David Drummond, 8th Earl of Perth

John David Drummond, 17th Earl of Perth PC (13 May 1907 – 25 November 2002), styled Viscount Strathallan from 1937 to 1951, was a Scottish peer, banker and politician. Because of the history of the earldom of Perth (attainder 1715, reversed 1853), he is sometimes considered the 8th Earl of Perth.
Background and education.
Drummond was the son of Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth, and the Hon. Angela Mary Constable-Maxwell (daughter of Marmaduke Constable-Maxwell, 11th Lord Herries of Terregles).
He was educated at Downside School and Trinity College, Cambridge. As his parents travelled for his father's work, David Drummond spent much of his childhood with his maternal aunt, the Duchess of Norfolk.
Career.
After beginning a banking career, he went to Paris during the Second World War to help Noël Coward in a propaganda office, then returned to London to work in the War Cabinet office and later at the Ministry of Production. After the war he joined Schroders in 1945 and was a partner until 1956.
He was a Representative Peer for Scotland from 1952 to 1963, and in 1957, despite not being a member of the Conservative party, he was appointed Minister of State for Colonial Affairs in Harold Macmillan's government, a post he held until 1962. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1957. Lord Perth was also First Crown Estate Commissioner from 1962 to 1977, Chairman of the Ditchley Foundation from 1963 to 1966 and Chairman of the Reviewing Committee on Export of Works of Art from 1972 to 1976.
He was a champion of Scottish arts and heritage, serving as a trustee of the National Museums of Scotland and the National Library of Scotland, and a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
Family.
Lord Perth married Nancy Fincke (died 1996), an American, in New York City in 1934. They lived at Stobhall, near Stanley in Tayside. They had two sons. Lord Perth died in November 2002, aged 95, and was succeeded by his elder son, John Eric Drummond, 9th Earl of Perth.


Arkwright

Arkwright is a surname, deriving from an archaic Old English term for a person who manufactures chests, and may refer to:


Henry Thomas (bibliographer)

Sir Henry Thomas, FBA (21 November 1878 – 21 July 1952) was an English bibliographer and Hispanic scholar. A graduate of the University of Birmingham, he worked at the British Museum from 1903 to 1947, where he was successively Deputy Keeper (1924–43), Keeper (1943–45) and Principal Keeper (1946–47) of Printed Books. He delivered the Norman MacColl lectures at the University of Cambridge (1917) and the Taylorian Lecture at the University of Oxford (1922), was president of the Anglo-Spanish Society (1931 to 1947) and the Bibliographical Society (1936 to 1938), was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1936, and knighted in 1946; he received DLitt degrees from the University of Birmingham and the University of London.


Ernest Greenwood

Ernest Greenwood (November 25, 1884 – June 15, 1955) was an American schoolteacher and principal. He is most notable for his service as a United States Representative from New York from 1951 to 1953.
Early life.
Greenwood was born in Barnsley, Yorkshire, England on November 25, 1884. He attended the public schools of Halifax and the Evening Technical Institute and College, and was employed with engineering firms in Sheffield from 1905 to 1906 and Halifax from 1907 to 1910.
Education career.
He immigrated to the United States in 1910 and worked for the General Electric Co. in Schenectady from 1910 to 1914. Deciding on a career in education, Greenwood attended City College of New York and Columbia University, and then taught in the Schenectady public schools from 1914 to 1916. He later relocated to Islip, and he taught at Islip High School from 1916 to 1920.
During World War I, Greenwood was a member of committee on Census and Inventory of Military Resources and from 1920 to 1922 he was supervisor of the Federal Board of Vocational Education. He was associate headmaster of the Dwight School for Boys and New York Preparatory School for Adults from 1922 to 1927, and headmaster from 1927 to 1946. He served as chairman of the board of trustees from 1946 until his death. During World War II, Greenwood served on Islip's Rationing Board. From 1947 to 1948, he was chairman of the planning commission for the Bay Shore Board of Education, and he was the board's treasurer from 1947 to 1950. In 1949, he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the Suffolk County Board of Supervisors.
Congressman.
In 1950, Greenwood was elected to the Eighty-second Congress as a Democrat, defeating Republican incumbent W. Kingsland Macy. He served in the House from January 3, 1951 to January 3, 1953, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1952. He ran unsuccessfully in 1954, after which he lived in retirement.
Death and burial.
Greenwood died in Bay Shore on June 15, 1955. He was buried at Oakwood Cemetery in Bay Shore.


Carol Bartz

Carol Ann Bartz (born August 28, 1948) is an American business executive, former president and CEO of the internet services company Yahoo!, and former chairman, president, and CEO at architectural and engineering design software company Autodesk.
Early life and education.
Bartz was born in Winona, Minnesota, the daughter of Shirley Ann (née Giese) and Virgil Julius Bartz. Her mother died when Carol was eight years old. A few years later, she and her younger brother, Jim, moved from Minnesota across the Mississippi River to the home of their grandmother, Alice, on a dairy farm near Alma, Wisconsin. In high school, Bartz did well in mathematics, and was also homecoming queen. She began college at William Woods University in Fulton, Missouri, and subsequently transferred to the University of Wisconsin–Madison where she received a bachelor's degree in computer science in 1971. While in college, she supported herself as a cocktail waitress. Bartz also has two half brothers and two half sisters all living in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Bartz was also awarded an Honorary "Doctorate of Humane Letters" degree (2002) from New Jersey Institute of Technology, an Honorary "Doctor of Science" degree from Worcester Polytechnic Institute and an honorary "Doctor of Letters" degree from William Woods University.
Career.
In 1976, Bartz went to work at the manufacturing conglomerate 3M, but left after her request to transfer to the headquarters was denied. Bartz moved on to the computer industry, including jobs at Digital Equipment Corporation and Sun Microsystems.
CEO of Autodesk.
She became CEO of Autodesk in 1992. According to "Forbes", Bartz "transformed Autodesk from an aimless maker of PC software into a leader of computer-aided design software, targeting architects and builders." She is credited with instituting and promoting Autodesk's "3F" or "fail fast-forward" concept – the idea of moulding a company to risk failure in some missions, but to be resilient and move on quickly when failure occurs. She stepped down as CEO in 2006 and became the executive chairman of the board.
During her 14-year tenure as the company's CEO, Autodesk net revenue substantially increased, and annual revenue rose from $300 million to $1.5 billion, with the stock price rising an average of 20 percent annually.
Bartz served on several boards of directors, including those of Intel, Cisco Systems, Autodesk, BEA Systems, Network Appliance, and the Foundation for the National Medals of Science. Additionally, she has been a member of the United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
CEO of Yahoo!
On January 13, 2009, Bartz was named CEO of Yahoo!, the Internet services company which operated the fourth most-visited Web domain name in the world, succeeding co-founder Jerry Yang. During a conference call with financial analysts later in January 2009, she announced her intention to make sure Yahoo! got "some friggin' breathing room" so the company could "kick some butt." Rob Hof of "Business Week" was skeptical that Bartz or anyone else could save the company: "... it's not yet clear if Bartz can turn Yahoo around no matter how good she may be."
In May 2009, Reuters reported that she had already "worked through an impressive checklist" at her new company, "upending the organizational structure, replacing executives and cutting costs, including 675 jobs, or 5 percent of the workforce." Analysts described her efforts as precisely what the company required, but, as reporter Alexei Oreskovic observed:
For Yahoo's ranks, still shell-shocked from deep cuts in 2008 – including 1,600 axed jobs – the hope that Bartz brings is increasingly mixed with a dose of fear and uncertainty. Yet broad support remains for Bartz despite the tough talk, canceled holiday parties and forced vacations that have come to define her era.
With a new round of job layoffs and the removal of a number of Yahoo! sites, "anxiety within the ranks has been exacerbated by what some say is a growing sense of secrecy", for which Bartz has a notable reputation: "The informal flow of information once common within the company has come to a halt." Bartz was also quoted to have said that she would "drop-kick to fucking Mars" employees who leak to the press. Oreskovic quoted a fearful anonymous insider: "We are all sort of wanting to believe in her because we really want to see Yahoo! turned around, but it still doesn't make it any less scary when you don't hear about what's coming up. Everything is on a need-to-know basis."
At her one-year mark at Yahoo in January 2010, Bartz gave herself a "B-" grade for the job done in 2009: "It was a little tougher internally than I think I had anticipated. I did move fast, but this is a big job." Others in the media, however, rated her job higher given the challenges she had to manage.
When Bartz was hired by Yahoo in early 2009, she was paid an annual base salary of $1 million. She was eligible for an annual 400% bonus and received 5,000,000 shares in addition to an equity grant of $18 million of stock (to compensate for the forfeiture of the value of equity grants and post-employment medical coverage from her previous employer). In 2010 Bartz was named "most overpaid" CEO by proxy voting firm Glass-Lewis when she received $47.2 million in compensation.
On September 6, 2011, Bartz was removed from her position at Yahoo! (via phone call by Yahoo Chairman Roy Bostock), and CFO Tim Morse was named as Interim CEO of the company. Bartz notes that Roy was physically 20 minutes away from her when she was fired, noting that "he didn't have the nerve to see [her] face to face" and later stated that the board "fucked me over". Bartz expressed her desire to remain on the Board of Directors. However, on September 9, 2011, Bartz resigned from the company's Board of Directors.
Corporate board memberships.
Bartz has been a member of eight public company boards in the last 20 years. As of February 2018, she sits on the board of PlanGrid and Cisco. In December 2017, she was reported to own over fifty-two thousand Cisco shares, worth approximately $1.6 million.
Bartz is an investor in Caliva, a cannabis-based business.
Awards.
Bartz received the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year Award in 2001, which spans more than 140 cities and 50 countries worldwide. In 2005 she was included in Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, and remained appearing in the list for six consecutive years.
Personal life.
Bartz is a survivor of breast cancer. She is married to Bill Marr, a former executive at Data General and Sun Microsystems. They have three children: Bill, Meredith, and Layne. Her hobbies include golf, tennis, and gardening.
On balancing a career with family, Bartz says: "I have a belief that life isn't about balance, because balance is perfection ... Rather, it's about catching the ball before it hits the floor."


