Moreton Central Sugar Mill Cane Tramway

Moreton Central Sugar Mill Cane Tramway is a heritage-listed tramway at Mill Street, Currie Street, and Howard Street, in Nambour, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.
History.
The Moreton Central Sugar Mill opened for crushing in 1897. The tramway network that connected the mill with cane farms developed over many years and was in use until late 2003. It was a key factor in the success of the mill and the development of Nambour.
Sugar cane was first brought to Australia in 1788, but subsequent plantings at Sydney, Port Macquarie and Norfolk Island failed to be commercially viable. Captain Louis Hope grew a cane crop successfully in Queensland in 1862. By 1864 the first commercial sugar mill in Australia had been established by him at Ormiston and interest in growing sugar cane spread rapidly, encouraged by the Queensland Government. By 1867 an estimated were under cane in the Brisbane area and by the end of the decade, cane had also been successfully established further north at Maryborough, Mackay and Bundaberg, where the warmer climate proved more suitable.
William Clark had experimented with sugar cane growing at Bli Bli in the 1860s, but in 1869 a group of Quakers took up land near the junction of the Mooloolah River and Sippy Creek, planted sugar cane and erected a crushing mill. This project was abandoned after severe flooding in the 1870s, but cane was grown successfully in other parts of the district including Buderim, where in 1876 Joseph Chapman Dixon, one of the Mooloolah growers, established a mill in order to process his own cane and that of neighbouring farms.
In 1881 the Buderim Mountain Sugar Mill was established and also served many small farms, but both mills had failed by the end of the decade. In 1893 the Sugar Works Guarantee Act was passed. This provided capital for the erection of central sugar mills in districts with many small farms by offering loans to incorporated companies, so that growers could develop their own mills. The Moreton Central Sugar Mill Company was formed in December 1894. Land bounded by the North Coast railway line on the west and Gympie Road on the east was purchased for a mill site at the small settlement of Nambour. Erection of a mill by Caskie and Thompson began in late 1895.
In order for the mill to be successful, it was essential to establish an efficient means for bringing the harvested cane in from surrounding farms to be crushed. Tramway networks carrying wagons drawn by steam locomotives had been used effectively in other Queensland sugar districts since the 1880s, so possible routes for a tramway network were surveyed as part of the planning for the Moreton Mill. A two-foot gauge was chosen for the sake of economy, speed not being an important factor in the running of the tramway, though the wagons were at first pulled by horses. In 1897 the first tramlines were constructed east to Perrin's Barn and west to the foot of the Perwillowen Range and the first harvest was crushed at the mill.
Establishing tramways proved expensive due to the nature of the terrain and there were consequent difficulties with the supply of cane to the mill, though by 1905, there were of permanent tramline in use. As mortgagee, the Queensland government took over the running of the mill between 1904 and 1907. The first locomotive, a Krauss 0-6-0 tank locomotive, was purchased in 1905 although horses were still used to deliver cane to the end of the western line and over a tramline which ran over the Rosemount Range and connected with the Petrie Creek line to the east of the mill. In 1911 a branch line was constructed to the Maroochy River and although the eastern section of the tramway network continued to be extended, lines on the western side were sold to Maroochy Shire in 1914. Some branch lines were dismantled and the line extended to Mapleton. The council operated this line for 30 years, before it was reacquired in 1945 by the Mill and reduced back to the foot of the range before being closed in 1970.
Two short sections of line to the north were built, but a shortage of steel and labour during and after WWI caused problems with expansion. Much of the line was temporary, being laid down for the crushing season. In 1917 a lift up bridge was constructed over Petrie Creek and in 1921 the Tramway Lift Bridge over Maroochy River linking the northern cane growing areas to the tramway system. It was extended to connect with an isolated line built in 1922 between Coolum Creek and Coolum Beach. This line officially opened in 1923, though it had been in use for some time before this and was also used for the transport of passengers.
Although there had been a wharf there since 1911, the road to Coolum was poor and often boggy, making the place hard to access. The tramway terminus at the mill in Nambour was very close to the train station and passengers from Brisbane could use the tramway to either link with the launch to Maroochydore or to travel to Coolum. The mill fitted up the cane wagons with back-to-back seats and timed the movement of trams to fit in with train timetables. This service was very popular and played an important role in the development of Coolum as a seaside resort. Land in the Mt Coolum Beach Estate went to auction the month after the tramway from Nambour was officially opened on 22 November 1923. In 1927 the Main Roads Department built a more serviceable road and the tramway passenger service continued to run to Deepwater until 1927 and to Coolum until 1935 when a bus service was provided.
Work on the mill and the tramway network continued through the 1930s, though during World War II operations at the mill fell because shipping was disrupted and there were labour shortages. After the war, the tramlines west of Nambour, bought by Maroochy Shire in 1914, ceased running and the mill purchased the line and locos. In 1951-2 an extensive program of repairs and line relaying was carried out. In 1961 diesel locomotives were purchased which necessitated strengthening bridges and laying heavier rail along the tramways.
Until 2003, when the mill closed, during the harvesting season, wire cane bins were towed through Nambour, entering the mill via a gate on Mill Street after passing in front of the cane inspector's and engineer's cottages. These bins entered the "full yard" from where they were progressed by hydraulic pushers into a tippler machine to discharge their cargo before returning to the fields.
In 1976 the mill was taken over by Howard Smith and major upgrades were carried out. In 1987, Howard Smith decided to return to its core business and the mill was sold to Bundaberg Sugar who was expanding by buying more mills. In 1989 the rail line to CSR in Brisbane closed at the Brisbane end and so road transport to the refinery was used. However, the trams continued to transport cane from farms to the mill.
The name of the company was changed to the Moreton Sugar Company Limited in 1991 and. the British company of Tate and Lyle acquired the mill as a wholly owned subsidiary when it took over Bundaberg Sugar in 1991. The plant and tramways were overhauled in 1997. Bundaberg Sugar, including seven mills, was sold to the Belgian company Finasucre in 2000.
Between 1980 and 2003 more than of cane land in Maroochy Shire were lost to urban development and other uses. This meant that some cane was being brought to the mill from away. As it is very important that cane is crushed soon after harvesting to maintain its sugar content, this had an adverse effect on the functioning of the mill. The price of sugar also fell and a crisis was reached in 2002. It was decided that Moreton Mill would close and its last crush took place on 3 December 2003. The majority of tramline was removed by Bundaberg Sugar as part of an agreement with landowners from whom the tramline corridor was leased. The section of line covered by this entry represents its use as a transport system for both cane and passengers and as an unusual feature of the Nambour for which the town is well known.
Description.
The cane tramway is laid directly into the centre of the roadway and runs through the central business district of Nambour. It is of a gauge and travels between the road reserve in front of the former mill site in Mill Street, across the Currie Street intersection and down Howard Street to the marshalling yards.
Heritage listing.
The Nambour Section of the Moreton Central Sugar Mill Cane Tramway was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The Moreton Central Sugar Mill operated between 1897 and December 2003. During the 20th century, sugar growing was the most important primary industry in the Maroochy district. It was a key factor in the development of Nambour and the Maroochy Shire and important in the growth of the sugar industry in Queensland. The cane tramway, which brought cane from many farms to the mill for crushing, was an essential part of the operation of the mill. The line between Nambour and Coolum was also used for passengers in the 1920s and 30s and was instrumental in the development of the tourist industry in the area, by linking the QR station next to the Nambour mill with resort areas at Coolum and Maroochydore.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
Although it is very uncommon for a cane tramway to pass through the centre of a town, as the line at Nambour does, the line otherwise demonstrates the features of its type well, being a narrow gauge () track laid without formation and links the site of the mill to the marshalling yards from where it fanned out in many separate lines forming a large network across farms, roadways and over the Maroochy River.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
Although it is very uncommon for a cane tramway to pass through the centre of a town, as the line at Nambour does, the line otherwise demonstrates the features of its type well, being a narrow gauge () track laid without formation and links the site of the mill to the marshalling yards from where it fanned out in many separate lines forming a large network across farms, roadways and over the Maroochy River.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The section of the tramway that passes through the town is an important characteristic of Nambour. Laden cane trains travelling between Nambour's shops and commercial buildings featured on many post card views of the town; the sight was popular with tourists and was a part of annual cane harvest festivals until very recently.


Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso

Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso is a red Italian wine grape grown predominantly in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of northeast Italy. The grape is a variety in the Refosco family (which also includes e.g. Terrano) and derives its name from its red stems. It is found in the "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOC) of Colli Orientali del Friuli, Friuli Aquileia, Friuli Grave and Friuli Latisana. It is also found in the Veneto portion of the Lison Pramaggiore and in the Slovenian wine region of Koper. In Slovenia, Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso and Refosco are both called "Terrano" and are commonly used in a field blend.
History.
Like the other Refosco grapes, the origins of Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso are not completely known but current evidence suggest that it is indigenous to Italy. The grape was well known in antiquity and it or a similar variety was praised by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder in the first century for the quality of wine it produced. In 1390, the Italian writer Francesco di Manzano noted that wine made from Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso was the favorite of Augustus's wife Livia. Beginning in the 1980s, the grape experienced a revival in interest along with other Friuli-Venezia Giulia grapes, and more wines made from the grape were exported internationally. Ampelographers have long thought Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso was related to the Marzemino grape of the San Michele all'Adige region of Trentino. In the early 21st century, DNA profiling confirmed that Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso was a parent of Marzemino.
Viticulture and wine.
In Friuli, Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso vines are planted in both hillside and level terrain. Ripening is a concern and the grape requires sufficient access to warmth and sunlight, which play a major role in deciding where to plant the grape. Despite being a slow ripener, the grape does have good resistance to rot that can develop during autumn rains. The deeply colored wine produced from the grape tends to be full-bodied with high acidity levels and flavors of plum & almond notes. Since the renewed interest in the grape of the 1980s, winemakers have experimented with producing more internationally recognizable styles of the grape with techniques like malolactic fermentation and new oak aging to mix results.
Synonyms.
Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso is also known under the synonyms Peteljcice, Refosc dal Pecol Rosso, Refosco, Refosco Nostrano, Refosco Penduncolo Rosso, Rifosc, Rifosco, Teran Crvene, and Teran Crvene Peteljcice.


