Lagarde (winery)

Lagarde or Bodega Lagarde is a family-owned winery located in the Luján de Cuyo Department located in the west of the Mendoza Province, Argentina and was founded in 1897. Lagarde consists of five Mendoza vineyards and is currently owned and managed by the Pescarmona family. The winery is currently run by the third generation Pescarmonas: Sofia Pescarmona and Lucila Pescarmona, with Juan Roby Stordeur as the winemaker since 2002.
History.
Artillery Capitan Don Jose Angel Pereira founded Lagarde in 1897 after a military campaign in the Mendoza region. He planted both Malbec and Cabernet Franc varietals. Some of his original vines still produce grapes for the Lagarde Malbec. When the great grandchild of Jose Angel had no heirs to take control of Lagarde, he decided to pass on the vineyard to his close friend, Luis Menotti Pescarmona in 1969. Under Pescarmona ownership, the winery has acquired 4 additional vineyards and introduce multiple new varietals.
Pescarmona Sisters.
Sofia and Lucila Pescarmona are considered to be part of the new generation of women in the winemaking world in Argentina, together with Susana Balbo and Laura Catena, among others. Both sister's obtained their MBA at IAE Business School in 1991 and 2011 respectively. They are considered to be part of a new generation of thriving young women managing Argentine wineries to a new frontier.
Sofia has managed the vineyard since 2001 and has helped the transformation of the old Lagarde into a new a modern facility. Lucila currently overseas the exports of the winery and sits on the board of Wines of Argentina.
Winery.
The winery is located in the original wine-making region of Mendoza, Luján de Cuyo and has kept its original physical structures to house the winery. For example the restaurant is set in a 19th-century manor house.
Vineyards.
Lagarde has five different vineyards located in different areas of Mendoza like Lujan de Cuyo, Perdriel, Gualtallary, Agrelo and Uco Valley.
Wines.
Altas Cumbres.
Altas Cumbres is the line of young and expressive wines. The collection comprises
Lagarde.
Lagarde or Henry Lagarde in the US, is the core brand of the winery, usually referred to as the Reserve Line. The wines are 100% varietal wines.
Guarda.
Guarda is the collection of single vineyard wines.
Primeras Viñas.
Malbec produced from the two centennial vineyards of Lagarde. One planted in 1906 and the other in 1937.


Jim Donald (rugby union)

James George Donald (4 June 1898 – 29 August 1981) was a New Zealand rugby union player and farmer. He was born in Tauherenikau, Wairarapa, New Zealand.


Corsican donkey

The Corsican Donkey, , , is a breed of domestic donkey from the Mediterranean island of Corsica, a "région" and territorial collectivity of France. It is not recognised by the Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agroalimentaire et de la forêt, the French ministry of agriculture, or by the Haras Nationaux, the French national stud; nor is it reported to the DAD-IS database of the FAO. Its numbers have fallen alarmingly; two associations are seeking its official recognition as a breed.
History.
The indigenous Corsican donkey is small and usually grey, and it is thought to have been present on the island since Roman times. In modern times attempts have been made to increase its size by cross-breeding with imported stock including the Catalan donkey from Spain, donkeys from the French mainland, and the Martina Franca donkey from Puglia in Italy. A larger black type of donkey, standing has developed.
Before the mechanisation of transport and agriculture in the 1930s there were more than 20,000 donkeys in Corsica. Until the 1960s large numbers were sold at miserable prices to the meat markets of Italy and mainland France; there is no tradition of eating donkey meat in Corsica, and the recent appearance of donkey salami in shops there is a consequence of tourist demand.
The current population of the Corsican Donkey is estimated at about 1000; its conservation status was listed as "critical" by the SAVE Foundation in 2008. Two associations, A Runcata ("the bray") and Isul'âne, have been formed for its protection, and the first steps towards seeking official recognition for the breed were taken in 2010.


Roberts Limited

Roberts Limited is an agricultural services company with operations in Tasmania. Established in 1865, until 2006 it was Australia's oldest publicly listed company. The company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Ruralco in 2006, following a successful off-market takeover bid.
It operates the only livestock sales yards in Tasmania, 14 feed stores. and insurance, irrigation, fertilizer, wool sales and real-estate services for rural customers.
History.
Roberts Limited was established as Kemp, Roberts and Co, an auctioneer business founded by Henry Llewelyn Roberts (husband of Mary Roberts Grant, founder of Hobart Zoo), George Anthony Kemp and John William Abbott. Its first operations were in Conara, Tasmania. Early on it acquired a Launceston wool merchants, amalgamated with Allan Stewart Pty, and later purchased the Farmers' Co-Operative Auctioneers in 1957 to become Roberts, Stewart & Co Ltd. It also acquired the local Massey-Ferguson distribution business.
In 2006, a reverse takeover bid saw Roberts become a subsidiary of Ruralco, with Roberts shareholders owning around 70% of the merged entity.
In 2014, Lee Kernaghan performed at the opening of their new flagship store.
In 2019, Ruralco shareholders voted in favour of the proposed acquisition of the company by Nutrien, a Canadian company listed on the Toronto and New York Stock Exchanges.
Ruralco was delisted from the Australian Securities Exchange on 1 October 2019.


Nimal Piyatissa

Opanayake Nimal Piyatissa (born 5 January 1968) is a Sri Lankan politician, former provincial minister and Member of Parliament.
Piyatissa was born on 5 January 1968. He was previously a member of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna but is currently a member of the National Freedom Front.
Piyatissa was a member of Walapane Divisional Council and the Central Provincial Council where he held a provincial ministerial portfolio. He contested the 2020 parliamentary election as a Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance electoral alliance candidate in Nuwara Eliya District and was elected to the Parliament of Sri Lanka.


Nilpena

Nilpena Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a sheep station in South Australia.
It is situated approximately west of Blinman and north of Hawker in the Flinders Ranges and bounded by Lake Torrens. It occupies an area of .
History.
Thomas Elder and Robert Barr Smith acquired Nilpena in 1859.
William James Browne owned the property in 1879 when he had the drover Giles take 12,000 sheep from Nilpena and overland them all the way to his new properties Newcastle Waters and Delamere Stations. Only 8000 sheep survived the journey, but it was still regarded as one of the most remarkable droving feats in Australian history. Browne appointed Roderick John Matheson to manage the property, along with Arkaba Station. Matheson and John Lewis later bought Nilpena, with Matheson later buying out Lewis.
In 1925, the Old Nilpena Station was placed on the market for auction. At this time it occupied and was stocked with over 3000 merino sheep. It failed to reach the reserve price of £11,750.
Matheson still owned the property in 1926, along with neighbouring Warrioota Station, which together occupied an area of . He was running about 15,000 sheep across the two properties.
By 1944 the property was carrying 7000 sheep.
In 1950, the station was run by the Nilpena Pastoral Company, whose managing director was a Mr Toll. In that year, the station received 18 months' worth of rain over three days, some . The property had over completely under water. Mr Toll estimated at the time that the property would have sufficient feed guaranteed for the next two years.
Some time prior to the 1980s, the Fargher family acquired the property. Ross Fargher discovered a pristine Ediacaran fossil site in the 1980s that later became the focus of groundbreaking research, and an application being made for World Heritage listing to help protect the site.
In 2009, the fossils and the property featured on the David Attenborough program "First Life".


Krishna Valley

The Krishna Valley is an Indian breed of draught cattle. It originated in the areas drained by the Krishna, Ghataprabha and Malaprabha rivers. It is a recentlycreated breed, bred in the late nineteenth century as a draught animal for agricultural purposes.
History.
The Krishna Valley is a relatively modern breed. It was bred from about 1880 by the Mahratta Rajas of the southern part of Hyderabad State (now Maharashtra). A local breed known as Gaonti was cross-bred with Gir, Kankrej and Ongole, with selection for the power and size needed to plough the sticky soil of the valleys of the Krishna River and its tributaries such as the Ghatprabha and the Malaprabha. Its range included the districts of Sangli, Satara and Solapur in Maharashtra, and of Belgaum, Bijapur and Raichur in Karnataka. The Rao of Sangli was a noted breeder of these cattle.
In 1946 the total breed population was estimated to be approximately 650 000; by 2012 it was believed that the number had fallen below 1000 head. The range of the breed has contracted, and it is now found only in northern Karnataka, in the districts of Bagalkot, Belgaum and Bijapur. A breed conservation programme was started in the early twenty-first century. Semen was collected from eight selected bulls; more than 4000 doses were used for artificial insemination, and another 8000 doses were frozen for conservation in the gene bank of the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources. A small conservation herd is kept at Bangalore.
Use.
The Krishna Valley was bred for heavy draught work, both for ploughing agricultural land and for the transport of crops such as cotton and sugar cane. It was among the zebuine breeds used in the creation of the American Brahman composite breed.


Qingjing Farm

The Qingjing Farm (), also known as Cingjing Farm, is a tourist attraction farm in Ren'ai Township, Nantou County, Taiwan.
History.
The farm was established on 20 February 1961 as the settling place for the demobilized soldiers and their dependents who were listed in the armed forces.
Transportation.
The farm is accessible by bus from Taipei, Taichung or Kaohsiung.


James Harvey Logan

James Harvey Logan (December 8, 1841 - July 16, 1928) was a judge in Santa Cruz, California, and an amateur botanist credited with the 1881 creation of the loganberry, a cross between the raspberry and the blackberry.
He was District Attorney in the 1870s and a Superior Court Judge during the 1880s and 1890s.
Biography.
He was born on December 8, 1841 in Rockville, Indiana. After moving to Santa Cruz, Logan was elected District Attorney on 1 September 1875. He had been endorsed by both the Democrats and the Independent ticket. He had previously served as District Attorney in 1872 and 1873. Logan was subsequently elected to the Superior Court and served several terms as judge, from 1880 to 1884 and from 1893 to 1897.
Logan built the Brookdale Lodge on the site of the Grover Lumber Mill in the 1890s, purchased the Brookdale Town Site in 1902, put in a wagon road and had a cottage built in 1905, and had lots laid out in 1907. His wife, Catherine, died at Brookdale on 13 July 1909. He sold the land to John DuBois for a subdivision by 1911.
Logan married Mary E. Couson on 1 August 1910; they had a daughter—Gladys C. Logan—on 14 August 1911. Although Logan moved to Oakland, California in 1913, he continued business activity in the Santa Cruz area, building a new store in 1915.
He died on July 16, 1928 in Oakland, California.


