Boxing career of Manny Pacquiao

Philippine Senator Manny Pacquiao has competed in professional boxing since 1995. Regarded by many boxing historians as one of the greatest professional boxers of all time, Pacquiao is the only boxer in history to win 12 major world titles in eight different weight divisions. He is also the first boxer in history to win the lineal championship in five different weight divisions, as well as being the first boxer in history to win major world titles in four of the original eight weight divisions of boxing, also known as the "glamour divisions": flyweight, featherweight, lightweight and welterweight.
In July 2019, Pacquiao became the oldest welterweight world champion in history at the age of 40, and the first boxer to become a recognized four-time welterweight champion after defeating Keith Thurman to win the WBA (Super) welterweight. Pacquiao also holds the record of being the only four-decade world champion in history, having held world championships in the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s.
He was named Fighter of the Decade for the 2000s by the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA), WBC, HBO and WBO. He is also a three-time "Ring" magazine and BWAA Fighter of the Year, winning both awards in 2006, 2008 and 2009; and the Best Fighter ESPY Award in 2009 and 2011. In 2016, Pacquiao was ranked second on ESPN's list of top boxers, pound-for-pound, of the past 25 years. BoxRec ranks Pacquiao as the third greatest boxer, pound for pound, of all time, as well as the greatest Asian boxer of all time. BoxRec also gave 16 of Pacquiao's victorious fights a 5-Star rating. World-renowned boxing expert and historian Bert Sugar ranked Pacquiao as the greatest southpaw fighter of all time. In 2020, Pacquiao topped the Ranker's list of best boxers of the 21st century while respected Spanish Media outlet "Marca" placed Manny Pacquiao 16th on the Greatest Sportsmen of the 21st Century.
Pacquiao was long rated as the best active boxer in the world, pound-for-pound, by most sporting news and boxing websites, including ESPN, "Sports Illustrated", "Sporting Life", Yahoo! Sports, About.com, BoxRec and "The Ring", beginning from his climb to lightweight until his losses at welterweight in 2012. He is also the longest reigning top-ten active boxer on "The Ring"'s pound-for-pound list.
Pacquiao has generated approximately 20.1 million in pay-per-view (PPV) buys and $1.2 billion in revenue from his 25 PPV bouts. According to "Forbes", he was the second highest paid athlete in the world in 2015.
Amateur career.
At the age of 14, Pacquiao moved to Manila and lived for a time on the streets. He started boxing and made the Philippine national amateur boxing team where his room and board were paid for by the government. Pacquiao reportedly had an amateur record of 60 wins and 4 losses.
Professional career.
Light-flyweight.
In 1995, the death of a young aspiring boxer and close friend, Eugene Barutag, spurred the young Pacquiao to pursue a professional boxing career. Pacquiao started his professional boxing career when he was just 16 years old, stood at 4'11" and weighed 98 pounds (7 pounds under the minimumweight division). He admitted before American media that he put weights in his pockets to make the 105-pound weight limit. His early light-flyweight division fights took place in small local venues and were shown on Vintage Sports' "Blow by Blow", an evening boxing show. His professional debut was a four-round bout against Edmund "Enting" Ignacio, on January 22, 1995. Weighing just 106 pounds, Pacquiao won via unanimous decision, becoming an instant star of the program. Pacquiao's name was so accustomed to the viewers not only because of his aggressive, go-for-broke kamikaze-style of fighting, but also of his unique looks and catchy surname.
Flyweight.
Pacquiao's weight increased from 106 to 113 pounds before losing in his twelfth bout against Rustico Torrecampo via third-round knockout. He was caught with a looping left hand flush on the chin which he couldn't get up from. Pacquiao failed to make the required weight, so he was forced to use heavier gloves than Torrecampo, thereby putting him at a disadvantage.
Following the Torrecampo fight, Pacquiao continued undefeated for his next fifteen fights. He went on another unbeaten run that saw him take on the more experienced Chokchai Chockvivat in the flyweight division. Pacquiao knocked out Chockvivat in the fifth round and took the OPBF flyweight title. After one official defense and two non-title bouts, Pacquiao got his first opportunity to fight for a world title.
Pacquiao vs. Sasakul.
Pacquiao captured the WBC and lineal flyweight titles (his first major boxing world title) over Chatchai Sasakul by way of knockout in the eighth round. He defended the titles successfully against Mexican Gabriel Mira via a fourth-round technical knockout. However, Pacquiao lost the lineal title in his second defense against Medgoen Singsurat, also known as Medgoen 3K Battery, via third-round knockout. The bout was held in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Singsurat got Pacquiao on the ropes and landed a flush straight right to the body, coiling Pacquiao over and keeping him there. Prior to the fight, Pacquiao lost the WBC title at the scales as he surpassed the weight limit of 112 pounds.
Super bantamweight.
Following his loss to Singsurat, Pacquiao gained weight and skipped the super-flyweight and bantamweight divisions. This time, Pacquiao went to super-bantamweight (or junior-featherweight) division of 122 pounds, where he picked up the WBC International super-bantamweight title. He defended this title five times before his chance for a world title fight came.
Pacquiao vs. Ledwaba.
Pacquiao's big break came on June 23, 2001, against IBF super-bantamweight title holder Lehlohonolo Ledwaba. Pacquiao stepped into the fight as a late replacement on two weeks' notice but won the fight by technical knockout to win the title, his second major boxing world title. The bout was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, in Paradise, Nevada. Pacquiao went on to defend this title four times under head trainer Freddie Roach, owner of the Wild Card Gym in West Hollywood.
Pacquiao vs. Sanchez.
Pacquiao faced Agapito Sánchez in a unification match on November 10, 2001 at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California as the main supporting bout of Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Jesús Chávez. This marks both Mayweather and Pacquiao first appearance together in the same fight card. The bout ended in the sixth round under the recommendation of the ringside physician to stop the fight as Pacquiao is unfit to continue due to the cuts inflicted by Sanchez's repeated headbutts. The bout was ruled a split draw.
Pacquiao vs. Julio.
Pacquiao knocked out Jorge Eliecer Julio in the second round on June 8, 2002 at The Pyramid in Memphis, Tennessee as the main supporting bout of Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson fight. This marks Pacquiao's first appearance in a joint HBO and Showtime fight card.
Featherweight.
Pacquiao vs. Barrera I.
On November 15, 2003, Pacquiao faced Marco Antonio Barrera at the Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas, in a fight that many consider to have defined his career. In spite of Barrera being given credit for knocking Pacquiao down in the first round (as replays showed the punch missed), Pacquiao, who was fighting at featherweight for the first time, brought his power with him and defeated Barrera via technical knockout in the eleventh round. This was the only loss in Barrera's professional career to have come officially via stoppage inside the distance. With the victory, Pacquiao won "The Ring" and lineal featherweight championships, making him the first Filipino and Asian to become a three-division world champion, a fighter who won world titles in three different weight divisions. He defended the title twice before relinquishing it in 2005.
On November 24, 2003, the then Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo conferred on Pacquiao the Presidential Medal of Merit at the Ceremonial Hall of Malacañang Palace for his knockout victory over the best featherweight boxer in the world. The following day, the members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines presented the House Resolution No. 765, authored by the then House Speaker Jose De Venecia and Bukidnon Representative Juan Miguel Zubiri, which honored Pacquiao the Congressional Medal of Achievement for his exceptional achievements. Pacquiao is the first sportsman to receive such an honor from the House of Representatives.
Pacquiao vs. Márquez I.
Six months after the fight with Barrera, Pacquiao challenged Juan Manuel Márquez, who at the time held both the WBA and IBF featherweight titles. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, on May 8, 2004.
In the first round, Márquez was caught cold, as he was knocked down three times by Pacquiao. However, Márquez showed great heart to recover from the early knockdowns and went on to win the majority of rounds thereafter. This was largely due to Márquez's counterpunch style, which he managed to effectively utilize against the aggressive style of Pacquiao. At the end of a very close fight, both boxers felt they had done enough to win the fight. The bout was scored a draw, which proved to be a controversial decision. The final scores were 115–110 for Márquez, 115–110 for Pacquiao, and 113–113. The judge who scored the bout 113–113 admitted to making an error on the scorecards, having scored the first round as 10–7 in favor of Pacquiao instead of the standard 10–6 for a three-knockdown round. If he had scored the round 10–6 for Pacquiao (as the other two judges did), the result would have been a split decision in favor of Pacquiao. However, ESPN reported that some pundits have also scored the fight in favor of Márquez.
Super-featherweight.
Pacquiao vs. Morales I.
On March 19, 2005, Pacquiao moved up to the super-featherweight (or junior-lightweight) division of 130 pounds in order to fight another Mexican legend and three-division world champion Érik Morales, for the vacant WBC International and vacant IBA super-featherweight titles. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas. In this fight, Pacquiao sustained a cut over his right eye from an accidental clash of heads in the fifth round. He lost the twelve-round match by a unanimous decision from the judges. All three scorecards read 115–113 for Morales.
On September 10, 2005, Pacquiao knocked Héctor Velázquez out in six rounds at Staples Center in Los Angeles to capture the WBC International super-featherweight title, which he went on to defend five times. On the same card, his rival Morales fought Zahir Raheem and lost via unanimous decision in the main event.
Pacquiao vs. Morales II.
Despite Morales's loss to Raheem, Pacquiao got matched up against him in a rematch which took place on January 21, 2006, at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas. During the fight, Morales escaped being knocked down twice, once in the second round by holding onto the ropes and once in the sixth by falling on the referee. Pacquiao eventually stopped Morales in the tenth with a TKO, the first time Morales was stopped in his boxing career.
Pacquiao vs. Larios.
On July 2, 2006, Pacquiao defended his WBC International title against Óscar Larios, a two-time super-bantamweight champion who had moved up two weight divisions to fight Pacquiao. Pacquiao won the fight via unanimous decision, knocking down Larios two times in the twelve-round bout at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Philippines. The three judges respectively scored the fight 117–110, 118–108, and 120–106.
On July 3, 2006, the day after winning the fight against Larios, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo personally bestowed the Order of Lakandula with the rank of "Champion for Life" ("Kampeon Habambuhay") and the plaque of appreciation upon Pacquiao in a simple ceremony at the Presidential Study of Malacañang Palace.
Pacquiao vs. Morales III.
Pacquiao and Morales fought a third time (with the series tied 1–1) on November 18, 2006. Witnessed by a near-record crowd of 18,276, the match saw Pacquiao defeat Morales via a third-round knockout at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas. After the Pacquiao–Morales rubber match, Bob Arum, Pacquiao's main promoter, announced that Manny had returned his signing bonus back to Golden Boy Promotions, signaling intentions to stay with Top Rank. This prompted Golden Boy Promotions to sue Pacquiao over breach of contract.
Pacquiao vs. Solís.
After a failed promotional negotiation with Marco Antonio Barrera's camp, Bob Arum chose Jorge Solís as Pacquiao's next opponent among several fighters Arum offered as replacements. The bout was held in San Antonio, Texas, on April 14, 2007. In the sixth round, an accidental headbutt occurred, giving Pacquiao a cut under his left eyebrow. The fight ended in the eighth when Pacquiao knocked Solís down twice. Solís barely beat the count after the second knockdown, causing the referee to stop the fight and award Pacquiao a knockout win. The victory raised Pacquiao's win–loss–draw record to 44–3–2 with 34 knockouts. This also marked the end of Solís's undefeated streak.
Pacquiao vs. Barrera II.
On June 29, 2007, Top Rank and Golden Boy Promotions announced that they agreed to settle their lawsuit, meaning the long-awaited rematch with Marco Antonio Barrera would occur despite Pacquiao being the top-ranked contender for Juan Manuel Márquez's WBC super-featherweight title. On October 6, 2007, Pacquiao defeated Barrera in their rematch via an easy unanimous decision. In the eleventh round, Pacquiao's punch caused a deep cut below Barrera's right eye. Barrera retaliated with an illegal punch on the break that dazed Pacquiao, but also resulted in a point deduction for Barrera. Two judges scored the bout 118–109, whereas the third scored it 115–112.