MNS University of Agriculture

The Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture (MNSUAM) () is a public university located in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established in 2012 on the initiative of Chief Minister Punjab Mian Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif.
Overview.
The university has a total area of 680 acres located at two places. A piece of land comprising 180 acres is allocated at mouza rangeel pur, old shujabad road, Multan, where upon the main campus of the university is located and another piece comprising 500 acres is allotted at jalalpur pirwala for agriculture farm.
Programs.
MNSUAM offers following degree programs:
Incubation Center.
Bytes Software Private Limited.
Training & Short Courses.
Contact:+92 315 8023596/ +92 312 0610103
website =
Pakistan Food and Nutrition Organization (PFNO).
Pakistan Food and Nutrition Organization (PFNO) is the professional body for the Food scientists, nutritionists, and dietitians having a number of national and international members. Most of our members work with different Govt./Private educational institutions, organizations, public health sectors, private clinics, research/development sectors, and hospitals.
Mission.
A sound and independent platform for all food professionals (students, researchers, entrepreneurs, consumers) for the enhancement of food science and nutrition.
Contact.
Mobile: +92 315 6484682
Website:


Margaret Hope MacPherson

Margaret Hope MacPherson (born MacLean; 29 June 1908 – 21 October 2001) was a Scottish crofter, politician, author, and activist. During her later life, she was known as the "First Lady of Crofting".
Early life.
MacPherson was born Margaret Hope MacLean on 29 June 1908 in Colinton, Edinburgh, Scotland. Her father, Norman Maclean, was a minister of the Church of Scotland. When she was seven, her father was called to be minister of St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh. She had a comfortable, middle class upbringing due to her father's position. She stated in an interview in later life: "We were comfortably off, we had three servants, and it was a rich parish".
MacPherson was privately educated at a school in Edinburgh. She was also sent abroad to spend nine months at a school in Switzerland. She then studied at the University of Edinburgh. Her family owned a holiday house on the Isle of Skye, where she spent her childhood summers.
Adult life.
Upon graduating from the University of Edinburgh, she travelled to Glasgow and married Duncan MacPherson. Duncan was the son of crofters who lived up the road from the MacLean's holiday home on Skye. He was a seaman but returned to his family home during the harvest time. Their relationship first began when Margaret was a teenager. However, because Margaret had come from a well-to-do family and Duncan was working class, the couple felt the wrath of her parents. She later stated: "My father cut me off and never talked to me again for marrying beneath myself".
After their marriage in Glasgow, the couple moved to Skye. There, Duncan worked as a drover, moving cattle and sheep from the Isle of Skye to mainland Scotland to be sold. However, their first few years of marriage were spent in hardship. The Great Depression meant that there was little money to be made in droving. Margaret later recalled; "no matter how cheaply Duncan bought lambs or ewes on Skye, by the time he got them to the mainland the price had fallen". Eventually, they were able to lease a croft on Skye from the Forestry Commission, and they spent the next ten years rearing cattle.
Political career.
In 1945, MacPherson defeated Sir Godfrey Fell (a retired colonial official) to be elected to represent Portree on Inverness County Council. During her time as a local councillor, her politics changed and she moved from the Liberal Party to the Labour Party. She stepped down from the council in 1949.
MacPherson was active in her local Labour Party. From 1961 to 1984, she served as Secretary of the Skye Labour Party. She was part of a group known as the "Highland Luxemburgists" (that included Brian Wilson and Allan Campbell McLean), who attempted each year at the party conference to pass a resolution to bring the crofts back into common ownership. However, the Labour Party leadership ignored the resolution and supported right of crofters to purchase their land. In 1991, at the age of 83, she stopped canvassing door-to-door for the party at elections.
In 1951, MacPherson was appointed to the Commission of Enquiry into Crofting Conditions led by Sir Thomas Taylor (and therefore also known as the "Taylor Commission"). She argued for the nationalisation of all farms above 3,000 acres and against crofters being able to purchase their crofts, as she was a supporter of community ownership. The Commission published their report in 1954. This caused the establishment of the Crofters Commission (the statutory regulator for crofting in Scotland).
Author.
From the 1960s, MacPherson wrote children's fiction books. They were inspired by Highland culture and Scottish history. Her initial attempts at publication were unsuccessful but her first book, "The Shinty Boys", was eventually published in 1963. She had another six books published, including "The Rough Road" (1965), "Ponies on Hire" (1967), "The New Tenants" (1968), "The Battle of the Braes" (1970), and "The Boy on the Roof" (1972).
Personal life.
Margaret married Duncan MacPherson after she graduated from university. Together, they had seven sons.
On 21 October 2001, MacPherson died in Portree, Isle of Skye, Scotland. She was 93 years old. Her funeral was held at the Portree Parish Church on 24 October.


Ambra di Talamello

Ambra di Talamello is an Italian cheese that originated in the Marche region of Italy and is produced in Talamello, Italy.
It is a type of Formaggio di Fossa, a designation for cheeses that are aged underground. Ambra di Talamello is wrapped in cloth and then aged in pits constructed of tufa limestone, and the floors of the pits are lined with cheesecloth and hay. During the aging process, the cheese develops a mold and ferments, which gives it a sharp flavor.
The cheese is aged for a few months, after which it obtains a golden, amber coloration.
Etymology.
The word means "amber" in Italian. Ambra di Talamello is a registered trademark, and is designated as "the official commercial name of fossa cheese".


Laudonov gaj

Laudonov gaj (English: "Laudon's grove") is a forest in Croatia near Bunić. Locals named it in honour of Ernst Gideon von Laudon, who ordered for oaks and pines to be planted on the quicksand in the area. It has an area of 33,23 ha and its elevation is between 628 m - 641 m.
History.
In 1746, captain (later general) Ernst Gideon von Laudon ordered for trees to be planted on a quicksand in the area, because of problems quicksand was making. About 1000 seedlings per hectare were planted.
On 19 August 1942, the 2nd Lika Assault Brigade of Yugoslav Partisans was formed in Laudonov gaj.
In 1965, it was declared a forest reserve.


Woodside Valley Estate

Woodside Valley Estate is a premium Australian wine business originally focused on a vineyard near Yallingup, in the Margaret River wine region of Western Australia. Since 2012, the business and the vineyard have been separately owned.
History.
Established in 1998, Woodside Valley Estate was developed by a small syndicate of investors led by Peter Woods. In a departure from accepted local viticultural practices, the founders, working under the inspiration of the French explorer Nicolas Baudin, planted the Estate's vineyard on slopes facing south instead of north. Baudin's major scientific expedition to Australia of 1800 to 1803, aboard the corvettes "Géographe" and "Naturaliste", had been conducted on the assumption, contrary to established tradition, that the best passage for sailing ships between Cape Leeuwin and Bass Strait was from west to east.
Just as Baudin's assumption proved to be well founded, so too was Woodside Valley Estate, which, by 2009, was producing wines of a quality described by leading Australian wine writer James Halliday as "impeccable".
In 2012, the Woodside Valley Estate label and wine stocks were acquired by Hong Kong-based Palinda Wines, the private family company of Chinese businessman Jacky Wong, who has significant interests in beverage distribution throughout Hong Kong and mainland China. The vineyards were not included in the deal. Woodside Valley Estate has no winery; prior to the 2012 change of ownership, the wines were made under contract by Kevin McKay at Forester Estate.


Capel Manor College

Capel Manor College is London’s only specialist environmental college, offering a diverse range of full and part-time courses in further and higher education for young people and adults. It is located in Enfield.
The College plays a vital role in the green agenda for the capital, equipping the next generation of land-based sector workers with the skills and knowledge needed to help preserve and protect London’s wildlife, national parks and green spaces.
With six campuses across the capital, Brooks Farm (Leyton), Crystal Palace Park, Enfield, Gunnersbury Park, Mottingham and Regent’s Park, the College has a vibrant student body of over 3,000 students that is a mixture of school leavers and adults of all abilities.
History.
In 1913 the Capel Manor estate in Enfield was privately owned by the Warren family who were tea merchants, before being sold to Colonel Sydney Medcalf in 1932. Colonel Medcalf was passionate about horticulture and Clydesdale horses, and introduced soil steam sterilisation to the Lea Valley Glasshouse industry. After the Colonel’s death in 1958, the estate had parts sold off, and became quite neglected. However, it was Frances Perry, a local horticulturist who succeeded with her vision in 1968 of transforming the Capel Manor estate into a horticultural college with gardens open to the public. In 1968, the first 15 students started at what was then called the Capel Manor Centre for Horticultural Education, and in the same year Frances Perry became the first woman to be elected onto the RHS Council.
The Duchess of Devonshire became Patron of the College and Brigadier Andrew Parker Bowles became a trustee in 1985. Capel Manor College built its first garden at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show, ‘Garden for Everyone’, and won a Silver-Gilt medal. The College has continued to exhibit at the show, picking up several awards along the way. The College’s Royal connections continued in 2000 when the new Duchess of Devonshire Pavilion at the College’s Enfield Campus was opened by His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II opened the Old Manor House Garden in 2010.
By 2013, Capel Manor College offered 65 courses across its campuses in subject areas such as, animal management, saddlery, horticulture, garden design, arboriculture and floristry.
The Royal Agriculture University became a partner and validating university for all degrees at the College in 2015.
2018 saw Capel Manor College celebrate its 50th anniversary and win Gold at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show and Gold at the Ideal Home Show, and in 2019 the College’s students, apprentices and staff, designed and built the world’s largest show garden at The Game Fair event held at Hatfield House.
Malcolm Goodwin is the current Principal of the College.
Curriculum.
Students at the college tend the gardens as part of their programme of study. Courses include agriculture, animal management, horticulture, saddlery, arboriculture, floristry, wildlife and environmental conservation, and garden design.
Facilities.
Students are given the opportunity to obtain real-world experience and help take care of the College’s estates, gardens, farms, zoos and commercial businesses across its six campuses.
The College’s Enfield Campus is also home to Capel Manor Gardens, which features over 30 acres of 60 colourful gardens that are open to the public, along with the UK’s only holly maze, a zoo, a florist (Manor Flowers) and a restaurant.
Forty Hall Farm is a certified organic farm in Enfield run by Capel Manor College, it is home to a variety of animals, including many rare breeds, and London’s only commercial vineyard, as well as a community orchard, market garden, farm shop and a certified organic veg bag scheme. Students can also study agriculture and horticulture here, gaining first-hand, practical experience as part of their learning.
The College’s Brooks Farm Campus is situated in Jack Cornwell Park and has been a feature of community life in Leyton for over 20 years as a city farm and in recent years has been transformed to also offer a selection of animal management courses.
Capel Manor College’s Crystal Palace Park Campus is located within the National Sports Centre, serving as an education hub for environmental learning in South London. Students contribute to the welfare of the Park and its green areas, as well as care for the animals at Crystal Palace Park Farm. Similarly, the Gunnersbury Park Campus has working access to parts of Gunnersbury Park, enabling students the chance to gain practical experience in a real-world environment.
The Mottingham Campus in South East London has beautiful grounds that extend into woodland, where honey is harvested from bees and the animals are regularly exercised.
The Regent’s Park Campus is located within the Inner Circle of Regent’s Park, and the College works in partnership with The Royal Parks to increase the options for horticulture and garden design training for people living and working in inner London.
Sources.
"Capel Vine", Friends of Capel Manor, issue 4, 1997


