UBI Banca

Unione di Banche Italiane S.p.A., commonly known for its trading name UBI Banca, is an Italian banking group, the fifth largest in Italy by number of branches. It was formed on 1 April 2007 from the merger of the Banche Popolari Unite (trading as BPU Banca) and Banca Lombarda e Piemontese banking groups.
UBI Banca shares were listed on the Borsa Italiana and included in the FTSE MIB index (the blue chip index) until it was taken over by its larger Italian rival Intesa Sanpaolo in September 2020.
History.
Banche Popolari Unite.
Banche Popolari Unite, trading as BPU Banca, was formed by the merger of Banca Popolare di Bergamo – Credito Varesino Group with Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria Group, both Popular Bank (), a kind of urban co-operative bank in Italy, in 2003. Their subsidiaries at that time were Banca Popolare di Ancona, Cassa di Risparmio di Fano (Carifano), Banca Popolare di Luino e di Varese and Banca Carime. Although the two groups merged, Banca Popolare di Bergamo and Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria were re-incorporated as a subsidiary in the form of "società per azioni".
Carifano was sold back to the minority shareholders of Banca Popolare di Ancona in 2005.
In 2006 the board of directors of Banche Popolari Unite agreed another merger with another Italian banking group Banca Lombarda.
Unione di Banche Italiane.
The UBI Banca Group was formed on 1 April 2007 from the merger of the BPU Banca Group and the Banca Lombarda Group. The Group operates mainly on the retail market and is present in most regions of Italy, although its focus is primarily on northern Italy. The parent company has its headquarters in Bergamo.
On 20 January 2015 the Council of Ministers issued a decree-law which requires Popular Banks () with assets of greater than €8 billion to demutualize into a "società per azioni". In the same year UBI Banca was demutualized.
On 27 June 2016, the business plan for 2019–20 was announced. The subsidiaries Banca Popolare di Bergamo, Banco di Brescia, Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria, Banca Regionale Europea, Banca Popolare di Ancona, Banca Carime and Banca di Valle Camonica would be absorbed by parent company UBI Banca in 2016–17.
On 12 January 2017 UBI Banca submitted a binding bid of €1 to buy Nuova Banca delle Marche, Nuova Banca dell'Etruria e del Lazio and Nuova Cassa di Risparmio di Chieti (the three banks that were rescued on 22 November 2015 by Italian National Resolution Fund, a fund that was mandatory contributed by the banking sector, and was managed by the Bank of Italy), with conditions that the three banks would be recapitalized for an estimated €450 million by the fund, as well as selling some of the target banks' non-performing loans (NPLs) to lower the size of their risk-weighted assets to below €10.6 billion, increase coverage ratio for the NPLs (i.e. more write down and provision), and a minimum of CET1 ratio of 9.1%. UBI Banca would also recapitalized for a maximum of €400 million to counter-weight the effect of bad will (negative goodwill). On 18 January the bid was accepted and signing the contract. On 10 May, the transaction was completed. On the same day, a plan to merge the 3 banks into UBI Banca was also announced. In June 2017, about 167 million number of new shares were offered to the existing shareholders for €2.395 each (a discount compared to market value), to raise aforementioned €400 million for the completion of the acquisition of the 3 banks.
Acquisition by Intesa Sanpaolo.
On 17 February 2020, Carlo Messina, CEO of Intesa Sanpaolo, unexpectedly announced the launch of a voluntary public exchange offer for 4.9 billion euro towards UBI Banca. The initial proposal provided that for every ten shares of UBI Banca, seventeen newly issued Intesa Sanpaolo shares will be paid with a premium of 27.6% compared to the listing on the Stock Exchange on Friday 14 February 2020 (ex-dividend). Furthermore, on 27 April 2020, Intesa Sanpaolo, which with the success of the transaction gains access to three million UBI customers, submitted to the extraordinary shareholders' meeting the proposal for a capital increase in support of the voluntary public exchange offer, with a favorable vote of the same.
Group structure.
The group is composed of the following companies: :
Geographic distribution.
Despite one of the 5 largest banks of Italy by total assets, , the banking network of UBI Banca was only concentrated in the regions which member banks were came from. For example, a market share of over 15% in Calabria (Banca Carime), between 5 and 15% in Apulia, Basilicata, Campania (Banca Carime and Banca Popolare di Ancona), Marche (Banca Popolare di Ancona), Lombardy (ranked second: Banco di Brescia, Banca Popolare di Bergamo, Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria and Banca di Valle Camonica), Piedmont and Liguria (Banca Regionale Europea). Market share in other regions were below 5% or even below 2%.
Governance.
UBI Banca has adopted a two tier governance system with two boards, a supervisory board and a management board. (pursuant to articles 2409g and following of the Italian Civil Code)
Shareholders.
Article 120 of the consolidated finance law states that persons holding more than 3% of the share capital in a share issuer which has Italy as its member state of origin must notify this to the company and to the Consob (Italian securities market authority).
On the basis of Consob (Italian securities market authority) communications, on 7 February 2017 the following investors possessed shareholdings of greater than 2%:
The two banking foundations gained part of their shares due to 2017 absorption of Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria and Banca Regionale Europea into UBI Banca.
Shareholders' agreement.
Some of the shareholders also signed shareholders' agreements, represented 17.04% voting rights in 2016.
As at 14 March 2017, "Patto dei Mille" represented 3.001% shares, while rival syndicate "Sindacato Azionisti UBI Banca SpA" represented 13.64% shares; Fondazione Banca del Monte di Lombardia, Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Trento e Rovereto and Cattolica Assicurazioni belongs to "Sindacato Azionisti UBI Banca SpA".
The shareholders' agreement made the syndicate was the largest shareholder, followed by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Cuneo and Silchester International Investors.
Sponsorship.
UBI Banca, via Banco di Brescia, was the main sponsor of football club Brescia Calcio. After all banking subsidiaries/brands became defunct, UBI Banca was the main sponsor of the reserve team of Bergamo-based Atalanta B.C., as well as the "official bank" of the whole club. The contract with Brescia was also extended, which UBI Banca itself became the main sponsor.


Indian Public Diplomacy

The Ministry of External Affairs of India set up its Public Diplomacy Division in 2006 to advance India's conversations with the world. The key goal of Indian Public Diplomacy is to explain, on a day-to-day basis, the background of policy decisions in Indian foreign policy, to promote a positive image of India and to engage scholars, think tanks, and the media through its outreach activities. It was merged with the External Publicity Division of the Ministry of External Affairs of India in January 2014.
History.
Indian Public Diplomacy goes back to the days of Chanakya who advocated the quality of listening as one of the most important attributes of an ideal king. Listening to the people on a day-to-day basis is a very important part of Public Diplomacy in the 21st century. The focus of Indian Public Diplomacy has been on communicating India's raison d'être of its foreign policy decisions as well as traditionally branding India globally by producing documentaries, films, coffee-table books etcetera.
Indian Digital Diplomacy.
Social media is an important instrument in the process of listening and thus two way communication. On 8 July 2010 Public Diplomacy Division of the External Affairs set up the official Twitter account of the Public Diplomacy Division of the Ministry of External Affairs and sent the first tweet: 'This is the official Twitter account of the Public Diplomacy Division of the Ministry of External Affairs'. It was delivered into the cyberspace by 30-year-old IFS officer Abhay Kumar just three days after he had joined the division. This was followed by opening of official accounts of the Public Diplomacy Division on Facebook, YouTube, Scribd, Issuu and Blogger. Proactive adoption of social media] by the Public Diplomacy Division acted as a catalyst for other divisions of the Ministry of External Affairs as well as Indian Missions and posts abroad, several of which opened accounts on Facebook.
Events.
Public Diplomacy Division organized India's first ever conference on Public Diplomacy in December 2010 in New Delhi in association with Centre for Media Studies. The proceedings of the conference were webcast live. The key speakers included Shashi Tharoor, Foreign Secretary Nirupama Rao, Professor Philip Seib & Professor Nicholas J. Cull of the University of Southern California, Centre of Public Diplomacy, Professor Etyan Gilboa from Israel and several other eminent speakers in the field of cultural and corporate.
Awards.
Public Diplomacy Division of the Ministry of External received e-gov 2010 award for the innovative use of social media in the government and gov2. in 2011 award for being the first central ministry of Government of India to make exceptional use of social media in government. Award was received by Under Secretary Abhay Kumar on behalf of the Public Diplomacy Division.


