Edgerton Park

Edgerton Park, also known as the Frederick F. Brewster Estate, is a public park on Whitney Avenue, straddling the New Haven–Hamden town line in Connecticut.
It is site of the demolished Victorian home of Eli Whitney II, known as "Ivy Nook". In 1909, it became the estate of industrialist Frederick F. Brewster, with a new Tudor-style mansion constructed named Edgerton for its location on the edge of town. The mansion was demolished in 1964, pursuant to Brewster's wishes, after the death of his wife, and the property was donated to the city. The present landscape was designed by Robert Storer Stephenson in 1909.
The property was listed as historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. In 1988, the district included seven contributing buildings, eight other contributing structures, and one contributing object.
Features.
The 22-acre park features the original wall, greenhouses, carriage house, gatehouse, and bridge from the Brewster estate. There is also a large fountain and community gardens. The Sarah T. Crosby Conservatory in the Community Greenhouses features a rain forest exhibit, a dry landscape with desert plants, and orchids.
The Elm Shakespeare Company has been offering outdoor summer performances in Edgerton Park since 1995.
Edgerton Park Conservancy.
Edgerton Park Conservancy is a non-profit, volunteer organization dedicated to the needs of Edgerton Park. It works to restore and maintain the buildings and grounds, and offers education programs for schools and the community in the conservatory. The conservancy works in partnership with the city of New Haven, which owns the property.
G.R.O.W.E.R.S., a horticultural program for handicapped adults, offers plants for sale in the greenhouse.


C. P. de Silva

Charles Percival de Silva, CCS (16 April 1912 – 9 October 1972) was a leading Sri Lankan politician and civil servant. He had served as the Minister of Finance, Minister of Lands, Land Development and Agriculture; and Minister of Power and Irrigation, and Chairperson of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, and later joined as a senior member of the United National Party.
Born in the southern town of Balapitiya, he was educated at St Thomas' College, Mt. Lavinia and studied mathematics at the Ceylon University College and the University of London. Joining the prestigious Ceylon Civil Service, he served as an Assistant Government Agent in the North Central Province, assisting D. S. Senanayake in his agricultural projects in the province and served as Director of Land Development, in the Ministry of Agriculture under Dudley Senanayake, who succeed his father as Minister of Agriculture when the latter became the first Prime Minister of Ceylon. Falling-out with the younger Senanayake, C. P. de Silva resigned from the civil service.
Entering politics from the newly formed Sri Lanka Freedom Party, he played a major role in S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike's landslide victory in the 1965 general elections and became the top cabinet minister. He missed the opportunity to succeed Bandaranaike as prime minister, when the latter was assassinated in 1959 as he himself was in London recovering from a suspect poisoning. Returning to Ceylon he took over the leadership of the Freedom Party, but failed to unit its different fractions and served as opposition leader for a brief period, before engineering the defeat of the United National Party government. But his bid to form a government failed as the Governor General called for fresh elections.
He succeed in establishing Bandaranaike's widow, Sirima Bandaranaike as party leader and gaining the party a major victory in the 1960 July general elections. Having been sidelined by the Sirima Bandaranaike and her loyalists on cast lines, he led thirteen Freedom Party politicians to cross over to the opposition and defeating the government in parliament resulting in fresh elections which the United National Party won with the support his new party, the Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party and became a minister in the national government that followed. A strong advocate of agriculture and rural development, he played a major role in many of the large agricultural development projects in the North Central Province. He lost his seat in the 1970 general election, after having served in parliament for eighteen consecutive years.
Early life and education.
Born Randombe in Balapitiya to C. R. de Silva, a proctor with a civil practice in Balapitiya and Galle; and Obinamuni Adlin de Silva. He had three brothers and two sisters. His brother A. H. de Silva took over their father's practice and was elected to parliament along with his other brother Merril de Silva, his sister Gladys married R. T. de Silva and the other sister Stella became a pediatrician. His brother Dr L. B. de Silva was a researcher attached to the Medical Research Institute. He was a cousin of Colvin R. de Silva.
He was educated at Dharmasoka College, Ambalangoda and St Thomas' College, Mt. Lavinia, where he won the Gregory Scholarship, the Miller Award and became head boy. Thereafter he attend the Ceylon University College where he gained a BSc in Mathematics (first Class) from the University of London in 1933. He thereafter attended University of London for postgraduate studies.
Civil service.
Having sat for the Ceylon Civil Service (CCS) entrance exam in the United Kingdom, de Silva was admitted in 1935 and on his return to the island was appointed as a cadet in the Jaffna Kachcheri. At aged 23, he was one of the youngest to gain admission to the CCS. Following his completion of training as a cadet, he was appointed as the Assistant Government Agent (AGA) in Puttalam. He was then selected by D. S. Senanayake, Minister of Agriculture to serve as AGA of the Polonnaruwa District in order to carry forward his agricultural projects in the district. In Polonnaruwa, de Silva served under Richard Aluvihare and played a major role in establishing the Minneriya Colonisation Scheme. Thereafter he was posted as Assistant Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture, assisting Senanayake in his agricultural programs. He was then posted as Assistant Government Agent of the Anuradhapura District. In 1945 he was an Assistant Land Commissioner and in 1949 he was promoted to the post of Director of Land Development, under the when Minister of Agriculture, Dudley Senanayake, who was a contemporary at St Thomas' College, having been two years senior. However, after a falling out with Dudley Senanayake, he was appointed Assistant Government Agent of the Kalutara District. Resigned shortly thereafter from the Civil Service and retired to his farm in Tabbowa in the Puttalam District becoming a gentleman farmer.
Political career.
Sri Lanka Freedom Party.
Member of parliament.
C. P. de Silva was brought into active politics by Herbert Sri Nissanka, who was the secretary of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. He contested in the general elections in 1952 and was elected to parliament from Polonnaruwa from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party defeating the incumbent P. L. Bauddhasara.
Cabinet Minister and Leader of the House.
He was re-elected in the 1956 general elections and was appointed leader of the house in parliament by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike who then appointed him to his cabinet as the Minister of Lands, Land Development and Agriculture. In the Bandaranaike cabinet, C. P. de Silva emerged as the most senior member after Bandaranaike and served as acting prime minister during the absence of the latter. In 1957, he personally drove a bulldozer to safely breach the Minneriya tank during the 1957 floods.
He became severely ill at a cabinet meeting on 25 August 1959 after consuming a glass of milk and was flown to the United Kingdom for medical treatment. During his absence Bandaranaike was assassinated on 26 September 1959 and Wijeyananda Dahanayake, who was the acting leader of the house was appointed as Prime Minister by the Governor General. De Silva return to the island soon after and was appointed an interim minister only to be removed shortly by Dahanayake.
Leader of the Opposition.
Although not fully recovered, he became the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and led the party in the 1960 March general elections. Weaken by inter-party rivalries, the Freedom Party was able to gain 46 seats while the United National Party led by Dudley Senanayake gained 50 seats and formed a minority government which lasted only three months. He became the Leader of the Opposition. The government lost the throne speech and Senanayake resigned advising the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call for fresh elections. C. P. de Silva, met the Governor General, Sir Oliver Goonetilleke and stated that he could form a government. Sir Oliver Goonetilleke did not accept de Silva offer and dissolved parliament.
Minister of Power and Irrigation.
Sri Lanka Freedom Party selected Bandaranaike's widow, Sirima Bandaranaike as party leader for the 1960 July general elections. The party won the election and formed a government, with Sirima Bandaranaike becoming the first women prime minister. C. P. de Silva, appointed Minister of Power and Irrigation, and leader of the house, once again serving as the senior member of the cabinet until, he was surpassed by the prime minister's nephew, Felix Dias Bandaranaike who soon became the prominent figure in the government. C. P. de Silva was soon sidelined by the Bandaranaike's based on caste issues. He briefly served as Minister of Finance in 1962. He established two schools in Minneriya Central College and the Polonnaruwa Royal Central College.
Crossing over.
He soon faced attacks from within his own party and was criticized in parliament by Jaya Pathirana. Citing the Press Take Over Bill which was aimed at taking over its main critic, Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited by the government, on 3 December 1964, C. P. de Silva led thirteen SLFP parliamentarians that included Mahanama Samaraweera, P. P. Wickramasooriya, Wijebahu Wijesinghe, Edmund Wijesuriya, A. H. de Silva, Indrasena de Zoysa, Chandrasena Munaweera, W. G. M. Albert Silva, S. B. Lenawa, Lakshman de Silva, Dr. Edwin Tillekeratne, Sir Razik Fareed, and Robert Singleton-Salmon crossed over to the opposition. The government of Sirima Bandaranaike lost the throne speech by one vote and a general election was called for in March 1965.
Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party.
C. P. de Silva formed the Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party which in coalition with the United National Party (UNP) contest and won the general elections in 1965. He was appointed Minister of Lands, Irrigation and Power; and the Leader of the House in the new national government of Prime Minister Senanayake. During his tenor, he established the River Valleys Development Board to develop the Udawalawe Project and the introduced the Mahaweli Development Authority Act in February 1970 initiating the Mahaweli Development programme. He had contested from the Minneriya district from March 1960, and was re-elected in July 1960 and 1965. He lost his seat in the 1970 general elections to Ratna Deshapriya Senanayake, having been a member of parliament for 18 years.
Death.
C. P. de Silva died on 9 October 1972, he was a lifelong bachelor. As per his last wishes, his ashes were dispersed in Minneriya. His brother Merril de Silva contested and won from Minneriya in the general elections in 1977.


