Sarah Frey

Sarah Frey (born July 24, 1976) is an American farmer and entrepreneur. She is the CEO and owner of Frey Farms, which she founded at age sixteen. Frey Farms is the largest H-2A visa employer in Illinois as well as the largest grower of pumpkins in the United States.
Early life and education.
Frey was born July 24, 1976, to Harold and Elizabeth Frey. Both had been previously married. Her father was a steelworker and a farmer and for a time part owner of the Dixie Feed franchise in St. Louis, but her parents fled to Tennessee to escape what Frey calls "a perfect storm" of bad decision-making by her father, who staged an accident to make it look as if he'd died. The couple's first child, a girl, was killed as a toddler in a farm accident; the couple left Tennessee for Illinois shortly thereafter. Frey has four older full brothers, thirteen half-siblings from her father's first marriage, and two from her mother's first marriage; counting her half siblings she is the youngest of 21.
The family's original 80-acre farm, which they called the Hill, is five miles from Orchardville and thirty miles from Mount Vernon in southern Illinois. The family's home did not have indoor plumbing until Frey was five years old. It was heated by a woodstove. The family survived mostly on food raised on the farm or hunted and fished for, sometimes resorting to poaching. Frey wrote in her memoir, "The Growing Season", that "I never remember going to bed without eating anything, but sometimes our meals were just a bowl of mush."
In her memoir she describes learning to drive by the age of five, writing, "There were vehicles everywhere with the keys in the ignition. Starting when I was four or five, whenever my parents took the truck into town and left me alone at the farm, I'd hop into their old two-door Mercury Grand Marquis. I would hot-lap around the farm, driving in circles".
In her memoir Frey wrote that at age seven she was sexually abused by a farmhand, and when she told her father, he told her mother to keep a closer eye on Frey. She wrote that only after she'd discovered a peephole the farmhand had drilled between her bedroom and his and showed it to her mother did her parents send him away.
Her mother had a "melon route", purchasing melons from neighboring farms and delivering them to local grocery stores, which Frey helped with from the time she was 8.
At 15, she moved out of her parents' house.
Frey attended Frontier Community College while also attending high school.
Career.
At 16, she borrowed $10,000 to buy a used truck and took over distribution of the melon route, quickly increasing the farm's client list from 12 to 150.
Her parents' financial situation had become dire. Her parents, who had falsely presented themselves as married for thirty year, were separating. The farm was being foreclosed on. In her youth, Frey had wanted to follow her brothers off the farm and move to a city, but following the threat of the farm's repossession, she decided to help save it. She purchased the farm outright at age 18. At the time it was in two parcels, the original 80 acres and another parcel of 20. She decided to use the land to grow pumpkins, a fall crop that would be ready for harvest after the melon season ended and thereby extend her earnings period. She worked at the local Walmart distribution center business in 1997, while still in high school.
Frey has been described as "the Pumpkin Queen of America". She grows more pumpkins than any other farmer in the United States. In 2016, Frey sold around five million pumpkins. Most of her pumpkin crop is not suitable for eating, but is very popular for Halloween lantern carving. The family business now owns about of farms, spanning Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, and West Virginia. Although pumpkins are the most popular produce, the business also farms watermelons, cantaloupes, sweet corn, and hard squash. In 2018, Frey Farms launched Sarah’s Homegrown. Sarah’s Homegrown is focused on agua frescas and fresh produce. Frey Farms is a Certified Women Owned Business.
She created Tsamma Watermelon Juice as a way to use the "ugly fruit" that would otherwise be discarded or tilled back into the fields. Frey's business negotiations with Walmart have been featured in a Harvard Business School study.
Sarah Frey serves on the United Fresh Government Relations Council and the National Watermelon Promotion Board. She is also a member of the Illinois Agriculture Coalition committee. Frey is currently on the steering committee for the IBIC.
Her second book, "The Growing Season" (2020), was reviewed by "Publishers Weekly" and the "Boston Globe, The New York Times, Kirkus Reviews and The Library Journal".
Political Ambitions.
In 2019, Sarah Frey was recruited for Rep. Shimkus' seat after he announced his retirement but decided not to run.
Reception.
The "Boston Globe" called her "a woman with a potent sense of self and an unmatched ability for inventing and selling herself in a business world often skeptical of or hostile to women, especially those without pedigree or connections."
Personal life.
Frey is divorced with two sons.


Sempin Windmill

The Sempin Windmill, or Moulin de Montfermeil, is a windmill located in Montfermeil in the French department of Seine-Saint-Denis, approximately east of Paris. It is the last surviving windmill in the department.
History.
The tower was originally built in 1740 to replace the Bruyères windmill, which had been built in 1525 but had become obsolete. It was rented for the first time by Messire Hocquart to Jacques Boyartaux on May 6, 1742. The windmill, reconstructed in 1818, fell into disrepair in the nineteenth century after it became redundant with competition from another mill. It was restored in 1896 when it was known as Moulin de la Galette and became a Sunday attraction. In the twentieth century, the windmill again began to deteriorate.
In 1972, an organization was created to protect the windmill. This group attempted to restore the building from 1978 to 1982, but the ground was riddled with old gypsum quarries which caused the windmill to collapse. Due to these unstable conditions, it was decided to rebuild the windmill away. Work began on restoring the windmill at its new location in 1986, and the new windmill was inaugurated on October 9, 1988. Today, the Sempin Windmill is open to the public and managed by the not-for-profit organization.
The windmill is high and its sails are wide.


Kiyoaki Saibara

Kiyoaki Saibara (1884–1972) and his father Seito Saibara are credited with much of the success of the Texas Gulf Coast rice crop. Born in Japan, Saibara came to Webster, Texas on his father's orders to help begin a rice crop. Saibara was the first Japanese person to gain United States citizenship in Texas. He and his first wife Shimoyo had six children.
A historical marker was erected in Webster in honour of Seito and Kiyoaki.


George Hastings Palmer

George Hastings Palmer (April 26, 1881 – January 16, 1947) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922.
Palmer was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the son of George H. Palmer and Elizabeth Thompson, and was educated in Yarmouth. He was a railway employee in Halifax and later worked as a train dispatcher in Manitoba. In 1905, he married May Slocomb. Palmer was elected mayor of Dauphin in 1925.
He was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1920 provincial election, as a Labour candidate in the constituency of Dauphin. He defeated incumbent Liberal William J. Harrington by 422 votes. The Labour Party and its allies jumped from one seat to eleven in this election, and Palmer served with the labour group in parliament for the next two years.
He was defeated in the 1922 election, losing to Liberal Archibald Esplen by 83 votes.
Palmer attempted to return to the legislature in the 1927 provincial election. This time, he ran as Progressive supporting John Bracken's government. He finished second to Conservative Robert Ferguson.
He died in Winnipeg at the age of 65.


Agroterra

Agroterra is an agro internet platform which allows farmers and agrobusinesses to publicise and sell their goods and services without intermediary costs. It currently runs two websites agroterra.com, in Spanish, and agroterra.co.uk, its UK counterpart.
History.
The company was founded by Juan Martínez Climent in 1999, an agronomic engineer from Valencia, Spain.
By the end of 2009, Agroterra's website was receiving over 650 thousand visits a month and had over 65 thousand registered suppliers. In early 2010, visits were growing at 2.7% a month or 37% a year.
2010 also marked a breakthrough for the company because it launched the UK version of the site, agroterra.co.uk. The company also launched German (agroterra.de) and French (agroterra.eu) versions of the site in 2010.
In September 2010, the CEO, Juan Martínez Climent and UK Country Manager, Mike Lee, spoke before the European Commissioner, Mrs Joanna Drake, at the Brussels Google Office about the company's past and its plans for the future. The company was selected to speak as an example of a successful web-based SME in the European Union.
Current investors are Marek Fodor (Atrapalo, Kantox) and Lluis Faus (vLex).
Services.
Agroterra offers to grow businesses through top search engine positioning, high product and search page volume and high visibility of companies and products to users. Basic services include listing of up to five products and inclusion in listings, while Premium services allow suppliers to publish more products, which have greater visibility and give suppliers more sophisticated marketing and selling tools.
Commercial and private sellers of any kind of agro-product or service can therefore publicise and sell to the growing 3.9 million unique annual visitors. Suppliers advertise their products and publish their contact details. They control their own information. Agroterra helps them develop their businesses. It offers a range of over 40 thousand products, organised into 19 categories and 240 subcategories.
Meanwhile buyers search for products and when they find what they are looking for, they contact the suppliers directly. Agroterra does not take part in the transaction, but simply introduces buyers to suppliers .To sell products on Agroterra you must sign up.


Thomas Patterson Brockman

Colonel Thomas Patterson Brockman (December 4, 1797 – August 20, 1859), was the son of Henry Brockman and Susannah Patterson. He was born in the Greenville District (now Greenville County), South Carolina. Brockman was a merchant and planter in the Greenville District and also owned land in the Spartanburg District. According to the 1850 slave schedules, he possessed thirty slaves in Greenville. He was also a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives and the South Carolina Senate.
Title of Colonel.
Brockman was listed as a noted member of the community in Greenville as early as 1831, when he served as a parade marshal on the Fourth of July, as appointed by Perry E. Duncan and committee. At that ceremony he led three companies of militia, accompanied by Colonel Barron, Colonel Greene, and Major Goodlett. Brockman was colonel of the Third Regiment of the state militia (1831–1834).
Political life.
Brockman was a prominent Unionist in the years before the Civil War. In 1832–1833, he served as Greenville delegate to the state convention on Nullification; he voted against nullification. He was state Senator from the Greenville district from 1836 to 1839, and Commissioner of Roads and of Public Buildings in 1844,
The slavery issue came to a head with the Compromise of 1850. South Carolina secessionists asserted that if the Compromise passe, South Carolina should withdraw from the Union.
Brockman's town of Greenville had long been a Unionist stronghold. In the October state elections of 1850, Brockman was elected state Senator, and fellow Unionists Benjamin Perry and Perry E. Duncan were also elected to the legislature. The Unionist started a newspaper, the "Southern Patriot", to support the cause.
Nonetheless, the legislature called for a convention to be held to decide on secession. Brockman and other Unionists worked to delay the convention as long as possible, collaborating with the "cooperationist" faction. ("Cooperationists" did not explicitly opposed secession, but said that South Carolina should not act on its own, but only in "cooperation" with other Southern states.) When the convention delegates were finally elected in 1852, the Unionists and cooperationists defeated the secessionists 25,062 to 17,617. The Union was safe (for the time being) thanks in large part to the efforts of Brockman and the other Unionists of Greenville.
The election of Lincoln in 1860 caused a new crisis. Despite Brockman's efforts, South Carolina declared secession in December 1860, commencing the American Civil War. This was a tragic outcome for Brockman, as both of his sons (Benjamin T. Brockman and Jesse Brockman) died while serving in the Confederate Army with the 13th South Carolina Infantry.
Brockman's granddaughter Tallulah James Brockman married Alabama politician John H. Bankhead, a future U.S. Representative and Senator. Their son William Brockman Bankhead was a U.S. Representative and Speaker of the House; their son John H. Bankhead II was a U.S. Senator.
Positions held.
Activities against secession.
Brockman, Benjamin Fanklin Perry, and Perry Emory Duncan were all prominent Unionists.


