Gore Range

The Gore Range (elevation approximately 12,000 ft) is a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains of north central Colorado in the United States.
Geography.
The range runs for approximately 60 miles (100 km) northwest-to-southeast, through western Grand and Summit counties, and eastern Routt and Eagle counties. They form the southern extension of the Park Range, extending southward from Rabbit Ears Pass (U.S. Highway 40) to the Eagle River near Vail. The Colorado River passes through the range at Gore Canyon. The range forms part of the western boundary of Middle Park at the headwaters of the Colorado, separating it from the upper basin of the Yampa River to the west. The northern section of the range north of Gore Pass is somewhat lower than the southern section, along the western side of the valley of the Blue River. The ridges of the range are prominently visible on clear days from the summit of Trail Ridge Road in Rocky Mountain National Park approximately 50 miles (80 km) to the east. The range is traversed at its southern and southwestern lower flanks by Interstate 70 from Silverthorne to Vail. Much of the range is located within the Arapaho and White River National Forests, and large portions are protected within the Eagles Nest Wilderness.
History.
The range was named for Lord St. George Gore, an Irish baronet who visited the area in the 1850s on a notorious hunting expedition throughout the American West.
Gore's three-year stopover in the American West had him traversing what is today the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming and Colorado. The figures are difficult to substantiate, but Gore himself claimed to have killed more than 2,000 buffalo, 1,600 elk and deer and 100 bears for mere sport. The carcasses were left to rot.