Barossa zone (wine)

Barossa zone is a wine zone located in central South Australia west of the Murray River and which occupies the Barossa Valley, the Eden Valley and some adjoining land. The zone which is enclosed by the Mount Lofty Ranges zone on three sides and by the Lower Murray zone to its east, contains two wine regions which have received appellation as Australian Geographical Indications (AGI). These are the Barossa Valley and Eden Valley regions. The Barossa zone also includes a broader area around these two defined regions. The zone received AGI in 1996.
Extent and appellation.
The Barossa zone covers an area of central South Australia including the Barossa Valley and the area to its immediate east on the Mount Lofty Ranges (known as Eden Valley). The zone is bounded at the west by the Horrocks Highway from near Templers to Gawler in the south while its southern boundary includes the South Para River and runs in an easterly direction including Williamstown but excluding Mount Pleasant then turning north just west of Sanderston. The east boundary runs due north with one turn to the east including the eastern slopes of the ranges to north of the Sturt Highway. The northern boundary includes Truro and turns north to follow the Light River excluding Kapunda and then through Freeling, South Australia. The zone is enclosed by the Mount Lofty Ranges zone on all but its east side which borders the Lower Murray zone.
The term ‘Barossa’ was registered as an AGI under the "Wine Australia Corporation Act 1980" on 27 December 1996. The zone boundary is based on the lands administrative divisions of South Australia, and consists of the whole of the hundreds of Belvidere, Nuriootpa, Moorooroo, Jellicoe, Barossa, Jutland, plus a small part of the hundred of Para Wirra where it extends between Williamstown and Springton.
Constituent regions.
The wine zone consists of the following wine regions - Barossa Valley and Eden Valley.
Barossa Valley wine region.
The Barossa Valley wine region covers an area extending from Freeling in the west to just south of Kapunda in the northwest, Truro in the northeast, Angaston in the east and south of Williamstown in the south. The region is bordered by the Eden Valley wine region to the east and by the Adelaide Hills wine region to the south. The term ‘Barossa Valley’ was registered as an AGI on 15 August 1997 and as of 2012, it is represented by 37 wineries.
Eden Valley wine region.
Eden Valley wine region covers an area in the Mount Lofty Ranges extending from Truro in the north to just south of Springton in the south. The region is bordered by the Barossa Valley wine region to the west and by the Adelaide Hills wine region to the south.
The region was registered as an AGI on 15 August 1997 and as of 2014, it is represented by 37 wineries.


George Lyon (Scottish politician)

George Lyon (born 16 July 1956) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician, and a former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Scotland.
Lyon is a former farmer from the Isle of Bute, and previous National Farmers Union of Scotland president. From 1999 to 2007 he was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Argyll and Bute, and served as both Chief Whip and Deputy Finance Minister. A member of the Alliance of Liberal Democrats in Europe (ALDE) group whilst in the European Parliament, Lyon was lead spokesperson for ALDE on the Agriculture Committee. Lyon was also vice-chair of the EP's Budget Committee.


John Nassau Greene

John Nassau Greene (8 March 1890 – 11 February 1973) was an Irish politician. A farmer from Athy, he was elected to Kildare County Council in the 1925 local elections, standing for the Farmers' Party in the Athy local electoral area. He was an independent member of Seanad Éireann from April to August 1938. He was elected to the 2nd Seanad in April 1938 to the Agricultural Panel. He did not contest the August 1938 Seanad election.


John Carty (Irish politician)

John Carty (12 August 1950 – 30 January 2014) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 2002 to 2007 and as a Senator from 2007 to 2011.
From Knock, County Mayo, Carty was elected at the 1999 local elections as a member of Mayo County Council for the Claremorris electoral area. At the 2002 general election, he was elected to Dáil Éireann for the Mayo constituency. He lost his seat at the 2007 general election, but was subsequently elected to the Seanad on the Agricultural Panel. He did not contest the 2011 Seanad election. Carty died on 30 January 2014 at the age of 63. He was married to Kathleen Regan and they had eight children.
References.


Sussex wine

Sussex wine is wine produced in the historic county of Sussex in southern England, a region divided for administrative purposes into East Sussex and West Sussex (as well as the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove). In 2016 wine made in Sussex accounted for about a quarter of the total wine produced in England; with over 50 vineyards, Sussex produces more wine than any other county in the UK. In 2016 Sussex wine was granted protected regional status by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). DEFRA has also applied to the European Union for Protected Designation of Origin status in the European Union's Geographic Indication scheme.
Sussex's sparkling wine in particular has drawn comparisons with Champagne and is sometimes rated as some of the best in the world.
History.
It is likely that wine has been produced in Sussex for around 2000 years. It is likely that wine was produced either by the late Iron Age tribes such as the "Belgae" and "Regnenses" or by the Romans who governed what was to become Sussex.
Vineyards in England produced significant amounts of wine in the 12th and early 13th centuries. However this came to an end in the 13th and 14th centuries as the Medieval Warm Period began to end, the Black Death reduced the workforce and wine was increasingly imported from Gascony. By 1275 the vineyard at Battle Abbey had ceased grape production.
The Bolney wine estate was established at Bolney near Haywards Heath in 1972 by Janet and Rodney Pratt, and was one of the first commercial vineyards in England.
Peter Hall planted his vineyard at Breaky Bottom on the South Downs near Lewes in 1974 at a time when there were only a dozen or so growers in the whole country.
Plumpton College is the UK's specialist centre for wine research and training. Its purpose-built wine centre opened in 2014. It is the only establishment in Europe to offer undergraduate degrees in Wine Business and Production taught in the English language.
Geography and climate.
The region has a warm climate and soil types similar to the Champagne district, which lies on the 49th parallel north, while the Sussex Weald lies on the 51st parallel north. Sussex has many south-facing slopes, which are suitable for growing the grape varieties found in sparkling wine, such as Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier.
Climate change has also impacted the climate of Sussex. According to the Meteorological Office, 14 out of the 15 warmest summers on record have been in the 21st century. This means that what winemakers can grow in Sussex has changed. In addition, the cooler evenings and cool evening sea breezes in Sussex allow the grapes to develop high levels of natural acidity when fully ripe – crucial for sparkling wine and allowing harvesting to take place in October.
Viticulture and grapes.
Kingscote Estate near East Grinstead grows Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Bacchus, Pinot Blanc and Regent grapes on its south-facing slopes. In the 20th century the cooler climate had restricted the varieties of grape that could grow in Sussex to a range of Germanic varieties.
Winemaking and styles.
Classification.
The application for PDO status is the second in the UK after the Camel Valley in Cornwall was submitted in 2012. Sussex is the first major wine area in the UK to apply. An application for PDO status was submitted to the European Union in 2016. Formal certification could take several years to be agreed by the European Commission. Until the process is ratified by the EU, Sussex wine has temporary protected status in the UK.
Since protected status was given to Sussex wines in 2016, wine producers must meet stringent quality guidelines in order to display the name of the county on their wines. The first wine to be produced under the Sussex PDO scheme was approved in 2016 for Rathfinny estate. PDO status means that all wines using the name 'Sussex wine' have to be produced in Sussex from grapes grown in Sussex.
The idea came from Jamie Everett, chief operating officer of the Rathfinny estate, one of England's newest vineyards. The consortium, which includes the larger and older vineyards Ridgeview and Bolney estates, has the backing of the UK government. At least half the vineyards have supported the bid to give protected status to wine made from grapes grown in Sussex.
Wineries.
Sussex boasts the largest and most densely planted cluster of vineyards (23 in total) in the UK. In 2016 wine made in East and West Sussex accounted for about a quarter of the total produced in England.


Poudre Rearing Unit

The Poudre Rearing Unit is a Colorado Parks and Wildlife cold water fish production facility located near Cache la Poudre River at the base of South Bald Mountain in Larimer County. It is considered one of the smaller units in Colorado.
History.
Poudre Rearing Unit was inaugurated in 1948. The facility is 7,700 ft in elevation.
Fish species.
Hatchery staff works to produce millions of broodstock rainbow trout and greenback cutthroat trout eggs. They stock 50,000 trout in public waters on the front range. Their source of water comes from surface water.


Richard Brent (politician)

Richard Brent (1757December 30, 1814) was an American planter, lawyer, and politician who represented Virginia in both the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate, and at various times Fairfax, Prince William and Stafford counties as he served at various times in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly.
Early and family life.
Brent was born in 1757, the eldest son of lawyer and future patriot legislator William Brent (1732-1782), at his father's plantation estate, 'Richland' on the Potomac River in Stafford County in the Colony of Virginia. Nearly a century earlier George Brent had emigrated across the Atlantic Ocean to the Virginia Colony to avoid England's Civil Wars and persecution as a Catholic and established 'Woodstock' plantation; others from that prominent Catholic family would include Margaret Brent, and Eleanor Carroll, sister of the future Archbishop John Carroll, who as a priest in Maryland crossed the Potomac River to serve the Brents and other Catholics in Northern Virginia Privately educated, Brent also read law, but never married.
Career.
Admitted to the Virginia bar, Brent had a private legal practice in northern Virginia. Although Virginia had several laws (including one requiring an oath the support the Church of England, which restricted Catholics from practicing law and sitting in the legislature, those were not enforced against him. Before his birth, some relatives moved to Prince William County, Virginia and established Brent Town (modern Brentsville) to avoid such anti-Catholic legislation, although such mostly grew after William Brent's death, first when it became the Prince William County government seat, and later with the development of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad.
After his father's death Brent continued his family tradition and several times won election to the Virginia House of Delegates, representing Stafford County in 1788 and representing Prince William County in 1793, 1794, 1800 and 1801.
In 1794, Brent won election to the United States House of Representatives and represented Virginia's 17th congressional district during the 4th and 5th Congresses, serving from March 1795 to March 1799, when he returned to the Virginia House of Delegates, again winning election from Prince William County. Brent again won election to the U.S. House and served another two-year term during the 7th Congress from March 1801 to March 1803. He served in the Virginia State Senate from 1808 to 1810.
Following his service in the Virginia State Senate, fellow delegates elected Brent to the United States Senate, where he served from March 1809 until his death in Washington, D.C., on December 30, 1814.
He is buried at the private Brent family cemetery near Aquia in Stafford County, Virginia.


Sebastopol goose

The Sebastopol is a breed of domestic goose, descended from the European Greylag goose. First exhibited in England in 1860 under the name 'Sebastopol goose'; they were also referred to as Danubian geese; a name first used for the breed in Ireland in 1863. 'Danubian' was used as a synonym in the 19th century; and only given precedence by Edward Brown after the turn of the 19th century. The Sebastopol is a medium-sized goose with long, white curly feathers. The feathers of the neck are smooth and sometimes greyish brown. Crosses have produced all-grey, buff, and saddle back variants. Feathers on the breast may be curly (frizzle) or smooth. The gander weighs 12-14 lbs while the goose weighs 10-12 lbs. The legs and shanks are orange and the eyes bright blue. Grey and buff colored Sebastopol have brown eyes. On average, females produce 25-35 eggs per year.
Though domesticated breeds of geese generally retain some flight ability, Sebastopols cannot fly well due to the curliness of their feathers and have difficulty getting off the ground. They need plenty of water to keep themselves clean, and to clean their sinuses (as do all waterfowl).
In German, they are called "Lockengans" or "Struppgans", meaning "curl-goose" and "unkempt goose".
History.
It has been stated the breed was developed in Central Europe along the Danube and the Black Sea. However, it is documented that the birds were originally met with in the Crimea and sent from the port of Sevastopol, as the name implies, and arrived in England in 1860. By the 19th century they were found in all the countries surrounding the Black Sea. The alternate name Danubian reflected their prevalence around the river Danube. They were originally bred to use their curly feathers in pillows and quilts.
Breeding.
Breeding over the last hundred years has increased the average weight of the birds by thirty percent. This occurred in America due to matings with Embden Geese made in the late 19th century.