Eleanor Perenyi

Eleanor Spencer Stone Perényi (later Perenyi, January 4, 1918 – May 3, 2009) was a gardener and author. She wrote several books including "Green Thoughts", a collection of essays based on her own gardening experiences.
Biography.
Eleanor Perenyi was the daughter of a US Navy officer, Ellis S. Stone and Grace Zaring Stone. Grace Zaring Stone wrote her anti-Nazi novel "Escape" under the pseudonym Ethel Vance, for fear of jeopardizing the safety of her daughter, who was then living with her husband, the Hungarian noble Baron Zsigmond Perényi, in pro-Fascist Hungary, then to be an ally of the Axis powers during World War II.
Works.
Perenyi is best known as the author of "Green Thoughts: A Writer in the Garden", which drew on her work on her husband's rural estate near the present-day town of Vynohradiv, Ukraine (the former Nagyszőlős, Hungary). Her life there is further recorded in her 1946 memoir "More Was Lost", which describes her marriage to her Hungarian noble husband and the impact of World War II on life in rural Hungary. Her other books include the Civil War novel "The Bright Sword" (1955) and a study of Franz Liszt.
"Green Thoughts" was reviewed by Brooke Astor in "The New York Times".
"More Was Lost" was reprinted by New York Review of Books Press in 2016 with an introduction by the poet J.D. McClatchy and is reviewed by Sadie Stein in "The Paris Review".
Award.
Perenyi was given an award in literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1982.


John R. Thompson

John Richardson Thompson (July 28, 1834 – February 12, 1894) was one of the eight founders of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, a fraternal organization in the United States.
Biography.
Thompson was born on July 28, 1834, in Littleton, New Hampshire and grew up on the family farm. He served in the American Civil War with the 15th Vermont Volunteers, rising to the rank of colonel. Following the war, he took a job at the United States Department of the Treasury, where he remained for many years.
Thompson is believed to be the first to whom Oliver Hudson Kelley talked about his dream of setting up a fraternal organization of farmers. Thompson's Freemasonry training became a valuable tool in developing the ritualistic work of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, revolving the ritualistic teachings around the farm and farm family. He died on February 12, 1894.
Legacy.
The other founders of the Grange were:Oliver Hudson Kelley, William Saunders, Francis M. McDowell, John Trimble, Aaron B. Grosh, William M. Ireland and Caroline A. Hall.


Saale-Unstrut

Saale-Unstrut is a region ("Anbaugebiet") for quality wine in Germany, and takes its name from the rivers Saale and Unstrut. The region is located on various hill slopes around these rivers. Most of the region's under vine in 2008 is situated in the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, with around in the state of Thuringia.
Geography and climate.
Saale-Unstrut is the northernmost of Germany's wine regions, and is therefore one of Europe's northernmost traditional wine regions. The wines from the Memleben Abbey were mentioned in the literature already in the year 998 AD. Because of the cooler climate Spätlese or Auslese can be produced only in exceptionally warm years and yields are generally low.
The region in the district Burgenlandkreis has a wine route which was opened in 1993.
Grape varieties.
The most common grape varieties are the white varieties Müller-Thurgau, at and 18.4% of the vineyard surface in 2008 and Weißburgunder (Pinot blanc) at 12.1%. White grape varieties make up 74% of Saale-Unstrut's plantations. Varieties such as Müller-Thurgau and Silvaner, which elsewhere are considered to produce wines of more mediocre quality, are sometimes considered to give better wines in the cold climate such as Saale-Unstrut's. The wines are labelled varietally, as most German wines, and are generally vinified dry with a refreshing acidity, resulting from the cool growing conditions.
The most cultivated grape varieties, by area in 2008, were:


Aaqua

Almost All Questions Answered or aAQUA is a Farmer Knowledge Exchange available at aaqua.org answering questions from progressive farmers in 4 languages in any one of 420 districts in India and some places abroad.
Open To All.
Any farmer, agriculturist or hobbyist can register and post questions and a panel of Agriculture Experts answers questions based on the problem description and photos if any. Contextual Information such as geographical location, weather, season are retrieved automatically and made available to experts. Apart from agriculture, aAQUA is a forum for questions regarding education, healthcare and other issues important to a developing population. Currently questions may be asked in one of four languages - Hindi, Marathi, Kannada and English.
Typical Q&A.
aAQUA uses discussion forum user interface to publish online the queries by one or more agri-users and responses and advice from other expert agri-users. Here are links to several Q&A including cucumber harvest, foot and mouth disease outbreak among cattle, assisting an ailing goat, solution to a green chilli (pepper) infection, sowing information on onions, solution to cucumber disease and a clarification on cattle feed. The most prolific farmer-users asking queries is found here. An older version of frequently asked questions on the aAQUA forum can be found here.
Background.
Originally developed at the Developmental Informatics Lab, aAQUA uses relational database management systems and information retrieval techniques with query optimization, intermittent synchronization and multilingual support. An excellent technical introduction is available in the Internet Computing Article. A chapter on aAQUA was published in a book by the Food and Agriculture Organization as a Case Study in the Asia Pacific Region.
Technology Transfer.
In 2014-15, the software was licensed perpetually to Tata Consultancy Services in a private agreement between Agrocom founders Anil Bahuman, Prof Ramamritham and TCS Chief Technology Officer Ananth Krishnan. aAQUA Software was used to power the databases of TCS's mKrishi project including multi-lingual keyword search across Indian language documents using Natural Language Processing methods.


Alata Research Institute of Horticulture

Alata Research Institute of Horticulture () is a research institute for horticulture in Mersin Province, Turkey.
Location.
The institute, located at about , is close to Erdemli ilçe (district). It is on the state highway , which connects Mersin to west along the Mediterranean coastline. It covers an area of stretching on the coastline.
History.
In 1944, a school of horticulture was established in the location known as Alata, just east of Erdemli. In 1967, the institute was established next to the school, and in 1981, the infrastructure of the school was transferred to the institute. In 2011, Tarsus Water and Soil Institute was merged into Alata Research Institute of Horticulture. It is a subsidiary of the Department of Agricultural Research and Policies at the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Manager of the institute is Dr. Davut Keleş.
Services.
In addition to research and development in horticulture, the institute produces and improves the quality of fruits and vegetables. It also carries out analysis on soil, leaves, fertilizer as well as irrigation water, and helps the local farmers. The zone of responsibility of the institute covers entire Mediterranean Region.


Gillian Lange

Gillian Lange is the founder of Lange Foundation, a no-kill animal shelter in West Los Angeles. Lange founded the foundation in 1993. Lange is a recipient of the City of Los Angeles St. Francis of Assisi Award in honor of her work with animals, which spans several decades. Since 1974, Lange has helped rescue more than 20,000 abandoned cats and dogs that would have otherwise been euthanized in city shelters.


John Goodrich (Loyalist)

