Sylvi Listhaug

Sylvi Listhaug (born 25 December 1977) is a Norwegian politician serving as the leader of the Progress Party since 2021. She previously served as Minister for the Elderly and Public Health of Norway under Prime Minister Erna Solberg from May to December 2019. In addition, she has also served as the Minister of Petroleum and Energy of Norway from December 2019 to January 2020. Listhaug served as Norway's first Minister of Immigration and Integration from 2015 to 2018, a specially created cabinet position during the European migrant crisis, and Minister of Agriculture and Food from 2013 to 2015. She served as Minister of Justice, Public Security and Immigration from January 2018 until her resignation in March 2018. Originally from the rural municipality of Ørskog in Sunnmøre, she began her political career in Oslo as City Commissioner of Welfare and Social Services.
As Minister of Migration and Integration, Listhaug reduced the number of asylum seekers arriving in Norway from 30,000 in 2015 to 2,000 in 2017. Although the drop in asylum seekers was partially linked to an overfall fall in traffic to Europe, Listhaug was credited with proposing and securing support for many new regulations and overseeing the tightening of the system, which resulted in a 19-year low in number of new asylum arrivals.
She is currently serving as a member of the Storting and the Standing Committee on Health and Care Services. Listhaug has been called a "rising star" in the Progress Party by both national and international media. She has been mentioned by long-time party chairman Carl I. Hagen as a candidate to succeed Siv Jensen as party leader. Listhaug was constituted as First Deputy Leader of the Progress Party in September 2018.
Early life and education.
Listhaug was born in Ålesund. She was raised on the family farm in Ørskog, Møre og Romsdal, to which she has "odelsrett". Her father worked with transportation, while her mother ran the family farm. She has two twin siblings.
In 1995 Listhaug began to work as a care assistant at the Ørskog home for the elderly, and from 1996 to 2000 she studied history, social sciences, and special education at the Volda University College, and continued to work at the Ørskog home to support herself during her student years. In 2000 she graduated and qualified as a teacher, and from 2000 to 2001 she worked as a teacher at the Sjøholt school in Ørskog.
Political career.
Early career and parliament.
Listhaug began her political involvement locally in Ørskog. She has held several positions within the Progress Party and its youth organisation Progress Party's Youth since 1998, and has been a member of the Progress Party central board since 2005. She worked as political advisor and aide to the Progress Party's parliamentary group from 2001 to 2004. In 2005 she had a stay abroad as an intern in the United States House of Representatives. She has been a deputy representative in the Norwegian parliament from Møre og Romsdal (2001 to 2009), and from Oslo (2009 to 2013), with a total 95 days of parliamentary session served. She was elected as a parliamentary representative for the first time in 2017 (from Møre og Romsdal).
Oslo city commissioner.
Listhaug was appointed city commissioner ("byråd") of welfare and social services in the city government of Oslo in 2006, having been secretary to the previous commissioner Margaret Eckbo. Listhaug spearheaded a number of reforms as commissioner, introducing free choice in home care, and reintroducing senior homes in her first year. She stated as her goals more competition and better nursing homes, and opening for more private companies.
In 2009 she became the subject of a nursing home funding scandal, after it was revealed that a company that had been granted a total amount of 23,5 million NOK from Oslo municipality to build nursing homes for Norwegians in Altea, Spain had not yet even been granted a Spanish construction permit. Listhaug claimed she was not responsible for the plans, which were designed to make Oslo a prime example for other municipalities in regards to care for the elderly. Listhaug told reporters from the state broadcaster "NRK" in March 2010 that she did “not have the responsibility for the construction of the nursing home nor authoring the contracts.”
Other proposals by Listhaug as city commissioner included a stricter policy on psychiatric patients, and putting up posters of convicted rapists in their local community. Before the gay parade in Oslo in 2009, Listhaug suggested to some controversy that "half and almost wholly naked people dancing around in the streets of Oslo" could rather lead to less tolerance of homosexuals, thus working against its goal, although she made clear that homosexuals should be able to party "when and where they want".
Political consultant.
From 2012 until her cabinet appointment, Listhaug had worked as a senior consultant with First House, a Norwegian strategic advisory, corporate communications, governmental affairs and crisis management/issue management agency. Shortly after her appointment, media attention centered on her decision to keep secret her list of clients during her time in the job. The list of public clients was made public in early 2014 after Listhaug herself declared a personal conflict of interest.
Minister of Agriculture (2013–2015).
On 16 October 2013 Listhaug was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Food in the new Solberg Cabinet. The Solberg government signalled a drastic change of course in Norwegian agricultural policy by opening for more freely sale and purchase of farms, and seeking a development towards more sustainable fewer and bigger farms. Listhaug as Minister of Agriculture sought to remove laws which require farm-owners to live on the farm. Listhaug argued her changes would lead to a more efficient food production in Norway, ultimately reducing high food prices. She also lowered government subsidies to farmers, who receive one of the highest government subsidies in the world, according to the OECD. As an example, Norwegian farmers receive over 50% of their farm income as government support, while the equivalent number for U.S. farmers is 8%.
As Listhaug in 2010 had called the Norwegian agricultural policy a "communist system" in an op-ed, this received widespread attention in media and social media. After being pressured with the comment in a television debate, she stated her intent on following the new government's policy agreement. Prior comments by Listhaug and the new government's course was met with scepticism and protest among some farmers.
During her time as Minister of Agriculture and Food, Listhaug had, somewhat controversially, contacts with clients of First House, including the farmers’ organization Norges Bondelaget, the NHO employers’ organization unit representing food and beverage firm, the brewing organization Bryggeriforeningen, and supermarket chain Rema 1000, one of her last clients for First House before she joined the government herself.
Minister of Immigration (2015–2018).
On 16 December 2015 Listhaug was appointed Minister of Immigration and Integration, a newly formed cabinet position under the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, amid the European migrant crisis and record-high numbers of asylum seekers in Norway that resulted in a broad parliamentary agreement to tighten asylum regulations. The month prior to her appointment Listhaug criticised what she described as a "tyranny of goodness" haunting the Norwegian immigration debate, and that it would be more Christian and reasonable to help as many people as possible through foreign aid to refugees abroad rather than aiding fewer and more costly asylum seekers in Norway. She later vowed that her proposed asylum regulations would make Norway's asylum policies "one of the strictest in Europe".
The first four months of 2016 saw asylum applications in Norway drop to its lowest levels since 1993, with only about 250 new applications each month. The reduction resulted in at least 800 million (100 million) being saved in direct asylum reception costs alone in the revised annual state budget, amid budget strains due to the low oil price. Listhaug has since called for further immigration and asylum restrictions to be implemented, particularly in family reunifications which reached all-time highs of about 20,000 in 2017. Among her proposals is that family reunifications should rather be achieved in the native countries of immigrants instead of in Norway.
Opinion polls consistently showed Listhaug to have the highest approval rating of all government ministers from her party, and several others. In September 2016, a poll showed that 59% of Norway's population approved of her work on immigration, with less than a quarter disapproving.
In August 2017, a row took place between Listhaug and Sweden's political establishment after Listhaug planned a visit to the Swedish suburb of Rinkeby in the context of the country's vulnerable areas, having warned during her time as minister about the need to avoid "Swedish conditions" in Norway. Although meeting with other Swedish officials, Sweden's Minister for Migration Heléne Fritzon cancelled her scheduled meeting with Listhaug, saying she would not be part of an "election campaign" in the run-up to the Norwegian parliamentary election in September.
Minister of Justice (2018).
After securing renewed support for the centre-right coalition in the 2017 parliamentary election, Listhaug was appointed Minister of Justice, Public Security and Immigration in January 2018, absorbing her former cabinet position following a government re-shuffle. As Minister of Justice, Listhaug “waged a war” against pedophile perpetrators, both internationally and domestically. Listhaug introduced new legislation which would remove the passports from pedophiles committing assaults abroad, and it caused controversy when she unapologetically referred to these individuals as “monsters.”
In March 2018 Listhaug posted a Facebook message claiming that the Labour Party "cares more about the rights of terrorists than national security" following disagreement on a parliamentary vote about whether the state should be able to withdraw the citizenship of threats to national security. After insisting for several days amid criticism that no apology was warranted other than stating regret if offending anyone, the government led by Prime Minister Solberg, and eventually Listhaug herself apologised for the post in parliament. As Listhaug's initial apology was considered "not good enough" by Labour leader Jonas Gahr Støre, this caused the opposition, including Labour and the Centre Party to state their support for a motion of no confidence pushed by the Red Party. The day before the vote on 20 March, the Christian Democrats also concluded they would support the motion, thereby indicating a parliamentary majority for the motion of no confidence. Listhaug resigned herself in the morning before the parliamentary session.
After eight years of decreasing membership numbers, the Progress Party received 5,350 new members, making up 25 percent of the party's total membership following the conflict. One opinion poll also briefly showed a doubling of voter support for the party. The new party members were seen by political scientists to make up a new power-base for Listhaug within the party.
First deputy leader (2018–2021).
In June 2018, Sylvi Listhaug was nominated by Møre og Romsdal Progress Party as a candidate for first deputy leader of the Progress Party. The party's annual national meeting will constitute a new deputy leader on 3 September 2018, in order to replace Per Sandberg. State broadcaster NRK reported in August 2018 that Listhaug likely will be elected by the central board. Listhaug told reporters in Arendal: "I am humbled and honored to be mentioned as a deputy leader candidate", and added “I am ready to serve if the party wants me in such a role."
On 3 September 2018, the Progress Party's Central Board unanimously voted to constitute Listhaug as acting first deputy leader of the party. The formal election took take place during the party's national convention in May 2019.
Following Siv Jensen’s resignation, the party designated Listhaug as their leader. She had previously accepted to become leader shortly after Jensen’s resignation, and was officially elected at the party conference in May.
Party leader.
Listhaug was elected party leader at the party convention on 8 May 2021, with Ketil Solvik-Olsen and Terje Søviknes as first and second deputy leaders respectively.
Minister of the Elderly and Public Health (2019).
Sylvi Listhaug was appointed Minister for the elderly and public health on 3 May 2019 in Erna Solberg's coalition government. She was minister in the Ministry of Health and Care Services alongside Health Minister Bent Høie.
On 6 May 2019, she sparred controversy when she, newly appointed as the new health minister, told reporters from NRK: "People should be allowed to smoke, drink and eat as much red meat as much as they want. The authorities may like to inform, but people know pretty much what is healthy and what is not healthy, I think." The secretary general of the Norwegian Cancer Society, Anne Lise Ryel, said Listhaug's comments were “potentially harmful to public health.”
Minister of Petroleum and Energy (2019–2020).
On 18 December 2019, Listhaug assumed office as the Minister of Petroleum and Energy.
In January 2020, she and the rest of Progress Party ministers withdrew from the government after a dispute over the return of an IS woman and her children. Listhaug was subsequently replaced by Tina Bru on 24 January when her party had formally left the government, and returned to opposition. Her tenure as Minister of Petroleum and Energy is the shortest in Norwegian history since Grete Faremo in 1996.
Political views.
Listhaug believes that the elderly should have legal rights to a place in private nursing homes paid by public funding. She has advocated "zero tolerance" on crime, more visible police, and said that integration has to become better by having stricter demands on people who move to Norway, combined with a more restrictive immigration policy.
Although a lifelong Christian, Listhaug has considered leaving the Church of Norway which she has described as "thoroughly socialist", due to the former Red-Green government's interventionist policy on appointment of bishops, as well as church leaders in her view voicing political opinions on too many issues. Favoring a separation of church and state, she has pointed to it "working well" in the United States. She has been a repeat guest on the Christian television channel "Visjon Norge".
Listhaug is in favor of immigrant repatriation from Norway. She has advocated voluntary return, in her role as Integration Minister, for rejected asylum seekers and other migrants. She has stated that Norway needed to "entice more [people] to voluntarily travel back" to their homelands, claiming it was "better for us to encourage them to travel back", rather than face deportation and would ultimately save Norway money. During her government tenure, record numbers of illegal immigrants were simultaneously deported from Norway. Listhaug has stated her position that "I think those who come to Norway need to adapt to our society. Here we eat pork, drink alcohol and show our face. You must abide by the values, laws and regulations that are in Norway when you come here." Her proposals includes calling for a ban on the hijab in elementary schools.
Listhaug is a proponent of banning full-face veils and hijabs in elementary schools, arguing that “we need to fight the culture of social control and controlling women.” She is a proponent of barring hate preachers from entering Norway.
Migration policy.
She is noted for her hard-line immigration policy. As Minister of Migration and Integration, Listhaug presented a 150-page document with 40 proposals for new asylum- and migration regulations, in which she claimed would make Norway's migrant policy “one of the strictest in Europe.” The proposals, which failed to summon necessary parliamentary support in June 2016, included proposals such as:
The proposal also included procedures which would allow detaining migrants who submit “obviously groundless asylum claims” for up to 72 hours, in order to prevent them from evading deportation. Speaking to state broadcaster "NRK", Sylvi Listhaug said: “We can see that unfounded asylum seekers disappear while the police are processing their applications. This will prohibit them from running off and eventually getting involved in criminal activity. Now we will know where we have them, get their applications processed and then return them.” Minister Listhaug added that 90 out of 537 asylum seekers processed under the 48-hour procedure in 2015 disappeared, and that the locations of ninety percent of those still remain unknown to authorities. The proposals also would expand the ability of law enforcement agencies to store and acquire biometric information such as fingerprints, in order to determine whether an asylum applicant may present a security threat.
In Listhaug's response to the parliament's rejection of her proposals for stricter migration policies, she stated: “This is primarily a shame for the Norwegian nation. We need a sustainable policy that safeguards the Norwegian welfare model. The level of immigration to Norway will be a decisive factor in this.” Shortly after, Sylvi Listhaug traveled to Canada in order to learn more about the Canadian private sponsorship program for refugees.
Speaking to reporters from "Ynet" in 2017, Listhaug told reporters that she believes fewer illegal immigrants are coming to Norway due to the fact that Norway deports undocumented migrants back to their country of origin. As immigration minister, Listhaug went on a trip visiting three countries in East Africa with the goal of implementing new return agreements. In advance of the trip, Listhaug told reporters: “Return policy is highly prioritized in Norway, so it will be natural for us to ensure that people who are not entitled to stay in Norway can be returned to the countries from which they come from.”
Sweden's Migration Minister Heléne Fritzon canceled a meeting due to be held with Sylvi Listhaug in August 2017, claiming that Listhaug spread an “inaccurate image of Sweden.” Listhaug said in an interview with "Verdens Gang" that “parallel societies have developed in more than 60 places in Sweden”, calling them “no-go zones”, while insisting that there are conditions of lawlessness in some areas with large quantities of people with immigrant backgrounds.
Law and order.
As Minister of Justice, Listhaug received criticism and praise for calling pedophile perpetrators “monsters.” Listhaug announced more legislative changes to stop pedophiles committing assaults abroad, and told reporters: “It is absolutely terrible to think that these monsters are allowed to leave our country and travel to places where poor families and poor children are exploited in the worst way.” Listhaug added that “we must do whatever we can to stop them.” She is a proponent of stripping these individuals of their passports when sentenced for this type of abuse, not allowing them to leave the country.
She has advocated for "zero tolerance" on crime and called for more visible police, primarily in the capital of Oslo. She has advocated for stricter punishments and harsher prison sentencing, particularly for crimes against children. Listhaug is opposed to capital punishment.
Agricultural policy.
Listhaug served as Minister of Agriculture and Food from 2013 to 2015, and implemented new agricultural policies signaling a drastic change of course. The new policies allowed for more freely sales- and purchases of farms, while also seeking fewer and bigger, sustainable farms. As minister, she lowered government payments to farmers, who receive one of the highest levels of government subsidies in the world, according to the OECD. During her tenure, the department also sought to scrap the law which makes it a duty to live on the farm. The changes could lead to larger farms and a more efficient food production, which the department argued would reduce the country's high food prices.
Foreign policy.
A strong supporter of Israel with her study trip to the country during her teacher studies, Listhaug has voiced support for moving the Norwegian embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
Listhaug told reporters in 2017 that European nations “and their citizens need to understand the situation in Israel better,” and added that “the Progress Party has always been a supporter of Israel’s need to protect themselves in a region where you are the only democracy.” She made it clear that the party does not necessarily support everything the State of Israel does, but stated that “you have a right to defend your people and your borders because you live in a region that has a lot of problems.”
During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Listhaug stated to "Verdens Gang" that she tends to support the Republican Party, however, not Donald Trump. She made it clear that she was “no fan of Hillary Clinton”, but was concerned about Trump's statements regarding NATO and free trade. Listhaug is noted as an admirer of Ronald Reagan.
Social issues.
Listhaug originally opposed the introduction of same-sex marriage in Norway in 2009, but in 2017 said she had turned to support it and become critical of "Visjon Norge" leader Jan Hanvold.
Job approval ratings.
Sylvi Listhaug received the highest approval rating of all government ministers from her party during her tenure as Minister of Immigration. An August 2016 poll by Ipsos for "Dagbladet" showed her job approval rating at 59%, up from 55% in May.
Political resume.
Listhaug's experience in parliament and government include:
Personal life.
Listhaug is married to fellow Progress Party politician Espen Espeset, and together they have one daughter and two sons. Raised on the family farm in Ørskog in Sunnmøre, Listhaug currently resides in Oslo.
Publications.
In 2018, Listhaug announced she would publish a book. Her book, "Der Andre Tier" (), was published by Kagge later that year.


