Gadsden Purchase half dollar

The Gadsden Purchase half dollar was a proposed commemorative coin to be issued by the United States Bureau of the Mint. Legislation for the half dollar passed both houses of Congress in 1930 but was vetoed by President Herbert Hoover. The House of Representatives sustained his action, 96 votes in favor of overriding it to 243 opposed, well short of the necessary two-thirds majority. This was the first veto of Hoover's presidency and the first ever for a commemorative coin bill.
The proposal to commemorate the 1854 congressional ratification of the Gadsden Purchase was the brainchild of El Paso coin dealer Lyman W. Hoffecker, who wanted a commemorative coin he could control and distribute. He gained the support of several members of Congress from Texas and the Southwest, and a bill was introduced in Congress in April 1929, receiving a hearing 11 months later. Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon sent a letter and two officials in opposition to the bill, but it passed both houses of Congress without dissent. On April 21, 1930, Hoover vetoed the bill, deeming commemorative coins abusive. Although only one congressman spoke in favor of Hoover's action during the override debate in the House, the veto was easily sustained.
No commemorative coins were struck during the remainder of the Hoover Administration. They resumed after Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated, but by 1935 Roosevelt was citing Hoover's veto in urging Congress to avoid passing commemorative coin bills. He vetoed one in 1938. In 1946, Harry S. Truman adopted similar arguments in warning he would oppose further coin bills, and he vetoed one in 1947. Dwight D. Eisenhower vetoed three more in 1954. No non-circulating commemorative coins were struck from 1955 until after the Treasury Department changed its position in 1981.
Hearing.
The Gadsden Purchase came as the result of negotiation between the U.S. minister to Mexico James Gadsden and Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the Mexican–American War, there were border disputes along the Mexican Cession left unresolved by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Specifically, Southerners in the United States sought land over which a southern route of a transcontinental railroad could run. Accordingly, U.S. President Franklin Pierce sent Gadsden to resolve these issues. The resulting treaty was signed on December 30, 1853. Initially, were to be conveyed in exchange for $15 million. But when the original treaty failed to pass the U.S. Senate, both the land and the payment were reduced by about a third. The Gadsden Purchase, west of El Paso, forms part of the states of Arizona and New Mexico.
During the late 1920s, El Paso coin dealer Lyman W. Hoffecker tried hard to gain congressional approval for a half dollar commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Gadsden Purchase. In 1929, he founded the Gadsden Purchase Commission (essentially just Hoffecker himself). At the time, commemorative coins were not sold by the government—Congress, in authorizing legislation, usually designated an organization which had the exclusive right to purchase them at face value and vend them to the public at a premium. Hoffecker wanted to be able to control the distribution of the Gadsden Purchase half dollars.
The April 1929 issue of "The Numismatist" printed a letter from Hoffecker, who was said to have designed the proposed coin and would be responsible for its distribution. It stated that Texas Congressman Claude Benton Hudspeth of El Paso had agreed to introduce legislation for the Gadsden piece. Hoffecker related that the coin would have the portrait of Gadsden on its obverse and on its reverse a map of New Mexico and Arizona depicting the purchased lands and El Paso. Ten thousand coins were to be sought, to be issued at $1.50 (equivalent to $ in 2018) each.
Hudspeth introduced a bill for a Gadsden Purchase half dollar into the House of Representatives on April 25, 1929; it was referred to the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. On January 29, 1930, committee chairman Randolph Perkins of New Jersey sent a letter to Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon, enquiring as to the Treasury's views. Mellon replied on the 31st, opposing the bill. He felt that Congress had wisely decided in 1890 that coin designs should not be changed more often than once in 25 years, and that the 15 commemorative coin bills passed since 1920 were wasteful and a burden on the Mint. He noted that in 1927, at the time of the Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar, the Coinage Committee had gone on record in opposition of commemorative coin issues, many of which were only of local and not national significance. Several issues had failed to sell out, resulting in coins being returned to the Mint to be melted, and he suggested that a medal be issued instead of a coin. On March 8, Hoffecker sent a telegram to the committee offering to pay for the entire issue of 10,000 anytime the department wanted, and given that the Mint had produced over 30,000,000 coins for other nations in 1929, any burden posed by commemorative half dollars was slight.
Hearings were held by the committee on the bill on March 10 (briefly) and 17, 1930, with Perkins presiding. On the 17th, Congressman Guinn Williams appeared on behalf of Hudspeth, who was ill. Williams, a Texan, stated that the coin issue was important to the entire Southwest, that proponents would not allow the government to incur any expense, and stated that they were ready to pay for the coins. He also presented a joint resolution of the houses of the Texas Legislature, asking the state's representatives to introduce and support a bill for a Gadsden Purchase half dollar. Next to speak was Albert Gallatin Simms of New Mexico, who assured the committee of his support for the bill, and that of his state's two senators. Hudspeth sent a letter, and his secretary Kate George told the committee that the senators from Texas, New Mexico and Arizona were unanimously in favor of the bill. Hudspeth's letter stated he had been told by Hoffecker's committee that the money from the coins would be used to set up a small monument where the U.S. flag had first been raised in the Gadsden Purchase.