John Goodrich (1722–1785) was a Virginia-born British planter, merchant shipper, and privateer. Uncommitted at the beginning of the American Revolution, he was recruited by Lord Dunmore to become a Loyalist privateer. By his own estimation, he destroyed five hundred vessels in the service of the British Crown.
Family.
Goodrich was born in Virginia in 1722, one of several children of John Goodrich (d. 1746). Unlike many Loyalists, Goodrich had deep roots in colonial America; his immigrant ancestor, "John Guttreidge", had patented land in Virginia in 1654. In 1747 he married the descendant of another prominent local family, Margaret Bridger, a descendant of the 17th-century Virginia political figure General Joseph Bridger. They raised a large family, including a number of sons that would follow their father into mercantile pursuits and, later, privateering. One of his daughters, Agatha, married Robert Shedden, who would also become a prominent Loyalist as well as Goodrich's business partner. Some of his close relatives ended up on the opposite side of the conflict, including two nephews who served as officers on the Patriot side.
Before the Revolution.
A keen businessman, Goodrich spent his early adult years expanding his landholdings. Over the course of several years, he purchased hundreds of acres of land in Nansemond and Isle of Wight counties. By 1771 he owned over 2,000 acres of land, some of it described as the best land in the county. Starting in the 1760s, he began to turn his interest from farming to shipping. He and his sons owned and operated a dozen ships by 1774, and Goodrich also owned his own wharves, dry goods stores, warehouses, and other establishments useful to his shipping business. Operating primarily out of Portsmouth, his small fleet shipped agricultural and timber commodities to the West Indies and to other ports in the colonies.
Early Revolutionary War activities.
The Revolutionary War posed a serious threat to merchants like Goodrich, with blockades cutting off imports and exports, and privateers from both sides attacking merchant vessels. Goodrich himself does not seem to have been particularly ideological; both sides of the conflict apparently understood he was more motivated by profit than politics. Regardless, the Patriot side decided to enlist the aid of the Goodrich family. Using one of Goodrich's sons, William, as a go-between, they provided £5,000 for the purchase of powder in the West Indies, with the understanding that John Goodrich, the father, would assist him in successfully bringing the cargo back without attracting notice. The family elected to also purchase other cargo on the trip, risking the wrath of both the British and Patriot sides.
This mission proved to be a debacle for the Goodriches. Though the powder did reach its destination, an intercepted letter to John Goodrich from his son-in-law Robert Shedden revealed the conspiracy to Dunmore, who took Shedden and another of Goodrich's sons into custody. With John Goodrich, Jr., held as hostage, the elder John Goodrich sought an audience with Dunmore, where he expressed "sincere repentance of what was past and his earnest desire of returning to his duty". Though he recognized Goodrich's essentially mercenary character, Dunmore seized the opportunity to augment British forces with a family of experienced, capable, and ambitious ship captains. Having been convinced that his family's interests would be better served by the British, Goodrich and his family turned to the Loyalist cause.
The start of Goodrich's career as a Loyalist was not auspicious. He set out to the West Indies to reclaim some of the money that had been left with a merchant there to purchase additional powder, but was quickly captured by British forces unaware of his new loyalties and promptly sent back to Dunmore. The Patriots were, likewise, initially confused regarding his loyalties. He was actually imprisoned by the Commonwealth of Virginia, which suspected him "of being unfriendly to the Colony", but when witnesses failed to appear he was released on a bond of £1,000 and the condition that he not be of assistance to America's enemies. Goodrich and two of his sons were almost immediately charged again, this time with violating the Articles of Association. On 9 March 1776, the Virginia Committee of Safety sequestered the lands and property of the Goodrich family, and when one of the Goodrich sons was caught attempting to transport slaves and stock from the sequestered property, the committee had the property confiscated and put up for auction. This marked a decisive break with the Patriot side; General Charles Lee ordered Goodrich's house, as well as two of his ships, burned, justifying it on the grounds that Goodrich was one "of the most notorious Traitors", and that it would be a warning to others not to work with Dunmore.
Loyalist privateer.
Under his agreement with Dunmore, Goodrich's ships had been commissioned directly into government service, and he and his sons became some of the most notorious of the Loyalist privateers. He was captured in North Carolina on 17 April 1776 while engaged in privateering, and by May was in a Virginia jail. Being found guilty of treason, his entire estate was confiscated and he was imprisoned under guard, effectively a prisoner of war. His sons vehemently rejected the committee's offer of neutrality and continued in royal service, with one joining Simcoe's Rangers, and John Goodrich himself returned to privateering after escaping prison. Later in the war, Goodrich's privateering operation moved to New York, and grew over the course of the war to four fighting vessels; the largest, "The Dunmore", was a sixteen-gun ship.
After the war.
After the war, Goodrich and several of his family members left the United States and settled in England. He died in November of 1785, aged 63 years, and was interred at Topsham Church in Devon. Edmund Randolph, in his "History of Virginia", remarked regarding Goodrich and his sons that "Virginia never repaired the loss which she sustained in these men."
In England, the descendants of John Goodrich were known as the Goodriches of Energlyn. His son John Goodrich, Jr. was High Sheriff of Glamorganshire in 1798, while another descendant, James Pitt Goodrich, was High Sheriff of Denbighshire in 1878. His Shedden descendants prospered as well; they lived for several generations at their estate at Spring Hill, East Cowes.


Edward Murray East

Edward Murray East (October 4, 1879 – November 9, 1938) was an American plant geneticist, botanist, agronomist and eugenicist. He is known for his experiments that led to the development of hybrid corn and his support of 'forced' elimination of the 'unfit' based on eugenic findings. He worked at the Bussey Institute of Harvard University where he performed a key experiment showing the outcome of crosses between lines that differ in a quantitative trait.
Work in eugenics.
Edward Murray East was a prominent figure in early American genetics and a strong supporter of the eugenics movement in the United States. He was strongly influenced by the work of Thomas Malthus, especially "Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798). This influence led East to create many of his ideas concerning birth control and immigration policy. He applied many of the ideas that he had developed in his research on the applications of genetics to agriculture to his ideas about human society.
East wrote two major works on eugenics, "Mankind at the Crossroads" (1923) and "Heredity and Human Affairs" (1927), in which he compared groups of people based upon the racial categorizations of the time. In his book "Heredity and Human Affairs" (1927), he made quite a few pointed comments against interbreeding and miscegenation in the human species, stating that "the negro race as a whole is possessed of undesirable transmissible qualities both physical and mental, which seem to justify not only a line but a wide gulf to be fixed permanently between it and the white race".
Another principal concern of East's was the existing social policy, and his perception that it favored the "imbecile" over the "genius", and that the continued use of public funds to this end would have negligible value, if not directly causing harm.
Work in biology: inbreeding and outbreeding.
In 1919, Edward M. East and Donald F. Jones worked together on monographs on experimental biology, including a book on inbreeding and outbreeding and their genetic and sociological significance. This work covers reproduction among plants and animals, the mechanism of reproduction, the mechanism of heredity, mathematical considerations of inbreeding, inbreeding experiments with animals and plants, hybrid vigor or heterosis, conceptions as to the cause of hybrid vigor, sterility and its relations to inbreeding and crossbreeding, the role of inbreeding and outbreeding in evolution, and the value of inbreeding and outbreeding in plant and animal improvement. East and Jones explicitly considered inbreeding and outbreeding in man, their effect on the individual, and the intermingling of races and review the national stamina literature. In "Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Their Genetic and Sociological Significance", East proposed the theory that inbreeding in a genetically diverse stock caused increased homozygosity. Believing with the Drosophila workers that most mutations were recessive and deleterious, East concluded that the increased homozygosity caused by inbreeding should generally be accompanied by detrimental effects. His theory also explained why inbreeding was not necessarily deleterious in all cases. Unless deleterious recessives were present, inbreeding caused no ill effects. Outbreeding of course had the opposite effect of increasing heterozygosity and was often accompanied by heterosis, or hybrid vigor.
In later years East continued to work on the physiological interpretation of heterosis and published a long paper on the subject only two years before his death.
The Jones and East book was well received, the theory presented with a wealth of evidence. It was widely read and cited by geneticists.
Biography.
Edward East was born on October 4, 1879 in DuQuoin, Illinois to William Harvey East and Sarah Granger Woodruff. William had considerable mechanical skills and had studied mechanical engineering at the University of Illinois from 1875 to 1876. He then worked as a machinist, manufacturer of machinery, and chief engineer for a clay products firm.
When East was young he rapidly developed reading and writing skills. He diligently studied his collection of birds' eggs, which he purchased with money he earned working at the local grocery store. He acquired a .22 rifle, as did most boys his age, and became a very skilled marksman. After graduating high school at age fifteen he worked in a machine shop for two years developing mechanical drawing skills and shop methods. Here he saved money for college and eventually attended the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland in 1897. One lasting impression the experience gave him was when a professor gave him a zero on an essay for making one mistake, an experience he often mentioned.
As East advanced in his studies, he decided that he was more interested in general science rather than applied mechanics. He transferred to the University of Illinois, and received his Bachelor of Science in 1900, Master of Science in 1904, and Doctor of Philosophy in 1907. During this time he met and married Mary Lawrence Biggs; they had two daughters. His master's thesis was in the study of the chemical and bacteriological studies on the self-purification of running streams.
East's first scientific position was as an assistant chemist in C.G. Hopkins' Laboratory. His job was to take chemical analyses of samples of corn. East was recommended to undertake the new work of improving the chemical compositions in corn, and accepted the appointment in Newhaven in 1905. Although he only spent four years at New Haven, he completed a lot work in that time. He continued intensive studies of the three economy plants: tobacco, potato, and maize.
Some of his studies done in New Haven were used in his submission of his thesis to the University of Illinois. His work on tobacco paved the foundation for his genetic work on the "Nicotiana" plant. His most notable research was with maize, where he discovered the genetic mechanism known as multiple factors. His work done at New Haven was on inbreeding and cross-breeding. His published paper "Inheritance in Maize" was the result of this work. The first inbred strains were grown in 1908. His first book, "Inbreeding and Outbreeding", was on this subject. East played an important role in the development of hybrid corn. His main interest was in the theoretical interpretations from inbreeding leading to reduction and crossbreeding leading to increased growth. His ideas were developed further, led to the introduction of alleles, and were published in 1936 in "Heterosis".
Much of East's life was spent battling an illness.


Bocketts Farm

Bocketts Farm in Surrey, England is a visitor attraction farm set in the countryside on the slopes of the North Downs due south of Leatherhead.
Facilities.
Animals on the farm include lambs, piglets, goat kids, chicks and ducklings. The farm also trades as a visitor attraction with approximately 50,000 visits per year, centred on children's educational visits by having extensive play areas and facilities for children of all ages. Inside are two 'playbarns' with a 70 ft 4-lane astroslide, trampolines and rides on tractors. Outside are adventure trails, a giant slide tower and a jumping pillow. The farm also has an 18th-century barn converted into a cafeteria.
Operational and environmental context.
The land which the business and its hedgerow and narrow wooded buffer zones occupy is one of three let farms of Norbury Park, an estate of 520 hectares (1,300 acres) within the Surrey Hills AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty). The estate is west of the "Mole Gap" part of the River Mole and the A24 between Westhumble and the borders of Leatherhead, Fetcham and Great Bookham which also has Metropolitan Green Belt status, and is within of the M25 London Orbital Motorway.