List of Bergen, New Netherland placename etymologies

Bergen was a part of the 17th-century Dutch colony of New Netherland, in what is now northeastern New Jersey. Placenames in most cases had their roots in Algonquian Lenape and Dutch.
At the time of European settlement, the area was largely the territory of the Acquackanonk Raritan, Tappan, and Hackensack Native American tribes. The Munsee lived in the colony's northwestern reaches, the Highlands, while the Wappinger lived to the northeast in the Hudson Valley. The definition of these groups as they are known today is often from the perception of the colonizing Dutch, who tended to call the existing people by the name of a location within their territory, thus creating an exonym. Both the Lenape and Dutch often named a place based on the geography or geology of the natural environment and described a shape, location, feature, quality, or phenomenon.
The Lenape were without a written language. The "Swannikens", or "Salt Water People" (as the Europeans were called), used the Latin alphabet to write down the words they heard from the "Wilden" (as the Lenape were called). These approximations were no doubt greatly influenced by Dutch, which was the lingua franca of the multilingual province. Some names still exist in their altered form, their current spelling (and presumably pronunciation) having evolved over the last four centuries into American English.
In some cases it cannot be confirmed, or there is contention, as to whether the roots are in the Dutch or the Lenape language, as sources do not always concur. In others, the meaning of the Lenape can have several interpretations. Locative suffixes vary depending on the dialect (usually Munsee or Unami) of the Lenape that prevailed. Jersey Dutch was spoken in the region until the 20th century.
"Acquackanonk".
Name of an Unami group who lived along and between the banks of the Passaic River Neck.
Meaning "a place in a rapid stream where fishing is done with a net", alternatively, "at the lamprey stream," from contemporary "axkwaakahnung". Spellings include "Achquakanonk", "Acquackanonk", "Auchaquackanock", "Ackquekenon."
Acquackanonk Township was one of the state's first townships, established in 1683. Pieces of it were taken over the years to create the towns of Fairfield, Paterson, Little Falls, Passaic, and Montclair. It ceased to exist with the creation of Clifton in 1917. A bridge in the township was burned as General George Washington's army retreated from Fort Lee in 1776, during the American Revolution.
"Achter Col".
Described the area around Newark Bay and the rivers that flowed into it. Called "Meghgectecock" by the Lenape.
"Achter", meaning behind, and "kol", meaning neck, can be translated as the "back (of the) peninsula", in this case Bergen Neck. Variations include "Achter Kol", "Achter Kull", "Archer Col", "Achter Kull."
The name is largely extinct, though it is likely to have evolved into Arthur Kill, the name of a different waterway in the area.
"Arresick".
A former tidal island, site of first ferry landing for the patroonship Pavonia.
Arresick can be translated as" burial ground." It can also be spelled as "Arressechhonk."
The island has been absorbed by landfill and is now part of the Paulus Hook neighborhood of Jersey City.
"Arthur Kill".
A tidal strait separating Staten Island from mainland New Jersey.
From "kille," meaning "water channel" such as "riverbed", "rivulet", or "stream". Likely to have evolved from "Achter Col", adapted by English-language speakers that immigrated to the region from the Elizabethtown Tract and Perth Amboy.
"Bedloe's Island".
Under Dutch sovereignty the island became the property of Isaack Bedloo, a merchant and "select burgher" of New Amsterdam, and one of 94 signers of the "Remonstrance of the People of New Netherlands to the Director-General and Council".
It has been the home of the Statue of Liberty since 1886, and was renamed to Liberty Island in 1956.
"Bergen".
There are various opinions as to the naming of Bergen. Some say that it so called for Bergen op Zoom in the Netherlands, or for the city of Bergen in Norway. Others believe it comes from the word "bergen", which in the Germanic languages of northern Europe means "hills", and could have been used to describe a distinct geological feature of the region, The Palisades. Yet another interpretation is that it comes from the Dutch word "bergen", meaning "to save" or "to recover", or "place of safety," inspired by the settlers returning after they had fled attacks by the native population in the Peach Tree War.
Bergen County in northeastern New Jersey retains the name, as does the borough of Bergenfield.
"Caven Point".
The Caven Point settlement at Minkakwa on the west shore of the Upper New York Bay lied between the settlements of Pamrapo and Communipaw, and was part of Pavonia.
The name Caven is an anglicisation of the Dutch word "Kewan", which in turn was a "Batavianized" derivative of an Algonquian word meaning "peninsula".
The area is now a part of Liberty State Park in Jersey City, after having served as a large railyard, train station, and ferry terminal for many years.
"Communipaw".
Site of the summer encampment and council fire of the Hackensack tribe, its complete meaning has been lost. Spellings include "Gamoenapa," "Gemonepan," "Gemoenepaen," "Gamenepaw", "Comounepaw", "Comounepan", Communipau, Goneuipan.
Some suggest it is derived from the Lenape words , meaning "on the other side of the river", and , meaning "water-land" or "big landing-place". Others have suggested that it might come from the "Community of Pauw", which likely is more a coincidence than a fact.
The Communipaw neighborhood of Jersey City takes its name from the settlement. The Communipaw Terminal is a former railroad station in Liberty State Park, through which countless immigrants entered the United States after traveling through Ellis Island.
"Constable Hook".
A land grant to Jacob Jacobsen Roy who was a chief gunner or constable in Fort Amsterdam in New Amsterdam in 1646, by the Dutch West India Company, under the leadership of Director-General William Kieft. "Konstapel's Hoeck" in Dutch, takes its name from Roy's title. A "hoek" or "hoeck" in Dutch meaning a spit of land or small peninsula. Though not used, could be translated to English as "Gunner's Point."
"Cromakill".
Cromakill Creek, likely from "kromme kille" meaning "crooked creek", border between Secaucus and North Bergen. Similar to evolution of
"Gramercy", which is a corruption of the "krom mesje", or "little crooked knife," the name of a small brook that flowed along what is now 21st Street in Manhattan.
"Cresskill".
From the "watercress" that grew in its streams, or "kills" in the historical Dutch.
The borough of Cresskill exists today in modern Bergen County.
"Deep Voll".
"Diepte Voll", which literally translates to "Deep Fall", to describe the brook's numerous waterfalls and steep slopes. Known as "Muksukemuk" to the Lenape.
The Deep Voll Brook is a tributary of the Goffle Brook in the Passaic River watershed.
"Dwars Kill".
Alternatively "Dwarskill" or "Dwarskill Creek", a tributary of the Oradell Reservoir meaning "cross creek".
"Dunkerhook".
Small section of suburban Paramus reputed to be the former site of a "slave community." According to local histories and an historic marker at the site, Dunkerhook was once home to a population of African Americans, many or all of whom were slaves, as well as a "slave school" and "slave church." However, primary historic documentation establishes that Dunkerhook was populated not by slaves, but rather primarily by free African Americans.
"English Neighborhood".
The former Ridgefield Township in southeastern Bergen County was likely so called the "English Township" because of the settlers who came to reside there who were not New Netherlander, namely many English language speakers from the West Indies and New England.
"Hackensack".
The meadowlands, river and city, the Lenape group and their territory, take their name from site of semi-permanent encampment on the neck between the river and Overpeck Creek, near the Teaneck Ridge.
Variously translated as "place of stony ground" or "place of sharp ground".
Spellings include "Ahkingeesahkuy", "Achsinnigeu-haki, Achinigeu-hach, Ack-kinkas-hacky, Achkinhenhcky, Ackingsah-sack, Ackinckeshacky,
"Hackinsack"."
Alternatively, suggested as the "place where two rivers come together on low ground" or "stream which discharges itself into another on the level ground", which would speak to the confluence of the Hackensack and Overpeck Creek or Passaic River.
"Harsimus".
Meaning is not clear, possibly "Crow's Marsh". Site of a seasonal Hackensack encampment and one of the first "bouweries" built by Dutch settlers at Pavonia. Spellings include: "Aharsimus", "Ahasimus","Hasymes", "Haassemus, Hahassemes, Hasimus, Horseemes", "Hasseme", "Horsimus"
Contemporary: "ahas" meaning "crow"
"Haverstraw".
One of the first locales to appear on maps of North America, listed as "Haverstroo", which means "oat straw".
"Hoboken".
"Tobacco pipe," from or Most likely to refer to the soapstone collected there to carve tobacco pipes, in a phrase that became "Hopoghan Hackingh" or "place of stone for the tobacco pipe". Contemporary: "Hopoakan" meaning "pipe for smoking".
Alternatively from "Hoebuck", old Dutch for high bluff and likely referring to Castle Point Variations used during the colonial era included "Hobock", "Hobocan", "Hoboocken", and "Hobuck". Although the spelling "Hoboken" was used by the English as early as 1668, it doesn't appear that until Col. John Steven purchased the land on which the city is situated that it became common.
Some would believe the city to be named after European town of the same name. The Flemish Hoboken, annexed in 1983 to Antwerp, Belgium, is derived from Middle Dutch "Hooghe Buechen" or "Hoge Beuken", meaning "High Beeches" or "Tall Beeches". Established in 1135, the New Netherlanders were likely aware of its existence (and may have pronounced the Lenape to conform a more familiar sound), but it is doubtful that the city on the Hudson is named for it.
"Houvenkopf".
The mountain's name is from the Dutch "Hooge Kop", meaning "High Head".
"Kill van Kull".
Separating Bayonne and Staten Island. From the Middle Dutch word "kille", meaning "riverbed" or "water channel." Likely evolved from "Achter Col", as in "kille van kol", or "channel from the neck", its spellings including "Kill von Cull", "Kille van Cole", "Kill van Koll".
"Kinderkamack".
This distinctly Dutch-sounding name which describes the area along middle reaches of
Hackensack River, is said to come from the Lenape and mean "place of ceremonial dance and worship".
"Losen Slote".
A tributary of the Hackensack River, from "losen" and "sloot", or a "dumping trench", essentially an open sewer.
"Mahwah".
"Mawewi" meaning "meeting place" or "place where paths meet" or "assembly"
Contemporary: "mawemin".
"Manhattan".
From "Manna-hata", as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, an officer on Henry Hudson's yacht "Halve Maen" (Half Moon). A 1610 map depicts the name "Manahata" twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River (later named the Hudson River). The word "Manhattan" has been translated as "island of many hills" . "The Encyclopedia of New York City" offers other derivations, including from the Munsee dialect of Lenape: "manahachtanienk" ("place of general inebriation"), "manahatouh" ("place where timber is procured for bows and arrows"), or "menatay" ("island").
"Meghgectecock".
This is perhaps an approximation of meaning "where May-apples grow", from a moist-woodland perennial that bears edible yellow berries and used to describe the lobe of land between and the confluence of the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers at Newark Bay. It was part of Achter Col for the New Netherlanders and New Barbadoes Neck to the British.
Contemporary: meaning "may apple".
"Minkakwa".
On Bergen Neck between Pamrapo and Communipaw at Caven Point. first settled by New Netherlanders in 1647. Spellings include "Minelque" and "Minkacque"
meaning "a place of good crossing" probably because it was the most convenient pass between the two bays on either side of the neck, (or could mean "place where the coves meet"; in this case where they are closest to each other and, hence advantageous for portage.)
"Moonachie".
"Ground hog, badger, or place of dug up earth".
Contemporary:"monachgeu" for "groundhog", and "munhacke" for "badger" and "munhageen" meaning" to dig a hole".
"Noort Rivier".
Called "Muhheakantuck" or "the river that flowed two ways" in Unami.
The "Noort Rivier" was one of the three main rivers in New Netherland, the others being the "Versche Rivier" or "Fresh River" (likely because of its sweet water) and the "Zuid Rivier" or "South River." In maritime usage, it still defines that part of the Hudson between Hudson County and Manhattan. Another story of its origin has it that the rivers connected to New York Harbor are named the "North" River and "East" River based on what direction of travel they permit.
"Outwater".
Possibly "uiterwaarden" meaning a flood plain, of which there were many, this one at the foot of Paterson Plank Road. More likely from a landowner in the area.
Or
"Overpeck".
"Oever" meaning "a sloping bank" and "perk" meaning "border or boundary", hence "at the water's edge", actually a riparian zone. Used in English as early as 1665. By the Lenape called "Tantaqua", it was the site of semi-permanent village of the Hackensack.
"Pequannock".
From "Paquettahhnuake" meaning "cleared land ready or being readied for cultivation". "Packanack" is also contemporary variation of this place and the people
Pacquanacs.
"Pamrapo".
On Bergen Neck between Constable Hook and Communipaw. Spellings include "Pimbrepow", "Pembrepock", "Pemmerepoch", "Pimlipo", "Pemrepau", "Pemrapaugh", and "Pamrapough".
"Paramus".
From "Parampseapus" or "Peremessing" meaning, perhaps, "where there is worthwhile (or fertile) land" or "place of wild turkeys". "Seapus" or "sipus" is said to mean water, so the name may mean "turkey river". Saddle River was also called "Peramseapus". Spellings include "Pyramus".
"Pascack".
"wet grass" or "place where grass is wet".
"Passaic".
The "county, river and "city are taken from , "pahsaayeek" and , meaning "valley" or "water that flows through the valley." Spellings include: Pawsaick, Pissawack. Contemporary: "Pachsa'jeek".
"Polifly".
From Dutch "pole" and "vlaie", translated as "top of the meadow/atop the swamp"; the name by which the area of Hasbrouck Heights was known. Polifly Road is a major thoroughfare connecting Hackensack and Hasbrouck Heights.
"Pompton".
Has been cited by some sources to mean "a place where they catch soft fish".
"Paulus Hook".
A tidal island, called "Arresick" by the Lenape the site where, in 1630, Michael Pauw staked a claim for his attempted patroonship, Pavonia. Named after his agent who built a hut and ferry landing there, "hoek" or "hoeck" meaning a "spit" or "point".
Variations include "Paulus Hoeck, Powles Hoek, Powles Hook".
"Preakness".
From the munsi, "quail woods". Alternatively, thought to mean "young buck", depending on interpretation of the original word.
"Ramapo".
Name for the mountains and river and towns, meaning
"underneath the rock", spellings: "Ramapough", "Ramopock".
"Raritan".
The people, river, bay, and towns take their name from a derivation of "Naraticong" meaning "river beyond the island" (which, considering location, could be Staten Island). Some would believe that is comes from "Roaton" or "Raritanghe", a tribe which had come from across the Hudson River and displaced the existing population of Sanhicans.
Alternatively, "Raritan" is a Dutch pronunciation of or meaning "forked river" or "stream overflows".
"Sand Hoek".
Sometimes called "Sand Punt" the peninsula around which most settlers to Fort Amsterdam, Fort Orange, Staten Eylandt, and Lange Eylandt, and Bergen sailed before entering The Narrows.
"Schraalenburgh".
Built on a "barren ridge", literally "Barren Hills". Two churches still bear the name: South Schraalenburgh Church and Schraalenburgh North Church.
"Secaucus".
"Sukit" meaning "black" and meaning "snake", hence "black snakes."
Spellings include "Sekakes", "Sikakes", "Sickakus". Contemporary: "seke" meaning "black" and "xkuk" or
meaning "snake".
Locally, pronounced "SEE-kaw-cus", with the accent on the first syllable, not the second as often used by non-natives.
Snake Hill, in Secaucus, is a geologic intrusion in the midst of the Meadowlands.
"Sicomac".
Said to mean "resting place for the departed" or "happy hunting ground" since this area of Wyckoff, according to tradition, was the burial place of many Native Americans, possibly including Oratam, sagamore of the Hackensack Indians. Contemporary "schikamik" meaning "hole" or "grave" or "machtschikamikunk" meaning "a burial place".
"Staaten Eylandt".
To the Lenape, the island was known as "Aquehonga", "Manacknong" and "Eghquaons" (Jackson, 1995). Named by colonlists for the governing body of the 17th century United Provinces of the Netherlands, The States-General.
"Tantaqua".
Overpeck Creek, site of Hackensack semi-permanent village, for one of the chiefs of the resident Lenape.
"Tappan".
The region radiating from Palisades Interstate Park and its inhabitants as named by New Netherlanders, who spelled it as Tappaen. Site of the "bouwerie" Vriessendael.
Possibly from "Tuphanne" meaning "cold water".
Likely more related to contemporary "petapan" meaning "dawn" or "petapaniui" meaning "at the break of dawn", and relates to their kin across the river, the Wappinger, whose name is derived from the Algonquian "people of the east" or "easterners". (Contemporary: "Wapaneu" meaning "easterly" and "Wapanke" meaning "to-morrow.")
"Teaneck".
Origin and meaning are uncertain, though possibly may mean "the woods". An alternative is from the Dutch "Tiene Neck" meaning "neck where there are willows" (from the Dutch "tene" meaning willow).
"Tenafly".
From Dutch "ten" and "vlaie", hence "Tiene Vly" or "Ten Swamps" given by settlers in 1688.
"Watchung".
The "place of mountains" from "watchtsu", which describes the three ridges west of the Meadowlands.
"Weehawken".
Variously interpreted as or "rocks that look like rows of trees" or "at the end of" (the Palisades or stream that flowed from them.) and "place of gulls".
Spelling have included: "Awiehawken, Wiehacken, Weehauk, Weehawk, Weehock, Wiceaken", "Wihaken", "Wyhaken", and "Wiehachan".
Curiously, Peter Minuit, first governor of New Netherland, sailed to the New World upon a ship called the "Seagull", or in Dutch, Het "Meeuwken" (which bears a striking resemblance).
"Weequahic".
"head of the cove".
"Vriessendael".
A small "bowery", or "homestead" established in 1640 at today's Edgewater, meaning "Vries' Valley", after its founder David Pietersen de Vries.
Pre-American Revolution Reformed Congregations in the Dutch Belt.
After the final transfer of power to the English (with the Treaty of Westminster) that settlers to New Netherland and their descendants spread across the region and established many of the towns and cities which exist today. The Dutch Reformed Church played an important role this expansion Following the course of the Hudson River in the north via New York Harbor to the Raritan River in the south, settlement and population grew along what George Washington called the "Dutch Belt". The American classis secured a charter in 1766 for Queens College (now Rutgers University), where the appointment in 1784 of John Henry Livingston as professor of theology marked the beginning of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary.