Paul von Lilienfeld

Paul Frommhold Ignatius von Lilienfeld-Toal (; ; 1829–1903) was a Baltic German statesman and social scientist of imperial Russia. He was governor of the Courland Governorate from 1868 till 1885. During that time, he developed his "Thoughts on the Social Science of the Future", first in Russian as "Мысли о социальной науке будущего" (Mysli o sotsial'noi naukie budushchego; 1872), and then in German as "Gedanken über die Socialwissenschaft der Zukunft" (1873–1881). Lilienfeld's thoughts, which he later articulated in compressed form in both French and Italian, laid out his organic theory of societies, also known as the social organism theory, organicist sociology, or simply organicism. He later became a senator in the Russian parliament, as well as vice-president (1896), then president (1897), of the Institut International de Sociologie (International Institute of Sociology) in Paris.
Political career.
Capozzi (2004: 92) describes Lilienfeld as "a Russian functionary who occupied himself with sociology as a form of intellectual diversion," while Ward (1897: 260, 264) refers to him as "Senator Lilienfeld," and Worms (1897: 657) qualifies him as a "sénateur de l’Empire russe." Gerschenkron (1974: 435, footnote 24) calls him "a Balto-Russian," while Barberis (2003: 69) says he "descended from Swedish nobility, held important Russian judicial posts, was governor of Kurland for 17 years and ultimately became a senator of the Russian Empire." Lilienfeld, in fact, was governor of the Courland Governorate from 1868 till 1885, and in the same year in which he put out "Social Physiology" (1879), his brother, Baron Otto Friedrich von Lilienfeld, on either the 16th or the 22nd of May, founded a seaside town along the banks of the Saka River on Courland’s far western Baltic coast, naming it Pāvilosta ("Paulshafen") after his sociologist sibling. Lilienfeld, who had studied at the in Saint Petersburg, was awarded many honors in recognition for the services he performed for the empire; it would seem, however, that the aspect of his political career for which he felt most proud was his collaboration in the emancipation of Russia’s serfs (Worms 1903: 265).
Scientific career.
In parallel with his administrative duties, Lilienfeld was "a tireless worker, always able to find room for scientific research" (Worms 1903: 265). Lilienfeld's research leaned towards social philosophy in general, and to speculations about the organic theory of society in particular (Worms 1903: 265), the first outlines of which he began to sketch, in Russian, in his "Elements of political economy" of 1860 and his "Mysli" of 1872, and to develop more fully in German as his "Gedanken" of 1873–1881 (Lilienfeld 1894: 825; Lilienfeld 1896b: xiii–xiv). Lilienfeld later served as both vice-president (1896) and president (1897) of the Institut International de Sociologie, which had been founded by René Worms in 1893 (Worms 1895: 881; Worms 1897: 657; Barberis 2003: 54–55).
The organic theory of societies.
Lilienfeld's main work, "Gedanken über die Socialwissenschaft der Zukunft" ("Thoughts on the Social Science of the Future"), was issued in five volumes over eight years: I, "Die menschliche Gesellschaft als realer Organismus" [Human society as real organism] (1873); II, "Die socialen Gesetze" [The laws of society] (1875); III, "Die sociale Psychophysik" [Social psychophysics] (1877); IV, "Die sociale Physiologie" [Social physiology] (1879); and V, "Die Religion, betrachtet vom Standpunkte der realgenetischen Socialwissenschaft, oder versuch einer natürlichen Theologie" [Religion considered from the viewpoint of the real genetic social science, or attempt at a natural theology] (1881).
An anonymous reviewer in "Mind" noted that the first three volumes
start with the conception of Society as a real organism, and attempt to work out this point of view upon the methods proper to the Natural Sciences. The treatise commences with a demonstration that Society consists of individuals in the same manner as the physical organism is made up of cells, and that the one is real in the same sense as the other. With this idea the author seeks to exhibit a thorough-going identity between the laws of Nature as they exist in the case of its highest development, Society, and in its lower stages, including the individual human being... The first three parts are worked out with great minuteness, the connecting thread being the conception of a real analogy between the individual and the social group as the essential foundation of the Social Science of the future (Anonymous 1878: 152).
Lilienfeld's fourth volume dealt with "the establishment and elucidation of the Laws of Development of the Social Organism from the physiological point of view" (Anonymous 1880: 298).
What precisely Lilienfeld meant by his term "real analogy" puzzled more than one other social scientist, including Lester F. Ward, writing in the pages of the "American Journal of Sociology":
What is an analogy? In biology, which is the standpoint of [Lilienfeld] and of all defenders of the social organism theory in whatever form, this word has a very definite meaning — a technical usage — viz., physiological without anatomical similarity. It is contrasted with "homology", which is anatomical similarity irrespective of function. If this is all [Lilienfeld] mean[s] by the analogy between society and an organism, there seems to be no objection to pursuing it to its utmost extent and determining how far social functions resemble organic functions, recognizing all the time that there is no real morphological or structural resemblance any more than there is between the wing of a bat and that of a bird. What, then, does Senator Lilienfeld mean by his oft-repeated expression, "real analogy"? Does he mean that here are homologies? It seems difficult to interpret him otherwise. Ward 1897: 260).
In 1896, Lilienfeld published summaries of his ideas in both Italian and French. Reviewing Lilienfeld's version of the social organism theory as well as the concurrent articulation of it by René Worms, Ward wrote:
Not only in the present treatise, but throughout his great five-volume work, and, later than either, in a pamphlet recently issued, he denies that society can properly be called a superorganism, as Mr. Spencer proposes, and insists that it is in very truth an organism. But what manner of organism does he make it out to be? An organism consisting entirely of a "social nervous system" and "social intercellular structure." Is there any such animal or plant as that? How much of the body of an animal consists of "intercellular structure"? Is not this expression to the biologist a contradiction of terms? What is "structure" in biology? Is it not wholly cellular (or vascular, in which the most highly developed cells are differentiated into vessels)? It is true, there are fluids of various kinds flowing through the animal body in various physiological capacities, but the blood is full of corpuscles, "i". "e"., cells, and the lymphatics and secretions are not "structures." There are also some structures in the animal body that for physiological reasons are devoid of sensitive nerves, but they are all made up of cells. Lilienfeld and Worms both agree that individual men constitute the "cells" of the social organism, and both take this in a literal biological sense, that they represent the "real" cells as made known by Schleiden and Schwann. But the first of these authors maintains that the individual men in society taken together only constitute the nervous system of society, and that society is devoid of all the other systems of the animal body. In their stead we have the intercellular structure, which, as he says, is produced by the nervous system, or, as the biologists would say, secreted by it. And what is this intercellular structure of society? As I understand him it consists chiefly of the material (and perhaps spiritual) "capital" of society, the product of human labor and thought. Sometimes he seems to give it somewhat the scope that Mr. Spencer gives to society itself, as including the soil, water, air, flora, and fauna, in short, the environment of society. But if this is all intercellular structure and is only the product of the nervous system and not part of that system itself, where is the consistency in speaking, as both our authors do, of telegraph lines as analogues of nerves? (Ward 1897: 260-261).
In July 1897, the Third Congress of the International Institute of Sociology at the Sorbonne in Paris erupted with debate over the organic theory of societies. In the capacity of the institute's president, Lilienfeld, then a senator in the Russian parliament, traveled from Saint Petersburg and delivered the opening address on the afternoon of Wednesday, July 21. Remarks and the reading of two papers followed. The next day, Thursday, July 22, a paper by Lester F. Ward (not able to attend the conference) on "Pain and Pleasure Economy" was read in the morning, along with another paper by Italian sociologist Achille Loria. It was only after the break for lunch that the debate over the organic theory began. Jacques Novicow started by reading a paper in support of the theory. He was followed by Lilienfeld. Next, Gabriel Tarde heavily critiqued Lilienfeld and Novicow, "and presented in opposition to the organic theory a psychological theory of social life" (Worms 1898: 110). The session adjourned for the evening, and discussion resumed the next afternoon, Friday, July 23. Casimir de Kelles-Krauz opened the offensive against the organic theory with a salvo of economic materialism. Ludwig Stein then backed up Tarde and Kelles-Krauz with "the principles of the historical and psychogenetic method of research" (Worms 1898: 111). The founder and general secretary of the institute, René Worms, next "tried to show something of the exactness and utility of the analogy between organisms and society" (Worms 1898: 111). Worms's attempt, however, was rebuffed by S. R. Steinmetz. Furthermore, though Raphael Garofalo, Charles Limousin, and C. N. Starcke accepted the organic theory, they did so with reservations. The most withering attack on the organic theory seemed to come from Nikolai Karéiev, who "showed that this theory shared, together with Darwin's social theory, economic materialism and social psychic theories, the fate of all exclusive theories" (Worms 1898: 111). Alfred Espinas then tried to salvage the theory by maintaining that societies must "constitute organisms," or else one would have "to abandon altogether the idea of social life and social laws" (Worms 1898: 111). Novicow closed the section by reaffirming his faith in the organic theory, and Worms in his report stated that, by and large, the congress had "been productive of the most happy results" (Worms 1898: 109).
Though these debates in Paris were characterized as "more animated" than usual (Small 1898: 412), a reviewer across the Atlantic seemed to take them lightly:
It would hardly be possible to arouse American sociologists to very lively controversy over what remains in dispute. The men among us who make most use of the organic concept are satisfied that their opponents disagree with them only verbally, so far as the essential idea is concerned. Beyond that there remain merely differences of judgement about details in employing the concept. Since these differences relate to details and not to essentials, even the most zealous friends of the organic concept are satisfied that it can now take care of itself. They are content to assume that it is taken for granted, and their interest is transferred to other fields (Small 1898: 412).
A couple of years earlier, the same reviewer, Albion W. Small, had also expressed an optimistic outlook for organicism. Discussing both Lilienfeld's and Schäffle's uses of society–organism analogies, Small wrote
the tracing of these analogies is not the essence of sociology, but merely the most vivid method of presenting the phenomena of society in such form that the actual problems of sociology will appear. The analogies and terms suggested by them are tools of research and report, not solutions of problems... The metaphors emphasize obvious analogies between social relations and physiological relations. They are used as spurs to scientific curiosity, so as to facilitate discovery of the limits of analogy, and thus of the distinctively social phenomena (Small 1896: 311).
An earlier critic, however, was not so sanguine. Émile Durkheim rejected Lilienfeld's ideas on both ideological and methodological grounds. Ideologically, Durkheim objected that one could find in Lilienfeld's "Gedanken", "the transformationist [evolutionary] hypothesis reconciled with the dogma of the Holy Trinity" (Durkheim 1887a: 21 [online version]) Methodologically, Durkheim stated that "the sole object of Lilienfeld’s work is to show the analogies between societies and organisms," thus missing the point of seeing "in moral phenomena "sui generis" facts necessitating study in themselves, for themselves, by a special method" (Durkheim 1887b: 16 [online version], note 17)
Reviewing Lilienfeld's main French exposition of his ideas, "La Pathologie Sociale", Franklin H. Giddings a few years later echoed Durkheim's criticism:
In the work of Dr. von Lilienfeld we have the first opportunity to judge whether the biological conception of society can throw any new light on practical social questions. That "the body politic" is subject to "disease" is a very ancient notion. But is anything gained by taking a figure of speech literally and converting analogy into identity? Dr. von Lilienfeld’s pages are rich in learning and in wisdom. He has investigated thoroughly and thought deeply; and no one can dip into his chapters without being impressed with the value of his reflections on the economic inequalities, the political corruption, the moral degeneration, the educational imbecilities, the religious indifference of the present day. A thousand hints are thrown out by the way on which statesmen and reformers might well reflect. But there is nothing in the entire book that could not have been better said in a simpler language than that of an ingeniously elaborated "social pathology." To describe fads and crazes, degeneracy, outbreaks of insanity, crime and lubricity, as "anomalies of the social nervous system," is only calculated to hasten the wear and tear of the nervous systems of individuals; and to argue that wealth is a "social intercellular substance," is simply to set up a doctrine of sociological transubtantiation (Giddings 1896: 348).
Social Darwinist?
In addition to being labelled an organicist sociologist, or simply organicist, Lilienfeld has also been classified as "a systematic Social Darwinist and laissez-faire advocate" (Weikart 1993: 479), who "considered war a natural phenomenon necessitated by Malthusian population pressure and the resultant struggle for existence" (Weikart 1993: 481–482). Lilienfeld did not, however, deny "the propriety of laws ensuring honesty in business competition" (Weikart 1993: 479).
Lilienfeld's advocacy of fair business practices is not anomalous, given his thoughts concerning the importance of society on forming the individual:
If man, from the physical point of view, is first of all a product of nature, he is, from the point of view of intelligence, above all a product of society. The most important organs of the nervous system form, develop, differentiate, and integrate under the influence of the social milieu, just as the purely physical part of man is formed and developed under the influence of the physical milieu by the natural differentiation and integration of forces. The economic activity of society, work, customs, habits, laws, political liberty, authority, religion, science, art, in short, all of social life, forms and educates man, gives to his efforts, to his intellectual, moral and aesthetic needs, this or that direction, pushing in this or that sense the complete development of the superior organs of the nervous system (Lilienfeld 1873; cited in Schmoller 1902: 169, note 81).
Indeed, the organic theory of society of Lilienfeld and Worms would seem to be an antidote to rampant laissez-faire competition, as Barberis (2003) noted:
Organicism also reacted to a widely held political idea of the time: that individualism had been taken to extremes in modern society and that it was necessary to bring balance through an opposite emphasis. Against the self-sufficient individual of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the organicists claimed to bring the support of science to the primacy of the social bond. For these authors, the natural human state was that of association. As Worms put it in a critique of the contract theory: "Men did not need to associate themselves, they were born associated, and they remained so." Psychological and moral capacities developed "through" this association; in other words, humans owed their consciousness and their capacity for relative autonomy to society. Individuality as it was known and prized in modern society was a product of society. Lilienfeld stated this as a simple fact: "The intellectual and moral faculties of man are exclusively the product of social life." The organicists believed this should settle the conflict between individual liberty and social solidarity; humans would come to realize their strict dependence on the collective (Barberis 2003: 62).
Lilienfeld did, however, have a progressivist understanding of evolutionary complexity similar to Spencer's:
The direction of progress is indicated by Lilienfeld's hierarchical potentiation of forces, which in the order of their natural succession in the advancement of society represent the following order: mechanical, chemical, organic, emotional, intellectual, and social. Each of these is based upon and is the outgrowth of the preceding (Meyer 1900: 25).
Human society represented the highest level of Lilienfeld's hierarchy, the highest level of organic life, such that only in human societies does nature display full autonomy: an autonomy both of wholes and of parts (Lilienfeld 1896b: 88; cited in Capozzi 2004: 93).