Wisconsin dairy industry

Dairy is a major industry in the state of Wisconsin. The state is widely known for its dairy production, as can be seen with "America's Dairyland" being one of Wisconsin's nicknames.
Dairying in Wisconsin includes the harvesting and processing of animal milk, usually from cows, and the processing into cheese, butter, or other dairy products. Dairy became an important industry in the late-19th century, following the invention of the refrigerated rail car. By 1915, Wisconsin became the leading state for dairy production, only being surpassed by California in 1993. As of 2018, Wisconsin ranks 2nd in the United States in dairy production, with over 7000 dairy farms that produce of milk per month.
Farming.
Traditionally, dairy farming in Wisconsin involves family-owned farms. Dairy cows, in a herd of over 100, are usually kept in a pasture and milked in the barn, two or three times per day. Factory-farms, which are able to have significantly more cows, are becoming increasingly more common in Wisconsin, forcing smaller family farms out of business.
Cheese.
Cheesemaking has been in Wisconsin since the start of its dairy industry. In the 19th century, much of the milk production went to making cheese, because cheese kept longer than milk or butter. In the latter half of the 19th century, cheese production moved from the farms to specialized factories, resulting in higher quality cheese. In 1921, Wisconsin became the first state to grade cheese by its quality. As of 2020, Wisconsin produces 26% of all cheese in the US, totaling of cheese in the last year.
Butter.
Butter is another common dairy product produced in Wisconsin. The state requires buttermakers to hold a license to produce butter. These rules were created in 1929, in order to prevent substandard product from being sold as Wisconsin butter. As of 2008, Wisconsin produces 22% of butter in the US, totaling of butter.
History.
The Wisconsin dairy industry has its start in the latter half of the 19th century. The first farms in Wisconsin exclusively produced wheat. At their peak, Wisconsin farms produced of wheat. Rapidly, in the 1860s, the wheat farms, began suffering mass soil depletion, and insect infestations, lowering the quality and yield of the crop. During the 1880s, with pressure from the Wisconsin Dairymen’s Association, farms across the state began switching to producing dairy.
With the invention and widespread use of the refrigerated rail car, this allowed many farms to switch to producing dairy products and raising feed crops instead of wheat. This turned out to be highly successful for these farmers, and by the start of the 20th century, over 90% of farms were involved with the dairy industry.
In 1890, Stephen Babcock from the University of Wisconsin–Madison developed a test to determine the milkfat content. This innovation led to a higher quality of milk and dairy products. By 1915, Wisconsin became the leading state for dairy production, a lead it would maintain until 1993.
In 1895, the Wisconsin legislature prohibited the sale of yellow-colored oleomargarine, fearing that it would disrupt the state's dairy industry. Manufacturers switched to producing pink-colored margarine as a response to the ban. The margarine ban lasted for 75 years, when it was overturned in 1967. Wisconsin was the last state to maintain its oleomargarine ban, the previous being Minnesota, which overturned theirs in 1963. It, however, still remains illegal for restaurants to serve margarine, unless the customer requests for it. While the ban was never enforced, it carried a $6,000 fine.
In 1933, during the Great Depression, there was a series of strikes by Wisconsin dairy farmers in attempt to raise the price of milk. The cooperative group of farmers attempted to coordinate their efforts with larger groups, including the Farmers' Holiday Association. However, the larger groups prematurely ended their strike to avoid losses.
When states, such as California, started to experiment with new factory-farms, they saw great success, compared to Wisconsin's family farms. Throughout the late 20th-century, California dairy production started to grow rapidly, replacing Wisconsin as the leading state for milk production in 1993. Many of Wisconsin's family farms have been closing down, due to increased competition from large factory farms. Since 2005, about 50% of the dairy farms have closed, leaving Wisconsin with 7000 dairy farms in 2020.
Rising tariffs on dairy products have also been a major contributor to the decrease in productivity in Wisconsin. In 2018, China and Mexico imposed large tariffs on the US, making it harder for farms to sell their dairy products. Farmers across Wisconsin lost an estimated $40,000 in yearly revenue due to these tariffs. The number of immigrant dairy workers is rising, from 5% in 2000 to 40% in 2010. This increase is due to many farmers looking to increase the size of their herds, which requires more workers.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been another hardship on the Wisconsin dairy industry. As the demand for dairy fell, Wisconsin farmers were forced to dump their excess milk. With the loosening of state lockdowns, dairy demand had increased to near pre-pandemic levels. By November 2020, most farms had rebounded from the initial COVID-19 lockdowns.
Cultural significance.
The prominence of the dairy industry in Wisconsin has led to Wisconsin being known as "America's Dairyland". In the 1940s, "America's Dairyland" was printed on the state's license plates, and in 1986 a graphic representing a dairy farm was added to the plate. In 1971, the dairy cow was designated as the official state domesticated animal. "Cheeseheads" is used as a nickname for people from Wisconsin or fans of the Green Bay Packers NFL football franchise. Cheese-wedge shaped hats are a common sight at Packers games, especially since 1994.


David Paton Balfour

David Paton Balfour (12 July 1841 – 13 July 1894) was a New Zealand sheepfarmer, station manager, roading supervisor and diarist. He was born in Monikie, Forfarshire, Scotland on 12 July 1841.


Charollais sheep

The Charollais is a breed of domestic sheep originating in east central France, in the same region in which Charolais cattle originated, Charolles and Saône-et-Loire. It is known for ease of lambing and is used as a terminal sire to increase muscling and growth rate of the lambs. It has been exported internationally, and is commonly used in the United Kingdom as a sire to produce market lambs from pure-bred ewes and mules.
History.
This breed originates in the Charolles and Saône-et-Loire regions of East-Central France, developed in the 19th century from local breeds and intended to be crossed with the British Dishley Leicester. The breed was first introduced to the UK in 1977 where it was further improved. Charollais sheep were introduced to Ireland in 1990 and Canada in 1994.
General characteristics.
Physical characteristics.
The Charollais sheep is a medium to large sized breed used as a terminal sire. The head is pinkish-brown and is usually free of wool but may have a fine covering of pale coloured hair and both sexes are polled (without horns). It is long in the back, wedge shaped and well-muscled. A high frequency of the Myostatin gene mutation is responsible for the increased muscling observed in the Charollais breed. The breed is fine boned making for a high killing out percentage. The legs are brown, quite short and free of wool. On average at maturity, rams weigh and ewes weigh .
Temperament.
Charollais ewes display a docile temperament and good maternal instincts, making them both easy to work with and excellent mothers.
Wool.
The fleece usually weighs between and has a staple length of . The wool is medium grade and measures 56 to 60 on the Bradford count, with a diameter of 29 to 30.5 microns.
Reproduction.
The pure bred ram is willing and eager to mate for most of the year and is long-lived. Rams reach sexual maturity at approximately 7 months of age and many are still working at seven years of age and some live to ten. The ewes have an extended breeding season and are prolific; those lambing in December average 180% while those lambing in February reach 200%. The ease of lambing achieved due to their small head size and wedge shaped body means minimal stress to both the ewe and lamb. Lambs are vigorous, keen to suck and have a rapid growth rate. Ewe lambs can be bred at seven months, when they reach sexual maturity. Birth weights average 5.0 kg (11 lbs) for singles, 4.0 kg (9 lbs) for twins and 3.5 kg (8 lbs) for triplets.
Production.
The Charollais breed excels in both pasture or confinement system, making them versatile for the modern shepherd. The breed is known to maintain body condition well through production cycles. The Charollais breed is known to produce a high quality, lean carcass and have a high meat to bone ratio. Dressing percentage is above average at ≈50-59%.
Breed standards.
Structural correctness.
Structural correctness incorporates aspects of conformation that encourage good health and well-being. Charollais animals selected for breeding should display structural correctness in relation to teeth, displaying short straight teeth, resting directly on the pad. Feet should be neat and not misshapen, pasterns should be short, straight an upright. Legs should be a medium distance apart with appropriate fineness of bone. Hind legs should have a good definition of hock. The shoulders and top-line should be level and strong with good length and fleshy. Undesirable traits include narrow or pointed top-line and/or shoulders and excessive fat. Rams should display two balanced testicles of adequate size and Ewes should display an udder free of lumps and malformations.
Breed characteristics.
Breed characteristics define traits that set the Charollais breed apart from other sheep breeds that are retained through pure-breeding.
Charollais sheep should display a loin that is long, wide and deep without excessive fat. The eye muscle should be full. The leg-of-lamb should be thick, deep and full and rump should be thick and wide. Good growth rate is desirable. Charollais heads should display a pink skin color with a varying amount of light coloured hair. They should be appropriately small muzzles with broader shape between the eyes. Ewes should display a feminine kind head while rams should be distinctively more masculine in appearance. Wool should cover the body without breaks but not extend down the legs or over the head. Fleece should be dense and of good quality.


Aalstermolen

The Aalstermolen (English: "Aalster Mill") is a windmill located on the Raadhuisstraat 28A in Aalst, Waalre, in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands. Built in 1904 on an artificial hill, the windmill functioned as gristmill. The mill was built as a tower mill and its sails have a span of 25.70 meters. The mill has been a national monument (nr 38186) since 15 May 1968.
History.
Built in 1904, the mill was originally in private ownership until being sold to an investment company in 1934. The mill burned down in 1936 but was immediately rebuilt, using material from a neighbouring mill that was being demolished. In 1955 it was bought by the Van Stekelenburg family. Shortly after it went out of use as a gristmill and the mill came into disrepair. In 1986 the mill was restored, until in 2001 it was once again put out of service.
See also.
Other mills in North Brabant:


Mark Deering

Mark Deering (6 March 1900 – 26 April 1973) was an Irish Fine Gael politician. A farmer, he first stood for election at the 1951 general election but was not successful. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Wicklow constituency at the 1953 by-election caused by the death of Thomas Brennan of Fianna Fáil. He was re-elected at the 1954 general election but lost his seat at the 1957 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1965 general election.


Museu de la Pagesia

The Museu de la Pagesia (Rural Life Museum), in Castellbisbal, Vallès Occidental, was created to preserve and disseminate local cultural heritage associated with agricultural life. The Museum’s collection comprises homemade tools and those for use in the fields, photographs and personal accounts, which create a permanent exhibition that gives an overview of traditional farming in the town, work in the field and the social structure of rural life. The permanent exhibition is divided into three areas: the people, the land, and market and transport. The Museum is part of the Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network.