In "The Ring" magazine, Pacquiao (45–3–2) remained at the top of the super-featherweight division (130 pounds). He had been in the ratings for 108 weeks. On November 13, 2007, he was honored by the World Boxing Council as "Emeritus Champion" during its 45th Annual World Convention held at the Manila Hotel.
On November 20, 2007, José Nuñez, manager of WBO super-featherweight champion Joan Guzmán, accused Pacquiao's handler Bob Arum of evading a match between the two boxers to protect Pacquiao. Guzmán went as far as to directly call out Pacquiao at the post-fight press conference of the Pacquiao–Barrera rematch in front of the crowd at the Mandalay Bay Events Center's media room in Las Vegas.
Pacquiao vs. Márquez II.
On March 15, 2008, in a rematch against Juan Manuel Márquez, called "Unfinished Business," Pacquiao won via split decision. The fight was held at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas. With the victory, Pacquiao won the WBC, "The Ring" and lineal super-featherweight titles, making him the first Filipino and Asian to become a four-division world champion, a fighter who won world titles in four different weight divisions. The fight was a close, hard-fought battle, during which both fighters received cuts. Throughout the fight, Márquez landed the most punches at a higher percentage; however, the decisive factor proved to be a third-round knockdown, wherein Márquez was floored by a Pacquiao left hook. At the end of the fight, the judges' scores were 115–112 for Pacquiao, 115–112 for Márquez, and 114–113 for Pacquiao.
In the post-fight news conference, Márquez's camp called for an immediate rematch. In addition, Richard Schaefer, Golden Boy Promotions CEO, offered a $6 million guarantee to Pacquiao for a rematch. However, Pacquiao ruled out a third clash with Márquez, saying, "I don't think so. This business is over." The reason that Pacquiao did not want a rematch was because he intended to move up to the lightweight division to challenge David Díaz, the reigning WBC lightweight title holder at that time. Díaz won a majority decision over Ramón Montano that night as an undercard of the "Unfinished Business" fight.
Lightweight.
Pacquiao vs. Díaz.
On June 28, 2008, at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Pacquiao moved to the lightweight division and claimed the WBC lightweight title, defeating David Díaz via knockout in round nine. With the victory, Pacquiao became the first and only Filipino and Asian to become a five-division world champion, a fighter who won world titles in five different weight divisions. He also became the first Filipino fighter to ever win a world title at lightweight. During the fight, which Pacquiao dominated, Díaz was cut badly on his right eye in the fourth round. After the bout, Díaz acknowledged Pacquiao's superior hand speed, stating "It was his speed. It was all his speed. I could see the punches perfectly, but he was just too fast."
Bob Arum reported that the fight had made $12.5 million, earning Díaz his best payday of $850,000, whilst Pacquiao earned at least $3 million. Official records revealed an attendance of 8,362 (out of a maximum capacity of 12,000).
Holding both the WBC super-featherweight and lightweight titles following the win, Pacquiao decided to vacate his super-featherweight title in July 2008.
On August 7, 2008, the members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines issued a House Resolution, sponsored by South Cotabato Congresswoman Darlene Antonino-Custodio, which recognized Pacquiao as a "People's Champ" — "for his achievements and in appreciation of the honor and inspiration he has been bringing... to the Filipino people." He received a plaque from the then House Speaker Prospero Nograles.
Welterweight.
Pacquiao vs. De La Hoya.
On December 6, 2008, Pacquiao moved up to the welterweight division in order to face the six-division world champion Oscar De La Hoya at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, in a fight called "The Dream Match". Presented by Golden Boy Promotions and Top Rank, the bout was scheduled as a twelve-round, non-title fight contested at the 147-pound welterweight limit. Although Pacquiao went into the fight widely recognized as the leading pound-for-pound boxer in the world, some boxing pundits had speculated that 147 pounds could be too far above his natural weight against the larger De La Hoya. However, due to rehydration after the weigh in, De La Hoya came into the fight actually weighing less than Pacquiao and close to 20 pounds under his usual fighting weight. Pacquiao dominated the fight and, after eight rounds, De La Hoya's corner was forced to throw in the towel, awarding Pacquiao the win via technical knockout.
Pacquiao was ahead on all three judges' scorecards before the stoppage, with two judges scoring the fight at 80–71 and one scoring it at 79–72. Moreover, Pacquiao landed 224 out of 585 punches, whilst De La Hoya landed only 83 out of 402 punches. After the bout, trainer Freddie Roach stated, "We knew we had him after the first round. He had no legs, he was hesitant and he was shot." The fight would be De La Hoya's last, as he announced his retirement from boxing shortly after.
Pacquiao received 15 to $30 million (share of the pay-per-view), plus a guaranteed amount. Tickets reportedly sold out just hours after they went on sale. Moreover, the total gate revenue for the fight was said to be nearly $17 million, making it the second largest gate revenue in boxing history.
On December 22, 2008, Pacquiao was decorated with the Philippine Legion of Honor with the rank of "Officer" ("Pinuno") in a ceremony marking the 73rd founding anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. As an army reservist, he was given recognition for bringing pride and honor to the country through his remarkable achievements in the ring.
Light-welterweight.
Pacquiao vs. Hatton.
On May 2, 2009, Pacquiao fought at light-welterweight (or super-lightweight) for the first time against Ricky Hatton at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, in a fight billed as "The Battle of the East and West." Pacquiao won the bout via knockout to claim Hatton's IBO, "The Ring" and lineal light-welterweight titles. In doing so, Pacquiao became the second man in boxing history to become a six-division world champion, a fighter who won world titles in six different weight divisions and the first man ever to win lineal world titles in four different weight classes.
The fight was originally placed in jeopardy due to disputes with both camps over the fight purse money. Eventually, the money issue was settled and the fight went on as scheduled. HBO aired the contest.
Pacquiao started the fight strong, knocking down Hatton twice in the first round. A somewhat shaken Hatton beat the count, only to be saved by the bell seconds later. In the second round, Hatton seemed to have recovered, as he stalked Pacquiao for most of the round. However, with less than ten seconds remaining in the round, Hatton was knocked out cold by a sharp left hook, prompting the referee to award Pacquiao the win by knockout at 2:59.
The knockout won him "The Ring" magazine "Knockout of the Year" for 2009.
Return to welterweight.
Pacquiao vs. Cotto.
On November 14, 2009, Pacquiao defeated Miguel Cotto via technical knockout in the twelfth round at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, in a fight billed as "Firepower." Although the bout was sanctioned as a world title fight in the welterweight division, where the weight limit is 147 pounds, Cotto agreed to fight at a catchweight of 145 pounds.
Pacquiao dominated the fight, knocking Cotto down in round three and round four, before the referee stopped the fight at 0:55 of round twelve. With this victory, Pacquiao took the WBO welterweight title, was awarded the WBO super championship title and became the first seven-division world champion, the first fighter in boxing history to win world titles in seven different weight divisions, as well as the first boxer in history to win major world titles in four of the eight "glamour divisions" of boxing (flyweight, featherweight, lightweight and welterweight). Pacquiao also won the first and special WBC diamond championship belt. This belt was created as an honorary championship exclusively to award the winner of a historic fight between two high-profile boxers. After the fight, promoter Bob Arum stated "Pacquiao is the greatest boxer I've ever seen, and I've seen them all, including Ali, Hagler and Sugar Ray Leonard." Cotto said in a post-fight interview: "Miguel Cotto comes to boxing to fight the biggest names, and Manny is one of the best boxers we have of all time."
The fight generated 1.25 million buys and $70 million in domestic pay-per-view revenue, making it the most watched boxing event of 2009. Pacquiao earned around $22 million for his part in the fight, whilst Cotto earned around $12 million. Pacquiao–Cotto also generated a live gate of $8,847,550 from an official crowd of 15,930.
On November 20, 2009, in a simple rites at the Quirino Grandstand, President Macapagal-Arroyo conferred Pacquiao the Order of Sikatuna with the rank of "Datu" (Grand Cross) with Gold distinction ("Katangiang Ginto") which usually bestowed upon foreign diplomats and heads of state. It was awarded to Pacquiao for winning his historical seventh weight division world title.
Negotiations with Floyd Mayweather Jr..
Following the victory against Cotto, there was much public demand for a fight between Pacquiao (the number-one pound-for-pound boxer) and the five-division world champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. (the number-two and former number-one pound-for-pound boxer). Pacquiao reportedly agreed to fight Mayweather on March 13, 2010, for a split of $50 million up front and it was later agreed that the venue for the fight would be the MGM Grand Garden Arena. However, the bout was put in jeopardy due to disagreements about Olympic-style drug testing. The Mayweather camp wanted random blood testing by the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), whereas Pacquiao refused to have any blood testing within 30 days from the fight, because he thought it would weaken him, but he was willing to have blood taken from him before the 30-day window as well as immediately after the fight. Freddie Roach, on the other hand, commented that he would not allow blood to be taken from Pacquiao one week before the fight. In an attempt to resolve their differences, the two camps went through a process of mediation before a retired judge. After the mediation process Mayweather agreed to a 14-day no blood testing window. However, Pacquiao refused and instead only agreed to a 24-day no blood testing window. Consequently, on January 6, 2010, Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum declared that the fight was officially off.
Because of Pacquiao's reluctance to submit to random blood testing to the extent requested by Mayweather, despite lack of evidence, the Mayweather camp repeated their suggestion that Pacquiao was using banned substances, which resulted in Pacquiao filing a lawsuit for defamation, seeking damages in excess of $75,000. The lawsuit cited accusations made by Floyd Mayweather Jr., Floyd Mayweather Sr., Roger Mayweather, Oscar De La Hoya and Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer.
After negotiations for the Mayweather fight fell through, other boxers were considered to replace Mayweather as Pacquiao's next opponent, including former light-welterweight champion Paulie Malignaggi and WBA light-middleweight title holder Yuri Foreman. However, Pacquiao chose to fight former IBF welterweight title holder Joshua Clottey instead.
Pacquiao vs. Clottey.
On March 13, 2010, at the Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, Pacquiao defeated Clottey via unanimous decision to retain his WBO welterweight title. The judges scored the fight 120–108, 119–109, and 119–109, all in favor of Pacquiao. During the fight, Pacquiao threw a total of 1231 punches (a career high), but landed just 246, as most were blocked by Clottey's tight defense. On the other hand, Clottey threw a total of 399 punches, landing 108.
The fight was rewarded with a paid crowd of 36,371 and a gate of $6,359,985, according to post-fight tax reports filed with Texas boxing regulators. Counting complimentary tickets delivered to sponsors, media outlets and others, the Dallas fight attracted 41,843, well short of the 50,994 that was previously announced, but still an epic number for boxing. In addition, the bout drew 700,000 pay-per-view buys and earned $35.3 million in domestic revenue.
Pacquiao was named as the Fighter of the Decade for years 2000–2009 by the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA). This award was presented by legendary boxer Joe Frazier, who was also a recipient of the award himself back in 1978 for defeating Muhammad Ali. Aside from this prestigious recognition, he was also named as the Sugar Ray Robinson Fighter of the Year for 2009, having received the same honor in 2006 and 2008. The awards ceremony was held at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City on June 4, 2010.
