Geelong

Geelong () (Wathawurrung: "Djilang"/"Djalang") is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia. Geelong is south-west of the state capital, Melbourne. It is the second largest Victorian city, with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018. It is also Australia's second fastest growing city. Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the rolling hills of Waurn Ponds to the south, with Corio Bay to the east and the Barrabool Hills to the west. Geelong is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality, which covers urban, rural and coastal areas surrounding the city, including the Bellarine Peninsula.
Geelong was named in 1827, with the name derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region, "Djillong", thought to mean "land" or "cliffs" or "tongue of land or peninsula". Geelong City is also known as the 'Gateway City' due to its central location to surrounding Victorian regional centres like Ballarat in the north west, Torquay, Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool in the southwest, Hamilton, Colac and Winchelsea to the west, and the state capital of Melbourne in the north east.
The area was first surveyed in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne. The post office was open by June 1840 (the second to open in the Port Phillip District).
The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the wool industry of the Western District. During the gold rush, Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district. The city then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s, it became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills, ropeworks, and paper mills.
It was proclaimed a city in 1910, with industrial growth from this time until the 1960s establishing the city as a manufacturing centre for the state, and the population grew to over 100,000 by the mid-1960s. During the city's early years, an inhabitant of Geelong was often known as a Geelongite, or a Pivotonian, derived from the city's nickname of "The Pivot", referencing the city's role as a shipping and rail hub for the area. Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries, as the manufacturing sector has declined. Redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as gentrification of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average.
Today, Geelong stands as an emerging health, education and advanced manufacturing hub. The city's economy is shifting quickly and despite experiencing the drawbacks of losing much of its heavy manufacturing, it is seeing much growth in other sectors, positioning itself as one of the leading non-capital Australian cities. It is home to the Geelong Football Club, the second oldest club in the Australian Football League.
History.
Early history and foundation.
The area of Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula was earlier occupied by the Wathaurong Indigenous Australian tribe.
The first nonindigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lieutenant John Murray, who commanded the brig . After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads (the narrow entrance to Port Phillip, onto which both Geelong and Melbourne now front), on 1 February 1802, he sent a small boat with six men to explore. Led by John Bowen, they explored the immediate area, returning to "Lady Nelson" on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, "Lady Nelson" entered Port Phillip on 14 February, and did not leave until 12 March. During this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after Philip Gidley King, then Governor of New South Wales. Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip. Arriving not long after Murray was Matthew Flinders, who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802. He charted the entire bay, including the Geelong area, believing he was the first to sight the huge expanse of water, but in a rush to reach Sydney before winter set in, he left Port Phillip on 3 May.
In January 1803, Surveyor-General Charles Grimes arrived at Port Phillip in the sloop and mapped the area, including the future site of Geelong, but reported the area was unfavourable for settlement and returned to Sydney on 27 February. In October of the same year, led by Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the bay to establish the Sullivan Bay penal colony. Collins was dissatisfied with the area chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant J.H. Tuckey to investigate alternate sites. The party spent 22 to 27 October on the north shore of Corio Bay, where the first Aboriginal death at the hands of a European in Victoria occurred.
The next European visit to the area was by the explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell. They reached the northern edge of Corio Bay – the area of Port Phillip that Geelong now fronts – on 16 December 1824, and it was at this time they reported that the Aboriginals called the area "Corayo", the bay being called "Djillong". Hume and Hovell had been contracted to travel overland from Sydney to Port Phillip, and having achieved this, they stayed the night and began their return journey two days later on 18 December.
The convict William Buckley escaped from the Sullivan Bay settlement in 1803, and lived among the Wathaurong people for 32 years on the Bellarine Peninsula. In 1835, John Batman used Indented Head as his base camp, leaving behind several employees whilst he returned to Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) for more supplies and his family. In this same year, Buckley surrendered to the party led by John Helder Wedge and was later pardoned by Lieutenant-Governor Sir George Arthur, and subsequently given the position of interpreter to the natives.
In March 1836, three squatters, David Fisher, James Strachan, and George Russell arrived on "Caledonia" and settled the area. Geelong was first surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe three weeks after Melbourne, and was gazetted as a town on 10 October 1838. There was already a church, hotel, store, wool store, and 82 houses, and the town population was 545. By 1841, the first wool had been sent to England and a regular steamer service was running between Geelong and Melbourne. Captain Foster Fyans was commissioned as the local Police Magistrate in 1837 and established himself on the Barwon River at the site of the area of present-day Fyansford. Fyans arranged the first muster of the Indigenous population and 275 Aboriginal people were found to be living in the area. Fyans distributed blankets, sugar and flour to these people but soon ordered his soldiers to "click their triggers" at them when a lack of blankets caused anger. Fyans constructed a breakwater to improve the water supply to the city by preventing the salty lower reaches from mixing with fresh water and pooling water. In 1839, Charles Sievwright, the newly appointed Assistant Protector of Aborigines (for the western district) sets up camp on the Barwon river near Fyans ford.
The Geelong Keys were discovered around 1845 by Governor Charles La Trobe on Corio Bay. They were embedded in the stone in such a way that he believed that they had been there for 100–150 years, possibly dropped by Portuguese explorers. In 1849, Fyans was nominated as the inaugural Mayor of the Geelong Town Council. An early settler of Geelong, Alexander Thomson, for which the area of Thomson in East Geelong is named, settled on the Barwon River, and was Mayor of Geelong on five occasions from 1850 to 1858.
1850s: Gold rush.
Gold was discovered in nearby Ballarat in 1851, causing the Geelong population to grow to 23,000 people by the mid-1850s. To counter this, a false map was issued by Melbourne interests to new arrivals, showing the quickest road to the goldfields as being via Melbourne. The first issue of the "Geelong Advertiser" newspaper was published in 1840 by James Harrison, who also built the world's first ether vapour compression cycle ice-making and refrigeration machine in 1844, later being commissioned by a brewery in 1856 to build a machine that cooled beer.
The Geelong Hospital was opened in 1852, and construction on the Geelong Town Hall commenced in 1855. Development of the Port of Geelong began with the creation of the first shipping channel in Corio Bay in 1853. The Geelong-to-Melbourne railway was built by the Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company in 1857. Rabbits were introduced to Australia in 1859 by Thomas Austin, who imported them from England for hunting purposes at his Barwon Park property near Winchelsea. One of Geelong's best-known department stores, Bright and Hitchcocks, was established in 1861, and the HM Prison Geelong built using convict labour, was opened in 1864.
In 1866, Graham Berry started a newspaper, the "Geelong Register", as a rival to the established "Geelong Advertiser". When this proved unsuccessful, he bought the "Advertiser" and made himself editor of the now-merged papers. Using the paper as a platform, he was elected for West Geelong in 1869. In 1877, he switched to Geelong, which he represented until 1886, and served as Victorian Premier in 1875, 1877–1880, and 1880–1881. On the Market Square in the middle of the city, a clock tower was erected in 1856, and an Exhibition Building was opened in 1879.
1860s: The 'Sleepy Hollow'.
The gold rush had seen Ballarat and Bendigo grow larger than Geelong in terms of population. Melbourne critics dubbed Geelong 'Sleepy Hollow', a tag that recurred many times in the following years. A number of industries became established in Geelong, including Victoria's first woollen mill at South Geelong in 1868. In 1869, the clipper "Lightning" caught fire at the Yarra Street pier and was cast adrift in Corio Bay to burn, before being sunk by artillery fire. Improvements to transport saw Geelong emerge as the centre of the Western District of Victoria, with railway lines extended towards Colac in 1876, and to Queenscliff in 1879. Construction of the Hopetoun shipping channel began in 1881 and completed in 1893.
The Geelong Cup was first held in 1872, and Victoria's first long-distance telephone call was made from Geelong to Queenscliff on 8 January 1878, only one year after the invention of the device itself. Geelong was also the home of a prosperous wine industry until the emergence of the sap-sucking insect "Phylloxera vastatrix" at Fyansford in 1875, which led to the Victorian Government ordering the destruction of all vines in the Geelong area to prevent the spread of the pest, killing the industry until the 1960s. Between 1886 and 1889, the central business district's major banks and insurance companies erected new premises in a solid and ornate character. The existing Geelong Post Office was built during this time and the Gordon Technical College was established. Further industrial growth occurred, with the Fyansford cement works being established in 1890.
The town became referred to as "The Pivot" in the 1860s, owing to its being a rail and shipping hub for western Victoria.
1900s: A city develops.
The town of Geelong officially became a city on 8 December 1910. The city gained a number of essential services, with electric light supplied by the Geelong Power Station starting in 1902, the Geelong Harbour Trust was formed in December 1905, and the Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust formed in 1908. Electric trams began operation in 1912, travelling from the city centre to the suburbs until their demise in 1956. The first of many stores on the Market Square was opened in 1913, and the first Gala Day festival was held in 1916.
Geelong's industrial growth accelerated in the 1920s: woollen mills, fertiliser plants, the Ford Motor Company's vehicle plant at Norlane, and the Corio whisky distillery were all established in this period. The "Geelong Advertiser" radio station 3GL (now K-Rock) commenced transmission in 1930, the Great Ocean Road was opened in 1932, and in 1934, the T & G Building opened on the most prominent intersection in the city, the corner of Ryrie and Moorabool Streets.
By 1936, Geelong had displaced Ballarat as Victoria's second-largest city.
In 1938, one of the last Port Philip Bay steamers, "Edina", made its final trip to Geelong, ending a period of seaside excursions and contests for the fastest trip. The Eastern Beach foreshore beautification and pool was completed in 1939 after almost 10 years of work.
On the eve of World War II, the International Harvester works were opened beside Ford at North Shore, along with a grain elevator at nearby Corio Quay, and the Shell Australia oil refinery.
Post-war period.
Government housing was constructed in the suburbs of East Geelong, Norlane, North Shore, and Corio from the 1950s. The banks of the Barwon River burst in 1952, inundating nearby Belmont Common.
Geelong continued to expand with Corio, Highton, and Belmont growing at such a rate that in February 1967, Geelong accounted for 21% of private home development in Greater Melbourne. Private vehicles became the city's major mode of transport. The first parking meters in the city were introduced in 1961, new petrol stations were constructed and the city's first supermarket, operated by Woolworths, opened in 1965. Later, support came for Cycling in Geelong with Australia's first bike plan in 1977.[3] [4].