Franconia (wine region)

Franconia (German: "Franken") is a region for quality wine in Germany situated in the north west of Bavaria in the district of Franconia, and is the only wine region in the federal state of Bavaria. In 2014, vines were grown on of land in the region.
Geography.
The greatest part of the wine region is situated in the "Regierungsbezirk" of Lower Franconia around its capital Würzburg along the Main River. There are a few areas in Middle Franconia mainly in the Steigerwald and a very small part in the area of Upper Franconia around Bamberg. The bends of Main have been used to define the region's three districts, two of which take their names from their respective geometric shape.
"Mainviereck" District.
The Mainviereck ("Main square") is the westernmost district of Franconia, on the lower slopes of the Spessart hills and is one of the warmest spots in Bavaria. The special soil is mainly red sandstone which is especially suitable for growing red wine. Franconian red wine plantings started to expand in the 1970s.
The Pinot noirs and the rare but high quality grape "Frühburgunder" are grown in high quality. The "Bürgstadter Centgrafenberg" and the "Schlossberg" in Klingenberg am Main are said to be the best vineyards. Some of the wines grown there won national and international wine trophies. The most important villages are Bürgstadt, Großheubach and Klingenberg am Main.
The main red wine areas of Franconia have been connected by the long-distance hiking trail "Fränkischer Rotweinwanderweg" (Franconian red wine footpath) since 1990.
"Maindreieck" District.
The "Maindreieck" ("Main triangle") is the middle portion of Franconia. On the sometimes very steep hills alongside the Main river the soil mainly consists of Muschelkalk. Mainly Silvaner and Müller-Thurgau grapes are being grown. But as in many wine regions in Germany a wide variety of grapes is cultivated. Riesling, Bacchus, Pinot noir, Domina and Dornfelder are the most important grapes. Some wine journalists are saying that Franconia is the only place in the world where the Silvaner can be greater than the king of German wines, the Riesling.
The best-known vineyard site is the "Würzburger Stein" a hill north of central Würzburg. The wines from there are known under the synonym of "Steinwein". Along the "Maindreieck" nearly every town produces some wine. The earliest evidence of the Silvaner grape is found in the archive of Castell in a document from 10 April 1659.
The most important cities and towns are Würzburg, Randersacker, Sommerhausen, Frickenhausen am Main, Sulzfeld am Main, Sommerach, Escherndorf, Nordheim and Volkach.
"Steigerwald" District.
The soil of the "Mittelgebirge" Steigerwald consists mainly of gypsum. The wines of this region often have a very mineralic touch. The most important villages are Iphofen, Rödelsee and Castell
History.
There is evidence that wine has been produced in Franconia for over 1,000 years. In an old document from the year 777 there is a note of a winery being given by Charlemagne to Fulda Abbey. This is the town of Hammelburg. In medieval times the area under cultivation grew strongly up to 40,000 ha. In the 20th century it decreased to just over 2,000 ha.
Today about 6,100 ha of land is used for growing wine. The area stretches from Bamberg to Aschaffenburg. The climate is called continental with Mediterranean influence. Quite often there are strong winters and temperatures under 0 degrees Celsius in the spring. Therefore, wine is grown mainly in especially protected places usually along the hills of the River Main and the Steigerwald.
Description of Franconian wine.
Because of the special soil and the mild climate along the Main river, wines with a very high mineralization can be harvested. The amount of minerals in the wine is a factor in the quality testing every Franconian wine has to overcome. This is unique in Germany. The majority of the wines are made from one grape variety at a time. Cuvées are rare. It is said that the wines of the typical Silvaner are the best wines from this grape in the world.
Most Franconian wines are dry. Although in German law dry wines are allowed 9 grams of residual sugar, many German wineries are still using the term "Fränkisch trocken" (Franconian dry) for wines with 5 grams of residual sugar or less. About 12,000 to 14,000 wines from Franconia pass the official testing. 40% are Franconian dry.
As in most German wine regions, the exact vineyard site ("Lage") where the wine comes from is nearly as important as the winery. Apart from the Steinwein, very few people outside Franconia – and nearly no one outside Germany – is familiar with the site names, mainly because the German "Lagen" are tiny compared to some of the well-known appellations of France, Italy, and Spain. Today many wineries try to introduce their own brands without the vineyard designation, and with cuvées with a brand name rather than a single grape varietal.
Franconian wines vary in how long they can be kept. The basic wines, which are called Qualitätswein or Kabinett are made to be drunk 1–3 years after production. If they are kept too long, the wines lose their typical fruitiness and freshness. The best wines are mainly the dry Spätlesen which are full-bodied and can mature for up to six, sometimes ten years. The rare sweet wines often with noble rot and Eiswein can sometimes mature for 50 years or more. Oak matured red wines should be drunk 3–10 years after production if kept in a good wine cellar.
Grape varieties.
Originally the Silvaner was the most important grape. In the 20th century the Müller-Thurgau, a simple grape, has been planted in large areas. Although the amount of Müller Thurgau has been decreasing for the last ten years, it is still the most produced grape in Franconia.
Red grape varties cover 20% of the region's vineyard area.
The most cultivated grape varieties, by area in 2014, were:
The Bocksbeutel.
The rounded and flattened "Bocksbeutel" is the typical and well known bottle originally used only for the best Franconian wines. Since 1989 the use of the Bocksbeutel is protected by European Union regulations, but some other regions beside Franconia are also allowed to use this bottle shape.
Wine and lifestyle.
The growing of wine influenced the lifestyle of the people living in the area. Unlike many other German wine regions, a large amount of Franconian wine is drunk in the area where it is produced. Nearly every town has its own "Weinfest", a festival that lasts a weekend or sometimes just one day where wine is drunk instead of beer (like at the Oktoberfest in Munich). The so-called "Heckenwirtschaften" are very popular, small outlets where wineries sell their own wine, usually at low prices.


Yevul

Yevul (, "lit." Crop) is a moshav in southern Israel. Located in the Hevel Shalom area of the north-western Negev desert near the Gaza Strip–Egypt border, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In it had a population of .
History.
The village was established in 1981 by evacuees from Sinai. In 2005, three quarters of the former residents of Netzarim who were evicted from their village due to Israel's unilateral disengagement plan moved to temporary housing in Yevul while permanent housing is to be planned in the area.


Raffaello Lambruschini

Raffaello Lambruschini (also called Abbé or Raphael Lambruschini) (14 August 1788 – 8 March 1873) was a priest, Tuscan agricultural and pedagogical scholar and author; and Italian politician and senator. His diverse interests were pursued through an evolving career.
Biography.
Nephew of the future cardinal, Luigi Lambruschini, Raffaello was born in Genoa to a merchant who soon moved to Livorno. In 1805, he traveled to Rome to pursue an ecclesiastical career. He completed his studies in a Jesuit seminary in Orvieto, where an uncle was bishop. In 1812, he was arrested and exiled to Corsica by the Napoleonic government. Freed by 1814, he did not join the priesthood. By 1816 he returned to Florence with his family, and in 1817 established himself in a country residence near Figline, where he passed a dozen years in the study of the natural sciences, agriculture and political economy. He joined the Accademia dei Georgofili of Florence and published some observations on progressive agronomy. By 1827, along with Cosimo Ridolfi, Lapo de' Ricci, and Gino Capponi, they began publication of the "Giornale Agrario Toscano" (Tuscan Journal of Agriculture).
In 1830, he founded and taught a small institute or school for young children at San Cerbone. By 1836, he had started "Guida dell'educatore", a journal of pedagogy, that was printed until 1845. His principal pedagogical works were “Concerning Education" (1849) and posthumously published companion volume, "A Treatise on Instruction".
In 1847, he moves to Florence, and along with Bettino Ricasoli and Vincenzo Salvagnoli, he publishes a pro-Italian nation journal "La Patria". His politics mixed loyalties to an Italian nation-state with a neo-guelph dedication; he aspired that there could be a more concordance between the Roman Catholic church and the rising liberal and nationalistic forces in the country. While remaining a staunch Catholic, he had misgivings about the churches influence in society. During the turbulent year of the Tuscan Republic of 1848, Lambruschini joined the government, and was elected to the parliament. But by late June 1849, the rule of the Grand-Duke of Habsburg-Lorraine was re-established in Florence. Lambruschini again retired to San Cerbone.
A decade later the Grand-Duke Leopold II and his son, Ferdinand IV, were deposed by both Tuscan and Piedmontese forces. This prompted Lambruschini to return to politics, becoming vice-president of the Consulta di Stato and deputy to the Tuscan Assembly and in 1861 to the Italian Senate. Lambruschini also persisted in his pedagogical interests, publishing and helping manage his institute. In 1865, he became president of the Accademia dei Georgofili; in 1867, Professor of Pedagogy and Anthropology at the Istituto di Studi Superiori of Florence, in 1869, Arch-consul of the Accademia della Crusca. He continued to publish, including "Dell'Istruzione" (1871); "Delle virtù e dei vizi" (1871) and "Elogi e Biografie" (1873). He died in his villa di San Cerbone; and was buried at Figline Valdarno.


Roel Robbertsen

Roelof Cornelis (Roel) Robbertsen (born 6 October 1948 in Renswoude) is a Dutch politician and pig farmer. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal ("Christen-Democratisch Appèl"). From 1 June 2007 until 7 June 2013 he was Queen's Commissioner of the province of Utrecht.
Robbersen was a member of the municipal council of Renswoude from 1978 to 1990 and also an alderman of this Utrecht municipality from 1979 to 1990. From 1991 to 2002 he was a member of the States-Provincial and from 1995 to 2002 a member of the States Deputed of the province of Utrecht. From 2002 to 2007 he was mayor of Ede.
Roel Robbertsen is married and a member of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN).


Eliahu Krause

Eliahu Krause (1876–1962) was a Jewish agronomist and activist.
Biography.
He migrated from Russia to what was then Palestine in 1892. He was employed by the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA), creating an agricultural school near Izmir, Turkey. In 1915, he became the Mikveh Israel Agricultural School's director, holding that position until 1954.
Sejera.
At Krause's farm belonging to the JCA, haverim worked under his direction, at a yearly deficit. Manya Shochat managed to establish a collective at Sejera (or Sedjera) thanks to Krause's permission, under the assumption they would revert such a situation. Under this arrangement, the farm's first 3 women workers were admitted. Under the terms of the agreement, Krause would turn over to Shochat the field and dairy work, while the owners gave the lessees the livestock, inventory and seed; in return they would turn over a fifth of the harvest to him. The purpose of the farm was to train Jewish farmers in self-sufficiency.
It was during the collective that workers would receive agricultural lessons from Eliahu Krause, socialism instruction from Manya Shochat, and Hebrew classes from David Ben-Gurion, who lived close by. The collective disbanded after a year.