Maharashtra Gramin Bank

Maharashtra Gramin Bank is an Indian Regional Rural Bank (RRB) or Gramin bank, in the State of Maharashtra with its head office is in Aurangabad. It is one 43 Gramin banks in India supported by the government that aim to bring banking services to rural areas.
 the bank had 391 fully computerised CBS branches. Its branch network is concentrated in seven regions of Maharashtra, namely, Aurangabad, Beed, Latur, Nanded, Parbhani, Thane and Nashik.
History.
Govt of India vide its notification dated 25 March 2008 amalgamated the two RRBs i.e. Aurangabad Jalna Gramin Bank & Thane Gramin Bank into a single RRB named Maharashtra Godavari Gramin Bank.
As per notification issued by Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Department of Financial Services ref no F.No 1/4/2006-RRB(II) dated 20 July 2009, Maharashtra Gramin Bank came into existence on 20 July 2009 after amalgamation of erstwhile "Maharashtra Godavari Gramin Bank" and "Marathawada Gramin Bank". As per Government of India, Ministry of Finance order No. F1/4/2012-RRB, dated 17 July 2014.
The bank was sponsored by Bank of Maharashtra. The share capital of the bank was contributed by Government of India and during the administrative setup of the bank, one CGM and two general managers report to the chairman.


Swisher (company)

Swisher (formerly Swisher International, Inc.) is an international tobacco company.
Swisher has manufactured products since 1861 and ships more than two billion cigars a year to more than 70 countries. The company operates worldwide, with its headquarters in Jacksonville, Florida. It has manufacturing facilities in Wheeling, West Virginia and Santiago, Dominican Republic.
History.
Swisher traces its roots back to 1861 when David Swisher, a merchant out of Newark, Ohio, received a small cigar business in settlement of a debt. David and his four sons began to sell cigars across the Midwest from their “rolling stores” or wagons. The cigars were rolled by hand every day in a one-room “manufactury” in Newark.
In 1888, David's sons, John and Harry, bought the company from their father and renamed it Swisher Brothers. The company experienced great growth, and by 1895 the business had grown into three factories that employed over 1,000 people who hand-rolled as many as 300,000 cigars per day.
In 1913, John bought out his brother, Harry, took on his own son, Carl, and renamed the company to Jno H. Swisher & Son. About ten years later, Carl selected Jacksonville, Florida when looking for a new home for their growing business due to the area's climate, shipping facilities, and proximity to raw materials and markets. Swisher has been headquartered in Jacksonville ever since.
In 1923, Swisher was the first company to order rolling machines, which transformed the business by cost-effectively mass-producing cigars of great uniformity. The “fresh work” machines went into operation in Jacksonville on June 20, 1924, and by the end of the 1920s, Swisher was making 100 million cigars a year.
Swisher was also the first to wrap individual cigars in cellophane and the first to come up with a simple device for removing the cellophane by pulling the cigar band.
By 1927, the Ohio facilities were closed and consolidated into the Florida operation. Even during the Great Depression, business was good and Swisher was hiring hundreds to keep up with the demand for its cigars. Swisher's hiring record earned the company Forbes magazine's Certificate of Merit for having “the vision, courage, and faith in America's future to make large investments in the face of Depression problems.”
During the same period and largely due to its investment in money-saving machinery, Swisher was able to cut the price of its King Edward Cigar from 5 cents each to 2 for 5 cents; it had been introduced in 1918 at 10 cents. Sales soared, and by the early 1940s, King Edward was the world's number one cigar. By 1941, the Jacksonville facility was the largest cigar factory in the world under one roof. It also housed the nation's first industrial children's nursery, which opened in 1939.
In the following years, Swisher expanded by opening other facilities for handling, processing, storing, and shipping the huge quantities of tobacco needed in Jacksonville. In 1958, the machine-manufactured Swisher Sweets brand was introduced, and by 1964, the company was making four million cigars a day that were being shipped to all 50 states and to 47 foreign countries.
Swisher acquired Universal Cigar in 1986, maker of the low-priced machine-rolled Optimo.
In 1966, Swisher was purchased by William Ziegler III's American Maize-Products and he became chairman of the company, where he remained until his death in 2008. He was CEO by 1992 and changed the name to Swisher International. By 1995 Ziegler sold his American Maize-Products and kept (or bought back) Swisher, then took it public as Swisher International Group in December 1996.
Golfer Bob Duval was endorsing the brand in 1998.
In 2014, Swisher acquired Miami-based Drew Estate Tobacco Company that produces a variety of hand-rolled brands such as ACID, Herrera Estelí, Kentucky Fired Cured, Liga Privada, MUWAT, Natural, Nica Rustica, Nirvana Cameroon Selection, Tabak Especial, UnderCrown, and Java by Drew Estate. John Drew had started the company in 1996 with a stall at the World Trade Center. The Drew brand went through some upheaval after the acquisition, and John Drew was brought back as its president in 2016.
President and CEO Peter Ghiloni, retired from Swisher in 2018. He had been appointed in 2012, coming from U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company. John Miller was named as president to replace Ghiloni.
In August 2020, Swisher International, Inc. announced the rebranding to Swisher.