List of botanical gardens in Honduras

Botanical gardens in Honduras have collections consisting entirely of Honduras native and endemic species; most have a collection that include plants from around the world. There are botanical gardens and arboreta in all states and territories of Honduras, most are administered by local governments, some are privately owned.
Honduras Plants records.
Established in 1942 Biblioteca Wilson Popenoe, Francisco Morazán Department has extensive records on Honduras Plant Collections.


Pesticides in New Zealand

There is a high use of pesticides in New Zealand due predominantly to the large agricultural industry.
Pesticides.
1080.
Sodium fluoroacetate, commonly known as 1080, is used in New Zealand to control animal pests, specifically the possum which threatens biodiversity and carries tuberculosus. Hunters fear that 1080 impacts on game animals, and some environmentalists have concerns about 1080 killing the very native fauna it is meant to save, and pollution of drinking water reservoirs with 1080 baits and poisoned animals.
2,4,5-T.
Manufacture of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) ceased in New Zealand in 1987 and it is no longer sold in New Zealand.
2,4-D.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is used in New Zealand and the Pesticides Board has decided not to prohibit the use of the chemical.
DDT.
DDT was used extensively for agricultural use in the 1950s and 1960s to control grass grub and porina moth. It was also used on lawns and for market gardens. Some 500 tons was being applied annually by 1959. By the 1970s its use was restricted and it was finally banned in 1989. Residues are still found in livestock and in marine mammals.
Endosulfan.
Use of the plant pesticide endosulfan was banned by the Environmental Risk Management Authority (ERMA) in December 2008, effective from 16 January 2009, after a campaign by environmental groups and the Green Party. Testing as part of the Food Residues Surveillance Programme had detected endosulfan in foods such as lettuce, strawberries and capsicum, but under 0.1 mg/kg. In June 2008 ERMA called for public submissions on the use of endosulfan after tighter controls had been placed on the pesticide in other countries. Submissions closed on 8 September 2008 and a total of 187 submissions were received. The Green Party surveyed the 85 councils in New Zealand and discovered that 18 of them had used endosulfan on sports grounds in the year preceding October 2008. They claimed that New Zealand is the only country to do so and advocated for a ban on its use.
The Auckland City Council had stopped using it in the mid 1990s. The non-approved use of endosulfan on cattle in 2007 had led to the prosecution of a farmer and the suspension of beef exports to Korea.
Methyl bromide.
Methyl bromide is used as a fumigant for whole logs destined for export. There has been lobbying to stop its use due to concerns for human health.
Pesticide residue.
Pesticide residues are generally low and are thought to pose no detectable threat to health.
Aerial spraying programmes.
Aerial spraying of West Auckland areas was carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) to eliminate the invasive painted apple moth, a potential threat to the environment and economy. Foray 48B was sprayed over populated West Auckland areas for 29 months involving 48 spray events over 70 days. After the government declined to conduct a public inquiry into the spraying, a "people's inquiry" initiated by a number of academics delivered a report critical of MAF's approach to the issue.
Rural and city areas of Hamilton were sprayed to eradicate the gypsy moth.


