete with them named Bezeq International.
Until the mid-first decade of the 21st century when it was owned by the Israeli government, Bezeq had a monopoly on landline telephony and Internet access infrastructure (ADSL VDSL2). Though still the most dominant provider of telephone services, it has had competition from the sole cable provider in the country (since September 2006), Hot, which offers a cables based telephone and internet access services as of 2005, and with 012 Smile and more recently 013 netvision and Orange.
Privatization.
On 9 May 2005, Israel's Government Companies Authority, headed by Eyal Gabbai privatized Bezeq when 30% of its shares were sold by the state to the Apax-Saban-Arkin investment group for $972 million.
The cellular communications provider Pelephone is a fully owned subsidiary of Bezeq. Bezeq is also the largest shareholder in D.B.S. Satellite Services (1998) Ltd., known by its trademark name, Yes, the DBS television provider in Israel.
In April 2010, the controlling interest in Bezeq, held by the Apax-Saban-Arkin group, was sold to B Communications, a subsidiary of Shaul Elovitch's Eurocom Group, for $1.75 billion.
In late 2017, bank filed a petition against Elovitch to break up Eurocom Group to pay back loans totaling $275 million. This would directly impact the 10% shareholding in Bezeq, including Elovitch's 26% controlling stake. Meir Shamir has expressed interest in buying a controlling stake, effectively cancelling the debt to the banks. Two other investors have also expressed interest in purchasing a stake in Bezeq, including Argentine investor Eduardo Elsztain and Elliott Management, who announced they had recently purchased a 4,8% stake.
Operations.
The company's fixed-line domestic communications segment offers domestic carrier services, including basic telephony, Internet infrastructure and access services, and transmission and data communications services. This segment also provides infrastructure, transmission, billing, leasing space, and related services for other communications operators, operates and maintains radio transmitters, carries out set-up and operation works of networks or sub-networks for various customers and offers virtual private networks, data center, and search engine services.
As of December 2012 Bezeq has:
Parent company.
"B Communications", founded in 1999 as 012 Smile.Communications, is a publicly traded company. It currently functions as a holding company of Bezeq and is headquartered in Ramat Gan, Israel. Its shares are traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market and on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. B Communications is controlled by Searchlight II BZQ L.P (60%) and TNR investments Ltd (11%).


Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville

Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville (1772 in Cherbourg – 1822 in Cairo) was a French Orientalist.
He studied in Cherbourg and Valognes and was destined for priesthood, receiving his tonsure in 1792. He became a lecturer in the short-lived revolutionary "École normale" in the year III (1794), and was employed by the Republican ministry of treasure from 1795 to 1802, a post which he left in order to study oriental languages. He went to Cairo as translator in 1806, where he served as vice-consul (but was never promoted to consul because he refused to leave the mother of his children, a Ragusian laundrywoman, with whom he lived in concubinage). He moved to Alexandria in 1816 and ended his career in the position of first dragoman (official interpreter) of the French consulate for Egypt.
He participated in the philological discovery of the South Semitic languages of Abyssinia, Amharic and Ge'ez. During his time in Egypt, he collected more than 1,500 manuscripts.
He also became an important part of the translation of the Bible into the Amharic language of Ethiopia. An Ethiopian cleric known as Abu Rumi was travelling through Cairo and became very ill. Asselin took him in, provided for him, and engaged him to translate the Bible into Amharic. He provided Abu Rumi with food, lodging, and medical care. But more significantly, he also provided Abu Rumi with writing materials and aided him with his knowledge of the original Biblical languages, Greek and Hebrew. Over a period of 10 years (1772-1822), Abu Rumi produced a complete translation of the Bible in Amharic. Asselin later sold the manuscript to William Jowett on behalf of the British and Foreign Bible Society.
After his death, the bulk of his manuscript collection was sold to the Bibliothèque royale in 1833, where Michele Amari was charged with curating the collection's early Quranic manuscripts, except for the manuscripts of the Amharic Bible, which had earlier been purchased by the British and Foreign Bible Society.


United Nations Security Council Resolution 603

United Nations Security Council resolution 603, adopted unanimously on 25 November 1987, considered a report by the Secretary-General regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force. The Council noted its efforts to establish a durable and just peace in the Middle East but also expressed its concern over the prevailing state of tension in the area.
The resolution decided to call upon the parties concerned to immediately implement Resolution 338 (1973), it renewed the mandate of the Observer Force for another six months until 31 May 1988 and requested that the Secretary-General submit a report on the situation at the end of that period.