Joanna Hoffman

Joanna Karine Hoffman (born July 27, 1953) is an American marketing executive. She was one of the original members of both the Apple Computer Macintosh team and the NeXT team.
Early life.
Hoffman was born in Poland, the daughter of film director Jerzy Hoffman and his Armenian former wife Marlena Nazarian. She lived with her mother in the Armenian SSR until age 10, when she went to live with her father in Warsaw, Poland. In 1967, her mother married an American and moved to Buffalo, New York. Hoffman joined them in the United States in 1968. Hoffman quickly became fluent in English and excelled in school.
She has a background in anthropology, physics, and linguistics, a Bachelor of Science in Humanities and Science from MIT, and pursued a doctorate (which she did not complete) in archaeology at the University of Chicago at the Oriental Institute. In 1979, she was scheduled to travel to Iran for an archaeology dig. She stopped in Poland to visit her grandmother and received word from Iran that she would have to return to the United States because of the Iranian Revolution.
Career.
Hoffman was on a leave of absence from the University of Chicago when she was encouraged by her friends to attend a lecture at Xerox PARC in California. While there, she had "a heated discussion after the lecture" with Jef Raskin. The discussion focused on "what computers should look like and how they should improve people's lives." Raskin was so impressed with Hoffman that he asked her to interview for a position at Apple. She began on the Macintosh project in October 1980 as part of Raskin's initial team of Burrell Smith, Bud Tribble, and Brian Howard. At the time she began, the Mac was "still a research project" Her position "constituted the entire Macintosh marketing team for the first year and a half of the project." She also wrote the "first draft of the Macintosh User Interface Guidelines." Hoffman would eventually run the International Marketing Team which brought the Mac to Europe and Asia. She later followed Steve Jobs to NeXT, as one of its original members.
Hoffman had a reputation at both Apple and NeXT as one of the few who could successfully engage with Jobs. In both 1981 and 1982, she won a satirical award at Apple given to "the person who did the best job of standing up to Jobs". (Jobs was aware of and liked the award.)
During the early 1990s, Hoffman was vice president of Marketing at General Magic, retiring in 1995 to spend more time with her family. On occasion she has given public lectures discussing her early life at Apple and working with Steve Jobs.
In 2020 she was hired by the Spanish artificial intelligence company Sherpa as a consultant and the right-hand of its founder and CEO Xabi Uribe Etxebarria.
Personal life.
Hoffman is married to Alain Rossmann, a native of France, who also worked on the Mac team at Apple, with whom she has two sons. Her children attended the International School of the Peninsula in Palo Alto, where she served on the school board.
Portrayal in media.
Abigail McConnell portrayed Hoffman in the 2013 film "Jobs". English actress Kate Winslet portrayed Hoffman in the 2015 film "Steve Jobs". Winslet won the Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and was nominated for the Academy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same category for her performance.
On the nature of the relationship between Hoffman and Jobs, Winslet described her as Jobs' "work wife", and that "she was an extraordinary, feisty Eastern European person who was pretty much the only person who could actually knock sense into Steve".


Andrea Frome

Andrea Frome is an American computer scientist who works in computer vision and machine learning.
Education.
Frome attended the University of Mary Washington for her undergraduate work, receiving a BS in environmental science in 1996. After a few years working in environmental consulting, she changed fields to computer science. She received her doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley in Computer Vision and Machine Learning in 2007 under the supervision of Jitendra Malik.
Career.
After her Ph.D, she worked at Google for seven years, where she was involved in developing the AI used to blur out faces and license plates in Google Street View.
After leaving Google in 2015, she worked for a short time at Nuna Inc., before joining the technology team of the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign. At the end of the Clinton campaign, she joined Clarifai as director of research. In 2018, she returned to Google to become one of the founding members of a new research laboratory in Ghana.
Frome has over 4,000 citations in the fields of computer vision, deep learning, and machine learning.
Activism.
In 2019, she co-signed a letter addressed to Amazon regarding its facial analysis software and alleged biases in its implementation and interpretation by police departments, etc.


Andrew Wilson (businessman)

Andrew Wilson (born 7 September 1974) is an Australian businessman who has been the CEO of Electronic Arts (EA) since September 2013. On 18 September 2017, he was elected as a director of Intel.
Career.
Born in Geelong, Australia, Wilson joined EA in 2000, and worked in the company's Asian and European markets for several years before moving to EA Sports and then becoming an Executive Producer on the "FIFA" franchise. In August 2011 he was appointed Executive Vice President of EA Sports, and he also took on duties as Executive Vice President of the company's Origin platform in April 2013.
Six months after the resignation of John Riccitiello, Wilson was chosen to be the new CEO of the company on 17 September 2013. In a blog post on EA's website, Wilson said that he was "deeply honored and humbled" to take up the job, and said he envisioned EA as "the world's greatest games company." In recent years, he has been under fire for promoting microtransactions in EA's video games.
Personal life.
Wilson is married, and has one daughter and one son.


Robert A. Henle

Robert A. Henle (1923 – January 27, 1989) was an electrical engineer, who contributed to semiconductor technology.
In 1949, he received the BSEE degree from the University of Minnesota.
Henle joined the IBM where he became involved in semiconductor circuits for computers.
He was appointed an IBM Fellow in 1964. He was elected Fellow of the IEEE, was elected into the National Academy of Engineering, and received the IEEE Edison Medal "For sustained leadership in, and individual contributions to, the science and technology of semiconductor circuits for computing systems."


Charles Noski

Charles H. Noski (born August 23, 1952 in Eureka, California) has been the Chairman of the Board of Directors at Wells Fargo since March 2020. He has previously held a variety of positions, including the position of CFO at Northrop Grumman, AT&T, and Bank of America, as well as the positions of director and chairman of the audit committee of Microsoft.
Education.
In 1973, Noski earned a bachelor's degree in business administration from California State University, Northridge. In 1995, he returned to earn his master's degree in accounting while continuing to work full-time at Hughes Electronics. The university awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2007.
Career.
In 1973, Noski began his career at accounting firm Haskins & Sells (now Deloitte & Touche) where he served for 17 years and was named partner in 1983. In 1990, he joined Hughes Electronics Corporation as corporate vice president and controller. In 1992, Hughes named him corporate senior vice president and chief financial officer, in 1996 he was elected vice chairman, and he later became the company’s president and chief operating officer.
From 1999 to 2002, Noski was senior executive vice president and chief financial officer of AT&T Corporation. In February 2002, he was named vice chairman of the company's board of directors. From 2003 to 2005, Noski was at Northrop Grumman Corporation as corporate vice president and chief financial officer; he was a director at the company from 2002 to 2005.
 In 2003, Noski was elected to the board of directors of Microsoft. In 2010, he was named executive vice president and chief financial officer of Bank of America Corporation, and became vice chairman in 2011. He retired from Bank of America in 2012 and has since served on the boards of directors of Microsoft, Avon Products, Booking Holdings Inc, Hewlett Packard Enterprise and Wells Fargo.
Noski has also been a director of Air Products & Chemicals, Automatic Data Processing, Avery Dennison, Morgan Stanley and the National Association of Corporate Directors.
Noski was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Financial Accounting Foundation from 2016 through 2019, and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and Financial Executives International. He was appointed to Ernst & Young's Independent Audit Quality Committee in 2019, and is a past member and Chairman of the FASB's Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council and a past member of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's Standing Advisory Group. In 2006, Mr. Noski was inducted into the inaugural class of the Financial Executives International Hall of Fame, and in 2021 was named to the Accounting Hall of Fame by the American Accounting Association.