Henry Townsend (Oyster Bay)

Henry Townsend (1649–1703) was the son of Henry Townsend, an early settler of the American Colonies.
Biography.
Henry Townsend (1649-1703) was the son of Henry Townsend who emigrated to the colonies from England. Eventually Henry Townsend settled in Oyster Bay, where his son Henry Townsend was raised. Townsend Society of America DNA testing project has established that the Oyster Bay family is not related to Thomas Townsend of Lynn, MA. The county of origin in England for Henry, John and Richard Townsend is not known.
Henry Townsend married Deborah Underhill in 1657. Deborah Underhill (1659-1698) was daughter of Captain John Underhill (1597-1672), another important figure in Colonial America who trained the militia of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and served as magistrate of Flushing for a brief period of time, before settling on of land outside of Oyster Bay. Captain Underhill was converted to Quakerism by his second wife, thus making the union of Henry Townsend and Deborah Underhill the combining of two of the most influential Quaker families in Oyster Bay.
They had at least four children together: Robert Townsend (b. 1687), Elizabeth Townsend (1692-1756), Henry (d. 1709) and Uriah Townsend (1698-1767).


Spread Eagle (steamboat)

The Spread Eagle was a steam-driven sidewheel riverboat that transported passengers, goods and supplies to the forts and trading posts along the Missouri River between 1857–1864. It was constructed and launched at Brownsville, Pennsylvania. The vessel was a wooden hull packet, 210 feet long, with a beam of 36 feet, a draft of 6 feet, and was rated at 389 tons. It was powered by two steam engines with 3 boilers each, at 40 inches in diameter and 24 feet in length. The "Spread Eagle" was constructed by Captain Benjamin Johnson who sold the vessel to the American Fur Company upon her arrival at St. Louis. Commanded by captain Bailey, she was once engaged in a race along the Missouri from St. Louis to Fort Benton where she rammed her opponent.
Service.
"Spread Eagle" carried goods and plied trade from Saint Louis, Missouri to Omaha, Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa. On June 6, 1862, it raced against Captain LaBarge's "Emilie" on the upper Missouri River from moorings near Fort Berthold in the Dakota Territory.
In early 1859 the American Fur Company sent two vessels up the Missouri River, commanded by Joseph LaBarge and his brother, John, with its annual outfit of men and supplies. The Company employed its newly acquired riverboat, the "Spread Eagle", and a chartered riverboat, called the "Chippewa". The "Chippewa" was a much lighter vessel, and her owner, Captain Crabtree, was contracted to reach Fort Benton, or as far past this point as was possible. At Fort Union Crabtree defaulted in his contract and the "Chippewa" was sold to the Company for the sum about equal to its charter price. At this time, freight from the "Spread Eagle" was transferred to the "Chippewa".
The "Spread Eagle" was commanded by Captain LaBarge, while his brother, John, assumed command of the "Chippewa". On July 17, 1859, the "Chippewa" successfully made her way to within fifteen miles of Fort Benton, and unloaded her cargo at Brule bottom, where Fort McKenzie had once stood. This vessel managed to reach a point further from the sea by river navigation than any other boat had up to this time.
Race with the "Emilie".
The "Spread Eagle" was owned by the American Fur Company, based in Saint Louis. In early 1862 Joseph LaBarge and several partners formed the firm of LaBarge, Harkness & Co., also based in Saint Louis, for purposes of trading on the upper Missouri River. Their biggest and fiercest competitor was the American Fur Company. The two companies were about to make their annual run up the Missouri River outfitted with supplies and men. The American Fur Company, determined to be the first to arrive at Fort Benton, departed Saint Louis with the "Spread Eagle", commanded by Captain Robert E. Bailey, and piloted by William Massie. Three days later Captain LaBarge departed with the "Emilie", the faster of the two steamboats. The "Emilie" eventually caught up to the "Spread Eagle" at Fort Berthold and passed her.
Rivalry between the two crews had been building, and because Massie earned a reputation as a skilled pilot who had made previous trips in record time, a wager had been made as to which vessel would reach Fort Benton first.
When Captain Bailey realized he was being beaten, he resorted to playing a desperate and reckless game, demonstrating to what extent he would go to win. The two vessels were now approaching an island in the middle of the river, with narrow channels on either side. The "Spread Eagle" took to passage through the wider channel, while the "Emilie", passed in what Bailey had assumed was an impassable channel, which happened to be the shorter route. The two vessels were less than fifty feet apart, when Bailey, realizing he was about to be out-maneuvered and fall behind, ordered the pilot, William Massie, to intentionally put his rudder to port, and plunge the bow of his boat into the "Emilie" close to her boilers. The danger of a serious wreck was imminent. However, though the point of impact was very close to "Emilie" boilers, the vessel only suffered minor damage. LaBarge, observing the event from the pilot-house, was not expecting such tactics and could not believe that even the American Fur Company would resort to such a ploy when human life hung in the balance. Immediately he called out to "Spread Eagle" pilot to stop his engines and fall back or he would take to arms and fire upon him. LaBarge's threats were effective, and the captain of the "Spread Eagle" gave orders to fall back and was not seen again during the race. "Emilie" reached Fort Benton and won the race by four days, with the "Spread Eagle" finally arriving on June 20.
When the "Spread Eagle" returned to Saint Louis charges were preferred against Bailey for his reckless endangerment to passengers of, and damage to, the "Emilie". When Bailey was brought to trial before the steamboat inspector, his license was revoked. Massie was subsequently made the new captain of the "Spread Eagle".
As steamboating was Bailey's only trade it was a serious blow to his livelihood, as he had a large family to support. About a month later, Bailey appealed to LaBarge with the explanation that he had been trying to get the inspector to reinstate him, but would not do so unless LaBarge pardoned Bailey with the recommendation that Bailey be allowed back on the river. Bailey having admitted his guilt in the affair, said that he acted under pressure from the Company's agents, and pleaded with LaBarge to reinstate him for the sake of his family. LaBarge finally acquiesced, spoke with the inspector, and got Bailey reinstated.
Two years after the race on March 20, 1864, the "Spread Eagle" hit a snag and sank at Pinckney Bend.


House of Hope (fort)

House of Hope (), also known as Fort Good Hope (), was a redoubt and factory in the seventeenth-century Dutch colony of New Netherland. The trading post was located at modern-day Hartford, Connecticut.
History.
In 1633, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) (1621–1793) of the United Netherlands Dutch Republic built a fortified trading house on the south bank of the Little River (now Park River), a tributary river of the Fresh River (Connecticut River). The WIC had planned Fort Good Hope to be the northeastern fortification and a trading center of the WIC. The land was part of a larger tract purchased on 8 June 1633 by Jacob van Curler on behalf of the WIC from the Sequins, one of the clans of Connecticut Indians. Curler added a block house and palisade to the post while New Amsterdam sent a small garrison and a pair of cannons.
English settlers from other New England colonies moved into the Connecticut Valley in the 1630s. In 1633, William Holmes led a group of settlers from Plymouth Colony to the Connecticut Valley, where they established Windsor a few miles north of the Dutch trading post. In 1634, John Oldham and a handful of Massachusetts families built temporary houses in the area of Wethersfield, a few miles south of the Dutch outpost. In the next two years, 30 families from Watertown, Massachusetts joined Oldham's followers at Wethersfield. The English population of the area exploded in 1636 when clergyman Thomas Hooker led 100 settlers, including Richard Risley, with 130 head of cattle in a trek from Newtown (now Cambridge) in the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the banks of the Connecticut River, where they established Hartford directly across the Park River from the old Dutch fort. In 1637, the three Connecticut River towns—Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield—set up a collective government in order to fight the Pequot War.
In 1650, representatives from New Netherland and New England agreed to the Hartford Convention to settle border disputes. The boundary between the two colonies was set 50 miles west of the Connecticut River, placing the fort on English territory. In 1653, the English seized the fort.
The location of this confluence of rivers is at contemporary Sheldon Street in Hartford. The fort is recalled today with a nearby avenue called Huyshope, once the center of economic activity in the city.


Henry John Moberly

Henry John Moberly, also known as Harry or Harvey (1835–1931) was a fur trader. He entered the Hudson's Bay Company's service in 1854, and in 1862 was in charge of the post on Stuart Lake; gave his name to Moberly Lake in the Peace River country. After nearly 40 years service, retired in Saskatchewan, in 1894.
Moberly was born on 2 August 1835 at Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada. His father was Post-Captain John Moberly, R.N., and his mother Marie Foch, a Polish lady whose ancestral home was in Alsace-Lorraine. Henry John was a younger son. Several of the Moberlys have given distinguished service in the fields of engineering and exploration of Canada.
Moberly was educated at the Barrie Grammar School and Upper Canada College. Study, however, to one of his restless and adventurous temperament, became irksome, and at the age of sixteen, his father having secured for him a position with the internationally known English insurance house of Lloyd's, he left school and was sent to the St. Petersburg agency of the firm. Once the novelty of a strange environment wore off, life in Russia palled on the boy and his roving nature again asserting itself, after two years he quit his employment and returned to Canada in 1853.
Soon afterwards Moberly met a member of the party sent by the overland route via the Mackenzie to the Arctic in search of Sir John Franklin. His account of the Saskatchewan country, the immense herds of buffalo, the droves of deer, freedom from restrictive laws, Indians on the warpath and dearth of police, fired Moberly's youthful soul. Without hesitation Moberly wrote to Sir George Simpson then Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, requesting to be sent to the Saskatchewan, in the service of the ancient organization.
Sometime in January 1854, Moberly received a reply from Sir George, with a five-year contract and instructions to meet the canoes at Sault Ste. Marie, from which point he was to travel with Sir George to his destination.
Departure from his home after the opening of Navigation on Lake Huron would have allowed plenty of time to reach the Sault, however, the desire of making a start toward the promised land was too strong for his patience and he left the East during the next month.
In February, 1854, Henry Moberly, a youth of eighteen, stood one day on the street of his native village, bargaining earnestly with some First Nations people. At that time, the Government employed Indians to carry the mail on sleds from Penetanguishene to the Sault. They were required to haul one hundred and eighty pounds on each sled, besides their food, cooking outfit and blankets, using no dogs but doing the work themselves.
For five dollars the two carriers agreed to take Moberly and his outfit, as far as Fort La Cloche, a Hudson's Bay Company post situated on the north-shore mainland of Lake Huron, opposite Manitoulin Island. He landed at Manitou Island where he remained a few days with the Indian Agent, Captain Ironside. Moberly then crossed to the mainland at the mouth of the La Cloche River where he made his first acquaintance with a Hudson's Bay Company trading post and the first Hudson's Bay Company officer he had ever seen.
Waiting a few months at Fort La Cloche for the canoes, they came as customary up the Ottawa, thence down the French River to its mouth in Lake Huron and via Manitoulin Island to Fort La Cloche. They brought a letter from Sir George, who was coming by rail through Chicago, instructing Moberly to meet him at Sault Ste. Marie. After the men had rested for a few hours they embarked. The canoes were in charge of Robert Campbell, a commissioned officer who had spent many years at the Hudson's Bay Company's posts on the Yukon, the lower Mackenzie, Dease Lake and Peel River. Moberly found him to be a most agreeable companion who gave him much information about the north.
For almost 40 years following this, Henry John Moberly worked for the Hudson's Bay Company, at various locations in the Canadian North-West, retiring from active service in the spring of 1894. From Red River carts, horses, draught oxen, dog trains, York Boats, canoes and pack mules, Moberly witnessed the change to the conveniences of modern civilization, wagon roads, railroads, steamboats, telegraphs, telephones and electric lights.