Christopher MacEvoy Jr.

Christopher MacEvoy Jr. (1760-1838) was a merchant and planter from the Danish West Indies where he owned Estate Whim, now a museum, on St. Croix. He later moved to Copenhagen where he established a trading house as well as a sugar refinery at Gammel Strand. He owned Bernstorff Palace in Charlottenlund from 1817 and the Dehn Mansion in Copenhagen from 1818.
Biography.
MacEvoy was born on St. Croix in the Danish West Indies, the son of Christopher MacEvoy Sr. and Mary Markoe (c. 1737-1776).
He inherited Estate Whim at
Frederiksted (now a museum) on St. Croix and lived in England for a few years before settling in Copenhagen. He owned a property at Gammel Strand 29 (then Ved Stranden 4) where he also operated a sugar refinery in the courtyard. The buildings were destroyed in the Copenhagen Fire of 1795 but subsequently rebuilt.
He purchased Bernstorff Palace in Charlottenlund north of Copenhagen in 1817. He died on the estate in 1949.


Elizabeth Sinclair

Elizabeth McHutcheson Sinclair (26 April 180016 October 1892) was a Scottish homemaker, farmer, and plantation owner in New Zealand and Hawaii, best known as the matriarch of the Sinclair family that bought the Hawaiian island of Niihau in 1864. Born in Glasgow, Scotland, she married Francis Sinclair, a ship's captain. With six children in tow, the family moved to New Zealand. Her husband and eldest son (and much of the family's property) were later lost at sea.
After years of farming, mainly at Pigeon Bay on the Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of the South Island, she decided to relocate to Canada. Unhappy with the conditions she found on Vancouver Island, she considered California but instead went to Hawaii where she bought the Hawaiian island of Niihau for $10,000. She later bought additional lands at Hanapepe and Makaweli on the island of Kauai. Her descendants, the Robinson family, continue to own and maintain the island of Ni'ihau.
Early life.
Elizabeth Sinclair was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 26 April 1800. Known as "Eliza", she was one of six children born to William (or James) a successful merchant, and Jean Robertson McHutcheson (sometimes spelled "McHutchison"). Eliza married Captain Francis W. Sinclair (1797–1846) of the Royal Navy on 13 January 1824. They had three sons and three daughters. Sinclair was considered a master navigator, best known for saving the life of the Duke of Wellington in rough seas while escorting him on his return from the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
New Zealand.
The Sinclairs moved to New Zealand, arriving in 1841; they settled in Pigeon bay in 1843. Eliza's husband and her oldest son George disappeared at sea in 1846 during a business trip headed towards Wellington. Her husband was carrying all the family's cash and produce supplies. After the disappearance of her husband, Eliza and her five children were left to survive on their own in Pigeon Bay. With her children marrying and producing grandchildren, the Sinclair clan needed more land, and Eliza's son Francis helped plan a new voyage towards that end. They sold their property in New Zealand and sailed to the Pacific Northwest of the United States with the goal of acquiring property in British Columbia.
Pacific Northwest.
In early June 1863, the "Bessie" arrived in Victoria, British Columbia on Vancouver Island. The Sinclairs found the land wild and undeveloped with thick forests, making the effort required to clear land for agriculture close to impossible with their limited labor and resources. Eliza set her sights on California, but an acquaintance named Henry Rhodes recommended that they avoid the rough oceans during the winter as it would make anchorage difficult. Rhodes suggested that they sail to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) instead, since his brother lived in Honolulu. The Sinclairs agreed, and they boarded the "Bessie" one last time.
Hawaii.
At the age of 63 years, Eliza led 13 members of her family to Hawaii, arriving in Honolulu Harbor on 17 September 1863 on the vessel "Bessie" captained by her son-in-law, Thomas Gay. The 300-ton barque arrived fully provisioned, with Merino sheep, one cow, hay, grain, chickens, a grand piano, books, and clothing. Eliza was considered a "chiefess" by the native Hawaiians she and her family employed on the island of Niihau and in Makaweli on Kauai.
In 1885, her niece Isabella McHutcheson Sinclair, who married Eliza's son Francis, authored and illustrated "Indigenous Flowers of the Hawaiian Islands" which has become an important record of the Hawaiian flora. The illustrations are of plants from Kauai and Niihau islands.
Descendants.
Her descendants continue to run the island under their private ownership.


Hartpury College

Hartpury College, officially Hartpury University and Hartpury College, is a provider of further and higher education which describes itself as specialising in the "agriculture, animal, equine, sport and veterinary nursing" sectors. The university and college is set in a 360 hectare estate located in Hartpury, near Gloucester, in Gloucestershire, England.
History.
The college was established in the post-World War II era of the late 1940s, as an agricultural college with 50 students. The college remained relatively unchanged until 1990, when a rapid expansion programme started with the provision of a larger variety of further education courses.
Hartpury's link with the University of the West of England (UWE) began in 1997 when Hartpury was awarded Associate Faculty status. In 2017, Hartpury was granted ‘Taught Degree Awarding Powers’ (TDAP), and in the same year was awarded the Teaching Excellence Framework Gold award. Hartpury College gained full university status in 2018 and changed its name to Hartpury University and Hartpury College.
Sport.
Rugby union.
Hartpury College is known for its development of rugby players, with many former students playing at the highest level. The college hosts Hartpury University R.F.C, which has a close association with the professional club Gloucester Rugby.
Rowing.
In 2010 Gloucester Rowing Club and Hartpury College set up a centre to enable Hartpury students to participate in one of the Great Britain's rowing team centres. In the relationship the students become members of the Gloucester Rowing Club where they access the rowing facilities. In return the senior rowers from the club are able to access the training facilities at the college. The relationship has brought significant success at national and international level.
Alumni Association.
The college has an alumni association called Connect, with membership automatically conferred on former students from both Further and Higher Education programmes, as well as current and former members of staff.
2017 student expulsion.
In June 2017 the college expelled one student and suspended several others following a police investigation into images circulated online and on social media depicting students from Hartpury College apparently killing a fox cub and posing with a dead cat. The College and Gloucestershire police both issued statements concluding they were satisfied the killing of the fox was not an act of cruelty, and that one of the students, who was training as a gamekeeper, had killed the animal to end its suffering after it had been hit by road traffic. The police declined to take further action