Graciosa IPR

Graciosa is a Portuguese wine region centered on the island of Graciosa in the Azores. The region has the second tier "Indicação de Proveniencia Regulamentada" (IPR) classification and may some day be promoted to "Denominação de Origem Controlada" (DOC). The region is known for its light bodied table wines.
Grapes.
The principle grapes of the Graciosa region include Arinto, Fernao Pires, Terrantez and Verdelho.


Potato house

A potato house is a structure built for the storage of harvested sweet potatoes. Such buildings were common in Sussex County, Delaware, and adjoining areas of Delaware, Maine, and Maryland in the early 20th century, when sweet potato production was at its local peak.
Potato houses were typically two-story wood-frame structures, of tall and narrow proportions, heated in winter with a coal or wood stove. Potatoes were stored from October through February, requiring a constant temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit. The potato houses were constructed to allow the free circulation of air among the stored crop, sometimes employing gaps between the bins and the exterior walls or at the floor level. The tall, narrow proportions of the houses encouraged circulation. Windows were typically provided at the top of the house to allow ventilation if temperatures rose too high. Multiple layers of siding, the use of red rosin paper for sealing against drafts, and sometimes the use of sawdust as insulation were other measures to safeguard the crop.
In general, potato houses were two stories tall, with gable roofs aligned with the long axis. The entrances were through the gable ends, with doors at the first and second floors in the front with an attic window for ventilation in the gables. Rear elevations usually featured a door at the first floor and windows at the second floor and gable. Side elevations were generally plain, with shuttered windows or doors. Openings fit tightly. While two-story elevations were typical, 1-1/2 to three-story houses existed.
Most potato houses have been demolished or have been converted to other uses. A number of surviving potato houses has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


Victoria Group

Victoria Group () is a Serbian holding company with the headquarters in Belgrade, Serbia. Victoria Group has a total of 15 companies within its holding, which performs a variety of services, mainly agribusiness and wholesale.
History.
Victoria Group was founded on 8 November 2001 in Belgrade, FR Yugoslavia, by Serbian businessmen Stanko Popović, Milija Babović and Zoran Mitrović.
Since 2015, Victoria Group began accumulating debt, finishing 2015 and 2016 calendar year with total net loss in range of 50 million euros. In November 2017, company's management confirmed media reports that it is seeking strategic partnership with investors due to capital loss over last years and over-indebtedness of the company.
In July 2018, it was announced that Serbian holding company MK Group has bought majority of shares of indebted Victoria Group.
Market and financial data.
Victoria Group was ranked as the third net exporter company of Serbia and first in food-processing sector for the calendar year of 2015, mainly though its subsidiary companies Sojaprotein and Victoriaoil.
Subsidiaries.
This is a list of subsidiary companies of Victoria Group:


Giuseppe Maria Giovene

Giuseppe Maria Giovene (23 January 1753 – 2 January 1837) was an Italian archpriest, naturalist, agronomist, geologist, meteorologist, entomologist and ichthyologist. He is best known for his studies on the "nitrosity" of Pulo di Molfetta, which made him famous abroad, so as to be cited and appreciated by many Italian and foreign scholars, including Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in a French publication.
His scientific research, mainly focused agronomy, botany and meteorology, were not just theoretical and aimed at the mere research of natural phenomena, but their goal was to develop and improve agriculture in the Kingdom of Naples; this was a common feature of the scientific works of the earliest scientists of the Kingdom of Naples. He was member of many academies, among which the "Società italiana delle scienze" and, because of his being a polymath, he's been described as an "encyclopaedic mind".
He was also a clergyman, and he held many important positions, including those of archpriest and apostolic vicar. He also became interested in numismatics, and he collected ancient coins and medallions, and he also possessed a collection of ancient Italo-Greek vases (called "etruschi"). He was also a spirit devoted to charity and modesty, so much that sometimes he preferred not to publish his articles, which were published by his colleagues, such as abbot Ciro Saverio Minervini.
He was one of the first scientists of Apulia and he exhibited remarkable scientific skills, helping to eradicate "the prejudice against the good Apulian people of their being lazy and ignorant." His research activity was carried out using modern methods of observation and experimentation, "following the maxims of Galileo". "He liked to read the observations carried out by others, but he also liked to see the whole procedure with his own eyes".
Life.
Early life.
Giuseppe Maria Giovene was born in Molfetta on 23 January 1753, son to Giovanni Giovene and Antonia Graziosi. His father, before dying, entrusted him to the bishop of Molfetta Celestino Orlandi, who instructed him up to the age of 8 and subsequently he studied with Jesuit clerics, who then lived in the "Gran Collegio di Molfetta". Giovene studied there until the age of 12. In 1766, he went to Rome where he was admitted to the Jesuit novitiate, although he wasn't old enough, but after only eight months the Jesuit order was suppressed and the Jesuits expelled from the Kingdom of Naples. Giovene wanted to follow the Jesuits abroad but he couldn't because of an illness.
During his childhood, he showed he did not love "juvenile amusements" and he preferred to adiscuss with learned men. When he returned to Molfetta after recovering from his illness, he studied philosophy and mathematics in the seminary of Molfetta under the direction of bishop Celestino Orlandi. Among other things he also studied law, and, as a boy, he began to show a predisposition for the natural sciences. He went to Naples, when he was only a cleric, and was recommended to Ciro Saverio Minervini and there he met learned and famous naturalists, such as Vincenzo Petagna. He also loved to discuss with his fellow citizens and naturalists, Giuseppe Saverio Poli and Ciro Saverio Minervini.
Return to Molfetta.
In 1773, he returned to Molfetta, and the bishop of Molfetta who had instructed him, Celestino Orlandi, wanted him to become a priest of the parish of the Church of Saint Stephen, in Molfetta. Despite Giovene's resistance, the bishop eventually forced him to participate in the parish priest's selection contest, which Giovene won. At that moment, however, Celestino Orlandi, his childhood tutor, died, and at that time he wrote the funeral praise "Orazione pei solenni funerali di D. Celestino Orlandi" (1775).
In the meantime, Gennaro Antonucci was appointed as new bishop of Molfetta, who wanted him to be his apostolic vicar, probably because of his fame or his experience. Meanwhile, Giovene did not despise to help the poor, orphans, offering them free legal advice to protect against the abuses of the powerful. At that time, he was also in charge of teaching law at the Molfetta seminary. In order to become a vicar, he had to be a graduate, and thus he went to Naples to fulfill his duties. Once there, he took the chance to discuss with the scholars about art and natural history. Despite his many commitments, he always found time to devote himself to natural history. He was also appointed archpriest of the former Molfetta Cathedral.
The year 1799.
During the Parthenopean Republic (1799), Giovene's friend Giuseppe Saverio Poli followed king Ferdinand IV of Naples to Sicily, and he entrusted to Giovene his house, his library, his tools and everything he owned. Giovene could not prevent the depredation made by force by some pro-French officers of the short-lived Parthenopean Republic. Many rare samples of natural history, such as "the wax tablets of the testaceous", ended up in the Paris Academy of Sciences.
The vicariate in Lecce and his return to Molfetta.
His fame reached as far as pope Pius VII, who chose him for the diocese of Lecce. Giovene did not want to accept that further burden, but his refusal was not considered, thus he was appointed apostolic vicar of Lecce from about 1806 to 1816. In this period, he was also appointed capitular vicar of Otranto and Oria and he turned out to rule over most of the churches in the Province of Lecce.
In 1817, he returned to Molfetta, wishing to be able to enjoy a quiet, peaceful life, but he was immediately assigned new tasks. He was also apostolic vicar of the bishop of Molfetta Gennaro Antonucci, successor to the bishop Celestino Orlandi.
Alongside the study of science, he also cultivated numismatics, collecting coins and medallions of all kinds, and he also collected ancient Italo-Greek vases (called "Etruscan"), apparently not for vanity, but for historical purposes. He also wrote poetry and wrote in Latin. He also taught experimental physics, law and sacred liturgy in the seminary of Molfetta.
In particular, Giovene could use, during the teachings of experimental physics, the many tools provided by his friend Giuseppe Saverio Poli. His students also held a demonstration in the large courtyard of the bishop's palace and seminary of Molfetta, during which experiments were conducted relating to electricity, air, gas, during which the use of pneumatic and electric tools aroused the curiosity of people of any kind. The experiments conducted by the students of Giovene were not even conducted by the local university at that time. This helped to increase the prestige of the seminary.
Last years.
In 1820, he was also appointed member of the newly born constitutional parliament of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies for a few months. Even in the last decade of his life he kept on being updated and reading books and newspapers. During this time, he became deaf, which made it difficult for him to communicate with others; moreover he began to suffer from paralysis to the bladder and the cataract came him to his left eye. For this reason he had to be helped to know the progress of the sciences and letters.
He also wrote a few books about religion and in addition, in the last part of his life, he was asked by the bishop of Molfetta Caracciolo to write a hagiography on Saint Conrad of Bavaria, protector of his hometown Molfetta. In order to write the book, he had to consult medieval sources and, in order to do so, he went to northern Italy and Germany. Pope Gregory XVI read his book and liked it, and thanks to this, Molfetta was granted the official recognition of the cult of Saint Conrad of Bavaria, which had already started in the XII century". His book on the saint also became famous in Germany.
He died in Molfetta on January 2, 1837. His last words were: "Leave me alone with my God." With a letter to his confessor and friend D. Paolo Rotondo, found after his death, forbade any funeral or funeral praises of any kind after his death, and he asked to be buried in Church of Saint Conrad of Bavaria. The funeral praise, however, was eventually read in the Church of Saint Conrad of Bavaria and it was printed in Naples by his grandnephew Luigi Marinelli Giovene (who also reprinted most of his works in a collection of several volumes entitled "Raccolta di tutte le opere del cav. Giuseppe Maria Giovene" 1839–1841). In addition, Giovene himself wrote the epigraph of his own tomb before his death.
Scientific research.
The "natural nitrary" of Pulo di Molfetta.
The name of Giuseppe Maria Giovene is inextricably linked to the discovery of the so-called "natural nitrary" (, which means a natural deposit of saltpetre) of Pulo di Molfetta.
In 1783, abbot Alberto Fortis visited Apulia in order to study the region, and Ciro Saverio Minervini appointed Giovene as Fortis' guide. On this occasion, Fortis and Giovene met, and Giovene later told Alberto Fortis about a doline of that region called Pulo di Molfetta, in which Giovene believed that there was saltpetre. After an inspection, Fortis noted that Giovene had been right and that there was saltpetre in that doline. According to other sources, however, Fortis and Giovene together discovered the "natural nitrary". According to Zimmermann, the discovery was made by Alberto Fortis, and Giovene just told Fortis about Pulo di Molfetta and accompanied him.
The discovery also generated issues; in particular, the discovery was initially challenged by some scholars. Subsequently, chemist Giuseppe Vairo and his assistant Antonio Pitaro confirmed the discovery. This undoubtedly damaged producers of artificial saltpetre, and some scholars, most likely supported by the producers, tried to dismiss the discovery. Following the discovery, a large number of naturalists sent by academies from all Europe came to visit Pulo di Molfetta, since the saltpeter was a fundamental ingredient in the production of gunpowder and that these deposits were of considerable strategic interest.
In particular, in a letter to Alberto Fortis dated 7 August 1784, Giovene refuted the idea of those who believed that the saltpetre of Pulo di Molfetta was due to some animals that once inhabited the doline. He also proved to be a talented chemist, and to be even more competent than the salt pans themselves, teaching them to correct the acidity of the ground (containing excessive amounts of "azotic acid") by adding plant ash.
During a trip with his brother over Apulia, Giovene noted that saltpetre was abundant in other areas of Apulia. The trip, together with Giovene's observations were reported in the aforementioned letter of 7 August 1784.
Agronomy and meteorology.
In some of his writings, Giovene also studied a disease of olive trees caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi (in Italian, the disease is called "rogna dell'ulivo"). The disease can be recognized by the characteristic tumour. In particular, Giovene recognized that the disease was not caused by insects, although the insects formed. He also distinguished the tumours caused by frost from those generated by hail or blunt bodies. He also carried out some experiments where he boiled branches attacked by the disease, and he came to the conclusion that the tumours which weren't caused by frost were "germs of new twigs or branches suffocated in their birth". He came to this conclusion by cutting the tumours and observing the center. He also studied the worms and insects that "corrode and ravage the orchard."
During his life he also carried out research in meteorology. After the discovery of the "natural nitrary", scholars from many European academies came to Molfetta, and Giovene took the opportunity to meet and discuss with many of them. One of these was Giuseppe Toaldo, who made him interested in meteorology, as a science useful to regulate agriculture. During his life, Giovene collected atmospheric, rainfall and barometric data, and studied their development. From 1788 to 1797, he wrote, for every year and starting from his observations, a memory of rainfall and their consequences on agriculture. Giovene was also praised by the most illustrious Italian meteorologist of that period, Giuseppe Toaldo. In particular, if Giuseppe Toaldo can well be considered the founder of Italian meteorology, Giovene may well consider himself the founder of Italian rural meteorology, so much so that he managed to make some eminent scholars of that period more interested in meteorology, including Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi.
In his study "Prospetto comparato della pioggia della Puglia" (1805), Giovene asked his illustrious colleagues to obtain rainfall data for the nearby Apulian cities Altamura, Ariano, Teramo, in addition to data from Molfetta provided by Giovene himself. Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi provided data for his city Altamura, Giovanni Zerella provided data for Ariano, while Orazio Delfico provided data for Teramo. With his study, Giovene wanted to prove that the amount of rainfall which fell on Apulia wasn't that different from other European regions (such as some regions of France, which didn't have the same reputation of Apulia as a dry region). Although there are clear differences with other European regions more heavily watered by rain or with the South American city of Santo Domingo, the biggest difference, according to Giovene, is due to the irregularity of rainfall events.
One of the most innovative aspects of his meteorological studies is certainly that of comparing data that previously were not generally studied together, i.e. atmospheric electricity and atmospheric pressure. For these studies, culminating in his publication "Osservazioni elettro-atmosferiche e barometriche insieme paragonate" (1798), Carlo Amoretti stated that Giovene "had provided an invaluable service to meteorology and physics".
Moreover, in the "Discorso meteorologico-campestre per l'anno 1797" (1798), Giovene had the brilliant and innovative idea that the exceptional event that occurred in 1797, i.e. drought continuing beyond the first days of August (in contrast with the observations of the previous years), could be caused by the decrease in sunspots, which was observed by astronomers.
Electricity.
Giovene also contributed to what was then called "elettricismo"; in particular, he studied atmospheric electricity. He studied the electricity and pressure variation of the atmosphere and he wrote "Osservazione elettro-atmosferiche e barometriche insieme paragonate" (1798). Moreover, after reading Jan Hendrik van Swinden's work "Dissertation on the Irregular Motions of the Magnetic Needle", he also wrote an annex to the above essay, in which he explained how his observations confirmed Van Swinden's conclusions on the correlation between atmospheric pressure, atmospheric electricity, Aurora and oscillations of the Earth's magnetic field.
Rain dust.
Giuseppe Maria Giovene also correctly explained the phenomenon of the so-called red rain dust (), fallen on Apulia on 7 March 1803. It was believed at that time that the rain was caused by the explosion of Italy's volcanoes Mount Vesuvius or Etna, or that it was due to the transport of matter coming from the sea floor and raised by vapor. Giuseppe Maria Giovene brilliantly related the phenomenon to the wind occurred prior to the rain event, and he came to the conclusion that the sand came from Africa and that it had been pushed by the wind coming from south-east.
Entomology.
In a paper entitled " Descrizione e storia della cocciniglia dell'ulivo" (1807), Giovene also dealt with the insect "Coccus oleae" (also "Saissetia oleae"), answering Giovanni Presta, who denied the existence of the insect in the provinces of Bari and Otranto. Giovene showed that the insect was widespread in those regions, albeit rarer. Moreover, Giovene also discovered the male of the cochineal, which wasn't known in much of Europe. In the "Dictionary of natural history" of Paris (1816) () it was written: "the male is not known" ().
He also wrote the work "Avviso per la distruzione dei vermi che attaccano la polpa delle olive" (1792), in which he provided some suggestions for the peasants in order to effectively destroy the worms "musca oleae", which infested the pulp of the olive trees.
Giovene intended to collect his writings "Sulla rogna degli ulivi" (1789), "Avviso per la distruzione dei vermi che attaccano la polpa delle olive" (1792), "Descrizione e storia della cocciniglia dell'ulivo" (1807) into a single treaty on the diseases of olive trees, but he didn't accomplish his initial commitment. In 1813, he also wrote the work "Delle cavallette pugliesi" ("On Apulian grasshoppers").
Ichthyology.
Giovene also carried out some research on ichthyology by studying marine life. He used to ask fishermen to bring him the most uncommon marine species they could find, and he paid for them. He also wrote the works "Notizie sull'Argonauta Argo del Linneo" and "Di alcuni pesci del mare di Puglia" (1827). In this last work, he showed that some marine species that were considered rare and exotic in reality populated the Mediterranean Sea.
Dating the Earth.
Giuseppe Maria Giovene never hid his profound religiousness, as well as the contempt for atheism, which he considered to be true "dementia." He also based his assumptions on what was written in the Bible. In this regard, he criticized the new scientific theories according to which the Earth was actually much older than what was written in the Bible. In some unpublished speeches held at the Academy of Catholic Religion in Rome ("Accademia di Religione Cattolica in Roma") – "Della pretesa antichità del tempo" and "Delle lave dell'Etna e degli argomenti che si pretende tirare per la molta antichità della Terra" – he tried to refute those that Giovene considered distorted interpretations of natural history.
His work "Di alcuni pesci del mare di Puglia" (1827) also contains explicit references to what he considered unnatural interpretations which, through the analysis of the fossils, dated the Earth too far back ("to imagine centuries without number").
Theology.
In his life, Giovene also wrote a few works on theology, including a hagiography in Latin entitled "Vita Beati Corradi Bavari" (1836), about the life of Saint Conrad of Bavaria, and for this purpose he had to travel to North Italy and Germany in order to consult medieval sources about the saint. His work was appreciated by Pope Gregory XVI, and it granted the city of Molfetta the official recognition of the cult of Saint Conrad of Bavaria, which had started in Molfetta as early as the XII century.
He also wrote a letter to Saverio Mattei, in which he answered the question Mattei had asked Giuseppe Vairo on the type of matter Jesus Christ referred to in the passage from the gospel where he said to the apostles "vos estis sal terrae" (which means "you are the salt of the earth") Giovene, with reasoning in which he showed his erudition and his knowledge of physics and chemistry, came to the conclusion that Jesus Christ referred to saltpetre (potassium nitrate).
Charity.
Giuseppe Maria Giovene was also known for his altruism, especially towards the poor, orphans, widows and the oppressed. Even though he was busy in his numerous commitments and ecclesiastical assignments as well as in his studies, he managed to find time to offer legal counsel to the poor, especially to those who were oppressed and persecuted by the powerful. Moreover, he often provided them with financial aid. In particular, after the death of his brother, baron Graziano Giovene, he had become rich, and he decided to share it with the poor.
The "Società italiana delle scienze di Verona".
Due to the death of Lazzaro Spallanzani (1799), he was appointed as his successor in the Società italiana delle scienze di Verona, thus becoming one of its 40 members and publishing articles in almost every volume of the learned society's proceedings.