Colorado Mesa University

Colorado Mesa University is a public university in Grand Junction, Colorado. The university's other locations include Bishop Campus, which houses Western Colorado Community College in northwestern Grand Junction, and a regional campus in Montrose, Colorado. Colorado Mesa University grants associate degrees, bachelor's degrees, and master's degrees.
Previously Mesa State College, the college attained university status in August 2011 and changed its name to Colorado Mesa University.
Board of Trustees.
The Board of Trustees consists of 13 trustees (11 voting and two non-voting members). The voting members are appointed by the Colorado Governor, confirmed by the Colorado State Senate and serve staggered terms. The Colorado Mesa University Student Trustee is elected by the Student-body and is considered to be one of the most influential positions in the University and College System. The Senatus Academicus names a member from their ranks to serve as the eleventh member. The Board meets regularly throughout the year and is charged with the task of hiring the President, guiding the mission, and overseeing the budget.
Academics.
Colorado Mesa University offers programs leading to awards in five levels: technical certificates, associate degrees, baccalaureate degrees, master's degrees and professional doctoral degrees.
Colorado Mesa University is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and a member of the North Central Association.
Financial aid.
During the 2010–2011 school year, Colorado Mesa University distributed over $48 million in financial aid to 75% of the student body population through scholarships, grants, loans and student employment. In addition to funding from the college, the Mesa State Foundation awarded more than $300,000 in private scholarships to over 300 students.
Residence life.
Colorado Mesa University offers options for students to live on campus. There are currently over 2,000 students living on campus in eleven residential buildings consisting of traditional rooms, suites and pods, and apartments.
Residence halls and apartments are governed by the Residence Hall Association (RHA). The Residence Hall Council (RHC) is an extension of RHA and acts as the governing body for each residence hall. The RHC of each building is composed of an elected executive board and an RHA representative.
Notable facilities.
Houston Hall.
Houston Hall has the reputation of being the first building on campus. Built in 1940, it is named for the college's first president, Dr. Clifford G. Houston. Prior to its construction, the college had occupied an abandoned school building (the old Lowell School) in the city's downtown area. During the 2011 expansion and renovation project, delicate care was taken to seamlessly match the ornamental brick facade of the new wing with that of the original building.
Dominguez Hall.
Dominguez Hall was built in 2011 and currently is home for the Davis School of Business and the Center for Teacher Education. This building has several classrooms, including four large semi-circle lecture rooms, computer labs, small study rooms, study open spaces (indoors and outdoors), faculty offices, a coffee shop facility, and board room.
Lowell Heiny Hall.
Originally built in 1967 to house the college library, previously located in Houston Hall, Lowell Heiny Hall now houses, University Authorities offices, Registrar's Office, HR, Marketing, and faculty offices.
The University Center.
The current University Center building was built in 2010 to replace the aging W.W. Campbell College Center. The new University Center houses the main campus dining facilities including: Dining Hall, Bookcliff Cafe, Starbucks Coffee, and a small convenience store. The center also houses the Associated Student Government, The Criterion campus newspaper, KMSA 91.3FM, Bookstore, Ballroom, student lounges, MAV Card Office, and the Student Life office which contains some club offices.
The Maverick Center.
Formerly known as Saunders Field House, The Maverick Center houses all athletic facilities under one roof, except for football and baseball. Facilities include: Brownson Arena, El Pomar Natatorium, Hamilton Recreation Center, Health Sciences Center, and Monfort Family Human Performance Lab. Adjacent to The Maverick Center are Walker Field soccer & lacrosse stadium, Elliot Tennis Complex, Bergman Softball Field, and the Maverick Pavilion.
Moss Performing Arts Center.
The Moss Performing Arts Center, named for local Colorado Mesa University supporters John and Angie Moss, provides music, dance and theatre students with the facilities needed to let their creativity shine. The center, which recently underwent a $5.1 million renovation and expansion, is home to the 600-seat William S. Robinson Theatre, a 300-seat recital hall, the Walter Walker Reception Area, the Mesa Experimental Theatre, a design studio, numerous music practice rooms, smart technology classrooms, faculty offices and a dance studio.
Moss is the home to the Theatre and Music Departments which offer a variety of entertainment for the campus and local community throughout the year.
Tomlinson Library.
By 1984 the library's collection had outgrown Lowell Heiny Library and plans were made to build the collection a new home. The new library was dedicated in 1986. Recognized as an architectural gem in American School and University magazine, the library was named for outgoing college president John U. Tomlinson in 1988 to honor his commitment to improved library services at the college. Tomlinson Library now contains over 190,000 volumes, including a large government documents collection, and a geology library. The library houses the Ethridge Pottery Collection of prehistoric southwestern ceramics.
Forensic Investigation Research Station.
Known by the acronym "FIRS", this facility consisting of a laboratory building and a fenced-in body farm is located just outside Grand Junction. As of January 2018, the decomposition of eleven bodies was under investigation with a focus on identification of microbial clocks, collections of microorganisms which appear and change in a predictable manner during the course of human body decomposition.
Athletics.
CMU's athletic teams are known as the Mavericks; their mascot is symbolized by a rearing bull's head with flaring nostrils. Official colors are maroon, white, and gold. Student body fans are known as The Herd.
The Colorado Mesa Mavericks have 21 varsity teams that compete in NCAA Division II athletics, as part of the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference. CMU fields teams in men's football, men's baseball, men's and women's basketball, women's volleyball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's indoor and outdoor track and field, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's lacrosse, women's softball, men's and women's swimming, men's and women's tennis, and men's and women's wrestling.


Frederick, Ontario

Frederick is an unincorporated community in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in the Cochrane District on Highway 636 west of Cochrane.
The community is counted as part of Cochrane, Unorganized, North Part in Canadian census data.