Languedoc

Languedoc (; ; ) is a former province of France.
Its territory is now contained in the modern-day region of Occitanie in the south of France. Its capital city was Toulouse. It had an area of approximately 42,700 square kilometers (16,490 square miles).
History.
The Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis fell to the Visigothic Kingdom from the 5th to the 8th centuries. Occupied briefly by the Emirate of Córdoba between 719 and 759, it was conquered and incorporated into the Kingdom of the Franks by Pippin the Short in 759 following the Siege of Narbonne. Under the Carolingians, the counts of Toulouse were appointed by the royal court. Later, this office became hereditary. Part of the territory where Occitan was spoken came to be called "langue d'oc", "Lengadòc" or Languedoc.
In the 13th century, the spiritual beliefs of the area were challenged by the See of Rome and the region became attached to the Kingdom of France following the Albigensian Crusade (1208–1229). This crusade aimed to put an end to what the Church considered the Cathar heresy, and enabled the Capetian dynasty to extend its influence south of the Loire. As part of this process, the former principalities of Trencavel (the Viscounty of Albi, Carcassona, Besièrs, Agde and Nîmes) were integrated into the Royal French Domain in 1224. The County of Toulouse followed them in 1271. The remaining feudal enclaves were absorbed progressively up to the beginning of the 16th century; the County of Gévaudan in 1258, the County of Melgueil (Mauguiò) in 1293, the Lordship of Montpellier in 1349 and the Viscounty of Narbonne in 1507.
The territory falling within the jurisdiction of the Estates of Languedoc, which convened for the first time in 1346, shrank progressively, becoming known during the Ancien Régime as the province of Languedoc.
The year 1359 marked a turning point in the history of the province. The three bailiwicks ("sénéchaussées") of Bèucaire, Carcassona and Tolosa had the status of "bonnes villes" (towns granted privileges and protection by the king of France in return for providing a contingent of men at arms). In that year, the three entered into a perpetual union, after which their contribution of royal officers was summoned jointly rather than separately for each of the three sénéchaussées.
Towards the end of 14th century, the term "country of the three seneschalties" ("pays des trois sénéchaussées"), later to become known as Languedoc, designated the two bailiwicks of Bèucaire-Nîmes and Carcassona, and the eastern part of Tolosa (Toulouse), retained under the Treaty of Brétigny. At that time, the County of Foix, which belonged to the seneschal of Carcassona until 1333 before passing to Toulouse, ceased to belong to Languedoc.
In 1542, the province was divided into two "généralités": Toulouse for Haut-Languedoc, and Montpellier for Bas-Languedoc. This lasted until the French Revolution in 1789. From the 17th century onward, there was only one intendance for the whole of Languedoc, with its seat in Montpellier.
Geographical extent.
The traditional provinces of the kingdom of France were not formally defined. A province was simply a territory of common traditions and customs, but it had no political organization. Today, when people refer to the old provinces of France, they are referring to the "gouvernements" as they existed in 1789, before the French Revolution. "Gouvernements" were military regions established by the Crown in the middle of the 16th century; their territories closely matched those of the traditional provinces. However, in some cases, small provinces were merged with a large one into a single "gouvernement", so "gouvernements" are not exactly the same as the traditional provinces.
Historically, the region was called the County of Toulouse, a county independent from the kings of France. The County of Toulouse was made up of what would later be called Languedoc, but it also included the province of Quercy (now the "département" of Lot and the northern half of the ' of Tarn-et-Garonne) and the province of Rouergue (now the ' of Aveyron), both to the northwest of Languedoc. At some times it included the province of Agenais (now the eastern half of the ' of Lot-et-Garonne) to the west of Languedoc, the province of Gévaudan (now ' of Lozère), the province of Velay (now the central and eastern part of the ' of Haute-Loire), the southern part of the province of Vivarais (now the southern part of the ' of Ardèche), and even all the northern half of Provence. After the French conquest the entire county was dismantled, the central part of it being now called Languedoc.
The "gouvernement" of Languedoc was created in the mid-16th century. In addition to Languedoc proper, it included the three small provinces of Gévaudan, Velay, and Vivarais (in its entirety), these three provinces being to the northeast of Languedoc. Some people also consider that the region around Albi was a traditional province, called Albigeois (now the ' of Tarn), although it is most often considered as being part of Languedoc proper. The provinces of Quercy and Rouergue, despite their old ties with Toulouse, were not incorporated into the "gouvernement" of Languedoc. They were attached to the "gouvernement" of Guienne and its far-away capital Bordeaux. This decision was probably intentional, to avoid reviving the independently spirited County of Toulouse. In the rest of this article, Languedoc"' refers to the territory of this "gouvernement" of Languedoc.
Area and location of Languedoc.
The province of Languedoc covered an area of approximately 42,700 km² (16,490 sq. miles) in the central part of southern France, roughly the region between the river Rhône (border with Provence) and the Garonne (border with Gascony), extending northwards to the Cévennes and the Massif Central (border with Auvergne).
Capital.
As the center of the County of Toulouse and the regional "parlement", Toulouse is often considered the "capital" of Languedoc. On maps (both ancient and modern) showing the provinces (i.e., "gouvernements") of France in 1789, it is always marked as such. However, the intricate entanglement of administrations and jurisdictions permitted Montpellier to also claim that distinction. In the 18th century, the monarchy clearly favored Montpellier, a city much smaller than Toulouse, with less history, and with fewer autonomous local authorities such as Toulouse's "parlement" and capitoulate.
Old administrative divisions.
The governors of Languedoc resided in Pézenas, on the Mediterranean coast, away from Toulouse but close to Montpellier. In time they had increased their power well beyond military matters, and had become the real administrators and executive power of the province, a trend seen in the other "gouvernements" of France, but particularly acute in Languedoc, where the duke of Montmorency, governor of Languedoc, even openly rebelled against the king, then was defeated and beheaded in Toulouse in 1632 by the order of Richelieu. The kings of France became fearful of the power of the governors, so after King Louis XIV (the Sun King) they had to reside in Versailles and were forbidden to enter the territory of their "gouvernement". Thus the "gouvernements" became hollow structures, but they still carried a sense of the old provinces, and so their names and limits have remained popular until today.
For administrative purposes, Languedoc was divided in two "généralités", the "généralité" of Toulouse and the "généralité" of Montpellier, the combined territory of the two generalities exactly matching that of the "gouvernement" of Languedoc. At the head of a generality was an "intendant", but in the case of Languedoc there was only one "intendant" responsible for both generalities, and he was often referred to as the "intendant" of Languedoc, even though technically speaking he was in fact the "intendant" of the generality of Toulouse and "intendant" of the generality of Montpellier. The generality of Toulouse is also referred to as Upper Languedoc ("Haut-Languedoc"), while the generality of Montpellier, down to the level of the sea, is referred to as Lower Languedoc ("Bas-Languedoc"). The "intendants" of Languedoc resided in Montpellier, and they had a sub-delegate in Toulouse. Montpellier was chosen on purpose to diminish the power of Toulouse, whose "parlement" was very influential, and which symbolized the old spirit of independence of the county of Toulouse. The "intendants" replaced the governors as administrators of Languedoc, but appointed and dismissed at will by the king, they were no threat to the central state in Versailles. By 1789 they were the most important element of the local administration of the kingdom.
For judicial and legislative matters, Languedoc was overseen by the Parliament of Toulouse, founded in the middle of the 15th century. It was the first "parlement" created outside of Paris by the kings of France in order to be the equivalent of the "Parlement" of Paris in the far-away southern territories of the kingdom. The jurisdiction of the "Parlement" of Toulouse included the whole of the territory of the "gouvernement" of Languedoc, but it also included the province of Rouergue, most of the province of Quercy, and a part of Gascony. The "Parlement" of Toulouse was the supreme court of justice for this vast area of France, the court of last resort whose rulings could not be appealed, not even to the "Parlement" of Paris. The "Parlement" of Toulouse could also create case law through its decisions, as well as interpret the law. It was also in charge of registering new royal edicts and laws, and could decide to block them if it found them to be in contravention with the liberties and laws of Languedoc.
Finally, for purposes of taxation, Languedoc was ruled by the States of Languedoc, whose jurisdiction included only Languedoc proper (and Albigeois), but not Gévaudan, Velay, and Vivarais, which kept each their own provincial states until 1789. Languedoc proper was one of the very few provinces of France which had the privilege to decide over tax matters, the kings of France having suppressed the provincial states in most other provinces of the kingdom. This was a special favor from the kings to ensure that an independently spirited region far-away from Versailles would remain faithful to the central state. The States of Languedoc met in many different cities, and for some time they established themselves in Pézenas, but in the 18th century they were relocated definitively to Montpellier, where they met once a year, until 1789.
For Christian religious purposes, Languedoc was also divided into a certain number of ecclesiastical provinces, including the archdiocese of Toulouse, the archdiocese of Narbonne, and the archdiocese of Albi.
Modern administrative divisions.
Between 1956 and 2016, the province of Languedoc was divided between four :
In 2016, the French regions were reduced in number, with and merging to form , containing over 80% of historic , and and merging to , with just under a fifth of the historic .
Population and cities.
On the traditional territory of the province of Languedoc there live approximately 3,650,000 people (as of 1999 census), 52% of these in the Languedoc-Roussillon "région", 35% in the Midi-Pyrénées "région", 8% in the Rhône-Alpes "région", and 5% in the Auvergne "région".
The territory of the former province shows a stark contrast between some densely populated areas (coastal plains as well as metropolitan area of Toulouse in the interior) where density is between 150 inhabitants per km²/390 inh. per sq. mile (coastal plains) and 300 inh. per km²/780 inh. per sq. mile (plain of Toulouse), and the hilly and mountainous interior where density is extremely low, the Cévennes area in the south of Lozère having one of the lowest densities of Europe with only 7.4 inhabitants per km² (19 inh. per sq. mile).
The five largest metropolitan areas on the territory of the former province of Languedoc are (as of 1999 census): Toulouse (964,797), Montpellier (459,916), Nîmes (221,455), Béziers (124,967), and Alès (89,390).
The population of the former province of Languedoc is currently the fastest-growing in France, and also among the fastest-growing in Europe, as an increasing flow of people from northern France and the north of Europe relocating to the sunbelt of Europe, in which Languedoc is located. Growth is particularly strong in the metropolitan areas of Toulouse and Montpellier, which are the two fastest growing metropolitan areas in Europe at the moment. However, the interior of Languedoc is still losing inhabitants, which increases the difference of density that was mentioned.
Population of the coast of Languedoc as well as the region of Toulouse is rather young, educated, and affluent, whereas in the interior the population tends to be much older, with significantly lower incomes, and with a lower percentage of high school and especially college graduates.
Economy.
Agriculture.
Languedoc is a significant producer of wine. Today it produces more than a third of the grapes in France, and is a focus for outside investors. Wines from the Mediterranean coast of Languedoc are labeled as Languedoc, those from the interior have other labels such as Fronton, Gaillac, or Limoux to the west – and Côtes du Rhône towards the east.
Other crops include wheat (the traditional crop which made the fortune of the landlords and parliamentarians based in Toulouse, and for whose trade the famous Canal du Midi was built), maize (the new and nowadays most popular crop in the region), olives (only on the Mediterranean coast of Languedoc), fruit, and rice (in some coastal areas). In the hilly and mountainous areas of the interior, sheep and goats are raised for meat and cheese. The coastal area is, naturally, a source of fish and shellfish.
Industry.
Aerospace (Airbus, CNES, etc.), electronics (Freescale, etc.), and bio-tech industries in Toulouse; high-tech, electronics, and computer (IBM) industries in Montpellier; pharmaceutical industry (Pierre Fabre Group) in Castres.
There is also a significant chemical sector in Toulouse, which has been quite battered since the terrible explosion of AZF on 21 September 2001. It has been decided that chemical industries would be moved out of Toulouse, and a large campus devoted to cancer research and bio-tech R&D will be opened on the site.
Elsewhere in the region industries are small and in decline, in particular around the formerly mining areas of Alès and Carmaux in the interior of the region.
Services and tourism.
Services are the largest sector of the economy in the region. In particular, government services employ a significant part of the workforce, especially in small towns. Key administrations have been relocated to the region, such as France's National Meteorology Office (Météo-France) relocated from Paris to Toulouse in 1982.
The area is also a major tourist destination. There exists three types of tourism. First, a massive summer tourism industry on the coast, with huge sea resorts such as Cap d'Agde, Palavas-les-Flots, or Le Grau-du-Roi, built in the 1970s.
Tourism related to history and art is also strong, as the region contains the historic cities of Carcassonne, Toulouse, Montpellier, countless Roman monuments (such as the Roman arenas in Nîmes), medieval abbeys, Romanesque churches, and old castles (such as the ruined Cathar castles in the mountains of Corbières, testimony of the bloody Albigensian Crusade).
More recently, "green" and sports tourism is on the rise, with the gorges of the Tarn, the Ardèche Gorges, as well as the vast preserved expanses of Cévennes, Ardèche, Lauragais, and other sites.
Tourism on the Canal du Midi combines history (for example viewing the nine locks of Fonseranes near Béziers) with activities such as boating on the Canal, and walking or cycling on the towpaths.
Toulouse and Montpellier are also popular places for business congresses and conventions.
In April 2019, The Guardian's travel section included two Languedoc locations in its list of "20 of the most beautiful villages in France". The two were Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert with "one of the finest examples of Romanesque architecture in the region" and Estaing, whose "narrow streets have hardly changed over the centuries".
Sports.
Rugby union is the "national" sport in Languedoc, unlike most other parts of France where football is more popular. The Toulouse rugby club (Stade Toulousain) is one of the most successful in Europe; it regularly competes for the French championship and has won four European titles (1996, 2003, 2005, and 2010) in the ten years of the European championship's existence.
Bullfighting and other bull-related events are popular in the eastern part of Languedoc. Sea jousts ("Joutes nautiques") are held on the coast. Dating from the 11th century, this sport has local leagues and attracts large crowds.
Property.
Property in the Languedoc is quite varied and ranges from beautiful newly built villas with swimming pools and tennis courts, to rambling old village houses set into the old ramparts of ancient fortified towns. Some of these village houses date back a very long time. A small house in the village of Magalas, Hérault "", has a date of the 13th century carved into its stonework. Being a large area, the type of property available in Languedoc varies a lot, from apartments in beach resorts such as Cap D'Agde to isolated bastides in the rural interior.