Alresford Show

The Alresford Show is an annual one day agricultural show event held every autumn in Titchborne Park, near New Alresford in Hampshire, southern England, UK, and organised by The Alresford & District Agricultural Society (est. 1908). The first Alresford Show was held on Thursday, December 9, 1909; though no show was held from 1914-1919 or 1940-1944 (due to war), or in 1923, 1939 and 1952 (due to Foot and mouth disease), every other year has seen an annual display. The show was cancelled in 2008 (centenary year) due to heavy rainfall and also cancelled in 2020 due to COVID-19


Northeastern Brazil restingas

The Northeastern Brazil restingas are an ecoregion of northeastern Brazil. Restingas are coastal forests which form along coastal sand dunes in Brazil. The soils are typically sandy, acidic, and nutrient-poor, and are characterized by medium-sized trees and shrubs adapted to local conditions. Restingas have aspects of mangroves, caatingas, wetlands, and moist forests, often forming along wind-driven sand dunes. The Northeast Brazil restingas are the most northerly of the forest type in Brazil.
Location and Description.
The ecoregion extends 400 km along the northeast Atlantic coast of Brazil, and up to 100 km inland. This covers an area of along oasts of eastern Maranhão, Piauí, and western Ceará states. The ecoregion includes the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, where patches of restinga are interspersed with some of the most extensive coastal dunes in the world. The dune systems reflect the forces of tides that vary 6 meters.
Climate.
The climate of the ecoregion is "Tropical savanna climate - dry summer" (Köppen climate classification ). This climate is characterized by relatively even temperatures throughout the year, and a pronounced dry season. The driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation, and is drier than the average month.
Flora and fauna.
The area is a patchwork of habitat types. 29% of the area has herbaceous cover, including beach morning glory ("Ipomoea imperati"), seashore dropseed, and Iresine as pioneer species on the dunes of the northwest. Sedge and panic grass are found on the floodplains. 20% of the cover is shrub, dominating in the caatingas of the drier eastern portions of the ecoregion. 34% of the cover is forest, split roughly equally between open and closed canopy. The moist forests are found along the inland edge and in the southwest. The flora of the Northeastern Brazil restingas includes many species with affinities to the Amazon biome, which distinguishes them from the Atlantic Coast restingas of Brazil's eastern coast, whose flora is mostly derived from the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil.
The Scarlet ibis is a well-known feature of the inter-dune lakes and wetlands of this area. Recent conservation efforts have also focused on protecting the nesting sites of sea turtles.
Protected areas.
Over 29% of the ecoregion is located in an officially protected area, including:


Jack Cunningham, Baron Cunningham of Felling

John Anderson Cunningham, Baron Cunningham of Felling, PC, DL (born 4 August 1939) is a British politician who was a Labour Member of Parliament for over 30 years, serving for Whitehaven from 1970 to 1983 and then Copeland until the 2005 general election, and had served in the Cabinet of Tony Blair.
Background.
His father was Andrew Cunningham, leader of the Labour Party in the Northern Region in the 1970s, who was disgraced in the 1974 Poulson scandal. Dr Cunningham was first elected as member for Whitehaven in 1970, and the renamed Copeland constituency, which was the same as Whitehaven, in 1983.
Early life.
He was educated at Jarrow Grammar School (now Jarrow School) in the same class as Doug McAvoy, future general secretary of the National Union of Teachers. Cunningham then studied at Bede College of Durham University, receiving a BSc in Chemistry in 1962, and a PhD in 1967. He stayed at the university to become a research fellow from 1966–8, whilst working as an officer for the General and Municipal Workers' Union.
He was a district councillor for Chester-le-Street Rural & Parish Council, prior to becoming an MP and continued to live in the Garden Farm area of the town, bringing up his family there.
Political career.
Cunningham joined the Shadow Cabinet in 1983, and was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Cumbria in 1991. He ran the Labour Party's general election campaign in 1992. He also appeared on many television election programmes as one of the main spokesmen of the Labour Party.
Minister.
After the Labour landslide victory at the 1997 general election, he became Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and embarked on a modernisation programme for the Ministry. He worked to secure the lifting of the EU ban on the export of UK beef, and achieved some limited success on this.
Cabinet.
He was shifted in 1998 to Minister for the Cabinet Office and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The media dubbed him "cabinet enforcer", claiming that his role was effectively to sell the Government and its policies to the public and the media. He also led the government's work on modernising government, and chaired the Ministerial Committee on genetically modified foods and crops.
Backbenches.
He retired from the Cabinet in 1999, and returned to the backbenches. He stood down from Parliament at the 2005 general election.
Having represented the parliamentary constituency that includes Sellafield, the UK's largest nuclear facility for 35 years; he is a strong proponent of nuclear power and is the founding European legislative Chairman of the Transatlantic Nuclear Energy Forum.
House of Lords.
In the 2005 Dissolution Honours, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cunningham of Felling, "of Felling in the County of Tyne and Wear".
Lord Cunningham of Felling is still active in politics and chairs an all-party parliamentary committee to review the powers of the House of Lords.
Lobbyist allegations.
Cunningham was suspended from the Labour Party whip, and the party, in June 2013 pending an investigation over claims he had offered to work for lobbyists. He was subsequently cleared of any wrongdoing by the parliamentary standards authorities, and had the Labour whip restored.
Expenses claimed in the House of Lords.
Research conducted by the Guardian newspaper revealed that Lord Cunningham claimed a total of £75,122 for 154 days’ attendance in 2017–2018. This was the largest claim for attendance and travel expenses out of all the sitting members in the House of Lords. £23,108 of the £75,122 was claimed for travel expenses.
Personal life.
He lives with his wife near Stocksfield, in Northumberland and is an avid fly fisherman.


Bauscat rabbit

The Bauscat rabbit is an Egyptian breed bred to cope with the Egyptian climate. It is a medium-sized breed intended for meat production. It is similar to another Egyptian breed, the Baladi rabbit.


Colline di Levanto DOC

Colline di Levanto is an Italian "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOC) located in Liguria that produces both red and white wines primarily from Sangiovese and Vermentino, respectively. Located next to the notable white wine only DOC of Cinque Terre, the Colline di Levanto has very similar vineyard soils and mesoclimate to its neighboring wine region.
DOC rules.
Any grapes destined for DOC wine production in Colline di Levanto must be harvested to a yield no greater than 11 tonnes/hectare with the finished wines needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 11%. The red wines of the DOC are composed of at least 40% Sangiovese with Ciliegiolo permitted up to a maximum of 20% and other local red varieties collectively permitted up to 40%. The white wines are composed of 40-75% Vermentino with 20-55% Albarola, 5-40% Bosco and up to 5% of other local white grape varieties.


Krishna Lal Chadha

Krishna Lal Chadha is an Indian horticultural scientist, author and a former National Professor of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. He was honored by the Government of India, in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri.
Biography.
Krishna Lal Chadha was born on 15 November 1936 in Bhopalwala, Sialkot, in the British India, presently in Pakistan. His schooling was at the Government High School, Jalandhar from 1948 to 1951 after which he joined Panjab University, Chandigarh from where he secured BSc (Agriculture) in 1955 and MSc (Horticulture) in 1960. Thereafter, he joined the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi for higher research and obtained a PhD in 1964.
Chadha started his career as an Assistant Horticulturist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1963 and worked only for a year to move to Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana as a Fruit Specialist in 1964. After working there for five years, he joined the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru in 1969 as Senior Horticulturist. In 1972, he moved to the Central Mango Research Station, Lucknow as the Project Coordinator (Fruits) and, later, got promoted as the Head of the Centre. The next move was back to IIHR, Bengaluru as the Director of the institute in 1980 for a stint till 1986 when he was called to the government cadre as the Horticultural Commissioner, Government of India and later, as the Executive Director of the National Horticultural Board. In 1987, he was promoted as the Deputy Director General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research from where he retired in 1996. In 1997, he was selected as the ICAR National Professor, a post he held till 2001 and is an Adjunct Professor of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute ever since.
Krishna Lal Chadha has held the chairs of the Indian Society of Agri-business Professional (ISAP), International Mango Working Group and the Indian Agribusiness Systems (Agriwatch), New Delhi during 2007-08. He is a former president of various national level agricultural societies such as the Indian Society of Agriculture Sciences, the Bougainvillea Society of India, the Orchid Society of India and the Mushroom Society of India. He has also been the vice president of the Indian Society of Vegetable Sciences and the Rose Society of India. He is the chief patron of the Association for Improvement in Production and Utilization of Banana and All India Kitchen Garden Association and has served the Board of Trustees of the International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru, seven years as a member and three years as its vice chairman. He has also worked as the secretary of the sub group on Viticulture for South- East Asia and the vice chairman of the Commission on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Horticulture. He has been a consultant to several international agencies such as Food and Agriculture Organization for the fruit production in eight countries of Asia, Genetic Resources in Thailand, USAID on mango production to Horticultural Export Improvement Association (HEIA), Cairo, Egypt, Bioversity International (former IPGRI) on genetic resources in citrus, mango and sub-tropical fruits and the World Bank on nursery production of horticulture and Forestry species. He is the incumbent president of the Horticultural Society of India.
Chadha is a Fellow of the "International Society for Horticultural Science," a US based forum of the scientific and technical professionals in the field of horticulture. and is a member of several workgroups within the organization. He also holds fellowships of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Horticultural Society of India and the Indian Society of Vegetable Science. He has been the chairman of such government and professional agencies as National Planning Commission of India working group for Horticulture Development in India, National Committee for oilpalm cultivation, Registration Committee for Pesticides, High Power Committee on Restructuring of Department of Agriculture, High Power Committee for Horticulture in the states of West Bengal, Haryana and Gujarat. He has also been a member of the National Steering Committee for Organic Products, Planning Commission Committee for Mid-term Review of the eleventh Five Year Plan and two Task Forces for the Government of Kerala and Government of Rajasthan.
Krishna Lal Chadha lives in New Delhi, where the Horticultural Society of India has its headquarters.
Legacy.
Chadha is credited with 30 books on the topics of agriculture and horticulture, which include "Advances in Horticulture", a 13 volume publication covering 9410 pages. He has also brought out a "Handbook of Horticulture". Some of the other notable books are "Biotechnology of Horticulture and Plantation Crops", "Agriculture and Environment", "The Grape : Improvement, Production and Post-Harvest Management" and "The Apple : Improvement, Production and Post Harvest Management". Many books on horticulture and agriculture have cited Chadha in their works.
Awards and recognitions.
Krishna Lal Chadha has been conferred the doctoral degree of DSc (Honoris Causa) by the Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology in 1995. Two other universities, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology and Rajendra Prasad Agricultural University followed suit in 2008 and 2009 respectively. He received Borlaug Award in 1984, Om Prakash Bhasin Award in 1992, Dr. H. M. Marigowda Award in 1996, S. K. Mitra Award in 1998 and S. S. Ranade Memorial Award in 1999. He is also a recipient of honors such as the All India Kitchen Garden Association Millennium Achievement Award (2001), NAAS Dr. B. P. Pal Memorial Award (2004), HSI-Shivashakthi Life-Time Achievement Award (2007) and the National Agriculture Leadership Award (2008). In 2012, the Government of India included Chadha in the Republic Day honours list for the award of Padma Shri.