Inner Mongolia Agricultural University

Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU, , ) is a university in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China under the authority of the Autonomous Region government. It is in Hohhot, the capital city of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It was established in 1952. There are over 100 undergraduate degree programs and postgraduate courses across a range of disciplines, including Agricultural, Engineering, Science, Art, Business, and Management.
History.
IMAU was established in 1952, with the first president appointed by Chairman Mao Zedong.
Faculty.
IMAU has a staff of 2,737, among whom 435 have doctoral degrees and 653 have master's degrees, 101 tutors of doctoral students. IMAU has one professorship from the Yangtze River Scholar Award Plan.
Campuses.
There are three campuses — main campus in Hohhot, Salaqi branch campus, and Current Science Park. The campuses cover an area of 15,000 hectares, of which 10,000 acres are for teaching and researching. There are four school-standard stadiums. Library construction area is 3,000 square meters. The value of teaching instrument and equipment amounted to 412 million RMB.
Academics.
Over the past 63 years, IMAU has initiated a multi-level management system. Its primary objective is focused on undergraduate studies. IMAU has been paying profound attention to postgraduate, higher vocational and adult educational programs.
IMAU is a multi-discipline university with eight fields of study: Agronomy, Science, Engineering, Economics, Management, Social Sciences and Education. IMAU has succeeded in cultivating more than 70,000 skilled talents in diverse fields of study.
Academic organisations.
IMAU has 19 colleges including the College of Animal Science and Medicine, a Department for Physical Education and an Advanced Educational Research Center, two ministry-level key laboratories, one key laboratory of the State Bureau of Forestry, seven regional key laboratories, one state-level open field observation station, three regional engineering technology research centers, and one engineering research center supported by the Ministry of Education.
Discipline.
There is one state-level key discipline, one key discipline of the Ministry of Agriculture, three key disciplines of the State Forestry Administration and 22 regional key disciplines. IMAU has six first-level and 33 second-level disciplines, which are authorized to grant doctorate degrees. IMAU has established three moving scientific research stations for post-doctorate research. It has 72 second-level disciplines that confer master degrees.
IMAU offers 58 undergraduate programs, 13 of which are offered in Mongolian and Chinese.
Achievement.
IMAU has acquired scientific research achievements in 265 programs and provincial “Technological Advancement” awards in 18 programs, seven of which are first-class awards. All these have provided extensive technological support and service for the economic construction, ecology and natural forest protection, reforesting the cultivated land, prohibiting herding and encouraging yard-feeding among other developments in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
The government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region once awarded “Excellent collectivity that had made great contribution in developing our region through technological education” to IMAU.
International exchange and cooperation.
IMAU has established broad academic ties with some 20 universities in United States, Canada, UK, France, Australia, Japan, Russia, the Republic of Mongolia, among others. IMAU has collaborative programs with foreign educational institutions. Outstanding achievements have been made in teaching, scientific research, cultural exchange and joint programs.


Condensed Milk Company of Ireland

The Condensed Milk Company of Ireland Limited was an Irish manufacturer of dairy products and, in its heyday, the largest of its kind in the United Kingdom. Its most famous product was Cleeve's Toffee, a popular confectionery which continued to be sold in Ireland until the 1980s.
Origins.
The business was established in 1883 by Thomas Cleeve, a Canadian of English extraction. Cleeve first came to Ireland as a teenager to work for J. P. Evans & Co., a Limerick-based supplier of agricultural machinery owned by his uncle. Over the next 20 years Cleeve rose to become managing director of this company.
Through his contacts with Irish farmers, Cleeve saw the potential to process milk and manufacture dairy products for home consumption and export. Together with Edmond Russell,a local businessman, and William Beauchamp, a solicitor, Cleeve acquired Lansdowne, a site on the northern bank of the River Shannon. There, the partners set up a factory to produce condensed milk and butter.
Early history.
In 1889, the business was incorporated as a private limited company. Within ten years 60,000 tins of condensed milk were being produced daily at its Limerick headquarters, with 10,000 cows providing the raw material. As the business expanded, Thomas Cleeve was joined by his four younger brothers who moved from Canada to help manage the company. They set up or acquired a chain of smaller creameries and factories throughout Munster. Branches were established in London and Liverpool to facilitate sales into the British market.
By the end of the nineteenth century the Condensed Milk Company had 2,000 employees on its payroll and counted 3,000 farmers as suppliers of its raw material. Its exports reached practically every corner of the British Empire. The company's brands included "The Cup", "The Calf", "The Goat", "The Shamrock", and "Cleeve's Full Cream Milk". A separate factory in Limerick manufactured Cleeve's Toffee.
Following the death of chairman Sir Thomas Cleeve in 1908, his brother, Frederick, became managing director, with William Beauchamp assuming the position of chairman. Business grew significantly following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, and employee numbers rose to 3,000. The Condensed Milk Company became a major supplier to British forces fighting in Europe. It was alleged after the war that company profits reached £1m during this period.
Industrial and civil strife.
In 1917, the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union set up three branches in Limerick. Within a year the union had successfully recruited the Cleeve workforce as members. In 1919, the short-lived Limerick Soviet brought the company's headquarters at Lansdowne to a standstill. Even though normal business resumed at the factory, the stoppage was a turning point in the Cleeves' fortunes. Over the course of the next three years, the company faced an unprecedented array of challenges which threatened the continued viability of the business.
Following the resumption of peace in Europe, the price of milk fell dramatically affecting company profits. On top of that, the War of Independence led to considerable damage being inflicted on many of the company's factories and creameries. Some of this damage was caused by Crown forces, despite the Cleeves being staunch Unionists. Other instances were seemingly the work of Irish Nationalists who saw the Condensed Milk Company as a symbol of British rule. The third challenge faced by the company lay in the radicalisation of sections of its workforce.
For instance, in May 1920 at Knocklong, County Limerick, the workers decided to escalate a pay dispute by taking over the company's creamery in the town. They hoisted a red flag over the premises and erected a banner across the entrance which read "Knocklong Soviet Creamery, we make butter not profits." The Cleeves conceded defeat after five days and granted retrospective wage increases to the workers. The success of the workers at Knocklong precipitated similar disputes at other Cleeve factories.
By November 1923, the directors decided they could not continue and announced that the company was going into liquidation. Frederick Cleeve had stepped down as managing director several years earlier and was replaced by Sir Thomas Cleeve's son, Francis. The company was bought as a going concern by a syndicate of local businessmen led by Andrew O'Shaughnessy, a member of Dáil Éireann. Francis Cleeve remained on as managing director for another year to facilitate the transition.
Decline.
In 1927, the Free State government established a new semi-state body, the Dairy Disposal Company, to regularise and rationalise the industry. The new body took over the Condensed Milk Company, by far the largest producer in the country, as well as other smaller concerns. The company continued to operate under State control until the early 1970s. At that stage, the government decided to break up the Dairy Disposal Company and transfer ownership of the creameries to a number of farmer co-operatives. In 1974, most of what remained of the Condensed Milk Company was sold to one of these, Golden Vale, subsequently a subsidiary of the Kerry Group.
The current owners continue to process milk at the Lansdowne factory and its tall chimney remains as one of Limerick's most distinctive landmarks.
The final remnant of the original family business, Cleeve's Toffee, continued until 1985 when the company which had purchased the brand was liquidated.


Uardry

Uardry Station most commonly known as Uardry is a pastoral lease that has operated as both a sheep station and a cattle station in outback New South Wales.
It is situated about east of Hay and south west of Griffith and boasts frontage to the Murrumbidgee River. The country is composed of flat plains predominantly covered in saltbush.
Uardry was initially established in 1840 by John Ray with his partner Henry Angel arriving in 1844. The property was originally known as Wardry. Like most inland properties of the time it operated as a cattle station and Angel remained at the property until the 1860s.
In 1864 the property was acquired by Thomas and William Wragge along with John and James Hearne for £1,000, who converted Uardry into a sheep station. The partnership remained at the property for 11 years. The name was also changed from Wardry to Uardry on the advice from a surveyor that Wardry was the name of another station further north. Uardry is an Aboriginal word meaning "Yellow Box Tree".
In 1875, the property was acquired by Charles Mills, Andrew Neilson and William Smith. At the time the property had an area of . Shortly afterward Mills was fortunate enough to acquire a small flock of pure Peppin Merinos which he carefully bred to avoid outside blood to produce an excellent merino flock with "a bold combing wool of medium to strong quality". By the 1880s Mills was exhibiting at the Hay Agricultural show in which they won 104 champions and 60 second prizes. As his partners died Mills acquired their shares of the enterprise and eventually was the sole owner of Uardry. By 1900 Mills passed on the running of the property to his oldest son, Ainslie, and later his third son, Nelson, took control. In 1937 the property was regarded as one of the most highly improved and best irrigated with 38 ground tanks, 11 wells and 17 sub-artesian bores equipped with windmills and troughs to supply water to stock.
The Black family held the property from 1973 to 2012, building the property into one of the most prestigious merino studs in Australia., expanding from one stud in 1973 to four in 2010. By the time it was sold Uardry had an annual turnover of 5 million with 350 active clients. The property was stocked with 25,000 sheep and 1,000 cattle.
In 2012 Uardry was acquired by Tom Brinkworth who paid 30 million for the for the property.
Brinkworth intended to use the water rights the Uardry holds on the Murrumbidgee to use the property for cropping, to grow corn and silage, to drought proof the rest of his livestock holdings. The merino flock including all of the stud merino will be sold from the property.
In 2013 Brinkworth purchased 18,000 head of cattle for million from drought affected properties on the Barkly Tableland owned by the Australian Agricultural Company. Brinkworth then had the cattle moved by droving them a distance of to Uardry using old stock routes. Many would be agisted at Uradry with the remainder of the herd being dispersed through Brinkworth properties in New South Wales and Victoria.


Royal White

The Royal White is a breed of domestic sheep in the United States developed by William Hoag at Dorpcroix Sheep Farm in Hermleigh, Texas. It is a hybrid breed that is bred to produce more meat, less fat, and less wool with the goal of producing lean tender meat. The breed is disease-resistant. Royal White sheep outgain goats and produce more meat than Dorper and Katahdin sheep (wool-hair types). The meat is tender with a mild sweet flavor. The leather is of garment quality and can be split. The breed was created using traits of St. Croix and Dorper and then their negative traits removed via selection over many years. The Royal White grows a hair with a down undercoat in the fall and naturally sheds its fiber in the spring, thus the cost and expense of shearing is eliminated. This is the first new breed of sheep in the United States in over twenty-five years developed for high performance and low maintenance.
Characteristics.
The Royal White is a hair breed of sheep, and the aim is to have a sheep with good proportions where the body is close enough to the ground so that the animal loses little heat to the environment in inclement weather. The sheep is pure white with the ears held horizontally and is naturally polled. Rams weigh between 185 and 235 lb and ewes between 175 and 210 lb.
The lambs of this breed are fast-growing, vigorous and lean, producing carcases with a high cutting out percentage which yield 54% meat at a weight of . Research into resistance to scrapie and to other parasites is ongoing.