Scott Mead

Scott Mead is an American fine art photographer, philanthropist, and investor currently based in London. After an early career in photography, Mead relocated to London in 1988, where as a partner at Goldman Sachs, he became known for overseeing and negotiating large telecommunications and technology mergers. In 2000 he was chief advisor on Vodafone's $200 billion buyout of Mannesmann, considered the largest corporate takeover in history. After joining Apax Partners in 2006, Mead joined the investment group of the Boston Celtics before co-founding Richmond Park Partners (RPP) in 2007.
A photographer, his prints have been included in the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition every year since 2011. BBC's "Culture Show" profiled his work in 2012, and Mead published his aerial photography and philosophy book "Above the Clouds" in October 2017.
Founder and chairman of the philanthropic Mead Family Foundation, Mead is involved with organizations such as the Tate Foundation, the International Center of Photography, the University of the Arts, The Photographers' Gallery, and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). He has also supported programs at educational institutions such as Phillips Academy, Cambridge University, Harvard University, and University of Pennsylvania Law School.
Early life and education.
Scott Mead was born in Washington, DC. His father, James M. Mead, was a businessperson. With extended family based out of Erie, Pennsylvania during his youth, Mead's grandfather John J. Mead Jr. had been a press journalist and photographer for the "Erie Times-News", founded and owned by the Mead family. After accompanying his grandfather on assignments as a small child, Mead picked up photography after he was given one of his grandfather's cameras at age thirteen. Mead taught himself how to develop photographs in his parents' basement. He attended high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, graduating in 1973. In 1974 he began attending Harvard College. At Harvard he majored in American history and literature, also focusing on the visual arts under professors such as William Eggleston. Mead graduated cum laude with a bachelor of arts (BA) degree in 1977. After receiving the Harvard Scholar award that year to attend Cambridge University, in 1979 he graduated Cambridge's Emmanuel College with a Master of Philosophy. Mead subsequently received a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1982.
Business career.
1980s-2003: Goldman Sachs.
Early in his career Mead worked at First Boston Corporation and moved to Goldman Sachs in New York in 1986 as vice president in their corporate finance department, before being transferred to London in 1988, where he became a Goldman Sachs partner and later managing director. At Goldman Sachs he soon took on the roles of chairman of the global telecoms, media, entertainment and technology group and the head of European Privatizations, advising several major deals. In 1999 he was Goldman Sachs' chief negotiator and advisor for Vodafone's takeover of the German telecom group Mannesmann. The value of the acquisition neared $200 billion, considered the largest in history. He also advised Vodafone on its $66.5 billion takeover of Airtouch Communications. During his time with Goldman Sachs, he oversaw mergers and transactions totaling approximately $500 billion. After retiring as a partner and managing director from Goldman Sachs in 2003, he ran and managed his own private equity activities, advised a group of "blue-chip" companies, and focused on philanthropy.
2006-present: Apax and RPP.
Mead joined a group of investors around 2006 who had purchased the Boston Celtics. After management made substantial investment in new talent and coaching, in 2008 the team won the NBA play-offs. From October 2006 until September 2008 Mead was a senior advisor at Apax Partners, serving as chairman of the company's global technology and telecommunications advisory board.
In 2007 Mead co-founded Richmond Park Partners (RPP) in London, taking on the role of president. The company initially focused on financial services and telecom clients in Europe and the Middle East. Since 2012 he has devoted much of his time to photography.
Arts career.
Mead minored in visual studies at Harvard, studying under photographers such as William Eggleston and Emmet Gowin in the mid 1970s. Among other projects, around this time he "used a complex photography technique to shoot a series of black and white photographs capturing rural New England" circular format. In 2009, Mead rediscovered old prints and negatives from his student years in his attic, and began re-immersing himself in photography.
In 2010, 25 of Mead's images from 1974 to 1977, many of them never printed before, were displayed at a London solo exhibition titled "Looking Back" at Mayfair gallery Hamilton's, with all funds donated to Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. Prints from the exhibit and other works were afterward selected for inclusion in the 2011 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, and Mead also had prints selected for the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. In 2012 the BBC "Culture Show" program profiled his work, and Mead published the book "Looking Back" afterwards, featuring prints from his twenties. In October 2017 the aerial photography and philosophy book "Above the Clouds" was published by Prestel, with prints from the book exhibited in January 2018 at Hamiltons.
Boards and philanthropy.
Mead created The Mead Family Foundation in 1996, also assuming the role of chairman. After Great Ormond Street Hospital in London cured his infant child of leukaemia, Mead became a long-term supporter and board member of the institution. He has also endowed the Great Ormond Street Hospital's GOSH Arts program, where patients are immersed in the arts during often difficult treatments, potentially resulting in a more positive outcome. Mead has also been on the board of visitors of MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.
Mead has spearheaded a number of educational initiatives, and he backed and co-founded London’s Notting Hill Preparatory school in 2003. He has been a board member of Usher's New Look Foundation, which provides training and mentorship to disadvantaged children, and he joined the UK advisory board of Room to Read in 2009. He remains involved in all of his alma maters, including Phillips Academy, Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, and Harvard University. Mead founded the Mead International Fellows Program, and in 2008 he established the "Scott Mead '77 Family Head Coach" endowment to support the Harvard Men's Tennis team. A benefactor fellow at Emmanuel College, he was the creator and benefactor of the University of the Arts London's Mead Fellowships, which provides grants to students in the arts. He is also the creator of the Mead Fellowship at University of Pennsylvania Law School.
He is also involved in various athletic and arts organizations. He joined the executive committee for the Tate Foundation, and is on the Tate's acquisition committee. Also on the global advisory council of the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), he has also been a member of the trustees of Queens Club. Since 2011 he has been a trustee of the International Center of Photography in New York, and he joined the rector's council of the University of the Arts London in 2012, and its court of governors in 2017. Furthermore, he was chairman of the board of trustees of The Photographers' Gallery in London from 2013 until 2016.


Percy Carpenter

Percy Carpenter (1820-1895), son of artists William Hookham Carpenter and Margaret Sarah Carpenter, was a painter active in the mid-19th century.
Biography.
Carpenter studied painting in the British Royal Academy and exhibited there, and at the British Institution "ca". 1841-1842. From 1851 to 1858 he worked in Asia, producing works exhibited in the National Museum of Singapore and the Royal Academy.
In 1859, he was in India, where he produced works now exhibited in the India Office Library and published in books. In 1861 he published "Boar Hunting in India" which included "The Charge" (see illustration). Like his father, he also served as a Keeper of Prints at the British Museum. He was a friend of art critic, illustrator, and director of the British National Portrait Gallery, Sir George Scharf.


Henry Hook (VC)

Alfred Henry "Harry" Hook VC (6 August 1850 – 12 March 1905) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, for his actions at the Battle of Rorke's Drift.
Background.
Born in Churcham, Gloucestershire, Hook originally served in the Monmouth Militia for five years before enlisting in the regular army in March 1877, aged 26. Previously serving in the 9th Xhosa War in 1877, he received a scalp injury during the battle of Rorke's Drift, and retired from the regular army 17 months later in June 1880, but later served 20 years in 1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, reaching the rank of Sergeant-Instructor. He received his VC from Sir Garnet Wolseley, GOC South Africa at Rorke's Drift on 3 August 1879. After his 1880 discharge he was found the position of Inside Duster at the British Museum thanks to the intervention of Gonville Bromhead, Lord Chelmsford and the Prince of Wales. He was subsequently promoted to take charge of readers umbrellas, before resigning due to ill health in 1904. During this period he lived at Sydenham Hill. He died of pulmonary tuberculosis on 12 March 1905 at Osborne Villas, Roseberry Avenue, Gloucester and is buried in St Andrew's churchyard, Churcham.
Rorke's Drift.
Alfred Henry Hook was 28 years old, and a private in B Company of the 2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot (later The South Wales Borderers), British Army during the Anglo-Zulu War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. Hook and five other privates were ordered on the afternoon of 22 January 1879 to protect approximately 30 patients unable to be moved from the temporary hospital at Rorke's Drift station.
On 22/23 January 1879 at Rorke's Drift, Natal, South Africa, a distant room of the hospital had been held for more than an hour by three privates, and when finally they had no ammunition left, the Zulus burst in and killed one of the men and two patients. One of the privates (John Williams), however, succeeded in knocking a hole in the partition and taking the last two patients through into the next ward, where he found Private Hook. "These two men then worked together - one holding the enemy at bayonet point while the other broke through three more partitions - and they were then able to bring eight patients into the inner line of defence."
The 1881 census shows Henry Hook V.C. as a servant in the household of George Owen Willis, a doctor in Monmouth, Monmouthshire.
The medal.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the South Wales Borderers Museum, Brecon, Powys, Wales.
In popular culture.
A poem describing Hook's part in the battle of Rorke's Drift was written by William McGonagall in 1899.
In the film "Zulu", Hook is depicted as an insubordinate malingerer placed under arrest in the hospital, only to come good during the battle. However, Saul David writes in his book, Zulu: The Heroism and Tragedy of the Zulu War of 1879, that he was there as the hospital cook, subsequently as part of a small guard detail assigned to protect the patients. Saul David continues that far from the miscreant portrayed, Hook was actually a teetotaler, Methodist preacher, and model soldier.
Further to this, he had been awarded Good Conduct pay shortly before the battle. His elderly daughters were so offended at the way their father had been depicted in the film that they walked out of the premiere. He was portrayed by English actor [[James Booth]].
[[S.M. Stirling]]'s "[[On the Oceans of Eternity]]" fictionalizes Hook's exploits.
Hook can also be seen in a background scene in the [[Alan Moore]]-penned comic-series "[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]", vol.I, issue 6.
Related detail.
In his autobiography, pop singer [[Mark E. Smith]] claimed that Hook was an ancestor of his father, which led to the Smith family being invited as guests of honour to the Whitefield showing of "[[Zulu (1964 film)|Zulu]]".
External links.
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:South Wales Borderers soldiers]]
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1905 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:People from Forest of Dean District]]
[[Category:Anglo-Zulu War recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War]]
[[Category:Royal Fusiliers soldiers]]
[[Category:Employees of the British Museum]]
[[Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in England]]


Bernie Juskiewicz

Bernard Charles Juskiewicz Jr. ( ; April 6, 1943 – April 8, 2020) was an American politician in the state of Vermont. He was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives, who sat as a Republican from the Lamoille-3 district, after having been elected for the first time in 2012. Juskiewicz did not seek reelection in 2018. He also served on the Lamoille Union High School Board, the Cambridge Elementary School Board and the Cambridge Select Board.
Biography.
Juskiewicz was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, and graduated from Hopkins Academy in Hadley, Massachusetts. He completed his bachelor of arts degree in business administration from the College of Emporia in Kansas. In 1967, he married his wife, Suzan, with whom he had three children.
Juskiewicz began his career at IBM by working in the accounting and management departments at a company facility in East Fishkill, New York. In 1978, Juskiewicz and his family moved to Cambridge, Vermont, when was transferred to a new job at the IBM factory in Essex Junction.
In 2012, Juskiewicz, was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives from open Lamoille-3 seat, centered in Cambridge, as a Republican. He won re-election in 2014 and 2016, but declined to seek re-election in 2018. He was initially assigned to the state House Education Committee before later becoming a member of the Appropriations Committee.
Juskiewicz became a proponent of secondary education programs and a supporter of the University of Vermont during his tenure in the Vermont House. He helped establish a recovery center in Johnson, Vermont, called Jenna's House. Juskiewicz also advocated for funding for the USS Vermont, a United States Navy nuclear submarine. The new submarine was due to be commissioned in April 2020, but was delayed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. He retired from the state House in January 2019 and was succeeded by Democrat Lucy Rogers.
Juskiewicz died from COVID-19 on April 8, 2020, at the age of 77. Vermont Governor Phil Scott ordered flags to fly at half-staff in Juskiewicz's memory.