After his victory over Clottey, Pacquiao was expected to return to boxing in late 2010 with a possible matchup against Floyd Mayweather Jr.. It was later reported that Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer and Top Rank Chief Bob Arum worked out a "super fight" between Manny Pacquiao and Floyd Mayweather Jr.. However, complications arose when Mayweather requested Pacquiao undergo random blood and urine testing up until the fight day. Pacquiao responded that he would agree to undergo blood and urine testing up until 14 days before the fight (as requested by Mayweather in the first round of negotiations), stating that giving blood too close to the fight day would weaken him. On May 13, 2010, Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum announced that he had penciled in November 13, 2010 as the date of Manny Pacquiao's next fight, possibly against Mayweather. However, the stumbling block over demands that Pacquiao submit to Olympic-level random drug testing put the fight in jeopardy.
On June 12, 2010, the President of Golden Boy Promotions, Oscar De La Hoya, stated during an interview with Univision that the deal for the fight was very close and the negotiation process has been very difficult. On June 30, 2010, Arum announced that the management of both sides had agreed to terms, that all points had been settled (including Pacquiao agreeing to submit to both blood and urine testing) and only the signature of Floyd Mayweather Jr. was needed to seal the deal that could have earned both fighters at least $40 million each. Mayweather was then given a two-week deadline for the fight contract to be signed. Arum also announced that Pacquiao accepted the terms of the random drug testing, blood and urine, leading up to the fight.
On July 15, 2010, Bob Arum announced that Pacquiao's camp would give Mayweather until Friday midnight to sign the fight. The next day, the Top Rank website embedded a countdown clock on their website with the heading "Money" Time: Mayweather's Decision. On July 17, 2010, Arum announced that there was no word from Mayweather's camp and the deal for a November 13, 2010 fight with Mayweather was not reached.
On July 19, 2010, Leonard Ellerbe, one of Floyd Mayweather Jr.'s closest advisers, denied that negotiations for a super fight between Mayweather and Pacquiao had ever taken place. Ellerbe stated that Bob Arum was not telling the truth. Bob Arum responded, questioning that if there was no negotiation, then who imposed the gag order (referring to a gag order about the negotiation allegedly imposed on both camps) and who could there be a gag order from if there were no negotiations. He also criticized Oscar De La Hoya and his Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer for denying that negotiations took place, when De La Hoya himself had previously stated that they were "very, very close in finalizing the contracts." Arum revealed that HBO Sports President Ross Greenburg acted as the mediator between Mayweather's handlers and those of Pacquiao's from Top Rank Promotions.
On July 26, 2010, Ross Greenburg said in a statement that he has been negotiating with a representative from each side since May 2, 2010, carefully trying to put the fight together and he did in fact act as a go-between in negotiations with the two sides, but they were unable to come to an agreement, contradicting what Arum and the Pacquiao camp had said. Floyd Mayweather Jr., after the second negotiation had been officially declared off, told the Associated Press that he had fought sixty days ago and that he was not interested in rushing into anything and was not really thinking about boxing at the moment.
Light-middleweight.
Pacquiao vs. Margarito.
On July 23, 2010, Bob Arum announced that Pacquiao would fight Antonio Margarito on November 13, 2010. The fight for the vacant WBC light-middleweight title gave Pacquiao the chance to win a world title in his eighth weight class, the light-middleweight (or super-welterweight) division. A catchweight of 150 pounds was established for the fight, although the weight limit for the light-middleweight division is 154 pounds. During the pre-fight, Pacquiao weighed in at a low 144.6 pounds, while Margarito weighed in at the limit of 150 pounds. Pacquiao said he was pleased with his weight because he loses too much speed when he gains pounds. During the fight itself, Pacquiao weighed 148 lbs, 17 pounds lighter than Margarito's 165.
Prior to the fight, Pacquiao's team demanded to the Texas officials to test Margarito for banned substances after a weight loss supplement, reportedly Hydroxycut, was found in his locker. It was stated that the officials would undergo testing for both boxers after the fight. In the fight, Pacquiao defeated Margarito via unanimous decision, using his superior handspeed and movement to win his eighth world title in as many divisions. In the penultimate round, Pacquiao implored referee Laurence Cole several times to stop the fight as Margarito had a swollen face and a large cut beneath the right eye, but the referee let the fight continue. Margarito had to be taken directly to the hospital after the fight, where it was discovered his orbital bone had been fractured; he had to undergo surgery.
On November 22, 2010, after winning world title in his eighth weight division, Pacquiao was awarded with another Congressional Medal of Distinction during the ceremony at the Philippine House of Representatives.
Because Pacquiao had no plans to defend the WBC light-middleweight title that he won against Margarito, the WBC Board of Governors voted to declare the title vacant.
Second return to welterweight.
Pacquiao vs. Mosley.
On May 7, 2011, Pacquiao successfully defended his WBO welterweight title against three-division world champion Shane Mosley via lopsided unanimous decision at the MGM Grand Garden Arena. Rapper LL Cool J performed as Mosley first entered the arena, while vocalist Jimi Jamison of the rock band Survivor sang "Eye of the Tiger" as Pacquiao approached the ring. Pacquiao knocked Mosley down in the third round using a one-two capped with a left straight. Mosley was left dazed by the knockdown but managed to stand up. Mosley floored Pacquiao in the tenth round with a push, but referee Kenny Bayless inexplicably ruled it a knockdown. None of the judges seemed to have bought it judging from the scores. Replays showed that Pacquiao was throwing a punch off balance, had his right foot stepped on by Mosley's left foot and went down with a little help from Mosley's right hand. Bayless apologized to Pacquiao after the fight for the mistake. Pacquiao gained one-sided verdicts from all three judges 119–108, 120–108, and 120–107. Pacquiao reported that the only thing preventing him from knocking out Mosley was a cramp in his legs. Freddie Roach said that Pacquiao had problems with cramping before but usually in training sessions and not in the middle of bouts. After the fight, there was much controversy over Mosley reportedly telling Floyd Mayweather Jr. that he should have made Pacquiao "take the test."
Bob Arum talked about having Pacquiao's next bout at the MGM Grand Garden Arena on November 5, 2011 or across town at the Thomas & Mack Center on November 12, 2011. Arum listed Juan Manuel Márquez as the first choice and then mentioned Timothy Bradley and Zab Judah as other options.
Pacquiao vs. Márquez III.
Pacquiao's promoter Bob Arum stated that a third meeting with Márquez could happen in November 2011, providing Pacquiao defeated his next opponent Shane Mosley on May 7. On May 10, Márquez accepted an offer from Top Rank to fight Pacquiao for his WBO welterweight title at a catchweight of 144 pounds. On May 18, Márquez signed the deal to fight Pacquiao for the third time on November 12 in Las Vegas.
On November 12, Pacquiao defeated Márquez via majority decision 114–114, 115–113, and 116–112. Upon the results being announced, the crowd reaction was largely negative with thousands continuing to boo as Pacquiao spoke with Max Kellerman. Tim Smith of New York's "Daily News" wrote that Márquez "was robbed of a decision by judges who were either blind or corrupt." However, ringside punch stats showed Pacquiao landing more strikes, 176 to 138, and landing more power punches, 117 to 100. Michael Woods of ESPN stated that Márquez was not robbed noting the CompuBox stats, all of which favored Pacquiao.
Pacquiao vs. Bradley.
On February 5, Bob Arum announced Timothy Bradley as Pacquiao's next opponent on June 9 for his WBO welterweight title, after another failed negotiation attempt with Floyd Mayweather Jr. on Cinco de Mayo. During the final press conference, WBO President Francisco "Paco" Valcarcel awarded Pacquiao with WBO Diamond Ring in recognition of Pacquiao as the WBO Best Pound-for-Pound Fighter of the Decade.
Pacquiao lost the bout in a controversial split decision, scoring 115–113, 113–115, and 113–115 from the three judges. The decision was booed by the crowd and criticized by many news outlets who were independently scoring the fight. However, Pacquiao was gracious in defeat and Bradley called for a rematch. Following the decision, many analysts called the decision a sign of corruption in the sport. ESPN.com scored the fight 119–109 for Pacquiao. HBO's unofficial judge, Harold Lederman, also had it 119–109 for Pacquiao. Most ringside media also scored the fight in favor of Pacquiao.
Four days after the fight, Valcarcel said in a statement on June 13, 2012, that, though the WBO did not doubt the ability of the scoring judges, the WBO's Championship Committee would review the video of the fight with five independent, competent and recognized international judges and make a recommendation. On June 21, 2012, the five WBO Championship Committee judges on the review panel announced that Pacquiao should have won, with all five judges scoring the fight in Pacquiao's favor 117–111, 117–111, 118–110, 116–112, and 115–113. The WBO cannot overturn the result of the fight (only the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC) would be able to do so), but recommended a rematch between the fighters.
Pacquiao vs. Márquez IV.
Pacquiao fought Juan Manuel Márquez on December 8, 2012. The fight was for the WBO's "Champion of the Decade" belt. Márquez knocked down Pacquiao in the third round with a looping right hook. In round five, Pacquiao returned the favor, knocking down Márquez. Pacquiao went on the offensive in the sixth round. While behind the scorecards and with just one second left in the sixth round, Márquez countered Pacquiao's jab with an overhand right, sending Pacquiao face first to the canvas, resulting in a knockout. Pacquiao, who had not been knocked out in over 13 years since his loss to Medgoen Singsurat in 1999, remained unconscious for several minutes. This was named "The Ring" magazine's "Fight of the Year" and "Knockout of the Year" and "International Fight of the Year" by the British website BoxRec. Márquez was also named "International Fighter of the Year" by the same publication.
Pacquiao vs. Ríos.
After 11 months away from boxing, Pacquiao returned to the ring on November 24, 2013, at The Venetian Macao Hotel & Resort's Cotai Arena in Macau of the Special administrative regions in China against "The Ring" ranked #6 light-welterweight: Brandon Ríos, for the vacant WBO International welterweight title. This was Pacquiao's first fight to be held in China. Pacquiao won the match by unanimous decision.
Pacquiao vs. Bradley II.
Following his victory over Rios, Pacquiao sought out and ultimately got a rematch with the WBO welterweight champion of the world: Timothy Bradley who, following his controversial win over Pacquiao in their first fight in 2012, had defended the title with a victory over Ruslan Provodnikov, followed by a close, but clear split decision verdict over Juan Manuel Márquez. The fight was eventually set for the date of April 12, 2014, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. In a tough fight, Pacquiao came on the stronger of the two fighters throughout the later rounds of the fight to end up gaining a unanimous decision victory from the judges 118–110, 116–112, and 116–112.
Pacquiao vs. Algieri.
Pacquiao faced undefeated WBO light-welterweight champion Chris Algieri in Macau on November 23, 2014, for Pacquiao's welterweight title. Pacquiao dominated the bout and scored six official knockdowns en route to a lopsided victory via unanimous decision 119–103, 119–103, and 120–102.
Pacquiao vs. Mayweather.
Pacquiao fought Floyd Mayweather Jr. in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena on May 2, 2015. After years of tumultuous negotiations, the two finally met in the ring, Pacquiao with the intent to be the aggressor and Mayweather with the strategy of diffuse and counter. The fight went the distance and to the official judges' scorecards which read 118–110, 116–112, and 116–112 in favor of Mayweather.
17 of the 19 reporters ringside for the bout scored in favour of Mayweather.
Pacquiao said "I had a torn shoulder" as well as "I thought I won the fight. He's moving around. It's not easy to throw punches when he's moving around so much. It's not about size. Size doesn't matter. I fought bigger. I thought I caught him many more times than he caught me."
In the end despite the criticism the Mayweather vs. Pacquiao match earned a record 4.4 million pay-per-view buys.
Temporary retirement.
Pacquiao vs. Bradley III.
Top Rank promoter Bob Arum said Pacquiao's next opponents were to be either Terence Crawford, Lucas Matthysse or Kell Brook. There was also speculation that Amir Khan would be another possible foe.
Boxing fans were surprised when Pacquiao and his camp chose to challenge Timothy Bradley in a rubber match on April 9, 2016, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas for the WBO International welterweight title. According to Pacquiao, this was to be his last fight as a professional.