Dagon International

Dagon International Limited () is a major Burmese conglomerate with interests in construction, timber extraction, agriculture and import-export. The company was founded by Dagon Win Aung and Win Thein in the early 1990s.
From 2009 to 2015, Dagon International and its chief executive officer Win Aung were placed on the American sanctions list since 2009, for its close ties with the Burmese military.
Management.
Dagon International is headed by Dagon Win Aung. His wife, Moe Mya Mya (also known as Yew Hoon See) serves as the company's managing director. Their children Ei Hnin Pwint (Christabelle Aung), Thurane Aung (Christopher Aung) and Ei Hnin Khin (Christina Aung) also serve as company directors.
Projects.
Dagon International's real estate portfolio includes:
In 2003, the company opened a major retail shopping centre, Dagon Centre at the Myaynigone junction in Yangon's Sanchaung Township. In December 2011, it opened Dagon Centre II, a six story shopping complex containing 60 shops and a theater.
The company also upgraded and extended the national highway from Rangoon to Mandalay.
Controversies.
Through the Dagon Win Aung's ties to the military, the company gained exclusive logging rights to harvest timber from Myanmar's protected forest reserves.


Kakanakote

Kakanakote is situated at a distance of 73 km from Mysore in Karnataka state, India. It is a thick forest of the Western Ghats, and a famous place where a large number of wild elephants can be found. Now it is a wildlife national park, monitored and regulated by the state.
Origin of Name.
This is the famous forest range named after the legendary Kaka Nayaka, who was the leader of the local forest dwelling Kuruba people. Impressed by Kaka Nayaka's bravery and wit the then maharaja of Mysore named the forest after him.
Facilities.
Periodically herds of elephants were once captured at this place by the Khedda method. Facilities for wild life viewing are available in this national park.
Play.
It is also made famous by the play of the same name by Maasti Venkatesh Ayengar


Center for Rural Affairs

The Center for Rural Affairs was established in 1973 as an unaffiliated nonprofit corporation under IRS code 501(c)3. The Center for Rural Affairs was formed by rural Nebraskans concerned about family farms and rural communities, and was originally located in Walthill, Nebraska.
The Center moved to Lyons, Nebraska in 2003 where it continues to work on family farm and ranch issues and rural community development. The Center's strongest work has focused on rural micro-enterprise development in Nebraska, federal farm and rural policy, research and analysis of rural economic issues and trends, and, historically, its work with beginning farmers and ranchers.
Brian Depew is the current Executive Director of the Center for Rural Affairs. The previous Executive Director was Chuck Hassebrook, who the Democratic gubernatorial candidate for Governor of Nebraska in the 2014 election and briefly a candidate for the United States Senate in the 2012 election.
History.
In 1973, Don Ralston and Marty Strange were employed by the Goldenrod Hills Community Action Agency, a Nebraska non-profit corporation that was federally funded to eliminate poverty in five Northeast Nebraska counties. Don Ralston was Deputy Director and Marty Strange was a planner.
As part of a planning process involving citizen participation, Goldenrod Hills launched an agricultural redevelopment program aimed at stimulating alternative crop production (onions were a prime example) and conceiving alternative food system approaches, including a small-scale home canning center in Winnebago.
Advocacy efforts around agricultural issues were minimal. The initial staff included Laura Snake (later using her maiden name Whitewing), a Winnebago; Everett Kilzer, a long-time Walthill citizen with deep roots in the local economic system; and Lynn Spivak, who had been a VISTA volunteer with Goldenrod Hills.
In January 1973, newly re-elected President Richard Nixon decided to eliminate the federal anti-poverty programs that were the central funding source for Goldenrod Hills, and he appointed Howard Phillips to shut down the federal agency that distributed the funding. Phillips issued a lengthy instruction detailing how to close out operations.
The local reaction was strong. The Goldenrod Hills board was defiant with people like Art May, a community developer from Macy; Allen Heine, a prominent farmer/feeder from St. Helena; and Howard Swanson, a farm equipment dealer from Decatur.
As the Golden Hills Community Action Agency was not a federal body, the government lack any real power to shut down the organization. The staff was commissioned to build a survival strategy. Don Ralston and Marty Strange were commissioned by Larry Lassek, the Goldenrod Hills executive director, to develop a plan by which the service programs of Goldenrod Hills and the advocacy and development efforts might both be preserved.
May, Heine, and Swanson ultimately became those that incorporated the Center for Rural Affairs (CFRA), a separate entity from Golden Hills. With the primary goal of advocacy and development strategy, CFRA was designed to address controversial questions of economic policy affecting the agricultural base of Northeast Nebraska and to generate creative approaches to economic development. It was conceived and is largely funded privately.
Lyons, Nebraska.
The Center for Rural Affairs moved to rural community of Lyons, Nebraska in 2003. Lyons is home to the Center for Rural Affairs, and is also home to the renewable energy company Nebraska Screw Press and the accompanying Nebraska Renewable Energy Systems and Nebraska Renewable Energy Association.


Helen Gibb

Helen Gibb (9 July 1838–30 July 1914) was a New Zealand farmer, accommodation-house keeper and postmistress. She was born in Cortachy and Clova, Forfarshire, Scotland on 9 July 1838.


Domaine Armand Rousseau

Domaine Armand Rousseau is a French wine grower and producer. It is based in Gevrey-Chambertin, in the Côte de Nuits wine-growing region of Burgundy, France.
History.
Armand Rousseau was born in 1884 to a family heavily involved in the wine industry as merchants, coopers and vignerons. He inherited several vineyard plots and the current domaine building in the village of Gevrey-Chambertin as part of his wedding in 1909.
After rapid expansion in vineyard holdings, with purchases in Charmes-Chambertin, Clos de la Roche and Chambertin in the late 1910s and 1920s, the domaine began to bottle and sell its own wine in the 1930s after advice given by Raymond Baudoin, founder of the La Revue du vin de France. Armand Rousseau was among the first few producers to bottle his own wine in Burgundy, with the majority of other growers in the region selling their wines to négociant businesses to bottle and sell. Rousseau was also a pioneer within Burgundy in selling his wine to the United States market after the end of prohibition in the mid to late 1930s.
Further vineyard acquisitions were made with plots purchased in Mazis Chambertin in 1937, Mazoyeres-Chambertin in 1940 and Clos Saint Jacques in 1954 as well as two additional plots in the Chambertin vineyard in 1943 and 1956.
Charles Rousseau, born in 1923, started working at his father's estate in 1946. Charles had studied law followed by oenology at The University of Dijon. His father Armand was killed in a car accident in 1959 and Charles took over as the sole winemaker.
At the time of Charles taking over the estate, Domaine Rousseau held 6.5 hectares of vineyards. Expansion continued with plots in Clos de Bèze purchased in 1961, Clos de la Roche in 1965 and 1975, additional plots of Chambertin in 1968 and 1983 as well as the entire Clos des Ruchottes vineyard in 1978. Current vineyard holdings stand at just under 14 hectares.
Charles Rousseau's son Eric Rousseau is the current winemaker, with some input still from Charles as well as involvement on the commercial side from his daughters Corinne and Brigitte.
Wines.
Domaine Rousseau owns sections of and makes wines from many renowned Grand Cru and Premier Cru vineyards. All the wines are made entirely from the Pinot noir grape. The average production is 65,000 bottles per vintage and 90% of production is exported to over 30 countries worldwide.