Doppelbock


Organic farming in New Zealand

Organic farming practices in New Zealand date from 1930 but began on a commercial scale in the 1980s and is now an increasing segment of the market with some of the larger companies such as Wattie's becoming involved.
Lincoln University, which has a strong focus on agricultural research, operates the Biological Husbandry Unit which first opened in 1976 and now focuses organic and sustainable agriculture. The University also operates the 57 hectare Kowhai Farm that is managed to BIO-GRO Organic Production Standards.
Land use patterns show in 2002 there were 46,886 hectares of land certified as either fully organic or in transition to becoming fully organic.
Certification.
While all commercial producers in New Zealand are subject to requirements under the Fair Trading Act, which covers misleading behaviour, there is no specific piece of legislation regulating organic certification in New Zealand but a number of standards are used including Demeter International, IFOAM and BioGro. BioGro is a New Zealand-based certification agency which formed in 1983. It has IFOAM, JAS and ISO17020 accreditation, which ensures certified providers access to educated consumers in a global marketplace. The first Demeter International registered farm was Shelly Beach Farm in Rodney District in 1979.
Organisations.
The Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers and Gardeners began activities in New Zealand in 1930.
The Soil & Health Association of New Zealand established in 1941, promotes organic food and farming in New Zealand.
Organics Aotearoa New Zealand formed in 2005 as an umbrella organisation to represent all aspects of organics in New Zealand.
Willing Workers on Organic Farms (WWOOF), a network of organisations around the world placing volunteers on organic farms, have operated in New Zealand since 1974.


Osborne Group

The Osborne Group is a privately held Spanish company dedicated to the production of wine, spirits, Iberian pork products, and most recently, mineral water.
Brands.
The Osborne Group is the owner of brands such as Fino Quinta, Magno, 103, Toro, Conde de Osborne, Jamones 5J, Montecillo, Osborne Malpica, Anís del Mono and Solán de Cabras. The sherries and brandies produced by the Osborne Group, in its home town of El Puerto de Santa María, are protected under the denomination of origin “Jerez-Xérès-Sherry”, and the specific denomination “Brandy de Jerez”.
Tempra Tantrum.
Tempra Tantrum is a brand of wine produced by Osborne Group based in El Puerto de Santa María, Spain. The company's sherries, brandies and other products carry the Osborne bull logo. Tempra Tantrum is produced at the Osborne winery located in Malpica de Tajo, southwest of Madrid, in the Tierra de Castilla winemaking region. Rocío Osborne is the vintner. Tempra Tantrum wines makes wines blended with the Spanish grape Tempranillo. The winery sits on of estate vineyards planted with Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Merlot and Petit Verdot, among other new world plantings.
History.
Founded in 1772, the Osborne Group is considered to be one of the world’s oldest firms still active in business (ranked 94th) and the second oldest in Spain.


Faroe pony

The Faroe pony, Faeroes pony, or Faroese horse, ("Føroyska rossið" in Faroese) is a small pony, with a height between . Technically this animal is a pony due to its height, but in the Faroe Islands it is called a horse because of its strength. The Faroe pony is only to be seen on the Faroe Islands and is therefore little known in other countries. There are only 73 Faroe ponies left living on the Faroe Islands.
Features.
The colors of the pony varies a lot, but are mainly chestnut, brown, black or speckled, with white also occurring in previous populations. It is known to be very an enduring, strong, friendly, adaptable and sure-footed pony breed with four gaits including the "tölt", an ambling gait which it shares with the Icelandic horse. A fully grown Faroese pony weighs 250-300 kilograms. The wintercoat is very long, dense and water repellent, while the summercoat is shorthaired and smooth.
History.
The Faroese pony is mentioned in written sources from the 1600s. In the old days this pony breed was used to carry or haul heavy loads at farms and some sources also describes Faroese ponies trained to herd sheep (known as "tøkuhestar"). When it wasn't at work, it was released onto the mountains where it roamed freely. Today Faroese ponies are only kept by hobby breeders and it is mostly used as a riding horse for children.
The Faroe pony has been on the Faroe Islands for many hundreds of years. In 1880 more than 800 animals were registered on the Faroe Islands, but by the 1960s the population had been decimated to only five to six horses. One of the reasons was an extensive horse export from 1850 - 1920, for use in the mining industry (as pit ponies) in the United Kingdom. A conservation and breeding program was initiated by Leivur T. Hansen and in 1978 the organization "Felagið Føroysk Ross" (Breeders of Faroe Ponies) was established. With huge efforts, the Faroe pony population has now increased to 70 animals which are declared genetically pure, with 14 male breeders and the aim is to maintain and develop the breed further.
The Faroe pony has since been recognised as a unique breed.


Bien Nacido Vineyards

Bien Nacido Vineyards is cool-climate vineyard on the central coast of California. Located midway up the Santa Maria Valley, it is known for growing Burgundian and Rhone varieties of wine grapes. Bien Nacido has the distinction of being one of the major viticultural nurseries in the state for certified, varietal budwood. Most of the vines were originally from stock grown by the University of California at Davis. While the average increase block in California is less than , Bien Nacido Vineyards has several hundred acres of certified Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Merlot and a number of other varieties. Much of the Chardonnay planted in California in the last twenty years began as Bien Nacido Vineyards cuttings.
Bien Nacido Vineyards produces an estate wine program run by Trey Fletcher. The focus of the estate program is to showcase specific, small blocks of the larger vineyard, in a very holistic approach. The winery produces around 1400 cases annually of Pinot Noir, Syrah and Chardonnay. Additionally, a small portion of wine is made exclusively from he famous X Block, Old Vines and from a monopole block called The Captain.
Additionally there are two independent winemakers who make their wine on the vineyard, Bob Lindquist of Qupe Winery and Jim Clendenen of Au Bon Climat.
History.
The vineyard traces its roots back to 1837, when Tomas Olivera received the two square league Rancho Tepusquet Mexican land grant from then Governor of Alta California, Juan Bautista Alvarado. The grant covered nearly ranging upward to the San Rafael Mountains from the Santa Maria Mesa, which bordered the Sisquoc and Cuyama Rivers. The ranch was generously watered by Tepusquet Creek, so called by the Chumash Indians to whom it meant "fishing for trout." Thomas Olivera sold Rancho Tepusquet in 1855 to his step daughter, María Martina Osuna and son-in-law Juan Pacifico Ontiveros. Juan Pacifico Ontiveros started construction on an adobe in 1857 and moved to the ranch the following year. He and his wife raised horses, cattle, sheep, several grain crops, and grapes for the production of wine. During subsequent years, his heirs divided the property until only about remained surrounding the Ontiveros Adobe.
In 1969, the Millers, a branch of the Broome family which has farmed Rancho Guadalasca since 1871, purchased the property. They also purchased an adjacent parcel which had been part of the original land grant, and reunited the two as Rancho Tepusquet, now comprising over . While the ranch itself had always been called "Rancho Tepusquet", the Millers selected the name "Bien Nacido Vineyards of Rancho Tepusquet" for the vineyard operation.
In 2010, the California State Fair named Bien Nacido Vineyards the Vineyard of the Year.
Soil and climate.
Located on the receiving end of the east-west transverse mountain range, Bien Nacido Vineyards is a maritime-influenced desert. The morning fog cover and the cool afternoon breezes from the Pacific Ocean make this a Region 1 climate on the Winkler Scale. The rainfall averages 12 – 14 inches a year. The terrain is sand, chalk and marine loam that provides good drainage. The whole package results in cool, slow ripening grapes, with longer hangtime on the vines.
Vineyards.
Bien Nacido Vineyards consists of over of planted vines, of which over are planted to Chardonnay, over to Pinot Noir, a variety associated with the appellation, and a number of acres each to Pinot Blanc, Syrah, and Merlot. Since 1992, experimental plantings of Pinot Gris, Barbera, Roussanne, Nebbiolo and Viognier, as well as new clones of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Syrah, and Merlot, have been added.
Bien Nacido has the distinction of being one of the major viticultural nurseries in the state for certified, varietal budwood. Most of the vines were originally from stock grown by the University of California at Davis. While the average increase block in California is less than , Bien Nacido Vineyards has several hundred acres of certified Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Merlot and a number of other varieties. Much of the Chardonnay planted in California in the last twenty years began as Bien Nacido Vineyards cuttings. The Syrah cuttings also have gained a reputation to the point that some vineyards will refer to their plants as stemming from the Bien Nacido clone.
Viticulture practices.
Each customer's portion of a block is farmed according to their standards, such as organic or biodynamic farming techniques. The grape production is sold to customers by charging a flat rate for the area or rows, so the winemakers can crop their vines to volume they desire. This is in contrast to the industry standard which is to sell by the ton. The typical industry approach creates an adversarial relationship in which the vineyard is advantaged to hang more fruit on the vine, whereas the artisan winemakers want to crop it down and let the fruit hang longer (which further dehydrates and shrinks the tonnage). Some of Bien Nacido customers have bought the same rows of grapes for over 20 years and will even designate their particular block on the bottle.
Estate Wines.
A small amount of wine is created from select parcels of Bien Nacido Vineyard for the Estate program. The focus for this program is to highlight the portions of the vineyard which consistently create the spice, acidity and power of Bien Nacido Vineyard. These blocks encompass small microclimates of the over 900 acre vineyard site. Each portion of the vineyard is farmed according to vintners' specifications.
The Estate Chardonnay comes from Block W, planted in 1973 and without grafting. The W Block is one of the more sought after portions of Bien Nacido due to its inherent nature to provide bright fruit flavors that border on tropical, while maintaining a fresh balanced acidity.
The Estate Pinot Noir comes from 6 different blocks of the vineyard, including the Old Vine block of G, N and Q. Additionally Block 1, Block 40 and San Vicente all come together in small harvests to create the rich fruit profile and the herbal spice Bien Nacido Pinot Noir is known for.
The Estate Syrah comes from one portion of high elevation on Block Z. This block is famous for being the first block Sine Qua Non ever purchased fruit from, for their now famous "cult" wines. This portion of vineyard is co-planted alongside Viognier and is harvested in two separate picks in order to separate the warmer south side, from the cooler north side fruit.
The smallest production wines, called The Pillars, are selections of Bien Nacido which are the most consistently impressive blocks, since the vineyard was planted in 1973.
Block X, which is known as the first "cool-climate Syrah planted in California" generally has no more than 4 customers per vintage. The Estate makes less than 90 cases on average per vintage from this Block X.
The Old Vines, are rows from Block N and Q and harvested in two separate picks. These vines were never affected by the vine louse phylloxera and are considered to be some of the oldest Pinot Noir planted on their own roots in California. The separate picks are in order to harvest the slope portion of the vineyard and the flatter portions, in order to maintain a consistent ripeness. The Old Vines are never produced in more than 100 cases annually.
The Captain is the highest portion of Bien Nacido Vineyard, and is considered a monopole block. While all other portions of Bien Nacido Vineyard are custom farmed and offered for sale to wineries on an annual basis; the entire portion of Block 40, is used for The Captain. In the 2014 vintage, The Captain received the second highest score for any wine in Santa Barbara (97 Points) by famed wine Critic Antonio Galloni on his website vinous.com
Notable Persons.
Bien Nacido and their sister estate Solomon Hills employs acclaimed winemaker Trey Fletcher as winemaker. Trey has harvested and made wine in California, New Zealand, and Argentina all prior to landing at Bien Nacido and Solomon Hills Estates.
Bien Nacido and Solomon Hills is the only family owned wineries in the Central Coast of California to employ as Master Sommelier as well. Will Costello, MS is the Estates Ambassador representing the wines nationally for the estate. There is a focus on education, sommelier outreach as well as curating homes for the small production of the estate wines. Costello passed the Master Sommelier exam in 2015