On February 22, Philippine senatorial candidate Walden Bello asked the Commission of Elections (COMELEC) to cancel Pacquiao's fight against Bradley, because it will give the boxer-politician free publicity, violating the Republic Act 9006 or the Fair Elections Act. The fight will fall in the 90-day national candidates campaign period for the national elections. Arum said in an interview that the fight's cancellation is not yet an option and stated that there is no conflict-of-interest between the fight and Pacquiao's senatorial campaign.
Prior to this bout, Pacquiao and Bradley were regarded as the two most accomplished and best welterweights in the world by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, BoxingScene and ESPN and two top-five best pound-for-pound fighters. Pacquiao won the match via unanimous decision to capture the vacant WBO International and lineal welterweight titles. This makes him the only fighter in history to win lineal championships in five different weight classes. In addition, Pacquiao became only the third fighter in boxing history to win three lineal crowns in the divisions alternatively referred to as the "original", "major" or "glamour'" divisions (flyweight, featherweight and welterweight), joining the exclusive club of Bob Fitzsimmons and Henry Armstrong who have won a legitimate world championship in three of the original eight weight divisions. After the match, Pacquiao said, "As of now, I am retired" and later shared "I'm going to go home and think about it. I want to be with my family. I want to serve the people."
Comeback.
On June 23, 2016, it was reported that Pacquiao would return to boxing ring later that year after a brief retirement. In an interview with BoxingScene, Top Rank president Bob Arum said: "Well we gotta see. If he will fight this year, then he will fight next year. We are thinking about him fighting in October if he wants to fight. Once I get the opponent that I am working on - we are working on opponents and once I get that, I will fly over to the Philippines and he will see if his schedule in the senate allows him to train for a fight and participate in a fight. I know he wants to continue fighting but the impediment is how labor intensive his work as a Filipino senator is and he is not going to really know that for another week or so. He was just sworn in as a senator yesterday," According to Yahoo! Sports, Arum reserved Mandalay Bay for October 15, just in case Pacquiao decides to continue fighting in the ring. Arum said: "I'm not sure Manny is going to return, but I believe he wants to return. The question is, can he return and yet fulfill his duties as a senator in the Philippines? I don't think even he knows that answer yet, because he's just taken office."
According to a BoxingScene report, Arum said that Pacquiao has even brought up with the Senate leadership the possibility of taking a leave of absence to train for a fight: "He is going to fight. I don't know what the date is. He is working with the President of the Philippines Senate for an appropriate date where he can leave the Philippines for two or three weeks to prepare for the fight." There were also reports that a fight between Pacquiao and former four-division world champion Adrien Broner was being negotiated, something embraced by Pacquiao's longtime trainer Freddie Roach. But Arum, for his part, said Broner priced himself out of the fight: "That is correct (that Broner priced himself out). I was dealing with (Broner's adviser) Al Haymon on making that fight. Al tried but Broner was asking for crazy money that nobody can afford so he is out and Manny is looking for another opponent." Arum told in an interview. Other leading candidates for Pacquiao's comeback were WBO welterweight champion Jessie Vargas, WBC welterweight champion Danny García and the winner of the July 23 light-welterweight title unification bout between WBO light-welterweight champion Terence Crawford and WBC light-welterweight champion Viktor Postol.
On July 13, Pacquiao responded to rumors that he intends to take a leave of absence from the Philippine Senate for an upcoming bout – as stated by Top Rank Promotions head, Bob Arum. In his official statement; Pacquiao denied such rumors and assured the public that his current priority is to fulfill his duties as a legislator of the Philippines: "There is no truth to media reports that I'm planning to take a leave from my senate duties just to fight again atop the ring. I want to make it clear - my priority is my legislative works.
My next fight has not yet been discussed. Should there be any, I'll make sure it will not interfere with my senate duties. When I ran for senator last May 9 elections, I made a promise to be present in all sessions. I owe it to the people.
If ever I decide to fight again, rest assured, it will happen when congress is on recess so there's no need for me to go on leave. The entire training will be done in the Philippines to ensure I can attend sessions even while on training camp.
Boxing is my only means of livelihood to support my family and to help those who are in need. Politics, to me, is a vocation not a means to eke out a living.
I want to maintain that belief. I want to keep my dignity intact while in public service.
May God continue to guide and bless all our endeavors."
On July 11, Arum said that Pacquiao will return to the ring sometime in the fall, likely either on October 29 or November 5, in the main event of a pay-per-view card staged in Las Vegas and televised by HBO. Arum said in an interview: "He now has given us the go-ahead to shop for a venue and an opponent and see if we can do it on a particular date or dates. We've been trying to work out a date that doesn't interfere with his senatorial responsibilities and his ability to train." Subsequently on July 18, Arum confirmed that Pacquiao was set to fight on November 5 at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Senate President Franklin Drilon expressed his support for Pacquiao's reported plan to go back to boxing, confirming for the first time that the newly elected senator had sought his permission to fight again. Pacquiao adviser Michael Koncz said in a report that the southpaw, while committed to politics, is happiest when he is in the ring: "Manny's primary concern and obligation is to fulfill his senatorial duties. But he just misses boxing. He misses the training. He misses being in the gym. You can see when he trains it's like a stress reliever for him. His mood changes. It's like he's in happy land. So I am working with Bob and Manny is working closely with the senate president to make sure the dates are okay. We're doing this properly."
Pacquiao vs. Vargas.
On August 3, Pacquiao's business manager confirmed that WBO welterweight champion Jessie Vargas (27–1) will be the next opponent for Pacquiao on November 5, at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. Pacquiao made the confirmation after a two-hour meeting with Top Rank's Bob Arum and Canadian adviser Michael Koncz held in Manila on August 7, that he agreed to fight Vargas. "Yes, the fight is on. I have agreed to a Nov. 5 fight with reigning WBO welterweight champion Jessie Vargas. Boxing is my passion. I miss what I'd been doing inside the gym and atop the ring. My entire training camp will be held here in the Philippines so I can attend to my legislative works. This is my campaign promise and I'm determined to keep it," Pacquiao said in a statement. He also explained that he has to fight again to earn a living: "Boxing is my main source of income. I can't rely on my salary as public official. I'm helping the family of my wife and my own family, as well. Many people also come to me to ask for help and I just couldn't ignore them."
On August 11, it was revealed by Bob Arum that the fight will not be distributed by HBO PPV despite a contract with Pacquiao. HBO reportedly declined to carry the fight because they are already committed to hosting the anticipated November 19 fight between unified light-heavyweight champion Sergey Kovalev and former lineal super-middleweight champion Andre Ward and certainly the network couldn't handle two PPVs in one month and would prefer for Pacquiao to fight on October 29, along with the Wladimir Klitschko vs. Tyson Fury heavyweight championship match instead. But Arum said Pacquiao has to fight around his Philippine Senate schedule which effectively makes other fight dates impossible. Arum reiterated that if HBO will not produce or distribute the PPV, it will invalidate Pacquiao's contract with the network and make him a free agent: "In my opinion, they have an obligation to distribute this fight. The fact that they passed means the contract is over, it seems clear to me. They can't pick and choose which fights they are going to distribute. They're either in breach of contract or they've ended the contract. My feeling is, based my legal background, is that the contract is terminated."
HBO, on the other hand, believed that their existing contract with Pacquiao still stands, although they would not publicly comment on the disagreement otherwise. Arum said that HBO has no right to object to the date since he's putting up the money as the promoter while the network bears no risk. He also claims that their contract with the network clearly states that only Pacquiao's opponent has to be mutually agreed upon by both sides, not the date. HBO has televised nearly all of Pacquiao's major fights including 21 pay-per-views since 2003. According to Arum, possible distributor of the fight include cable giants Turner Broadcasting System, ESPN and HBO's rival network Showtime.
In a press conference on September 8 held in Los Angeles, California, it was announced by Bob Arum that the fight will be self-distributed by Top Rank PPV. He also revealed that his company will continue to produce and distribute future pay-per-view events without the involvement of HBO. As for the commentating panel, Arum stressed that he plans to put a star-studded announcing team, which will rival the work of HBO's Jim Lampley and Max Kellerman. Arum confided that he is in talks with major boxing analysts, but he declined to name one as he has not worked out any official deals yet. "I think the commentating team is going to blow everybody's socks off," he vowed. According to Arum, Top Rank's initial plans have received a good feedback from its partners and television (TV) companies, which gives him a hindsight that they could pull it off. "They're all very, very receptive to getting this kind of programming. But right now, this looks like the most likely scenario," Arum stated.
On September 26, Top Rank unveiled the broadcast team for the November 5 PPV bout featuring sports commentating stars Stephen A. Smith of ESPN, Brian Kenny of MLB Network, Charissa Thompson of Fox Sports and former two-division and five-time world champion Timothy Bradley as the ringside commentating team for the fight. The pay-per-view telecast would also feature WBO super-bantamweight champion Nonito Donaire and WBO featherweight champion Óscar Valdez. This marked the first time Pacquiao and Donaire, the two biggest boxing stars to come out of the Philippines, had ever shared the same card.
Floyd Mayweather Jr. made an entrance and sat ringside with his daughter before the main event began. When asked why he was at the fight, he replied, "I'm just taking her to the fight.", whilst pointing to his daughter. In front of 16,132 in attendance, Pacquiao defeated Vargas in a lopsided unanimous decision to win the WBO welterweight title for the third time. In the second round, Pacquiao caught Vargas with a straight left counter, dropping him to the canvas. In the eighth round, an accidental clash of heads opened a deep cut on Vargas’ right eyebrow. However, replays between rounds clearly showed that the cut above Vargas’ eye in the eighth was caused by a left straight punch, which the Nevada Athletic Commission has ruled. In the eleventh round, Vargas went down on a slip, tripping over his feet after he got hit by a right. Vargas went down again in the twelfth round, but Kenny Bayless ruled it another slip. Pacquiao won on all three judges' scorecards 118–109, 118–109, and 114–113. According to CompuBox statistics, Pacquiao landed 147 of 409 of his punches (36%) and Vargas landed 104 of 562 of his punches thrown (19%). Pacquiao was guaranteed $4 million plus a percentage of the revenue of the fight while Vargas was guaranteed $2.5 million. The bout sold 300,000 pay-per-view buys in the United States, earning an estimated $18 million in pay-per-view revenue.
Pacquiao vs. Horn.
On February 26, 2017, both Pacquiao and Amir Khan announced on Twitter that they would face each other on April 23 in a "super fight". The United Arab Emirates (UAE) specifically Abu Dhabi, were front runners to host the fight worth potentially £30 million, with the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) also being possibilities. Pacquiao was initially in negotiations to fight Jeff Horn in Australia, but held a poll asking the fans who he should fight next. Khan won the poll, thus setting up the fight. The Sevens Stadium in Dubai, Zayed Sports City Stadium and Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi were being considered as the venue. Speaking to Bob Arum on March 1, Pacquiao's adviser Michael Koncz confirmed the fight would take place on May 19 in the United States which means it would be a Friday night PPV and May 20 in the Middle-East. In the early morning of March 2, Bob Arum stated that the date of the fight was not close to being set with Khan's representatives. Later that day, Khan's camp confirmed they had agreed the revised fight date. Bob Arum told ESPN on March 8 that there was never a deal in place for the fight to take place, "It's kaddish for the UAE deal. It's dead." Arum also mentioned that if there was any chance the fight can take place, it would be in the second half of 2017 and that Khan would not be Pacquiao's next opponent.