German wine

German wine is primarily produced in the west of Germany, along the river Rhine and its tributaries, with the oldest plantations going back to the Roman era. Approximately 60 percent of German wine is produced in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, where 6 of the 13 regions ("Anbaugebiete") for quality wine are situated. Germany has about 103,000 hectares (252,000 acres or 1,030 square kilometers) of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vineyard surface in Spain, France or Italy. The total wine production is usually around 10 million hectoliters annually, corresponding to 1.3 billion bottles, which places Germany as the eighth-largest wine-producing country in the world. White wine accounts for almost two thirds of the total production.
As a wine country, Germany has a mixed reputation internationally, with some consumers on the export markets associating Germany with the world's most elegant and aromatically pure white wines while other see the country mainly as the source of cheap, mass-market semi-sweet wines such as Liebfraumilch. Among enthusiasts, Germany's reputation is primarily based on wines made from the Riesling grape variety, which at its best is used for aromatic, fruity and elegant white wines that range from very crisp and dry to well-balanced, sweet and of enormous aromatic concentration. While primarily a white wine country, red wine production surged in the 1990s and early 2000s, primarily fuelled by domestic demand, and the proportion of the German vineyards devoted to the cultivation of dark-skinned grape varieties has now stabilized at slightly more than a third of the total surface. For the red wines, Spätburgunder, the domestic name for Pinot noir, is in the lead.
Wine styles.
Germany produces wines in many styles: dry, semi-sweet and sweet white wines, rosé wines, red wines and sparkling wines, called Sekt. (The only wine style not commonly produced is fortified wine.) Due to the northerly location of the German vineyards, the country has produced wines quite unlike any others in Europe, many of outstanding quality. Between the 1950s and the 1980s German wine was known abroad for cheap, sweet or semi-sweet, low-quality mass-produced wines such as Liebfraumilch.
The wines have historically been predominantly white, and the finest made from Riesling. Many wines have been sweet and low in alcohol, light and unoaked. Historically many of the wines (other than late harvest wines) were probably dry (trocken), as techniques to stop fermentation did not exist. Recently much more German white wine is being made in the dry style again. Much of the wine sold in Germany is dry, especially in restaurants. However most exports are still of sweet wines, particularly to the traditional export markets such as United States the Netherlands and Great Britain, which are the leading export markets both in terms of volume and value.
Red wine has always been hard to produce in the German climate, and in the past was usually light-colored, closer to rosé or the red wines of Alsace. However recently there has been greatly increased demand and darker, richer red wines (often barrique-aged) are produced from grapes such as Dornfelder and Spätburgunder, the German name for Pinot noir.
Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of German wines is the high level of acidity in them, caused both by the lesser ripeness in a northerly climate and by the selection of grapes such as Riesling, which retain acidity even at high ripeness levels.
History.
Early history.
Viticulture in present-day Germany dates back to Ancient Roman times, to sometime from 70 to 270 CE/AD (Agri Decumates). In those days, the western parts of today's Germany made up the outpost of the Roman empire against the Germanic tribes on the other side of Rhine. What is generally considered Germany's oldest city, Trier, was founded as a Roman garrison and is situated directly on the river Moselle ("Mosel") in the eponymous wine region. The oldest archeological finds that may indicate early German viticulture are curved pruning knives found in the vicinity of Roman garrisons, dating from the 1st century AD. However, it is not absolutely certain that these knives were used for viticultural purposes. Emperor Probus, whose reign can be dated two centuries later than these knives, is generally considered the founder of German viticulture, but for solid documentation of winemaking on German soil, we must go to around 370 AD, when Ausonius of Bordeaux wrote "Mosella", where he in enthusiastic terms described the steep vineyards on river Moselle.
The wild vine, the forerunner of the cultivated "Vitis vinifera" is known to have grown on upper Rhine back to historic time, and it is possible (but not documented) that Roman-era German viticulture was started using local varieties. Many viticultural practices were however taken from other parts of the Roman empire, as evidenced by Roman-style trellising systems surviving into the 18th century in some parts of Germany, such as the "Kammertbau" in the Palatinate.
Almost nothing is known of the style or quality of "German" wines that were produced in the Roman era, with the exception of the fact that the poet Venantius Fortunatus mentions red German wine around AD 570.
From Medieval times to today.
Before the era of Charlemagne, Germanic viticulture was practiced primarily, although not exclusively, on the western side of Rhine. Charlemagne is supposed to have brought viticulture to Rheingau. The eastward spread of viticulture coincided with the spread of Christianity, which was supported by Charlemagne. Thus, in Medieval Germany, churches and monasteries played the most important role in viticulture, and especially in the production of quality wine. Two Rheingau examples illustrate this: archbishop Ruthard of Mainz (reigning 1089–1109) founded a Benedictine abbey on slopes above Geisenheim, the ground of which later became Schloss Johannisberg. His successor Adalbert of Mainz donated land above Hattenheim in 1135 to Cistercians, sent out from Clairvaux in Champagne, who founded Kloster Eberbach.
Many grape varieties commonly associated with German wines have been documented back to the 14th or 15th century. Riesling has been documented from 1435 (close to Rheingau), and Pinot noir from 1318 on Lake Constance under the name "Klebroth", from 1335 in Affenthal in Baden and from 1470 in Rheingau, where the monks kept a "Clebroit-Wyngart" in Hattenheim. The most grown variety in medieval Germany was however Elbling, with Silvaner also being common, and Muscat, Räuschling and Traminer also being recorded.
For several centuries of the Medieval era, the vineyards of Germany (including Alsace) expanded, and is believed to have reached their greatest extent sometime around 1500, when perhaps as much as four times the present vineyard surface was planted. Basically, the wine regions were located in the same places as today, but more lands around the rivers, and land further upstream Rhine's tributaries, was cultivated. The subsequent decline can be attributed to locally produced beer becoming the everyday beverage in northern Germany in the 16th century, leading to a partial loss of market for wine, to the Thirty Years' War ravaging Germany in the 17th century, to the dissolution of the monasteries, where much of the winemaking know-how was concentrated, in those areas that accepted the Protestant reformation, and to the climatic changes of the Little Ice Age that made viticulture difficult or impossible in marginal areas.
At one point the Church controlled most of the major vineyards in Germany. Quality instead of quantity become important and spread quickly down the river Rhine. In the 1800s, Napoleon took control of all the vineyards from the Church, including the best, and divided and secularized them. Since then the Napoleonic inheritance laws in Germany broke up the parcels of vineyards further, leading to the establishment of many cooperatives. However, many notable and world-famous wineries in Germany have managed to acquire or hold enough land to produce wine not only for domestic consumption, but also export.
An important event took place in 1775 at Schloss Johannisberg in Rheingau, when the courier delivering the harvest permission was delayed for two weeks, with the result that most of the grapes in Johannisberg's Riesling-only vineyard had been affected by noble rot before the harvest began. Unexpectedly, these "rotten grapes" gave a very good sweet wine, which was termed Spätlese, meaning late harvest. From this time, late harvest wines from grapes affected by noble rot have been produced intentionally. The subsequent differentiation of wines based on harvested ripeness, starting with Auslese in 1787, laid the ground for the Prädikat system. These laws, introduced in 1971, define the designations still used today.
Geography and climate.
The German wine regions are some of the most northerly in the world. The main wine-producing climate lies below the 50th parallel, which runs through the regions Rheingau and Mosel. Above this line the climate becomes less conducive to wine production, but there are still some vineyards above this line and the effects of climate change on wine production are growing.
Because of the northerly climate, there has been a search for suitable grape varieties (particularly frost resistant and early harvesting ones), and many crosses have been developed, such as Müller-Thurgau in the Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute. Since several years ago there has been an increase in plantings of Riesling as local and international demand has been demanding high quality wines.
The wines are all produced around rivers, mainly the Rhine and its tributaries, often sheltered by mountains. The rivers have significant microclimate effects to moderate the temperature. The soil is slate in the steep valleys, to absorb the sun's heat and retain it overnight. On the rolling hills the soil is lime and clay dominated. The great sites are often extremely steep so they catch the most sunlight, but they are difficult to harvest mechanically. The slopes are also positioned facing the south or south-west to angle towards the sun.
The vineyards are extremely small compared to New World vineyards and wine making is dominated by craft rather than industry wines. This makes the lists of wines produced long and complex, and many wines hard to obtain as production is so limited.
Regions.
The wine regions in Germany usually referred to are the 13 defined regions for quality wine. The German wine industry has organised itself around these regions and their division into districts. However, there are also a number of regions for the insignificant table wine ("Tafelwein") and country wine ("Landwein") categories. Those regions, with a few exceptions overlap, with the quality wine regions. To make a clear distinction between the quality levels, the regions and subregions for different quality levels have different names on purpose, even when they are allowed to be produced in the same geographical area.
German wine regions.
There are 13 defined regions ("Anbaugebiete") in Germany:
These 13 regions ("Anbaugebiete") are broken down into 39 districts ("Bereiche") which are further broken down into collective vineyard sites ("Großlagen") of which there are 167. The individual vineyard sites ("Einzellagen") number 2,658.
Sorted by size.
Data from 2016.
Tafelwein and Landwein regions.
There are seven regions for Tafelwein ("Weinbaugebiete für Tafelwein"), three of which are divided into two or three subregions ("Untergebiete") each, and 21 regions for Landwein ("Landweingebiete"). These regions have the following relationship to each other, and to the quality wine regions:
Grape varieties.
Overall nearly 135 grape varieties may be cultivated in Germany – 100 are released for white wine production and 35 for red wine production. According to the international image, Germany is still considered a region for white wine production. Since the 1980s, demand for German red wine has constantly increased, and this has resulted in a doubling of the vineyards used for red wine. Nowadays, over 35% of the vineyards are cultivated with red grapes. Some of the red grapes are also used to produce rosé.
Out of all the grape varieties listed below, only 20 have a significant market share.
Grape variety trends over time.
During the last century several changes have taken place with respect to the most planted varieties. Until the early 20th century, Elbling was Germany's most planted variety, after which it was eclipsed by Silvaner during the middle of the 20th century. After a few decades in the top spot, in the late 1960s Silvaner was overtaken by the high-yielding Müller-Thurgau, which in turn started to lose ground in the 1980s. From the mid-1990s, Riesling became the most planted variety, a position it probably had never enjoyed before on a national level. Red grapes in Germany have experienced several ups and downs. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, there was a downward trend, which was reversed around 1980. From mid-1990s and during the next decade, there was an almost explosive growth of plantation of red varieties. Plantings was shared between traditional Spätburgunder and a number of new crossings, led by Dornfelder, while other traditional German red varieties such as Portugieser only held their ground. From around 2005, the proportion of red varieties has stabilized around 37%, about three times the 1980 level.
Common white wine grapes.
White grape varieties account for 66% of the area planted in Germany. Principal varieties are listed below; there are larger numbers of less important varieties too.
Common red wine grapes.
Red wine varieties account for 34% of the plantations in Germany but has increased in recent years.
Permitted varieties.
According to the German wine law, the state governments are responsible for drawing up lists of grape varieties allowed in wine production. The varieties listed below are officially permitted for commercial cultivation. The lists include varieties permitted only for selected experimental cultivation.
Viticultural practices.
Many of the best vineyards in Germany are steep vineyards overlooking rivers, where mechanisation is impossible and a lot of manual labour is needed to produce the wine.
Since it can be difficult to get ripe grapes in such a northernly location as Germany, the sugar maturity of grapes (must weight) as measured by the Oechsle scale have played a great role in Germany.
German vintners on average crop their vineyards quite high, with yields averaging around 64–99 hl/ha, a high figure in international comparison. Some crossings used for low-quality white wine yield up to 150–200 hl/ha, while quality-conscious producers who strive to produce well-balanced wines of concentrated flavours rarely exceed 50 hl/ha.
Many wines in Germany are produced using organic farming or biodynamic methods. With an average annual growth rate of 25 percent and a cultivated area of more than 7,000 hectares, Germany ranks in place six worldwide. The market share of organic wine is between four and five percent.
Winemaking practices.
Chaptalization is allowed only up to the QbA level, not for "Prädikatswein" and all wines must be fermented dry if chaptalised. To balance the wine, unfermented grape juice, called Süssreserve, may be added after fermentation.
Classification.
German wine classification is sometimes the source of confusion. However, to those familiar with the terms used, a German wine label reveals much information about the wine's origin, the minimum ripeness of the grapes used for the wine, as well as the dryness/sweetness of the wine.
In general, the ripeness classifications of German wines reflect minimum sugar content in the grape (also known as "potential alcohol" = the amount of alcohol resulting from fermenting all sugar in the juice) at the point of harvest of the grape. They have nothing to do with the sweetness of the wine after fermentation, which is one of the most common mis-perceptions about German wines.
On wine labels, German wine may be classified according to the residual sugar of the wine. Trocken refers to dry wine. These wines have less than 9 grams/liter of residual sugar. Halbtrocken wines are off-dry and have 9–18 grams/liter of residual sugar. Due to the high acidity ("crispness") of many German wines, the taste profile of many halbtrocken wines fall within the "internationally dry" spectrum rather than being appreciably sweet. Feinherb wines are slightly more sweet than halbtrocken wines. Lieblich wines are noticeably sweet; except for the high category Prädikatsweine of type Beerenauslese and above, lieblich wines from Germany are usually of the low Tafelwein category. The number of German wines produced in a lieblich style has dropped markedly since the style went out of fashion in the 1980s.
In recent years, the Verband Deutscher Prädikats- und Qualitätsweingüter (VDP), which is a private marketing club founded in 1910, has lobbied for the recognition of a vineyard classification, but its effort have not yet changed national law.
There are also several terms to identify the grower and producers of the wine:
Industry structure.
The German wine scene consists of many small craft oriented vineyard owners. The 1999 viticultural survey counted 68 598 vineyard owners, down from 76 683 in Western Germany in 1989/90, for an average size of 1.5 ha. Most of the 40 625 operators of less than 0.5 ha should likely be classified as hobby winemakers. The 2016 viticultural survey counted 15 931 vineyard owners. Two digit decreases of operating owners change the structure. Many smaller vineyard owners do not pursue viticulture as a full-time occupation, but rather as a supplement to other agriculture or to hospitality. It is not uncommon for a visitor to a German wine region to find that a small family-owned "Gasthaus" has its own wine. Smaller grape-growers who do not wish to, or are unable to, commercialise their own wine have several options available: sell the grapes (either on the market each harvest year, or on long-term contract with larger wineries looking to supplement their own production), deliver the grapes to a winemaking cooperative (called "Winzergenossenschaft" in Germany), or sell the wine in bulk to winemaking firms that use them in "bulk brands" or as a base wine for Sekt. Those who own vineyards in truly good locations also have the option of renting them out to larger producers to operate.
A total of 5,864 vineyard owners owned more than 5 ha each in 2016, accounting for 81% of Germany's total vineyard surface, and it is in this category that the full-time vintners and commercial operations are primarily found. However, truly large wineries, in terms of their own vineyard holdings, are rare in Germany. Hardly any German wineries reach the size of New World winemaking companies, and only a few are of the same size as a typical Bordeaux Grand Cru Classé château. Of the ten wineries considered as Germany's best by "Gault Millau Weinguide" in 2007, nine had 10,2 — 19 ha of vineyards, and one (Weingut Robert Weil, owned by Suntory) had 70 ha. This means that most of the high-ranking German wineries each only produces around 100,000 bottles of wine per year. That production is often distributed over, say, 10–25 different wines from different vineyards, of different "Prädikat", sweetness and so on. The largest vineyard owner is the Hessian State Wineries ("Hessische Staatsweingüter"), owned by the state of Hesse, with 200 ha vineyards, the produce of which is vinified in three separate wineries. The largest privately held winery is Dr. Bürklin-Wolf in the Palatinate with 85,5 ha.
Largest German wineries.
By April 2014, the ten largest German wine producers were:


Utkal Grameen Bank

Utkal Grameen Bank (UGB) () is a Regional Rural Bank established on 1 November 2012 with the merger of "Rushikulya Gramya Bank" and "Utkal Gramya Bank" in terms of provisions of Regional Rural Banks Act 1976. The bank is sponsored by State Bank of India & is jointly Owned by the Government of India, Government of Odisha and SBI.
The shareholders of the Bank are Govt. of India (50%), State Bank of India (35%) and Govt. of Odisha (15%). The Bank is operating in 17 districts of Odisha State with its Head Office at Bolangir. Besides, the bank has seven Regional Offices in western and southern Odisha.
History.
The bank was established on 1 November 2012 as an amalgamation of the Rushikulya and Utkal RRBs. At the time of amalgation, Rushikulya bank had only 87 branches. It subsequently grew to a network of 442 branches, of which 360 are in remote rural areas. Apart from the Head Office at Bolangir, the bank has opened regional offices at Sambalpur, Rayagada, Phulbani,Bolangir,Bargarh, Bhawanipatna, Jeypore and Berhampur.
Presently, the Bank operates in 17 districts of Western and Southern Odisha, covering 63% of the geographical area and 48% of the total population of Odisha State.
Performance.
The bank made a profit of Rs 9.01 Crore in the year 2011-12. The bank had a credit-deposit ratio of 59.5% at the time of amalgamation.
In 2015, Utkal Grameen Bank came First in the ranking of all banks in Odisha on Financial Inclusion parameters, with a score of 75 out of 100, becoming the best bank to handle Government business in the State.
Board of directors.
The bank's affairs are conducted by a Board of Directors consisting of the following persons :-


Berritzgaard

The Berritzgaard estate and manor house is one of the largest and best preserved manor houses on the island of Lolland in Denmark. The estate can be traced back to 1382, to its first owner, Markvard Pøiske. The estate developed from a village called "Berith", situated where the Berritzgaard manor house now stands. Later, the Huitfeldt family purchased the estate. Jacob Huitfeldt and his wife Lisebeth Friis built the present manor house that was constructed by Hans van Steenwinckel the Elder. Lisebeth Friis was widowed before the house was finished in 1586.
The style of the house is in the Dutch Renaissance architectural style and Berritzgaard is considered to be the most unspoiled example of a manor house from this style period in Denmark.
History.
Ownership by the Huitfeldt Family, Sale to Abraham Lehn.
In 1654, Joachim Gersdorff, the widower after Huitfeldt, sold the Berritzgaard estate to Hans Wilhelm von Harstall, who was the "Chosen Prince Christian's" stable master. His son, Christian Ulrich von Harstall, became King Christian V's Master of the Royal Stables. Because of his service to the Kingdom, he was given additional land to add to the Berritzgaard estate. This was the only time in the history of Berritzgaard that the estate was expanded by royal gift. After being widowed, his daughter sold Berritzgaard to Abraham Lehn (the Younger) in 1729. Johan Lehn, Abraham's the Elder's father, had emigrated to Denmark from the Netherlands. The Lehn family made their fortune in the wine trade, grocery trade and in the shipping business, with Abraham Lehn the Elder being the director of the Danish East India Company. Their primary import product was tea from Ceylon.
Creation of the Barony of Guldborgland.
Abraham Lehn the Younger's son, Poul Abraham Lehn, created the Barony of Guldborgland from his holdings at Berritzgaard and the purchase of the Oreby Estate in 1775, combining all of his possessions northwest of Sakskøbing. In the 1790s, much work was done on the grounds by Johan Christian Boas, a German landscape architect who brought knowledge on farming and crop rotation to the estate, including the use of clover as a rotation crop. His plans for the gardens at Berritzgaard won national prizes in Denmark.
According to tradition, Poul Lehn's only son out of his four children died when he fell out of a window at the Berritzgaard house, so the Guldborgland barony later went to Poul Lehn's granddaughter. She was Christiane Henriette von Barner, who after a short and very happy, but childless marriage, was widowed in 1811. In 1820 she remarried Colonel Henrik Christian Rosenoern. Now in possession of the Guldborgland Barony, Colonel Henrik Christian Rosenoern was given the title "baron" with the name Rosenoern-Lehn for him and his descendants to bear.
Abandonment of the House as a Family House.
Christiane Henriette had previously decided to move the headquarters of the Barony of Guldborgland to the more beautifully situated Oreby Estate and to restore the rather rundown castle there. To carry this out, Poul Lehn's will, in which he had had set aside a considerable sum of money to restore Berritzgaard's big detached wing, had to be changed. This was successful and Berritzgaard was abandoned in 1810 as living quarters for the Rosenoern-Lehn family and was not used as a family house for the next 160 years.
The house was left only partly furnished, now and then occupied by staff in the lower part of the house. The run down wing that was supposed to be restored was instead demolished, and Hans van Steenwinckel's fine house was allowed to stand untouched by changing architectural fashions. Occasionally the house was used for other purposes. In 1864 it was used as a hospital during the Danish-Prussian War, and just after World War I it was used as a refugee camp. In 1940-1943 the Danish army had a garrison that was taken over by the German occupation forces. From 1945 to 1949 the house and the grounds were used as a refugee camp for East Germans. In the 1950s, a rug factory was operated on the grounds. Much of the land surrounding the estate were lost in the land redistribution in Denmark that took place in 1919-1921. Many large estates were broken into small plots and leased to farmers through the Danish government.
Renovations of the House and Grounds.
One of the larger known renovations of Berritzgaard was in the 1890s where the existing leaded lights were added to mimic the Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen and the windows on the first floor were shortened so they would "stand" on the decorative limestone border, which is set into the redbrick wall all around the house. During the same renovation, several blinded windows were re-established. The house was kept in basic repair until 1970 where Christiane Henriette's great-great grandchild (the present owner) converted the house to his private residence with a general restoring and refurnishing of the house.
In the 1950s the public road "Kogangen" was moved from its immediate position north of the house to its present southern location between the house and the farm-building complex thus combining the gardens north and south of the house. At the same occasion the fragmented moat system was cleaned up and extended and a new moat was dug where the public road had run, thus combining the fragments. The old baroque garden north of the house was cleared of younger tree avenues and a fruit garden thus making room for the original double driveway avenue of lime trees planted sometimes in mid-18th century. This avenue frames the garden room beautifully and by making a "false" perspective gives an impression of a far view in an otherwise completely flat landscape.
Complete Renovation and Reestablishment as a Private Residence.
The tiled roof was restored in the mid 1970s and during the last 30 years the house has been fully restored in respect to the national listing of historic places underwhich the house is placed.
The house is a private residence and is not open to the public.
Cultural references.
In 1950 a film was made on the property entitled "Historien om Hjortholm."