Industrial growth continued with a second cement works operating at Waurn Ponds by 1964 and the Alcoa Point Henry aluminium smelter constructed in 1962.
Federal government policy changes on tariff protection led to the closure of many Geelong industrial businesses from the 1970s. The woollen mills closed in 1974 and hectares of warehouse space in the city centre were left empty after wool-handling practices changed. The Target head office opened in North Geelong, Deakin University was established at Waurn Ponds in 1974, and the Geelong Performing Arts Centre opened in 1981. Later, the Australian Animal Health Laboratory was opened in 1985, and the National Wool Museum in 1988.
Market Square, the first enclosed shopping centre in the city, was opened in 1985, with neighbouring Bay City Plaza opened in 1988. The Pyramid Building Society, founded in Geelong in 1959, collapsed in 1990, leaving debts of AU$1.3 billion to over 200,000 depositors, and causing the Geelong economy to stagnate. On 18 May 1993, the City of Greater Geelong was formed by the amalgamation of a number of smaller municipalities with the former City of Geelong. The Waterfront Geelong redevelopment, started in 1994, was designed to enhance use and appreciation of Corio Bay and in 1995 the Barwon River overflowed in the worst flood since 1952.
21st century.
In 2004, Avalon Airport was upgraded to accommodate interstate passenger travel, providing a base for the low-cost airline Jetstar to serve the Melbourne and Geelong urban areas. Geelong is planned to expand towards the south coast, with 2,500 hectares of land to become a major suburban development for 55,000 to 65,000 people, known as Armstrong Creek. In 2006, construction began on the Geelong Ring Road, designed to replace the Princes Highway through Geelong from Corio to Waurn Ponds. It opened in 2009.
More than AU$500-million-worth of major construction was under way in 2007. Major projects include the $150-million Westfield Geelong expansion works, involving a flyover of Yarra Street, the city's first Big W store, and an additional 70 new speciality stores; the $37-million Deakin Waterfront campus redevelopment, and the $23-million Deakin Medical School; the $50-million Edgewater apartment development on the waterfront; a number of multimillion-dollar office developments in the CBD; and a new $30-million aquatic centre in Waurn Ponds.
Major developments within Geelong are advocated by the region's formal alliance, G21 Geelong Region Alliance. The City of Greater Geelong and four other local municipalities form part of the alliance which identifies the Geelong region's priorities, and advocates all levels of government for funding and implement the projects. G21 developed 'The Geelong Region Plan - a sustainable growth strategy' which was launched by Premier Brumby in 2007. It was the approved strategic plan for the Geelong region. In addition, major projects such as the Geelong Ring Road Connections and duplication of the Princes Highway West obtained funding due to the combined efforts of the region's municipalities. As at May 2017, a further 13 Priority Projects are planned for the Geelong region.
The Victoria Government announced the relocation of the Transport Accident Commission headquarters from Melbourne to Geelong in October 2006, which created 850 jobs and an annual economic benefit over $59 million to the Geelong region. The construction of the $80-million Brougham Street headquarters was completed in late 2008. In November 2008, Ford Australia announced that its Australian-designed I6 engine would be re-engineered to meet the latest emissions regulations, and that consequently the engine manufacturing plant would be upgraded (however, all manufacturing of motor vehicles in Geelong and elsewhere throughout Australia ceased by 2017).
A change to the city skyline is occurring with a number of modern apartment buildings on the Waterfront and central business district planned or under construction. On 10 July 2008, approval was given for a $100-million twin-tower apartment complex of 16 and 12 floors to be built on Mercer St in the city's western edge. The towers will become the tallest buildings in the city, taking the title from the Mercure Hotel. Further highrise developments are planned as part of the City of Greater Geelong's Geelong Western Edge strategic plan. A$17-million 11-story apartment tower has also recently been proposed to be built next to the Deakin Waterfront Campus.
In 2012, a design competition for a "city icon" was run for the City of Geelong by Deakin University and Senia Lawyers. The recipient of the prize and winning design entry was JOH Architects and their design titled "The Sea Dragon".
Geelong's new Library and Heritage Centre opened to the public in November 2015. The new addition to Geelong offers new research facilities, display areas and hosts Geelong's extensive heritage, modern and Indigenous. The new library was awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture in 2016.
Currently Geelong is undergoing a major revival effort, the Green Spine Project. The Green Spine project will connect Johnstone Park to the Botanic Gardens by a continuous line of trees via Malop Street. The redevelopment of Malop street will see the installation of separated bike lanes from both pedestrians and local traffic by greenery, the design is an Australian first. This project includes the installation of art sculptures and street art throughout the city centre. Major redevelopments are also occurring at Johnstone Park, with a new raingarden installation, and Lt Malop Street is seeing more upgrades.
In the suburbs Geelong West's Pakington Street is seeing major upgrades to its street appeal, with new plantings and upgrades to many of the shops. Manifold Heights' Shannon Avenue will see redevelopment to make it more pedestrian friendly. To Geelong's north, Rippleside is undergoing major changes, with the ongoing development of Balmoral Quay which will see Rippleside Park and nearby St Helens Park connected via a waterfront footpath as well as beach restoration and a boat dock expansion.
Recently new high rise buildings are being built giving Geelong more jobs and housing. Worksafe Victoria opened up a new 14-storey building on Malop st. It opened mid 2018 and was the tallest building until it was announced that two residential high rises would be built and completed in late 2019. They are called The Mercer and Miramar Apartments.
Geography.
Geelong is located on the shores of Corio Bay, a south-western inlet bay of Port Phillip. During clear weather, the Melbourne skyline is visible from areas of Geelong when viewed across Port Phillip. The Barwon River flows through the city to the south before entering Lake Connewarre and the Barwon River estuary at Barwon Heads before going into Bass Strait.
Geologically, the oldest rocks in the area date back to the Cambrian period 500 million years ago, with volcanic activity occurring in the Devonian period 350 million years ago. In prehistoric times water covered much of the lowlands that are now Geelong, with the Barwon River estuary located at Belmont Common, the course of the river being changed when Mount Moriac erupted and lava was sent eastwards towards Geelong.
To the east of the city are the Bellarine Hills and the undulating plains of the Bellarine Peninsula. To the west are the sandstone-derived Barrabool Hills and basalt Mount Duneed, and the volcanic plains to the north of Geelong extend to the Brisbane Ranges and the You Yangs. Soils vary from sandy loam, basalt plains, and river loam to rich volcanic soils, suitable for intensive farming, grazing, forestry, and viticulture.
Many materials used to construct buildings were quarried from Geelong, such as bluestone from the You Yangs and sandstone from the Brisbane Ranges. A small number of brown coal deposits exist in the Geelong region, most notably at Anglesea, where it has been mined to fuel Alcoa's Anglesea Power Station since 1969. Limestone has also been quarried for cement production at Fyansford since 1888, and Waurn Ponds since 1964.
City and suburbs.
Geelong has over 60 suburbs, including the following:
Anakie,
Armstrong Creek,
Avalon,
Balliang,
Barwon Heads,
Batesford,
Bell Park,
Bell Post Hill,
Bellarine,
Belmont,
Breakwater,
Breamlea,
Ceres,
Charlemont,
City of Greater Geelong,
Clifton Springs,
Connewarre,
Corio,
Curlewis,
Drumcondra,
Drysdale,
East Geelong,
Fyansford,
Geelong,
Geelong West,
Grovedale,
Hamlyn Heights,
Herne Hill,
Highton,
Indented Head,
Lara,
Leopold,
Little River,
Lovely Banks,
Manifold Heights,
Mannerim,
Marcus Hill,
Marshall,
Moolap,
Moorabool,
Mount Duneed,
Newcomb,
Newtown,
Norlane,
North Geelong,
North Shore,
Ocean Grove,
Point Lonsdale,
Point Wilson,
Portarlington,
Queenscliff,
Rippleside,
South Geelong,
St Albans Park,
St Leonards,
Staughton Vale,
Swan Bay,
Thomson,
Wallington,
Wandana Heights,
Waurn Ponds,
and Whittington.
Development in Geelong started on the shores of Corio Bay in what is now the inner city. Development later spread to the south towards the Barwon River, and the hill of Newtown and Geelong West. Major development south of the river in Belmont did not start until the 1920s, stimulated by the construction of a new bridge over the river in 1926, and the extension of the Geelong tramway system in 1927. Industrial areas were traditionally located on the Corio Bay for port access, or the Barwon River for waste disposal.
In the interwar and post-World War II years, heavy industry continued to establish itself in the flatter northern suburbs, where today industries such as the Shell oil refinery and Ford Motor Company engine plant reside. Residential development also spread to Corio and Norlane in the north, with new Housing Commission of Victoria estates built to cater for employees of the new industries. From the 1960s, residential growth spread to the Highton hills in the south and North Geelong following prosperous industries like the gasworks, followed by Grovedale in the 1970s. A number of light industrial areas were also established in Breakwater, Moolap, and South Geelong.
Changing cargo-handling methods at the Port of Geelong left woolstores in inner Geelong unused, redevelopment beginning in the 1980s with the expansion of Westfield Geelong towards Corio Bay, and culminating in the Waterfront Geelong development. Gentrification of former working-class inner suburbs such as Geelong West, North Geelong, and South Geelong has also occurred. Today, the major residential growth corridors are north towards Lara, east towards Leopold, and south towards Mount Duneed as the Armstrong Creek Growth Area.
Tourist destinations.
Geelong, its surrounding coastline and countryside offer a diverse range of attractions, with summer and early autumn attracting the highest number of tourists.
Tourist destinations include:
- Avalon Airshow
- Balyang Sanctuary
- Buckley Falls
- Curlewis Golf Club
- Dog Rocks Flora and Fauna Sanctuary
- Drewan Park & Wandana Heights Lookout
- Geelong City
- Geelong Mill Markets
- HM Prison Geelong
- Kardinia Park
- Market Square
- Narana Aboriginal Cultural Centre
- National Wool Museum
- Newtown Lookout
- Point Lonsdale Lighthouse
- Portarlington (Port Phillip Ferries now operate a service between Portarlington and Docklands)
- Queenscliffe Maritime Museum
- Rippleside Park & St Helens beach
- Searoad Ferries service (between Queenscliff and Sorrento)
- Serendip Sanctuary
- The Barwon River
- The Bellarine Railway (operating between Drysdale and Queenscliff)
- The Geelong Art Gallery
- The Geelong Botanic Gardens
- The Geelong Library and Heritage Centre
- The Geelong Waterfront & Eastern Beach
- The Ozone shipwreck
- You Yangs Regional Park
Climate.
Geelong has stable weather, yet still offers four distinct seasons. It has a temperate oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Köppen climate classification) with dominant westerly winds, variable clouds, moderate precipitation, warm summers, and mild to cool winters. February is the hottest month and July is the coldest. The highest temperature recorded was on 7 February 2009 during a two-week-long heat wave, with the lowest of recorded on 5 August 1997. The average annual rainfall is around , which makes Geelong the driest sizeable city in Australia, owing to the pronounced rain shadow of the Otway Ranges to the southwest. Within the city, rainfall shows a strong gradient from south to north, so that the southernmost suburbs can receive around whilst more northerly Lara receives as little as , which is the lowest rainfall in southern Victoria.
Economy.
More than 10,000 businesses employ over 80,000 people in the Geelong region, with manufacturing and processing industries providing around 15,000 jobs, followed by 13,000 in retail, and 8,000 in health and community services.