On March 27, Arum told the "International Business Times" ("IBT") that Pacquiao vs. Horn was back on. A likely date of July 2, 2017, was discussed. On April 1, it was confirmed that Horn had signed the contract at his end and was waiting for Pacquiao, who was believed to have received the contract. He and his team were going over the terms. “We have to get the contract signed. They’re reviewing the contract and hopefully it will be signed in the next hours or so. On the Australian side, everything is done. Jeff Horn has signed the contract,” Arum told "The Star". Arum later stated that there was no deadline for an agreement to be reached before declaring 'everything is done'. It was reported by "The Manila Times" on April 7 that Pacquiao had signed for the fight to take place at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane, Australia. It was noted that he would start training in the first week of May. Around 55,000 fans around the world were expected to be in attendance and the event would pump at least $24 million into the local economy. On April 10, Carl Moretti told ESPN the fight was close to being finalized. Bob Arum officially announced the fight on April 10, billed as "The Battle of Brisbane". On June 1, it was reported that 40,000 tickets had been sold within over a month left for the fight. On June 19, 2017, it was announced that ESPN and Top Rank finalized a deal that would air the bout live on ESPN. This marked the first time that a Pacquiao fight would not be on pay-per-view since his co-main event fight against Héctor Velázquez on September 10, 2005.
In front of 51,052, Pacquiao lost a hard fought fight via a controversial unanimous decision when the three judges scored it 117–111, 115–113, and 115–113 in favor of Horn. Many pundits, current and former boxers believed Pacquiao had done enough to retain the WBO title. Although Horn was the aggressor and showed determination throughout the fight, it nearly came to an end in round nine when Pacquiao took control and looked for the stoppage. Horn survived the round and was told by referee Mark Nelson, that he needed to show competitiveness or else he would stop the fight. Despite now having lost four of his last nine fights, Pacquiao remained humble, “I’m professional. I respect the judges.” It was reported that Horn would receive $500,000 from this fight and Pacquiao was guaranteed at least $10 million. Pacquiao stated he would activate the rematch clause and fight Horn again at the end of 2017. CompuBox stats showed that Pacquiao landed 182 out of 573 punches thrown (32%), whilst Horn landed 92 of 625 thrown (15%).
Post-fight stats showed that Pacquiao landed almost double the number of punches that Horn landed. Dieter Kurtenbach of Fox Sports described the fight as "rigged", and T. J. Quinn of ESPN commented, “No way in hell Horn won unanimously,” he tweeted. “A 117–111 card? Ridiculous. This is a hometown hit job. Manny looked old, but mostly in control".
In regards to the controversial scorecards, ESPN's Dan Rafael scored the fight 117–111 and ESPN analyst Teddy Atlas scored it 116–111, both for Pacquiao. "The Guardian" and the "IBT" also scored the fight in favor of Pacquiao as well, 117–111. BoxingScene had it 116–112 for Pacquiao, while CBS Sports scored the fight 114–114 even. BoxNation's Steve Bunce scored the fight 115–113 for Horn. In total, 12 of 15 media outlets scored the bout for Pacquiao, 2 of 15 outlets ruled in favor of Horn and 1 scored a draw. Pacquiao claimed Horn got away with numerous dirty tactics in the fight, using illegal blows including elbows and headbutts, causing him to be cut on three different occasions during the fight.
On July 6, 2017, the WBO announced that it would re-score the Manny Pacquiao vs. Jeff Horn fight but the result would still stand. The WBO rescored the fight 7 rounds to 5 in favour of Horn. Top Rank CEO Bob Arum said the result of the WBO's review "doesn't settle anything." Arum stated: "First of all they didn't [rule] that Jeff Horn clearly won the fight. They (WBO) had five judges scoring the fight: three had Horn winning narrowly, one had it a draw, one had Pacquiao winning." Pacquiao was 'not surprised' with the re-score and vowed to fight on and continue his professional boxing career.
Pacquiao vs. Matthysse.
On January 16, 2018, it was first reported that Pacquiao would return to the ring on the undercard of Terence Crawford vs. Jeff Horn for the WBO welterweight championship on April 21. Arum wanted the card to take place at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas and have the card take place on ESPN PPV. Early rumours indicated he would fight 37 year old former WBO light-welterweight champion Mike Alvarado (38–4). On February 2, after winning the vacant WBA (Regular) welterweight title against Tewa Kiram, Lucas Matthysse (39–4–0–1) stated he was interested in fighting Pacquiao next. Freddie Roach as well as Golden Boy Promotions Eric Gomez liked the idea of the fight happening. Arum was also open to fight taking place, but stated it wouldn't happen next as he was likely to match Pacquiao with Alvarado. On March 1, Pacquiao withdrew from the Crawford-Horn card. According to Aquiles Zonio, Pacquiao's media relations officer, Pacquiao felt it was an insult to have him in a non-main event roll and felt he was the obvious ticket seller for the card, also believing he beat Horn in their fight in 2017. In an interview, Pacquiao told ABS-CBN television he would fight in Malaysia, where he has a group willing to put up the necessary funds, in May or June 2018. It was said that Pacquiao's MP Promotions would promote the event with a confirmed date of June 24. Arum played down the talks and said the fight had not been finalized. Pacquiao started training for the potential bout on March 12. Although the fight wasn't officially announced, the date was pushed back to July 8. Pacquiao explained the reason the date had changed was because June 24 would have fallen 10 days after the Islamic month, Ramadan and more than 60% of Malaysia's population are Muslim.
On April 2, the fight was officially confirmed for July 14, US time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Pacquiao would go into the fight without long-time trainer Freddie Roach and instead be trained by his life-long friend Buboy Fernandez, who had served as an assistant trainer in previous fights. It would mark the first time in 34 fights, since 2001 that Roach would not be in Pacquiao's corner. It was noted that Top Rank would deal with the television distribution of the fight in the United States with the fight taking place on ESPN+, at the time, ESPN's new monthly subscription streaming service. In order for the fight to take place during primetime hours in the US due to the time difference, the bout would take place on Sunday morning, July 15 in Malaysia. On April 13, it was officially rumored that Pacquiao had parted ways with Roach. However, on April 15, Pacquiao revealed via social media that he had not decided on who would train him for the bout against Matthysse. On May 18, according to sources in Argentina, the fight was in jeopardy and likely to be postponed. However, Pacquiao denied the reports a day later and called the rumours "malicious and untrue." By July 1, there were still doubts about the fight taking place, notably from Bob Arum. However, Pacquiao told Philboxing.com the preparations were in the final stages and the funds would be released to Golden Boy in the coming days. On July 2, Golden Boy and Matthysse confirmed receipt of funds and proposed to fly out to Malaysia the next day.
The fight took place at the Axiata Arena. Pacquiao scored his first knockout in over eight years by stopping Matthysse in round seven to win the WBA (Regular) welterweight title. Pacquiao dropped Matthysse a total of three times before the fight was stopped. The knockdowns occurred in rounds three, five and seven. Matthysse took a knee in the fifth round and was decked by a left hook in the seventh, following a combination. Referee Kenny Bayless began the count, stopping the fight at 2:43 after Matthysse spat out his mouthpiece. At the time of the stoppage, all three judges had the bout 59–53 in favor of Pacquiao. Speaking about the game plan, Pacquiao said, "Matthysse has the power, so hands up all the time and do my best. I'm surprised because Matthysse is a very tough opponent and I knocked him down. I was focused and patient in the fight, and I worked hard in training. We did a good job in training. We were pushing hard." Matthysse had no excuses, stating he lost to "a great fighter and a great champion." At the post-fight press conference, Pacquiao confirmed he would continue boxing. According to CompuBox, Pacquiao landed 95 of 344 punches thrown (28%), this included a 44% connect rate on his power punches. Matthysse landed 57 of his 246 thrown (23%), only landing in double figures in round six. On August 2, Matthysse announced his retirement from professional boxing at the age of 35.
Pacquiao vs. Broner.
After Pacquiao signed with Al Haymon in October 2018, reports circulated that Adrien Broner was the front-runner to face him in January 2019. On October 18, 2018, Pacquiao confirmed that the deal was almost complete. On November 19, 2018, a press conference was held in New York City to confirm the fight between Pacquiao and Broner on January 19, 2019, for the WBA (Regular) welterweight title. Pacquiao reunited with long-time trainer Freddie Roach, who supervised the whole training camp, while Buboy Fernandez did the mitts and physical parts of the training due to Pacquiao's concern of Roach's health. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada and was distributed by Showtime PPV. Pacquiao was guaranteed at least $20 million from the fight, with $10 million being his base purse and the remainder made up from PPV revenue, Filipino TV rights, sponsorship and merchandise. Broner was paid a $2.5 million fight purse.
Pacquiao successfully defended his WBA (Regular) welterweight title against Broner via unanimous decision and never seemed troubled throughout the fight. In the seventh round, Pacquiao trapped Broner against the ropes and unloaded a barrage of punches that prompted Broner to tie him up. Pacquiao then continued his onslaught after the break, but Broner survived the round. Two rounds later, Pacquiao landed a huge left hand that sent Broner reeling backwards. All three judges ruled in favor of Pacquiao 117–111, 116–112, and 116–112. According to CompuBox, Pacquiao landed 82 out of 197 of his power punches (42%) against Broner's 39 out of 180 power punches (22%). Total punch stats were 112 out of 568 (20%) for Pacquiao and 50 out of 295 (17%) for Broner. This marked Broner's career low for total punches landed at 50, his previous low was 90 against Jessie Vargas. During the post-fight interview, Jim Gray asked Pacquiao if a Floyd Mayweather Jr. rematch would happen and Pacquiao answered, "Tell him to come back to the ring, and we will fight." Mayweather, who was ringside, was asked by Gray to nod at the camera if he wanted a rematch with Pacquiao but Mayweather did not give an answer.
The fight sold 400,000 pay-per-view buys in the United States, earning an estimated $30 million in pay-per-view revenue. The bout produced a live gate of $6 million from 11,410 tickets sold. The final attendance was reported to be 13,025.
Pacquiao vs. Thurman.
Pacquiao defeated Keith Thurman via split decision for Thurman's WBA (Super) welterweight title on July 20, 2019, in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena. Late in the first round, Pacquiao caught Thurman with a right hand and knocked him down, as Thurman was moving backwards after a Pacquiao combination of body and head punches. Rounds one through five were vintage for Pacquiao as he bloodied Thurman's nose and forced him into a very intense fight. Thurman looked to have regained his composure in the middle rounds, adjusted to Pacquiao's offense in the second half of the fight and was able to catch him with some hard shots. Pacquiao though, would catch Thurman again in the tenth round, this time with a vicious left hook to the body that had Thurman moving around the ring, trying to survive the round. Thurman was visibly hurt and later admitted, "The body shot was a terrific body shot. I even took my mouthpiece out of my mouth just so I could breath a little deeper". Two judges ruled in favor of Pacquiao with a score of 115–112 and one in favor of Thurman with a score of 114–113. Many people, including Pacquiao himself, felt that the first-round knockdown and the tenth-round body shot rightfully secured him the win.
According to CompuBox, Thurman was the more accurate boxer and outlanded Pacquiao. Pacquiao only landed 113 out of 340 of his power punches (33%) against Thurman's 192 out of 443 power punches (43%). Pacquiao was the busier fighter and had a difference of more than 100 punches compared to Thurman. Total punch stats were 195 out of 686 (28%) for Pacquiao and 210 out of 571 (37%) for Thurman. The bout sold 500,000 pay-per-view buys in the United States, earning an estimated $37.5 million in pay-per-view revenue.
With the victory, Pacquiao also became the first boxer to become a recognized four-time welterweight champion, breaking his tie with Jack Britton and Emile Griffith. He also became the oldest welterweight champion in boxing history at the age of 40.
Pay-per-view bouts.
PPV home television.
The following fights were broadcast on pay-per-view television.
Closed-circuit theatre TV.
The following fight was telecast at American closed-circuit theatre TV venues.