Lethbridge

Lethbridge () is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada. With a population of 101,482 in its 2019 municipal census, Lethbridge became the fourth Alberta city to surpass 100,000 people. The nearby Canadian Rocky Mountains contribute to the city's warm summers, mild winters, and windy climate. Lethbridge lies southeast of Calgary on the Oldman River.
Lethbridge is the commercial, financial, transportation and industrial centre of southern Alberta. The city's economy developed from drift mining for coal in the late 19th century and agriculture in the early 20th century. Half of the workforce is employed in the health, education, retail and hospitality sectors, and the top five employers are government-based. The only university in Alberta south of Calgary is in Lethbridge, and two of the three colleges in southern Alberta have campuses in the city. Cultural venues in the city include performing art theatres, museums and sports centres. It was home to ARCHES, North America's busiest supervised drug use facility from March 2018 to August 2020 which was dubbed a "new landmark" by "The Star."
History.
Before the 19th century, the Lethbridge area was populated by several First Nations at various times. The Blackfoot referred to the area as "Aksaysim" ("steep banks"), "Mek-kio-towaghs" ("painted rock"), "Assini-etomochi" ("where we slaughtered the Cree") and "Sik-ooh-kotok" ("coal"). The Sarcee referred to it as "Chadish-kashi" ("black/rocks"), the Cree as "Kuskusukisay-guni" ("black/rocks"), and the Nakoda (Stoney) as "Ipubin-saba-akabin" ("digging coal"). The Kutenai people referred to it as "ʔa•kwum".
After the US Army stopped alcohol trading with the Blackfeet Nation in Montana in 1869, traders John J. Healy and Alfred B. Hamilton started a whiskey trading post at Fort Hamilton, near the future site of Lethbridge. The post's nickname became Fort Whoop-Up. The whiskey trade led to the Cypress Hills Massacre of many native Assiniboine in 1873. The North-West Mounted Police, sent to stop the trade and establish order, arrived at Fort Whoop-Up on October 9, 1874. They managed the post for the next 12 years.
Lethbridge's economy developed from drift mines opened by Nicholas Sheran in 1874 and the North Western Coal and Navigation Company in 1882. North Western's president was William Lethbridge, from whom the city derives its name. By the turn of the century, the mines employed about 150 men and produced 300 tonnes of coal each day. In 1896, local collieries were the largest coal producers in the Northwest Territories, with production peaking during World War I. An internment camp was set up at the Exhibition Building in Lethbridge from September 1914 to November 1916. After the war, increasing oil and natural gas production gradually replaced coal production, and the last mine in Lethbridge closed in 1957.
The first rail line in Lethbridge was opened on August 28, 1885, by the Alberta Railway and Coal Company, which bought the North Western Coal and Navigation Company five years later. The rail industry's dependence on coal and the Canadian Pacific Railway's efforts to settle southern Alberta with immigrants boosted Lethbridge's economy. After the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) moved the divisional point of its Crowsnest Line from Fort Macleod to Lethbridge in 1905, the city became the regional centre for Southern Alberta. In the mid-1980s, the CPR moved its rail yards in downtown Lethbridge to nearby Kipp, and Lethbridge ceased being a rail hub.
Between 1907 and 1913, a development boom occurred in Lethbridge, making it the main marketing, distribution and service centre in southern Alberta. Such municipal projects as a water treatment plant, a power plant, a streetcar system, and exhibition buildings—as well as a construction boom and rising real estate prices—transformed the mining town into a significant city. Between World War I and World War II, however, the city experienced an economic slump. Development slowed, drought drove farmers from their farms, and coal mining rapidly declined from its peak. After World War II, irrigation of farmland near Lethbridge led to growth in the city's population and economy. Lethbridge College (previously Lethbridge Community College) opened in April 1957 and the University of Lethbridge in 1967.
Geography.
The city of Lethbridge is located at 49.7° north latitude and 112.833° west longitude and covers an area of . The city is divided by the Oldman River; its valley has been turned into one of the largest urban park systems in North America at of protected land. The city is Alberta's third-largest by population after Calgary and Edmonton. It is the third largest in area after Calgary and Edmonton and is near the Canadian Rockies, southeast of Calgary.
Lethbridge is split into three geographical areas: north, south and west. The Oldman River separates West Lethbridge from the other two while Crowsnest Trail and the Canadian Pacific Railway rail line separate North and South Lethbridge. The newest of the three areas, West Lethbridge (pop. 36,716) is home to the University of Lethbridge, opened at that site in 1971, but the first housing was not completed until 1974 and the prime Whoop-Up Drive access opened only in 1975. Much of the city's recent growth has been on the west side, and it has the youngest median age of the three. The north side (pop. 26,751) was originally populated by workers from local coal mines. It has the oldest population of the three areas, is home to multiple industrial parks and includes the former Hamlet of Hardieville, which was annexed by Lethbridge in 1978. South Lethbridge (pop. 31,337) is the commercial heart of the city. It contains the downtown core, the bulk of retail and hospitality establishments, and the Lethbridge College.
Climate.
Lethbridge has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification "BSk") with an average maximum temperature of and an average minimum temperature of . With precipitation averaging , and 264 dry days on average, Lethbridge is the eleventh driest city in Canada. Mean relative humidity hovers between 69 and 78% in the morning throughout the year, but afternoon mean relative humidity is more uneven, ranging from 38% in August to 58% in January. On average, Lethbridge has 116 days with wind speed of or higher, ranking it as the second city in Canada for such weather.
Its high elevation of and close proximity to the Rocky Mountains provides Lethbridge with cooler summers than other locations in the Canadian Prairies. These factors protect the city from strong northwest and southwest winds and contribute to frequent chinook winds during the winter. Lethbridge winters have the highest temperatures in the prairies, reducing the severity and duration of winter cold periods and resulting in fewer days with snow cover. The average daytime temperature peaks by the end of July/beginning of August, when it reaches . The city's temperature reaches a maximum high of or greater on average once or twice a year.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Lethbridge was on August 10, 2018. The lowest temperature ever recorded was on January 7, 1909, December 18, 1924, January 3, 1950, and December 29, 1968.
Demographics.
The population of the City of Lethbridge according to its 2019 municipal census is 101,482, a change of from its 2018 municipal census population of 99,769.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Lethbridge recorded a population of 92,729 living in 37,575 of its 39,867 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 83,517. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016. The same census reported that the metropolitan area of Lethbridge was 117,394 in 2016, up from 105,999 in 2011.
In the 2011 federal census, the City of Lethbridge had a population of 83,517 living in 34,140 of its 37,396 total dwellings, a change of 11.8% from its 2006 adjusted population of 74,685. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011.
The most commonly observed faith in Lethbridge is Christianity. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, 52,595 residents, representing 65 percent of respondents, indicated they were Christian, down from 76% in 2001. Over 32 percent of Lethbridgians reported no religious affiliation, a substantial increase from 22% in 2001. The number of residents reporting other religions, including Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, Jews and Sikhs amounted to 3 percent. For specific denominations, Statistics Canada reported 16,945 Roman Catholics who were 21 percent of the population, and 7,335 members of the United Church of Canada who were about 9 percent of the population.
According to the 2011 census, more than 87 percent of residents spoke English as a first language. Nearly 2 percent spoke German; just over 1 percent each spoke Spanish, Dutch, or French; and almost 1 percent each spoke Chinese (unspecified), Tagalog, Polish, or Hungarian their first language. The next most commonly spoken languages were Japanese, Italian, Ukrainian, Nepali, Cantonese, Vietnamese.
Lethbridge was 12.9% visible minorities and 7.1% aboriginal in 2016. Below is a full break down of the demographics. The city is also the home of the largest Bhutanese community in Canada.
Economy.
Lethbridge is southern Alberta's commercial, distribution, financial and industrial centre (although Medicine Hat plays a similar role in southeastern Alberta). It has a trading area population of 341,180, including parts of British Columbia, and provides jobs for up to 86,000 people who commute to and within the city from a radius of .
Lethbridge's economy has traditionally been agriculture-based; however, it has diversified in recent years. Half of the workforce is employed in the health, education, retail and hospitality sectors, and the top five employers are government-based. Several national companies are based in Lethbridge. From its founding in 1935, Canadian Freightways based its head office there until moving operations to Calgary in 1948, though its call centre remains in Lethbridge. Taco Time Canada was based in the city from 1978 to 1995 before moving to Calgary. Minute Muffler, which began in 1969, is based in Lethbridge. International shipping company H & R Transport has been based in the city since 1955. Braman Furniture, which has locations in Manitoba and Ontario, was headquartered in Lethbridge from 1991 to 2008.
Lethbridge serves as a hub for commercial activity in the region by providing services and amenities. Many transport services, including Red Arrow buses, four provincial highways, rail service and an airport, are concentrated in or near the city. In 2004, the police services of Lethbridge and Coaldale combined to form the Lethbridge Police Service. Lethbridge provides municipal water to Coaldale, Coalhurst, Diamond City, Iron Springs, Monarch, Shaughnessy and Turin.
In 2002, the municipal government organized "Economic Development Lethbridge", a body responsible for promoting and developing the city's commercial interests. Two years later, the city joined in a partnership with 24 other local communities to create an economic development alliance called "SouthGrow", representing a population of over 140,000. In 2006, Economic Development Lethbridge partnered with SouthGrow Regional Initiative and "Alberta SouthWest Regional Alliance" to create the "Southern Alberta Alternative Energy Partnership". This partnership promotes business related to alternative energy, including wind power, solar power and biofuel, in the region.
Arts and culture.
Lethbridge was designated a Cultural Capital of Canada for the 2004–2005 season. The Southern Alberta Ethnic Association (Multicultural Heritage Centre) promotes multiculturalism and ethnic heritage in the community.
The city is home to venues and organizations promoting the arts. Founded in 1958, the Allied Arts Council of Lethbridge is the largest organization in the city dedicated to preserving and enhancing the local arts. In the spring of 2007, the Allied Arts Council Facilities Steering Committee initiated the Arts Re:Building Together Campaign, a grass roots campaign initiative to raise awareness and support for improving arts facilities in Lethbridge. The campaign identified three arts buildings: the Yates Memorial Centre, the Bowman Arts Centre, and the Southern Alberta Art Gallery as cornerstone facilities in the community requiring care and attention. On July 14, 2007, the Finance Committee of City Council approved four arts capital projects for inclusion in the city's Ten Year Capital Plan. Under the campaign to 2010, the renovation and expansion of the Southern Alberta Art Gallery was completed, a new Community Arts Centre will be built in downtown Lethbridge, the City of Lethbridge has a Public Art Program, and a committee was formed to research the possibility of a new Performing Arts Centre in Lethbridge.
Lethbridge has a public library and three major museum/galleries. The Southern Alberta Art Gallery is a contemporary gallery; the community arts centre Casa, administered by the Allied Arts Council; and the University of Lethbridge Art Gallery produces contemporary exhibitions including works from its extensive collection of Canadian, American and European art.
The city is also home to the Lethbridge Symphony, which was founded in 1960 and incorporated as a non-profit in 1961. It has produced several spin-off music groups, including the Southern Alberta Chamber Orchestra, and the still-active Lethbridge Musical Theatre, which produces an annual show. Vox Musica, which traces its roots back to 1968, is a community choir previously based at the University of Lethbridge. As a fully independent non-profit society, Vox Musica continues to rehearse and perform at Southminster United Church and around the community. Theatrical productions are presented by the University of Lethbridge's drama department and New West Theatre, which performs at the Genevieve E. Yates Memorial Centre using its two theatres: the 500-seat proscenium Yates Theatre and the 180-seat black box Sterndale Bennett Theatre.
Attractions.
The city, which began as a frontier town, has several historical attractions. The Lethbridge Viaduct, commonly known as the "High Level Bridge", is the longest and highest steel trestle bridge in North America. It was completed in 1909 on what was then the city's western edge. Indian Battle Park, in the coulees of the Oldman River, commemorates the last battle between the Cree and the Blackfoot First Nations in 1870.
Originally known as Fort Hamilton, Fort Whoop-Up was a centre of illegal activities during the late 19th century. It was first built in 1869 by J.J. Healy and A.B. Hamilton as a whiskey post and was destroyed by fire a year later. A second, sturdier structure later replaced the fort.
As the cultural centre of southern Alberta, Lethbridge has notable cultural attractions. Nikka Yuko Japanese Garden in south Lethbridge was opened in 1967 as part of a Canadian centennial celebration attended by Japan's Prince and Princess Takamatsu. The Galt Museum & Archives is the largest museum in the Lethbridge area; the building housing the museum served as the city's main hospital during the late 19th century and early 20th centuries. Several other important attractions are based in Lethbridge, including the Lethbridge Military Museum and the Helen Schuler Nature Centre which educates about the river bottom and coulees.
Several structures such as the historic post office are prominent on the skyline of Lethbridge. Less well-known than the High Level Bridge, the post office is one of the most distinctive buildings in Lethbridge. Built in 1912, the four-storey structure is crowned by a functioning clock tower. Other prominent buildings include office towers; the water tower, which was originally built in 1958 and sold to a private developer who converted it into a restaurant; and the Alberta Terminals grain elevators.
From March 2018 to August 2020, Lethbridge was home to ARCHES, 24-hour supervised drug use site. It was the busiest SCS in North America with 663 visits a day. "The Star" called it a "new landmark". The SCS featured injection drug and inhalation drug facilities and it was a subject of disagreement by the nearby business community. The site closed at the end of August 2020 after the province removed grant funding following discovery of misappropriation of public funds. 401 randomly selected for a week long budget survey, 43 percent of participants identified the presence of ARCHES SCS as being the top concern while only 8% identified it as the top concern in 2018.
Sports and recreation.
Lethbridge has designated 16 percent of the land within city boundaries as parkland, including the Oldman River valley parks system. It has facilities for field sports, numerous baseball diamonds, the Spitz Stadium baseball stadium, a disc golf course, 2 skate parks, a BMX track, a climbing wall, a dozen tennis courts, and seven pools. It is home to five golf courses, including the award-winning Paradise Canyon Golf Resort, and is within of several others.
Built for the 1975 Canada Games, the ENMAX Centre is Lethbridge's multipurpose arena. The 6,500-seat facility has hosted concerts, three-ring circuses, multicultural events, national curling championships, basketball events, banquets, skating events and is home to the Lethbridge Hurricanes, a major Western Hockey League franchise. The arena has a running track, racquetball and squash courts, and a full-size ice rink. In 1997, the Community Savings Place (formerly the Lethbridge Soccer Centre) was built directly south of the ENMAX Centre and added two regulation size indoor soccer pitches to the complex. The Lethbridge Kyodokan Judo Club facility is located next to the Community Savings Place, and has been a Judo Canada Regional Training Centre since 2015.
On the city's west side, Phase 1 of the ATB Centre, a recreation complex, opened in 2016 and houses two hockey rinks and the Lethbridge Curling Club. Phase 2 of this project opened in May 2019 and includes a field house with basketball courts and a 300m running track, as well as an aquatics centre with slides and a wave pool.
Several winter sports venues are in or near Lethbridge. The city has six indoor ice arenas with a total ice area of 11,220 square metres (120,800 sq ft) and a total seating capacity of 8,149. Other than the ENMAX Centre, all ice surfaces are available from October to April only. Lethbridge is east of the Castle Mountain ski resort.
In October 2020, the Canadian Junior Football League (CJFL) announced an expansion team would begin play in Lethbridge at the 3,500-seat University of Lethbridge Stadium in 2022. The Lethbridge Vipers will be the seventh team in the Prairie Junior Football Conference and the 19th team in the CJFL.
Government.
Eight councillors and a mayor make up the Lethbridge City Council. City voters elect a new government every four years. The last election was October 16, 2017. Lethbridge does not have a ward system, so the mayor and all councillors are elected at large. The 2009–2011 operating budget of the City of Lethbridge was –278 million, more than half of which came from property tax. One Member of Parliament (MP) representing Lethbridge sits in the House of Commons in Ottawa, and two members of Alberta's legislative assembly (MLAs), representing Lethbridge-East (UCP) and Lethbridge-West (NDP), sit in the legislative assembly in Edmonton.
Traditionally, political leanings in Lethbridge have been right-wing. Federally, from 1917 to 1930, Lethbridge voters switched between various federal parties, but from 1935 to 1957, they voted Social Credit in each election. Progressive Conservatives held office from 1958 until 1993, when the Reform Party of Canada was formed. The Reform party and its various subsequent incarnations such as the current Conservative Party of Canada have dominated the polls since. The city's two provincial electoral districts are represented by one government MLA, currently Nathan Neudorf for Lethbridge-East, and one opposition MLA, currently Shannon Phillips for Lethbridge-West.
Alberta Health Services, the provincial health authority that plans and delivers health services on behalf of the Ministry of Health, administers public health services in Lethbridge. Chinook Health oversees facilities in southwestern Alberta, such as the Chinook Regional Hospital and St. Michael's Health Centre.
Infrastructure.
Transportation.
Mass transit in Lethbridge consists of 40 buses (with an average age of 10 years) operating on more than a dozen routes. Traditionally, bus routes in the city started and ended downtown. In the early 21st century, however, Lethbridge Transit introduced cross-town and shuttle routes, such as University of Lethbridge to Lethbridge College, University of Lethbridge to the North Lethbridge terminal, and Lethbridge College to the North Lethbridge terminal. Several routes converge near the Chinook Regional Hospital, although it is not officially a terminal.
The Parks and Recreation department maintains the citywide, pedestrian/cyclist Coal Banks Trail system (map). The system was designed to connect the Oldman River valley with other areas of the city, including Pavan Park in the north, Henderson Lake in the east, Highways 4 and 5 in the south and a loop in West Lethbridge (including University Drive and McMaster Blvd).
Four provincial highways (3, 4, 5, and 25) run through or terminate in Lethbridge. This has led to the creation of major arterial roads, including Mayor Magrath Drive, University Drive and Scenic Drive. This infrastructure and its location on the CANAMEX Corridor has helped make Lethbridge and its freight depots a major shipping destination. Lethbridge is north of the United States border via Highways 4 and 5 and south of Calgary via Highways 2 and 3. Highways 2, 3 and 4 form part of the CANAMEX trade route between Mexico, the United States, and Canada.
Lethbridge has a commercial airport, the Lethbridge Airport, and the CPR rail yards in Kipp, Alberta (12 km away). The airport provides commercial flights to Calgary, industrial and corporate opportunities, as well as private and charter flights elsewhere. The airport provides customs services for flights arriving from the United States. The rail yards were moved to Kipp, just west of the city, from downtown Lethbridge in 1983. The yards were planned for redevelopment with a mix of multi-family residential, commercial and light industrial land uses. The Park Place Mall is now located on the portion of the former rail yards north of 1 Avenue South between Scenic Drive to the west and Stafford Drive to the east.
Education.
The Lethbridge School Division and the separate Holy Spirit Roman Catholic School Division administer grades kindergarten through 12 locally. The Palliser School Division, which is based in Lethbridge, administers public primary and secondary education in the outlying areas. Lethbridge School Division administers five high schools (Chinook High School, Immanuel Christian High School, Lethbridge Collegiate Institute, Victoria Park High School, and Winston Churchill High School), four middle schools, and 14 elementary schools in Lethbridge. Immanuel Christian covers grades 6 through 12.
Lethbridge is home to Lethbridge College, founded in 1957, and the University of Lethbridge, founded in 1967. Red Crow Community College has a campus in the city. During the 2015–2016 school year, the University of Lethbridge and the Lethbridge College had a combined enrolment of 14,820, which represented 20 percent of the city's population.
Media.
Lethbridge has two major newspapers: the daily "Lethbridge Herald" and the weekly "Lethbridge Sun Times". The university and college each have a student-run, weekly newspaper. There are 11 FM radio stations, including CKXU-FM, a campus radio station located at the University of Lethbridge.