Bailhache (surname)

Bailhache, from Norman French meaning to "give axe", perhaps used as an occupational surname for an executioner or a woodman, is a surname known from Jersey, England, and elsewhere. Notable people with this surname include:


Diethart Breipohl

Diethart Breipohl is a German banker.
Breipohl studied Business Administration and Law at the Universities of Hamburg, Münster and Tübingen, and is a Doctor of Law. He completed his bank apprenticeship at Bankhaus Hermann Lampe KG. Since 1970, he served as a Member of the Management Board of Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG, Stuttgart. Since 1985, he served as Deputy Member of the Board of Management of Allianz Versicherungs-AG, Munich and is responsible for Asset Management since 1986. Since 1990 he was responsible for Human Resources of Allianz Versicherungs-AG, Munich. From 1991 to 1999, he was responsible for Group Finance as Member of the Board of Management of Allianz AG. He has been a Member of the Supervisory Board of Allianz AG (Munich) since 2000, and a Member of the Supervisory Board of Allianz AG (Germany), since April 17, 2002.
Breipohl has been a Director of a large number of European companies. As Head of Group Finance at Allianz, Breipohl was designated by Euromoney as "Europe's biggest investor". He is an International Advisor of Goldman Sachs.


Hubert von Herkomer

Sir Hubert von Herkomer (born as Hubert Herkomer; 26 May 1849 – 31 March 1914) was a Bavarian-born British painter, pioneering film-director, and composer. Though a very successful portrait artist, especially of men, he is mainly remembered for his earlier works that took a realistic approach to the conditions of life of the poor. "Hard Times" (1885; Manchester Art Gallery) showing the distraught family of a travelling day-labourer at the side of a road, is one of his best-known works.
Early life and education.
Herkomer was born on 26 May 1849 at Waal, in the Kingdom of Bavaria, the son of Lorenz Herkomer, a wood-carver of great ability, and his wife Josephine Niggl. His family was poor, and his mother tried to supplement his father’s earnings by giving music lessons. Once his mother gave him a half sovereign for some shopping: "It was the last piece of gold in the place. I lost it. My parents were in despair".
Lorenz Herkomer left Bavaria in 1851 with his wife and child for the United States, settling in Cleveland, Ohio. They soon returned to Europe and in 1857 settled in Southampton at 10, Windsor Terrace, where the family spent seventeen years before moving to a house called Dyreham in Bushey in 1874. Hubert's education was slight: "He went to school for a month or two, and, falling ill never returned".
In a lengthy interview for the boys' annual "Chums" in 1896, Herkomer recalled his childhood: "We had an anxious time of it when I was a boy. We were constantly in want of money... I was always inclined to art, and as a little boy worked principally at my father's bench, but by the time I had turned twelve I had produced quite a number of water-colour drawings. The reputation I gained among my play fellows, however, was as a maker of kites". He also crafted mechanical toys including clowns and wagons to give to his friends.
While in Southampton, Herkomer went to the school of art there and began his formal art training. An uncle in the United States of America commissioned his father to carve the four evangelists in wood. Receiving some money, his father determined to take Hubert to Munich, so that he could study art there while his father worked on the carving. In "Chums", he recalled his trip vividly: "Ah, how I remember that first visit to Germany! ... We crossed to Antwerp in a cattle boat ... And never shall I forget the miseries of that voyage. And then there were the railway carriages on the other side. We were compelled to travel fourth-class, in the company of people who were no less filthy than the carriages; and I remember... I swore a big oath that if ever I had any money I would travel in the most luxurious style possible. I have never forgotten that oath". The pair led a hard life whilst in Munich, but he stated that "they were very happy days" and his father sat as model for him during that time.
In 1866, Herkomer entered upon a more serious course of study at the South Kensington Schools and in 1869 exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy of Arts in London. He sold his first picture for two guineas, but by the time he was twenty-four he had sold a picture for five hundred pounds.
Career.
In the same year in 1869, he also began working as an illustrator for the newly founded newspaper "The Graphic", a deliberate rival of the "Illustrated London News". It was by his oil painting "The Last Muster" (1875), after a wood-engraving of 1871, that he established his position as an artist of high distinction at the Academy. He was elected an associate of the Academy in 1879 and an academician in 1890, an associate of the Royal Watercolour Society in 1893 and a full member in 1894. In 1885 he was appointed Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford, a position he held until 1894. He was the first president of the Oxford Art Society, established in 1891.
In 1899, Herkomer was ennobled as "Ritter von Herkomer" by Otto of Bavaria, who appointed him "Knight of the Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown". The same year, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite for Arts by Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany.
On her deathbed, Queen Victoria was initially photographed in study and eventually painted by Herkomer as an alternative to the more traditional mask produced in wax, which her son, the new king Edward VII, decried. The painting, showing the Queen lying half-length among lilies and other flowers, swathed in white tulle, her right hand holding a cross, is part of the Royal Collection held at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, where it hangs in the Pavilion Principal Stairs Vestibule. In 1907, Herkomer was knighted by King Edward VII.
Herkomer exhibited a very large number of memorable portraits, figure subjects, and landscapes, both in oil and watercolour; he achieved marked success as a worker in enamel, as an etcher, a mezzotint engraver, and an illustrative draughtsman and he exercised wide influence upon art education by means of the Herkomer School (Incorporated) at Bushey, which he founded in 1883 and directed without payment until 1904, when he retired. It was voluntarily wound up in 1926 having been run up to that time by Lucy Kemp-Welch, and is now defunct.
Despite being a prominent member of Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Watercolour Society, and Royal Society of Painter-Etchers, as well as being on familiar terms with the royal family, Herkomer was never totally accepted by the British establishment, as he was ultimately a victim of the deteriorating relationship of Great Britain and Germany, which he shuttled in between, spending most of his summers in Bavaria.
Herkomer's massive house, Lululaund, named after 'Lulu Griffith, the second of his three wives, served as his studio, school, theatre, and movie studio, where he put on productions of his own plays and musical compositions. It was designed by the prominent American architect Henry Hobson Richardson, for whom Herkomer painted a portrait.
Four of his pictures, "Found" (1885), "Sir Henry Tate" (1897), "Portrait of Lady Tate" (1899) and "The Council of the Royal Academy" (1908), are in the national collection at the Tate Gallery. In 1907, he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law at Oxford, and a knighthood was conferred upon him by the king in addition to the commandership of the Royal Victorian Order with which he was already decorated.
Herkomer was also a pioneering filmmaker. He established a studio at Lululaund and directed some seven historical costume dramas designed to be shown accompanied by his own music, but none of them seems to have survived.
He had strong connections with Wales. His second wife hailed from Ruthin and he spent lengthy periods in Snowdonia painting with his friend, Charles Mansel Lewis from Stradey Castle, Llanelli. In 1899, he designed the Grand Sword of the Gorsedd of Bards, and he also designed some of its other regalia.
Death and legacy.
Herkomer died at Budleigh Salterton on 31 March 1914 and was buried in St James's church, Bushey.
Herkomer has paintings in several British collections including the Manchester Art Gallery, Southampton City Art Gallery, Leeds Art Gallery, Lady Lever Art Gallery, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, Oldham, Derby Art Gallery and the City of London. The largest collection of his work is held by Bushey Museum, and some are in the "Herkomer Museum," Landsberg am Lech, Germany.
Among his pupils at The Herkomer School of Art, in Bushey were many who later became notable in their own right including, the artists Cecil Jay and Beryl Fowler. Precis Information is taken from the wealth of information contained in the Mike W. Bucknole Thesis, Hubert Herkomer, his Life, his School and later achievements, Southampton Solent University 2000-2010.


Marc Laidlaw

Marc Laidlaw (born August 3, 1960) is an American writer of science fiction and horror, and a former writer for the video game company Valve. He is most famous for working on Valve's "Half-Life" series.
Biography.
Laidlaw was born and raised in Laguna Beach, California. He attended the University of Oregon, where he tried, and was discouraged by, punched card computer programming. He wrote short stories and his first novel, "Dad's Nuke", was published in 1985. This was followed by several more novels over the next decade, but he worked as a legal secretary in San Francisco for a living.
Laidlaw had played computer and arcade games, but was not intrigued until he played "Myst" (1993). He obsessed over "Myst" and bought a new computer so that he could play it at his San Francisco home. He wrote "The Third Force" (1996), a tie-in novel based on the world created by the "Gadget" computer game. His favorite PC game is "".
Laidlaw joined Valve while they were developing their first game, "Half-Life" (1998), and worked on the story and level design. After working on several "Half-Life" sequels, including several canceled projects, he announced his departure from Valve in January 2016; he said the primary reason for his departure was his age, and planned to return to writing original stories. On August 25, 2017, Laidlaw published a short story titled "Epistle 3". Journalists interpreted it as a summary of what could have been the plot for a further "Half-Life" game. He provided consultation during the development of "" (2020). Laidlaw has an amateur radio license and his callsign is WH6FXC.


Handelsnytt

Handelsnytt is a Swedish-language monthly trade union magazine based in Stockholm, Sweden.
History and profile.
The magazine was established in 1907. It is published eleven times a year and is the official media outlet of the Union of Commercial Employees. The headquarters of the magazine is in Stockholm. Anna Filipsson is the editor-in-chief.
"Handelsnytt" covers articles concerning industry news from the perspective of employees. The magazine focuses on the topics such as health and safety, organization, equal opportunities and salaries.
In 2010 "Handelsnytt" had a circulation of 147,900 copies. It was 145,600 copies in 2011 and 146,800 copies in 2012. In 2015 the circulation rose to 155,100 copies.