Kim Sloan

Dr Kim Sloan is a Canadian art historian.
Career.
Sloan worked for the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1986 where she curated an exhibition on Alexander Cozens from November 1986-January 1987. The exhibition then traveled to the Art Gallery of Ontario with additional works by his son John Robert Cozens and was on display January–March 1987.
In 1992, Sloan became the curator of British Drawings and Watercolours before 1880 at the British Museum. While at the British Museum, Sloan has worked primarily on Sir William Hamilton and his collections at the British Museum, the watercolours of J. M. W. Turner, and the Hans Sloane collections. From 2000, Sloan was the lead curator creating the new Enlightenment Gallery at the British Museum, which presents the history of the collection in the King's Library after the library collection moved to the British Library. The new gallery opened in 2003 and Sloan maintains curatorial responsibility for the Enlightenment Gallery.
From September 2007 - January 2008, Sloan was the Leverhulme Fellow at the National Portrait Gallery, London.


Lists of occupations

The following are lists of occupations grouped by category.


Tiffany Montague

Tiffany Montague was the manager of Google’s space initiatives. Her official position at Google was Intergalactic Federation King Almighty and Commander of the Universe.
Early life.
Montague grew up in the UK, travelling to the United States at age 16 to attend Smith College where she joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and Mensa.
Work.
After graduation, Montague served with the United States Air Force where she "had a down-looking sensor" and was mentored by Pete Worden, the head of NASA Ames, and at the National Reconnaissance Office.
Montague joined Google as a project manager c2005 and left in 2013.


Mike Matas

Michael Matas (born in Seattle, Washington, March 23, 1986) is a user interface designer and icon artist. He has previously worked at The Omni Group doing interface and graphic design work. Matas co-founded Delicious Monster in 2004 together with Wil Shipley. He later worked at Apple, Inc. and designed some of the major user interfaces in Mac OS X, iOS for iPhone and iPads. In addition, he has been listed as the co-inventor on patents Apple has filed. He later left Apple.
After Apple, Matas worked on the team that designed the Nest Learning Thermostat. He then founded Push Pop Press, a digital publishing company that created Al Gore's interactive book Our Choice.
Matas presented at TED in 2011 on his work at Push Pop for Al Gore's interactive book Our Choice.
During his time at Facebook he was integral to the design of Facebook Paper, Facebook's alternative iOS application and Facebook Instant Articles.
He is currently working with Adam Menges, and Markus Beissinger on a new start-up, Lobe.ai. Lobe.ai is "creating an easy-to-use visual tool to help give people from diverse backgrounds and disciplines the ability to invent with deep learning". It was announced that Lobe would be acquired by Microsoft on September 13, 2018.


Alexander Scott (chemist)

Dr Alexander Scott FRS FRSE PCS (28 December 1853–10 March 1947) was a 19th/20th century Scottish chemist who served as Director of Scientific Research at the British Museum. He was President of the Chemical Society from 1915 to 1917. He determined the atomic weights of several elements: potassium (1879), sodium (1879), manganese (1881), carbon -re-evaluation (1897), tellurium (1902), nitrogen (1905).
Life.
He was born in Selkirk in southern Scotland on 28 December 1853 the eldest of eight children of Alexander Scott, Rector of Selkirk Academy.
From 1868 he studied science at the University of Edinburgh under Fleeming Jenkin, James Dewar and Alexander Crum Brown. He assisted James Dewar in lectures at the Dick Vet College from 1872 to 1875, and graduated with a BSc in 1876. He then took further degrees at the University of Cambridge gaining a BA in 1879 and an MA in 1882. He ended his studies in 1884 with a doctorate (DSc) back at the University of Edinburgh. He then immediately obtained a post as Science Master at Durham Secondary School.
In 1885 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir James Dewar, Walter Weldon, James Douglas Hamilton Dickson and Alexander Crum Brown. In 1898 he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.
In 1891 he left Durham to become a Demonstrator in Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. In 1896 he joined the Royal Institution in London as a Researcher. From 1911 to 1919 he undertook private research. In 1919 he became Director of Scientific Research at the British Museum, one of the most prestigious jobs in his field in the world. His initial task involved studying the deterioration of multiple objects stored in "safe" but damp conditions through the war. He founded the Research Laboratory within the Museum, and in 1924 brought in Dr Harold Plenderleith as his assistant.
He retired in 1938 and died in Ringwood in Hampshire on 10 March 1947. On his death, Harold Plenderleith acted as his executor.
Artistic Recognition.
His portrait by H. A. Olivier is held at the British museum.
Family.
He was married to Agnes Mary Russell in 1906. She was the daughter of Dr Dr William James Russell FRS. They had no children.