Fathallah barracks

The Fathallah barracks were the early headquarters of the Hezbollah organisation, situated in the Basta neighbourhood of West Beirut. On February 25th 1987 it was attacked by Syria in retaliation of a previous clash between Hizbollah guards of Fathallah barracks and a patrol for the Lebanese branch of the pro-Syrian Baath party affiliated with the Syrian regime party Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Hezbollah condemned the attack as an "unjustifiable massacre" and called for the prosecution of the Syrian troops involved, but did not call for revenge attacks. Hezbollah's headquarters were later moved to secret locations in Dahieh, a suburb of Beirut.


Fernand Hautain

Fernand Hautain (1858–1942) was a Belgian businessman and governor of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) from 1923 until 1926.
Career.
He started his career at an early age, and combined working with evening classes and self-tuition. He started working for the NBB at the age of 19, as a bank clerk in the bank's branch in his home town of Nivelles and three years went on to work as a clerk at the Brussels head office. In 1901, Fernand Hautain was appointed an agent in Philippeville and then in La Louvière, where in 1907 he became the manager of the discount office. As a businessman, he became commissioner for several industrial limited companies. When World War I broke out, he was appointed as a director of the Bank and after the war, in 1923, he succeeded Leon Van der Rest as governor of the NBB.
During his term as governor, the Belgian government tried to deal with the postwar monetary crisis and to stabilise the belgian franc. In 1926, Emile Francqui, as minister Minister without Portfolio was the architect of the reform plan which would solve the monetary crisis. The bad relationship between Emile Francqui and Fernand Hautain would lead to the dismissal of Fernand Hautain from office. He was succeeded by Louis Franck.
After his dismissal, Hautain returned to the business world, and he remained deputy administrator of the "Société Nationale de Crédit à l'Industrie", which he had helped to establish in 1919.


Special memorandum account

Special memorandum account (SMA) is a margin credit account used for calculating US Regulation T requirements on brokerage accounts. In addition to Initial Margin and "Maintenance Margin" requirements, the SMA ledger is used to lock in unrealized gains that augment the client's buying power.
According to Regulation T, Section 220.6:
(b) The SMA may contain the following entries:
Regulation T allows transfers from the SMA to be used as margin for new purchases in their margin account. However, exchange rules do not allow these transfers to be used for maintenance margin calls. The SMA balance represents credits that are used only for meeting margin requirements and are not actual funds that could be withdrawn by the client.
"Buying Power" is always twice the SMA balance.


Neeraj Shekhar

Neeraj Shekhar Singh (born 10 November 1968) is an Indian politician.
Early life.
He was born in Ibrahimpatti in Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh. He belong to a Rajput family and he is the son of the former Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar and Duja Devi.
Political career.
On 29 December 2007, he contested and won from the Ballia constituency as a Samajwadi Party candidate, in the by-election held due to the death of his father. He got over 295,000 votes.
In 2009, he was re-elected to the 15th Lok Sabha from the same constituency.However he was defeated in 2014 by Bharat Singh. Currently, he is a Rajya Sabha member.
His election campaign was supported by Communist Party of India (Marxist), Communist Party of India and former Bharatiya Janata Party MP Rajnath Singh. He left Samajwadi Party on 15 July 2019 and resigned as Rajya Sabha MP on same date and joined Bharatiya Janata Party.
Personal life.
He married Sushma Shekhar and has 2 children.


Cecil de Strycker

Baron Cecil de Strycker (1915–2004) was a Belgian economist, civil servant, and former governor of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) from 1975 until 1982. Under his management, the NBB established the Central Balance Sheet Office and the Central Office of Consumer Credit and a new wing was added to the Brussels headquarters of the Bank.
He obtained a PhD in commercial sciences with a thesis on the National Bank. He joined the NBB in 1945 as an executive in the Foreign Affairs department, and in 1958 he was appointed as a director at the bank. In 1968 he became a member of the European Economic Community's Monetary Committee. In 1971 he succeeded Franz de Voghel as vice-governor of the Bank, and he was appointed governor in 1975. During his tenure as governor of the NBB, the management of the Bank remained resolute in the face of ever-increasing calls for a devaluation of the belgian franc to resolve the crisis which hit Belgium in the 1970s. As an alternative, Cecil de Strycker emphasised the need for an effective recovery policy and wage moderation.
He played an important role on the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks of the Member States of the European Economic Community and in the European Monetary Cooperation Fund, and in 1978 he became the president of both these institutions. In 1979, the European Monetary System was launched, which based on the ECU.
On 19 February 1982 the Belgian government of Martens V, informed him that a devaluation of the Belgian franc was imminent. The National Bank had not been directly involved in the preparations for the devaluation, which had been prepared by Alfons Verplaetse and Jacques van Ypersele de Strihou. Cecil de Strycker retired in March 1982


Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis

Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis, 553 U.S. 328 (2008), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a Kentucky law that provides a preferential tax break to Kentucky residents who invest in bonds issued by the state and its municipalities (municipal bonds). The Court held in a 7-2 vote that the State of Kentucky does not engage in unconstitutional discrimination against interstate commerce by exempting the interest on its bonds from residents' taxable income while taxing the interest earned on the bonds of other states.
The case has national implications because thirty-six (36) states have tax schemes similar to the one at issue in Kentucky.
Background.
George and Catherine Davis sued the State of Kentucky under the legal theory that the State of Kentucky violated the Dormant Commerce Clause, a legal implication of the Commerce Clause, by providing a differential tax treatment to gains earned from investments in municipal bonds from Kentucky versus other states.
Opinion of the Court.
The majority opinion stated that the Kentucky tax scheme benefited a clearly public issuer, while treating all private issuers exactly the same. There was no forbidden discrimination because Kentucky, as a public entity, did not have to treat itself as being "substantially similar" to the other bond issuers in the market. The Kentucky tax scheme was constitutional because the Commonwealth's direct participation favored, not local private entrepreneurs, but the Commonwealth and local governments.