Geelong's major employers were the Ford Motor Company engine plant in Norlane (closed in 2016), aircraft maintenance at Avalon Airport, the head office of retail chain Target Australia(until 2018), the Bartter (Steggles) chicken processing plant and the Shell oil refinery at Corio. GMHBA Limited, a health insurance company, is headquartered in Geelong.
The Geelong region attracted over 6 million tourists during 2001. Major tourist attractions include the Waterfront Geelong precinct and Eastern Beach on the shores of Corio Bay, and the National Wool Museum in the city, and more than 30 historical buildings listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The Geelong area hosts regular international events which are also tourist drawcards, including the Australian International Airshow.
Geelong has a number of shopping precincts in the CBD and surrounding suburbs. The two main shopping centres are located in the CBD - Westfield Geelong and Market Square, with smaller centres in the suburbs including Belmont Village and Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre in the south, Bellarine Village in Newcomb in the east, and Corio Shopping Centre in the north. The opening of the major shopping centres has caused a decline in strip shopping on Moorabool Street, with many empty shops and few customers. Geelong is also home to Mitre 10's largest franchisees - Fagg's - operating five stores across the town and employing over 160 people.
These major research laboratories are located in the Geelong area: the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in East Geelong, CSIRO Division of Textiles and Fibres Technology in Belmont, and the Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute at Queenscliff.
The scheduled closure of Ford's Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013. Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of Broadmeadows, the company had registered losses of AU$600 million over the five years prior to the announcement. It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that accounted for two-thirds of large, local car sales in Australia were insufficient to keep Ford's products profitable and viable in Australia.
Following the decision by the Royal Dutch Shell fuel corporation to close its Geelong refinery in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth AU$203 million, and was preceded by a $638-million writedown in 2012 and a $407-million writedown in 2011 after the closure of the Clyde refinery in Sydney.
In April 2016 Target announced that it would be moving its headquarters out of North Geelong to Williams Landing in Melbourne's west.
Demographics.
As of the 2006 census, 160,000 people resided in 68,000 households. The median age of persons in Geelong was 37 years. About 19.4% of the population of Geelong were children aged between 0–14 years, and 26.6% were persons aged 55 years and over. Each dwelling is on average occupied by 2.59 persons, slightly lower than the state and national averages. The median household income was $901 per week, $121 less than the state average, partly due to higher reliance on manufacturing for employment. The population of Geelong is growing by 2500 people each year, and the City of Greater Geelong had the highest rate of building activity in Victoria outside metropolitan Melbourne.
About 78.4% of people from Geelong are Australian-born, with the most common overseas birthplaces being: England (3.6%), Italy (1.1%), Croatia (1.0%), the Netherlands (0.9%), and Scotland (0.8%). Around 14.2% of households speak a language other than English in the home. Notable ethnic groups in the city are the Croatian community, who first came to the city in the 1850s and with migration since World War II are now the largest Croatian community in Australia, and the German settlers who founded Germantown (now Grovedale) in 1849 to escape repression in Prussia for their Lutheran faith.
The 2006 census found the most common religious affiliation in Geelong was Catholicism at 29.4%. St. Mary of the Angels Basilica is the largest congregation in the city. Other affiliations of resident of Geelong include no religion 20.5%, Anglican 14.6%, Uniting Church 7.9%, and Presbyterian and Reformed at 4.3%. The city has a large number of traditional Christian churches, as well as Orthodox Christian churches in the northern suburbs.
Governance.
In local government, the Geelong region is covered by the City of Greater Geelong. The council was created in 1993 as an amalgamation of a number of other municipalities in the region, with the council chambers located at the Geelong Town Hall in central Geelong. The City is made up of four wards - Brownbill (central Geelong and inner suburbs), Bellarine, Kardinia (southern Geelong, south of the Barwon River) and Windermere (northern suburbs). Brownbill, Kardinia and Bellarine are each represented by three councillors, whereas Windermere is represented by two.
From 2012 to 2016, the Mayor of Geelong was directly elected by the public to a four-year term. Entrepreneur and former paparazzo Darryn Lyons held this position from 2013 to 2016.
On 16 April 2016, the Victorian Government dismissed the Mayor and Councillors of the Greater Geelong City Council, following a Commission of Inquiry which found that the council is riven with conflict, unable to manage Geelong's economic challenges, has dysfunctional leadership and has a culture of bullying. The government appointed administrators to run the council until council elections are held in 2017.
In state politics, the Legislative Assembly districts of Geelong, South Barwon, Lara, and Bellarine cover the Geelong area. Lara is a safe Labor seat. Geelong and Bellarine are generally more marginal, though lean more towards Labor whereas South Barwon is a marginal seat that tends to lean towards the Liberal Party. As of the 2018 Victorian State Election, all four of these electorates are held by the Australian Labor Party. On 12 February 2020, Minister for Planning Richard Wynn established Geelong Authority to advise on strategies to attract investment to central Geelong and on major planning applications to help create jobs and drive growth in Geelong. The committee is chaired by Roz Hansen (Urban Planner) and consists of Mark Edmonds (Chairman of Geelong Chamber of Commerce), Diana Taylor (Director of CT Management), Aamir Qutub (CEO of Enterprise Monkey), Jill Smith (General Manager of Geelong Arts Centre) and Rory Costelloe (Executive Director of Villawood Properties).
In federal politics, the House of Representatives seats - the Division of Corio and Division of Corangamite cover the Geelong region. Corio roughly covers the northern half of Geelong and has been a safe Australian Labor Party since the 1970s, but was previously the seat of Richard Casey, a leading conservative Cabinet member in the 1930s and later Governor-General, as well as Hubert Opperman, a former cycling champion and a prominent minister in the 1960s. It was also the seat of Gordon Scholes, who was Speaker during the Whitlam government. Corangamite, which roughly includes the southern half of Geelong as well as the Bellarine Peninsula, has traditionally been safe for the Liberal Party, but has become more marginal in recent years due to demographic changes. Corangamite had been a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors from the 1930s through the 2000s. Future Prime Minister of Australia James Scullin served one term in this seat in the 1910s. It was won by the Australian Labor Party at the 2019 federal election.
Culture.
Events and festivals.
The Royal Geelong Show is held each year at the Geelong Showgrounds. Other events include Pako Festa (held annually in February), Gala Day Parade (annual event that celebrated its 96th year in 2012) and Family Fun Day (held annually as part of the Gala Day celebrations), and the Geelong Heritage Festival that is run by the local branch of the National Trust.
Geelong hosts Victoria's only international photographic salon 'VIGEX' every two years. VIGEX is an acronym for "VIctoria Geelong EXhibition" and the inaugural event was held in 1980. The Australian Photographic Society, the world governing body of exhibition photography the International Federation of Photographic Art and the Victorian Association of Photographic Societies are patrons of the biennial photographic salon.
Geelong's History is preserved through both the Geelong Historical Society, and the associated Geelong Heritage Centre for which a substantial new building construction of which commenced in 2015.
Geelong hosts international digital conference Pivot Summit which was headlined by Apple Co-founder Steve Wozniak in 2017.
Arts and entertainment.
Geelong is home to a number of pubs, nightclubs, and live-music venues. The city is also the birthplace or starting point for a number of notable Australian bands and musicians, such as Barry Crocker, Gyan Evans, Magic Dirt, Jeff Lang, Denis Walter, Chrissy Amphlett, and Helen Garner.
Geelong also hosts music festivals such as the Queenscliff Music Festival, Meredith Music Festival, Offshore Festival, Poppykettle Festival, and National Celtic Festival. The city's prominent cultural venues are the Geelong Performing Arts Centre (commonly known as "GPAC"), the 1500-seat Costa Hall auditorium and the Geelong Art Gallery.
Media.
The "Geelong Advertiser", the oldest newspaper title in Victoria and the second-oldest in Australia, was established in 1840. The free "Geelong Independent" and "Geelong News" are the city's other major newspapers.
Geelong is part of the Melbourne television licence area, and receives all of the free-to-air stations from Melbourne, including ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine, Ten, and the community channel C31. The Geelong region also receives cable and satellite television services through operators Foxtel and Neighbourhood Cable.
The local radio stations are K-Rock (rock and pop music), Rhema FM (Christian community station), Hot Country Radio (country music station), The Pulse (community station), 3GPH (radio reading service), and Bay FM (adult contemporary). The transmitters for K-Rock, The Pulse, Rhema FM, and Bay FM are located at a shared transmitter site on Mount Bellarine, near Drysdale. Most Melbourne-based radio stations can also be received clearly in the Geelong region.
In popular culture.
Geelong has inspired many visual artists, with several celebrated works depicting the city, including Eugene von Guerard, who depicted early Geelong in sketches and oil paintings such as "View of Geelong".
Geelong is occasionally used as a filming location. The region was used as the setting of the "SeaChange" television series, filmed on location at Barwon Heads between 1998 and 2002. The city has also been the filming location of a number of feature films, including the final scenes "On the Beach" (1959) at Barwon Heads; "Mad Max" (1979) around Lovely Banks; Lara, "Everynight ... Everynight" (1994) at HM Prison Geelong; "Ned Kelly" (2003); "Ghost Rider" (2007) at the Little River Earth Sanctuary "December Boys" (2007) in South Geelong at Kardinia Pool,; and "Knowing" (2009) on the Geelong Ring Road. The action film "The Ninja Immovable Heart" was largely filmed on location in and around Geelong. Most recently, "The Dressmaker" (2015) was filmed in and around Little River.
Two ships of the Royal Australian Navy have been named after Geelong: HMAS "Geelong" (J201) and HMAS "Geelong" (FCPB 215).
The 2011 movie "Contagion" mentions the Australian Animal Health Laboratory located in Geelong.
Public services.
Education.
Geelong is served by a number of public and private schools that cater to local and overseas students. Over 40,000 primary and secondary students are enrolled in schools in Geelong, with another 27,000 students enrolled in tertiary and further education programs. The first schools in Geelong were established when the town was settled from the 1850s, among them were the historic private schools The Geelong College and Geelong Grammar School, where HRH Charles, Prince of Wales spent two terms in 1966.
Geelong is also home to the oldest state secondary school in Victoria, Geelong High School, which has been serving the community since 1905, for over 100 years.
The Gordon Memorial Technical College opened in 1888, and is known today as the Gordon Institute of TAFE. In 1976, the Gordon Institute was divided into two parts, with academic courses becoming part of the newly formed Deakin University based at the Waurn Ponds campus. Deakin University enrolled its first students at its Waurn Ponds campus in 1977. Today, the university is located on a 365-ha site at Waurn Ponds and has over 1,000 staff and over 4,000 on-campus students. The university also has a campus located on the waterfront of Corio Bay in the Geelong CBD, a campus in Burwood, Melbourne, and a campus in Warrnambool, in Western Victoria. From 2008 the campus at Waurn Ponds also has been home to Victoria's first regional medical school.
Health.