Kuakata National Park

Kuakata National Park () is IUCN Category II national park and nature reserve in Bangladesh. The park is located at Kalapara Upazila under Patuakhali District. It has been declared as one of the safe zones for vultures as per the "Vulture Safe Zone-2 Schedule" of the government of Bangladesh.
The park was officially declared as a national park by the government of Bangladesh on 24 October 2010 for the purpose of conservation of flora, fauna, nature and development of tourism facilities. It covers an area of 1613 hectares.


Malamatina

Malamatina (Greek: Μαλαματίνα) is the name of a Greek wine brand, mostly known for its retsina.
It was founded in Alexandroupoli in 1895 by Konstantinos Malamatinas, a native of the island of Tenedos. The company has facilities in Euboea and Thessaloniki, where has its base.


Jehu Davis

John (Jehu) Davis (1738 – May 11, 1802) was an American planter and politician from Mispillion Hundred, in Kent County, Delaware, west of Milford. He served in the Delaware General Assembly and as President of Delaware.
Early life and family.
Davis was born in Worcester County, Maryland, son of Thomas Davis. His paternal grandfather was born in Wales. Jehu Davis came to Laurel, Delaware where he married Rhoda Laws. After their marriage they bought "McSparren," a farm in Mispillion Hundred, 3 miles west of Milford, where they settled permanently. There they had eight children, Isaac, John, Henry, Sarah, Rhoda, Nancy, Joshua, and William. After Rhoda's death, Davis married Sarah Douglas. They were members of Christ Episcopal Church in Milford. That portion of Mispillion Hundred became Milford Hundred in 1830.
Professional and political career.
Davis was a member of the local militia during the American Revolution and a justice of the peace for 14 years beginning in 1777. He was elected to the 1st State House, or House of Assembly, and served ten terms from the 1776/77 session through the 1779/80 session, again in the 1782/83 and 1783/84 sessions, and finally from the 1786/87 session through the 1789/90 session. He was the Speaker in the 1788/89 session and when President Thomas Collins died in office on March 29, 1789, the Speaker's office in the State Senate or Legislative Council, was vacant. Consequently, Davis became President. He served until June 2, 1789, when the Delaware General Assembly held a special vote to choose Collins' replacement.
During Davis' short term George Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States. The event of his passing through Wilmington on the way to New York for this ceremony caused a great deal of excitement, as described by Elizabeth Montgomery in her "Reminiscences of Wilmington:
and it must have been soon after his elevation to that office, for I well remember the crowds of people rushing onto the Baltimore Road (now Maryland Avenue) to catch a glimpse as he passed...It was a day of great enjoyment, all was on tiptoe of expectation when his chariot appeared, driving slowly through the crowd, he bowing, hat in hand, and white handkerchief waving, and every face flushed, and sparkling with joy.
Afterwards, Davis served as a judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1789 until 1792 and as a justice of the peace from 1793 until his death.
Death and legacy.
Davis died at "McSparren," in Mispillion Hundred and is buried in the Christ (Savannah) Episcopal Church Cemetery. The cemetery is now paved over by Delaware Route 14. A man from Wales who came to America paved the road for the all-time greatest American Family.
No known portrait of Jehu Davis exists.
Almanac.
Elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the State President for a three-year term. However, Davis served as State President only temporarily, filling the vacancy created by the death of Thomas Collins and awaiting the selection of a successor by the General Assembly. Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas were also selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed.


Lommedalen

Lommedalen is a rural community in a small valley in Bærum municipality in the county of Akershus, Norway. The population is about 11,000 people. Lommedalen valley opens up at Bærums Verk and runs about 5 kilometers to the north.
Lommedalen includes wooded areas, some agricultural land, and residential zones. It includes parts of the forest area Krokskogen. The river Lomma runs through the valley. A forest road from Lommedalen goes to Hole in Buskerud. The pilgrim road to Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim passed through Lommedalen in medieval times and was resurrected in celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Trondheim in 1997.
Lommedalen is a popular area for skiing and slalom in winter time and horseback riding in summer time. Lake Burudvann is a popular hiking destinations and seaside resort located in the area. The area is also home to two golf courses, Lommedalen Golf Club and Bærum Golf Club. Lommedalsbanen is a narrow gauge railway museum located at the top of the valley. Lommedalen church ("Lommedalen kirke") dates from 1995. The building material is stone and brick. The church is of rectangular plan and 700 number of seats.


Anhui Agricultural University

Anhui Agricultural University (AAU) () is in Hefei, the capital city of Anhui, China. AAU is a key university, with a long history specializing in agriculture and forestry. It is jointly funded by Anhui Provincial Government and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC.
History.
The origin of the university dates back to 1928, when Anhui University was founded in Anqing.
In 1935, AAU started its history as a college of agriculture under Anhui University.
In December 1949, Anhui University moved from Anqing to Wuhu.
In July 1950, July 1952, September 1952, and the summer of 1953, Anhui University conducted three adjustments. After the adjustments, including Anhui University majored in agriculture and forestry professional and specialty of normal school two.
In February 1954, the Agricultural College of Anhui University moved independently to Anhui Agricultural College. It became an independent institution. In April, Anhui Agricultural College moved to Hefei.
In December 1968, Anhui Agricultural College moved to rural education, and split into three campuses: Suxian Zilu lake purple campus, Chuxian campus and Fengyang campus.
In 1970, Anhui Agricultural College recruited the first batch of the worker peasant soldier students. From 1970 to 1977, 2,731 peasants and soldiers students enrolled.
In October 1978, Anhui Agricultural College moved back to Hefei.
In 1995, Anhui Agricultural College changed its name to Anhui Agricultural University.
Research.
AAU has one national key discipline in process and 19 provincial key disciplines.
AAU has one state key laboratory, one national engineering laboratory, one international joint laboratory, and 37 provincial key laboratories, two provincial "2011" collaborative innovation centers, one provincial key think tank, and one provincial research institute of industrial technology.


Legbar

The Legbar is a rare British auto-sexing breed of chicken. It was created in the early twentieth century by Reginald Crundall Punnett and Michael Pease at the Genetical Institute of Cambridge University. They cross-bred American barred Plymouth Rock birds with brown Leghorns and created the gold and silver colour varieties. Pease created a cream Legbar by cross-breeding these with white Leghorns; later crossing with Araucanas caused this to have a crest and to lay blue or blue-green eggs.
History.
The Legbar was the second auto-sexing chicken breed created by Prof. Punnett and M. Pease at the Genetical Institute in Cambridge, after the Cambar, which was created in 1929 by crossing barred Plymouth Rock with gold Campine.
The aim was to create an autosexing utility breed with a focus on egg laying, where male and female day old chicks could easily be sexed by their colour. To achieve this Punnet and Pease used a crossing programme with excellent egg layers, the Leghorn and the barred Plymouth Rock. The barred Plymouth Rock was used to introduce the sex-linked barring gene ('barring' (B)) into the Leghorn. By crossing brown Leghorn and barred Plymouth Rock the gold Legbar was created and standardised in 1945. The silver Legbar followed in 1951. It had been created by crossing the gold Legbar with white Leghorn and silver Cambar.
The cream Legbar were standardised in 1958 but nearly died out in the 1970s as blue eggs were not in demand. They were created by crossing gold Legbar with white Leghorn and cream-coloured Araucana chicken. The Araucanas introduced the dilute cream gene ('inhibitor of gold' (ig)), as well as the crest and the blue eggs into this variety.
Characteristics.
The appearance of the Legbar is similar to that of a barred Leghorn. The cream Legbar possesses in contrast to the gold Legbar and the silver Legbar a crest due to its Araucana blood. The cocks weigh between 2,7 - 3,4 kg (6.0 - 7.5 lbs) and the hens weigh between 2,0 - 2,7 kg (4.4 - 6.0 lbs).
The Legbar cock is a muscular bird with a wedge shaped body which has a prominent breast and is wide at the shoulders but tapers slightly towards the root of the tail. It carries itself sprightly and alert. The back is long and flat while the moderately full tail is carried at 45°to the back. The large wings are carried tightly and well tucked up. The fine head has a strong yellow- or horn-coloured beak and a large erect bright red single-comb with five to seven even spikes. The crest of the cream Legbar is small and compact and carried well back from the red or orange eyes, falling off the back of the head below the extended comb. The face is red and smooth with smooth and pendant cream or opaque white ear-lobes. The red wattles are long and thin and the neck is long and well feathered. The yellow legs are moderately long, strong, and free of feathers and the four toes are straight and well spread. The birds have a plumage of silky texture which is free from coarse or excessive feathers.
The female has general characteristics similar to that of the male, allowing for the natural differences between sexes. The single comb however can be either erect or falling gracefully over to either side of the face without obstructing the eyesight and the tail is carried at a lower angle. The crest of the female cream Legbar is somewhat fuller and larger than that of the male, but should never be so full as to obstruct the eyes. The legs and feet of female gold Legbars or silver Legbars can be either yellow, orange or light willow.
Colours and varieties.
The Legbar has three colour varieties: gold, silver and cream. The cream Legbar has a crest and lays blue to blue-green eggs. The Legbar used to be under the care of the rare breeds society, however since the formation of the Autosexing Breeds Association (ABA) it now falls under their care. This means it can no longer compete in rare breed classes at shows and must now compete in the Soft Feather, Light class, where no more specific classes are available.
The standards of the 'Bantam Legbars' are similar to those of the large fowl.
Males weight 850 g (30 oz) and females weight 620 g (22 oz).
Use.
The Legbar was bred as a auto-sexing layer breed. Hens may give some 180-200 eggs per year.
Autosexing.
Unlike sex-linked hybrids, such as 'red sex-links' or 'black sex-links', the Legbar is an auto-sexing breed. Several other auto-sexing breeds or auto-sexing varieties of breeds exist, such as Plymouth Rock, Bielefelder Kennhuhn, Niederrheiner, and Norwegian Jærhøns. Most breeds that end with -bar, such as Welbar, Rhodebar, Brussbar or Wybar, are auto-sexing as well.
The importance that auto-sexing plays in the Legbar breed is also reflected in the fact that, next to a standards for the adult birds, the down colour and patterns are also standardised. Day old male chicks can be distinguished from day old female chicks by the down colour and the pattern they form.
Female Legbar chicks in general have a broad very dark brown stripe extending over the head, neck and rump and a clear eye barring. The edges of the stripe are clearly defined and should not be blurred and blending with the ground colour, which is dark brown. A light head spot should be visible but is usually small. The male Legbar chicks in contrast have a much paler down shade and the pattern is blurred and washed out from head to rump.
The marked difference between male and female chicks is due to gene dosage of the sex-linked barring gene ('barring' (B), 'nonbarring' (b+)). This gene is located on the Z-Chromosome of birds. Birds have different sex-chromosomes (Z and w) and a different sex-determination system compared to mammals (X and Y). Male birds have therefore two Z-chromosomes while female birds have a Z- and a dwarfed w-chromosome. This means that phenotypically barred cocks can either have the B/B or the B/b+ genotype, while a barred hen always has to have a B/- genotype. The colour-sexing of Legbar chicks, however, is only possible because the male chicks have a double dose of the sex-linked barring gene (genoype B/B), while the female chicks only have a single dose (genoype B/-), resulting in the observed down colours.