Mellon had sent two Treasury officials to the hearing, Assistant Secretary Walter E. Hope and Assistant Director of the Mint Mary M. O'Reilly. In his testimony, Hope warned that the issuance of commemorative half dollars was leading to confusion, and there was a risk of counterfeiting. Sales for some issues had not met expectations, resulting in many commemoratives being returned to the Mint for redemption and melting. O'Reilly told of a man who was about to be put off a Philadelphia streetcar, having only a commemorative half dollar to pay the fare, something not recognized by the conductor. He was allowed to remain after the superintendent of the Philadelphia Mint, also a passenger, paid his fare. Luther A. Johnson of Texas appeared in support of the bill, and presented a letter from Hoffecker dated March 5, stating that the coins could be easily sold, and that when his committee had met with President Herbert Hoover, the president had told them the event should be fittingly celebrated. After the testimony concluded, the Coinage Committee went into executive session and endorsed the bill.
Passage by Congress.
Perkins's committee issued a report dated March 17, 1930, stating that the anniversary of the Gadsden Purchase was of international importance, and there was no risk to the Treasury given the willingness of Hoffecker to pay for the coins. On March 19, Perkins called up the bill before the House, and it passed without debate or dissent. Immediately thereafter, Perkins had another commemorative coin bill passed by the House, for the 300th anniversary of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
In the Senate, the Gadsden bill was referred to the Committee on Banking and Currency. On April 2, the committee issued a report through Tom Connally of Texas, similar to the House report (of which a copy was attached), recommending passage. On April 7, the bill passed the Senate without debate or opposition. The bill was engrossed and signed on April 9 by the Speaker of the House "pro tempore" and by Charles Curtis, Vice President of the United States,
and was presented to President Hoover on April 10.
Veto and override attempt.
On April 21, 1930, Hoover vetoed the bill, returning it unsigned with a list of his objections to the House of Representatives where it originated. This veto was the first of Hoover's presidency, and the first time a commemorative coin bill had been vetoed. The president vetoed the bill on the advice of the Treasury Department. Hoover noted the issuance of 15 commemorative coins over the past decade, something he said allowed the opportunity for counterfeiting. He stated, "the matter is not perhaps one of large importance in itself, were it not for the fact of the great number of other similar proposals"—he noted the five other commemorative coin bills then before Congress, and if the Gadsden Purchase bill were enacted, it would be harder to turn down the other proposals. Deeming the issuance of commemorative coins a misuse of the coinage system, he offered the government's assistance in the production of medals, which could provide a souvenir without impacting the coinage. Hoover's attitude was said to be informed by fundraising committees returning large amounts of several commemorative coin issues to the Mint for redemption and melting, something he considered wasteful.
The day after the veto, the House Coinage Committee sought a vote to override it. Many of the bill's proponents came to the House floor to back the override, with the support of members from other parts of the country who sought commemorative coins. Those who would override dominated the debate, with only one speaker, House Majority Leader John Q. Tilson of Connecticut, supporting the president. The override attempt fell well short of the two-thirds needed, as 96 representatives voted in favor of the override, with 243 against it. Five Republicans voted to override Hoover's veto: New Mexico Congressman Simms and four from the East and Midwest.
The "New York Sun" applauded Hoover's "sound common sense" while Hoffecker's hometown paper, the "El Paso Herald", stated that "President Hoover administered a figurative slap to Arizona, New Mexico and El Paso". On April 26, "The Washington Post" published an editorial in favor of Hoover's action:
Aftermath.
According to David Bullowa in his 1938 volume on commemoratives, "with the vetoing of the Gadsden Purchase half-dollar proposal ... a statement was issued that commemorative coins were superfluous and that their purpose might be as well accomplished with officially authorized medals. These pieces, if struck, would adequately serve collectors, it was thought, and such pieces would not tend to 'confuse the coinage'."
No commemorative coins were authorized or struck during the remainder of Hoover's presidency. Following the inauguration of Hoover's successor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, striking and authorization of commemoratives resumed. By 1935, Roosevelt had warned Congress against issuing large numbers of commemoratives and repeated this in 1937, both times citing Hoover's veto of the Gadsden Purchase bill, and urging the issuance of medals instead. He vetoed a coin bill in 1938 for the 400th anniversary of Coronado's expedition. In 1946, President Harry Truman signed the first authorizations for commemorative coins since 1937, but cited the Treasury's position and stated he would not look with favor on further issues. Citing Hoover's veto, he vetoed a bill for a commemorative half dollar for the centennial of Wisconsin statehood on July 31, 1947.
Similar arguments were made by the Treasury under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who vetoed three commemorative coin bills in 1954. No commemoratives were issued thereafter until the department changed its position in 1981, as the Washington 250th Anniversary half dollar was being considered; it was issued in 1982. The government sold the new commemoratives to collectors and dealers, rather than having sales conducted by a designated group.
Although Hoffecker was unsuccessful with the Gadsden Purchase piece, he tried again in 1935. He was the designer and distributor of the Old Spanish Trail half dollar and was also the distributor of the Elgin, Illinois, Centennial half dollar (1936). In 1936, Hoffecker testified before Congress on the abuses committed by the distributors of commemorative coins. From 1939 to 1941, he served as president of the American Numismatic Association. He died in 1955.