The major public hospital is Geelong Hospital on Ryrie Street, which services the entire region, and the largest private hospital is the nearby St John of God Health Care centre on Myers Street. Prominent healthcare services include Geelong Health (Geelong West) and Barwon Health. Also a comprehensive acute and rehabilitation not-for-profit private hospital is currently being built, adjacent to the Waurn Ponds campus of Deakin University, due to open mid-2016. The new and modern Epworth Hospital is now open near the Deakin University at Waurnponds and is located at 1 Epworth Place, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216.
Utilities.
Water storage and supply in Geelong is managed by Barwon Water, a Victoria government-owned urban water corporation. Geelong is supplied with water from three river systems: the Barwon, the East Moorabool, and the West Moorabool Rivers. The catchment areas are the Brisbane Ranges to Geelong's north-west, and the Otway Ranges to the south-west. The first water supplies to Geelong were from the Stony Creek reservoirs near Steiglitz, but, as of 2010, Geelong, together with Ballarat, consumes about 70% of the Moorabool River's water flow. Sewage from Geelong and district is treated at the Black Rock Treatment Plant at Breamlea and then discharged into Bass Strait.
Geelong was first supplied with electricity in 1902 when the Geelong power station opened on the corner of Yarra and Brougham Streets. Later known as Geelong A, the power station was rebuilt in 1920 to increase the capacity, with the station continued operating until 1961. In 1936, Geelong was connected to the state electrical grid. The Geelong B power station at North Geelong opened in 1954, and was closed in 1970 due to the much higher efficiency of the power stations in the Latrobe Valley. The supply of piped coal gas in Geelong started in 1860 by the Geelong Gas Company. The gasworks were located in North Geelong next to the North Geelong railway station. Geelong was converted to natural gas in 1971, with the Geelong Gas Company being taken over by the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria on 30 June 1971.
Transportation.
The main form of transportation in Geelong is the automobile. Geelong is well-connected by roads to all of south-west Victoria, to Melbourne by a major-arterial the Princes Freeway (M1) with three or four lanes in each direction, to Warrnambool by the Princes Highway (A1), the Bellarine Peninsula by the Bellarine Highway (B110), Ballarat by the Midland Highway (A300), and to Hamilton by the Hamilton Highway (B140). The $380-million Geelong Ring Road (an extension of the Princes Freeway) bypasses the greater Geelong urban area exiting the Princes Highway near Corio to rejoin the highway at Waurn Ponds. The "Lewis Bandt Bridge", named in honour of the Ford Australia engineer who is credited as the inventor of the ute (1934), in Geelong is a feature of the new road.
Avalon Airport.
Avalon Airport is located about to the north-east of the city of Geelong in the suburb of Avalon. It was established in 1953 for the production of military aircraft. It was also used for the repair of commercial aircraft, and for pilot training. Avalon Airport has also been home to low-cost airline Jetstar Airways since 2004. Flights to Sydney use the airport and in June 2015, Jetstar announced it would fly to the Gold Coast daily from Avalon Airport commencing October 2015. Avalon Airport is the venue for 'Thunder Down Under' Australian International Airshow every other year.
Avalon Airport now has international flights with Air Asia X to and from Kuala Lumpur and citilink to denpasar
Rail.
Geelong is a major hub for rail transport in Victoria, having frequent services to and from Melbourne, and being at the junction of the Geelong line, Warrnambool V/Line rail service, Western standard gauge line, and the Geelong-Ballarat railway line. Eight passenger railway stations are in the urban area, all along the Warrnambool line and served by V/Line trains. The Geelong line provides passenger services to Melbourne in the off-peak with trains departing Geelong every 20 minutes on weekdays, with more frequent services at peak times. According to V/Line, the Geelong line carries more passengers than any other regional rail line in Australia. None of the lines are electrified and all trains servicing Geelong are diesel powered.
Geelong's currently operating stations include Little River, Lara, Corio, North Shore, North Geelong, Geelong, South Geelong, Marshall and Waurn Ponds.
In the past, a rail line connected Geelong city to the Bellarine Peninsula through to Queenscliff, ceasing to operate as a regular passenger service in 1976. The Bellarine Railway operates a section of the line between Drysdale and Queenscliff as a tourist attraction.
Passenger services run to Warrnambool three times daily, connecting Geelong with Colac, Terang, and Camperdown, as well as Warrnambool. Great Southern Rail's "The Overland" service between Melbourne and Adelaide stops at the standard-gauge platform provided at North Shore station. It runs six days a week, with three services to Adelaide and three to Melbourne. Freight trains also operate from Melbourne to Geelong serving local industries, as well as to Warrnambool and other western Victorian towns. The main Melbourne-Adelaide standard-gauge line is a heavily used interstate freight route.
Victoria's electronic ticketing system, Myki, was implemented on rail services between Marshall and Melbourne on 29 July 2013.
The Victorian government is currently in process of land acquisition and inspection for a potential Torquay rail line which would service both Torquay and the Armstrong Creek growth corridor.
Ports and ferry services.
The Port of Geelong is located on the shores of Corio Bay, and is the sixth-largest seaport in Australia by tonnage. Major commodities include crude oil and petroleum products, export grain, woodchips, alumina imports, and fertiliser. The Bellarine Peninsula has been linked to the Mornington Peninsula since 1987 by the Searoad ferry, which runs every hour using two roll-on/roll-off ferries between Queenscliff and Sorrento
Port Phillip Ferries began operating twice daily services between Portarlington and Melbourne Docklands in November 2016. Three years later overcrowding on trains led to a similar service being introduced from Geelong to Docklands. The services are popular with both tourists and commuters, providing an alternative access for Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula to Melbourne. The 36-metre-long catamaran ferries seat over 400 passengers, provide a comfortable vantage point to enjoy the sights of Port Phillip. The introduction of the Portarlington service led to a major revamp of the local pier, with pier extensions and a protective rock wall installed.
Bus and taxi.
A bus network covering the city centre and most surrounding suburbs provides public transport. Until June 2015 they were operated under the umbrella of the Geelong Transit System. Public Transport Victoria contracts CDC Geelong and McHarry's Buslines to provide Geelong's bus services and bus services to Torquay and the Bellarine Peninsula. V/Line services link Geelong with Ballarat, Daylesford, Bendigo, Apollo Bay, the Great Ocean Road, the Twelve Apostles, and Warrnambool.
Taxi services in Geelong are provided by Geelong Taxi Network, a newly formed depot following the effective merger of Bay City Cabs and Geelong Radio Cabs in July 2007.
The majority of the network covers the city and suburban areas of the city, with "urban" classification for the vehicles in use. The Bellarine Peninsula, and Torquay areas, although part of Geelong Taxi Network, are both covered by separate "country" classification taxis. Often, disputes occur in regards to different taxis from one licence area, picking up work from either of the other two licence areas, which is illegal in most circumstances under current taxi regulations in Victoria. Call centre and radio dispatch services for the new combined network are provided by Silver Top Taxis in Melbourne.
Cycling and walking.
Geelong also has many kilometres of bicycle trails including the:
- Bay Trail, Corio Quay to Limeburners Point
- Barwon River trail- 20 km between Fyansford and South Geelong
- Bellarine Rail Trail is a 32 km path between South Geelong and Queenscliffe.
- Cowies Creek Trail
- Hovells Creek Trail
- Ted Wilson trail- Follows the Geelong Ring Road for 12 km between Corio to Hamlyn Heights
- Tom McKean Linear Park, Separation Street, North Geelong through to the Fyansford Cement Works
- Waurn Ponds trail offers follows over 6 km of the Waurn Ponds creek
Sport.
Geelong is home to the Geelong Football Club Australian Football League team, the second-oldest AFL club and one of the oldest in the world. Until South Melbourne relocated to Sydney in 1981, it was the only VFL/AFL club to exist outside of the greater Melbourne metropolitan area. It continues to participate in the national competition today, based at Kardinia Park stadium, and also fields a reserves side in the Victorian Football League. The club won the 2007 grand final against Port Adelaide by 119 points, the biggest grand final winning margin in history and the first Geelong premiership victory for 44 years. The club also won the 2009 and 2011 AFL grand finals held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Three independent football leagues are also running in the area, the Geelong Football League, the Geelong & District Football League, and the Bellarine Football League.
The Arena stadium in North Geelong is the home of the Geelong Supercats basketball team, and was also used during the 2006 Commonwealth Games for basketball games. Geelong's Basketball/Netball Centre is home to another basketball team from the region, the Corio Bay Stingrays.
The city co-hosted the 2003 FIBA Oceania Championship where Australia's national basketball team won the gold medal.
North Geelong Warriors FC are the region's primary soccer club, playing in the National Premier Leagues Victoria competition. The club played in the Victorian Premier League from 1992 to 1997 and in the top tier of the NPL in 2015. Other soccer clubs include Northern based Geelong Rangers FC, Geelong SC, Corio SC, Lara United FC and Southern based Surf Coast SC.
Geelong Raiders Rugby League Football Club, an Australian rugby league football club based in Newtown, Victoria, compete in the Victorian Rugby League competition.
Geelong has a horse-racing club, the Geelong Racing Club, which schedules around 22 race meetings a year, including the Geelong Cup meeting in October. The Geelong Cup was first run in 1872, and is considered one of the most reliable guides to the result of the Melbourne Cup. It also has a picnic horse-racing club, Geelong St Patricks Racing Club, which holds its one race meeting a year in February.
Geelong Harness Racing Club conducts regular meetings at its racetrack at Corio, and the Geelong Greyhound Racing Club holds regular meetings.
The Geelong Baseball Centre in Waurn Ponds is home of the Geelong Baycats. The Baycats are the only provincial team in Baseball Victoria's Division One competition and were the 2005/2006 State Champions. The Geelong Baseball Centre has hosted a number of National Championships, the 2002 Women's World Championships and was home to the Chiba Lotte Marines for spring training in 2005 and 2006.
The Geelong Tennis League is played every Saturday with a senior and junior competition. Each year the summer competition runs from October to March (with a summer holiday break) and the winter competition runs from late April to late August. Teams are based in the Geelong, Surf Coast and Bellarine regions with junior and senior teams filled with mixed genders and ages. Top clubs include Geelong Lawn Tennis Club, Grovedale Tennis Club, Highton Tennis Club, Wandana Heights Tennis Club and Ocean Grove Tennis Club plus many more.
The Eastern Beach foreshore and nearby Eastern Gardens regularly host internationally televised triathlons, and annual sports car and racing car events such as the Geelong Speed Trials.
Corio Bay is also host to many sailing and yachting events. Geelong also has many golf courses, sporting and recreation ovals, and playing fields, as well as facilities for water skiing, rowing, fishing, hiking, and greyhound and harness racing.
Geelong Athletics holds competitions during both the summer and winter, including high-profile events such as Victorian and sometimes national and international track and field meets.
Geelong is home to Australia's largest indoor skate park, and has "more skate parks per capita than any other municipality in Australia."
Geelong is also the birthplace of Bev Francis, an IFBB professional Australian female bodybuilder, powerlifter, and national shot put champion.
The Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race, named in honor of the Tour de France winner and 2009 World Champion starts in the city. It then goes through Barwon Heads on the Bellarine Peninsula, passing by the famous surf beach of Bells Beach in Surf Coast Shire and continuing along the Great Ocean Road. The race then heads via rolling hills back to Geelong for three circuits of the city before a waterfront finish. The race generally suits "puncheurs" who are capable of getting into breakaways and can easily climb short, steep hills.