John Saris

John Saris (c. 1580 – 1643) was chief merchant on the first English voyage to Japan, which left London in 1611. He stopped at Yemen, missing India (which he had originally intended to visit) and going on to Java, which had the sole permanent English trading station (or 'factory') in Asia. Saris had spent more than five years there before, as a merchant, having gone with the East India Company Second Voyage, under Henry Middleton. He became Chief Factor there, but returned to London in 1610. Now arrived again, in 1612, Saris decided to send his other ships home, taking just one, the "Clove", on to Japan, where it arrived in summer 1613.
Career.
Although the better known William Adams was the first Englishman to arrive in Japan in April 1600, he did so as the navigator of the Dutch ship "Liefde" (Charity), rather than aboard an English ship. Saris received much aid from Adams, who had become the shogun's advisor on foreign affairs. As a result, Saris was able to meet the retired shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, who still held power, and also his son, the de facto Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada. Ieyasu promised Saris extensive trade benefits for the English, and suggested, along with Adams, the port of Uraga as a strategic point of access to Edo Bay. But Saris decided to place the English factory far from the Shogun's capital of Edo (modern Tokyo), on Hirado, a small island off Kyūshū, Japan's largest southern island. The Dutch were already trading with some success, and it saved an extra leg of sailing along dangerous coasts.
Saris was partly welcomed in Japan because of the astonishing present he had brought. This was a telescope, described as 'silver-gilt' and very large. It was the first telescope ever to leave Europe, and the first to be made as a royal-level gift. Sadly, it is not extant.
After some months, at the end of 1613, Saris sailed home to England, leaving Richard Cocks in charge of the Hirado operation. It failed, due in large part to the fact that the English came to Japan to sell their finest domestic product, which was woollen cloth, but it tended to rot en route. English efforts to develop a trade relationship with China at this time failed as well, and so the Hirado factory was abandoned 'temporarily' ten years later, in 1623.
Saris brought back Ieyasu's reciprocal gifts for King James, in thanks for the telescope, which were stunning paintings, and from the shogun himself, two suits of armour (which are extant). He encountered some opprobrium when he was accused of 'private trade' (smuggling) and was also discovered to have shown around London some erotic Japanese 'books and pictures' (shunga). However, he was exonerated by the East India Company of the first charge, while prudently surrendering his erotica for destruction.
Saris had become very rich from this voyage. He married Anne, daughter of the wealthy London merchant William Megges, granddaughter (on her mother's side) of Sir Thomas Cambell, Lord Mayor in 1609-10. She died in the 8th year of their marriage without issue, on February 21, 1623, aged 29 probably in childbirth. He never remarried. Saris then moved into a fine mansion near the Thames at Fulham, called Goodriches, which was behind All Saints Church in Fulham. It was pulled down in 1750, and Sir William Fowell's Alms-houses now stand upon its site.
Here he lived quietly until the winter of 1643, when he died on December 11, and was buried on the 19th, a fee of 2 shillings and 6 pennies being paid to the churchwardens "for the burial." His monument, a large black stone in the floor to the right of the altar, may still be seen in All Saints Church in Fulham, though it is barely legible and partially hidden by the choir-stalls. It bears the arms of himself and his wife and reads:
HERE LYETH INTERRED THE BODY OF
CAPTAYN JOHN SARIS OF FVLHAM IN
THE COVNTY OF MIDDLESEX ESQ. HE
DEPARTED THIS LIFE THE 11 DAY OF
DECEM Ao DNI 1643, AGED 63 YEARS.
HE HAD TO WIFE ANNE THE DAVGHTER
OF WILLIAM MIGGES OF LONDON ESQ.
SHE DEPARTED THIS LIFE THE 2ND DAY OF
FEBRVARY Ao DNI 1622 AND LIETH BV
RYD IN THE PARISHE CHVRCH OF ST
BOTOPLH IN THAMES STREET BEING
AGED 21 YEARES
In his will (a copy of which is in Somerset House), dated April 18, 1643, which was proved October 2nd, 1646, he left the bulk of his property to the children of his half-brother George, who had died in 1631. To the poor of Fulham parish, however, he left thirty pounds, to be expended in two-penny loaves, which were to be distributed to thirty poor people every Sunday, after sermon, until the amount was exhausted.
His unusual surname is a variant spelling of the more common Sayers.
Saris's journals were published in 1900, as "The Voyage of Captain John Saris to Japan, 1613", edited by Ernest M. Satow.