Leghorn chicken

The Leghorn (, ; or Livornese) is a breed of chicken originating in Tuscany, in central Italy. Birds were first exported to North America in 1828 from the Tuscan port city of Livorno, on the western coast of Italy. They were initially called "Italians", but by 1865 the breed was known as "Leghorn", the traditional anglicisation of "Livorno". The breed was introduced to Britain from the United States in 1870. White Leghorns are commonly used as layer chickens in many countries of the world. Other Leghorn varieties are less common.
History.
The origins of the Leghorn are not clear; it appears to derive from light breeds originating in rural Tuscany. The name comes from Leghorn, the traditional anglicisation of Livorno, the Tuscan port from which the first birds were exported to North America. The date of the first exports is variously reported as 1828, "about 1830" and 1852. They were initially known as "Italians"; they were first referred to as "Leghorns" in 1865, in Worcester, Massachusetts.
The Leghorn was included in the American Standard of Perfection in 1874, with three colours: black, white and brown (light and dark). Rose comb light and dark brown were added in 1883, and rose comb white in 1886. Single comb buff and silver followed in 1894, and red, black-tailed red, and Columbian in 1929. In 1981 rose comb black, buff, silver, and golden duckwing were added.
The breed was first introduced to Britain from the United States in 1870, and from there re-exported to Italy. White Leghorns that had won first prize at the 1868 New York Show were imported to Britain in 1870, and brown Leghorns from 1872. These birds were small, not exceeding in weight; weight was increased by cross-breeding with Minorca and Malay stock. Pyle Leghorns were first bred in Britain in the 1880s; gold and silver duckwings originated there a few years later, from crosses with Phoenix or Japanese Yokohama birds. Buff Leghorns were first seen in Denmark in 1885, and in England in 1888.
Characteristics.
In Italy, where the Livorno breed standard is recent, ten colour varieties are recognised. There is a separate Italian standard for the German Leghorn variety, the Italiana (German: Italiener). The Fédération française des volailles (the French poultry federation) divides the breed into four types: the American white, the English white, the old type (golden-salmon) and the modern type, for which seventeen colour variants are listed for full-size birds, and fourteen for bantams; it also recognises an autosexing variety, the Cream Legbar. Both the American Poultry Association and the American Bantam Association recognize a number of Leghorn varieties including white, red, black-tailed red, light brown, dark brown, black, buff, Columbian, buff Columbian, barred, and silver. In Britain, the Leghorn Club recognises eighteen colours: golden duckwing, silver duckwing, partridge, brown, buff, exchequer, Columbian, pyle, white, black, blue, mottled, cuckoo, blue-red, lavender, red, crele, and buff Columbian. Most Leghorns have single combs; a rose comb is permitted in some countries, but not in Italy. The legs are bright yellow, and the ear-lobes white.
The Italian standard gives a weight range of for cocks, for hens. According to the British standard, fully grown Leghorn cocks weigh , hens ; cockerels weigh and pullets ; for bantams the maximum weight is for cocks and for hens. Ring size is for cocks, for hens.
Use.
Leghorns are good layers of white eggs, laying an average of 280 per year and sometimes reaching 300–320, with a weight of at least . White Leghorns have been much used to create highly productive egg-laying hybrids for commercial and industrial operations.


Denis Gorey

Denis John Gorey (25 May 1874 – 20 February 1940) was an Irish politician who served for nearly twenty years as Teachta Dála (TD), first as leader of the Farmers' Party, then for Cumann na nGaedheal, and finally for Fine Gael.
Gorey was first elected to the 3rd Dáil at the 1922 general election for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency, taking his seat in the 3rd Dáil as leader of the Farmers' Party, which won seven seats.
He was re-elected at the 1923 general election, leading the Farmers' Party to a new high of 15 seats in the 4th Dáil. However, with the anti-Treaty TDs abstaining from Dáil Éireann, the party remained in opposition to the Cumann na nGaedheal government of W. T. Cosgrave.
Gorey left the Farmers' Party and fought the June 1927 general election as a Cumann na nGaedheal candidate, winning election to the 5th Dáil. He lost his seat at the September 1927 general election. However, he was re-elected at the by-election on 3 November 1927 after W. T. Cosgrave, who had been elected both for Carlow–Kilkenny and Cork Borough, chose to represent Cork Borough.
At the 1932 general election, he was re-elected with a share of the first-preference vote below 6%, relying on transfers for other candidates to reach the quota as the last of five TDs to be elected. He lost his seat again at the 1933 general election, but was returned at the 1937 general election to the 9th Dáil, for the new Kilkenny constituency, where he was returned again at the 1938 general election.
After his death on 20 February 1940 at the age of 65, no by-election was held for his seat, which remained vacant until the 1943 general election.


Vanni forest

Vanni forest is a heavy forest which covers the Vanni area and most part (approximately 75%) of the Northern province of Sri Lanka. This Jungle is spread from Omanthai in south to Paranthan in north. From west and east, the sea was the boundary. This jungle played very significant role in Sri Lankan history. This forest locate in dry-zone area. Biodiversity lower than other forest. 300,000 people living near forest area.
People.
This area was situated between Sinhalese kingdom from south and Tamil ruled Jaffna kingdom from north. Small groups of Sinhalese and Tamils were established in Vanni. It bring the ethnic balance to the area. Sinhalese settlements were in the southern interior zone of the jungle. Tamils were settled in northern coastal zones A group was controlled by a chief selected by the group. Chiefs of Tamil people was called as Vanni chieftain and Sinhala chiefs was called as Wanniarachchi. Vanniar chieftain paid tribute to the Jaffna kingdom.
Historical importance.
This jungle created resistance to the civilizations in ancient kingdoms in Sri Lanka. Giant's Tank area in Mannar District by King Dhatusena, Eropathana in Vavuniya District, Padawiya area in Anuradhapura District and Mullaitivu District by King Moggallana II proves that the Kingdom of Rajarata, the golden civilization of ancient Sri Lanka is spread to south boundary of the forest.
This area was situated between later Rajarata and Jafna Kingdom. Vanni forest stood as heavy barrier to the rising conflict between Sinhalese and Tamils and assured protection to the Jafna Kingdom from natives. After the falling of Kingdom of Rajarata in the 12th century due to the Kalinga Magha invasion this area wasn't part of the Rajarata. In 1323 Pandyan's Jaffna administrative center became independent Jaffna kingdom due to the lack of influence from Pandyan who engaged in a battle with Muslim of the Delhi Sultanate. The last Pandyan ruler of Madurai was expelled in 1323 by Malik Kafur. Within 125 years of establishing the Jaffna kingdom, it lost the control of Vanni area due to lack of support from Pandyans and rising the power of Sinhala Kingdom in south. It would appear that by 13th century Tamils too withdraw from the Vanni. In 1450 Chempaha Perumal, adopted son of king Parakramabâhu VI of Kotte invaded the Vanni area and Jaffna Kingdom to bring them under the control of Kotte. After the falling of Kotte Kingdom, small groups again settled in Vanni. But they paid tribute either to Jafna Kingdom or Kingdom of Kandy.
Sri Lankan Civil war period LTTE control this area until 2008. Most of civil war battle, between Sri Lankan Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelaam. Modern day forest coverage low because deforestation.
Settlements in 20th century.
In 1936, Paranthan town was created and started establishing new colonies in Vanni Forest. New towns like Kilinochchi, Mankulam, Puliyankulam was colonized by clearing the forest. This affected ethnic balance in Vanni area which was between Rajarata and Jafna Kingdom. After independent from British, Sinhalese started colonies to neutralize the ethnic balance. This led to another wave of forest clearing.


John Bennet Lawes

Sir John Bennet Lawes, 1st Baronet, FRS (28 December 1814 – 31 August 1900) was an English entrepreneur and agricultural scientist. He founded an experimental farm at his home at Rothamsted Manor that eventually became Rothamsted Research, where he developed a superphosphate that would mark the beginnings of the chemical fertilizer industry.
Life.
John Bennet Lawes was born at Rothamsted in modern-day Harpenden near St Albans, Hertfordshire, on 28 December 1814, the only son of John Bennet Lawes, owner of the Rothamsted estate and lord of the manor of Rothamsted. His father died when he was eight years old, so he was raised mostly by his mother Marianne. He was educated at Eton College and at Brasenose College, Oxford, although he didn't graduate. Even before leaving Oxford in 1832, Lawes had begun to interest himself in growing various medicinal plants on the Rothamsted estates, which he inherited from his father upon his death in 1822. Around 1837, he began to experiment on the effects of various manures on plants growing in pots, and a year or two later the experiments were extended to crops in the field in order to free farmers from relying on animals to produce fertilizer. In 1839, an ostrich belonging to him escaped Rothamsted and caused a bit of property damage, although the only person it hurt was the first one to try and capture it. In 1842, he patented a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulphuric acid, and thus initiated the artificial manure industry. In the succeeding year he enlisted the services of Joseph Henry Gilbert, with whom he experimented for more than half a century in raising crops and feeding animals, activities which have rendered Rothamsted famous to scientific agriculturists. In 1854, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, which in 1867 bestowed a Royal Medal on Lawes and Gilbert jointly, and in 1882 he was awarded the title of baronet. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1883. He died in 1900, passing his manor to his son Charles, and is buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas Church, Harpenden with his wife Caroline (née Fountaine) Lawes (1822-1895).
Legacy.
In 1889, Lawes took measures to ensure the continued existence of the Rothamsted experimental farm by setting aside money solely for that purpose and constituting the Lawes Agricultural Trust. Rothamsted Experimental Station is the oldest agricultural research facility in the world.
In Harpenden, Sir John Lawes School is named after him.
The locality of Lawes, Queensland, in Australia is named after him. The main feature of that locality is the University of Queensland Gatton Campus which specialises in agriculture.