Denver Urban Gardens

Denver Urban Gardens (DUG) is a non-profit organization that supports community gardens in Denver, Colorado in the United States.
Background.
Organized urban communal gardens have existed since the 1890s. Denver was one of the first cities in the country that organized cultivation associations.
Community gardening's history in Denver includes ties to the victory gardens planted during World War II with the encouragement of Mayor Benjamin Stapleton and the Mayor's Community Garden Program in the 1970s under the direction of Mayor Federico Peña.
History.
DUG was formally incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in 1985. The gardens were the brainchild of Chris Cordts a Colorado State University Extension Agent and others after being inspired by the efforts of a small group of local gardeners in the Highlands neighborhood. The gardens were initially started to give a small group of Hmong women a place to garden. From this idea, the original three gardens were formed: the Shoshone Community Garden, the El Oasis Community Garden and the Pecos Community Garden. Many women from the lineage of this original garden group still participate today. In 2001, DUG was formally adopted as part of the city's comprehensive plan, which now provides a framework for regional gardens throughout the city.
Organization.
Denver Urban Gardens offers neighborhoods resources for community gardens, including ongoing technical expertise with:
DUG operates and assists with 123 community gardens and small parks in the Denver area, as well as an urban community farm in Aurora. DUG operates as an umbrella group supporting a wide variety of community garden activities and events. DUG is supported by municipal, county, and federal grants, as well as grants and donations from charitable foundations, corporations and individuals. Gardens are established primarily in low to moderate income neighborhoods.
Populations Served by DUG.
30 community gardens are school-based. Most school-based gardens can be used by teachers, parents, students and neighbors which builds a connection between schools and the surrounding communities. In the Garden to Cafeteria program Denver Public Schools students grow fresh fruits and vegetables in school gardens which can be used at lunch service.
Individuals and families may participate by choosing a community garden.
DUG gardeners are responsible for planting, watering and harvesting their own plots. Gardeners must use organic gardening methods. A small annual fee is required which can be waived for those who demonstrate need. DUG offers free seeds and plants to those in need through their Free Seeds and Transplants program. DUG provides compost and water to gardeners. Shared spaces (pathways, flowerbeds, sheds) are cared for by all gardeners. Volunteer garden leaders and steering committees handle the day-to-day operations organizing community workdays and potlucks.
20 community gardens serve specific communities and are not open to the public. Examples include churches, refugee populations, food banks, individuals with disabilities and residences for seniors.
DUG also offers support to community gardeners in the form of seeds, compost, gardening materials and equipment, funding, garden planning and construction, classes, and community events. 22 of DUG's community gardens are located at Denver schools.
New garden development.
Approximately 20 new urban gardens are planned each year. DUG partners with community members to choose projects with the greatest potential for meaningful community impact and sustainability. Individuals and/or groups can request the development of a new urban garden by request a New Community Garden Information Packet and completing an application.
The land used for urban gardens is either owned by DUG or is leased long-term. Since health and environmental concerns are paramount to DUG, samples of existing soil from each new garden is collected. Soil is tested for characteristics (pH, salts, lime, soil texture, organic matter and nutrients) as well as potential toxicants (arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium and silver).
Research: Health and Community Impact.
DUG and the Colorado School of Public Health (CSPH) have worked together since 2004 on a community based, participatory research initiative called “Gardens for Growing Healthy Communities (GGHC)” in order to understand how community gardens support healthy living. A conceptual model developed by GGHC describes community gardens as an ecological place, a social place, a cultural place, an individual place, and a healthy place – demonstrating the meaningful and multiple domains impacted by a community garden. Research conducted through GGHC is funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Health Protection Research Initiative, the Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, and the J.R. Albert Foundation.
A population-based survey led by Dr. Litt of CSPH in 2006 and 2007 examined the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake, social involvement, neighborhood attachment, perceived neighborhood aesthetics and home and community gardening. 436 residents from households (all households were located within 1 mile of a community garden) and community gardens across 58 block groups in Denver were randomly selected to participate. Results showed that individuals that participated in community and home gardens reported higher fruit and vegetable intake than did non-gardeners. Specifically, 56% of community gardeners consumed fruits and vegetables at least 5 times per day, compared with 37% of home gardeners and 25% of non-gardeners. Physical activity was also positively associated with fruit and vegetable consumption as was higher levels of social involvement and more positive perceptions of neighborhood aesthetics.
Another GGHC study led by James Hale interviewed 67 gardeners from 28 Denver urban gardens to explore gardeners' tactile, emotional, and value-driven responses to gardening and these responses influence health. Gardeners described the contrast between the traffic, noise and pollution of the city with the silence, nature sounds and cool of the garden. They explained how growing their own food led to improved enjoyment of vegetables, and increased quantity and diversity of vegetables consumed. Also, gardeners spoke of gardens increasing their leisure-time physical activity in biking and walking to the garden and then in the planting, raking, digging and other garden chores. Finally, many gardeners described gardening as a therapeutic experience, where they were able to work through mental pain and express emotions in a healthy way.
A third study conducted through GGHC examined the social processes involved with community gardening. The results showed that gardens offer social opportunities, a non-threatening way to participate in a group, the sense of safety and security even in a garden located in a dangerous area, encouraged friendship, and mutual trust. The gardens promoted constructive relationships and enhanced conflict resolution skills among diverse members of the garden. The study concluded "place-based social processes found in community gardens support collective efficacy, a powerful mechanism for enhancing the role of gardens in promoting health."
Future of DUG.
Denver Urban Gardens seeks new ways for the gardens to reach deeper into
communities and increase positive impacts on health, community building and
environment. Replacing empty lots with a bountiful harvest creates community pride.
As more people find that growing their own food is one of the easiest ways to improve individual, community and environmental health. DUG was awarded a $70,000 grant from the USDA People’s Garden Grant Program in 2011. They were one of 10 programs selected from a pool of 360 applicants. The goal of the program is to give people in underserved neighborhoods access to fresh, healthy fruits and vegetables. Denver Urban Gardens will play a growing, long-term role in improving health and serving as a local and national model for food security. They will continue to work with the Colorado School of Public Health on an ongoing basis on other research projects, e.g., doing individual health studies with new gardeners. The impact on people’s health has been huge, according to the studies that they’ve done with CSPH for the past 6 years. People report feeling healthier which leads to behavioral changes. Community gardens can serve as a sustainable and inexpensive intervention in improving public health.


Giuseppe Cuboni

Giuseppe Cuboni (2 February 1852 in Modena – 3 November 1920 in Rome) was an Italian botanist and agronomist, known for his pioneer work in the field of plant pathology.
He studied medicine and natural sciences in Rome, where botanist Giuseppe De Notaris was an important influence to his career. From 1877 he spent four years working at the Botanical Garden of Rome, followed by a professorship at the School of Viticulture in Conegliano. Here he served as a professor of natural sciences (1881–85), then that of botany and plant pathology (1886–87). From 1887 to 1920 he was director of the "Stazione di Patologia vegetale" (Station for Plant Pathology) in Rome.
He is remembered for his research of plant diseases and their associated remedies. making significant contributions in his investigations of downy mildew and phylloxera, two scourges of grape vineyards. He also distinguished himself in his studies on the agriculture of southern Italy, finding species and varieties of agricultural plants that were adaptable to the special climatic conditions of the region.
The mycological genus "Cubonia" was named after him by Pier Andrea Saccardo.


Karnet Prison Farm

Karnet Prison Farm is a minimum-security Australian prison located in the Keysbrook State Forest, from Serpentine, Western Australia.
The prison farm is located on a property and provides meat, eggs, and vegetables for the entire prison system in Western Australia. It breeds cattle and sheep and also has an abattoir, a dairy, a poultry farm, market gardens and an orchard that supplies citrus and stone fruit.
It was opened in 1963.
Notable inmates have included Alan Bond and Jimmy Krakouer.


Albin Prepeluh

Albin Prepeluh (22 February 1881 – 20 November 1937) was a Slovenian left wing politician, journalist, editor, political theorist and translator. Before World War I, he was the foremost Slovene Marxist revisionist theoretician. After the War, he became one of the most persistent advocates of Slovenian autonomy within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and, together with Dragotin Lončar, the ideologist of the democratic reformist faction of Slovenian Social Democrats. In the late 1920s, he evolved towards agrarianism. He was also known under the pseudonym Abditus.
Life.
He was born in a working-class family in Ljubljana, in what was then the Duchy of Carniola. Before World War One, he worked as a clerk of the Austro-Hungarian administration in various Carniolan towns. After the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, he became employed in the Slovenian Commission for Social Welfare, where he worked under the supervision of the Christian Socialist thinker Andrej Gosar. This was the only public political office he ever held in his life.
After 1919, he worked as an editor in the prestigious Blasnik Publishing House, one of the oldest publishing houses in the Slovene Lands, dating to early 19th century. In 1920, he became its owner, renamed it to University Publishing House, and transformed it into one of the most prestigious academic publishing houses in Yugoslavia. In the mid-1920s, he also became an editor in the publishing house "Slovenska matica", led by his friend Dragotin Lončar.
He died in Ljubljana at the age of 56.
Political career.
Already at a young age, Prepeluh became influenced by Marxist and autonomist ideas. In 1902, he corresponded with the German Marxist theoretician Karl Kautsky on the possibilities to activate the peasantry in favour of socialism. The same year, he founded the journal "Naši zapiski" ('Our Notes'), in which he propagated radical socialist reformism. The journal soon became the herald of young Slovene reformist Social Democrats, which included Anton Dermota, Dragotin Lončar, and Josip Ferfolja.
In 1904, Prepeluh became a member of the Yugoslav Social Democratic Party. He soon entered in conflict with the party's mainstream. Prepeluh rejected the official Austromarxist orientation of the party, and soon entered in confrontation with the party leader Etbin Kristan. Differently from Kristan, Prepeluh endorsed the Bersteinian critique of Marx; he also supported the quest for territorial autonomy of the South Slav peoples against the official Social Democrat support for a purely cultural autonomy.
During this time, Prepeluh became a close friend and collaborator of the Social democratic author Ivan Cankar. They both shared a similar personalist and autonomist vision of socialism, and they both opposed the gradual cultural and linguistic assimilation of all South Slavs, officially supported by the Yugoslav Social Democratic Party.
After 1908, Prepeluh developed a friendly relationship with the Christian Social politician Janez Evangelist Krek, who unsuccessfully tried to persuade him to leave the Social Democratic Party and join the Slovene People's Party. Prepeluh remained in the Social Democratic Party, but in the following years he grew closer to Christianity. In 1910, he rose in defense of the "popular faith" against the prevailing Anti-Catholicism of Slovene liberals and social democrats, and criticised the prolongation of the Kulturkampf in the Slovene Lands.
In 1917, Prepeluh became the leader of the internal opposition against the main current of the Yugoslav Social Democratic Party, which continued to put the social question before the issue of national emancipation. In 1918, with the creation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, Prepeluh rose to the leadership of the party. He was the leader of its right wing in a sharp confrontation against the left wing, represented by Dragotin Gustinčič, Anton Štebi and Rudolf Golouh. He was in favour of collaboration with the Democratic Party and supported the social-liberal coalition government of Ljubomir Davidović.
After the Yugoslav Social Democratic Party, which was a preponderately Slovenian organization, merged with the "Centrumaši" and formed the Socialist Party of Yugoslavia in 1921, Prepeluh became marginalized. In 1920, he and Dragotin Lončar re-founded the journal "Naši zapiski". They both opposed the centralist program of the new unified Yugoslav Socialist party, and called for a territorial autonomy of Slovenia within Yugoslavia. In 1921, he was one of the proponents of the influential Autonomist Declaration, in which the majority of the most important Slovene intellectuals voiced their support for Slovenian autonomy.
In 1924, Prepeluh and Lončar founded the Slovenian Agrarian Labour Party, which soon merged with the small Slovenian Republican Party into the Slovenian Labour Agrarian Republican Party. The party established close connections with the Croatian Peasant Party. In 1926, it merged with the Independent Agrarian Party, into the Slovenian Peasant Party, of which Prepeluh became the main ideologist.
After the party was dissolved with the establishment of the dictatorship of king Alexander I of Yugoslavia in 1929, Prepeluh retrieved from public life.
Work.
Prepeluh wrote many political treatises. His first major work was "Občina in socializem" (The Commune and Socialism, 1903), in which he articulated an autonomist vision of socialism. Influenced by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, he wrote the essay "Problemi malega naroda" (Problems of a Small Nation). In the book "Idejni predhodniki današnjega socijalizma in komunizma" (Ideological Precursors of Contemporary Socialism and Communism, 1925), he stressed the difference between the democratic and emancipatory versions of socialism and totalitarian Bolshevism. In "Pripombe k naši prevratni dobi" (Observations on Our Revolutionary Era), written shortly before his death and published posthumously in 1938, he reflected on the significance of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the creation of Yugoslavia, reasserting his belief in the Yugoslav project.
He also wrote several historical works, among them "Reformacija in socialni boji slovenskih kmetov" (The Reformation and the Social Struggle of the Slovenian Peasants, 1908), and "Kmetski pokret med Slovenci po prvi svetovni vojni" (The Peasant Movement among the Slovenes after World War One, 1928).
He also translated Machiavelli's "The Prince" into Slovene (published as "Vladar").