Walter Colquhoun Grant

Walter Colquhoun Grant (27 May 1822 – 27 August 1861) was British Army officer and a pioneer settler in what is today British Columbia. He served briefly as a colonial surveyor but left after a few years to rejoin the army. He died while in the service in Saugor, Bengal, India at 39.
Early life.
Grant was born in Edinburgh on 27 May 1822 into a military family, his father, Colquhoun Grant, having been chief of intelligence for Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington during the Napoleonic Wars. Grant first joined the British Army sometime before 7 April 1843 when he was promoted, by purchase, to lieutenant in the 2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys), having previously served in the regiment as a cornet. He purchased the rank of captain on 18 April 1845.
Settlement in the colony.
Grant was the youngest captain in the British Army at age 24 when he lost his fortune and started anew by buying of land from the Hudson's Bay Company at what would become Sooke, British Columbia. Although some sources claim he left the army altogether, the "London Gazette" shows that initially at least he merely transferred to the 47th Regiment of Foot. This would have raised a certain amount of capital, as cavalry commissions were more expensive than those in infantry regiments.
Vancouver Island was first opened to settlement by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1849. At the outset there was little interest because of land cost (£1 per acre compared to free in the Oregon Territory) and because of the requirement that settlers bring other workers or families with them. Grant was the only settler to make the commitment initially and became the first independent colonist to settle on the island. He sent 8 settlers on in advance and upon his arrival in 1849 he is said to have shot a cow believing it to be a buffalo. Although he lacked the necessary skills, he was employed by the HBC as its first surveyor. He resigned that role in March 1850 without completing a single survey.
Following his arrival, he cleared some of the land he had purchased and set up a sawmill. The land was located from Fort Victoria. Grant left the colony in 1850 to prospect for gold in Oregon and came back in 1853 to sell his land.
Achievements.
While in the colony he collected data about the flora, fauna, natives and trade the later published in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society and did a map of Vancouver Island drawn by John Arrowsmith. He reported the population in 1853 was 450 people, 300 at Victoria, 125 at Nanaimo and the remainder at Fort Rupert. He ignored native peoples in his count.
In addition to being the first to bring non-HBC settlers to the Colony of Vancouver Island, Grant is credited with bringing the first sports event, cricket, to what is now British Columbia when he arrived in 1849.
He introduced what is now considered a noxious, invasive plant, Scotch broom, to the island.
Later life.
On 1 August 1854 he was appointed Captain Commandant (though confusingly he was also granted local rank as major) of a detachment of the Mounted Staff Corps to serve with a part of the British Army that was being deployed to Turkey in advance of what would eventually become the Crimean War. He was promoted local lieutenant colonel on 27 October 1855. He was granted regimental rank as a cornet in the 2nd Dragoon Guards on 30 November 1855, and promoted to lieutenant on 16 June 1857. He was awarded the Turkish decoration of the Order of the Medjidieh, 4th Class for his service. The conflict in Crimea over, he served in India. He was brigade major at Lucknow, and during the Indian Mutiny commanded 1st Hodson's Horse. He died in India at the age of 39.


Collegiate School (New York City)

Collegiate School is an independent school for boys in New York City. It claims to be the oldest school in the United States. It is located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and is a member of both the New York Interschool and the Ivy Preparatory School League. It is ranked as one of the best private schools in the United States. In 2020-2021, tuition fees totaled $55,900 per year.
History.
Collegiate was chartered as part of the Reformed Dutch Protestant Church in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in 1628 by the Dutch West India Company and the Classis of Amsterdam. Its initial incarnation was a co-ed school located south of Canal Street. The institution's location has changed 16 times over the last four centuries.
Founding date controversy.
In 1984, Massimo Maglione, a historian and Upper School teacher at Collegiate, discovered a letter that Collegiate's founder—the Reverend Jonas Michaëlius, the first minister of the Dutch Reformed Church in America—had written in 1628 about his efforts to teach the catechism to Indian children. Based on this letter, the school controversially moved up the year of its establishment to 1628. While Reverend Jonas Michaëlius did arrive in New Amsterdam in 1628 and may have worked as an educator at that time, Collegiate School was not chartered until 1638, placing its founding two years after the founding of Harvard University and three years after the founding of Boston Latin School.
Location.
On February 5, 2013, the Collegiate School board announced relocation plans for the institution. The school acquired land for a new facility, situated between West End Avenue and Riverside Boulevard and between West 61st and 62nd Streets in New York's Riverside South neighborhood. Board Chairman George R. Bason, Jr. '72 said the new 178,000-square-foot school would provide 30% more indoor space and over 600% more outdoor space (16,268 square feet) for its 648 students from kindergarten through 12th grade than the existing lodgings provided. He estimated the new school's construction cost at $125–$135 million. On January 12, 2018, Collegiate officially opened its new location at 301 Freedom Place South.
School seal and mottos.
Collegiate's official seal is an adaptation of the coat of arms of William of Orange, who was the founder of the Dutch Republic and of the Reformed Church in that country and led the cause of independence and of freedom for the Reformed Church against Philip II of Spain. Included in the school's seal are two mottos: ', Dutch for "In unity there is strength", and ', Latin for "unless God, then in vain." The History and Symbols Task Force recommended in its June 2020 report that the latter be replaced, owing to its explicit religious nature, and Collegiate's status as a secular institution.
Mascot.
The school's mascot, generally interpreted as a caricature of Peter Stuyvesant, and often called "Peg Leg Pete" by students, has been the subject of recent controversy because of Stuyvesant's pronounced lack of religious tolerance, his vision for New Amsterdam as a slave depot, and his anti-Semitism. The school's History and Symbols Task Force, which completed its work in June 2020, concluded in its final report that the mascot be removed and a committee convened to solicit candidates for a replacement. The school's Board of Trustees voted to adopt the task force's recommendation, among the others in the report.
Organization.
Campus.
From 1892 to 2017, Collegiate resided at several buildings on 77th and 78th Streets on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The former schoolhouse on West 77th Street is, together with the adjoining West End Collegiate Church, an historic landmark in the City of New York.
In 2013, the school announced that it would be moving to a new location and in January 2018, Collegiate moved into a new facility at 301 Freedom Place South. It consists of an 11-story building (nine stories above ground and two below ground), with of classroom, athletics, theater, music, art, library, dining, and administrative space. The school features common areas dedicated to each division that provide space for independent study, social interactions, and divisional activities.
The Lower School is located on floors 2 and 3. The Middle School occupies floors 8 and 9. It has its own Maker Space, along with flexible classrooms, a Middle School Center and large, modern group study spaces. The Upper School is housed on floors 5 and 6. It is significantly larger than the division's previous space and is adjacent to the library. It features flexible classrooms and common areas that promote interaction among students and faculty.
Sciences for all three divisions are consolidated onto floor 7. Visual arts and music occupy floor 4, complete with music practice spaces, art studios, and a digital photo lab. Additionally, on the Lower Level, performing arts benefit from a 307-seat auditorium and a black-box theater, both of which support Collegiate's drama program. Collegiate's athletics are housed in the Lower Level and include a high school regulation-size gym that supports the basketball teams. The gym can be partitioned to provide PE classes and practice space simultaneously. An additional gym, the Alumni Gym, can accommodate regulation wrestling competitions and half-court basketball and features a retractable batting cage.
Outdoor space consists of a large roof deck on floor 9 with a large recreation area and a ground-level, 5,000-square-foot courtyard that allows for handball and basketball.
Structure.
Each grade has around 50 boys, who attend Collegiate for the full course of study, thirteen years (these students are nicknamed "Survivors"). The school is divided into Lower School (Kindergarten-Grade 4), Middle School (Grades 5-8), and Upper School (Grades 9-12). More than a quarter of Collegiate teachers hold a Ph.D.
The school is private, and it functions under a New York City non-profit statute enacted in the 1940s. Collegiate is controlled by a Board of Trustees, and the school is administered by a Head of School.
Leadership.
Collegiate School was headed by Lee M. Levison from July 1, 2006 until June 30, 2020. He was preceded by W. Lee Pierson, the interim Head of School following the departure of Kerry P. Brennan in 2004. Levison announced his intention to retire in December 2018, causing The Board of Trustees to immediately commence a search for his replacement.
On May 31, 2019, the Board of Trustees unanimously voted to appoint David S. Lourie, Head of the St. Anne's-Belfield School since 2009, as Collegiate's 29th Head of School. He began his tenure upon Levison's retirement on July 1, 2020.
Rankings.
In 2007, "The Wall Street Journal" ranked Collegiate number one in the world in terms of percent of the senior class matriculating to eight selective American colleges. A 2019-20 survey concluded that Collegiate was the 3rd best boys school in the country, the 4th best K-12 school in the country, and the 13th best private high school in the country.
Sports and co-curricular activities.
The school's athletic success has mainly been with the varsity basketball, baseball, track and field, soccer, and cross country teams. The Collegiate soccer team won the NYSAIS state championship in 2010, 2011, and 2012.| The Collegiate varsity basketball team won five straight state championships in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. The Collegiate cross country team won 25 Ivy League Championships in a row from 1990 to 2014. Collegiate also has wrestling and tennis teams. Students not participating in a sport take physical education. Yearly fitness tests are administered in the lower and middle schools.
The school has a number of clubs, especially in the Upper School, including "The Collegiate Journal". its newspaper operating since 1932; "The Dutchman", the yearbook published every year since 1906; and "Prufrock". its literary magazine, first published in 1973.
Notes.
1. The History and Symbols Task Force has recommended that this motto be removed, owing to its explicit religious nature.