Tangadee

Tangadee Station, often referred to as Tangadee, is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station.
It is located about south of Newman and north of Meekatharra in the Mid West region of Western Australia.
Tangadee occupies an area of and shares boundaries with Mount Vernon, Bulloo Downs and Mulgul Stations as well as vacant crown land.
Tangadee station was purchased in 1982 by Richard and Joan Day and is currently operated by son Barkley and grandsons Clayton and Ryan Day.


Schioppettino

Schioppettino (; meaning "gunshot" or "little crack" also known as "Ribolla Nera") is a red Italian wine grape grown predominantly in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of northeast Italy. The grape is believed to have originated between the comune of Prepotto and the Slovenian border where records of the Schiopettino wine being used in marriage ceremonies date to 1282. The grape was nearly lost to extinction following the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century when vineyard owners decided against replanting the variety in favor of French wine grapes like Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot gris, Sauvignon blanc and Merlot. Some isolated plantings continued to exist until a 1978 European Union decree encouraged its planting in the province of Udine.
Viticulture and wine.
Today the "Vitis vinifera" grape is a prominent planting in the Colli Orientali del Friuli "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOC) where it produces very aromatic, medium bodied wines with Rhône-like qualities of deep dark coloring with violet, raspberry and pepper notes. In addition to thriving in the Prepotto area, the grape also seems to do well in the Buttrio-Manzano area. The grape's high acidity and low alcohol levels bodes well for a semi-sparkling style that is mostly consumed domestically and rarely exported.
Wine regions.
Today the grape is found mostly in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region and Slovenia. It is used most notably in the wines from Prepotto, Colli Orientali del Friuli Rosso, Cialla Schioppettino and Isonzo Rosso. The grape has recently gone to the United States, being planted in the Sonoma County region of the California wine industry. The first winemaker to produce and release for sale a wine designated as Schioppettino was John Holdredge in Healdsburg California. (Holdredge Wines)
Synonyms.
Pocalza, Ribolla Nera, Schioccoletto, Schiopetino, Schioppettino, Scoppiettino


William Strickland (farmer)

William Strickland, 6th Baron Boynton, esq. (February 18, 1753 – January 8, 1834) was an 18th-century gentleman farmer and writer from Yorkshire, England. He was the eldest son of Sir George Strickland of York, England, from the ancient English Strickland family of Sizergh. He established his own farm at Welburn in York and, in 1808, succeeded his father as the sixth baron of Boynton.
Agriculture.
At the end of the 18th century he travelled to the United States where he made a survey of agricultural land, prices and wages, which he published as a "Journal of a Tour of the United States of America, 1794–95". The account was also published in the Farmer's Register and in the 1800 "Communications to the Board of Agriculture". His trip covered the period from September 20, 1794 until July 29, 1795. His travels included meeting with Thomas Jefferson in May 1795 who took notes of their conversation.
Among his many observations on the state of American agriculture was a less than flattering commentary on the slave economies of Virginia and Maryland:
Numismatics.
In addition to his research on agriculture, William Strickland was an avid collector and acquired a number of 1794 and 1795 US coins during his trip. These coins were passed down through his lineage and are now associated with the Lord St. Oswald provenance and among the world's most sought after coins. The provenance is attributed to a 1964 London Christie's auction where the coins appeared listed as "the property of Major the Lord St. Oswald, M.C.", the title of Strickland's descendant, Rowland Denys Guy Winn, 4th Baron St Oswald, a member of the House of Lords. The coins themselves were kept in excellent condition, stored in the family's 18th century coin cabinet made by Thomas Chippendale himself.
In 2015, a 1794 flowing hair dollar from Strickland's original collection was sold as part of the D. Brent Pogue Collection for US$4,993,750 by Stack's Bowers and Sotheby's to Laura Sperber of Legend Numismatics. This result places Strickland's Lord St. Oswald 1794 dollar on the List of most expensive coins.
Personal life.
He married Miss Cholmley, of Howsham on 15 April 1778. They had two children: Sir George Strickland (born 26 Nov 1782) and Anne Strickland (born 31 Dec 1790).