Smith Brothers Farms

Smith Brothers Farms is a dairy and home delivery service based in Kent, Washington, United States.
History.
Smith Brothers Farms was established in 1920 by Benjamin Smith who had a couple of Holstein cows that he milked by hand. The dairy now delivers to more than 40,000 homes around the Puget Sound region, including Seattle, Olympia, and Everett.
In 2001, their herd eventually outgrew the pastures in Kent and Snohomish and were moved to Grant County in Eastern Washington. Due to federal regulations in 2006, Smith Brothers Farms sold their cows and farm in Royal City. In August 2013, the dairy moved from their original location of 93 years on West Valley Highway to their current headquarters and milk-processing facility in Kent, Washington. The land was sold to Carpinito Brothers where it has since remained a farm.
Since selling the herd, the milk is sourced from co-ops around Washington state, which is then pasteurized, homogenized, and packed at their plant in Kent. Their 50,000 square foot dairy facility includes equipment that can produce up to 60,000 gallons of milk a day. Before it was a dairy production facility, it was a Heinz frozen soup factory.
In addition to their Kent location, Smith Brothers Farms has distribution depots in Woodinville and Tacoma.
Awards.
Smith Brothers Farms was awarded Plant of the Year in 2014 from Dairy Foods.


Lyle Stewart

Lyle Eldon Stewart is a Canadian provincial politician. He is a current Saskatchewan Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. First elected in 1999, Stewart represented the constituency of Thunder Creek until its abolition in 2016. Stewart was subsequently elected in Lumsden-Morse, a new electoral district encompassing most of the former Thunder Creek constituency.
Stewart has been the Minister of Agriculture and the Minister Responsible for Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation since May 25, 2012, a role he maintained following the August 23, 2016 cabinet shuffle. He has been a member of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan since 2007, previously serving as the Minister for Enterprise and Innovation. On August 9, 2018, he announced he was resigning from Cabinet due to health concerns.
Electoral record.
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|8,624
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|7,496
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|


Brattingsborg

Brattingsborg is a manor house and estate located south of Tranebjerg, on the Danish island of Samsø.
The estate produces bread and potatoes for Danish supermarkets under the brand Brattingsborg.
History.
The history of the estate goes back to 1120 when it was the king's property on the island of Samsø. Originally called Søllemarksgård, it was renamed Brattingsborg by Griffenfeld who owned the island from 1674 to 1676. From 1677 to 1921, Brattingsborg was the seat of the counts of Samsøe, established for Christian V's mistress, Sophie Amalie Moth, and her descendants. The associated Danneskiold-Samsøe family still own the property.
Christian Frederik began constructing today's main building in 1870. Designed by Knud Borring, it was completed in 1898 by Martin Borch. Built in the Neogothic style, it is inspired by English trends. The outhouses from 1870 are among the first buildings in Denmark to be constructed in concrete. The Brattingsborg estate covers , nearly a quarter of the area of Samsø. Covering an area of , the park is also inspired by English country gardens, falling naturally into the surrounding landscape.
Medieval fortresses.
The manor have taken its name from an old and now non-existent royal castle in the town of Tranebjerg, called Gammel Brattingsborg (English: "Old Brattingsborg").
In the garden of Brattingsborg manor, the small fortification of Blafferholmen, have been excavated in 2012 by the National Museum of Denmark. It was founded on top of a stone age dolmen in the 1300s, in an age of conflict. It burned down shortly after it was built apparently, but there was no signs of any battle.
Brattingsborg today.
The Brattingsborg estate is managed by Anders Danneskiold Lassen and with a staff of 20, is run as a modern concern with a focus on agriculture, pig production, forestry, hunting and housing rental. In 2008, in collaboration with Dansk Supermarked, Brattingsborg began producing five types of bread for sale in all Føtex and Bilka stores. In 2010, the business was extended to include the sale of potatoes.
In the summer it is possible to visit Brattingsborg park for a stroll, in return of a small fee.


Millat Tractors

Millat Tractors () is a Pakistani tractor manufacturer based in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan since 1964. It is the authorized assembler and manufacturer of Massey Ferguson tractors in Pakistan.
History.
Millat Tractors was initially started as Rana Tractors and Equipment Limited to import and market Massey Ferguson tractors. In 1965, facilities were created in Karachi to assemble tractors from semi-knocked-down kits. In 1967, operations were shifted from Karachi to Lahore.
In 1972, under the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the company was nationalized and started assembling and marketing tractors on behalf of the Pakistan Tractor Corporation (PTC).
In 1980, the Government decided on indigenization of the tractors and entrusted this task to Pakistan Tractor Corporation. Pakistan Tractor Corporation transferred this role of indigenization in 1981 to Millat Tractors Limited. In just one year, the company took a giant step towards self-sufficiency by setting up the first engine assembly plant in Pakistan. In 1984, sophisticated manufacturing facilities for the machining of intricate components were set up. These were previously not available in Pakistan. Currently, critical components like the engine block, sump, transmission case, axle housing, hydraulic lift cover, front axle support and center housing are all being machined successfully in-house at Millat Tractors from locally sourced castings.
In 1992, the company was privatized, and Millat Tractors plant started its in-house production. The establishment of this modern plant not only increased production capacity to 16,000 tractors per year on a single-shift basis.
In the 2009-2010 financial year, production shot up to 42,000 tractors, the highest sales of tractors ever in Pakistan for any company at the time.
During the fiscal year 2017-18, Millat Tractors Limited produced and sold over 42,500 tractors.
Forbes list.
Millat Tractors, as a company, is on the Forbes List of Asia's 200 Best Under a Billion (2018)


Cecil Salmon

Samuel Cecil Salmon (1885–1975) was an agronomist who was attached to the American occupying forces in Japan after World War II. He worked for the Agricultural Research Service and during his time in Japan, Salmon collected 16 varieties of wheat samples including a dwarf strain Norin 10 which later triggered the Green Revolution.
Life and career.
Salmon was born in South Dakota and received a B.S. degree from South Dakota State University, a M.S. degree from Kansas State University and a Ph.D. degree
from the University of Minnesota.
He taught and conducted research on wheat production at Kansas State from 1913 to 1931. In 1931, he became Principal Agronomist in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) "Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases".
While serving as the cereal crops consultant with the U.S. Army of Occupation in Japan after World War II, Salmon noted the vigorous, productive semi-dwarf wheats developed in Japan. He collected 16 varieties of the wheats including Norin 10 and sent seeds of those wheats to the USDA Small Grains Collection.
These seeds were used by Orville Vogel at Washington State University to develop the variety ‘Gaines,’ which holds the world record for wheat yields, and Norin 10 was used by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico to develop the varieties that started the Green Revolution.
Salmon went on to serve two years in the Philippines helping to rehabilitate the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture at Los Baños (UPLB) and undertook four tours with the U.S. Agency for International Development.
He co-authored several books on experimental design in agricultural research including "The principles and practice of agricultural research", published by L. Hill in 1964.


Pineau des Charentes

Pineau des Charentes, (Pineau Charentais, or simply Pineau) is a regional aperitif of western France, made in the départements of Charente, Charente-Maritime, and (to a lesser extent) Dordogne. While popular within its region of production, it is less well known in other regions of France and somewhat uncommon abroad.
It is a fortified wine (mistelle or vin de liqueur), made from either fresh, unfermented grape juice or a blend of lightly fermented grape must, to which a Cognac eau-de-vie is added and then matured.
Pineau is also found as a home-made product in the neighbouring Deux-Sèvres and Vendée départements. There is also a similar drink called "Troussepinette" that is made in the Vendée, which is often flavoured with pine or fruits such as pear. Elsewhere in France analogous drinks are made (Macvin in Jura, Floc de Gascogne in the Armagnac area; there is also Pommeau, similarly made by blending apple juice and apple brandy), but these products are much less well known nationally and internationally than Pineau.
History.
According to legend, during the harvest of 1589, a winemaker accidentally added grape must into a barrel that he believed was empty but in fact contained eau de vie. The mixture was duly returned to the cellars for fermentation. A few years later, the barrel was retrieved and was found to contain the drink that is now associated with the region of Charente. In 1921, a winemaker from Burie (Charente-Maritime), Emile Daud and P&C, commercialised the drink.
Varieties.
White pineau.
The dominant white variety of pineau is made using the grapes Ugni blanc, Folle blanche and Colombard, with occasional Sémillon, Sauvignon blanc and Montils. The mixture is aged for at least 18 months, including a minimum of 8 months in oak barrels. It is typically two years old when bottled.
The resulting drink is between 16% and 22% ABV (but in commercial practice nearly always 17%) and is traditionally a deep gold in color, but colors and qualities vary from vineyard to vineyard, depending on the lie of the land, the soil composition and the grape used. The taste is predominantly sweet, but is balanced by both acidity and the increased level of alcohol.
Finer varieties are aged for over 5 years in barrel, and often for several decades. After 5 years, it is called "vieux pineau", and if barrel aged for more than 10 years, "très vieux pineau". Très vieux pineau is more of a rarity, given its more stringent quality and maturation standards. Normandin-Mercier is a Cognac house known for producing a fine, long-lived example of très vieux pineau. Before these age designations can be used on the label, an examining commission must certify both the duration of aging and the finished product.
Red/rosé pineau.
The red and rosé varieties, very popular locally, are made from the grapes Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot, and are aged for at least 14 months, including a minimum of 8 months in oak barrels. The finished drink is again between 16% and 22% ABV (usually 17%) and varies between a deep mahogany brown colour and a very dark pink.
Production.
The annual production of pineau is around 14,000,000 litres. Around 80% of this is made in the Charente-Maritime département.
Its production is controlled under the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée 'vin de liqueur' classification, though it is not a wine in the ordinary sense. In principle the same producer grows the grapes, makes the wine and distills it into brandy, presses the fresh grape juice and then blends and matures the result. The geographical zone authorized for the production of Pineau des Charentes AOC is practically identical with that for Cognac, and in fact many of the artisanal producers of pineau (numbering several hundred) also sell their own Cognac.
When a good harvest is expected, the best grapes may be picked by hand, however most producers harvest most of their crop mechanically. Very strict rules and formulae for the ratios of brandy and fresh grape juice are followed by each vintner and the process is even more tightly controlled for organic producers. The year of the pineau depends on the year of the eau de vie and not on the grape juice, as the juice must be freshly squeezed from freshly picked grapes – literally squeezed and mixed the same day as harvesting.
The act of mixing the eau de vie with the fresh grape juice is referred to as "assemblage", assembly or blending. It stops the fermentation of the grape must through a process called "mutage".
An increasing number of vineyards in the area now produce and sell pineau in which both the grape juice and the brandy come from organically-grown grapes. Their products have certification.
Storing and serving.
Like other fortified wines such as Sherry, Pineau des Charentes does not benefit from aging. However, storing unopened bottles away from sources of light will do no harm to the wine, although bottles should be stored upright to reduce the exposed surface area. Once opened, Pineau des Charentes will keep for some time in the refrigerator.
Pineau des Charentes should be served chilled (8–10 °C) in a tulip-shaped glass such as a sherry glass. The taper of this type of glass better enhances the aroma of the wine.