Puttapa

Puttapa or Puttapa Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a sheep station.
It is located approximately east of Beltana in the outback of South Australia.
The area that covered by Puttapa was once part of a much larger lease taken up by John Haimes in 1854 which eventually became Beltana Station. The area was known as the Puttapa paddock and was eventually sold to Steven Lock in 1911 and became Puttapa Station.
The land occupying the extent of the Puttapa pastoral lease was gazetted by the Government of South Australia as a locality in April 2013 under the name Puttapa.
Heritage listings.
Puttapa Station contains a number of heritage-listed sites:


Milk Link

Milk Link is a large dairy company in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest dairy cooperative and the UK's largest producer of cheese. In 2012 the company merged with Arla Foods.
History.
It was formed in April 2000 as one of three successor co-operatives to Milk Marque. Milk Marque was broken up after the Competition Commission queried how it set milk prices.
In July 2002, the company bought the Crediton and Kirkcudbright creameries from Express Dairies for £33.1 million, which both make UHT milk. It also bought out the 50% of joint-venture partner Express Dairies in the creamery at Frome.
In February 2004 it set up The Cheese Company with Kilkenny-based Glanbia, which had four cheese production sites and a packing facility supplying major retailers in the UK, in which it took a 75% stake. In December 2006 it bought out Glanbia for £47.2 million.
In July 2005 it closed a site at Sible Hedingham.
From October 2007 to February 2008 there were talks to merge with First Milk.
In August 2011 it split into two divisions named 'Milk Link, Cheese' and 'Milk Link, Milk'.
In September 2011 it announced that it would increase the size of the Lockerbie creamery by 50% to produce 37,000 tonnes of cheese a year, into a UK market which consumes 600,000 tonnes of cheese a year.
In 2012 the company merged with Arla Foods.
Products.
Each year it handles around 1.5 billion litres of milk.
It makes the chocolate-flavoured milk under licence for the "Mars" and "Galaxy" brand.
Cheeses.
It exports cheese to 19 countries.


The Eyrie Vineyards

The Eyrie Vineyards is an American winery in Oregon that consists of in five different vineyards in the Dundee Hills AVA of the Willamette Valley. In 1965, against the advice of his viticultural professors at the University of California, Davis, David Lett moved to Oregon to plant Pinot noir in the Willamette Valley. David and Diana Lett produced the first Pinot noir in the Willamette Valley, and the first Pinot gris in the United States. Their first vintage in 1970.
The 1975 Eyrie Vineyards Reserve Pinot Noir placed in top ten among Pinot noirs in blind tasting at the Wine Olympics in 1979.
Burgundy winemaker Robert Drouhin organized a re-match at Maison Joseph Drouhin in France. The 1975 Eyrie Vineyards Reserve came in second, losing to Drouhin's 1959 Chambolle-Musigny by only two-tenths of a point. Drouhin later purchased land in Oregon and built Domaine Drouhin Oregon.
Over the years, David Lett (known locally as "Papa Pinot") maintained a light-handed style of Pinot noir that did not follow the trend toward greater flavor, tannin, and color extraction, believing color not to be an indicator of quality in Pinot noir. This put him at odds with some of the wine critics.
David Lett died on October 9, 2008. David and Diana's son Jason Lett is now president and winemaker for the winery.
The Eyrie Vineyards estate vineyards are part of the sub-American Viticultural Area (AVA) of Willamette Valley AVA known as the Dundee Hills. The winery itself is in McMinnville, which annually hosts the International Pinot Noir Celebration on the last weekend in July on the campus of Linfield College.


Portland Farmers Market (Oregon)

Portland Farmers Market is a nonprofit organization operating six farmers markets in Portland, Oregon, United States. The markets provide a direct connection to more than 200 vendors with deep roots in Oregon and Southwest Washington, including farms, nurseries, bakeries, meat and seafood providers, cheese makers and specialty food producers. The flagship market at Portland State University was named the best farmers market in the United States for its size, varied offerings, live entertainment, weekly cooking demos, and more, by "Bravo TV." The same market was ranked #2 in the country for its number of vendors, amount of local, seasonal produce, year-round live music, the market managers' consideration of every detail, and making the most of what the region has to offer by supporting local farmers, by "The Daily Meal".
The organization's mission is to operate world-class farmers markets that contribute to the success of local food growers and producers, and create vibrant community gatherings. The organization's vision and values include access to farm fresh food for all residents, sustainability, and organizational integrity.
During peak season, the markets serve up to 30,000 shoppers each week. Market programming includes Kids Cook at the Market, where kids learn about the seasonality of food, meet local farmers, and prepare ingredients purchased fresh at the market, and Chef in the Market, where Portland’s top chefs and Portland Farmers Market vendors celebrate height-of-the-season market ingredients as they educate and inspire home cooks with cooking demonstrations.
Portland Farmers Market was established in 1992 and held its first market in the parking lot of Alber's Mill along the Willamette River that year. This allowed Portlanders, who once had to settle for markets in the suburbs or traveling to the farms themselves, easier access to farm fresh produce. In 2016, Portland Farmers Market celebrated its 25th anniversary.
Locations.
Portland Farmers Market operates six markets throughout the city. Locations include three downtown markets, at Portland State University on Saturdays, Shemanski Park on Wednesdays, and Pioneer Courthouse Square on Mondays. The three neighborhood markets are King and Lents International, both on Sundays, and Kenton on Wednesdays. The administrative office is located at 240 N Broadway, Suite 129.


Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute

Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute is an agricultural college at Navalur Kuttappattu village near Tiruchirappalli. It is part of the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. It offers undergraduate degree in agriculture and is also prominent in research on salt affected soils.
It is named after a former DMK politician Anbil Dharmalingam.
Departments.
The Departments in university college.
Department of agronomy
Department of soil science and agricultural chemistry
Department of plant breeding and genetics
Department of plant Protection
Department of Social Science
Research centre.
Kumaraperumal Farm Science Centre - Soil Salinity Research Centre
Location.
It is located on Tiruchirapalli Dindigul Highway Road at Navalur Kuttappattu near Tiruchirappalli.


Modern Game

The Modern Game is a breed of ornamental chicken which originated in England between 1850 and 1900. Purely an exhibition bird, Modern Game were developed to be most aesthetically pleasing and to epitomize the visual appeal of the gamecock or fighting cock.
History.
After cockfighting was made illegal in Britain in 1849, many cockfighting enthusiasts turned to breeding for shows as an alternative poultry hobby, and the Modern Game was developed from crosses of Old English Game and Malays. Despite being classified as game chickens (i.e. of cockfighting derivation) in breed standards, Modern Game were not bred to fight.
Game, as they were then called, were included in nine colours in the "Standard of Excellence in Exhibition Poultry", the first edition of the British Poultry Standard, in 1865; a Game bantam was also included. Eight colours of Game were included in the first edition of the "Standard of Perfection" of the American Poultry Association in 1874.
Characteristics.
Today, the ideal show bird should have a body shaped like a flat iron when seen from above, a relatively short back, fine tail, hard feathering, and a very upright carriage. The breed appears in more than a dozen colour variations. The most common being black red, birchen, brown red, duckwing and pyle. The colours can be broadly divided into two groups; those with willow-coloured legs and red eyes, and those with black legs and dark eyes. The colour of the skin, comb, and wattles varies from red to mulberry depending on variety, but all have a small single comb. Combs and wattles are required to be dubbed (cut off) of all cocks, and any cockerels being shown after November 1st, in order to compete in showing in some countries, which reflects their descent from fighting birds.
As in many breeds, there are both standard and bantam sizes of Modern Game. According to the standard of the Poultry Club of Great Britain, standard-sized cocks weigh and hens , while bantams weigh and respectively. The bantam version is the most popular among poultry fanciers.
Use.
Modern Game are not good egg layers, nor are they valued for meat production. They are almost exclusively kept by competitive breeders. In temperament, they are friendly and curious towards people, and are easily tamed. For this reason the Modern Game is considered a suitable pet for the suburban poultry keeper.


Tignanello (wine)

Tignanello is the name that was given in the 1970s to a new wine produced by the ancient house of Antinori (wine producers since 1385) and takes its name from the Tenuta di Tignanello production area in the town of San Casciano in Val di Pesa. Made in 1971, Tignanello was one of the first red wines produced in the area without white grapes, and with the cabernet sauvignon and cabernet franc grape varieties. Tignanello is regarded as an innovative pioneer of the modern Italian top wines, the so-called Super Tuscans, and has decisively shaped Italian viticulture.
Background.
Tignanello has won international awards and has been included several times in the international top ten of the magazine "Wine Spectator".
The wine was produced for the first time in 1970 by Piero Antinori. It had the characteristic of combining Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes and to be aged in a type of barrel called a barrique, leaving in fact the historical disciplinary of the Chianti Classico DOCG wines as established by Bettino Ricasoli. For this reason it lost the name DOC and remained the only generic indication of table wine until 1994 when it could boast of the Indicazione Geografica Tipica.
After the first experiment in 1975, the white grape was completely removed. Now the composition is 80% Sangiovese, 15% Cabernet Sauvignon and 5% Cabernet Franc and the gradation of 13.50%. This relationship between the grapes has been so since 1995 with the exception of the period 2001-2006 in which the Sangiovese rose to 85% at the expense of Cabernet Sauvignon which was decreased to 10%. In practice it was, together with Sassicaia, the precursor of Super Tuscan wines that have managed to obtain numerous awards all over the world.


Bent Holtsmark

Bent Holtsmark (1823–1903) was a Norwegian agriculturalist and politician.
He was born in Lier, but moved to Asker in 1849. He was a farmer at Tveter farm, and also owned the farms Berg, Vøien and Sem. He was decorated with the "King Oscar II Medal" for his work in agriculture, and was also mayor of Asker from 1869 to 1875. He was an elector for the Conservative Party in the 1888 Norwegian parliamentary election.
His sons Bernt Holtsmark and Wilhelm Holtsmark established an agricultural college at Sem, today known as a manor which lent its name to the Declaration of Sem of the Bondevik's Second Cabinet. Bernt Holtsmark was also a Minister of Agriculture. A third son Torger Holtsmark moved back to Lier, and became mayor there. A fourth son Gabriel Gabrielsen Holtsmark became a physicist, and through him Bent was grandfather of Johan, Anne and Karen Holtsmark.