Geelders

The forest and nature area the Geelders is located at the western side of the village of Olland in Meierijstad, North Brabant and covers almost 300 hectares. The Geelders are part of the larger area Het Groene Woud.
The varied landscape of the Geelders consists of coppice hedges, with deciduous forests with drover's roads, poplars, heathland, grassland and farmland. Already in the 17th century was the area used for the production of oak coppice.
The bark of trees was used in the tannery. In order to exploit the forest as well as possible there were wide drover's roads constructed. For an extensive system of drainage there were ditches and trenches constructed. On the available new land there were "rabatten" made, which are the higher ground ridges between the trenches which were used for silviculture.
Cavities in old and often declining trees are grateful breeding and hiding places for tawny owls and beech martens. In spring the forest soils are covered with millions of wood anemones, which are pleasing to the eye. The clay layer keeps the area quite wet and as result there can be found rare plants like true lover's knot, "Dactylorhiza maculata", royal fern and primrose. Also native specimens of wild medlar, Guelder rose, dog rose and hawthorn can be found in the area.
For more than 100 years an important part of the property is owned by the family Marggraff from Vught. Since the Second World War, the main management by this family consisted out of "doing nothing". As a result of the lack of human interference, the Geelders is in a high natural state and is now one of the most valuable wetlands in the Netherlands.
Staatsbosbeheer has marked several trails through the Geelders.


Anjou wine

Anjou wine is produced in the Loire Valley wine region of France near the city of Angers. The wines of region are often grouped together with the wines of nearby Saumur as "Anjou-Saumur". Along with the wines produced further east in Touraine, Anjou-Saumur make what is collectively known as the "Middle Loire" (as opposed to the "Upper Loire" which includes the wine regions of Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé. Within the Anjou wine region are several "Appellation d'origine contrôlées" (AOCs) responsible for a broad spectrum of wines including still red, white and rosé produced with varying levels of sweetness. Extending across the Deux-Sèvres, Maine-et-Loire and Vienne "départements", the generic Anjou AOC appellation and its various sub-appellations encompasses vineyards across more than 151 communes.
Wine expert Tom Stevenson describes the wines of the area as being a "microcosm of the Loire Valley", featuring wines made from every grape variety and in almost every style produced in the entire Loire wine region. Among the wines of Anjou, Savennières is noted for its dry Chenin blanc wines and the Coteaux du Layon for its sweet dessert wines that includes the botrytized wines of Bonnezeaux and Quarts de Chaume. Various rosé wines are produced in the region under different AOC designation include "Rosé d'Anjou", the most basic level made predominantly from Grolleau, and "Cabernet d'Anjou" which is usually made from Cabernet Franc or Cabernet Sauvignon. For most of its history, dry red wines have represented a small percentage of Anjou winemaking but in recent years the numbers have been steadily increasing—aided, in part, by the 1987 establishment of the "Anjou-Villages" AOC designation for red wines which can be made from only Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. The Gamay grape of the Beaujolais wine region has had a long history in the Anjou with its own "Anjou-Gamay" AOC. Grapes from around the region can go into basic "Anjou blanc" and "Anjou Rouge" AOC wines.
History.
Wine made from the Chenin blanc grape can be dated to the 9th century in vineyards belonging to the Glanfeuil Abbey located just south of Angers in what is now Le Thoureil. Angevin wines have been held in high esteem since the Middle Ages but were mostly limited to local French markets. Unusual for the time Anjou was known for its unique winemaking technique of blending "vin de presse", the wine extracted from pressing the grapes, with the "vin de goutte" or free run juice that came from the weight of gravity pressing the grape. This "vin de presse" added extra tannins and color to the wine but could limit the wine's appeal for being consumed young.
Dutch traders in the 16th and 17th century introduced sweet wine production to the region that would feed the growing and prosperous market for such wines in Rotterdam. Anjou wines experienced some brief popularity with the English market being in demand due to their reputation for tasting "ripe and sweet". The high point of the Angevin wine industry was the early 19th century when the market demands of Paris overtook those of the Dutch and plantings flourished throughout the area. But soon the phylloxera epidemic would ravage the region's vineyards and bring this golden era to a close. In response to the devastation, growers in Anjou replanted with a wide range of grape varieties of varying qualities, including hybrid grapes. Even with this massive replanting, vineyards in the Anjou still number less than half of the acreage planted during the peak years of production.
Climate and geography.
Located along the Loire River near the town of Angers, the region of Anjou has a mild continental climate with some maritime influences due to its close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. This influence is tempered by the forests of the Vendée department to the southwest which absorbs the brunt of the rainfall and winds coming in off the Atlantic. Annual rainfall totals for the region usually hover around 19 inches (500mm). The vineyard soils close to the Loire River are composed primarily of carboniferous rock and schist. Chenin blanc, in particular, seems to do well in this soil type.
Most of the wine regions in Anjou are located south of the river Loire, with the one notable exception of Savennières which is located on the right bank of the river just south of Angers. The tributaries of the Loire, particularly the Layon and Aubance, play significant roles in the area's wine production with vineyard planted on their right banks and sheltered from wind by nearby hill sides. The Aubance and Layon flow parallel to each other going northwest towards the Loire and when the climate is favorable can help promote the development of noble rot that is at the heart of the region's sweet wine production.
Appellations.
Within the Anjou wine region are several "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC)s responsible for a broad spectrum of wines including still red, white and rosé produced with varying levels of sweetness. The region produce more variety of different wine styles, from different grape varieties than any other Loire Valley wine region. The majority of wine production in the region revolves around sweet white wines produced under their own sub-appellation including the Coteaux du Layon, Bonnezeaux, Quarts de Chaume and Coteaux de l'Aubance AOCs. Around 15% of yearly Angevin wine production goes to dry white wines made predominantly from Chenin blanc with the Savennières AOC being the most noted example and "Anjou Blanc AOC" being the most commonly found on the worldwide wine market. Among the rosés produced in the region are predominantly Grolleau "Rosé d'Anjou AOC" and the Cabernet Franc and/or Cabernet Sauvignon based "Cabernet d'Anjou" with the later being more widely recognized for quality than the former. Grapes from the region also go into third style of rosé known as "Rosés de Loire", which can include grapes from across the Middle Loire Valley though the bulk of the production is centered around Anjou. This style of rosé is completely dry and can be made from Pinot noir, Gamay, Grolleau, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Pineau d'Aunis.
The production of dry red wines has been steadily increasing since the late 20th century spurred on, in part, by the creation of the "Anjou-Villages AOC" in 1987 for premium red wine production. Made predominantly from Cabernet Franc, some of the most ideally situated vineyards located south of Angers in the Coteaux de l'Aunbance AOC was given their own distinct sub-appellation in 1998 known as the "Anjou-Villages Brissac AOC". The Gamay grape of Beaujolais still has a presence here and its own appellation of "Anjou Gamay AOC." Gamay, as well as a variety of other red wine grape varieties, can also be produced under the catch-all appellation "Anjou Rouge AOC".
Sweet wine appellations.
Chaume AOC controversy.
Along the Layon river is the commune of Rochefort-sur-Loire which contains the village of Chaume with a long making tradition that finally received AOC designation in the early 21st century. In 2003 the INAO granted the request for the sweet wines from this region to be called Chaume 1er Cru des Coteaux du Layon AOC. Made entirely from Chenin blanc, these wines are most often the product of "passerillage" or "raisining" on the vine than of infection by noble rot. Yields were restricted to no more than 25 hectoliters per hectares as grapes were harvested with a minimum of 238 grams per liter with at least 34 grams of residual sugar in the finished wine. The producers in the Quarts-de-Chaume AOC, located on the plateau southwest of Chaume, took exception to the new AOC particularly the inclusion of the term 1er Cru (or Premier cru) which has a quality association with the wines of Burgundy. The producers of the Quarts-de-Chaume AOC felt that consumers would equate Chaume 1er Cru des Coteaux du Layon as being of a higher quality than their own wines and such their own AOC designation was being devalued. In response to these concerns, the INAO renamed the AOC in 2006 to the shorter Chaume AOC. Quarts-de-Chaume AOC producers still felt that the close associate between their AOC and Chaume was causing damage to the value of their wines and continued to object to the AOC naming. In response the INAO disbanded the Chaume AOC entirely in 2009. Now wine produced in this region must fall under the larger Coteaux du Layon AOC designation.
Viticulture and winemaking.
The two major grape varieties of the Anjou are Chenin blanc, known locally as Pineau de la Loire, which is used for dry, sweet, still and sparkling wine and Cabernet Franc which is used mostly for rosé and still red wines. The sweet wine production of Anjou is highly dependent on favorable climate conditions and experiences marked vintage variation from year to year. The character of the vintage and climate will ultimately determine what type of wine will be produced. Many of the vineyards in the Coteaux du Layon, Bonnezeaux, Quarts de Chaume and Coteaux de l'Aubance AOCs are located on sheltered slopes along tributaries of the Loire. In favorable vintages, the late summer and early fall months will bring climate conditions that encourage moisture and mist in the morning and enough sunshine in the afternoon to promote the development of favorable "Botrytis cinerea" rot instead of less desirable forms of grape rot. In exceptional years where there is enough warmth and dry weather during the harvest months, the grapes will be left on the vine to raisin in a process known as "passerille". This method desiccates the wine, removing moisture and concentrating sugars, without adding the nuance of flavor that "Botrytis" does.
A characteristic of late harvest and botrytized wine production is the harvest of individual grapes in successive passes or "tries" through the vineyard ensuring only the ripest grapes are picked. Some producers will ferment and bottle the production of each "tries" separately but many eventually blend them together in order to produce a more balanced wine. The wine is often fermented at low temperatures and for some sweet wines can take up to 2 months. The alcohol level left in these wines can range from 12-14% depending on the sweetness level.
The broad spectrum of wine styles produced in Anjou brings with it a wide variety of winemaking techniques. In areas such as the Coteaux du Layon, the wines are fermented in 400 l (106 gallons) "double-barriques" and submitted to partial malolactic fermentation. The basic still wines of "Anjou blanc" are made similar to still white wine production elsewhere though, as wine expert Jancis Robinson notes, they do have an historical association with being over sulfited. As red wine production continues to find a market, and plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon increase, more producers are experimented with the use of new oak barrels. In riper years Angevin producers can make more fuller bodied reds similar to those found in the Touraine wine reds but still relatively light when compared to the reds of warmer climates such as Bordeaux and the Rhone.