Pierre Dorion Jr.

Pierre Dorion Jr. (1782–1814) was a Métis fur trapper and interpreter who worked across the modern Midwestern United States and later the Pacific Northwest.
Early life.
Pierre was named after his father, Pierre Dorion Sr. and had a Yankton Sioux mother. He remained among the Yankton peoples for much of his early life. Dorion met members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition on 29 August 1804. At the time he was engaged in mercantile transactions with some of the 70 Yankton present by the explorer's camp. Later in 1806 he took Marie Aioe Dorion as a wife "through barter or wager." Dorion was employed by Nathaniel Hale Pryor as an interpreter in a trading expedition organized by Pryor in 1807. Besides Dorion there were 10 other men and a small boat used to sail up the Missouri River to trade with the Sioux nations. In 1809, Manuel Lisa hired Dorion for his services as an interpreter and "conducted their traders in safety through the different tribes of the Sioux." While based at Fort Lisa, Dorion quickly became in debt due to excessive purchases of alcohol. In June 1810, Dorion, Marie and their two infant children left Fort Lisa for St. Louis.
Pacific Fur Company.
In the winter of 1810-1811, Dorion was the only qualified speaker of the Sioux languages in St. Louis. This made him a desirable hire for fur traders. Both Lisa and W. Price Hunt wanted to have his services for their companies, respectively the Missouri Fur Company and the Pacific Fur Company. In the end, Hunt was able to secure Dorion, on the condition that Marie and his two children be brought along as well. Early into the travel north where the PFC wintering camp was located, Dorion physically abused his wife and caused her to flee for a day. Upon rejoining the main party, Hunt led the expedition further up the Missouri, intent on following the course made by Lewis and Clark. After leaving Fort Osage, Dorion "severely beat his squaw" as Marie desired to stay with newly made Osage Nation, rather than continue with the expedition.
A war party of several hundred Lakota and Yankton were eventually encountered. A battle was narrowly avoided by the firing the company cannons with only powder and the linguistic skills of Dorion. In the ensuing discussions with assembled Sioux leadership Dorion translated for Hunt. Assurances were given that the expedition wouldn't trade with the neighboring Arikara, Mandan and the Gros Ventre nations, all three of whom the Sioux were at war with. After this the expedition was allowed to continue towards the Pacific Coast.
Lisa and his own expedition caught up with the PFC group in early June. John Bradbury recounted how tensions arose between Dorion and Lisa: Mr. Lisa had invited Dorion, our interpreter, to his boat, where he had given him some whiskey, and took that opportunity of avowing his intention to take him away from Mr. Hunt, in consequence of a debt due by Dorion to the Missouri Fur Company... A duel between Lisa and Dorion was narrowly avoided by Henry Marie Brackenridge and Bradbury intervening between the men.
Death.
After many material struggles, the overland expedition reached Fort Astoria in 1812. Dorion and his family were sent to the Snake River as part of a trapping outfit under John Reed the following year. Early in 1814, Dorion, Reed and five other trappers were killed by a band of either Northern Shoshone or Bannocks His wife and two children then began their celebrated journey back to the safety of PFC posts.


Baie-Comeau

Baie-Comeau (; 2016 city population 21,536; CA population 27,692) is a city located approximately north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec, Canada. It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River near the mouth of the Manicouagan River, and is the seat of Manicouagan Regional County Municipality.
There are two urban area population centres within the city limits: Baie-Comeau proper, with a population of 9,610, and Hauterive, with a population of 11,549, as of the 2016 Canadian Census.
The city is named after the adjacent Comeau Bay, which is named in honour of Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau, a Québécois naturalist.
Baie-Comeau is the birthplace of former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney.
History.
The oldest part of Baie-Comeau is the area known as "Vieux-Poste" (Old Post) near the mouth of the Amédée River where in 1889, the Saint-Eugène-de-Manicouagan Mission was founded by Eudists. In 1898, the first sawmill in the Côte-Nord region was built there by the brothers Damase and Henri Jalbert, but it closed in 1907 after their timber stock was swept into the St. Lawrence. In 1916, Route 138 was extended to Saint-Eugène-de-Manicouagan and in 1929, its post office opened with the English name of Comeau Bay (Gallicized in 1936).
Baie-Comeau itself (the eastern part of the current town) was founded in 1936 when a paper mill was constructed by Colonel Robert R. McCormick, publisher of the "Chicago Tribune". Arthur A. Schmon oversaw the project, which included a power station and housing. Experiencing remarkable growth, the Town of Baie-Comeau was incorporated the following year. The area continued to see economic development with the establishment of the hydro-electric power stations on the Manicouagan and Outardes Rivers beginning with the Chutes-aux-Outardes Station in 1952, an aluminum smelter in 1958, and grain warehouses (the largest in Canada) in 1959.
In 1950, the village of Saint-Eugène-de-Manicouagan was incorporated as the Municipality of Hauterive. In June 1982, Hauterive was merged into Baie-Comeau, taking effect on January 1, 1983.
Baie-Comeau is the seat of the judicial district of Baie-Comeau.
Demographics.
The population was 25,554 at the 1996 census, declining to 22,402 according to the census of 2006. This decrease in population over the span of a decade is partly explained by the fact that many baby-boomers not born in the city retire then move elsewhere. The absence of university and many college-level courses forces young people to get their education elsewhere; there are few employment opportunities which drives migration to the larger urban areas of Montreal or Quebec City.
Knowledge of official languages (2016, Multiple answers were possible):
Economy.
The region is a major forestry centre for the pulp and paper industry, owned by Abitibi Consolidated as of October 2006. Alongside hydro-electricity and the paper industry, an aluminum plant has fed employment for decades. Cargill has a large elevator there that is used to transfer grain from Great Lakes boats to ocean-going ships.
Transportation.
The town is along Route 138 about east of Forestville and about west of Sept-Îles. A ferry service and rail ferry service also links the town to Matane on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. The town is the southern terminus of Route 389, which leads to the Daniel-Johnson Dam, the town of Fermont, and the Labrador region of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
The Baie-Comeau Airport, located in neighbouring Pointe-Lebel, has scheduled flights by Air Canada, Air Liaison, and Pascan Aviation.
City council.
The Baie-Comeau city council consists of the mayor of Baie-Comeau and eight elected city councillors, four from each of the two sectors of town. The current mayor of Baie-Comeau is Yves Montigny.
Education.
Baie-Comeau is home to several French-language public elementary schools, two French-language public high schools and one English-language public school that includes both the elementary and high school levels of education.
The town is also home to one French-language CEGEP called the Cégep de Baie-Comeau.
List of schools in Baie-Comeau:
Climate.
Although at the same latitude as Vancouver or Paris, Baie-Comeau has a borderline humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfb"), just above the subarctic climate. The cold Labrador Current makes the Gulf of St. Lawrence very cold and tends to cool the weather during summer much more than the marginal warming of the winters resulting from its maritime location. With the moist northeasterly winds coming in from the Icelandic Low, snowfall is very heavy, averaging around per year with a peak depth of around in March typical. The extreme snow depth was on 10 January 1969.
Sports.
The 1993 Quebec Winter Games were played in Baie-Comeau.
Many different sports are played in Baie-Comeau:
Hockey.
Baie-Comeau is home to the Baie-Comeau Drakkar, an ice hockey team playing in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League since 1997. The team plays in the Centre Henry-Leonard located in the eastern sector of the town.
Skiing.
The Centre de ski du Mont-Tibasse is an alpine ski centre located a few kilometers north of the town where it offers twelve slopes. Cross-country skiing is also popular. Students often frequent Mont-Tibasse as part of their school programs.
Golf.
An 18-hole golf course is available in the western sector of the town. It is a semi-private golf club and is open for most of the summer.
Swimming.
The two major high schools of the city each offer an indoor swimming pool and are open to the public year-round. Two outdoor swimming pools are also available to the public. These are open from the end of June until the middle of August each summer.
Some beaches are also available in the summer. There are other beaches are along the shore of the St. Lawrence river such as: The Plage Champlain and the Plage Pointe-Lebel, among others.
Tennis.
Several outdoor tennis courts are available to the public in the different parks across town. They are open for most of the summer.
Football.
The Baie-Comeau Vikings represent the Polyvalente des Baies in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean League. The team won championships in the eastern Quebec circuit in 2003, 2004 and 2006, and were finalists in 2005.
External links.
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