Martin Guerre

Martin Guerre, a French peasant of the 16th century, was at the centre of a famous case of imposture. Several years after Martin Guerre had left his wife, child and village, a man claiming to be him appeared. He lived with Guerre's wife and son for three years.
The false Martin Guerre was eventually suspected of the impersonation. He was tried, discovered to be a man named Arnaud du Tilh and executed. The real Martin Guerre had returned during the trial. The case continues to be studied and dramatised to this day.
Historical account.
Life before leaving his wife.
Martin Daguerre was born around 1524 in the Basque town of Hendaye. In 1527, his family moved to the village of Artigat in the Pyrenees of southwestern France. They changed their name to Guerre. When he was about fourteen years old, Martin married Bertrande de Rols, the daughter of a well-off family. The marriage was childless for eight years until a son was born.
Accused of stealing grain from his father, Martin abruptly disappeared in 1548. Canon law did not allow his abandoned wife to remarry.
Martin Guerre's supposed return.
In the summer of 1556, a man arrived in Artigat who claimed to be the long-gone Martin Guerre. By his similar looks and detailed knowledge of Guerre's life, he convinced most of the villagers. Martin Guerre's uncle and four sisters, as well as his wife Bertrande, believed the man was Guerre, as he claimed, although doubts remained.
The man who had returned as Martin Guerre lived for three years with Bertrande and her son; they had two children together, with one daughter surviving. He claimed the inheritance of Guerre's father, who had died. When he sued Guerre's paternal uncle, Pierre Guerre, who had married Bertrande's widowed mother during Martin Guerre's long absence, for part of the inheritance, Pierre became suspicious. He and his wife tried to convince Bertrande that the returnee was an impostor. A soldier who passed through Artigat claimed the man was a fraud, pointing out that the true Martin had lost a leg in the war. Pierre and his sons-in-law attacked the returnee with a club, but Bertrande intervened.
In 1559, villagers accused the returnee of arson and of impersonating the real Martin Guerre. With Bertrande remaining on his side, he was acquitted in 1560.
Trial in Rieux.
In the meantime, Pierre Guerre had been asking around and believed he had uncovered the identity of the impostor: Arnaud du Tilh, nicknamed "Pansette", a man with a poor reputation from the nearby village of Tilh, in the region of Sajas. Pierre initiated a new case against the man by falsely claiming to act in Bertrande's name (only the wronged wife could bring the suit). He and his wife, Bertrande's mother, pressured Bertrande to support the charge, to which she eventually agreed.
In 1560, the case was tried in Rieux. Bertrande testified that at first she had honestly believed the man to be her husband, but that she had since realised that he was an impostor. Both Bertrande and the accused independently related an identical story about their intimate life from before 1548.
The man claiming to be Martin then challenged her: if she would swear that he was not her husband, he would gladly agree to be executed – Bertrande remained silent. After hearing from more than 150 witnesses, with many testifying they recognized Martin Guerre (including his four sisters), many others testifying to Arnaud du Tilh's identity, and others refusing to take a side, the accused was convicted and sentenced to death by beheading.
Appeal and reappearance of Martin Guerre.
The condemned man immediately appealed to the "Parlement" of Toulouse. Officials arrested Bertrande and Pierre on charges of false accusation and, in the case of Pierre, soliciting perjury. The returnee eloquently argued his case and the judges in Toulouse tended to believe his version of the story: that Bertrande was pressured to perjury by the greedy Pierre Guerre. The accused had to undergo detailed questioning about his past; his statements were double-checked, and no contradictions were found.
Then, dramatically, a man appeared in Toulouse during the trial, with a wooden leg, claiming to be the true Martin Guerre. When asked about the married couple's past, the man had forgotten some details and was not able to answer the questions as well as the alleged impostor; however, when the two men were both presented to the Guerre family, the case was closed: Pierre, Bertrande, and Martin's four sisters all agreed that the newly arrived man was the true Martin Guerre.
The impostor, who maintained his innocence, was convicted and sentenced to death for adultery and fraud; the public sentencing on 12 September 1560 was attended by Michel de Montaigne. Afterward, the condemned confessed: he had learned about Guerre's life after two men had confused him with Guerre; he had then decided to take Guerre's place, with two conspirators helping him with the details. He apologized to all involved, including Bertrande, for having deceived them. He was hanged in front of Martin Guerre's house in Artigat four days later.
Martin's life during his absence.
During his long absence from Artigat, the real Martin Guerre had moved to Spain, where he served in the militia for a cardinal and next in the army of Pedro de Mendoza. As part of the Spanish army, he was sent to Flanders. He was wounded in the Spanish attack on St. Quentin in 1557; his leg had to be amputated.
For years, Guerre lived in a monastery before returning to his wife and family. The reason for his return at the time of the trial is unknown. Initially, he rejected his wife's apologies, maintaining that she should have known better than to take another man.
Contemporary accounts and interpretations.
Two contemporary accounts of the case were written: "Histoire Admirable" by Guillaume Le Sueur and the better-known "Arrest Memorable" by Jean de Coras, one of the trial judges in Toulouse.
In 1983, Princeton University history professor Natalie Zemon Davis published a detailed exploration of the case in her book "The Return of Martin Guerre". She argued that Bertrande had silently or explicitly agreed to the fraud because she needed a husband in that society, and she was treated well by the impostor. Davis noted as evidence for this theory the improbability of a woman's mistaking a stranger for her husband, Bertrande's support for Arnaud until (and even partially during) the trial, and their shared story of intimacy, likely prepared in advance.
The historian Robert Finlay has criticised Davis's conclusions, arguing that Bertrande was duped (as most of her contemporaries believed, including the trial judges) after her husband's long absence. He thought that Davis attempted to superimpose a modern societal model of an independent woman making her own choices onto the historical account. He points to the improbability of Bertrande's charging her own accomplice with fraud, as she would run the risk of having to defend herself against charges of adultery or false accusation.
Davis responded to Finlay's arguments in her article "On the Lame" in the same issue of "The American Historical Review" in June 1988.
Literature and popular culture.
The unusual story has continued to fascinate and inspire many writers:


Colli Piacentini

The Colli Piacentini ("Hills of Piacenza") is an Italian wine region located at the western end of Emilia-Romagna. In 1967, it was given the "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOC) quality designation. Within its boundaries are several smaller DOCs including Colli Piacentini Gutturnio, Monterosso Val D'Arda DOC, Trebbianino Val Trebbia DOC and Val Nur del Colli Piacentini DOC. The region has a long history of winemaking with fossilized vine roots and grape seeds excavated from the region showing viticulture taking place as early as 2000 BC. In Roman times, Julius Caesar's father-in-law Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, grew grapes in the Piacenza hills.
The Colli Piacentini was once considered part of the Piedmont wine region. To the northwest is the Lombardy wine region of Oltrepò Pavese and, like Oltrepò Pavese, the wine industry of the Colli Piacentini has had strong historical ties to the wine markets of Milan. The region produces over 17 different wines ranging from "Vin Santo" dessert wines to slightly sparkling "frizzante" wines. While the practice of labeling wines by varietal is more often associated with New World wines, winemakers in the Colli Piacentini are permitted by DOC regulations to label some of their wines by varietal.
History.
The Piacenza hills have had a long tradition of practicing viticulture. Archeological excavation of sites in the area have uncovered fossilized vine roots and grape seeds from periods dating from 700 BC to as far back as 2000 BC. During the classical period, the Roman statesman Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (father-in-law to Julius Caesar), was publicly criticized by his political rival Marcus Tullius Cicero for "excessively enjoying" or honoring the wines from the area. Calpurnius Piso's affinity for the wines of the Colli Piacentini may have stemmed from the fact that he himself, grew grapes in the area and produced wine. In Roman times, the wine from the area was traditionally drunk from a "gutturnium"—a round jug with two parallel lines of decoration on the outside. The vessel eventually gave its name to the modern Colli Piacentini wine of Gutturnio.
During the Middle Ages, wine from the Colli Piacentini had a favorable reputation and was even being exported to France. In the late 14th century, local officials instituted a series of regulations on winemaking and grape growing aimed at reducing the potential for wine fraud and maintaining standards of quality. In the 16th century, the official cellar master to Pope Paul III praised the wine for its quality in his writings on the wines of the world.
Climate and geography.
The Colli Piacentini DOC covers 9,000 acres (3,600 hectares) of hilly terrain in what is historically part of the Emilia province. The boundaries of the DOC are flanked to the east by the Autostrada A1 connecting Milan to Naples and to the west/northwest by Liguria, Lombardy and Piedmont. To the southeast is the Colli di Parma DOC centered on the city of Parma. Many of the vineyards of the Colli Piacentini are planted on the rolling hills leading up to the northern slopes of the Apennine Mountains. The vineyard soils are composed of a mix of clay, marl, sand and sandstone from the Pliocene epoch.
Sub-regions.
Within the Colli Piacentini are a number of sub-regions that are allowed to affix their own DOCs to the wine label. The most famous of these is the Gutturnio DOC, a wine made predominately from Barbera that is the only main sub-region dedicated to red wine production. The other sub-regions are white wine DOCs including Trebbianino Val Trebbia which, despite its similar-sounding name, is not made predominately from Trebbiano but rather the obscure local grape Ortruga though up to 30% of the specific clonal variety of Trebbiano Romagnolo can be blended in. The two other white wine DOCs are Val Nur and Monterosso Val d'Arda.
Grapes and wine style.
A wide range of grape varieties and wine styles are produced in the Colli Piacentini. In addition to red and white wines, rosé "rosato" styles are produced. The sweetness level of the wines can range from bone dry "asciutto", very dry "amaro", dry "secco", slightly sweet "abboccato", sweet "amabile", medium-sweet "pastoso" to very sweet "dolce". The wines can also vary widely in their degree of carbonation or "sparkling", ranging from still, very lightly sparkling "frizzantino", slightly sparkling "frizzante" to fully sparkling "spumante". A "Vin Santo" style wine can be made from dried grapes as well as young "novello" or "nouveau wines" released only a few months after harvest. One producer in the Colli Piacentini even produces rare sweet fully sparkling Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot.
In a manner that is fairly unusual in Old World wine regions, a few wines in the Colli Piacentini can be varietally labeled with the grape's name appearing on the front of the wine label. This privilege is restricted to only a few grape varieties namely Barbera, Croatina, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot nero, Chardonnay, Malvasia, Ortrugo, Pinot grigio and Sauvignon blanc. In order to qualify for this permission, a wine must be composed of at least 85% of the grape that is to appear on the label. An exception is the local grape Ortrugo which must compose at least 90% of the wine. Among the other grape varieties grown in the Colli Piacentini, which can not be varietally labeled, are Trebbiano Romagnolo, Bervedino, Verdeca and Moscato bianco.