Mary Ann Gilbert

Mary Ann Gilbert (1776 – 26 April 1845) was an English agronomist.
Birth and childhood.
Mary Ann Gilbert was the daughter of Thomas Gilbert, who was a grocer in Lewes, Sussex. When he died in 1782, he left (by her own account) his widow and daughter almost penniless. After her mother's death in 1807, she frequently stayed with her uncle Charles at Eastbourne.
Marriage.
On 18 April 1808, she married Davies Giddy, a Cornish landowner, who had served as High Sheriff of the Duchy. He was an M.P. for Cornish constituencies from 1806 to 1832. Among his roles in Parliament was as Chairman of the Board of Agriculture. Mary Ann Gilbert was passionately concerned about low agricultural productivity and the plight of the rural poor. Davies was more interested in how the Parish Rate for the support of unemployed might be reduced.
Davies Giddy was also a professional applied mathematician and became a Fellow of the Royal Society, and, for an unhappy period, its President.
In 1814, Mary Ann Gilbert's uncle, Charles Gilbert, died. In his will, he left her much property in Sussex, or to a future husband, if he changed his name to "Gilbert".
In December 1817 Davies Giddy took his wife's surname, "Gilbert", to perpetuate it. In January 1818, the names of their children were also changed.
Agronomic experiment.
Sharing her husband's interest, Mary Ann Gilbert managed some successful practical agronomical experiments at Beachy Head in feeding the poor, or rather, teaching them to feed themselves using land no one else wanted, for a fair rent. She presented the statistical results of these works to her husband's political, scientific and "County" contacts. She was also a prominent member of the Labourer's Friend Society (later the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes ). Among those who advised her were Richard Whately, Anglican Archbishop of Dublin and his brother, the Vicar of Cookham in Berkshire, Edwin Chadwick and William Gill, of Chacewater, Cornwall.
Topographic illustrations.
Her illustrations appear in Thomas Bond's "Topographical and historical sketches of the boroughs of East and West Looe, in the county of Cornwall" (1823). Bond was a cousin of her husband.
Children.
Of their eight children, three daughters and a son survived her husband. Their son, John Davies Gilbert (5 December 1811 – 16 April 1854) was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in April, 1834. He played a significant part, as landowner, in developing the town of Eastbourne.
Death.
Mary Ann Gilbert died on 26 April 1845 at Eastbourne


Louis Dreyfus Company

Louis Dreyfus Company B.V. (LDC), also called the Louis-Dreyfus Group, is a global merchant firm that is involved in agriculture, food processing, international shipping, and finance. The company owns and manages hedge funds, ocean vessels, develops and operates telecommunications infrastructures, and it is also involved in real estate development, management and ownership. It is one of the "ABCD" quartet of companies - alongside Archer Daniels Midland, Bunge and Cargill - that dominates world agricultural commodity trading.
The company makes up about 10% of the world's agricultural product trade flows, and it is the world's largest cotton and rice trader. It is also regarded by many as the second-largest player in the world's sugar market. LDC Metals expanded to become the world's third biggest trader of copper, zinc and lead concentrate, behind only Glencore and Trafigura.
Louis Dreyfus Company has its head office in Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The company's parent, Louis Dreyfus Holding B.V., has its headquarters at the World Trade Center in Amsterdam. Louis Dreyfus companies are present in more than 100 countries, with 72 offices. Major offices are located in Geneva, London, Beijing, Buenos Aires, Paris, São Paulo, Singapore, New York City and Connecticut.
Aggregate average annual gross sales in recent years have exceeded US$120 billion. The company employs more than 22,000 people globally at peak season.
History.
In 1851, the company was founded in the Alsace region of France by Léopold Dreyfus, the 18-year-old Alsatian Ashkenazi Jewish son of a farmer from Sierentz, under the name of his father, Louis Dreyfus. Léopold purchased wheat from local farmers in Alsace and transported it to Basel in Switzerland, away. Léopold developed a fortune whilst still a teenager through cross border cereal trading. He rapidly diversified across shipping, weapons manufacturing, agriculture, oil and banking, thus establishing one of the wealthiest dynasties in Europe. His descendants still own the company to this day. By the early 20th century, the Louis-Dreyfus family was described as one of the "top five biggest fortunes of France". However, as a Jewish family during the Second World War much of the family assets were confiscated by the Vichy government and some members of the family fled to America.
Léopold Louis-Dreyfus's great-grandson, Gérard Louis-Dreyfus, was chairman of Louis Dreyfus Energy Services, a subsidiary of the group involved in crude-oil trading, gas investments and infrastructure. Gérard is also the father of American actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus, the Emmy-winning star of "Seinfeld" and "Veep". Another branch of the dynasty, based in Paris, was headed by Robert Louis-Dreyfus (who was also the CEO of Adidas) until his death in 2009. It is currently overseen by his widow, Russian-born Margarita Bogdanova Louis-Dreyfus. A third branch of the family's business is headed by Philippe Louis-Dreyfus (born 1945) and is concerned primarily with offshore industrial activities and freight shipping operations.
On 11 May 2018, Louis Dreyfus Company sold its metals platform (LDC Metals, or LDCM) to NCCL Natural Resources Investment Fund. The final price of the transaction was US$466 million.
Tax dodging.
A noteworthy case of transfer mispricing came to light in 2011 in Argentina involving the world's four largest grain traders: ADM, Bunge, Cargill and LDC. Argentina's revenue and customs service began an investigation into the four companies when prices for agricultural commodities spiked in 2008 and yet very little profit for the four companies had been reported to the office. As a result of the investigation, it was alleged that the companies had submitted false declarations of sales and routed profits through tax havens or through their headquarters. In some cases, they were said to have used phantom firms to buy grain and had inflated costs in Argentina in order to reduce the recorded profits earned in the country. According to the country's revenue and customs service, the outstanding taxes amounted to almost US$1 billion. The companies involved have denied the allegations. To date, the Argentinian tax authorities have not replied to the Swiss NGO Public Eye’s request regarding the current state of the case. In its 2018 annual report to the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Bunge mentioned provisions which suggest that the case is still ongoing: "[A]s of December 31, 2018, Bunge's Argentine subsidiary had received income tax assessments relating to 2006 through 2009 of approximately 1,276 million Argentine pesos (approximately $34 million), plus applicable interest on the outstanding amount of approximately 4,246 million Argentine pesos (approximately $113 million)."


Luodong Forestry Culture Park

The Luodong Forestry Culture Park () is a park in Luodong Township, Yilan County, Taiwan.
History.
In 1905, the original site of the park became a major timber production area of the Luodong Branch of Taiping Forest Area, drawn by the Forestry Agency of Empire of Japan. The logs used to be transported out of Yilan through the Lanyang River. In 1921, the agency purchased a Taiwan Sugar Railway from Taiwan Sugar Factory and used it as Luodong Forest Railway to transport the timbers.
In 1982, the government adjusted its policies on forestry industry and the production from the area started to decline. In 1994–2001, the Third Luodong Town Urban Planning Review designated the area to be a special forestry industry culture site. In 2004, the Forestry Bureau unveiled a plan to turn the area into a culture park. Also in the same year, the Council for Cultural Affairs listed all of the remaining artifacts and buildings in the area as historical assets. The area was then turned into the Luodong Forestry Culture Park in 2009 and listed as cultural landscape area in 2012.
Architecture.
The culture park is divided into several areas:
Transportation.
The park is accessible within walking distance north of Luodong Station of Taiwan Railways.