Michael Colbert

Michael Brendan Colbert (9 July 1899 – 1 April 1959) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician.
He was born in the townland of Templeathea, in Athea, County Limerick, to William Colbert, a farmer, and Nora Danaher.
A farmer and horse breeder, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Limerick constituency at the 1937 general election. He lost his seat at the 1938 general election, but was subsequently elected to the 3rd Seanad on the Agricultural Panel. He was re-elected to the Seanad in 1943. He re-gained his Dáil seat at the 1944 general election but lost it again at the 1948 general election. He was re-elected to the Dáil for the Limerick West constituency at the 1955 by-election caused by the death of David Madden of Fine Gael. He lost his seat at the 1957 general election.
James Colbert and Michael Colbert, who both represented Fianna Fáil in the Limerick constituency at different times, were first cousins, and James was a brother of Con Colbert.


British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (BC SPCA) is a non-profit animal welfare organization which advocates for animal protection legislation, operates animal shelters, and runs educational workshops and public awareness programs throughout British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1896, it is a registered charitable organization and one of the largest such animal welfare organizations in North America. As of 2017, BC SPCA had 36 branches, over 500 staff members, nearly 5500 volunteers, operated 5 veterinary hospitals/clinics and a wildlife rehabilitation centre, and sheltered more than 22000 animals. In addition, it is also one of the few animal welfare organizations to monitor animals in film.
History.
In 1895, the British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act was enacted in British Columbia, bringing the BC SPCA into existence. The act authorized the establishment of the BC SPCA to investigate offences involving cruelty to animals and to take action to rescue captive animals in distress. BC SPCA formally began operating in 1896 and its first meeting was held at New Westminster. By 1901, the organization had more than 10 branches spread across various cities of British Columbia. Beyond law enforcement, the society's primary aims were to educate the public and advocate for an end to practices causing suffering for animals. This was the business of the BC SPCA until it elected to open its first animal shelter in 1955 in Vancouver.
Activities.
Being the only animal welfare organization in British Columbia that is authorized to enforce animal cruelty laws, BC SPCA operates a Cruelty Investigations Department that investigates reports of cruelty towards animals, rescues animals if they are found to be subject to distress, and if required, initiates legal proceedings against perpetrators of acts of cruelty by making recommendations to Crown Council to prosecute. Punishments handed out by the court to persons found guilty in such cases range from revoking permission to own animals to fines and imprisonment. In February 2016, the BC SPCA seized 66 animals from a puppy mill in Langley, one of the largest seizures in the province's history.
BC SPCA provides medical care to animals through five veterinary practices, including three full-service veterinary hospitals and two spay/neuter clinics launched to reduce pet overpopulation. The society operates a range other facilities including community animal centres (a new model of animal shelter) and store-front education and adoption centres which offer youth education programming and adoptions of cats and small animals. Many of these locations extend their emergency services to injured pets, and may also provide short-term care for pets whose owners are in a crisis situation. Also, it monitors the use of animals in the film industry.
Funding.
BC SPCA is a not-for-profit charitable society and relies largely on donations from the public and government grants for its funding.
According to its website, BC SPCA spends approximately $2.5 million per yer on animal cruelty investigations, an activity for which it does not receive any government funding and relies solely on public donations.
Every September, the organizations conducts "Paws for a Cause" walks throughout British Columbia for fundraising.


Enigheden

Mælkeriet Enigheden, usually referred to simply as Enigheden, was a cooperative dairy products company based in Copenhagen, Denmark. The existed from 1897 to 1996 and was from 1906 based at Lygten 39–41 in Nordvest. The Baroque Revival style main building from 1923 is now owned by C. W. Obel and the Lundbeck Foundation through a jointly owned investment company.
History.
Mælkeriet Enigheden evolved from a labour dispute at Københavns Mælkeforsyning in 1896. A call for better wages and working conditions from the company's wagoners was rejected by Gunni Busck, prompting them to contact Arbejdsmændenes fagforening (from 1897: Dansk Arbejdsmands Forbund). The trade union's leader, Michael Christian Lyngsie, arranged a meeting at Gimle on 16 November 1896. All the wagoners who attended the meeting ended up joining the labour union. Gunni Busck reacted by initiating a lockout and recruiting people from farms in the vicinity of Copenhagen to do their work. At another meeting, held at Gammel Kro in Smallegade on 20 November 1896, some of the wagoners presented the idea of establishing their own dairy distribution company. The idea won the support of Lyngsie and Mælkeriet Enigheden was established as a limited company ("aktieselskab" on 29 December 1906. The initial capital was raised through the sale of shares of DKK which were to be reapid by 25 øre per week. The new enterprise tried to purchase uniforms for the wagoners in Holger Petersen's clothing store on Købmagergade but he refused to do business with socialists and a contract was instead closed with Seifert in Tegnegade. Workware for the other employees was sown by some of the wives of the wagoners. Frederik Ludwig Georg Duus from Kastrup Glasværk was initially also reluctant to do business with the new company but he was ultimately convinced by a down payment of DKK 3,000 to deliver the necessary milk bottles. 20 wagons were also acquired and 30 horses were acquired from a horse trader in Holbæk for pulling them. Operations started on 11 March 1897.
The company was initially based in rented premises at the corner of Falkoner Allé and Grundtvigsvej. They soon proved too small but the company could not afford to move to larger ones. This problem was in 1898 solved by Lyngsie by entering into a 10-year partnership with Det Danske Mælke Compagnie, a newly established company with plenty of capital but still only a small customer base. As part of the agreement Mælkeriet Enigheden moved its operations to Det Danske Mælke Compagnie's site on Solbjergvej.
Mælkeriet Enigheden grew steadily over the next few years, increasing its revenues from DKK 600,000 in 1898 to DKK 1.7 millions in 1911. The number of wagons and horses had at the same time increased from 20 wagons and 22 horses in 1898 to 49 wagons and 82 horses in 1911.
By 1906, the company had therefore once again run out of space. It therefore relocated to rented premises in the former Dohlmann's Glue Factory on Alexandravej in the Outer Nørrebro area. The building, which stood on a one hectare site, had its own waterworks. The property was later purchased by the company for DKK 207,000.
In the 1920sm Mælkeriet Enigheden developed into one of the largest processors and distributors on the Danish market. In 1921, the company purchased the estate Lautrupgaard at Ballerup-Måløv. The estate covered approximately 200 hectares of farmland. It also acquired a number of smaller dairy products companies.
The position as managing director of the company was in the 1940s taken over by Viggo Eigtved. In the 1950s and 1960s, as refrigerators became more common, the need for direct delivery of fresh milk to consumers disappeared. Enigheden adapted to the new market situation by instead delivering milk to grocery shops. The Danish dairy market was consolidated up through the 1960s as may smaller cooperative dairy companies merged into larger players. Mejeriselskabet Danmark (later MD Foods) was established in 1970. It acquired Det Danske Mælke Compagnie in 1975 and Enigheden was acquired in 1996.
Buildings.
A new main building was in 1923 built to a Baroque Revival style design by Heinrich Hansen. The complex was adapted for use as offices in 2009. It was in 2018 acquired by C. W. Obel and the Lundbeck Foundation through the company Obel-LFI Ejendomme.


Manuel E. Zamora

Manuel E. "Way Kurat" Zamora (born November 16, 1950) is a Filipino politician. A former member of Lakas–CMD, he has been elected to three terms as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 1st District of Davao de Oro (formerly Compostela Valley). First elected in 2001, he was re-elected in 2004 and 2007, and again in 2019.
Zamora is an agriculturist and farmer by profession. He has attracted media attention for his colorful personality and for habits such as regularly commuting from home to work in Congress on a bicycle. His life story was once featured on the ABS-CBN dramatic series "Maalaala Mo Kaya".
In the current 18th Congress, Zamora is the vice-chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations and member of the Committees on Accounts, Games and Amusements, and Overseas Workers Affairs.


Old English Game

The Old English Game is a British breed of domestic chicken. It was probably originally bred for cockfighting. Two different standards are recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain: Carlisle Old English Game and Oxford Old English Game. There is also an Old English Game bantam.
Characteristics.
The Old English Game has many colour variants. Twenty-eight are recognised by the American Poultry Association, while the Entente Européenne d’Aviculture et de Cuniculture lists thirty-three. In Britain, thirteen colours are recognised for the Carlisle type, and thirty for the Oxford type.
Use.
Since the abolition of cock-fighting in 1849, the Old English Game has been kept primarily for show. Old English Game hens may lay about forty small tinted eggs in a year.