Mao Yichang

Mao Yichang (15 October 1870 – 23 January 1920) was a Chinese farmer and grain merchant who achieved notability as the father of Mao Zedong. The nineteenth generation of the Mao clan, he was born and lived his life in the rural village of Shaoshanchong in Shaoshan, Hunan Province.
The son of Mao Enpu, he was raised into a poverty-stricken family of peasants. Marrying Wen Qimei when he was ten, he subsequently served for two years in the Xiang Army. Returning to agriculture, he became a moneylender and grain merchant, buying up local grain and selling it in the city for a higher price, becoming one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan, with 20 acres of land. He and Wen had four surviving children, Zedong, Zemin, Zetan, and Zejian, the latter of whom was adopted.
Early life.
According to family oral histories, the ancestor of the Mao clan in Shaoshanchong () was Mao Taihua. Taihua left his native Jiangxi Province for Yunnan, where he joined Zhu Yuanzhang's rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty; Zhu overthrew the Yuan and founded the Ming Dynasty in 1368. Taihua married a local woman in Yunnan. In 1380, Taihua's family resettled in Xiangxiang county, Hunan. Around ten years later, two sons moved to Shaoshanchong in Xiangtan county; Mao Yichang was their descendent.
Mao Yichang was born on 15 October 1870, the only child of Mao Enpu and his wife Liu. Enpu was a farmer who had lived in poverty throughout his life, leaving his son debt-ridden. He was betrothed to Wen when she was thirteen and he was ten; the wedding took place five years later when he was fifteen. Due to his father's debts, Yichang served for two years in Zeng Guofan's local Xiang Army, during which time he saved enough money to purchase much of the land that his father had lost. Hard work and frugalality allowed Yichang to become a significant village landowner. According to stories passed down from Mao Zedong to one his daughters, Yichang often said:
Poverty is not the result of eating too much or spending too much. Poverty comes from an inability to do mathematics. Whoever can do sums will have enough to live by; whoever cannot will squander even mountains of gold!
Mao Yichang's mother, Liu, died aged 37 on 20 May 1884.
Raising Mao Zedong.
Prior to Zedong's birth, Yichang and his wife had had two sons, both of whom had died in infancy.
After the birth of Mao Zedong, his parents were presented with a rooster, as was the local custom.
Two years later, a second son was born, who was named Zemin, followed by a third son, Zetan, who was born in 1905. Two further daughters died in infancy, but the family began fostering another daughter.
Later, Zedong would describe his father as a strict disciplinarian who beat him and his siblings.


List of British cheeses

This is a list of cheeses from the United Kingdom. The British Cheese Board states that "there are over 700 named British cheeses produced in the UK." British cheese has become an important export.
Blue cheeses.
Blue cheese is a general classification of cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk cheeses that have had cultures of the mould "Penicillium" added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, blue-grey or blue-green mould, and carries a distinct savour, either from the mould or various specially cultivated bacteria.
Hard cheeses.
Granular cheese, or hard cheese, refers to a wide variety of cheeses produced by repeatedly stirring and draining a mixture of curd and whey. Some hard cheeses are aged for years.
Semi-hard cheeses.
Cheeses that are classified as to hard include Cheddar. Cheddar is one of a family of semi-hard or hard cheeses (including Cheshire and Gloucester), whose curd is cut, gently heated, piled, and stirred before being pressed into forms.
Soft and semi-soft cheeses.
 cheeses have a high moisture content and tend to be blander in flavour compared to harder cheeses.


Patrick Kinane

Patrick Kinane (3 July 1892 – 15 July 1957) was an Irish Clann na Poblachta politician.
Originally a farmer, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann at a by-election on 29 October 1947 in the Tipperary constituency, following the death of the sitting Clann na Talmhan Teachta Dála (TD), William O'Donnell. Clann na Poblachta party leader Seán MacBride was elected on the same day in a by-election in the Dublin County constituency.
Kinane was re-elected at the 1948 general election for the Tipperary North constituency, but lost his seat at the 1951 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1954 general election.


La Rioja Alta

La Rioja Alta, S.A. is a Spanish winery based in Haro, La Rioja. It was founded in 1890 by five local growers: Daniel-Alfredo Ardanza y Sanchez, Saturnina Garcia Cid y Gárete, Dionisio del Prado y Lablanca, Felipe Puig de la Bellacasa y Herrán, and Mariano Lacorte Tapia. In 1904 Alfredo Ardanza merged the group with his own winery. Since then, two of the flagship "gran reserva" wines of La Rioja Alta have been designated 890 and 904 in honor of those dates, with the first digit omitted to prevent confusion with the vintage year. The Gran Reserva 904 consists of 90% tempranillo and 10% graciano, whereas the Gran Reserva 890 also adds a small amount of mazuelo. In addition to these two wines, La Rioja Alta also produces Viña Ardanza which is a blend of tempranillo with 20% garnacha, and a lighter Viña Arana blended with graciano and mazuelo. The winery currently has 425 hectares of vineyards.


Trento DOC

Trento DOC ("Denominazione di origine controllata") is an appellation for white and "rosé" sparkling wine made in Trentino, Italy. Trentinos developed this appellation, the second in the world after Champagne, to ensure quality and distinction. Only Chardonnay, Pinot noir, and Pinot Meunier with Pinot blanc are permitted, and they must be grown in a well-defined area within the Province of Trento.
History.
Chardonnay grapes were first brought to the region from France around 1900 by Giulio Ferrari when Trento was still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After graduating from the Forschungsanstalt für Garten- und Weinbau in Geisenheim/Rheingau, Germany, Ferrari gained winemaking experience in the French Champagne producing town of Épernay. His eponymous company is now run by the third generation Ferrari's successor, Bruno Lunelli.
Vineyards.
Besides Ferrari, there are currently more than forty wineries producing Trento DOC, including Cavit, the largest cooperative in the province with some 65% of production and whose Pinot grigio is widely exported but produced under a different DOC designation in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol wine region; Rotari, who specialize in sparkling wine and also use the Talento identification; and Cesarini Sforza, founded in 1974 by a group of wine entrepreneurs who focus on spumante.
Winemaking.
As with Méthode Traditionnelle, the second fermentation for sparkling Trento must occur in the bottle, which is riddled and then disgorged by freezing a small amount of wine in the neck of the bottle and removing the plug of ice containing the lees.
Trento DOC has more rigorous requirements than Methodo Claissico or Méthode Traditionnelle: The wine has to be made using techniques characteristic of the region, including how the vines are planted, cultivated, pruned, and hand-harvested (e.g., see photo of 'Pergola Trentino'). Forcing is not permitted, irrigation is allowed only as an emergency measure, maximum vine yield is 150 q.l. per hectare for all varietals, and maximum grape yield is 70%. The wines must rest for a minimum of 15 months on their lees for non-vintage, 24 months for vintage, and 36 for riserva. Minimum alcohol content must be 11.5%, or 12% for riserva. Thus ensuring Trento DOC on the label means the wine is of the highest quality and made using these very strict standards.
Trento DOC wines are distinguished by a delicate, rich bouquet, a dry, smooth, rounded and elegant flavor, and a straw-yellow color.
While there are no DOC restrictions on the exact proportions of the blend, the grape varieties used in Trento DOC are limited to Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier and Pinot blanc. After secondary fermentation, the wines must rest on their lees for a minimum of 15 months for non-vintage wines, 24 months for vintage wines and 36 months for wines labeled as "Riserva". The alcohol level for the finished wines must be a minimum of 11.5% for non-vintage and vintage wines and 12% for "Riserva" wines.


Sarawak Land Development Board

Sarawak Land Development Board (SLDB) is a Malaysian body corporate active in palm oil industry and other industries founded in 1972.
Sarawak Plantation Berhad (SPB; ) was specially incorporated as the vehicle company for the privatisation of Sarawak Land Development Board's (SLDB) assets
It has developed extensive areas for oil palm and cocoa.
History.
In its early days, it took over the management of rubber schemes.
By 1980, it had established 15,294 ha of oil palm and cocoa, including 11,772 ha on unencumbered state land and 3,522 on what was formerly native customary land.
In 1981, it withdrew from almost all rubber schemes, partly due to financial difficulties.
In the 1980s, large-scale palm agriculture was introduced to Bekenu by SLDB.
At that time, the people, who protested against their customary land being mapped as state land, were arrested.
In 1987, its management was contracted to Sime Darby, a commercial plantation company.
At that point, it suffered serious losses.
By 2000, SLDB held 35,300 ha of land in Northern Sarawak, 50% under oil palm plantations and 49% of undeveloped forest land.
It dealt with the resettlement of natives.


Saitou Hikonai

Saitou Hikonai (斎藤彦内, 1709-1750) was a farmer and leader of a peasants' revolt in Mutsu province's Date district (within present day Fukushima Prefecture) during the Edo Period.
In the second year of the Kan'en Era (1749), cold weather patterns severely damaged rice fields and other produce. Following the poor harvest, the annual rice tax was lowered by regional offices working under the Tokugawa shogunate within the Fukushima Domain and other areas. In neighboring Ko'ori, however, the regional government office raised the tax. This, after local farmers had applied a number of times for the tax to be lowered. Refusing to starve themselves in order to pay the tax, 17,000 people from the 68 villages within the Date district gathered to petition the office of the regional government. They organized through the circulation of a letter originally called the Warada Kaijou (わらだ廻状). The letter came to be known as the "Tengu Kaijou Soudou" (天狗廻状騒動) or the "Tengu's Circulating Letter Revolt," tengu being a legendary creature known, among other things, for their speed. Following the revolt, the tax was lowered, but countless farmers were arrested and tortured. Saitou is said to have returned to the government office and surrendered himself as the ringleader, joining two other farmers who had been accused (蓬田半佐衛門・猪狩源七). The three were brutally tortured and subsequently executed on the riverbed bordering present day Date City and Koori Town on April 17 of the year following the revolt. Saitou was forty-two.
This story was printed in the national newspaper, the Asahi Shimbun in 1908, reportedly angering the emperor.
In 1918 a stone monument honoring the three men was constructed in the former town of Date (present day Date City). Six decades later, in 1979, a monument marking the site of their execution was erected through the cooperation of Date City, Fukushima City, and Ko'ori Town.
Saitou's grave is located at Fukugen Temple in Date City, Fukushima, where he is worshiped as "one who sacrificed oneself for justice" (正義のために身を捨ててはたらく人). A memorial service for the dead is held at Fukugen Temple every April 17. Descendants of Saitou Hikonai and members of the local historical society gather to present offerings of flowers to the grave.