Werner Willikens

Werner Willikens (8 February 1893 in Vienenburg – 25 October 1961 in Wolfenbüttel) was a German politician with the Nazi Party. His phrase "working towards the Führer", which he used in a 1934 speech, has become a common description of Nazi bureaucracy in literature.
Biography.
Willikens enrolled in the German Imperial Army in 1912 and served in World War I as a battery commander.
An early Nazi Party member, he was farmer by profession and organised the first training course for Nazi farmers in 1926. Willikens was a member of the "Reichstag" from electoral constituency 16 (South Hanover-Brunswick), elected as one of the first 12 Nazi deputies in 1928 and retaining his seat until the fall of the Third Reich. In 1930 he was appointed deputy chairman of "Agrarpolitischer Apparat", Agricultural Affairs Bureau of the NSDAP and also chaired the Agrarian League. His appointment to the national executive of the "Reichslandbund" in 1930 was the first time that the highly conservative group - up to that point firmly linked to the German National People's Party - had given a position of influence to a Nazi. After Adolf Hitler came to power Willikens was appointed as a State Secretary in the Agriculture Ministry.
Ian Kershaw has argued that a speech made by Willikens in 1934, in particular his use of the phrase "working towards the Führer", was important in laying the framework for the Holocaust. Kershaw argued that the speech recognised the aloofness of Hitler's charismatic leadership and thus encouraged officials to second-guess Hitler's wishes and act accordingly. Kershaw suggests that Adolf Eichmann's rise from minor functionary to a leading role in the SS was built on this principle of "working towards the Führer". Indeed, such was Kershaw's use of Willikens' phrase that his tribute book even bore it as a title. The speech itself was made in Berlin on 21 February 1934 to representatives of the regional agriculture ministries.


Triple Super Phosphate Complex Limited

Triple Super Phosphate Complex Limited or TSP Complex Limited is a government owned fertilizer company in Bangladesh. It is under supervision of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC). It primarily produces phosphate fertilizers. The factory complex consists of 2 units of TSP fertilizer producing facility with installed capacity of 1,52,000 MT (Unit-1; 32,000 MT and Unit-2; 1,20,000 MT).
It was founded by East Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (EPIDC) before the independence of Bangladesh and went into commercial production in 1974. Among the units TSP-II was commissioned earlier in September 1974 and TSP-I unit went into commercial production in April 1977. In the beginning it only produced Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) fertilizer and from 1990 is started producing Single superphosphate fertilizer also. The fertilizer complex is located Karnaphuli river bank at Patenga, Chittagong.


Bud Boyce

Joseph Russell (Bud) Boyce (March 20, 1924 in Saint John, New Brunswick – March 16, 1984) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1969 to 1981, and served in the cabinet of Edward Schreyer. Initially a New Democrat, Boyce became a Progressive in 1981.
Boyce grew up in Elm Creek, Manitoba, was educated at the University of Manitoba, and served as a signalman in the Royal Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve from 1941 to 1945. He later served as a school councillor at St. John's Technical High School. He supported Sidney Green for the leadership of the provincial NDP in 1968 and 1969.
He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the provincial election of 1969, defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative Jim Cowan by almost 1,000 votes in the riding of Winnipeg Centre under the slogan Bud Boyce, your choice. He was not appointed to cabinet in the legislative term which followed, although he served as Deputy Speaker for a few months in 1971. In the 1973, he was re-elected by an increased majority over Tory candidate Robert Wilson.
On June 26, 1974, Boyce entered cabinet as the Minister responsible for Corrections and Rehabilitations. He held this position until the Schreyer government was defeated in the 1977 election.
Boyce was re-elected in the 1977 election, defeating Tory candidate Philip S. Lee with a reduced majority. In 1979, he supported Sidney Green's unsuccessful bid to become interim leader of the provincial NDP.
On March 3, 1981, Boyce announced that he was joining Green's new Progressive Party of Manitoba, along with fellow New Democratic MLA Ben Hanuschak. He ran for re-election in the redistributed riding of Fort Rouge in the 1981 election, but fared poorly, receiving only 243 votes.
After being defeated, Boyce worked as a consultant. He died at home in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 1984, before the next election was held.
In 1955 Bud Boyce abandoned a wife and 3 small children in Antioch California. He left to move back to Canada and never gave his family any support and Betty was left to raise 3 children by herself with no support financially or physically.
[[Category: Betty Boyce mother of 3 abandoned children in Antioch, CA in 1955}]