Saiyid Muhammad Hadi

Saiyid Muhammad Hadi (4 September 1863, Hasanpur, Awadh – 5 June 1939, Lucknow, India) was a British-trained official who worked in the United Provinces and served as a Director of Agriculture in Bhopal State. He worked on the improvement of sugarcane processing. The so-called Hadi or Bhopal method of sugarcane processing was a major improvement over early processes, with significant savings on losses. He was given the title of Khan Bahadur for his contributions.
Life and work.
Hadi came from a family of Baraha Syeds who had fled Lucknow to Muzaffarnagar after the Sikhs invaded. A grandfather had been a military officer in Oudh and a collector of revenue in Sultanpur District. Hadi's father had been a Tahsildar in Pratapgarh during Mughal rule who practiced law after English annexation. Hadi studied at Sultanpur High School and was trained at the Royal College, Cirencester where he received the Holland Gold Medal. He was later deputed by the Oudh Talukdars to travel to America in 1888-89 to examine the possibility of technical education for Indian students. He was deputed by the Secretary of State to study in Paris under Louis Pasteur between 1882 and 1889 and then joined the Agricultural Department in the United Provinces. Hadi worked under W. H. Moreland in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. He was appointed assistant magistrate and collector 5 April 1890. Assistant director of land records 1891. Superintendent of inland emigration 1893. He became Deputy Commissioner for Pratapgarh on 4 January 1911.
Work on sugarcane processing.
From around 1904 he began to examine sugar production in the United Provinces. He was awarded the title of Khan Bahadur on 1 January 1907 for his work in developing the so-called Hadi process for refining jaggery from sugarcane with reduced losses. The Hadi method was involved in the reducing losses in the production of "rab" (massecuite) and a reduction in the inversion of sucrose by controlling the heat and by the use of centrifugation. Hadi also modified the construction of the pans or "bels" in which the cane juice was boiled. The method also involved using slow heating with dilute sodium carbonate and juice of "Hibiscus esculentus" as a clarifying agent. Scum that floats to the top is removed by hand and no lime is used. This resulted in a yield of 40% sugar from "rab" as opposed to 20% in the older process that involved filtering the viscous "rab" through jute bags by having people walk over them. He also attempted to produced refined white sugar while in Bhopal around 1908 but this was a failure. These methods were made completely obsolete by the 1930s by factory production systems based on innovations made in the West Indies and Java.
Publications.
Hadi's major publications include:


Gurdial Singh Dhillon

Dr. Gurdial Singh Dhillon (6 August 1915 – 23 March 1992) was an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress party. He served as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha twice, President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (1973–76) and Indian High Commissioner to Canada (1980–82).
Early life.
On 6 August 1915, Gurdial Singh Dhillon was born in the Panjwar
, some 20 kilometres west of Amritsar city in Punjab into a Dhillon Jat family, He was descendants of Bhangi misl rulers. He studied at Khalsa College, Amritsar and Government College, Lahore before graduating in Law from Punjab University Law College in Lahore. He played an active role in the Harse Chhina Mogha Morcha rebellion in 1947.
Political career.
Dhillon was a member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly (1952–1967), where he was its Deputy Speaker (1952–54) and its Speaker (1954–62). In 1967 he was first elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian Parliament representing Tarn Taran parliamentary constituency. He was elected from Firozpur in 1985.
Dhillon served two terms as Speaker of Lok Sabha (1969–71 and 1971–75) and was Minister of Agriculture in the Indian Government (1986–1988). Regarding his time in Parliament, his biography on the Lok Sabha website expresses the following:
With Kartar Singh, he co-authored a series of eight children's books in the early 1970s entitled 'Stories from Sikh History'.
Having undergone heart bypass surgery, Dr. Dhillon died at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi on 23 March 1992 following a heart attack.


Frank Aldous Girling

Frank Aldous Girling, FSA (1898- 1966). was an East Anglian farmer, photographer and expert amateur archaeologist. He provided photographs for several books about East Anglia, including Nikolaus Pevsner’s "Suffolk", and his photography led to an important discovery of Bronze Age barrows in Essex. He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1942.
Personal and early life.
Frank Girling was born in 1898 at Moverons Farm, Brightlingsea, which was run by his father, Frank Disney Girling, who served as deputy mayor of Brightlingsea in 1897.
In 1917, during the First World War, Girling was drafted into the Territorial Force as an infantryman and served in France.
In 1949 he married Minnie How.
Farming career.
When Girling was demobilised in 1920, he returned to farming at Holly Lodge and New House Farm, Little Bromley, Essex, starting as a foreman for his father. He was passionate about farming, which was his life-long occupation, breeding Suffolk black-faced rams and winning prizes for his barley exhibits at the Brewer’s Exhibition in London in 1949.
During the Second World War, he was in command of the Bromleys Home Guard and served on the Tendring Hundred War Agricultural Executive Committee.
Photography and archaeology.
Girling was extremely interested in the culture, history and archaeology of East Anglia. He was a council member of the Essex Archaeological Society, and both he and his wife Minnie were members of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, and in 1942 he became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
Girling had a particular interest in merchants' marks and published a book on them, entitled "English Merchants' Marks." His interpretation of Suffolk merchants' marks is mentioned in "The Arma Christi in Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture", edited by Andrea Denny Brown and Lisa Cooper. Girling also wrote articles for local archaeological societies on a variety of subjects (see bibliography below).
He photographed the architecture and archaeological artefacts of East Anglia, and his photography led to important archaeological discoveries. In 1957, through his photography, he found a circle in a field of sugar beet in Dedham. This led to the discovery of the existence of Bronze Age barrows, previously thought not to exist in north-east Essex. Bryan Blake excavated the site for Colchester Museum and found Bronze Age collared funerary urns, which were photographed by Girling in 1960.
In his book "Suffolk," Nikolaus Pevsner credits Girling for providing his photographic collection of Suffolk for Pevsner’s research and for identifying architectural details on various buildings. Girling also provided images for Humphrey Pakington’s book, "English Villages and Hamlets".
Girling also documented farming through his photography.
Collections and archives.
When he died, Girling's Essex photographs were donated to the Essex Society for Archaeology and History and to Colchester Museum, while his photos of Suffolk went to Ipswich Library.
The Conway Library at the Courtauld Institute of Art holds a collection of Girling's photographs. These are currently being digitised as part of a larger digitisation project of the Conway Library.
Bibliography.
Girling, F.A., 1939. "Pargetting in Suffolk." Suffolk Institute.
Girling, F.A., 1928. "Suffolk Timber Framed Houses." Journal of the British Archaeological Association.
Girling, F.A., 1955. "Wall Painting in Boxford Church." The Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History.
Girling, F.A., 1960. "Essex Merchants’ Marks." Colchester Archaeological Group Annual Bulletin.
Girling, F.A., 1962. "English Merchants' Marks: A Field Survey of Marks Made by Merchants and Tradesmen in England Between 1400 and 1700." Lion and Unicorn Press.
Girling, F.A., 1963. "Early Sixteenth Century Decorated Bricks at Aspall Hall." The Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History.
Girling, F.A., 1965 "Masons’ Marks." The Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History
Pevsner, N, 1974, 2nd edition. "Suffolk". London: Penguin.
Brown, A.D. & Cooper, L. (editors), 2014. "The Arma Christi in Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture." Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company.


Belle Fiore Winery

Belle Fiore Winery is a winery located off Dead Indian Memorial Road in Ashland, Oregon, United States. The property features an Italian-style wine pavilion and a 19,045-square-foot French-inspired mansion built by Edward Kerwin in 2004. Kerwin remains the owner and manager .
Belle Fiore was recognized at the 2015 Oregon Wine Experience. The winery earned several gold and double gold medals at the 2019 San Francisco Chronicle Wine Competition. Belle Fiore's 2015 Terramisso Tempranillo earned a gold medal at the 28th annual Indy International Wine Competition (2019).
In 2016, Kerwin was cited and fined by the county for "operating a restaurant without approval and not using prepackaged foods as required by land-use statutes governing wineries on rural farmland". He was in a seven-year legal dispute with neighboring Ashland Gun and Archery Club until 2019.


Pondicherry Gramin Bank

Pondicherry Gramin Bank, also known locally as "Puduvai Bharathiar Grama Bank" (PBGB) is a Regional Rural Bank in the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry. It is the largest bank in Pondicherry in terms of branch network. The bank was established in the year 1980 under the "Regional Rural Bank Act, 1961".
This bank is jointly owned by Government of India, Government of Puducherry and sponsored by Indian Bank. The shareholders of the Bank are Government of India (50%), Government of Puducherry (15%) and Indian Bank (35%).
Area of operations.
The Bank is operating in the following four districts of Puducherry:
The bank has 41 branches in operation, of which eight are located in Karaikal and two in Mahe and one in Yanam.


Balic Winery

Balic Winery is a winery in the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township in Atlantic County, New Jersey. The vineyard was first planted in the early 19th century by descendants of the original settlers of Mays Landing. Balic is the third-oldest active winery in the state, after Renault Winery and Tomasello Winery, having opened in 1966. Balic is one of the largest winegrowers in New Jersey, having 57 acres of grapes under cultivation. The winery is named after its founder.
Wines.
Balic Winery is in the Outer Coastal Plain AVA, and produces wine from Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chambourcin, Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Pinot noir, Riesling, Sangiovese, Vidal blanc, Viognier, Vranac, and Zinfandel grapes. Balic also makes fruit wines from almonds, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, cranberries, mangoes, pomegranates, raspberries, and strawberries. It is the only winery in New Jersey that produces wine from Vranac, which is a red "vinifera" grape indigenous to Montenegro. Balic is best known for its signature pomegranate wine, and they advertise the medical benefits from antioxidants in pomegranate wine.
Licensing, associations, and outlets.
Balic has a plenary winery license from the New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control, which allows it to produce an unrestricted amount of wine, operate up to 15 off-premises sales rooms, and ship up to 12 cases per year to consumers in-state or out-of-state. Balic is not a member of the Garden State Wine Growers Association or the Outer Coastal Plain Vineyard Association. The winery operates outlet stores in five New Jersey towns Clinton, Denville, Vernon, Vineland and Clark.


David Liddell

Major David Liddell, MC (9 January 1917 in Hankow, China — 20 March 2008) was a Scottish soldier, insurance broker and farmer.
A British Army World War II commander awarded an immediate MC for his outstanding service in Italy while serving with the 12th Battalion Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). On 23 December 1943, he commanded the reinforcements to the Essex 5th Battalion Regiment, which was sent to capture the Italian village of Villa Grande, near Termoli, which was being held by the German 1st Parachute Division.
 While training he was called to assist with the capture of Rudolf Hess who had landed nearby.
Family.
His wife was Joan Russell, who represented England at squash. She predeceased him, dying in 2004. Liddell was survived by two sons and a daughter. His brother was Ian Oswald Liddell VC.


John Kiersey

John Kiersey (25 October 1875 – 18 March 1960) was an Irish politician and farmer. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála (TD) for the Waterford constituency at the 1932 general election. He lost his seat at the 1933 general election.
He was the son of David Keirsey, farmer and Johanna Dowley, born in Ballyhussa, County Waterford.