Charles Wimbledon Thomas

Charles Wimbledon Thomas (15 April 1862 – 23 May 1948) was a Fijian businessman and politician. He was a member of the Legislative Council three times between 1911 and 1923.
Biography.
Thomas was born in Clarence in Tasmania to William Isaac Thomas and Kezia Celia Thomas (née Chapman). His father was a lawyer and moved to Fiji to practice in Levuka. Thomas was present at the signing of the Deed of Cession in 1874, which transformed the Kingdom of Fiji into the Colony of Fiji. He started work as a clerk before moving to Yaqara to manage an estate owned by his father. After being joined by his brother Willie, the two opened butchers shops in Ba and Lautoka. He married Jessie McGoon, with whom he had seven children.
Thomas contested the new Northern constituency in the 1911 general election and was elected to the Legislative Council. In the 1914 elections he ran in the new Western seat, and was re-elected. Although he lost his seat to Reginald Harricks in the 1917 elections, he stood again in the constituency in 1920 and was returned to the Legislative Council, defeating John Percy Bayly as Harricks did not defend his seat. Thomas was unseated again in the 1923 elections, losing to Percival William Faddy. He subsequently unsuccessfully contested the seat again in the 1926 and 1929 elections, losing to Faddy and Bayly respectively.
Thomas died at Lautoka Hospital on 23 May 1948 at the age of 86.


Chung Chuck

Chung Chuck, born Chung Mor Ping in 1897 in Canton Province, China, emigrated in 1909 to Ladner, British Columbia, Canada. He died on December 8, 1986.
Personal life.
He married Mary (May Lee, 1907–1969) in 1940. They had five children: Winch and Napoleon (sons), and Vicki, Joyce and Frances (daughters).
Chung Chuck was a potato farmer who fought for the rights of ethnic groups, including Chinese settlers in Canada who were subject to discrimination, including a head tax and other discriminatory policies. He was known as the "Delta Rifleman" for breaking an illegal blockade that targeted and stopped Chinese farmers from selling their produce.


Eduardo Lorier

Eduardo Lorier Sandro (born 10 September 1952 in Florida, Uruguay) is a Uruguayan agronomist and politician.
He was the leader of Communist Party of Uruguay from 2006 to 2017 and a Senator from 2005 to 2010.


Chen Yaobang

Chen Yaobang (; born December 1935) is a retired politician and former Minister of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China.
Biography.
Chen is a native of Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong. He received an undergraduate degree in plant conservation from Huazhong Agricultural Institute (now Huazhong Agricultural University) in 1957, and a graduate degree in plant pathology and agricultural antibiotics in 1966. Chen later served as a teaching assistant at Huazhong Agricultural Institute.
Chen joined the Communist Party of China in March 1982. He previously worked as a technician, deputy office head in the Cash Crop Bureau, and deputy bureau chief of the Agriculture Bureau in the Ministry of Agriculture, Husbandry, and Fisheries, the predecessor to the modern Ministry of Agriculture. In 1986, he was named vice minister. In 1993, Chen became vice chairman of the State Planning Commission, and in 1997 he began serving concurrently as Minister of Forestry. He was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Ministry of Agriculture Party Group Secretary in 1998. Chen later became a member of the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and vice chairman of the CPPCC Economics Committee.


Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary

Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary is a Wildlife sanctuary at the Ramgarh- Sitakunda forests , 45 km north of the Chittagong port in south-East of Bangladesh. The IUCN protected area category is II.
Description.
The terrain is irregular with many ridges protruding into spurs running irregularly. The conditions are moist tropical and mean annual rainfall is . The climatic conditions are typically sub-tropical with a dry spell from November to May. The sanctuary receives heavy rainfall in June–September. The soil is loam, clay loam or sandy loam at different places. The IUCN protected area category is IIC.
History.
There are 925 families living inside the sanctuary mostly from the tribal ethnic groups.
Biodiversity.
The sanctuary has a Tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen type of forest ; the sanctuary is covered with dense shrubby vegetation with patches of dense forest and Bamboos.
Flora.
The forest type is mainly tropical evergreen and semi evergreen. The predominant tree species include Dipterocarpus spp., "Artocarpus chaplasha", "Tetrameles nudiflora", "Cedrela toona", "Mesua ferrea", "Eugenia" spp., "Ficus" spp. and "Albizzia procera". The undergrowth in the forest is mainly bamboo species and "Eupatorium odorum". There are 478 species of plants identified in the sanctuary. They include 189 tree species, 119 shrubs, 26 climbers, 170 herbs and 2 epiphytes. Some of the rare species rediscovered are "Aglaia edulis" (Roxb.) Wall., "Knema erratica" (Hook.f. and Thom.) J. Sinclair and "Artabotrys caudatus" Wall ex Hook.f. and Thom.
Fauna.
The commonly found wild animals are Rhesus macaque ("Macaca mulatta"), Capped langur ("Presbytis pileata"), Dhole ("Cuon alpinus"), Wild boar ("Sus scrofa"), Sloth bear ("Melursus ursinus"), Hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock). Leopard (Panthera pardus), Indian muntjac ("Muntiacus muntjak") and Sambar ("Cervus unicolor"). The reptiles include Indian rock python. The globally near threatened species of Himalayan serow ("Capricornis thar") is found in the sanctuary. There are 150 species of birds identified in the sanctuary.


Orupgaard

Orupgaard is a manor house located east of Nykøbing and north of Idestrup on the Danish island of Falster. With a history dating from the 13th century, Orupgaard today manages over of farmland and forest as well as an equestrian facility at Brændte Ege Avlsgaard.
History.
Early history.
Orupgaard is first mentioned in the Danish Census Book in 1231 as "Oræthrop". It consisted of a few small farms managed by Nykøbing Palace on behalf of the Crown. Around 1660, they were merged into one property. After Orupgaard was completely destroyed by fire in 1718, the land was leased out to farmers until 1766 when Christian Hincheldey bought the estate. In 1809, Hincheldey's widow sold it to the English baron Charles August Selby (1755–1823) who built a fine new manor which he left to his son Charles Borre de Selby.
Tesdorpf family.
In 1840, Edward Tesdorpf, the son of a Hamburg merchant, bought the estate, introducing a style of innovative farming which was widely recognized as a model to be emulated. He thoroughly drained and fertilized the land, brought in new breeds of cattle and built a dairy, achieving a five-fold increase in production by 1890.
Tesdpråf passed Orupgaard down to his eldest son Frederik Tesdorpf.
Højgaard family.
In 1938, Frederik Tesdorpf
's widow, Spåhie Tesdorpf, née Tutein, sold the estate to Knud Højgaard (1878 –1968), a civil engineer, who completely redesigned the building in the style of an English country home. His son, Erik Højgaard who administered the estate from 1954, was among the first to fully mechanize farm production in the area. The owner today is Thomas Højgaard.
Architecture.
The manor house is built in "English style". It has plastered walls and a mansard roof.
Grounds.
A stand of chestnut trees is situated north of the manor house. A stable wing, a dairy building and a carriage house are all of yellow stone.
Brændte Ege ("the burnt oak") riding center was created in 1905 after the merger of three farms. One of these, Nøjsomhed, originally belonged under the manor of Gjedsergaard, while the other two were tenant farms under Orupgaard, named Kaaregaarden and Griggegaarden. The merged farm received its name ("burnt oak") after a nearby forest, so called because Swedes burnt it in 1658.
Cultural references.
Orupgaard is used as a location in the 1959 comedy "Charles tante".


Barbaresco

Barbaresco is an Italian wine made with the Nebbiolo grape. Barbaresco is produced in the Piedmont region in an area of the Langhe immediately to the east of Alba and specifically in the "comune"s of Barbaresco, Treiso and Neive plus that area of the frazione San Rocco Seno d'Elvio which was once part of the "comune" of Barbaresco and now belongs to the "comune" of Alba. It was granted "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOC) status in 1966 and "Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita" status in 1980. The wine is often compared with Barolo—another Nebbiolo based wine from the Piedmont area. Though the wines do share many similarities, there are some distinct differences between them.
History.
Although it was already well known for the quality of its Nebbiolo grapes, the widely accepted birthdate of Barbaresco is 1894, when Cantina Sociale di Barbaresco was founded, as before that date Nebbiolo grapes from the Barbaresco area were mostly sold to Barolo producers. Domizio Cavazza, a young and brilliant agronomist born in Modena, was named to be the founding director of Alba's Royal Enological School in 1881, and soon started to develop its passion for Barbaresco, which led to his purchase of a farm and a vineyard in 1886. He cultivated its vineyard with Nebbiolo and with a group of nine growers founded the Cantina Sociale, outfitted with barrels and winemaking equipment in order to produce what are considered the first wines to be officially called Barbaresco. After a good start Barbaresco fell on hard times with World War I and the premature death of Cavazza in 1915.
It was not until the late 1950s that Barbaresco would stir to life again thanks to a new generation of dynamic winemakers, including Bruno Giacosa and Angelo Gaja. In addition, the local parish priest, Don Fiorino Marengo, founded Produttori del Barbaresco cooperative cellar, the successor to Cavazza's original vision to make outstanding wine and stop the exodus of young farmers who were abandoning the countryside.
By the late 1960s, the Gaja and Bruno Giacosa wineries began to market Barbaresco internationally with some success. The Produttori cooperative became one of the most respected cellars in Italy and inspired more landholders in Barbaresco to return to their vineyards and to make quality wine.
Wine regions.
The soils of Barbaresco zone are composed primarily of calcareous marl dating from the Tortonian epoch. The area is typically divided into three regions based on the principal towns of the area-Barbaresco, Neive and Treiso. The soil and climate of the three areas are very uniform to each other which creates more across the board consistency than what would be found among the 11 communities in the Barolo zone.
Barbaresco.
The vineyards around the town of Barbaresco make up for 45% of Barbaresco production with many of the area's largest wineries located in town. Wines from this area tend to be relatively light in color and body but very well structured and aromatic.
Neive.
In Neive, the Nebbiolo grape is fourth in plantings behind the cultivation of Barbera, Dolcetto and Moscato but this region is known for making some of the most powerful and tannic expressions of Barbaresco. The area is also home to the highly esteemed Nebbiolo vineyards of "Santo Stefano" and "Bricco di Neive" whose names are starting to appear on some single vineyard bottlings. Located east of Barbaresco, Neive is responsible for 31% of Barbaresco's production and makes some of the most full bodied and tannic examples of the wine.
Treiso.
Located south of Barbaresco, with vineyards on the highest hilltop sites in the area, Treiso wines tend to be the lightest in body and are principally known for their finesse. A smaller area, Treiso accounts for 20% of the Barbaresco zone's production.
Vineyard classifications.
Beginning in the late 19th century, there have been attempts to classify the area's vineyards into Burgundian-like crus based on which areas produced the best wines. The Italian wine critic Luigi Veronelli created one such list in the 1960s and other writers and viticulturist attempted to create their own in the 1970s. Today many follow the lists compiled by the négociant based on which grapes are more highly priced based on performance. These lists typically include the "Asili," "Martinenga", "Montefico, Montestefano" and "Rabajà" vineyards in Barbaresco, the "Albesani, Santo Stefano, Bricco di Neive" and "Gallina" vineyards in Neive, and the "Pajorè" vineyard in Treiso.
In 2007 the Barbaresco Consorzio was the first to introduce the "Menzioni Geografiche Aggiuntive" (additional geographic mentions) also known as "MEGA" or "subzones"; there were 65 officially approved subzones, with one more approved in 2010 which brought the final number to 66. The main goal was to put official boundaries to some of the most storied crus in order to protect them from unjustified expansion and exploitation. Following the introductions of subzones the term Vigna (Italian for vineyard) can be used on labels after its respective MEGA and only if the vineyard lies within one of the approved MEGA.
Wines.
DOCG regulations stipulate that Barbaresco wines must be aged for a minimum of 2 years (at least 9 months in oak) prior to release and aged for at least 4 years to be considered a riserva. The wines must have a minimum 12.5% alcohol level though most wines are closer to 13.5%. Well-made examples of Barbaresco wines are expected to be aged at least 5 to 10 years after vintage before they are consumed, as they are extremely tannic and tight in their youth, and some continue to drink well even after 20 years. The typical style of a Barbaresco has bouquets of roses or violets with flavor notes of cherry, truffles, fennel and licorice. As the wine ages, it can develop smoky notes and more earthy and animal flavors like leather and tar.
Differences from Barolo.
Despite being made from the same grape and produced in neighboring areas less than 10 miles from each other, the wines of Barbaresco and Barolo do have some distinct differences. Located south of the river Tanaro, the Barbaresco zone receives a slight maritime influence which allows Nebbiolo to ripen here a little earlier than it does in the Barolo zone. This allows the grape to get to fermentation earlier with a shorter maceration time. The early tannins in a young Barbaresco are not "quite" as harsh as Barolo and under DOCG rules it is allowed to age for a year less than Barolo. The Barolo wines that tend to be closer in body, fruitiness, and perfume to Barbaresco wines are generally the ones produced near the villages of La Morra and Barolo. The most pronounced difference between the two wines is that the tannins of Barbaresco tend to soften quicker, which can make the wines more approachable to drink at an earlier age but won't allow it to age for as long as a traditionally made Barolo could. The smaller vineyard areas mean that annual production of Barbaresco is around 35% the production of Barolo and therefore the wines are not as widely available out on the market. However, the smaller area does generally produce more consistent profiles among the Barbarescos than across the more expansive Barolo zone.