Thomas Stone Barn

The Thomas Stone Barn is located in Brigham, Wisconsin.
History.
Walter Thomas was a Welsh immigrant. The barn was originally used for keeping livestock and hay. Eventually, it was converted for dairying. It was added to the State Register of Historic Places in 2000 and to the National Register of Historic Places the following year.


Paramount Dairies Limited

Paramount Dairies Limited (PDL), often referred to as Paramount Dairies, is a dairy processing company in Uganda. PDL is a leading manufacturer of Cheddar and Gouda cheeses in Uganda. In 2013, the Daily Monitor newspaper named this company among the 6 key milk processors in the country, out of at least 30 licensed operators.
Location.
The head office and factory of the company are located in the neighborhood called "Kakoba", in the town of Mbarara, in Mbarara District, in Uganda's Western Region, approximately , by road, southwest of Kampala, the capital and largest city in that country. The coordinates of the company headquarters and factory are:0°36'39.0"S, 30°40'29.0"E (Latitude:-0.610830; Longitude:30.674718).
Overview.
PDL began as a family business in 1992, with installed capacity of 200 liters per day. As at 2011, the company employed over 50 personnel to produce 8 varieties of cheeses, which were sold to leading supermarket chains in Uganda's urban centers and to neighboring Rwanda. At that time, plans were underway to expand processing capacity to 100,000 liters per day.
Products.
The include cheese and cream.


Jack Harlan

Jack Rodney Harlan (June 7, 1917 – August 26, 1998) was a botanist, agronomist, plant collector, and campaigner for crop plant biodiversity conservation.
Early life.
Born in Washington, DC, Jack Harlan was the son of Harry Harlan, a plant breeder who worked on barley at the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and who travelled around the world on seed collecting expeditions in search of new genetic material for use the USDA's crop breeding programs. Harry Harlan was a friend of the famous Russian plant breeding expert Nikolai Vavilov, and at the age of fifteen Jack Harlan met Vavilov when the latter stayed at the Harlan house during an international conference. This meeting inspired Jack to become a plant collector himself, and plans were made for him to travel to Russia after finishing his undergraduate degree to work with Vavilov. However the trip was cancelled as a result of Vavilov's deteriorating relationship with the Soviet authorities.
University study and career.
Harlan earned a B.S. from George Washington University in 1938. He went on to study under the famous botanist and geneticist G. Ledyard Stebbins at the University of California, where he received a Ph.D. in genetics in 1942.
From 1942 to 1951 he worked at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, where he worked on breeding forage crops and improving the grazing quality of rangelands in Oklahoma.
In 1951 Harlan became a university lecturer and researcher, working first as a professor of agronomy at Oklahoma State University at Stillwater, Oklahoma, where he refused to sign an oath of loyalty, and later as a professor of plant genetics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He co-founded the Crop Evolution Laboratory there in 1966.
He moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in the 1980s and served as an adjunct professor at Tulane University. Harlan published a variety of papers in the area of crop biodiversity, and publicized his concerns that modern agricultural practices were contributing to the extinction of older, traditional varieties of crops.
Plant collecting.
As a scientist Harlan had two complementary research interests; the practical work of breeding economically important crops for desirable traits such as disease resistance or higher yield, and archaeobotany, the archeological study of the origins of crop domestication. Over the course of his career he carried out over forty plant- and seed-collecting expeditions to locations all of the world. Many of these expeditions were funded by the USDA, and the samples he brought back were added to USDA seed collections. Harlan was famous for the quality and quantity of the seed collections he brought back.
Some of Harlan's collected seeds came to be used successfully in official USDA breeding programs. For example, in 1948 Harlan and his colleague Osman Tosun collected some wheat grains in a field in eastern Turkey (it was later discovered that the grains may actually have come from Iraq, having been brought to Turkey by recent immigrants). The sample was added to the USDA's seed bank as PI 178383. Fifteen years later in the early 1960s there was a severe epidemic of stripe rust, and hundreds of seed collections were tested for resistance to the rust. PI 178383 turned out to be resistant, not only to the stripe rust, but to several other wheat diseases as well, and it was added to breeding programs to produce new, resistant varieties, which were widely grown in America's northwestern states.
Views on the origins of crop plant genetic diversity.
Harlan agreed broadly with Vavilov's idea that just a few geographical locations are crucial for generating much of the biodiversity on which plant breeders depend. However Harlan preferred the term center of diversity to Vavilov's term center of origin, because while the centers of crop diversity are known and mapped, the origins of crops cannot be definitely pinned down. In "The Living Fields: Our Agricultural Heritage" he wrote:


Forests of Poland

Polish forests cover about 30% of Poland's territory, and are mostly owned by the state. Western and northern parts of Poland as well as the Carpathian Mountains in the extreme south, are much more forested than eastern and central provinces. The most forested administrative districts of the country are: Lubusz Voivodeship (48,9%), Subcarpathian Voivodeship (37,2%), and Pomeranian Voivodeship (36,1%). The least forested are: Łódź Voivodeship (21%), Masovian Voivodeship (22,6%), and Lublin Voivodeship (22,8%).
Contemporary history.
At the end of the 18th century, forests covered around 40% of Poland. However, due to the 19th century economic exploitation during the partitions of Poland, as well as, the Nazi German and Soviet occupations between 1939–1945 with trees shipped to battle fronts across Europe, deforestation and slash and burn conditions of war shrank Polish forests to only 21% of total area of the country (as of 1946). Furthermore, rich deciduous trees were replaced with fast growing coniferous trees of lesser value meant for commerce, such as pine. After World War II, the government of Poland initiated the National Plan of Afforestation. By 1970, forests covered 29% of the country. As of 2009 – 29,1% of Poland's territory was forested, amounting to 9,088,000 hectares. It is estimated that by 2050, the total area of forested land should increase to 33%.
As much as 81,8% of the Polish forests are state-owned, majority (77,8%) by Polish State Forests (Lasy Panstwowe), 2% constitute Polish National Forests protected zones, 2% are owned by other governmental entities (such as local self-government or the Agricultural Property Agency) and 18,2% belong to private owners. High percentage of Polish forests owned by the state is the result of nationalization of forests that occurred in the aftermath of World War II when Poland became a communist state (see People's Republic of Poland) under the Soviet sphere of influence.
Inhabitation.
Forest in Poland occupy the poorest soil. Coniferous type accounts for 54.5%, whereas broadleaved type accounts for 45.5% (out of that, alder and riparian forests account for 3.8%). A number of forested zones are now protected by the Polish government and, in many cases, they have become tourist destinations. Over the years, many of the largest Polish forests have been reduced in size, and that reflected on the structure of forest inhabitation.
Up until the end of the 18th Century, beginning in what is known as the Middle Ages, forests were considered places for travelers and ordinary folk to stay away from, as they were home to bandits and were believed to be inhabited by evil spirits. Law and order did not apply to forests for many centuries, except for self-policing observed and administered by their inhabitants. However, the forests did contain numerous woodsmen and their families who made the best of their remote environment. These woodsmen lived on what the forest could produce, collecting pitch resin for sale – important as method of illuminating city streets – logging construction lumber, collecting lime, bees wax, honey, hops, mushrooms and whatever other saleable items could be harvested in the forest and sold in villages outside of it.
Families of the woodsmen produced their own food through gardening and hunting, as well as their own clothing. In some cases, their sewing of intricate laces became well known outside the forest, resulting in additional family income. Because of their isolation from society in general, woodsmen and their families developed their own style of dress, music, sewing, dialect, celebrations, and the type of dwellings. The Masovia woodsmen for example, known as Kurpie people, who lived in the forested region known in Poland as the White Wilderness (Puszcza Biała) and the Green Wilderness, still proudly proclaim and celebrate their unique culture and customs.
List of Polish forest complexes.
A
B
D
K
Ł
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
W
Z
External links.
↑ Encyklopedia Polski t.2


Arthur Bryant Triggs

Arthur Bryant Triggs (30 January 1868 – 9 September 1936) was an Australian grazier and collector.
Family life.
Triggs was born in Chelsea, London, the son of James Triggs, carpet agent, and his wife Celia Anne, née Bryant. His younger brother was Inigo Triggs, the English country house architect and garden designer and author. The architect Inigo Jones was a distant relative.
Career.
In 1887 Arthur immigrated to Australia, becoming a wealthy New South Wales grazier (known as The Sheep King) and collector of art, books and coins.
Further reading.
Jitts, Stephe (2015). "Arthur Bryant Triggs: Pastoralist, Philanthropist, Collector". .