Duchy of Strackenz


Tax rates in Europe

This is a list of the maximum potential tax rates around Europe for certain income brackets. It is focused on three types of taxes: corporate, individual, and value added taxes (VAT). It is not intended to represent the true tax burden to either the corporation or the individual in the listed country.
Summary list.
The quoted income tax rate is, except where noted, the top rate of tax: most jurisdictions have lower rate of taxes for low levels of income. Some countries also have lower rates of corporation tax for smaller companies. In 1980, the top rates of most European countries were above 60%. Today most European countries have rates below 50%.
Per country information: income tax bands.
Austria.
Austrian income taxation is determined by §33 of Austrian Income Tax Code ("Einkommensteuergesetz" - EStG)
Until the end of the year 2020 an additional tax (55%) will affect income of over 1 million €.
Finland.
The total Finnish income tax includes the income tax dependable on the net salary, employee unemployment payment, and employer unemployment payment.
The tax rate increases very progressively rapidly at 13 ke/year (from 25% to 48%) and at 29 ke/year to 55% and eventually reaches 67% at 83 ke/year, while little decreases at 127 ke/year to 65%.
The middle-income person will get 44 euros from every 100 euros the employer puts on the work.
The GP will then again get from every extra 100 euros that the employer puts on the work only 33 euros.
Some sources do not include the employer unemployment payment, for instance Veronmaksajat -organisation.
France.
Income tax in France depends on the number of people in the household. The taxable income is divided by the number of persons belonging to the household. Each adult counts as one person while the first two children count as half each. From the third child onwards each child counts as one person. Therefore, a household comprising 2 adults and 3 children is considered to be a household of 4 persons for tax purposes.
The rates below do not include the 17% social security contributions.
Germany.
German income tax comprises 5 income tax bands, with the first two being based on a totally Progressive tax rate and the rest being flat rate. Taxable income is derived after subtracting personal and child allowances from earned income. In addition a number of other deductions may be claimed by German taxpayers.
In Germany, married couples are taxed jointly. This means that the tax liability for the couple is twice the amount resulting from the tariff when inserting the average income of both spouses. Due to the progressive tariff, filing jointly uniformly reduces the total tax burden if spouses' incomes differ.
Netherlands.
Income tax in the Netherlands (Loonheffing) and social security contributions are combined in one payroll tax. There are no personal tax-free allowances.
The latest scales for the tax year 2020. The former scheme consisted of 4 brackets, which have been simplified to just 2 as of 2020.

Without effect income dependent deductions for incomes up to €98,604.
Portugal.
Income tax in Portugal depends on a number of factors, including regional (different tax rates depending if you live in the mainland, the Azores or Madeira regions, marital status and number of dependents.
For simplification purposes, the following is a summary of the major tax brackets.
A solidarity additional tax of 2.5% is applied on income between €80,640 and €250,000. All income above €250,000 is taxed a further 5%.
Spain.
Spanish income tax includes a personal tax free allowance and an allowance per child. In 2012 a special temporary surcharge was introduced as part of austerity measures to balance the budget.
The personal allowance currently stands at €5,151.
United Kingdom.
Income tax for the United Kingdom is based on 2019/20 tax bands. The current tax free threshold on earnings is £12,500. The relief is tapered by £1 for every £2 earned over £100,000.


Turka, Ukraine

Turka (, , ) is a city located at the confluence of the Stryi River and the Yablunka River () in Lviv Oblast (region) of western Ukraine (in the Carpathian Mountains). It is the administrative center of Turka Raion. Population: .
Name.
The name Turka originates from Ukrainian word, (), meaning aurochs or urus (), the ancestor of domestic cattle — a type of huge wild cattle which inhabited in the surrounding forests (it survived in Europe until 1627). In another version the city's name derives from the Ukrainian name of the gate-towers, "Turia" (), "Turja" (), "Turnia"(), which stood at the entrance to an ancient settlement.
The origin of the name may also be linked to the Turks since the area was under the Hun Empire and they are considered as ancestors of Turks. Also, Turkic tribes were nomadic, settling in various places and assimilating.
Location.
The city is located in the south Lviv Oblast, in the Carpathian Mountains, on the left bank of the Stryi River, with its tributaries, the Yablunka River () and Litmyr River (), and between the mountains Shymenka (), Kychera (), Vinets' () and Osovnya ().
City is located 137 km from Lviv, 107 km from Uzhhorod, 75 km from Drohobych, at an altitude of 557 meters above sea level.
The location of initial settlement outpost, from which arose Turka, was determined by the so-called "Path of Rus" - Neolithic trade route that connected through the Turka Western Europe to Hungary, Moldova and the Balkan countries.
History.
On June 27, 1431, King Władysław II Jagiełło presented Turka to a man named Vancza Valachus. This was confirmed in 1444 by King Władysław III of Poland, and by Sigismund I the Old in 1517. In 1730 Turka received Magdeburg rights, and three years laters, a Roman Catholic parish was opened here. Until the Partitions of Poland, Turka remained in Kingdom of Poland’s Przemyśl Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship. From 1772 to 1918 the town belonged to Austrian Galicia.
In the Second Polish Republic, Turka was the seat of a county in Lwów Voivodeship. It was home to a county court, private high school and tax office. In 1921, Turka had the population of 10 030, including 4 201 Jews. At that time, its starosta was Tadeusz Zawistowski, and the mayor was Michał Grudziński.
Following the September 1939 Invasion of Poland, Turka was occupied by the Soviet Union. In June 1941, the town was captured by the Wehrmacht, and its Jewish population perished in the Holocaust. The area of Turka also witnessed mass murders of Poles, carried out by Ukrainian nationalists (see Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia). After World War II, the town was reattached to the Soviet Ukraine, and its Polish community was expelled to the so-called Recovered Territories.
Administrative status.
Turka is the administrative center of the Turkivskyi Raion (districts) and the unofficial capital of Boykos country ().
Demography.
The population is 7306 people in 1114 homes (2006) 99% of the population are Ukrainian.
Dynamics of population in the past:


Patricia A. King

Patricia A. King (born June 12, 1942) is a Professor of Law emeritus at Georgetown University Law Center and an Adjunct Professor in the School of Hygiene and Public Health at Johns Hopkins University. Her expertise lies at the intersection of law, medicine, ethics, and public policy. In 1979, she became the first African-American woman law professor to receive tenure at Georgetown.
Early life and education.
King grew up in the Roberts Park and later Liberty Park public housing developments in segregated Norfolk, Virginia. Her mother, Grayce King, worked as a secretary and her father, Addison King, was a newspaperman, working first for the "Norfolk Journal and Guide" and later for the "Pittsburgh Courier". She and her sister were raised mostly by her mother, as her father remained in a sanitorium being treated for tuberculosis for much of her childhood and teenage years. She has cited her early life experience with Norfolk's mixed-race health clinics as a source of her interest in race, medicine, and equity, recalling the indignity with which she was treated during routine doctor's visits.
In 1959, King graduated as the valedictorian of her class at the segregated Booker T. Washington High School. That same year, schools in Norfolk became integrated under a court order. She then attended Wheaton College in Massachusetts on a scholarship. Her high school physics teacher helped her navigate the admissions process, paying for her SAT registration and putting her in touch with the National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students. She was only able to afford the application fee for one college, so after much deliberation, chose Wheaton.
Away from her family and in a new setting, King struggled through her first year at Wheaton, ultimately losing her scholarship. Her family worked to support her financially until she turned her grades around, with her uncle taking out a second mortgage on his home and her mother providing emotional support. King eventually secured another scholarship and graduated with honors in 1963 with a Bachelor of Arts in Religion and Philosophy. During her time at Wheaton, she also served as the president of the College Government Association and Wheaton now recognizes a freshman or sophomore who has shown progress in developing their leadership skills with the Patricia King Leadership Award.
In 1966, King attended Harvard Law School, where she received her Juris Doctor degree in 1969. During that time, she worked as an administrative intern and budget analyst at the United States Department of State. She was admitted to practice in the District of Columbia Bar on November 4, 1969 and was later admitted to practice by the Supreme Court of the United States on June 30, 1980.
Career.
King began her career working in civil rights. From August 1969 to October 1971, she served as the Special Assistant to the Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. She also served as a Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Civil Division of the Department of Justice.
In 1974, King joined the Georgetown University Law Center Faculty of Law and in 1979, she became the first African-American woman law professor to receive tenure at Georgetown. There, she worked on legal and policy issues surrounding a range of topics at the intersection of biomedical research and ethics, including informed consent, stem cell research, euthanasia, and genome editing. In this work, she has advocated for the perspective of marginalized communities—including low-income, disabled, and racial and ethnic minority communities—who have an earned mistrust of the biomedical research community. She has also studied and lent her expertise to housing policy and interventions against family violence. In addition to teaching and scholarly research, she served on a number of councils and committees throughout the course of the her career.
Government service.
When she was Acting Director of the Office of Civil Rights at the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare (now known as the Department of Health and Human Services), she was appointed to serve as a Commissioner on the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Commission was formed after the revelations around the Tuskegee syphilis study and was the first national body working to address biomedical ethics and informed consent. King believed she was chosen to join the Commission for her background in civil rights and her participation in the Commission marked the beginning of her career in bioethics and the law. While serving on the Commission, she co-authored a number of reports, including the first report on fetal tissue research, as well as the Commission's Belmont Report, which was released in 1978 and outlined ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects. In 1980, she was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which was active until 1983.
King's experiences led to her involvement in the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, where she served from 1979 to 1981. Before joining the Committee, she wrote a letter to the Director of the NIH, at his request, suggesting how to gain public trust in deliberations around the potential of recombinant DNA technologies by enhancing transparency and ensuring the Committee has appropriate time to digest information before their discussions. In 1989, she was appointed to the Joint Working Group on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) of Human Genome Research, which formed that year to coordinate programs run by the NIH and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The ELSI Working Group issued its first report in January 1990 setting forth a function and purpose for the program to anticipate problems and identify solutions to mapping the human genome. King served on the ELSI group through 1995. In addition, she served on the Advisory Committee to the Director of the National Institutes of Health from 1990 to 1994 during the tenure of Bernadine Healy.
Leadership.
From 2000 to 2005, she chaired Wheaton College's Board. From 2006 to 2012, she served as a member of the President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard Corporation), becoming the first African-American woman to serve on the governing board of Harvard University. She has also served as the Vice Chair of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation from 1999 and Vice Chair of the Russell Sage Foundation.
King is an elected member of the American Law Institute and the National Academy of Medicine, as well as a fellow of The Hastings Center, a non-partisan think tank dedicated to bioethics research. She currently serves on the National Academy of Medicine's Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats and Board on Health Sciences Policy. She also served as Chair of the Academy's Committee on Assessment of Family Violence Interventions.
In 1991, she testified at Clarence Thomas's Supreme Court nomination hearing, citing his opposition to affirmative action, as well as his positions on wage discrimination, class action litigation, and other interventions against gender and racial discrimination, as reason to reject his nomination.
Personal life.
King married Roger Wilkins, an African-American civil rights leader, professor of history, and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, in the early 1980s. Together, they have one daughter, Elizabeth Wilkins, who worked on Barack Obama's first campaign for President in 2008.