Akram Hamid Begzadeh Jaff

Akram Hamid Begzadeh Jaff الدكتور اكرم حامد بك جاف (14 July 1929 - 21 November 2010) was a Kurdish leader who served in various posts in the Iraqi government and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Also known as "Al Jaff" or "Al-Jaff" in some literature & records.
Early life.
Akram Hamid Begzadeh Jaff was born on 14 July 1929 in the Kurdish town of Halabja in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq, a member of the Jaff tribe. Jaff was the son of Hamid Begzadeh ("Hamid-Beg") Jaff. Dr. Jaff completed elementary and middle school in Halabja, and his high school in Baghdad. Jaff attended Royal Medical College in Baghdad briefly, before applying and getting accepted to university in the United States. Jaff moved to the United States to pursue his college education in 1948.
In 1951 Jaff received a Bachelor's degree in Agricultural Sciences from the Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado (USA). In 1952 Dr. Jaff received his Master of Science degree in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Kentucky. In April 1957, he received his PhD in Genetics and Plant Education from Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon (USA). Jaff briefly paused his PhD work to return to Iraq where he got married, and returned to campus with his wife to finish his research.
Early career.
Upon completion of his college education in the United States, Jaff returned to Baghdad, Iraq, working in a range of scientific and administrative functions, including heading several agricultural delegations to the Soviet Union, United States of America, Yugoslavia, Romania, Egypt, Syria and Jordan.
Jaff held various positions in government and industry:
Jaff was appointed as Director-General in the Tobacco Monopoly Administration in Iraq, which was the sole producer, supplier and distributor of tobacco products. On 6 September 1965 Jaff became Minister of Agriculture, among a small group of Kurds to occupy this high ranking post in the Iraqi government. In 1969 Dr. Jaff became a lecturer at the Faculty of Agriculture at Baghdad University. In 1969, Jaff joined the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Somalia, and shortly thereafter, joined the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) which led to a twenty year period in Dr. Jaff's career.
UN career.
Jaff joined the United Nations System in 1970 as Senior Agriculture Adviser in the UNDP in Mogadishu, Somalia where he served from 1970-1973. He later became the UNDP Resident Coordinator in Somalia and oversaw, among other things, the transition of Somalia’s independence from Italy.
In 1974, Jaff was appointed as Senior Agriculture adviser to UNDP in Cairo, Egypt. He was a member of the UN Transition Team of the return of Al Arish in the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt after the Yom Kippur war between Israel and Egypt. In 1978, FAO established its official representation status in Egypt, and Jaff was appointed as FAO’s first Representative and Head of Mission in Egypt. He remained in Egypt until 1980 at which time, Jaff accepted a senior executive role at FAO’s Headquarters in Rome, Italy.
Jaff and his family relocated to Rome in 1979, where he was appointed as Chief of Operations for the Middle East, North Africa and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (AGON). Jaff managed a large operational portfolio of FAO’s technical assistance projects. He was later appointed as Director of FAO’s Global Operation Division (AGO). From 1991-1992, he served as Special Senior Adviser to the Director-General of FAO for Middle East and North Africa affairs prior to retiring from the UN Systems in July 1992.
On 9 May 2004 Ezzedine Salim, President of the Governing Council of Iraq, appointed Jaff as Iraqi Ambassador to the Rome Based Agencies (RBA) of the United Nations (Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Food Programme (WFP), and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) ). This post represented Iraq's interests with the RBA, focused on agricultural programs and policies during the rebuilding of Iraq's infrastructure after the second Gulf War. Jaff presented his formal credentials as Ambassador to FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf on November 15, 2004 as part of ongoing diplomatic relations. During his tenure as Ambassador, Jaff chaired several pertinent Committees as well as retaining membership in the World Food Programme Executive Board.
Research interests and publications.
Jaff also participated in collections of agricultural scientific research, starting with his PhD and onward to in-field studies in his vocation. Jaff published multiple books and essays about the economy of Kurdistan, in the 1990s, which have been cited in various subsequent papers. Jaff's work has been cited in PhD dissertations in the field of Kurdish Studies and policy development in the region.
Retirement years.
During his retirement years, Jaff collaborated with author and Baghdad University Professor of History Kamal Ahmad to have his writings on Kurdish history translated to English for publication and distribution to libraries at a collection of American universities.
Personal life.
Jaff was married to Parween Hassan Jaff, from Sulaymaniyah, the daughter of Hassan Begzadeh Jaff, landlord, poet, and member of parliament during the Iraqi monarchy from the Halabja province of Northern Iraq. Jaff married Parween in a traditional Kurdish wedding in his hometown of Halabja in 1956.
Death.
Jaff died on 21 November 2010, in Erbil, Iraq, after being repatriated from his former home in Rome, Italy.


Last Man Club

The Last Man Club was a mutual support group for farmers that chose to stay in the Southern Plains of Texas, US in spite of the devastation caused by the Dust Bowl disaster of the 1930s. It was the first American Dream.
During the Dust Bowl, many farmers around Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle Area experienced the worst of the Depression. By the time the summer of 1936 hit, they had already been experiencing dust storms, winds that carried away all the precious topsoil and made it impossible to grow crops, plagues of Grasshoppers and starving jackrabbits that devoured anything left over in their fields, and terrible Dust Pneumonia, caused by the dust that had settled over everything. Many farmers, about a quarter of the population of the panhandle, packed up their few belongings and left for California, nicknamed the "Peach Bowl", in search of jobs as fruit harvesters. However, of the ones that did, few found the jobs they searched for, and even they had extremely low wages. These job-searchers were nicknamed "Okies", as so many of them were from Oklahoma.
John McCarty, an editor of the Dalhart Texan, formed the Last Man Club in Dalhart, Texas as a mutual support group for those farmers that chose to stay in the drought-swept Great Plains or, as he called it, "Grab a Root and Growl."
The Last Man Club begins.
Declaring that the plains were "the best damned country God’s sun ever shown upon," McCarty published a pledge in the newspaper he worked for, stating that he would stay until everyone else was gone, and he dared others to join him.
He got the idea for starting the Last Man Club when he read about a similar club that was started by a Civil War unit. Members had to swear to be the last man to leave the Dust-Bowl-swept area. The exact pledge words were "In the absence of an act of God, serious family injury, or some other emergency, I pledge to stay here as the last man and to do everything I can to help other last men remain in this country. We promise to stay here ’til hell freezes over and skate out on the ice." McCarty worked to instil a sense of pride in the region in the members of his club. He actually celebrated dust storms, saying that the heroism of locals was proved through their determination to remain in the Great Plains.
The Last Man Club In Popular Culture.
The 1977 movie Catastrophe has a segment referencing Last Man Clubs.


Wollert Konow (Hedemarken politician)

Wollert Konow (born 24 May 1847 in Bergen, died 25 October 1932) was a Norwegian politician and farmer.
Konow was head of the Interior Ministry from 1891 to 1893, speaking as Foreign Minister in 1913 and central radicals for decades. In 1891 he was the originator of the Skarnes line. Konow was very skeptical of diplomacy. In 1906 he would prefer to have a unitary service in which diplomacy, consulate and ministry were coordinated. The rest of the Liberal Party opposed this radical claim and pointed to Sweden whom still kept the ministry, consulate and diplomacy separate. However, the Swedes eventually began to add it the same year, and after the great reform in 1922, Norway also introduced unitary service.
In political context, he is often referred to as Wollert Konow (H) or Wollert Konow (KH). The "K" stands for Konow and "H" for Hedemark because he represented the county of Hedemark in the Storting. The letters are distinguish him from his cousin, fewllow politician Wollert Konow (SB), who served as Prime Minister from 1910 to 1912. His initials SB, stand for Søndre Bergenhus. The Prussian Consul from 1806 by August Konow (1780-1873), who in 1824 wanted the Storting to push for more Norwegians to be appointed diplomats and consultants, was the brother of their common grandfather.
Konow was also awarded the 7 June medal. He died in October 1932, and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund.


List of windmills in Charente-Maritime

A list of windmills in Charente-Maritime, France