Josef Priller

Josef "Pips" Priller (; 27 July 1915 – 20 May 1961) was a German military aviator and wing commander in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 101 enemy aircraft shot down in 307 combat missions. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front, including 11 four-engine bombers and at least 68 Supermarine Spitfire fighters.
Priller joined the military service in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany in 1935. Initially serving in the Army, he transferred to the Luftwaffe (Air Force) in 1936. Following flight training, he was posted to "Jagdgeschwader" 334 (JG 334—334th Fighter Wing) and then to "Jagdgeschwader" 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 1 May 1939. On 1 September 1939, the day when Germany invaded Poland, he was appointed squadron leader of the 6. "Staffel" of JG 51. He flew in the Battle of France and claimed his first aerial victory on 28 May 1940. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in October 1940 following his 20th aerial victory which he claimed during the Battle of Britain.
In November 1940, Priller was transferred to "Jagdgeschwader" 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) and was given command of the 1st Squadron. In June and July 1941 he accounted for a further 20 victories, earning him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 19 October 1941. Priller was appointed Group Commander of the III. "Gruppe" of JG 26 "Schlageter" on 6 December 1941. He claimed his 70th victory on 5 May 1942. Priller became Wing Commander of JG 26 "Schlageter" on 11 January 1943. During the Allied Invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 he flew one of the few Luftwaffe missions against the Allied beachhead that day. Priller claimed his 100th victory on 15 June 1944. For this achievement he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. During Operation Bodenplatte on 1 January 1945, Priller led an attack on the Allied airfields at Brussels-Evere and Brussels-Grimbergen. On 31 January 1945 Priller was appointed "Inspekteur der Jagdflieger West" (Inspector of Fighter Pilots West) and ceased operational flying. He held this position until the end of the war in May 1945.
Following the war, Priller managed the family brewery business. He died in 1961.
Early life and career.
Priller, who was nicknamed "Pips" since his early youth, was born on 27 July 1915 in Ingolstadt in the Kingdom of Bavaria, a state of the German Empire. After he graduated with his "Abitur" (diploma) he joined the military service of the Wehrmacht as a "Fahnenjunker" (officer candidate) with "Infantry-Regiment" 20 in Amberg of the 10th Infantry Division on 1 April 1935. Against the will of his battalion commander he transferred to the Luftwaffe as an "Oberfähnrich" (officer cadet) on 1 October 1936. He then received flight training at the pilot school in Salzwedel. On 1 April 1937, he was promoted to "Leutnant" (second lieutenant).
Following flight training, Priller was posted to the "Jagdgruppe Wiesbaden", this unit was later designated I. "Gruppe" (1st group) of "Jagdgeschwader" 334 and then became I. "Gruppe" of "Jagdgeschwader" 133 on 1 November 1938. He was then transferred to Bad Aibling, serving with I. "Gruppe" of "Jagdgeschwader" 135, a unit which on 1 May 1939 formed I. "Gruppe" of "Jagdgeschwader" 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) and was commanded by "Major" Max Ibel. With JG 51, he served as the "Nachrichtenoffizier" (communication officer) of I. "Gruppe". In July 1939, he was posted to I. "Gruppe" of "Jagdgeschwader" 71, which on 1 November was renamed to II. "Gruppe" of JG 51. Priller was promoted to "Oberleutnant" (first lieutenant) on 1 September 1939.
World War II.
World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. At the time, II. "Gruppe" of JG 51 was based at Fürstenfeldbruck and still in its infancy of creation. It was made up of three "Staffeln" (squadrons) and according to the Luftwaffe nomenclature were named 4., 5. and 6. "Staffel". Priller was appointed "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) on 20 October and tasked with forming of 6. "Staffel" (6th squadron) at Eutingen im Gäu. On 5 November, 6. "Staffel" was officially created and became operational. On 9 February 1940, II. "Gruppe" was moved to Böblingen Airfield where it was subordinated to "Jagdgeschwader" 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) and tasked with patrolling the Upper Rhine region during the Phoney War phase of World War II.
On 11 May 1940, the second day of the Battle of France, II. "Gruppe" flew ground attack missions in the Alsace region. Following the German advance into Belgium and France, 6. "Staffel" was moved to Dinant on 26 May. That day, remnants of the French Army and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) were retreating towards Dunkirk. To save the BEF, the British under the cover of the Royal Air Force (RAF), had launched Operation Dynamo. On 28 May, Priller claimed his first two aerial victories. He was credited with shooting down two RAF fighters over the Dunkirk battle zone. RAF Fighter Command reported eight Hawker Hurricanes shot down, four pilots killed in action and one as a prisoner of war on 28 May. Two Supermarine Spitfires were damaged in combat with Bf 109s. German pilots claimed 26 British aircraft on this date. For this achievement, Priller was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class () on 30 May 1940. In total, Priller was credited with six aerial victories during the French campaign. This number includes a Spitfire and Hurricane claimed on 28 May, a Curtiss P-36 Hawk on 2 June, two Bristol Blenheim bombers on 8 June, and another Spitfire on 25 June. This made Priller one of the leading fighter pilots of JG 51 during the Battle of France. For this, he received the Iron Cross 1st Class () on 10 July 1940.
Battle of Britain.
In July 1940, the Luftwaffe began a series of air operations dubbed "Kanalkampf" (Channel Battle) over the English Channel against the RAF, which marked the beginning of the Battle of Britain. On 14 July, Priller claimed a Hurricane shot down southeast of Dover. Pilot Officer M. R. Mudie, piloting Hurricane "L1584", No. 615 Squadron was killed in combat with a JG 51 Bf 109. On 20 July, Priller claimed another Hurricane in the afternoon at 19:20 CET. No. 32 Squadron lost two Hurricanes in combat with JG 51 at this time—one pilot was killed, Squadron Leader J Worrall survived. Pilot Officer G Keighley, 610 Squadron was shot down by JG 51 at the same time. Off Dover on 29 July, Priller claimed a Spitfire. Two Spitfires from No. 41 Squadron force-landed with battle damage and one pilot, Flying Officer D. R. Gamblen. No. 56 Squadron lost Flight Sergeant C. J. Cooney killed.
From 13 August—Adlertag—the Luftwaffe targeted airfields. On 14 August Priller claimed another Spitfire at 13:45. Fighter Command lost seven fighters. No Spitfires were lost at this time and place, but at 12:45 GMT two No. 615 Squadron Hurricane pilots were killed in combat off Dover. Pilot Officer R. Montgomery and Flying Officer P. Collard died aged 26 and 24. The following day, 15 August, developed into a large series of battles over southern and northern England. To the Germans it became known as "Black Thursday" due to the scale of the losses. 130 Bf 109s from JG 51, JG 52 and JG 54 escorted 88 Dornier Do 17 bombers from KG 3 to targets in the south. As the formation approached Deal, 60 Bf 109s from JG 26 carried out a fighter sweep either side of Dover. Seven RAF squadrons intercepted but could not penetrate the fighter screen. No. 64, No. 111 and No. 151 Squadron are known to have engaged at approximately 15:30 GMT. 64 lost two Spitfires and one pilot, 111 lost one Hurricane and another damaged with one pilot killed, and No. 151 Squadron suffered damage to one Hurricane. Priller claimed a Hurricane. The following afternoon, Priller claimed a Hurricane over Canterbury. Elements of JG 51 engaged No. 111 Squadron and two 4./JG 51 pilots were posted missing. 111 Squadron pilot Sergeant R. Carnall was burned when shot down while another pilot was killed in a head-on collision with a Do 17. On 24 August Priller continued claiming with two further fighters destroyed. JG 51 lost four pilots in combat with 32 and No. 56 Squadron. Five No. 32 Squadron Hurricanes were shot down with one pilot wounded while No. 65 Squadron suffered no losses. Updated sources show a single Spitfire from No. 65 Squadron was damaged but was repaired. On 26 August Priller made a claim west of Boulogne, France at 18:57 local time. Sergeant P. T. Wareing, No. 616 Squadron, was reported missing at approximately 18:45, shot down over the French coast, reportedly near Calais. Wareing was captured.
Priller filed no claims in September 1940 as the air battles reached a climax. On 7 October Priller claimed a victory in the morning and afternoon. Three JG 51 fighters were destroyed in combat with RAF fighters. One of these losses was inflicted by No. 501 Squadron. The British unit lost one pilot killed; Flying Officer N J M Barry. Another Spitfire was damaged in a collision with a Bf 109. During the day Fighter Command reported 14 fighters destroyed and three damaged. On 15 October 1940, Priller claimed two fighters in the early afternoon. No. 92 Squadron accounted for one of the JG 51's casualties, and lost one Spitfire in the engagement [two were lost in an early morning battle]. Pilot Officer J W Lund was rescued by naval craft. Fighter Command reported 15 fighters destroyed in combat with Bf 109s and two damaged. A final 20th claim made by Priller on 17 October was his last of the Battle of Britain. Pilot Officer H W Reilly, No. 66 Squadron, was killed in combat with JG 51 over Kent. On 19 October 1940, Priller was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (). He was the fourth pilot of JG 51 to receive this distinction.
With "Jagdgeschwader" 26 "Schlageter".
In November 1940, the "Geschwaderkommodore" (wing commander) of "Jagdgeschwader" 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing), Adolf Galland, used his influence with the Ministry of Aviation (RLM—"Reichsluftfahrtministerium") in Berlin and had Priller transferred to JG 26. JG 26 was named after Albert Leo Schlageter, a martyr cultivated by the Nazi Party. Priller arrived with JG 26 on 19 November, taking command of 1. "Staffel", a squadron of I. "Gruppe", as "Staffelkapitän". On 16 June 1941, the RAF flew "Circus" No. 13, targeting Boulogne with six Blenheim bombers, escorted by six squadrons of fighter escort from No. 11 Group. The RAF attack was countered by I. "Gruppe" and JG 26's "Stabsschwarm". During this engagement, Priller claimed a Spitfire and a Blenheim from No. 59 Squadron shot down.
Between 16 June and 11 July 1941, Priller claimed 19 RAF aircraft, including 17 Spitfires. Priller's first claims of the year were made on 16 June. Fighter Command reported six losses, although British sources credit the loss of four to JG 26. Squadron Leader John Mungo-Park, commanding No. 74 Squadron, force-landed after combat. Pilot Officer D H Gage of No. 91 Squadron was killed over the Channel; both pilots were lost in action with an unstated unit. No. 1, No. 54 and No. 258 Squadrons reported one loss each. Sergeant A Nasswetter, a Czech pilot of the latter squadron, died of his wounds.
On 7 July Priller claimed two Spitfires. Fighter Command reported three aircraft destroyed, and their pilots wounded. On 14 July, RAF "Circus" No. 48 targeted the Hazebrouck motor yards on. The attack force of Blenheim bombers was escorted by Spitfire fighters. Priller attacked the fighters of No. 72 Squadron south of Dunkirk and shot down one of the Spitfires from dead ahead, taking his total to 40 aerial victories. Priller's adversary was Sergeant W M Lamberton in "R7219", who was captured, wounded. For this achievement, Priller was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 20 July 1941. By this date, he had accumulated 41 aerial victories and was the 28th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. His 41st aerial victory had been claimed over another No. 72 Squadron Spitfire on 19 July off Dover.
Group commander.
On 22 November 1941, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring informed Galland that he would succeed "Oberst" Werner Mölders as "General der Jagdflieger" (General of the Fighter Arm), a staff position with the RLM in Berlin. In consequence of this decision, on 6 December, "Major" Gerhard Schöpfel, "Gruppenkommandeur" (group commander) of III. "Gruppe" was appointed "Geschwaderkommodore" of JG 26, and Priller was given command of III. "Gruppe", and "Oberleutnant" Josef Haiböck took over 1. "Staffel". On 11 December, Priller was one of the first pilots to receive a then new Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-2 radial engine powered fighter aircraft, testing it on nineteen flights before year's end.
Priller engaged in combat for the first time while flying the Fw 190 on 3 January 1942. On a test flight, he claimed a Hurricane shot down northwest of Calais. On 1 May, Fighter Command ordered one "Circus" and four "Rodeos" to France. III. "Gruppe" was scrambled and attacked elements of the Kenley Wing near Calais. During this attack, III. "Gruppe" claimed four aerial victories, one of which by Priller who shot down a Spitfire north of Calais.
On 9 October, Priller for the first time encountered heavy bombers of the United States Strategic Air Forces (USAAF). Misjudging the size of the bombers, he underestimated their altitude and had to make three approaches before coming into an attack position. Attacking from the rear, Priller shot down a Consolidated B-24 Liberator from the 93d Bombardment Group. On 20 December, Priller claimed his 81st aerial victory when he shot down a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber from the 91st Bombardment Group over the Baie de la Seine. That day, the USAAF VIII Bomber Command, later renamed to Eighth Air Force, had targeted Lille with 101 B-17s and B-24s.
Wing commander.
Priller was promoted to "Major" (major) on 1 January 1943. On 8 January 1943, at a Luftwaffe conference in Berlin, "General der Jagdflieger" (General of the Fighter Arm) Galland informed "Geschwaderkommodore" Schöpfel that he was to be transferred to a staff position with "Jagdfliegerführer Bretagne" and that Priller would be replacing Schöpfel as "Geschwaderkommodore" of JG 26. Priller was also told that JG 26 was scheduled to be deployed on the Eastern Front. On 10 January, Priller took over command of JG 26. His first task was to work out the plans for the transfer to the Eastern Front. The original idea was to transfer the various "Gruppen" of JG 26 in exchange for the "Gruppen" of "Jagdgeschwader" 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) which were planned to move west. By March 1943, the first "Gruppe" to arrive on the Western Front had been III. "Gruppe" of JG 54. Since the combat conditions on the Western Front differed from those on the Eastern Front, a smooth transition of units proved to be more difficult than expected. Priller's reports to Galland were pessimistic of the idea and in consequence, on 27 March, Galland postponed the decision to exchange units, a plan that was later cancelled.
On 19 August, VIII Bomber Command sent a number of B-17 bombers in an attack on Luftwaffe airfields at Woensdrecht, Gilze-Rijen and Souburg. The attack force was escorted by ten squadrons of Spitfires during the approach and two groups of Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters over the target areas, and two further groups of P-47s during the return. Priller led his "Stabsschwarm" and 8. "Staffel" in this engagement. Avoiding combat with the 56th Fighter Group, he led his flight in a frontal attack on the B-17 bombers which resulted in the destruction of two B-17s from the 305th Bombardment Group.
On 20 October, Priller attacked a 96th Bombardment Group B-17 bomber its mission to Düren and shot it out of formation. This "Herausschuss" (separation shot)—the damaged heavy bomber was forced to separate from its combat box—was counted as an aerial victory by the Luftwaffe. In late 1943, in parallel to his obligations as "Geschwaderkommodore", Priller served as interims "Jagdfliegerführer" 4, the commander of the fighter forces of "Luftflotte" 3. Priller was promoted to "Oberstleutnant" (lieutenant colonel) on 1 January 1944.
On 6 June 1944 (D-Day), Priller, accompanied by his wingman made a single strafing pass attack on Sword Beach in their Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-8s. This act was first brought to the world's attention by the book, then the film, "The Longest Day". Contrary to popular belief, Priller and his wingman ("Feldwebel" Heinz Wodarczyk) were not the only Luftwaffe forces to attack the beachhead that day. Both Luftwaffe "Hauptmann" (Captain) Helmut Eberspächer, leading a ground-attack four-plane element of Fw 190s of "Schnellkampfgeschwader" 10, which downed a quartet of RAF Avro Lancasters at 05:00 over the invasion area, and the Luftwaffe bomber wing "Kampfgeschwader" 54 made several attacks on the British beachheads on D-Day.
The Eighth Air Force attacked various tactical targets in France on 15 June. To counter this attack, "Jagdfliegerführer" 5 dispatched the German fighters at dawn. Priller and his wingman, "Unteroffizier" Heinz Wodarczyk, joined II. "Gruppe", heading for the area west of Caen and encountered the USAAF heavy bombers just as they were crossing the French coast. Avoiding the escort fighters, Priller attacked the first combat box of about twenty B-24 bombers from the front. Priller shot down a B-24 from the 492nd Bomb Group flying in the left outboard position at 07:10 west of Dreux and southwest of Chartres. This aerial victory was Priller's 100th claim. He was the 77th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. Priller was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords () on 2 July 1944. He was the 93rd member of the German armed forces to be so honored.
On 1 January 1945, he led JG 26 in the ill-fated mass attack on Allied airfields, in Operation Bodenplatte, (an operation that saw Wodarczyk killed). That day, Priller was promoted to "Oberst" (colonel). On 28 January 1945, Priller left JG 26 and was replaced as "Geschwaderkommodore" of JG 26 by "Major" Franz Götz. Priller was appointed as Inspector of Day Fighters (West), a staff position with the Inspector of Fighters.
After the war.
After the war, Priller studied brewing at the Weihenstephan Science Centre for Life & Food Sciences, Land Use and Environment (WZW), a department of the Technical University of Munich. Following graduation, he became general manager of the Riegele brewery after his marriage to the owner, Johanna Riegele-Priller. He was one of several D-day combatants to advise on the making of the film "The Longest Day", in which he was portrayed by Heinz Reincke. He died on 20 May 1961 from a heart attack in Böbing, Upper Bavaria. He was buried at the "Westfriedhof" (western cemetery) in Augsburg. The street "Josef-Priller-Straße" in Augsburg and Fürstenfeldbruck were named after him. His oldest son Sebastian became head of the Riegele-Brewery in 1991.
Summary of career.
Aerial victory claims.
Priller flew 307 combat missions to claim 101 victories. All his victories were recorded over the Western Front, and consisted of 11 USAAF heavy bombers, 68 Spitfires (the highest Luftwaffe ace's tally for this type), 11 Hurricanes, five medium bombers and five USAAF fighters. Matthews and Foreman, authors of "Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 100 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. All of his victories were claimed on the Western Front and includes ten four-engined bombers.
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = "Planquadrat"), for example "PQ 05 Ost ML-7". The "Luftwaffe" grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.