Christopher P. Gane

Christopher P. (Chris) Gane (September 6, 1938 - November 25, 2019) was a British/American computer scientist, consultant and information technology writer, known for developing data flow diagrams with Trish Sarson in the 1970s.
Life and work.
Born in England, Gane obtained his MA in Physics at the University of Cambridge, and started working as computer scientist at IBM in London. In 1973 he emigrated to the United States, where he started as independent IT consultant in New York.
In 1975 he joined Ed Yourdon's software company. In 1977 with Trish Sarson he founded Improved Systems Technologies (IST). In 1977 they published their famous work "Structured Systems Analysis: Tools and Techniques," in which they presented a specific type of data flow diagrams.
Beside his work Structured Analysis, Gane published works on rapid application development (1989) and computer-aided software engineering (1990).


Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire. The Lord Lieutenant is the Queen's personal representative in each county of the United Kingdom. Historically the Lord Lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia, but it is today a largely ceremonial position, usually awarded to a retired notable, military officer, nobleman, or businessman in the county.


Tony Goodman

Tony Goodman is an American video game executive and entrepreneur. He is the co-founder of Ensemble Studios and Robot Entertainment.
Ensemble Corporation.
In 1989, Tony Allen Goodman founded Ensemble Corporation, an information technology consulting firm based in Dallas, Texas with friends John Boog-Scott, John Calhoun, and Thad Chapman. The company "developed its own management and reporting software suite named Command Center, among other products" and quickly grew. Under Goodman's leadership, Ensemble Corporation was one of America's fastest-growing companies ranked by the Inc. 500 from 1992–1997, growing to more than 100 employees. The company was ranked #339 in the Inc. 500 in its final year of independence, 1997. Ensemble Corporation was then acquired on 6 April 1998 by USWeb Corporation., however Goodman had started a side project that wasn't included in the deal in 1995, called Ensemble Studios.
Ensemble Studios.
In January 1995 while serving as CEO of Ensemble Corporation, Goodman co-founded Ensemble Studios together with his brother Rick Goodman and John Boog-Scott, while running Ensemble Corporation. Ensemble Studios was formally incorporated in February 1996 and Goodman served as CEO and art director while running the business side of both Ensemble companies with Boog-Scott. After the acquisition of Ensemble Corporation, Goodman stayed with the game-focused spin-off to pursue his passion for games. Soon thereafter, Goodman hired Bruce Shelley, a longtime friend, whom he "met at a board game club at the University of Virginia"
Ensemble Studios released two full titles and two expansions during this period: Age of Empires (1997); (1998); (1999); (2000).
On 1 May 2001 Microsoft acquired Ensemble Studios as well as the company's intellectual property. Stuart Moulder, general manager of the Games Division at Microsoft commented on the acquisition stating, "The depth of talent and the leadership of Tony Goodman is a winning combination, and this acquisition will help strengthen our mutual commitment to remaining a PC games industry leader."
Microsoft Years.
While at Microsoft, Goodman served as the studio director at Ensemble Studios. Goodman served in this role until the studio was closed by Microsoft on 29 January 2009 following the completion of Halo Wars. "After the closure, the Ensemble leadership team will form a new studio and has agreed to provide ongoing support for Halo Wars as well as work on other projects with Microsoft Game Studios.
During this period, the studio shipped five titles: Age of Mythology (2002), (2003), Age of Empires III (2005), (2006), (2007), and Halo Wars (2009).
Goodman, "left behind a tradition of entrepreneurship. Goodman founded Robot Entertainment the next month. Several startups arose from the ashes, spearheaded by former employees, including Bonfire Studios, Newtoy, Windstorm Studios, Pixelocity, Fuzzy Cube, and GRL Games."
Robot Entertainment.
In 2009, Goodman was the founding CEO of Robot Entertainment when the company defined its strategy to work on smaller original IP titles. Robot finished up the work on Halo Wars after the closing of Ensemble Studios and was the original developer of Age of Empires Online. In February 2009, days after Robot Entertainment was announced, Goodman presented his old friend, Bruce Shelley with the AIAS Hall of Fame Award at the 2009 DICE Summit in Las Vegas.
Goodman left Robot Entertainment to pursue a new venture in the games industry in mid-2010. Goodman was quoted as saying, "My contributions as CEO at Robot were completed after we successfully transitioned from a vision to a flourishing game studio."
PeopleFun.
On 17 July 2012, Goodman announced the founding of his newest company, PeopleFun (stylized as peoplefün), along with John Boog-Scott, co-founder of Ensemble Corporation and Ensemble Studios, Angelo Laudon, who was employee No. 1 at Ensemble Studios and lead programmer on the Age of Empires engine; and Leon Campise, a serial entrepreneur in the technology space.
PeopleFun will focus on making games for iOS and Android that are character driven franchises instead of large games such as those created at Ensemble.
On 13 September 2012, PeopleFun launched its first mobile game, Word Chums, a word game for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch devices. The game is the first appearance of the character franchise "The Chums".


Private pension

A private pension is a plan into which individuals contribute from their earnings, which then will pay them a private pension after retirement. It is an alternative to the state pension. Usually, individuals invest funds into saving schemes or mutual funds, run by insurance companies. Often private pensions are also run by the employer and are called occupational pensions. The contributions into private pension schemes are usually tax-deductible. This is similar to the regular pension.
History.
The first evidence of pension payments comes from the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, but beginnings of private pensions go back to the 19th century. The first private pension plan in the USA was created in 1875 by the American Express Co. But the growth of people coveraged by private pensions was relatively slow. In 1950, only 25 percent of employees in nonagricultural field were anticipated in some private pension system.
Situation in the 21st century.
Nowadays, governments of developed countries have reduced the amount of money for providing pension security. As a consequence, employer-sponsored and individual products become more popular. Most of these private pension types are connected with financial markets, which brings some risks and uncertainty. For example, it can be the time difference between the date of conclusion of the contract and income stream in the future or very low rate of return if we decide to invest our money into low-risk financial instruments (savings products). Usually, three-pillar pension system is introduced. The first pillar is related to state pensions, the second one to supplementary pensions, and the third one to voluntary individual (private) pensions.
Private pensions in the USA.
One of the most used private pensions is defined contribution plan. Each participant has his or her own individual account. Contributions are made to this account by an employer of a participant as a part of his or her wage. Each participant chooses some mutual funds, stocks, or other securities to invest this amount of money. The return of this investment is continuously credited or deducted from an individual's account. Money in this plan cannot be withdrawn without penalty until the participant's retirement age.
Another possibility in the USA is Defined Benefit Plan. This plan pays some amount of money at the time of retirement regardless of the age of a participant. A monthly benefit depends on the number of years worked, salary at the time of retirement, and accrual rate. A defined Benefit Plan can be funded or unfunded. In a funded plan, the special fund for investing contributions of employers and participants is created. The return of investment is changeable, so there are not any guarantees of some level of future income. In an unfunded plan, there are no funds for paying benefits. The benefits to be paid are met by contributions to the plan or by some assets.
Private pensions in the UK.
In the UK, there are two main possibilities how to ensure additional money to the State Pension. Withworkplace pensions, the plan of savings for retirement is arranged by an employer. Part of your salary is automatically paid into the pension scheme every payday.
The second possibility of private retirement savings is the use of a personal pension (also called "Private Pensions"). This type of pension is arranged by the insured themselves. There are two types of personal pensions – the stakeholder pension where is required to meet some government limits and self-invested personal pensions where participants make decisions themselves about investment in their pension fund.
Both types of private pensions share similar features. The amount of money the participants get in retirement depends on how much they have paid in, how long they have had the private pension, their health condition, and how well the pension fund's investments have done. Moreover, tax relief is provided to private pension participants.
Private pensions in Germany.
In Germany, there are two private pension plans – "Riester Rente" and "Rürup Rente". They both follow the strategy of the German government to reduce state-guaranteed pensions. This plans were designed to provide certain groups of residents with some benefits depending on their employment, economic situation and status.
"Riester Rente" is designated for people who pay German income and wage taxes, employees who contribute to Public Retirement Insurance, civil servants, and more. It is necessary to contribute at least 60 euros per year to get government subsidies. In order to gain maximal government support, the participant is required to paid at least 4% of his/her annual income. It is possible to save at most 2,100 euros per year. The amount of government subsidies is between 154 euros and 300 euros depending on fulfilling some conditions. This plan is regulated by the German Government. The participant has to be at least 60 years old to draw money back. All money you contribute to the pension system is guaranteed.
"Rürup Rente", named after Bert Rürup, is primarily designated for people with high tax burden, but everyone can take part in. There are no government subsidies. On the other side, considerable tax relief is connected with this plan. Rürup Rente provides a lifelong pension which is guaranteed. The pension payment cannot start before reaching the age of 62.
Private pensions in France.
There are two occupational mandatory supplementary plans – ARRCO ("Association des régimes de retraites complémentaires") for executive workers and AGIRC ("Association genérale des institutions de retraite des cadres") for non-executive workers where employees and employers have to contribute. If the participant do not contribute all the time, their pension rates are lower. The benefits can be paid out from the age of 60, usually as annuities.
Next, there are two voluntary pensions schemes – Funded occupational pension plan – PERCO ("Plan d’épargne retraite") and Individual retirement savings plan - PERP ("Plan d’épargne retraite populaire").
In PERCO, employers have to offer several investment funds to employees with different portfolios. Employees can save at most one quarter of their gross annual salary. For employers, it is compulsory to contribute, but the minimum amount is not established. The maximum amount saved in a year horizon is 5,149 euros in total of employer's and employee's contributions. It is not possible use the money before retirement. Contributions made by employees subject to income tax, but return of investment and retirement benefits not.
PERP is form of individual pension contributions which provides additional income in a retirement. The conditions of frequency and amount depend on pension insurance plan. Insurer is obliged to guarantee progressive increase of minimal level of benefits. Usually, benefits are paid out as annuities, but lump sum is also possible. Participating in PERP has also a tax benefit, because amount of money deposit to this scheme is tax-deductible up to 10% of your last year income.