Ashfaq Munshi

Ashfaq Munshi is an entrepreneur and technology executive. In 2012, Ashfaq served as the CTO of Yahoo! before Marissa Mayer took over as CEO. Before that he was the Interim Chief Executive Officer and President of MSC Software in 2009. Ashfaq was an advisor to Kontagent, Inc. (now Upsight, Inc.) and has served as an advisor to a variety of startups. He was also on the Dean's Leadership Council for the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University.
According to a cover story in Business Week, Munshi "lost his head" during the dot-com era.


Scott Hartley

Scott Hartley (born July 18, 1983) is a venture capitalist and an author. He previously worked for Silicon Valley technology companies such as Google and Facebook as well as Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society. He was a Presidential Innovation Fellow at the White House and a partner at Mohr Davidow Ventures, a firm on Sand Hill Road.
Early life and education.
Hartley was born in Richland, Washington, but soon moved to Highlands Ranch, Colorado. His family moved to Palo Alto, California in 1993, where he attended Palo Alto High School. He was a student of Esther Wojcicki. Hartley already completed his second year at the University of Virginia (where he was an Eccles Scholar) when he decided to transfer to Stanford University, seeking classmates with a broader Liberal Arts perspective. In 2005, he finished his BA in Political Science at Stanford and later obtained an MBA at Columbia University Business School and an MIA in International Economic Policy at Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs. He is a term member at the Council on Foreign Relations.
Career.
After finishing his BA at Stanford, Hartley started working for Google. He lectured for Google.org and TechnoServe across East Africa. He also spent a year in India setting up the Google India team before moving to Facebook. He left the social media company to become a startup investor.
Hartley has attracted attention for his position that technology is not the only discipline necessary at Silicon Valley. He noted that, although technology is uniform in the technology field, there are many CEOs and startup founders who have backgrounds in humanities, liberal arts, and social sciences. In an interview, he stated that these leaders, based on their performance over time, have the ability to take a step back, ask the right questions, and, empathize with the customer, making them more effective than a leader who merely has technological fluency.
In his book, "The Fuzzy and The Techie: Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World," Hartley also argued that the business world depends on human touch that soft skills bring despite the increasing role technology plays in running business organizations. His book has been translated into six languages.According to him, technology and the liberals arts cannot be studied in isolation from each other. He spoke about his book at the World Bank annual meeting, USGIF's GEOINT Symposium, Google, IBM, Stanford University with Marissa Mayer, University of Washington, University of Arizona and Arkansas State University. The book was also selected as a book of the month by the Financial Times and was a finalist for the FT and McKinsey & Company's Bracken Bower Prize. He maintained that liberal arts degrees are crucial in applying emerging technologies to the creation of breakthrough innovations. Hartley also criticized fellow venture capitalists such as Marc Andreesen, who previously declared that the average graduate with a degree in English ends up "working in a shoe store”. He pushed back against Andreesen's position that a liberal arts education limits the dimensionality of one's thinking since it makes students less familiar with mathematical models and statistics. Hartley said that those with backgrounds in these fields "will develop ethics in artificial intelligence, question bias in algorithms and data and will bring contextual understanding to code.”
Hartley is also a contributing writer to a number of publications, including the "Financial Times", "Forbes", "and" "Foreign Policy." He is managing partner of a venture capital firm, Two Culture Capital.
Personal life.
Hartley lives in Brooklyn, New York.


Crystal Lee

Crystal Lee is a co-founder of the Silicon Valley startup LifeSite. Lee was the first runner-up in the Miss America 2014 pageant, Miss California 2013, Miss Chinatown USA 2010, and Miss California's Outstanding Teen 2008.
Background.
Lee was born in San Francisco, California to a Chinese-American father and Taiwanese mother. Lee graduated from Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts. She later received her B.A. in human biology and M.A. in communication from Stanford University in 2013.
Miss America 2014.
Lee was first runner-up in the Miss America 2014 pageant where her platform was "Women in STEM." She was also the recipient of the STEM scholarship and the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. In the final moments of the Miss America pageant, Lee and Miss New York Nina Davuluri were the last contestants left on the stage. They were approached by co-host Lara Spencer who asked how they were feeling at that moment. Davuluri stated that she and Lee were "both so proud. We’re making history right here, standing here as Asian-Americans.” In a later interview with NPR's Michel Martin, Davulri described the moment as a, "very surreal, out-of-body experience, being there in the final two. I was holding hands with Miss California, Crystal Lee, and we were both standing there at such a historic moment - two Asian-Americans who were going to take the title and to be a new symbol of hope and encouragement."
When Lee was asked to discuss the final moments in a later interview she stated that she:
was focused on the announcement of results and didn’t think about us being Asian. We’ve had a Chinese-American in the Top 2 before, but perhaps not an Indian-American, which may have been why Nina said something about it. I’ve always thought of myself to be just as American as I am Asian. Our country has always been composed of immigrant backgrounds- whether or not your appearance reflects it. The order in which one’s forefathers arrived doesn’t make their descendants more or less American. But stepping out of the competition, I now realize what a huge step this is for all Asian Americans. I can’t wait for the day we have a Chinese-American Miss America. I hope she’s bilingual, too!
There was a backlash of xenophobic and racist comments in social media against winner Nina Davuluri shortly after she was crowned Miss America 2014 related to the proximity of the event date to the nine-eleven anniversary and to anti-Indian sentiment. News agencies cited tweets that questioned why she was chosen over Miss Kansas, Theresa Vail, misidentified her as Muslim or Arab, and associated her with terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda. Lee responded to this backlash in an NBC Bay Area phone interview by stating that "people should be ashamed of themselves […] But I think it's also pretty progressive that those ignorant people are being shamed in the media." In another interview, Lee stated: "It’s sad that so many Americans don’t know how much they don’t know. It shows how far we have yet to go as a society. I’m glad the media publicly called out the perpetrators for their ignorance. It reinforces our commitment to acceptance and understanding."


Richard Gnodde

Richard Gnodde (born March 1960) is a London-based South African investment banker. He is the vice chairman of Goldman Sachs and the chief executive officer of Goldman Sachs International.
Early life.
Richard Gnodde graduated from the University of Cape Town, where he earned a bachelor of commerce degree, and the University of Cambridge, where he earned a master's degree in law.
Career.
Gnodde began his career at Goldman Sachs in London in 1987. Over the course of his career, he worked in Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong. He became a managing director in 1996 and partner in 1998. In 2006, he became the co-chief executive officer of Goldman Sachs International alongside Michael Sherwood.
Since Sherwood's retirement in 2016, Gnodde has been the CEO of Goldman Sachs International as well as vice chairman of Goldman Sachs. According to the "Financial Times", he is "in sole charge of the Emea area." In March 2017, Gnodde said Goldman Sachs would move jobs to the continent because of Brexit.
Gnodde attended the 2019 Bilderberg meeting in Montreax, Switzerland between 30 May - 20 June 2019
In the summer of 2019, Gnodde had charges levied against him by the Malaysian government in connection with the 1MDB scandal. The charges were later dropped.
Personal life.
Gnodde serves on the board of trust of his alma mater, the University of Cape Town. He is also on the corporate advisory group of Tate. In 2009, he attended a fundraising dinner for the Conservative Party.
Gnodde is one of the highest paid investment bankers in the UK. In 2016, he was the tenth best-paid employee at Goldman Sachs's London office. He is worth an estimated £130 million according to Sunday Times Rich List 2017.
Gnodde has a wife, Kara.