Maronesa

The Maronesa is a traditional Portuguese breed of mountain cattle. Its name derives from that of the Serra do Marão, which lies in the Trás-os-Montes and Douro Litoral regions in the northern part of the country. Its primary use is for draught power.
History.
The origin of the Maronesa is not clear and remains controversial. Historical evidence suggests that it derives from cross-breeding of the Barrosã and Mirandesa breeds, and it was considered a cross-breed until about 1835, when it was acknowledged to be a separate breed. Support for descent from Barrosã and Mirandesa comes from a 1993 study regarding the frequency of the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation in the three breeds, where the value for the Maronesa (~40%) is intermediate between that for the Barrosã (65%) and that for the Mirandesa (below 2%).
A study published in 1998 found it to have a substantial genetic distance from the Barrosã, the Mirandesa, and all other breeds of northern Portugal and Galicia, micro-satellite analysis of Portuguese breeds in 2004 grouped it most closely with the Barrosã.
The Maronesa was formerly numerous in the provinces of Douro, Minho and Trás-os-Montes, and particularly in the Serra do Alvão, the , and the Serra do Marão. There is no census data from before 1940, when just over head were counted; in 1955 there were animals registered, and in 1972 there were . Numbers later dropped.
A breeders' association was formed by fourteen breeders in 1988, and a breed register was started in the same year. By 1996 the number of farmers rearing the breed had risen to almost 1500. In 2008, the breed was officially approved by the Direção Geral de Veterinária, and the breed register became a genealogical herd-book.
In 2007, the FAO listed the conservation status of the Maronesa as "not at risk". At the end of 2016 there were 4777 breeding cows registered in the herd-book; the total population was estimated at 8300–9900. Threats to the Maronesa include the falling number of keepers of the breed, their increasing mean age, and changes in the tax regulations.
Characteristics.
The Maronesa is traditional rustic cattle breed. It shows morphological similarity to the Portuguese fighting bull, the Brava de Lide, with marked sexual dimorphism: mature bulls are larger than cows, have a more heavily muscled neck, and tend to show more development in the foreparts compared with the rectangular body outline of cows and bullocks.
The usual colour is black with a chestnut dorsal stripe, but many cows are chestnut-brown. There is a pale ring round the muzzle; the muzzle and mucosa are black. The head is broad and short, and the profile straight. The horns extend horizontally from the skull, then point forwards and downwards so that they are almost parallel to the facial profile. The dewlap is well developed. In cows, the udder is covered in fine hair.
Use.
The traditional use of the Maronesa was for draught power. Since 1996, beef and veal from Maronesa animals reared by eco-friendly methods in a defined and approximately circular area extending northwards from Vila Real – the area of the Serra do Alvão, the Serra da Padrela and the Serra do Marão – has had DOP status, and may be marketed as "Carne Maronesa DOP". The calving rate is low, at about 75 per 100 cows.
The Maronesa has been used in attempts to re-create the aurochs, such as the TaurOs programme and Uruz project.


William E. Niles

William E. Niles (1799 – August 17, 1873) was a farmer, businessman and political figure in Canada West.
He was born in Coeymans, New York in 1799 and came to Upper Canada to live with his uncle Willet Casey in Adolphustown Township. He later moved to Detroit and then settled on a farm in Upper Canada near the current location of Nilestown, which was named after him. Niles built a sawmill there and opened a store. He served on the council for London District (later Middlesex County) from 1842 to 1854, serving as warden from 1847. In 1849, he became a justice of the peace and, in 1851, was named lieutenant-colonel for the local militia. Niles was the first reeve for North Dorchester township, serving from 1850 to 1853. In 1854, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for East Middlesex as a moderate Reformer. He served as director for the Great Western Railway. Niles was originally raised as a Quaker but later became an Anglican. He was also a Freemason.
He died in London, Ontario in 1873.
His daughter Annie Maria married Ellis Walton Hyman, a London businessman; their son Charles Smith Hyman later represented London in the Canadian House of Commons.


Shaw Brothers Lumber Company

The Shaw Brothers Lumber Company was a forestry company that had logging operations and sawmills along the Manitoba Escarpment.
Manitoba Operations.
James and Thomas Shaw began their careers as flour millers and sawmillers in Ontario.
In 1889, they moved to Dauphin, MB and opened a flour mill and a sawmill on the Valley River. Logs for the sawmill were cut down in the Duck Mountains, and were then floated down the river to the sawmill.
In 1899, they moved their mill to Edwards Creek at the base of the Riding Mountains. By 1914, they had stopped their operations in Manitoba to focus on their operations in the Northwest Territories.
Northwest Territories Operations.
In 1901, the brothers began logging in the Pasquia Hills, north of Prairie River, Saskatchewan, in what was then the District of Saskatchewan in the Northwest Territories. A saw- and planing-mill was also built near Prairie River.
In 1906 (the year after Saskatchewan became a province), they built their own railway called the Shaw Logging Railroad to transport logs to their mill, and finished product from their mill to the Canadian Northern Railway line that ran between Erwood and Melfort. They owned and used two Type B Geared Shay Locomotives, which were able to run fulled-loaded on grades up to 12%. In addition to wood, they also used to transport passengers.
By 1920, their Saskatchewan operations had also closed down.


William R. Elliston

William R. Elliston (1815–1870) was an American planter, slaveholder and politician. He served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1845 to 1847. He owned Burlington Plantation in what is now Nashville, Tennessee. An investor in railroads and real estate, Elliston entered his horses in equestrian competitions. The former plantation property was later developed as modern-day Centennial Park, Vanderbilt University and West End Park.
Early life.
Elliston was born in 1815. His father, Joseph Thorpe Elliston, was a silversmith and planter who served as the fourth mayor of Nashville from 1814 to 1817. The young Elliston grew up on Sixth Avenue in Downtown Nashville. In the twentieth century, the Tennessee Performing Arts Center was built on this site.
Career.
Elliston was a member of the Whig Party. He was elected and served one term as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1845 to 1847.
Elliston inherited Burlington Plantation from his father in 1856. The land included 208 acres in "what is now 20th Avenue to a line covering part of Centennial Park, and from a line well within the Vanderbilt campus today to Charlotte Avenue", as well as 350 acres "along what is now Murphey Road, including the Acklen Park [West End Park] area." It ran across what is today West End Avenue.
Elliston and his wife Elizabeth arranged to build a new mansion in 1859 to replace his father's plantation house. Elliston continued to depend on slave labor to operate the plantation.
During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, the Union Army used the west wing of the Burlington mansion as a base, after it had occupied Nashville . Elliston had hid "the valuables of Nashville merchants" in his basement. After the war, Elliston was among several businessmen who called for the construction of a chapel in Lexington, Virginia, in honor of Stonewall Jackson.
Elliston invested in the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and the Tennessee and Pacific Railroad. He was an investor in the Richland Turnpike Company in Nashville as well as municipal bonds for the city of Memphis, Tennessee. He was also a shareholder in the Union Bank, the Commercial Insurance Company, the Old Tennessee Marine and Fire Insurance Company, and the New Tennessee Marine and Fire Insurance Company.
Elliston was a horsebreeder, and he entered his stallions in equestrian competitions such as the ones held by the Tennessee Agricultural and Mechanical Association, on whose board he served until 1870.
Personal life and legacy.
Elliston married Elizabeth Boddie. She was a granddaughter of his stepmother. They resided at the Burlington mansion, which they had built in 1859 to incorporate a house built by his father Joseph. Then within a 208-acre plantation, its former site is on what is today modern-day Elliston Place. Their children included a son Elijah Boddie Elliston and daughter Lizinska (see below).
Their son Elijah Boddie Elliston (1841–1879) married Leonora née Chapman (1846–1899). Among their children was William R. Elliston (1872–1909), named for his grandfather. He married Selene Harding Jackson, a daughter of General William Hicks Jackson. The younger Elliston was active in competing in trap shooting, with tournaments being held at private sporting clubs.
Their daughter Lizinska married Edward Buford, a Confederate veteran, in November 1875. They had five children, four of whom survived to adulthood, including Edward Buford III.
Elliston died in 1870. His and Harding-Jackson descendants lived in the mansion until 1932, when it was razed.