Ex-Metroliner cab cars


Fort Stockton, Texas

Fort Stockton is a city in and the county seat of Pecos County, Texas, United States. It is located on Interstate 10, future Interstate 14, U.S. Highways 67, 285, and 385, and the Santa Fe Railroad, northwest of San Antonio and east of El Paso.
Its population was 8,283 at the 2010 census.
Geography.
Fort Stockton is located at (30.891383, -102.885032).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics.
As of the census of 2010, 8,535 people, 2,790 households, and 2,106 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,531.3 people per square mile (591.7/km). The 3,189 housing units averaged 622.4 per square mile (240.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 70.6% White, 0.89% African American, 0.57% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 25.16% from other races, and 2.54% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 71% of the population.
Of the 2,790 households, 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.5% were not families. About 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.25.
In the city, the age distribution was 30.1% under 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,713, and for a family was $30,941. Males had a median income of $25,735 versus $17,885 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,834. About 19.7% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.6% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over.
History.
Fort Lancaster sent 1st Infantry Co. H "to take post" along Comanche Springs on 12 April 1859. Fort Stockton (named Camp Stockton until 1860) grew up around Comanche Springs, one of the largest sources of spring water in Texas. The fort was named for First Lieutenant Edward Dorsey Stockton of the US 1st infantry, who died in San Antonio on March 13, 1857. Comanche Springs was a favorite rest stop on the Great Comanche Trail to Chihuahua, San Antonio-El Paso Road, and the Butterfield Overland Mail route. On October 2, 1859, the well-known journalist and author (and future Union spy) Albert D. Richardson passed through Camp Stockton, which he described as "a military post of three or four edifices with pearly, misty mountains in the background."
In 1861, the fort was garrisoned by 39 men of Company C, 8th Infantry, under the command of Capt. Arthur Tracy Lee, who evacuated the fort by April. The Confederates took possession of the fort on 9 May by Charles L. Pyron at the outbreak of the Civil War, but soon turned command over to Capt. William C. Adams. With the failure of John Baylor's invasion of New Mexico, a general Confederate evacuation of West Texas occurred in 1862.
In 1867, the Army rebuilt the fort on a larger and more permanent basis. Other forts in the frontier fort system were Forts Griffin, Concho, Belknap, Chadbourne, Richardson, Davis, Bliss, McKavett, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Fort Sill in Oklahoma. "Subposts or intermediate stations" also were used, including Bothwick's Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.
On 21 July 1867, Fort Stockton was reoccupied by Companies A, B, E, and K of the 9th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, buffalo soldiers under the command of General Edward Hatch, while a new fort was built one-half mile north of the first post, on the west side of the creek. Major James F. Wade took command of Troops A, B, D, and E, 9th Cavalry, and Company G, 41st Infantry, on 2 Oct. 1868. Lt. Col. Wesley Merritt assumed command of Companies A and D, 9th Cavalry, G, 24th Infantry, and K, 25th Infantry in Feb. 1871. Major Zenas Randall Bliss assumed command on 15 May 1872.
Troops B, G, and L, 10th Cavalry, and Companies A and I, 1st Infantry, under Lt. Col. J.F. Wade, were stationed at the fort when the Army decided to abandon it in 1882. Major George A. Purington was the last commander when the Army finally left on 27 June 1886.
San Antonio entrepreneurs were convinced the water from the nearby Comanche and Leon Springs could be used for irrigation. They purchased large tracts of land for agricultural development. In 1868, Peter Gallagher bought the land that included the military garrison and Comanche Springs, platted for a town site named Saint Gaul, and established two stores at Comanche Springs. Later, Gallagher and John James purchased along Comanche Creek. By 1870, the Saint Gaul region had a population of 420 civilians, predominantly Irish, German, and Mexican Catholics who had come by way of San Antonio. The first church in Saint Gaul was Catholic. When Pecos County was organized in 1875, Saint Gaul became the county seat. The name, however, was never popular with the citizens, and on August 13, 1881, it was changed officially to Fort Stockton.
By 1870, some settlers were using the water from the Pecos River for irrigation. Seven years later, irrigated farmland comprised , and by 1945, the total reached . In 1951, Clayton Williams, Sr., and other "pump farmers" west of town drilled irrigation wells that tapped into the aquifer that fed Comanche Springs. A lawsuit was filed by the Pecos County Water District #1, and 108 families who depended on the flow from the springs, to stop the pumping ("Pecos County Water District #1" v. "Clayton Williams et al."). On June 21, 1954, the Texas Court of Civil Appeals ruled in favor of Clayton Williams, "et al." by upholding "the rule of capture", agreeing with the landmark 1904 Texas Supreme Court decision that groundwater was "too mysterious to regulate". The Texas Supreme Court affirmed the decision. By the late 1950s, Comanche Springs was dry due to the pumping. This ruling established what is known as "the rule of capture" and has regulated groundwater in Texas since. In his book, "The Springs of Texas", author Gunnar Brune called the destruction of Comanche Springs, "the most spectacular example of man's abuse of nature."
After the military post was abandoned on June 30, 1886, and both the Texas and Pacific and the Southern Pacific railroads had bypassed it, Fort Stockton experienced a decline. By then, however, it was rapidly becoming the center for an extensive sheep- and cattle-ranching industry, and in 1926, the opening of the nearby Yates Oil Field brought on an economic boom. Fort Stockton was served by the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway.
Since the 1920s, Fort Stockton has experienced the economic boom-bust cycle of the petroleum industry. As of 2012, Fort Stockton is in a state of economic expansion as oilfield drilling and production has increased.
Fort Stockton is southwest of Midland International Airport. The town is within driving distance of the Big Bend country, including Big Bend National Park, , and the Big Bend Ranch State Park, , as well as the scenery of numerous day-drive locations in the area.
Education.
The City of Fort Stockton is served by the Fort Stockton Independent School District.
Fort Stockton has two elementary schools, Alamo Elementary and Apache Elementary, both of which house kindergarten through grade 3. Fort Stockton Intermediate School houses grades 4–5, while Fort Stockton Middle School houses grades 6-8 and Fort Stockton High School houses grades 9-12. The city and district share the old Alamo school building, using it for the Recreation Department to host Little League games. Another older school, Comanche, is now privately owned. Butz High School now serves as the alternative education facility. Prekindergarten services, as well as other child-care facilities, exist in town.
Higher education.
The town has a Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Office, offering environmental systems management courses.
Fort Stockton is also home to the Midland College Williams Regional Technical Training Center. The center was built in 1996 through a joint effort by Midland College and leaders of Fort Stockton education, business, and government as a means to enhance higher education and workforce development in this part of West Texas. Fort Stockton and Pecos County are part of the Midland College service area. After just four years, the facility, named in honor of Fort Stockton native and WRTTC donor Clayton Williams, Jr., doubled in size through fundraising and program development.
Former FSHS Exes website: http://dunbydock.com/FortStockton.htm
Climate.
The data below were collected by the WRCC over the years 1940–2019.
Area ranches.
La Escalera Ranch consists of about , and is currently owned and managed by La Escalera Limited Partnership. The Fort Stockton Division of La Escalera Ranch consists of 223,000 contiguous acres in Pecos County and Brewster County, and stretches from U.S. Highway 285 to U.S. Highway 67. The Seymour division of La Escalera Ranch near Seymour, Texas, consists of 34,000 contiguous acres in Baylor County and Archer County.
For more than 100 years, Elsinore Cattle Company owned and operated the Elsinore Ranch ("LS Ranch") in Pecos County and Brewster Counties. In 1992, San Antonio building contractor Gerald Lyda purchased the ranch, expanded its size, and changed the name to La Escalera Ranch (Spanish for "the ladder").
The Fort Stockton division of the ranch is known for its desert mule deer, pronghorns, elk, Barbary sheep (aoudad), coyotes, bobcats, Rio Grande turkeys, and quail. The Seymour division is known for its white-tailed deer, dove, quail, turkeys, coyotes, and feral pigs.
The historic Comanche War Trail passes through the Fort Stockton division ranch and the internationally famous Sierra Madera crater is located on the east side of U. S. Route 385 near the entrance to the Fort Stockton division ranch headquarters.
La Escalera Ranch has been ranked by "Texas Monthly", "Worth", and "The Land Report" as one of the largest ranches in Texas.