Business career of Donald Trump

Donald Trump is an American businessman, former television personality, and the 45th president of the United States. He began his real estate career at his father's company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which he later renamed the Trump Organization. He rose to public prominence after concluding a number of successful real estate deals in Manhattan and New York City, and his company now owns and develops lodging and golf courses around the world. Trump partly or completely owned several beauty pageants between 1996 and 2015. He has marketed his name to many building projects and commercial products. Trump's unsuccessful business ventures have included several casinos and hotel bankruptcies, the folding of his New Jersey Generals football team, and the now-defunct Trump University.
After being inaugurated as U.S. president in January 2017, Trump resigned all management roles within the Trump Organization, and delegated company management to his sons Donald Jr. and Eric. However, Trump retained his financial stake in the work document, leaving ongoing concerns about possible conflicts of interest.
Real estate.
Early career.
While in college, Trump began his real estate career at his father's company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which focused on middle-class rental housing in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. One of Trump's first projects was the attempted turnaround of the troubled Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio, which his father, Fred Trump, had purchased at foreclosure for $5.7 million in 1962, equivalent to $46 million in 2017. Fred and Donald Trump became involved in the project. By the time Trump graduated from college in 1968, he was receiving the 2019 equivalent of $1,000,000 a year in untaxed gifts from his father. At age 23, he made an unsuccessful commercial foray into show business, investing $70,000 to become co-producer of the 1970 Broadway comedy "Paris Is Out!"
He was made the president of the company in 1971 and, in one of his first acts, renamed the company the Trump Organization. In that year, he also moved to Manhattan, where he took part in larger construction projects and used attractive architectural design to win public recognition . In 1973, the Justice Department alleged that the Trump Organization discriminated against prospective black tenants, rather than just screening out low-income applicants as they said. The Department of Justice said that black "testers" were sent to more than half a dozen buildings and were denied apartments, but a similar white tester would then be offered an apartment in the same building. Ultimately the Trumps' company and federal officials signed an agreement under which the Trumps made no admission of wrongdoing, and under which qualified minority applicants would be presented by the Urban League.
By 1973, Trump as president of the Trump Organization oversaw 14,000 apartments across Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. In 1978, the city selected his site on the West Side of Manhattan as the location for its Jacob Javits Convention Center, after finding that he was the only bidder who had a site ready for the project. He received a broker's fee on the property sale.
Trump's first major deal in Manhattan was the development of the Grand Hyatt Hotel in 1978 next to Grand Central Terminal. The aging brick facade of the Commodore Hotel was sheathed in glass, and the existing lobby of the hotel was replaced by an atrium. The Commodore was thus presented as a remodeled Hyatt hotel at its opening in September 1980, helping to bring Trump to public prominence. Part of this deal was a $1 million loan Fred Trump's Village Construction Corp. made to help repay draws on a Chase Manhattan credit line Fred had arranged for Donald as he built the hotel, as well as a $70 million construction loan jointly guaranteed by Fred and the Hyatt hotel chain. Fred was a silent partner in the initiative, due to his reputation having been damaged in New York real estate circles, after investigations into windfall profits and other abuses in his real estate projects, making Donald the frontman in the deal. According to journalist Wayne Barrett, Fred's two-decade friendship with a top Equitable officer, Ben Holloway, helped convince them to agree to the project. Donald negotiated a 40-year tax abatement for the hotel with the city, in exchange for a share of the venture's profits. The deal helped reduce the risk of the project and provided an incentive for investors to participate.
In 1981, Trump purchased and renovated a building that would become the Trump Plaza, on Third Avenue in New York City. Trump made this into an apartment cooperative, in which tenants partly owned the building.
Trump Tower.
In 1983, Trump completed development of Trump Tower, a 58-story skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan. The project involved complicated negotiations with different parties for the Bonwit Teller building, the land, and the airspace above a neighboring building. When negotiations were completed in 1978, "The New York Times" wrote "That Mr. Trump was able to obtain the location ... is testimony to [his] persistence and to his skills as a negotiator."
Trump Tower occupies the former site of the architecturally significant Bonwit Teller flagship store, which Trump demolished in 1980 after purchasing the site. There was controversy when valuable Art Deco bas-relief sculptures on its facade, which had been promised to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by Trump, were destroyed on the orders of the Trump Organization during the demolition process. In addition, the demolition of the Bonwit Teller store was criticized for a contractor's use of some 200 illegal Polish immigrant workers, who, during the rushed demolition process, were reportedly paid 4–5 dollars per hour for work in 12-hour shifts. Trump testified in 1990 that he rarely visited the site and was unaware of the illegal workers, some of whom lived at the site and who were known as the "Polish Brigade". A judge ruled in 1991 that the builders engaged in "a conspiracy to deprive the funds of their rightful contribution", referring to the pension and welfare funds of the labor unions. However, on appeal, parts of that ruling were overturned, and the record became sealed when the long-running labor lawsuit was settled in 1999, after 16 years in court.
Trump Tower was developed by Trump and the Equitable Life Assurance Company, and was designed by architect Der Scutt of Swanke Hayden Connell. Trump Tower houses both the primary penthouse condominium residence of Donald Trump and the headquarters of the Trump Organization. The building includes shops, cafés, offices, and residences. Its five-level atrium features a 60-foot-high waterfall spanned by a suspended walkway, below a skylight. Trump Tower was the setting of the NBC television show "The Apprentice" including a fully functional television studio set. When the building was completed, its condominiums sold quickly and the tower became a tourist attraction.
Expansion.
Harrah's at Trump Plaza opened in Atlantic City in 1984. The hotel/casino was built by Trump with financing by Holiday Corp. and operated by the Harrah's gambling unit of Holiday Corp. The casino's poor results exacerbated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp. Trump also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million. When completed in 1985, the hotel/casino became Trump Castle. Trump's wife, Ivana, managed the property.
Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida, in 1985 for $5 million, plus $3 million for the home's furnishings. In addition to using the home as a winter retreat, Trump also turned it into a private club with membership fees of $150,000. At about the same time, he acquired a condominium complex in West Palm Beach with Lee Iacocca that became Trump Plaza of the Palm Beaches.
In 1980, repairs began on Central Park's Wollman Rink, with an anticipated two-and-a-half year construction time frame. Because of flaws in the design and numerous problems during construction, the project remained unfinished by May 1986 and was estimated to require another 18 months and $2 million to $3 million to complete. Trump was awarded a contract as the general contractor in June 1986 to finish the repairs by December 15 with a cost ceiling of $3 million, with the actual costs to be reimbursed by the city. Trump hired an architect, a construction company, and a Canadian ice-rink manufacturer and completed the work in four months, $775,000 under budget. He operated the rink for a year and gave some of the profits to charity and public works projects in exchange for the rink's concession rights. Trump managed the rink from 1987 to 1995. He received another contract in 2001 which was extended until 2021. According to journalist Joyce Purnick, Trump's "Wollman success was also the stuff of a carefully crafted, self-promotional legend." While the work was in progress, Trump called numerous press conferences, for example for the completion of the laying of the pipes and the pouring of the cement. In 1987, he also unsuccessfully tried to get the city to rename the landmark after him; the Trump logo is prominently displayed on the railing encircling the rink, on the Zamboni, on the rental skates, and on the rink's website.
Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan in 1988. He paid $400 million for the property and once again tapped Ivana to manage its operation and renovation.
Later in 1988, Trump acquired the Taj Mahal Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in a transaction with Merv Griffin and Resorts International. The casino was opened in April 1990, and was built at a total cost of $1.1 billion, which at the time made it the most expensive casino ever built. Financed with $675 million in junk bonds at a 14% interest rate, the project entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy the following year. Banks and bondholders, facing potential losses of hundreds of millions of dollars, opted to restructure the debt.
The Taj Mahal emerged from bankruptcy on October 5, 1991, with Trump ceding 50 percent ownership in the casino to the bondholders in exchange for lowered interest rates and more time to pay off the debt. He also sold his financially challenged Trump Shuttle airline and his 282-foot (86 m) megayacht, the "Trump Princess". The property was repurchased in 1996 and consolidated into Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, which filed for bankruptcy in 2004 with $1.8 billion in debt, filing again for bankruptcy five years later with $50 million in assets and $500 million in debt. The restructuring ultimately left Trump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and other Trump casino properties. Trump served as chairman of the organization, which was renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts, from mid-1995 until early 2009, and served as CEO from mid-2000 to mid-2005.
Business bankruptcies.
Although Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, hotels and casino businesses of his have declared bankruptcy six times between 1991 and 2009 due to its inability to meet required payments and to re-negotiate debt with banks, owners of stock and bonds and various small businesses (unsecured creditors). Because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by "Newsweek" in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws—they're very good for me."
The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York: Trump Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (1992), Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Castle Hotel and Casino (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009). Trump said "I've used the laws of this country to pare debt. ... We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on "The Apprentice". It's not personal. It's just business."
Inheritance and further acquisitions.
Trump acquired an old, vacant, 70-story office building at 40 Wall Street in Manhattan in 1996. After a complete renovation, it became the Trump Building. In 1998, Conseco and Donald Trump purchased the General Motors Building for $878 million from Corporate Property Investors. The group received a $700 million loan from Lehman Brothers for the purchase and Trump reportedly only committed $15 to $20 million of his own money to the deal. Trump raised the controversial sunken plaza where few pedestrians had ventured, which had been criticized by Huxtable, and installed his name in four-foot gold letters. In 2003, Trump and partners sold the building for $1.4 billion, then the highest price paid for a North American office building, to Macklowe Organization.
After his father died in 1999, Trump and his siblings received equal portions of his father's estate valued at $250–300 million.
In 2001, Trump completed Trump World Tower, a 72-story residential tower across from the United Nations Headquarters. Trump also began construction on Riverside South, which he dubbed Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River. He continued to own commercial space in Trump International Hotel and Tower, a 44-story mixed-use (hotel and condominium) tower on Columbus Circle which he acquired in 1996, and also continued to own millions of square feet of other prime Manhattan real estate.
Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico in Manhattan in 2002. It was re-opened with 35 stories of luxury condominiums in 2004 as the Trump Park Avenue.
Trump has owned a house on North Rodeo Drive in the Beverly Hills, California/Los Angeles area, bought for $7 million, since 2007. He bought a home next door in 2008 from Omar Bongo, the president of Gabon who would die in office in 2009, for $10.35 million. Trump sold the second LA home, built in 1981, for $9,500,095 in 2009 for an $850,000 (8%) loss. The second house went back on the market in mid-2016 listed at nearly $30 million.
Trump has licensed his name and image for the development of a number of real estate projects including two Trump-branded real estate projects in Florida that have gone into foreclosure. The Turkish owner of Trump Towers Istanbul, who pays Trump for the use of his name, was reported in December 2015 to be exploring legal means to dissociate the property after the candidate's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States.
Trump also licensed his name to son-in-law Jared Kushner's 50-story Trump Bay Street, a Jersey City luxury development that has raised $50 million of its $200 million capitalization largely from wealthy Chinese nationals who, after making an initial down payment of $500,000 in concert with the government's expedited EB-5 visa program, can usually obtain United States permanent residency for themselves and their families after two years. Trump is a partner with Kushner Properties only in name licensing and not in the building's financing.
In 2012, the 1290 Avenue of the Americas skyscraper in Manhattan was refinanced; Trump had a 30% stake in the building. The refinancing led to $211 million of debt being accrued with the state-owned Bank of China. This was the first instance of a Chinese bank engaging in commercial mortgage-backed securities in the United States. The Bank of China sold the debt in 2012 into the market, and thus no longer had "any ownership interest in that loan" thereafter, it stated. A 2017 document filed in New York City erroneously listed the Bank of China as a current creditor due to a mistake by loan servicer organization Wells Fargo.
Golf courses.
The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and resorts in the United States and around the world. The number of golf courses that Trump owns or manages is about 18, according to "Golfweek". Trump's personal financial disclosure with the Federal Elections Commission stated that his golf and resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382 million.
In 2006, Trump bought the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, creating a golf resort against the wishes of local residents on an area designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. A 2011 independent documentary, "You've Been Trumped," by British filmmaker Anthony Baxter, chronicled the golf resort's construction and the subsequent struggles between the locals and Donald Trump. Despite Trump's promises of 6,000 jobs, in 2016, by his own admission, the golf course has created only 200 jobs. In June 2019, Scottish Natural Heritage ruled that the golf course had "destroyed" the sand dune system, causing permanent habitat loss, and recommended that the SSSI status be revoked.
In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry hotel and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which is a regular fixture in the Open Championship rota. In June 2015, Trump's appeal objecting to an offshore windfarm (Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm) within sight of the golf links was denied. In December 2015, Trump's attempt to prevent the windfarm being built within sight of his golf course was dismissed by five justices at the UK Supreme Court in the case of "Trump International Golf Club Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers".
Professional sports.
In 1983, Trump's New Jersey Generals became a charter member of the new United States Football League (USFL). Before the inaugural season began in 1983, Trump sold the franchise to Oklahoma oil magnate J. Walter Duncan, and bought it back after the season. He then attempted to hire longtime Miami Dolphins coach Don Shula, but the deal fell apart because he was unwilling to meet Shula's demand for an apartment in Trump Tower. Trump ended up hiring former New York Jets coach Walt Michaels. The USFL played its first three seasons during the spring and summer, but Trump convinced the majority of the owners of other USFL teams to move the USFL 1986 schedule to the fall, directly opposite the National Football League (NFL), arguing that it would eventually force a merger with the NFL, which would supposedly increase their investment significantly.