Boonah Butter Factory

The Boonah Butter Factory is a heritage-listed former butter factory in Boonah, Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. Constructed in 1916, it is a prominent landmark at the intersection of Boonah-Rathdowney Road and Railway Street on the northern entry to Boonah. During the first part of the twentieth century, it was one of the most modern butter factories in the Commonwealth, the largest butter factory in the Southern Hemisphere, had the second highest output of butter in Queensland and was a major supplier of dairy products to Brisbane. The former Boonah Butter Factory office, which is currently the premises of Flavours Cafe, is on the Local Heritage Register of the Scenic Rim Regional Council in acknowledgement of the site's historic, aesthetic and cultural significance.
The Boonah Butter Factory is the sole surviving cream factory or butter factory in Boonah and is one of the most historic buildings in the region. It has served as a studio and gallery space for local and international artists for over twenty years and has been identified by the Scenic Rim Regional Council as a developed attraction in the region. The former loading platform for the factory is a fruit and vegetable store.
The factory was an essential industry in the region. It was a gauge for the progress of the district, responsible for the generation and supply of electrical power to Boonah and responsible for pumping water to tanks throughout the township to assist in fighting fires.
It is the first of two dairy factories known to have been designed, in part, by Thomas Ramsay Hall of the architectural firm T.R. Hall and Phillips and is the only one to remain in situ. The second factory designed by T.R. Hall was constructed in 1936 for the South Coast Co-Operative Dairy Association in Southport and was demolished in 1972 to make way for the Australia Fair Shopping Centre.
The Boonah Butter Factory is one of the four original factories managed by the Queensland Farmers Co-Operative Association, including those located at Grantham, Laidley and Booval.
History.
Creameries had an important role in the establishment of the early dairy industry in the region and made a significant contribution to the prosperity and economic stability of Boonah which was one of the earliest areas settled by Europeans after the establishment of Brisbane. In conjunction with local cheese factories like the Trelawney Cheese Factory, which is listed on the Scenic Rim Regional Council Local Heritage Register as a rare example of early dairy technology, they were extremely beneficial to the district.
The first creamery in Boonah was built by the Central Dairy Company in the vicinity of the current site of the Boonah Butter Factory around 1894. The factory was located across the railway tracks from the township on the hill behind the school ground, with the -acre site 200–300 feet above Boonah offering panoramic views of the countryside. The factory was designed and managed by Samuel Dover who had experience in the industry. Milk from local dairy farmers was delivered to the factory, processed into cream and then transported via rail to the large factories in Brisbane for churning into butter. The residue from the separation of the milk was used as a food source for pigs, which were also an important agricultural industry in the region.
By January 1895, the already successful creamery had been sold to the Lowood Creamery Company which was owned by Howes Bros. and Co. The Boonah Creamery was one of a number of factories in the district owned by the Lowood Creamery Company with other creameries located at Engelsberg, Milford, Rosevale and Anthony.
Despite the success of the creameries, the local farmers wished to have greater control of their own dairy products and pricing. Rather than transport the cream to Brisbane for final processing where the vibration of the train journey could impact the quality, the farmers wished to churn butter in Boonah. There was also a strong desire to remove their reliance on privately owned factories and participate in the cooperative movement in the dairy industry that was gaining momentum in Queensland. To achieve this, a local butter factory operated as a cooperative venture was required.
Despite growing dissatisfaction with the privately owned dairy enterprises, the early factories of the dairy industry encouraged a proactive approach from farmers to improve the yield and quality of the region's milk products. The agricultural and dairy success of the area was directly linked to the community's ability to lobby for land to be set aside for the Boonah Showgrounds in order to hold an Agricultural show to showcase the district's produce and reinforce community spirit. The designer and manager of the creamery, Samuel Dover, was the first secretary of the newly formed Fassifern and Dugandan Pastoral and Agricultural Show Society. The first Boonah Show was held in 1898.
Site.
The first dedicated butter factory in Boonah was built by Samuel Dover in 1900 on property he owned in Church Street neighbouring the Roman Catholic Church. Known as the Fassifern Butter Factory and Ice Works, it was owned by Howes Bros. and employed seven men and collected milk from the various creameries in the area.
The local farmers were dissatisfied with Howes Bros. and, after a series of meetings, decided to form a joint venture between the Boonah Farmers Co-Operative Dairy Co., which had been established in 1899, and the Queensland Farmers Co-Operative Association which had been founded in 1899 and was based at the Booval Butter Factory, also known as the Jacaranda Butter Factory. The Queensland Farmers Co-Operative put a proposal to the Boonah Farmers Co-Operative in June 1905 to guarantee to establish a cooperative butter factory in Boonah and, in November 1905, the Boonah Co-Operative opened a dedicated bank account to build the necessary funds to buy a site. In 1907 the two cooperatives merged and purchased the Fassifern Butter Factory and Ice Works from Howes Brothers. Samuel Dover remained in place as manager and, by 1909, the factory output was larger than any of the other factories controlled by the Queensland Farmers Co-Operative Association.
Construction.
Within ten years the site on Church Street was considered too small and poorly positioned. The present site was selected and acquired for £10, 603 on the northern entry to the township adjacent to the railway station and, in both June 1914 and March 1915, tenders were called for the new factory to be constructed. Plans and specifications were available for view at Harding Frew in Brisbane, the offices of John Kerr in Melbourne and, in 1915, the Booval Butter Factory in Ipswich.
The factory was a modern brick building with concrete floors, a roof of Marseilles tiles and a railway siding and platform. The engineering drawings were prepared by the architect Robert Kerr of Melbourne, who was referred to as the 'father' of Victorian dairy industry and had been involved in the erection of approximately 400 butter factories in Australia including the first one in Victoria, from engineering drawings and designs created by Duncan Saxelby, the manager of the Queensland Farmers Cooperative Association. The supervising architect was George Thornhill Campbell-Wilson of Brisbane who was responsible for Hughesville, Eight Mile Plains. The building contractor was Mr. A. S. Jevnes. Samuel Dover continued in the role of manager.
The new butter factory was fitted with state of the art equipment and was officially opened in July 1916 by the Queensland Governor, Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams. During his visit to Boonah, the Governor also unveiled an Honour Board for local men who were serving overseas in World War I. In 1928 additions to the factory were made.
During the early twentieth century the quality of dairy products from the region was well established. In 1931 salted butter from the Boonah Butter Factory was awarded the first prize at the London Dairy Show. By the 1930s, the factory had 900 suppliers and during a visit to Boonah in 1938 by the Prime Minister of Australia, Mr Joseph Lyons, the prominence and quality of butter from the region was mentioned in speeches.
Redesign.
In 1932 tenders were considered for extensive additions to the butter factory. Construction was to take place during the quieter winter months and the new buildings were designed to complement the existing structure. The only improvements made to the building already on the site were to relay the floors with tile and remove the pillars supporting the top floor so that the top floor could be supported with new steel joists.
The Boonah Butter Factory was extended by Messers Stuart Bros. Ltd. of Brisbane following plans created by Thomas Ramsay Hall of the architectural firm of T. R. Hall and Phillips who were also responsible for the Brisbane City Hall, Southport Town Hall and the Boonah Shire Chambers (later demolished). In January 1933 the additions were officially opened by Mr. P. Pease, Minister of Lands.
In 1947, plans for four self-contained two storey shops associated with the factory were approved. In April 1954, manufacture commenced on a new line of products at the butter factory with the introduction of butter milk powder.
Closure.
The Boonah Butter Factory closed on 1 March 1974 due to declining production as a result of low prices for milk and shifting agricultural practices in the region. The last batch of butter came off the production line at Boonah at 10:45am. It was packed by Hartley Schumacher with George Kubler, Stan Schlieff, Roydon Kubler and Sel Schneider watching. Milk products from Boonah were subsequently transported to Booval for processing with the majority of employees also transferring to Booval. Booval had ceased operation by 2011 and was demolished by 2016.
The Boonah Butter Factory is the only surviving major industrial site related to the dairy, timber and railway industries of Boonah from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The nearby Cossart's Mill at Dugandan was the largest supplier of butter boxes in Australia. Like the butter factory, the sawmill had been a dominant industry and employer in the area. The sawmill was recommended for heritage protection in 1998 as a rare surviving example of a major Queensland sawmill from the mid twentieth century. It was demolished around 2006.
The greatest percentage of freight on the railway line were products from the combined output of the butter factory and sawmill. The Dugandan railway line was closed in 1964 and the tracks and associated infrastructure removed. The original location of the Boonah railway station is marked by a memorial adjacent to the Boonah Butter Factory site.
The Boonah Butter Factory is now part of a network of extant historic or heritage listed butter factories in South East Queensland that have been re-purposed for cultural or community use including the Kingaroy Butter Factory, Nanango Butter Factory, The Downs Co-operative Dairy Association Limited Factory, Kingston Butter Factory and Grantham Butter Factory.


Drummond Tobacco Company

The Drummond Tobacco Company was an American tobacco company in St. Louis, Missouri.
History.
The company was founded in 1873, when it started making Chesterfield cigarettes. Its headquarters in St. Louis was designed by architect Isaac S. Taylor in 1885. The company later also produced Horseshoe brand chewing tobacco. It was acquired by the American Tobacco Company in 1898.