Robert Robartes, Viscount Bodmin

Robert Robartes, Viscount Bodmin (7 February 1634 – 8 February 1682) was an Cornish diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1660 and 1679. He was later ambassador to Denmark.
Robartes was the eldest son of John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor and his wife Lucy Rich, second daughter of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick. He was educated at Felsted School in Essex and Christ's College, Cambridge
In 1660, Robartes was elected Member of Parliament for Cornwall in the Convention Parliament. He was elected MP for Bossiney in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until 1679.
He was ambassador to Denmark in 1681.
Robartes died in 1682 at the court of Denmark at the age of 48, predeceasing his father. He had married Sarah, second daughter of John Bodvel of Bodville Castle, North Wales and his wife Anne Russell, with whom he had two sons. The marriage displeased her father, whose consent had not been asked, and led him to disinherit his daughter in favour of a distant cousin. The Robartes family eventually regained the inheritance, but only after protracted litigation, which is described by Samuel Pepys in his famous Diary.
He was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles (1660–1723), to whom the title of Earl of Radnor later descended from Robert's father, and who was mentioned by Jonathan Swift in his Journal to Stella. His younger son, Russell, became a Teller of the Exchequer and an MP.


Dobruja Day

The Dobruja Day () is a public holiday of Romania celebrated every 14 November that commemorates the incorporation of the region of Northern Dobruja into Romania on 14 November 1878.
Background.
The Principality of Romania gained Northern Dobruja (including the Danube Delta and the Snake Island) in 1878 after defeating the Ottoman Empire together with Russia in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. This territory was given by Russia as an "exchange" or "compensation" for the annexation by the latter of the Romanian region of Southern Bessarabia. Romania later conquered Southern Dobruja as well in 1913 after a war against Bulgaria, then lost the whole Dobruja (except for the Danube Delta) during World War I after the Treaty of Bucharest of 1918, regained it a year later after the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, and eventually lost Southern Dobruja after the Treaty of Craiova on 7 September 1940, this being followed by a population exchange with Bulgaria.
Holiday proposal.
The holiday was proposed by 27 Romanian deputies and senators, who explained that the integration of Northern Dobruja together with the unification of the Romanian principalities under the Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza marked "the beginning of the Great Union" and that they were a first step for "the recognition of Romania as a state by the European powers" and "the foundation of the modern Romanian state".
The proposal was adopted on 19 November 2013 by the Senate and on 9 September 2015 by the Chamber of Deputies. Finally, Law No. 230/2015 on the establishment of the holiday was published by the "Monitorul Oficial" on 7 October 2015. According to this law, local and central authorities, as well as public cultural institutions in the country and abroad, are allowed to organize scientific and cultural programs and events. Authorities of the central and local public administration can aid materially and logistically the events organized on this day and the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company and the Romanian Television can transmit cultural programs and broadcasts about the Dobruja Day.
Observance.
The day is celebrated by the local authorities and population of various Dobrujan cities, towns and villages such as Constanța, Tulcea, Mangalia, Medgidia, Mamaia, Cernavodă, Năvodari and Sulina. The Dobruja Day is also celebrated by local Bulgarians and Lipovans.


Taxation in Malta

Taxation in Malta is levied by the State and it is administered by the Commissioner for Revenue (il-Kummissarju tat-Taxxi). The total tax revenues in 2014 amounted to €2.747 Billion, which represents 34.6% of the Maltese GDP. The main sources of tax revenue were value-added tax, income tax, and social security contributions.
Indirect taxes.
Value Added Tax.
Value Added Tax is levied at the generic rate of 18% on the supply of goods and services. Reduced rates of 7% and 5% also apply whereas the supply of some goods and services is exempt from value added tax.
The reduced rate of 7% applies to certain accommodation services whereas the reduced rate of 5% applies on the supply of electricity, certain confectionery and similar items, certain medical accessories, certain printed matter, certain items which are for the exclusive used of disabled persons, importation of certain works of art, collector's items and antiques, minor repairs of bicycles, shoes and leather goods and clothing and household linen, domestic care services, admission to museums, art exhibitions, concerts and theatres, and usage of sporting facilities.
As for the exempt goods and services, some are exempt with credit whereas some are exempt without credit. A supply of good or service is deemed to be exempt with credit if the supplier is able to claim input value added tax incurred when purchasing the relevant good or service himself.
Supplies which are exempt with credit include the supply of exports and like transactions, international goods traffic, certain intra-community supplies, international transport and ancillary services, brokers and other intermediaries, certain sea vessels and aircraft, gold to the Central Bank of Malta, certain food, pharmaceutical goods, certain transport, and goods on board of cruise liners.
Conversely, those supplies which are exempt but without credit include the supply of certain immovable property, insurance services, credit, banking and other services, cultural and religious services, sports, services related to certain exempt services, services supplied by independent groups, services by non-profit making organisations to their members, lotteries, postal services, health and welfare, education, goods in respect of which the supplier had not qualified for input tax credits, broadcasting and water.
Import Duties.
Import duties are payable on the importation of dutiable goods in Malta which were grown, produced or manufactured in a country which is not a Member state of the European Union which are made available for consumption in Malta. The rate of duty is dependent on the type of good and in certain cases, the use thereof and is chargeable on the customs value of the imported goods.
Excise Duty.
Excise duty is payable on the production, extraction or importation of certain products from countries which are not Member states of the European Union which are made available for consumption in Malta. The rate of excise duty depends on the type of good which is subject to excise. These include certain alcoholic beverages, certain manufactured tobacco items, certain energy products, mobile telephony services, cement, pneumatic tyres and certain ammunition cartridges.
Stamp Duty.
Stamp duty is payable on policies of insurance and transfers of immovable properties situated in Malta and certain securities. The rate of stamp duty on policies of insurance ranges from 0.1% to 11% whereas the applicable general rates on transfers of immovable properties and securities are 5% and 2% respectively. The duty payable is calculated on the dutiable value of the document or transfer in question and in practice it is paid by the transferee. Certain important exemptions are also provided by law.
Direct taxes.
The liability to tax in Malta depends on whether the person deriving the said income is domiciled and ordinarily resident in Malta. Persons who are both domiciled and ordinarily resident in Malta are liable to tax in Malta on all of their income and capital gains. Persons who are either domiciled or ordinarily resident in Malta are liable to tax in Malta on income and capital gains arising in Malta and income arising outside Malta and remitted to Malta. Persons who neither domiciled nor ordinarily resident in Malta are only liable to tax in Malta on income and capital gains arising in Malta.
Personal Income Tax.
Resident individuals are subject to tax in Malta at progressive rates. Married individuals have the option to use the single rates whereas parents are entitled to utilise the parent rates. The 2017 income tax bands for resident individuals are the following:
Non-resident individuals are also subject to tax in Malta at progressive rates. The first €700 are exempt from tax whereas they are subject to tax at the rate of 20% on the next €2,400, 30% on the next €4,700 and 35% on the remaining income.
Corporate Income Tax.
Resident and non-resident companies are subject to tax at the rate of 35%. However, shareholders are entitled to claim a refund of the tax paid in Malta on some of the dividends they receive from Maltese companies. 5% is the effective tax rate for non resident & non domiciled shareholders.
Other Information.
Malta has transposed a number of directives adopted by the European Union where taxation is concerned, most notably the Parent Subsidiary Directive, the Mergers Directive, the Interests and Royalties Directive and, more recently, the Directive on Administrative Cooperation. Malta has also enacted the Common Reporting Standard.
Malta has also seventy Double Tax Treaty arrangements in force and five Tax Information Exchange Agreements, one of which is FATCA with the United States of America.
Social Security Contributions.
Employed and self-employed individuals are required to pay social security contributions in Malta. The way how the relevant contributions are collected and the rate thereof depends on whether the person is employed or self-employed.
Employed Individuals.
An employed individual is liable to a social security contribution of 10%, but up to a maximum of €42.57, of his/her basic weekly wage. An equal contribution is also contributed by the State and the individual's employer, who is also liable to pay contributions for each employee of 0.3% of the corresponding basic weekly wage to the Maternity Fund.
Employers are also obliged to withhold the relevant the social security contributions from the individual's basic wage and remit the relevant amounts to the State.
Self-employed Individuals.
Self-employed individuals are required to pay social security contributions in three installments at the rate of 15% of the annual net income derived in the preceding year. The amount payable is dependent on whether the individual is deemed to be self-occupied or self-employed. Furthermore, half of the contribution effected by the self-employed is also contributed by the State.
Other Information.
Malta has also transposed the EU Posted Workers Directive and has concluded a number of Social Security Reciprocal Agreements with a number of countries, including Australia and Canada.


Romanian withdrawal from the European Union

The Romanian withdrawal from the European Union or Roexit (also Romexit, both being portmanteaus of "Romania" and "exit") is the hypothetical Romanian withdrawal from the European Union (EU). Romania, which joined the EU in 2007, is usually regarded as different from its other Eastern European neighbours members of the organization, where illiberal and populist politics dominate.
History.
In 2018, Daniel Dragomir, suggested in Facebook that Romania should leave the European Union (EU). Dragomir, a nationalist against the anti-corruption policies of the country and a former Romanian Intelligence Service (SRI) member, stated that EU membership was affecting Romanian national sovereignty and that Brussels was "robbing from us". This statement has been proven to be false, as Romania then received more money than it gave to the EU. He said this after Frans Timmermans, Vice-President of the European Commission, criticized the justice reforms that were then taking place in Romania. Dragomir published a list of 10 reasons why it should leave the EU.
Some political parties in Romania advocate the proposal as well. An example is Noua Dreaptă, a far-right party, opposes Romanian presence in the EU and NATO.
However, some pro-EU politicians like Corina Crețu, a former European Commissioner for Regional Policy, criticized the idea, calling it a "luxury" and listing several moments in which the EU has helped the country. Victor Negrescu, the then Romanian Minister Delegate for European Affairs, said the idea is not taken into account at political level in the country and that it has only been created to "stir controversy". He instead advocated for the integration of Romania in European politics.
In December 2020, the Eurosceptic and far-right party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) entered the Romanian Parliament for the first time and became the 4th largest party in the country, although it is unclear whether it supports leaving the EU or not.
Public opinion.
Euroscepticism is generally not very popular among Romanians. According to a poll from 2015, 65.6% of Romanians thought that joining the EU had been beneficial for their country. This represented a very notable change compared to the 2013 poll; only 35% saw the EU as beneficial. Furthermore, 58% agreed with the adoption of the euro in 2015 compared to 35% in 2013.