Plantations of New England

The Plantations of New England were a series of colonisation efforts by Europeans on the east coast of North America, a land that they called New England.
The name New England dates to the earliest days of European settlement: in 1616 Captain John Smith described the area in a pamphlet "New England." The name was officially sanctioned in 1620 by the grant of King James I to the Plymouth Council for New England.
The region was subsequently divided through further grants, including the 1629 royal grant of "Hampshire" which was issued for "making a Plantation & establishing of a Colony or Colonyes in the Countrey called or knowen by ye name of New England in America."
The role plantations played in New England's economy in the past was not as significant as the role agriculture played in Southern colonies. The soil was also very rocky and wasn't good for farming
History of Agriculture in New England.
Native American Land Use.
Agricultural activity existed in New England before European settlers arrived in the region. By the time colonizers arrived, "Native American agriculture in southern New England had developed into a well-ordered system". The majority of the civilian diet came from corn (maize), which was planted "in hills in clearings the Native cut in the woods". Relative to the role played by the agricultural sector in southern New England, agriculture was less well developed in northern New England due to the shorter growing season. As such, the majority of the diet in the north came from hunting, fishing, and "gathering wild berries and nuts". Plantations in southern New England also included farming of beans, squash, and pumpkins, which were planted with the corn. Additionally, though the tobacco industry thrived to a much greater extent in Southern colonies, tobacco was also grown to a relatively lesser extent in New England. Other crops included melons and strawberries.
By the time the colonizers settled, the agricultural system was cyclical in that fields were cleared of trees, then used for five or more years after which they naturally reverted to woodland as a consequence of how quickly forests regeneration in the New England area. With respect to relative male to female involvement in plantations, though farm work was mostly conducted by the women, men were more involved in tobacco cultivation.
Colonial Land Use.
Though agricultural activity existed in New England before early colonial settlers arrived, land was barely touched relative to the massive plantation scales seen in England at the time. As such, early settlers were greeted with great opportunities to utilize the kinds of land use improvements previously implemented in England. Up until the colonial time period, there was a significant amount of unused land that was characterized by undeveloped wilderness. The primary improvement that settlers brought about was thus the recreation of the English farming system that efficiently utilized the vast areas of untamed wilderness. However, relative to the massive for-profit cash-crop plantations in the South, plantations in New England were small-scale, and meant mainly for subsistence purposes rather than profit making.
With the improvements came a complication: the English methods of the time were unsustainable in the New England region, such that much of the land was worn out by the early 1800s. This paved the way for another improvement in the agricultural system, namely the use of applied science to make crop production more efficient and sustainable.
Industrialization & Agriculture.
The half-century period before the Civil War, more generally between 1800 and 1900, saw the "development of New England manufactures and the rise of new factory villages and towns". This brought about significant changes to the agricultural system in the region, specifically through new demands for raw materials and food. Though demand was quick to change, supply remained fixed for a long period of time due to the "inherent inflexibility of the agricultural industry". However, with the development of railroads by 1840, supply was pretty much forced to change and meet demand. This occurred due to the sudden drop in transportation costs, and thus how competitive the agricultural sector became as a result of the newer farms utilizing newer technologies in the New York area. Farmers elsewhere in New England had to institute similar changes in capital to match the increase in competition by making farming in plantations more efficient and productive. Though such changes were made reluctantly, they were the steps that resulted in what would thereafter be referred to as an agricultural revolution.
Other Northern Colony Planting.
Though most plantations and large farms in Northern colonies were in New England, New York and other Mid-Atlantic Colonies also had a large agriculture industry. One notable farm or "plantation" in New York is the Montskill Estate.
Conclusion.
Evident from the evolution of agricultural systems, products, and significance in the region, plantations in New England clearly played an important role in ensuring that local demand for food was satisfied by local supply, and that profit-opportunities in the sector were exhausted through utilization of technological changes that occurred in the colonial era.


Three Counties Showground

The Three Counties Showground is a showground site covering 90 acres, owned by the Three Counties Agricultural Society. The first show at the site was held in 1958 and was attended by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.
The annual "Royal Three Counties Show" takes place at the Three Counties Showground in June and is a celebration of the British countryside that includes displays, food, livestock, produce and entertainment. In 2018, the show celebrated 60 years of being hosted at the Three Counties Showground.
The showground is home to the annual RHS Malvern Spring Festival, which had an attendance of 102,000 over the four day festival in 2019.
The Princess Royal is a regular visitor to the Three Counties Showground and first went to the venue in 1976. She has since served as the Society’s President (1981), opened the new members’ complex overlooking the main arena (1986), attended National Pony Society’s 100th Summer Championship Show and the National Sheep Association Show (2006) and was guest of honour at the RHS Malvern Spring Festival, as part of its 25th birthday celebrations that were held in 2010. In 2014, she accepted an invitation to become patron of the Royal Three Counties Show.


Margaret River (wine region)

Margaret River is the major geographical indication wine region in southwest Western Australia, with 5,017 hectares under vine and 215 wineries as at 2012. Margaret River wine region is made up predominantly of boutique size wine producers; although winery operations range from the smallest crushing 3.5 tonne per year to the largest around 7000 tonne. The climate of Margaret River is more strongly maritime-influenced than any other major Australian region. It has the lowest mean annual temperature range, of only 7.6 °C, and as well as the most marked Mediterranean climate in terms of rainfall, with only 2000 millimetres of the annual 1160 millimetres falling between October and April. The low diurnal and seasonal temperature range means an unusually even accumulation of warmth. Overall the climate is similar to that of Bordeaux in a dry vintage. Although the region produces just three percent of total Australian grape production, it produces over 20 percent of Australia's premium wine market. The principal grape varieties are fairly evenly split between red and white; Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, Shiraz, Merlot, Chenin blanc and Verdelho.
Sub-regions.
There are no official Margaret River subregions, although in 1999 viticultural scientist Dr John Gladstones presented a paper suggesting there should be six subregions based on climate and soil differences namely: Yallingup, Carbunup, Wilyabrup, Treeton, Wallcliffe and Karridale.
Wineries.
A selective list of the 215 (2012) grape growers and wine producers in the Margaret River Wine Region includes:


Houghton Wines

Houghton Wines is an Australian winery originating in the Swan Valley wine region of Western Australia at the historic Houghton Estate.
A subsidiary of Accolade Wines, the company operates four of Western Australia's largest vineyards at Moondah Brook (145 hectares), Pemberton (92 hectares), Mount Barker (74 hectares) and Frankland River (89 hectares), and sources fruit from Margaret River, Harvey and the Ferguson Valley. Expansion into the Western Australian South West and the Great Southern wine region led to the establishment of a winery, located at Nannup in the Blackwood Valley. In 2019 Houghton divested itself of its wine producing facilities and vineyards in the Swan Valley.
The Houghton portfolio includes the brands of Houghton Line Range, Houghton Crofters, Moondah Brook, Houghton Regional Range, Houghton Gladstone and Jack Mann.
History.
The land of which Houghton was part (Swan Location II) was originally assigned by Governor James Stirling to Rivett Henry Bland in 1829. In 1836, a syndicate of three British Army Officers, Houghton, Lowie and Yule (who had been serving together in India) purchased the northern half of Swan location II. The syndicate named the property Houghton after the senior ranking officer of their group, Lieutenant Colonel Richmond Houghton.
Houghton himself did not come to Western Australia and for the next 23 years the property was managed and developed by one of the members of the syndicate, Thomas Newte Yule.
In 1859, Dr John Ferguson purchased the Houghton property for the sum of 350 pounds and in that same year produced the first commercial vintage of wine from the vineyard a total of .
Moondyne Joe, Western Australia's most famous bushranger, was captured on the Houghton property in the act of stealing wine from the cellars on 25 February 1869. By chance, the owner, Charles William Ferguson had been helping with a police search, and afterwards invited a group of police back to the vineyard for refreshments. When Ferguson entered the cellar, Joe assumed that he was discovered, and made a dash for the door into the arms of the police.
In 1950, Valencia Vineyards, a subsidiary of the Emu Wine Company of Morphett Vale, South Australia, purchased the Houghton vineyards, winery and distillery from the Ferguson family. In April 1976, the South Australian winemaking Hardy family acquired the stock of the Emu Wine Company and with that purchase, became owners of Houghton.
Jack Mann.
Jack Mann (1906–1989) was considered a pioneer of Western Australia's wine industry. and served a total of 51 consecutive vintages at Houghton. His awards included being awarded an MBE in 1964. "The West Australian" newspaper included him in their list of Western Australia's 100 most influential people.
One of Mann's most significant accomplishments was the creation of the Houghton White Burgundy in 1937, a full bodied chenin blanc wine. The Houghton White Burgundy was so named because the judges and winemakers at the 1937 Melbourne Wine Show likened it to the style of wines from Burgundy, France. The Houghton White Burgundy has become one of Australia's most popular white wines. Houghton White Burgundy was renamed Houghton White Classic in 2005 to comply with an international trade agreement between Australia and the EU (see Protected designation of origin).


Spensa Technologies

Spensa Technologies is a private company based in the Purdue Research Park in West Lafayette, Indiana that specializes in precision agriculture. The company, founded in 2009, is known for its ag-related technology, including automated pest sensors and software. It has been owned since April 2018 by Minneapolis-based DTN.
History.
Spensa was founded on 16 January 2009 by Johnny Park, a computer engineering professor at Purdue University, whose research into robotics and computer vision in farming (supported by a $6.4M USDA grant) led to the creation of the company. With support from the National Science Foundation and private investment, Spensa expanded its operations and developed agriculture-related hardware and software products.
Spensa's principal hardware product is the Z-Trap, an automated electronic device that detects insects in a field and wirelessly reports its data. Its software consists of both web-based and mobile applications, centered on the Spensa Agronomic Platform (AP), a subscription-based software.
Spensa was acquired in April 2018 by Minneapolis-based DTN.