Before the 1985 season, Trump signed Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Doug Flutie to a $7 million 5-year personal-services contract. That made Flutie the highest-paid pro football player at the time, as well as the highest-paid rookie in any professional sport. After the season, the Generals merged with the Houston Gamblers. Trump owned 50% of the newly merged team, which would stay in New Jersey and retain the Generals nickname. At the time, Trump boasted "it's probably the best team in football." (New Jersey and Houston both had good but not great seasons in 1985: they each made the playoffs but lost first-round games.)
The Generals never played another game. The 1986 season was cancelled after the USFL won a pyrrhic victory in an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL: the NFL technically lost the suit, but the USFL was awarded just $3.00 in cash damages. The USFL, which was down to just 7 active franchises from a high of 18, folded soon afterward.
Trump had expressed an interest in purchasing the Cleveland Indians for $13 million in a February 15, 1983 letter sent by Kenneth Molloy to team president Gabe Paul. Trump increased his offer to $34 million later that same year. His lack of commitment to keep the franchise in Cleveland beyond three years cost him any chance of completing the acquisition.
Trump remained involved with other sports after the Generals folded, operating golf courses in several countries. He also hosted several boxing matches in Atlantic City at the Trump Plaza, including Mike Tyson's 1988 fight against Michael Spinks, and at one time acted as a financial advisor for Tyson.
In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia. The name was suggested by his business partner, basketball commentator Billy Packer, who originally planned to call the race the Tour de Jersey. The first stage of the inaugural race ended in the college town of New Paltz, New York where picketers greeted the riders with anti-Trump signs. The second stage began in New York City, and Mayor Ed Koch, who had denounced Trump as "one of the great hucksters", boycotted the event. The last stage of the 10-stage 837-mile race was even more controversial. Going into the last stage, Belgian rider Eric Vanderaerden was favored to win the tour championship, but lost at least 1 minute 20 seconds when he took a wrong turn on a poorly marked course in Atlantic City, riding a quarter-mile or more out of his way. He ended up finishing third overall, behind tour winner Dag-Otto Lauritzen (a Norwegian rider with the American-owned 7-Eleven team) and runner-up Henk Lubberding, who also took a wrong turn during the last stage. Trump withdrew his sponsorship after the second Tour de Trump in 1990 because his other business ventures were experiencing financial woes. The race continued for several more years as the Tour DuPont.
Trump submitted a stalking-horse bid on the Buffalo Bills when it came up for sale following Ralph Wilson's death in 2014; he was ultimately outbid, as he expected, and Kim and Terrence Pegula won the auction. During his 2016 presidential run, he was critical of the NFL's updated concussion rules, complaining on the campaign trail that the game has been made "soft" and "weak", saying a concussion is just "a ding on the head." He accused referees of throwing penalty flags needlessly just to be seen on television "so their wives see them at home."
Beauty pageants.
From 1996 until 2015, when he sold his interests, Trump owned part or all of the Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants.
Miss Universe debuted on CBS, and both Miss Universe and Miss USA moved to NBC in 2002. In 2012, Trump won a $5 million arbitration award against a contestant who claimed the show was rigged. In 2015, NBC and Univision both ended their business relationships with the Miss Universe Organization during Trump's presidential campaign . Trump later announced that he had become the sole owner of the Miss Universe Organization by purchasing NBC's stake. He sold his own interests in the pageant shortly afterwards, to WME/IMG.
In 1999, a few years after buying into Miss Universe, Trump founded a modeling company, Trump Model Management, which operates in the SoHo neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. Together with another Trump company, Trump Management Group LLC, Trump Model Management has brought hundreds of foreign fashion models into the United States to work in the fashion industry since 2000. This business and the beauty pageants overlapped somewhat, with various pageant contestants getting modelling contracts.
Trump University.
Trump University LLC was an American for-profit education company that ran a real estate training program from 2005 until at least 2010. After multiple lawsuits, it is now defunct. It was founded by Donald Trump and his associates, Michael Sexton and Jonathan Spitalny. The company offered courses in real estate, asset management, entrepreneurship, and wealth creation, charging between $1,500 and $35,000 per course. In 2005 the operation was notified by New York State authorities that its use of the word "university" violated state law. After a second such notification in 2010, the name of the operation was changed to the "Trump Entrepreneurial Institute". Trump was also found personally liable for failing to obtain a business license for the operation.
In 2013 the state of New York filed a $40 million civil suit claiming that Trump University made false claims and defrauded consumers. In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits relating to Trump University were filed in federal court; they named Donald Trump personally as well as his companies. All three cases were settled in November 2016, after Trump's election to the presidency, for a total of $25 million.
Trump repeatedly criticized a judge, Gonzalo P. Curiel, who is overseeing two of the Trump University cases. During campaign speeches and interviews up until June 2016, Trump called Curiel a "hater of Donald Trump", saying his rulings have been unfair, and that Curiel "happens to be, we believe, Mexican, which is great. I think that's fine", while suggesting that the judge's ethnicity posed a conflict of interest in light of Trump's proposal to build a wall on the United States–Mexican border. Many legal experts were critical of Trump's attacks on Curiel, often viewing them as racially charged, unfounded, and an affront to the concept of an independent judiciary. On June 7, 2016, Trump issued a lengthy statement saying that his criticism of the judge had been "misconstrued" and that his concerns about Curiel's impartiality were not based upon ethnicity alone, but also upon rulings in the case.
Donald J. Trump Foundation.
The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a U.S.-based private foundation established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book "" by Trump and Tony Schwartz. The foundation's funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, whose last personal contribution to the charity was in 2008. The top donors to the foundation from 2004 to 2014 were Vince and Linda McMahon of World Wrestling Entertainment, who donated $5 million to the foundation after Trump appeared at WrestleMania in 2007.
Per the foundation's tax returns, its benefactors included healthcare and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups. In 2009, for example, the foundation gave $926,750 to about 40 groups, with the biggest donations going to the Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation ($100,000), the New York Presbyterian Hospital ($125,000), the Police Athletic League ($156,000), and the Clinton Foundation ($100,000).
Starting in 2016 "The Washington Post" began reporting on how the foundation raised and granted money. The "Post" uncovered several potential legal and ethical violations, such as alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion. The New York State attorney general is investigating the foundation "to make sure it is complying with the laws governing charities in New York." A Trump spokesman called the investigation a "partisan hit job". On October 3, 2016, the New York attorney general's office notified the Trump Foundation that it was in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in the state of New York. The foundation, which had also admitted to engaging in self-dealing on its 2015 IRS form, agreed to this order.
A 2018 suit by the New York State attorney general alleged that Trump had illegally used foundation funds to buy self-portraits, pay off his businesses' legal obligations, and boost his presidential campaign. The judge ruled against the Donald J. Trump Foundation and ordered Trump to pay $2 million in damages. Trump agreed to give that money and the foundation's remaining $1.8 million to 8 charities ranging from Army Emergency Relief to the United Negro College Fund to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum and to dissolve the foundation.
Branding and licensing.
Trump has marketed his name on a large number of building projects as well as commercial products and services, achieving mixed success doing so for himself, his partners, and investors in the projects. In 2011, "Forbes" financial experts estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200 million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand was worth about $3 billion.
Many developers pay Trump to market their properties and to be the public face for their projects. For that reason, Trump does not own many of the buildings that display his name. According to "Forbes", this portion of Trump's empire, actually run by his children, is by far his most valuable, having a $562 million valuation. According to "Forbes", there are 33 licensing projects under development including seven "condo hotels" (the seven Trump International Hotel and Tower developments). In June 2015, "Forbes" pegged the Trump brand at $125 million as retailers like Macy's Inc. and Serta Mattresses began dropping Trump-branded products.
The value of the Trump brand may have fallen due to his presidential campaign. After his 2016 campaign started, an internal Young & Rubicam study of Trump's brand among high-income consumers showed "plummeting" ratings for traits such as "prestigious", "upper class", and "glamorous" at the end of 2015, suggesting that Trump's various businesses could face market difficulties and financing challenges in the future. Some consumers say they are avoiding purchasing Trump-branded products and services as a protest against Trump and his campaign. Bookings and foot traffic at Trump-branded hotels and casinos fell off sharply in 2016, primarily driven by a decrease in visits to the properties by women. Following the release of the "Access Hollywood" tape recordings in October 2016, the value of the Trump brand was reported to have taken a further hit, with estimates of the reduction in the brand's added value of up to 13 percentage points.
Stocks, bonds, funds, and similar holdings.
Trump's personal financial market investment portfolio is concentrated in the financial and commodities markets. The investment portfolio generates income and cash flow from a variety of mechanisms as dividends, capital gains, and compounded carried interest. He invested a minimum of $70 million in stocks.
Though real estate is still his most preferred asset class, Trump became an active financial market investor in 2011 following disappointment from the depressed American real estate market and various investments in the Federal Reserve's interest yields on CDs were next to nothing. Trump stated that he was not enthusiastic to be a stock market investor, but that prime real estate at good prices was hard to find at that time and that stocks and equity securities were cheap and generating good cash flow from dividends. He profited from 40 of the 45 stocks he purchased which he sold in 2014, making it almost a 90% success rate in capital appreciation in addition to millions in earned dividends. The biggest gainers in his stock portfolio were Bank of America Corporation, The Boeing Company and Facebook, Inc earning a windfall profit of $6.7 million, $3.96 million and $3.85 million, respectively.
Trump's stock portfolio was valued somewhere between $33.4 million and $87.9 million in 2015 and was invested in many sectors, including public companies such as tobacco distributors, retail outlets, pharmaceutical companies, industrial manufacturing companies, financial conglomerates, oil companies, high technology firms and defense contractors. Public stock investments within his portfolio include General Electric, Chevron, UPS, Coca-Cola, Home Depot, Comcast, Sanofi, Ford, ConocoPhillips, Energy Transfer Partners, Altera, Verizon Communications, Procter & Gamble, Bank of America, Nike, Google, Apple Inc., Philip Morris, Citigroup, Morgan Stanley, Whole Foods, Intel, IBM, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Caterpillar, Kinder Morgan, AT&T and Facebook. He has at least $78 million invested in a variety of paper assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, private equity funds, fund of funds, and hedge funds. His financial market investment accounts are kept at JPMorgan, Barclays, Deutsche Bank and Oppenheimer. His Barclays account includes investments in 32 entities and cash worth between $49,021 and $396,001 and having stock in two accounts at Deutsche Bank that contain cash, treasury bills, and stock in 173 entities. His investment account with Oppenheimer contains cash and has 31 positions worth between $10,380,031 and $33,301,000. His account with JPMorgan contains stock in 60 firms valued between $1,251,008 and $2,617,000.
Trump has also invested in funds that focus on middle and smaller sized businesses such as Tesla Motors, the electric car maker and has invested internationally in a number of emerging market, growth and hedge funds located in Europe and Asia. He has also invested in a number of private equity and hedge funds including $1 to $5 million in Advantage Plus, $1 to $5 million in AG Diversified Funds, $2 million in MidOcean Credit Opportunities, $4 million in Paulson & Co., and around $5 million with Angelo, Gordon & Co.. Trump's biggest fund holding has been in Black Rock's Obsidian Fund, where his stake is estimated to be between $25 million to $50 million. Nearly all of Trump's open end mutual fund investments are concentrated in Baron Capital Management, a mid-sized mutual fund family headed by mutual fund mogul Ronald S. Baron. Trump invested $16.2 million in Baron Capital Management, making him a significant minority shareholder. He revealed that he earned over $22 million with his private equity, hedge fund, and mutual fund investments and generated between $1.5 million and $10 million in income almost all of it from investments such as dividends, capital gains, and carried interest. Trump also has a portion of his portfolio invested in U.S. Treasury bonds.
On a government form submitted in 2015, Trump reported holding an amount of physical gold, valued at between $100,001 to $250,000.
Taxes and income.
Trump has released some financial information, but has declined to publicly release any of his full tax returns, saying that he will do so before the 2016 election if what his attorneys described as an ongoing audit by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is completed covering tax returns for the years 2009 through 2016. According to a July 2015 press release from his campaign manager, Trump's "income" for the year 2014 was $362 million ("which does not include dividends, interest, capital gains, rents and royalties"). His disclosure filings for the year 2015 stated that his total gross revenue was in excess of $611 million.
"Fortune" magazine has reported that the $362 million figure as stated on his Federal Election Commission (FEC) filings is not "income" but gross revenue before salaries, interest payments on outstanding debt, and other business-related expenses; Trump's net income was "most likely" about one-third of that. According to public records, Trump received a $302 New York tax rebate in 2013 (and in two other recent years) given to couples earning less than $500,000 per year, who submit as proof their federal tax returns. Trump's campaign manager has suggested that Trump's tax rebate was an error.
In October 2016, it was revealed that Trump had claimed a loss of $916 million on his 1995 tax returns. As tax losses from one year can be applied to offset income from future years, the $916 million loss allowed him to reduce or eliminate his taxable income (and consequently his US federal income taxes) during the eighteen-year carry forward period. Trump acknowledged he used the loss but declined to provide details such as the specific years the loss was applied.
An investigative story by the New York Times found that in the early 1990s in order to avoid "financial ruin" Trump's businesses used methods which were "legally dubious" to avoid paying taxes, and that Trump's own lawyers described these activities as "improper". Independent tax experts stated that "Whatever loophole existed was not 'exploited' here, but stretched beyond any recognition" and that it involved "sleight of hand". Since the taxes were related to the reduction in Trump's extensive junk bond debt at the time and the bankruptcies of three of Trump's casinos, the methods used were probably related, according to the report, to Trump's reported $916 million loss reported on his 1995 tax return.