List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)

The following is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.


Stephen Poloz

Stephen S. Poloz (born 1955) is a Canadian banker and was the ninth Governor of the Bank of Canada. He is also a member of the board of directors for the Bank for International Settlements.
In July 2017, Poloz raised the Bank of Canada's key interest rate to 0.75%, the first interest rate increase in Canada in seven years. Poloz remains concerned about Canada's high level of household debt and is monitoring how households react to each rate hike.
Background.
Poloz was born in Oshawa, the son of a mould maker. His father is of Ukrainian and Polish descent, and his mother is of English and Scottish ancestry, and a descendant of George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen. Poloz holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from Queen's University and Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in economics from the University of Western Ontario. He is also a graduate of Columbia University's senior executive program and is a Certified International Trade Professional. His doctoral thesis was on currency movements.
Education.
Stephen Poloz received his bachelor's degree in 1978 from the Queen's University at Kingston, Canada. He majored in economics.
He received his master's degree in economics in 1979 from the University of Western Ontario, and then a PhD in economics in 1982 from the same institution.
In 2017, Trent University Durham GTA awarded Poloz an honorary PhD degree.
Career.
From 1981 to 1994 Poloz was with the Bank of Canada, before leaving as chief of the research department to become managing editor of BCA Research from 1994 to 1999. Poloz joined Export Development Canada in 1999 and became its president and CEO in 2010. He has been a visiting scholar with the "Economic Planning Agency" in Tokyo and at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, DC.
Poloz attended the 62nd Bilderberg Annual Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2014, where one of the subjects discussed was the situation in Ukraine.
Poloz holds an honorary Certified International Trade Professional (CITP) designation from the Forum for International Trade Training. He is a past president of the Ottawa Economics Association.
In 2013, he was appointed as the Governor of the Bank of Canada on a seven year term. In December 2019, the Bank of Canada announced he would not seek a second term after his initial appointment expired in June, 2020.
After his term as Governor expired in 2020, Poloz joined the board of directors of Enbridge. On August 1, 2020, Poloz joined the Toronto based law firm Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt as a special advisor to the firm.
Personal life.
Poloz is married to Valerie Poloz and they have two children.


Francis Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 8th Baron Thurlow

Francis Edward Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 8th Baron Thurlow, (9 March 1912 – 24 March 2013) was a British diplomat. He was the last surviving former British colonial governor of The Bahamas.
Thurlow was the second son of the Reverend Charles Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 6th Baron Thurlow, and a grandson of the Liberal politician Thomas Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 5th Baron Thurlow, who served as Paymaster-General under William Ewart Gladstone. In 1971 he succeeded his elder brother as 8th Baron Thurlow.
Biography.
Thurlow was educated at Shrewsbury School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated to Master of Arts (M.A.).
Thurlow was a civil servant at the Department of Agriculture in Scotland from 1935–37 and through the period of World War II was secretary at the British High Commission in New Zealand 1939-44 and in Canada 1944–45. He was Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations from 1947 to 1949, then counsellor to the British High Commission in New Delhi, India, 1949–52. He became adviser to the Governor of the Gold Coast in 1955; when that colony became independent as Ghana in 1957 he was appointed Britain's first Deputy High Commissioner there, moving on to become Deputy High Commissioner in Canada in 1959.
He served as High Commissioner to New Zealand from 1959 to 1963, as High Commissioner to Nigeria from 1963 to 1966, Deputy Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1964, and as Governor of The Bahamas from 1968 to 1972.
After retiring from the service he was appointed chairman of the Institute of Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences in 1975.
Thurlow's younger identical twin brother Sir Roualeyn Cumming-Bruce, PC, was a Judge of the High Court of Justice and a Lord Justice of Appeal.
Personal life.
Thurlow married Yvonne Diana Wilson on 11 August 1949. They had four children.
Death.
Thurlow died in England at the age of 101.


Max Wellborn

Maximilian Bethune Wellborn (January 22, 1862, Lewisville, Arkansas – November 28, 1957, Anniston, Alabama) was the first chairman of the board and a governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. He also served as a county commissioner and state senator from Calhoun County, Alabama. Wellborn was a banker and also involved in the railroad, real estate and insurance businesses.
Early life.
His family had longtime roots in Eufaula, Alabama and Charleston, South Carolina. He was born during the American Civil War in Arkansas and reared in Eufaula. As a young man he moved to Anniston and participated in the town's rapid growth during the ensuing years.
Business career.
Wellborn was a self-taught businessman. He learned to be a banker from experience and as the first bank he started became successful, he not only expanded his efforts in the banking business(starting five separate banks) and becoming the longtime chairman of the First National Bank of Anniston, but he entered the railroad, real estate, and insurance businesses as well.
The Federal Reserve.
After a protracted political struggle, the act creating the Federal Reserve System was finally signed into law late in 1913. President Woodrow Wilson appointed Max Wellborn to be the first chairman of the Atlanta Federal Reserve bank. Wellborn served in this capacity until 1919 when he accepted the appointment of governor of the bank, a position he held until 1927 when he retired. His daughter-in-law's father, Eugene R. Black, was his hand-picked successor as governor.
Political career.
Prior to his service with the Federal Reserve, he had served as a commissioner in Calhoun County, Alabama and had been a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1912. Wellborn returned to Alabama from Atlanta in 1928, retiring to his farm outside of Anniston. In 1934 he decided to run for the Alabama State Senate and was elected from Calhoun County. He served until 1937 when he did not seek re-election.
Family.
Max Wellborn's family had long be involved in public service. He was a student of his heritage and presented many of his family papers to Auburn University, including those of naval hero Commodore John H. Dent, his great grandfather.


John Rowland (diplomat)

John Russell Rowland (10 February 192531 December 1996) was an Australian public servant, diplomat and poet.


Kim Hyun-jong

Kim Hyun-jong (, Hanja: 金鉉宗, born 27 September 1959 in Seoul) is a former minister for trade under Presidents Roh Moo-hyun and Moon Jae-in.
From May 2003, the very beginning of the Roh administration, as the deputy minister for trade and later the minister for trade, he was one of the most central figures in Roh administration's trade policy for more than 4 years. In particular, he initiated numerous free trade agreement(FTA) plans or talks with Canada, India (CEPA), Mexico, MERCOSUR, GCC, Singapore, EFTA, ASEAN, and United States. The FTAs with Singapore, EFTA, ASEAN, and USA had been signed before he moved to UN. These 4 blocks and Chile (the first nation with which South Korean signed FTA) compose 25.78% of all South Korean trade (according to data in 2006).
Under President Moon, Kim served as his first Trade Minister. He led the re-negotiation of the KORUS FTA. In 2019 he was reshuffled to Office of National Security as its Deputy Director responsible for coordinating foreign and inter-korean policies. In 2021 he was again reshuffled to President Moon's Special Advisor on foreign policy.
He also took various roles representing South Korean government at the WTO, UN and APEC.
Moreover, he previously worked for Milbank LLP, Skadden, Yoon & Yang LLC (then-Kim Shin & Yu) and Samsung Electronics.
He taught international trade at South Korean universities - Hongik University and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies.
He holds three degrees from Columbia University: B.A. (1981) and M.A. (1982) in Political Science and a J.D. (1985) from Columbia Law School in New York.