Kaz Hirai

 is a Japanese businessman. He is best known as the former chairman of Sony Corporation, serving from April 2018 to June 2019, as well as president and CEO from April 2012 to April 2018. He also served as a board member of Sony Computer Entertainment and chairman and co-CEO of Sony Entertainment. He was noted by "Entertainment Weekly" as one of the most powerful executives in the entertainment industry. He led the Sony Computer Entertainment division between 2007 and 2012, and then became president and CEO of Sony on April 1, 2012. Through his tenure as CEO, Sony experienced a resurgence during the 2010s. On April 1, 2018, Hirai stepped down as president and CEO, becoming chairman of Sony Corporation. He fully retired from Sony on June 18, 2019, otherwise remaining as a senior adviser to the company.
Early life.
Kazuo Hirai was born on December 22, 1960 in Tokyo, Japan, where he attended the American School in Japan. Between 1973 and 1976, Hirai attended Valley Park Middle School in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The son of a wealthy banker, Hirai often traveled with his father across the world to California, New York, Canada, and around Japan—a trait which Hirai noted to be a major factor in his later multi-continental business success.
It was his interest in games that later brought him into the entertainment business. After graduating from the International Christian University in August 1984 with a Bachelor of Liberal Arts degree, Hirai was hired at CBS/Sony Inc. (now Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc.), where he was involved in marketing international music within Japan. He eventually became head of Sony Computer Entertainment Japan's international business affairs office in New York.
Career.
CBS/Sony Inc..
Kazuo Hirai began his career with Sony Music Entertainment Japan in 1984, starting out in CBS/Sony Inc.'s (now Sony Music Entertainment Japan) marketing department. Afterwards, he became the head of Sony's international business affairs department. He then moved to Sony Music Japan’s New York office, leading the marketing of Sony Music Japan artists in the U.S.
Sony Computer Entertainment.
In August 1995, Hirai joined Sony's computer and video game division, Sony Computer Entertainment America. He was promoted to executive vice president-chief operations officer in July 1996. One year later, in 1997, Hirai was credited on his first completed video game. With the release of the PlayStation 2 in 2000, Kazuo continued his success, utilizing second-party video game franchises such as "Jak and Daxter", "Ratchet & Clank", "Sly Cooper", and "" series of games. Under his leadership, SCEA continually managed to retain high profits throughout the sixth generation era.
On July 3, 2006, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that Hirai had been made a vice president of its corporate executive group. On November 30, 2006, just under two weeks after the launch of PlayStation 3, Hirai replaced Ken Kutaragi as president of Sony Computer Entertainment. While maintaining his positions at SCEA, Hirai also became chief operating officer of SCEI. Kutaragi himself was promoted to chairman of SCEI, and remained chief executive officer of the group. On April 26, 2007, it was announced that Hirai will be promoted to president and group CEO of SCEI, replacing Ken Kutaragi who would retire and instead take up the role of honorary chairman.
On April 1, 2009, Sony’s electronics and game businesses were merged and reconfigured as two major groups: the Consumer Products & Devices Group (CPDG) and the Networked Products & Services Group (NPSG). Hirai was appointed as corporate executive officer and executive vice president of Sony Corporation, concurrently serving as president of the NPSG. He has overseen all development, production and marketing activities at the NPSG, comprising Sony's game (i.e. SCEI & Sony Online Entertainment), personal computer (VAIO), mobile devices (including Walkman and Xperia) and network service (Sony Entertainment Network, including online distributions of music, video, games, eBooks, etc.) businesses and new business incubation projects. Hirai became chairman of Sony Computer Entertainment on September 1, 2011 and was replaced by Andrew House as president and group CEO. He retired as chairman of SCEI on June 25, 2012 but remains on the board of directors.
Sony Corporation.
On April 1, 2011, Hirai was promoted to representative corporate executive officer and executive deputy president of Sony Corporation. He oversaw the Consumer Products & Services Group. Hirai was speculated to become the successor to Howard Stringer, the current sitting president and CEO of Sony Corporation, who was then expected to step down in 2013.
On February 1, 2012, Sony announced that Hirai has been appointed as president and chief executive officer, effective April 1, 2012. He was appointed to the board at the annual shareholders meeting on June 27, 2012.
On February 2, 2018, Sony announced that Hirai will be stepping down as president and CEO, effective April 1, 2018, to be replaced by CFO Kenichiro Yoshida. Hirai remained as the company's chairman and served on the board of directors to help the company transition to leadership under Yoshida.
Hirai announced on March 28, 2019 that he would be retiring as chairman of Sony on June 18, 2019, though he will continue to act as a senior advisor at Sony's request. Hirai stated he was confident that Yoshida would be able to continue the leadership of Sony on his own. Following his retirement, Hirai remained as a senior advisor to the company.


Thomas Benjamin Kennington

Thomas Benjamin Kennington (7 April 1856 – 10 December 1916) was a British genre, social realist and portrait painter. He was a founder member of the New English Art Club (NEAC) and the Imperial Arts League.
Life and works.
Kennington was born in Grimsby in Lincolnshire and trained in art at the Liverpool School of Art (winning a gold medal), the Royal College of Art (RCA) in London, and the Académie Julian in Paris, where he studied under Bougereau and Robert-Fleury. He later moved to Chelsea in London.
He exhibited at the Royal Academy, London from 1880 to 1916, and also regularly showed his work at the Royal Society of British Artists (RBA) in Suffolk Street and the Grosvenor gallery. He was a founder member and first secretary of the "New English Art Club" (from 1886), and also founded the "Imperial Arts League", whose stated purpose was to "protect and promote the interests of Artists and to inform, advise and assist..." He won a bronze medal at the Exposition Universelle of 1889.
Kennington became known not only for his idealised paintings of domestic and everyday-life scenes but also for his social realist works. Paintings such as "Orphans" (1885; Tate, London), "Widowed and fatherless" (1885), "Homeless" (1890), and "The pinch of poverty" (1891), depicted the harsh realities of life for the poor in Britain in a manner that played on the onlooker's emotions. It has been suggested that he may have been influenced by the Spanish painter Murillo (1618–1682), whose work also featured street children. He painted in both oils and watercolour.
Kennington died in London on 10 December 1916. His son Eric Kennington (1888–1960) was also an artist, illustrator and sculptor.


Naomi O. Seligman

Naomi O. Seligman is a member of the board of directors of Oracle Corporation since November 2005. She previously served as a director of Akamai Technologies from November 2001 to May 2019.
She was also a member of the board of directors of Sun Microsystems from June 1999 until her resignation in August 2007.
Seligman and Ernest von Simpson founded The Research Board in 1973 and then, in 1998, sold it to Gartner.


Gordon Letwin

James Gordon Letwin (born July 2, 1952) is an American software developer and one of the eleven early Microsoft employees who posed for an iconic staff portrait () taken in Albuquerque in 1978.
Prior to joining Microsoft, he worked for Heathkit, porting "Colossal Cave Adventure" to the computer and working on HDOS and Benton Harbor Basic.
Letwin's first project at Microsoft was writing a BASIC compiler. He is most noted for being the lead architect of the OS/2 operating system on the Microsoft side, with Ed Iacobucci being the lead architect from IBM's side. Letwin contributed much of the design and code for several core components, including the HPFS file system.
Letwin left Microsoft in 1993 to "kick back" with his wife. While at Microsoft he had become a millionaire, with a 2000 "TIME" article estimating his worth at around $20 million. Since leaving Microsoft, Letwin has donated substantial amounts of money to environmental causes via the Wilburforce Foundation, a charitable foundation created by him and his wife, Rose.


Frank A. Calderoni

Frank A. Calderoni is an American businessman. He is the current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Anaplan.
Education.
Calderoni entered Fordham University, where he received a Bachelor of Science in accounting and finance. He also received an MBA from Pace University in New York.
Career.
IBM.
Calderoni started his career at IBM where he was employed for 21 years. While at IBM he served as Vice President of Global Small Business and held controller responsibilities for several divisions, including global small business, storage systems, and the server group.
Cisco.
In 2007, Calderoni became CFO of Cisco. Calderoni's work at Cisco centered on sales and services and for the decision support model on Cisco investments. In 2004, Calderoni accepted a position with Cisco Systems from QLogic Corporation, a storage networking company where he was the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. From 2002 until 2000 he was the senior vice president and CFO of Sandisk Corp, a flash data storage company.
Red Hat.
In 2015, Calderoni became the chief financial officer and vice president in charge of operations. In 2016, Calderoni left Red Hat, to accept a position as CEO for another company.
Anaplan.
In 2017, Calderoni was appointed Chairman and CEO of Anaplan, then a privately held startup. This is Calderoni's first CEO role. Under his leadership the company raised $60 million in Series F funding, which valued Anaplan at $1.3 billion, and grew to over 1,000 employees by April 2018. It held an IPO in October 2018, and its shares rose almost 43% by the end of the first day of trading. Anaplan is listed on the New York Stock Exchange as PLAN. The company’s business performance has improved under Calderoni, with subscription sales growing 57%, 45%, and 48% from 2018-2020. In Nov. 2020, total revenue grew 28.5% year-over-year, and Anaplan was listed as one of the favorite stocks of TipRanks’ best-performing analysts.
Honors and awards.
"Institutional Investor Magazine" voted Calderoni one of the best CFO of 2012, 2013, and 2014.
In 2013, San Francisco Business Times honored Calderoni CFO of the Year for a public company with revenues above $500 million.


Crossman

Crossman may refer to:


Cowell (surname)

Cowell is a surname with multiple origins.
Origin of the name.
Cowell is a surname of English origin. It is a habitational name from several places in the counties of Lancashire and Gloucestershire called Cowhill, composed the Old English "cu" (cow) + "hyll" (hill). In some instances the surname "Cowell" may also be an Americanized form of the Polish, Jewish and Sorbian name "Kowal". It could also be an anglicisation of a Scots Gaelic surname or from the Irish name McCawell.
People.
Notable people with this surname include:


Arundell Esdaile

Arundell James Kennedy Esdaile (1880 – 22 June 1956), was a British librarian, and Secretary to the British Museum from 1926 to 1940.
Career.
Esdaile was Secretary to the British Museum from 1926 to 1940.
He was president of the Library Association, and editor of its journal, the "Library Association Record".
He was appointed a CBE.
Personal life.
In 1907, he married the art historian Katharine Ada McDowall, and they had a daughter followed by two sons.
Later life.
Esdaile died on 22 June 1956.