Samuel Goode (mayor)

Samuel Goode (, October 1819 – 26 July 1901) born in Hampton Charles, Bromyard, Herefordshire, was a mayor of Adelaide, South Australia.
History.
He arrived in South Australia on 24 September 1850 on the "Princess Helena" with his parents Samuel and Mrs. Goode, brothers Matthew (later of Matthew Goode and Co) and Charles Henry (later Sir Charles, founder of Goode, Durrant and Co.), and sister Mrs Marshall. Another brother, Ernest Russell Goode ( – 23 June 1927) was born at Ivingtonbury and emigrated to South Australia.
In England he had worked on his father's farm, but for much of his first seven years in South Australia he worked as a draper with brothers Matthew and Charles as Goode Brothers. In 1857 he returned to England to marry a Miss Russell of Kingsland near Leominster and returned to Adelaide, rejoining his brothers' firm. He returned to Leominster around 1860, where at Ivingtonbury he profitably bred Hereford cattle and served on the Leominster town council. In 1889 he again returned to Adelaide and ran farms near Islington railway station (later the suburbs Regency Park and Kilburn) and at north Norwood. He was elected to the Adelaide City Council and served as mayor from 1863 to 1864. To him fell the honour of laying the foundation stone for the new Town Hall's Albert Tower.
In 1865, he travelled with his wife and children to London on the clipper ship "City of Adelaide" (became the world's oldest surviving clipper ship).
He served as Chief Magistrate for a year. and was a member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1900 to 1901.
He was a member of the Agriculture Bureau and closely followed the improvements in yield that accompanied scientific use of artificial fertilizers.
Family.
Samuel Goode married Miss Russell, a daughter of E. Russell of Kingsland, Herefordshire, in 1857. Their children included:
He died at his residence "Montpellier" in Hill street, North Adelaide. Two sons and three daughters survived him. They had another property, also called "Montpellier" in Parkside, South Australia.


Maibock


All West Bengal Tea Garden Labourers Union

The All West Bengal Tea Garden Labourers Union (abbreviated AWBTGLU) is a trade union of tea plantation workers in northern West Bengal, India. It was founded in 1989. Politically, the union is aligned with the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). The veteran Naxalite leader Kanu Sanyal (founder of the original CPI (ML) in 1969, leader of the Communist Organisation of India (Marxist-Leninist) until its merger into the refounded CPI (ML) in 2003) served as the working president of AWBTGLU prior to his death in 2010. The union was based in Sanyal's home village Hatighisa, near Naxalbari.
Under Sanyal's leadership, the union fiercely criticized the plantation labour policies of the then Left Front government of West Bengal. In 2002, Sanyal argued that lock-outs at north Bengal tea plantations had caused the death through hunger and diseases of 600 labourers. He charged the state government with indifference to the plight of tea labourers, labelling it a 'silent spectator'.
Following Sanyal's death, leaders of AWBTGLU include Ram Ganesh and Pradip Debnath. In 2011 AWBTGLU joined the Pashchim Banga Cha Sramik Karmachari Union, the Darjeeling Terai Dooars Chia Kaman Union and the Terai Sangrami Cha Sramik Union to launch a joint campaign, for implementation of a daily minimum wage of 245 for labourers at tea plantations (in order to comply with the norms of the 15th International Labour Conference and subsequent orders of the Supreme Court of India). Moreover, the four union resolved to campaign for the implementation of the Plantation Labour Act, and in case of sick and closed plantations demand the implementation of the 2010 Supreme Court directive.


Saranda forest

Saranda forest is a dense forest in the hilly region of West Singhbhum district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. This area used to be the private hunting reserve of the Singh Deo family (the erstwhile royal family of Saraikela). The forest covers an area of 820 km². Saranda (Serengda) literally means water is from rock Thalkobad is a scenic village at a height of in the heart of the forest. Thalkobad is about from Chakradharpur, from Manoharpur, and about from Jamshedpur.
Ho people inhabit the area, which is dotted with iron ore mining towns including Gua, Chiria, Kiriburu and Noamundi
Sal (Shorea robusta) is the most important tree in the area and it seems to have a preference for the rocky soil of the area. Although sal is a deciduous tree and sheds its leaves in early summer, the forest undergrowth is generally evergreen, which has such trees as mangoes, jamun, jackfruit, and piar. Other important trees are mahua, kusum, tilai, harin hara (Armossa rohitulea), gular (Ficus glomerata), and asan.
The reserved forests are the haunt of many animals. Wild elephants are common in Saranada and Porahat forests. It is an important overlapping habitat of the elephants from adjacent Kedunjhar (Keonjhar) district of Orissa. Herds of sambar and chital roam about the forests. Bison is still found. Tigers were never numerous but they are there. Leopards are more common.
1100 hectares of virgin forests of >40% canopy cover is under iron ore mining leases. Several new aspirants for mining lease are in the waiting. The perennial rivers, Karo and Koina, pass through these forested areas supporting a diverse floral and faunal resource. However 70-80% of the forests were destroyed, trees harvested. The site is facing an ecological crisis.
The area was previously disturbed by Maoist and Naxal influences, but problems have subsided in recent years, and it has turned out to be a major tourist hub. There are many tourist places in the Manoharpur region. The peak season between October and March is now brimming with tourists.
Saranda development plan.
The Saranda development plan (SDP) is a means of developing the Maoist stricken villages in the Saranda forest. Many training camps of Maoists are located there. There are around 7000 tribal households with a population of 36,500 in 56 villages.
The main elements of the SDP are as follows:


De Keetmolen, Ede

De Keetmolen (The Shack Mill) is a windmill in Ede, Netherlands. According to the inscription under the sails and the sign at the entrance, the mill was built in 1750. This is incorrect; according to municipal records, the building permit issued in 1856 stated that the mill should be built within two years. The mill was opened in 1858.
The current name of the mill comes from a shack that stood alongside the mill from 1845 to 1878, used in the construction of the Arnhem-Utrecht-Barneveld railway to Ede. The shack later served as a temporary station building.
The windmill is listed as a protected structure under rijksmonument number 14468.


Thomas Spurgeon Page

Sir Thomas Spurgeon Page CBE (19 October 1879 – 10 February 1958) was a Northern Rhodesian politician who was a member of the Legislative Council and its first Speaker.
Biography.
Page was born in Newington in Surrey to Thomas and Louisa Page; the family initially lived in Croydon, before moving to Sutton. One of six children, he was the only boy, and attended the City of London School. After leaving school at 15, he worked at his father's solicitors offices, before joining a firm that imported German goods as a clerk. After volunteering for a Baptist church in Sutton, he moved to Nyasaland as a missionary in 1899. He was initially based in Cholo, where he was given the nickname 'Chintali' ("the long one") on account of his height. During his time in Nyasaland he learnt to speak Chewa. Page moved back to England in 1901 after suffering from malaria, but returned to Africa, relocating to Fort Jameson in Northern Rhodesia in 1907 to join his sister Grace and her husband farming cotton and tobacco.
Page married Elsie Harris in Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia on 4 June 1910, having met her in Long Sutton in 1902. The following year the couple created their own farm on virgin land, which was named Kapundi. They went on to have two daughters, born in 1911 and 1913. During World War I he was away from Northern Rhodesia for three years, initially serving with the Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve and stationed near Fort Johnston, before joining the Nyasaland Field Force, in which he became a captain. After the war he was offered a job managing a tobacco farm named Msekera, eight miles from Fort Jameson. In the mid-1920s he began managing a tobacco packing business, where he worked until starting a lorry transport business in 1932, moving goods between Northern Rhodesia and Salisbury. His wife died in February 1935.
In the September 1935 general elections Page contested the Eastern seat, but was defeated by John Bruce. He ran again in the 1938 elections, this time winning the seat and becoming a member of the Legislative Council. In 1939 he bought a cottage on the outskirts of Fort Jameson and became the secretary of the Eastern Tobacco Board and the Farmers' Association, as well as doing bookkeeping. In the 1941 general elections he contested the new seat of North-Eastern and was re-elected unopposed. The following year saw Page appointed Price Controller and Fuel Controller for Northern Rhodesia, holding the former post until 1948 and the latter until 1945. The new jobs required him to move to Lusaka. He remarried in March 1943, taking Edith Mortlock as his wife. He was re-elected to the Legislative Council again in the 1944 elections, defeating Grant Robertson.
Page did not stand in the August 1948 elections, but on 10 November he was appointed the first Speaker of the Legislative Council, replacing the Governor who had previously presided over the legislature. Having already been appointed a CBE in 1947, in 1956 he was knighted in the Birthday Honours for public service. He retired as Speaker in October that year.
He died on 10 February 1958 in Lusaka and was buried in the city three days later.


Gyerim

The Gyerim is a small woodland in Gyeongju National Park, Gyeongju, South Korea. The name literally means "rooster forest." The grove lies near the old site of the Silla kingdom palace in central Gyeongju. Nearby landmarks include the Banwolseong fortress, Cheomseongdae, the Gyeongju National Museum, and the Royal Tombs Complex.
History.
The original name of Gyerim was Sirim (시림, 始林). However, according to the Samguk Sagi, a 12th-century Korean history, Sirim was the site where the child Kim Alji, founder of the Gyeongju Kim clan, was discovered. Found in a golden box accompanied by a rooster, he was adopted by the royal family. His descendants became the later kings of Silla and the forest where he was found was renamed "Gyerim", "Rooster Forest." The "Samgungnyusa", a 13th-century miscellanea of tales relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, gives a different origin of the term Gyerim. According to that text, the founder of Silla, Hyeokgeose, was born at a stream called Gyejeong (계정, 鷄井), "rooster well," and that his future consort was born from a dragon that came to earth at another place called Gyeryongseo (계룡서, 鷄龍瑞), and for this reason the area was renamed Gyerim.
Based upon the legends of Silla's founding, Gyerim also became a sobriquet for that state. The earliest recorded reference we have of Gyerim being used to designate Silla is from the Chinese histories. The "Old Book of Tang" records that in 663 Emperor Gaozong of Tang designated Silla the Gyerim Territory Area Command () and Munmu of Silla as its commander-in-chief. The early eighth-century Sillan scholar Kim Dae-mun authored a no longer extant book of tales of Silla entitled "Gyerim japjeon" ().
Gyerim also appears in the title of the early twelfth-century Chinese work "Gyerim yusa", which provides one of the earliest sources of information on the pronunciation of the native Korean language.
Historical landmark.
Being considered a holy place, a monument commemorating the birth legend of Kim Alji was built in 1803 by the Joseon. "Gyerim" has been designated as historical landmark #19 from the Korean government since January, 1963. The grounds cover 7,300㎡ and has a dense forest of old oak, ash, zelkova, willow, Japanese clovers, scarlet maple and Japanese pagoda trees.