.308 Winchester

The .308 Winchester is a smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge.
History.
During the 1940s, the .300 Savage became the basis for experiments on behalf of the U.S. Military that resulted in the development of the T65 series of experimental cartridges. The original experimental case design by the Frankford Arsenal was designated the T65 and was similar to the .300 Savage case, but with less taper. The experimental cases were made from standard .30-06 Springfield cases which gave a little less capacity than standard .300 Savage cases because the Frankford Arsenal cases had slightly thicker case walls. The later T65 iterations were lengthened compared to the original T65 case and provided a ballistic performance roughly equal to the U.S. military .30-06 Springfield service cartridge. Over forty years of technical progress in the field of propellants allowed for similar service cartridge performance from a significantly shorter, smaller case with less case capacity.
Winchester saw a market for a civilian model of the late T65 series designs and introduced it in 1952, two years prior to the NATO adoption of the T65E5 experimental cartridge iteration under the 7.62×51mm NATO designation in 1954. Winchester branded the cartridge and introduced it to the commercial hunting market as the .308 Winchester. Winchester's Model 70, Model 88 and Model 100 rifles were subsequently chambered for the new cartridge. Since then, the .308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action, big-game hunting cartridge worldwide. It is also commonly used for hunting, target shooting, metallic silhouette, bench rest target shooting, palma, metal matches, military sniping, and police sharpshooting. The relatively short case makes the .308 Winchester especially well-adapted for short-action rifles. When loaded with a bullet that expands, tumbles, or fragments in tissue, this cartridge is capable of high terminal performance.
Cartridge dimensions.
The .308 Winchester has 3.64 ml (56.0 grains) cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.
.308 Winchester maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All dimensions in millimeters (mm) and inches.
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm (1 in 12 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm, Ø grooves = 7.82 mm, land width = 4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle.
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the .308 Winchester can handle up to Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .308 Winchester chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2008) proof tested at PE piezo pressure.
North American SAAMI maximum pressure for the 308 Winchester is .
.308 Winchester vs. 7.62×51mm NATO.
Although not identical, the .308 Winchester and military 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges are similar enough that they can be loaded into rifles chambered for the other round, but the .308 Winchester cartridges are typically loaded to higher pressures than 7.62×51mm NATO service cartridges. Even though the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) does not consider it unsafe to fire the commercial .308 Winchester rounds in weapons chambered for the military 7.62×51mm NATO round, there is significant discussion about compatible chambers and muzzle pressures between the two cartridges based on powder loads, chamber dimensions and wall thicknesses in the web area of the military compared to commercial cartridge cases. As the chambers differ accordingly the head space gauges used for the two chamberings differ.
Usage and performance.
The .308 Winchester is one of the most popular hunting cartridges in the United States, and possibly the world. It has gained popularity in many countries as an exceptional cartridge for game in the medium- to large-sized class. In North America it is used extensively on whitetail deer, pronghorn and even the occasional caribou or black bear.
Clay Harvey, an American gun writer, said it is usable on moose and elk. Layne Simpson, an American who has hunted in Sweden, said he is surprised how many hunters there used the cartridge. Craig Boddington was told by a Norma Precision executive that the .308 Winchester was one of Norma's best-selling calibers.
In Africa the .308 Winchester is one of the most popular calibers among Bushveld hunters and is used on anything from duiker right up to the massive eland (a small and large African antelope respectively). Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the .308 Winchester has sufficient energy to impart hydrostatic shock to living targets when rapidly expanding bullets deliver a high rate of energy transfer.
While .308 Winchester has traditionally been the most popular cartridge in the past, the development of lighter recoil chamberings with sufficient downrange energy, like the 7mm-08 Remington, .260 Remington, and 6.5 Creedmoor, is becoming more common for metallic silhouette shooting.
PALMA shooting is a variant of full bore target shooting done with a bolt action rifle chambered in 7.62x51mm NATO/.308 Winchester firing match grade 155 grain bullets and using micrometer aperture iron sights out to 1,000 yards.
F-class is a variant of fullbore target rifle which permits optical telescopic sights and shooting rests at the front and rear, such as a bipod or bags. Competitions are fired at distances between 300 and 1,200 meters (or yards), and the targets are half the size of those used in traditional Palma shooting. Based on equipment, competitors can choose to compete in one of the two classes, open and standard:
F-TR ("target", standard class): A restricted class which permits a scope, bipod, backpack and rear bag (no front rest), the caliber has to be either .223 Remington or .308 Winchester. In addition, the weight limit including optics is 8.25 kg (18.15 lbs).
The .308 Winchester has slightly more drop at long range than the .30-06 Springfield, owing to its slightly lower (around ) muzzle velocity with most bullet weights. Cartridges with significantly higher muzzle velocities, such as the .300 Winchester Magnum can have significantly less drop at long range, but much higher recoil.
As a parent case.
Several more cartridges have been developed using the .308 Winchester as a parent case, some becoming very popular for hunting, particularly in North America. These are the .243 Winchester, the .260 Remington (6.5-08 A-Square), the 7 mm-08 Remington, the .338 Federal, and the .358 Winchester (8.8×51mm). In 1980, two rimmed cartridges based on the .308 Winchester were introduced for use in the Winchester Model 94 XTR Angle Eject rifle: the .307 Winchester and the .356 Winchester. In 2014, the rimless 45 Raptor was introduced to provide a big bore cartridge for the AR-10 by combining the .308 Winchester with the .460 S&W Magnum.


Henry Logan (politician)

Henry Logan (April 14, 1784 – December 26, 1866) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district from 1835 to 1839.
Henry Logan was born near Dillsburg, Pennsylvania. He volunteered for the defense of Baltimore in 1814 during the War of 1812, and served as captain in the Nineteenth Regiment, Second Brigade, Fifth Division, Pennsylvania Militia. He was commissioned lieutenant colonel August 1, 1814.
He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1818 and 1819 and as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 14th district from 1828 to 1830.
Logan was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress and reelected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination and resumed farming.
He was a member of the Board of Commissioners of York County, Pennsylvania, in 1840. He served as county auditor and died on the Logania plantation in Monaghan Township, near Dillsburg in 1866. Interment in the Dillsburg Cemetery in Dillsburg, Pennsylvania.
Legacy.
The town Loganville, Pennsylvania was named after him.


Carryover basis

Carryover basis occurs when a property transfer also results in a transfer of the transferor's basis in the property. The transferor's basis in the property "carries over" to the transferee.
Tax law of United States of America.
Carryover basis, also referred to as a "transferred basis", applies to inter vivos gifts and transfers in trust. Generally, a taxpayer's basis in property is the cost to acquire the property. However, there is an exception for inter vivos gifts and transfers in trust. For gifts, to calculate a gain, the donee has the same basis in the property as the donor's adjusted basis in the property. The same rule applies for calculating a loss, unless the donor's adjusted basis is greater than the fair market value of the property at the time of the gift. In this case, the loss does not carry over and the basis is the fair market value of the property at the time of the gift.
Example.
In 1998, Mother purchased a lamp for $20. In 2000, Mother gifted the lamp to Daughter. At the time of the gift, the lamp's fair market value was $10. In 2002, Daughter sells the lamp to John.
(a) Daughter sells the lamp for $38. For the purpose of determining gain, Daughter uses Mother's carryover basis ($20). Thus, Daughter realizes an $18 gain in the sale to John.
(b) Daughter sells the lamp for $8. For the purpose of determining loss, Daughter uses the fair market value of the property at the time of the gift ($10). Thus, she realizes a $2 loss in the sale to John.
(c) Daughter sells the lamp for $15. For the purpose of determining gain, she uses Mother's basis of $20. Thus, there is no gain. But there is no loss either; for the purpose of determining loss, Daughter uses the fair market value of the property at the time of the gift ($10). Thus, Daughter realizes neither a gain nor a loss in the sale to John.
Carryover Basis in Related Disciplines.
In tax law, the concept of carryover basis is prevalent in the formation of a business.
In partnership taxation, carryover basis occurs when a partner contributes capital to the partnership in exchange for a partnership interest. The partnership's basis in the contributed capital asset will be the same as the basis of the partner who contributed the asset.
In corporate taxation, carryover basis occurs when a person contributes a capital asset to a newly formed corporation controlled by the transferor or to an existing corporation in which the transferor gains control. The corporation's basis in the asset then is the same as the transferor's.


Bank Hapoalim

Bank Hapoalim ( lit. "The Workers' Bank") is one of Israel's largest banks.
History.
The bank was established in 1921 by the "Histadrut", the Israeli trade union congress (lit. "General Federation of Laborers in the Land of Israel") and the Zionist Organisation.
The bank was owned by the "Histadrut" until 1983, when it was nationalized following the Bank Stock Crisis. The bank was held by the Israeli government until 1996 when it was sold to a group of investors led by Ted Arison.
The bank has a significant presence in global financial markets. In Israel, it has over 600 ATMs (automated teller machines), 250 bank branches, 7 regional business centers, 22 business branches and industry desks for major corporate customers. The bank's stock is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.
At the end of 2015, the bank had 11,930 employees worldwide. It is controlled by Arison Holdings, owned by Shari Arison. Arison Holdings owns a total of 15.74 per cent of the bank.
In January 2014, Danske Bank and the Dutch pension fund PGGM blacklisted Bank Hapoalim for its involvement in the financing of settlements in the Palestinian territories.
Global presence.
The bank operates several international subsidiaries: In the City of London and Poalim Asset Management (UK) Limited; in the United States (New York City, California, & Miami) and in Canada; BHI Private Banking, Switzerland Bank Hapoalim (Switzerland) Ltd., Zurich, Geneva, Luxembourg, South America, and the Cayman Islands.
2018-2022 Plan.
Bank Hapoalim reached an agreement that cancels the labor dispute called by the Histadrut labour federation in December. The Jan 2020 deal, according to the regulatory filing by the bank in Tel Aviv, suggests to raise worker wages by an average of 3.7% from 2018 to 2022, bank employees will also get a one-time grant of 210 million shekels ($60.6 million), whereas the bank also place to reduce its workforce by over 900 jobs through an early retirement plan.
Controversies.
The Bank was found to be complicit in tax evasion, corruption relating to FIFA and bidding for the World Cup. There was a fine of $874.3 million to settle tax evasion claims and $30 million for the FIFA scandal.


Jagmal Singh

Jagmal Singh was a sixteenth century Indian prince and court figure. He was the son of Maharana Udai Singh II and Rani Dheerbai Bhatiyani.
Biography.
After the death of Udai Singh II his favorite wife, Dheerbai Bhatiyani, wanted Jagmal to succeed Maharana Udai Singh after his death even though he was not the eldest son. On his deathbed, Udai Singh II named Jagmal Singh as the next Maharana. Jagmal was to be crowned as Maharana of Udaipur in 1572; however, the nobles of the court instead crowned Maharana Pratap.
Jagmal left Mewar and went into the service of the Mughal Subedar in Ajmer, who gave him shelter. Later he met Akbar and was given the jagir of Jahazpur as a gift. Sometime before 1581, he married the daughter of Maharao Man Singh II of Sirohi and became the co-ruler of Sirohi in 1581. His brother-in-law Rao Surtran became his enemy after this. He was killed on 17 October 1583 at the Battle of Dattani.


Ear for Eye

Ear for Eye is an upcoming British drama film, written and directed by debbie tucker green, based upon her play of the same name. It stars Lashana Lynch, Tosin Cole, Carmen Munroe, Danny Sapani, Nadine Marshall, Arinzé Kene and Jade Anouka.
Production.
In December 2020, it was announced Lashana Lynch, Tosin Cole, Carmen Munroe, Danny Sapani, Nadine Marshall, Arinzé Kene and Jade Anouka had joined the cast of the film, with debbie tucker green directing from a screenplay she wrote. Barbara Broccoli will serve as an executive producer under her Eon Productions banner.
Principal photography took place at Kennington Film Studios in London, and concluded by December 2020.