Andrew Burnett

Andrew Michael Burnett, (born 23 May 1952) is a British numismatist and museum curator, who specialises in Roman coins. He was Deputy Director of the British Museum from 2003 to 2013, and Keeper of its Department of Coins and Medals from 1992 to 2003. He was president of the Royal Numismatic Society from 2013 to 2018.
Early life and education.
Burnett was born on 23 May 1952 to Margaret and Sir John Harrison Burnett. He was educated at Fettes College, an independent school in Edinburgh, Scotland. He studied "Literae Humaniores" (ancient history and philosophy) at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. He continued his studies at the Institute of Archaeology, graduating from the University of London with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree.
Honours.
On 6 May 1982, Burnett was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA). In 2003, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences. In the 2012 New Year Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to the British Museum and numismatics". In 2020, he was awarded the Derek Allen Prize by the British Academy "for his outstanding contribution to the development of the study of coinage of the Roman Empire and a career of public service".
A "Festschrift" was published in his honour in 2015. It was edited by Roger Bland and Dario Calomino, and was titled "Studies in Ancient Coinage in Honour of Andrew Burnett".


Canner (surname)

Canner is an English surname found mainly in the Midlands of England and also distributed in New England and elsewhere. It was first recorded as early as 1201 but has never been at all common: the meaning was thought by P. H. Reaney to be a tradesman who made base-metal cans (e.g. ale cans, oil cans, etc.)
In Hanks, Patrick et al. (2002) "The Oxford Names Companion". Oxford U P; p. 109 there is an entry for "Cann" which claims that "Canner" is just a variant. No explanation is given and the two names have as far as the evidence goes to be quite separate: that part of the volume was first issued in 1988 (ed. Hanks & Hodges). The very early record is—le Cannere and the distribution in the Midlands suggests Burton on Trent as significant (Burton Abbey was famous for the brewing of beer and ale which still continues commercially).


Emmy Lou Packard

Emmy Lou Packard also known as Betty Lou Packard (1914–1998) was a Californian post-war artist known for painting, printmaking and murals.
Early life.
Emmy Lou Packard was born on April 15, 1914 near El Centro, California, to parents Emma and Walter Packard. Her father founded an agricultural cooperative community in the Imperial Valley and was an internationally known agronomist. In 1927, the Packard family traveled to Mexico for Walter's consulting job with the Mexican government working on agrarian and land settlement reform issues. Emmy then 13 years, was already painting and drawing. Her mother introduced her to artists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, marking the beginning of a long friendship and mentorship.
In 1934, she eloped to Nevada with the architect Burton Cairns, a recent graduate of the University of California, Berkeley. They had a baby together, Donald Cairns.
In 1936 Packard graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with her bachelor's degree and later studied sculpture, mural and fresco painting at the San Francisco Art Institute.
Career.
In 1939, her husband, Burton Cairns, died in a car accident. After his death, she traveled to Mexico to live with Rivera and Kahlo, working as their studio assistant. During the time she stayed with Rivera and Kahlo, she took a number of photographs of the couple.
When Diego Rivera came to San Francisco in 1940 for the Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE), he asked Emmy to be the chief assistant for painting the "Pan American Unity" mural.
Between 1944 and 1945, she briefly worked as an illustrator of a labor newspaper for the San Francisco Bay Area shipyards.
Packard designed and executed the mural on the exterior of the dining commons at the University of California, Berkeley in the Lower Sproul student union center. She also designed the terrace parapet which is embellished with an 85-foot long, 5-foot high, bas-relief, Modernist mural depicting California landscape features, including coastal bluffs, cultivated fields, mountains, and rivers located in the central façade of Chávez Student Center at the University of California, Berkeley in the Lower Sproul.
On May 29, 1959, she married artist Byron T. Randall; they divorced in 1972.
Packard was an active community member in the Mission District of San Francisco and San Francisco's community mural movement. In 1974 she served as a mural technical adviser for the Bank of America building mural located at Mission Street and 23rd Street; the local artists that painted this mural are Jesús “Chuy” Campusano, Luis Cortázar and Michael Rios.
Packard died February 22, 1998 in San Francisco, California of diabetes and related illnesses.