Reunification Day

Reunification Day (), Victory Day (), Liberation Day ( or ), or the official name Day of Southern Liberation for National Reunification () is a public holiday in Vietnam that marks the event when North Vietnamese and Việt Cộng forces captured Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) on April 30, 1975. This signalled the end of the Vietnam War, known in Vietnamese as ("Anti-American Resistance War for National Salvation") or ("Vietnam War"). It was the start of the transition period toward reunification, which occurred in the national election for national reunification on July 2, 1976, when the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged the two independent countries, forming the modern-day Vietnam.
In the Overseas Vietnamese community, the day is remembered as the "Fall of Saigon", "Black April" (), "National Day of Shame" () or "National Day of Hate" (). This is a commemorative day for exiled Vietnamese who served, were affected, and displaced in those overseas communities, and as such is a day of reflection. Many Americans of multiple ethnicities observe the day for remembrance and solidarity.


Derby War Memorial

The Derby War Memorial was designed by Charles Clayton Thompson and stands before the Derby Guildhall. It features a bronze figure of the Virgin Mary holding the baby Jesus in her arms by the sculptor George Arthur Walker. It was completed in 1924 and unveiled on 11 November 1924. Behind this bronze figure is a large Celtic cross. The memorial was erected to commemorate the fallen of The Great War with the inscription "The Great War/1914-1918".
A later inscription, "For Faith/And Home/And Righteousness/World War 1939–1945", was added to recognize those men of Derby who died in the Second World War.
A plaque commemorates the victims of later conflicts.


Statue of Isabella I of Castile

Queen Isabella, also known as Queen Isabella (1451–1504), is an outdoor sculpture of Isabella I of Castile, installed outside the Pan American Union Building of the Organization of American States at 17th Street and Constitution Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., in the United States.


Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac

Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac is located on Columbia Island (renamed Lady Bird Johnson Park in 1968), in Washington, D.C. The presidential memorial honors the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson.
The grove consists of two parts. The first area, commemorative in nature, is a Texas granite monolith surrounded by a serpentine pattern of walks and trails. The second area is a grass meadow and provides a tranquil refuge for reflection and rejuvenation of the spirit. The trails are shaded by a grove of hundreds of white pine and dogwood trees, and framed by azaleas and rhododendron. The memorial overlooks the Potomac River with a vista of the city of Washington.
Visitors may listen to a recording made by Lady Bird Johnson at the entrance to the park facing The Pentagon. In the recording, the former First Lady talks about the creation of the park, the trees, and the views of major Washington D.C. landmarks.
History.
Former President Lyndon B. Johnson died on January 22, 1973. Soon after, Johnson's admirers proposed constructing a statue in Washington, D.C., in his memory, but concern that it would be defaced led to rejection of that idea. Brooke Astor and Laurence Vanderbilt suggested a grove of trees instead, and planning for the $2 million grove began in spring 1973. Lady Bird Johnson Park was chosen as the site of the grove due to Johnson's love of the park while he was president.
The national memorial was authorized by Congress on December 28, 1973 and administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same day.
By February 1975, $1.3 million for the memorial grove had been raised. A $15 silver medal and a $350 gold medal were designed in early 1975 and sold to help raise another $150,000. Plans for the grove were largely complete by May 1975. Landscape architect Meade Palmer designed the grove, which included a contemplative meadow and a small granite plaza among some trees. The grove covered , and would be planted with white pine, dogwood trees, and flowering shrubs and bushes. A granite plaza was intended for the center of the grove, on which a , high pink granite orthostat (or "standing stone") quarried in Texas was to be placed. Stone carver Harold Vogel worked the exterior of the stone to give it a dynamic, rough-hewn look reminiscent of Johnson's personality. The Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Texas estimated the rock's age at a billion years. A flagstone walkway winding through the grove was included in the design. Four quotes from Johnson's public speeches, selected by Lady Bird Johnson, were carved into flagstones placed around the orthostat. But $600,000 was still needed in May 1975 to complete the memorial.
The orthostat was delivered to the site in August 1974, and emplaced on August 13, 1975. In December 1975, Congress authorized $1 million to complete the memorial grove and establish a maintenance fund.
The memorial was dedicated on April 6, 1976. It is administered by the National Park Service, as part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway.
A $500,000 footbridge between the memorial and a 30-car parking lot along Boundary Channel was constructed to make it easier to visit the Grove. The bridge was designed by landscape architect Meade Palmer and dedicated by Lady Bird Johnson on Oct 12, 1977.


Frank Jenkins (ice hockey)

Frank Maurice Stinson Jenkins (July 6, 1859 – December 5, 1930) was an early amateur ice hockey player. He was a founder, and the first captain of the Ottawa Hockey Club (Ottawa HC) of 1883. He was also the founder in 1894 of Ottawa's first full-size orchestra, the Ottawa Amateur Orchestral Society.
Family.
Born in Kingston, Ontario, Jenkins moved to Ottawa as a boy and resided in Ottawa ever since. He was a son of Charles W. Jenkins and Carolyn Counter Jenkins. He was the grandson of Kingston mayor John Counter. In 1892, Frank married Annie Lampman, a concert pianist and sister of Archibald Lampman. Frank and Anne had one son, Frank T. and three daughters, Dorothy, Ruth and Marjorie. Their daughter Dorothy Jenkins McCurry was a noted vocal soloist and teacher in Ottawa.
Ice hockey.
In 1883, after viewing the ice hockey tournament at the Montreal Winter Carnival, Halder Kirby and Jack Kerr returned to Ottawa, with a plan to form a hockey club. The Ottawa Hockey Club was formed, and Frank Jenkins was its first captain.
The club played in the Montreal tournaments in 1884 and 1885. In 1886, the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) league was formed with Ottawa one of the founding members. The Ottawa HC would play in the inaugural season of 1887, a season of challenges between teams, allowing the winner to be the current champion, with the final winner of the season considered Canadian champion. The club would not play in the AHAC again until 1891, and was dormant in 1888, restarting in 1889 after the opening of the Rideau Skating Rink. Jenkins would again be the captain.
The club would help found the Ontario Hockey Association in 1890, and was its first champion in the years 1890 to 1893. In 1891, Jenkins would assume the president title for the Ottawa HC, and in 1892, would assume the president title of the AHAC.
Career.
Jenkins is listed as a clerk for the Post Office, Main Ottawa Branch in the 1889–90 Ottawa Directory. He retired from the Post Office in 1928.
Music.
Jenkins was also a talented musician. In December 1885, he played in an organ recital at Christ Church of Ottawa where he opened the program with a "meritorious and well-received playing" of Mendelssohn's First Sonata. He was an organist at several churches in Ottawa: Knox Church in 1886 and 1887, Dominion Methodist from 1887 until 1895, St. Andrew's from 1895 to 1909, St. John's Anglican from 1910.
Jenkins, along with his wife Anne, founded Ottawa's first full-size orchestra, the Ottawa Amateur Orchestral Society in 1894. The Society's first performance was in December 1894. Jenkins would conduct the orchestra until 1900.
He also was an organizer of the Ottawa Schubert Club Choral Society, which became the "Ottawa Choral Society", from 1897 to 1914. The Society, a group of 175 amateurs, gave its first performance, with Jenkins conducting of "Messiah" on December 29, 1896 in the Grand Opera House.
Later years.
In later years, Jenkins was a member of the Ottawa Canoe Club, Ottawa Lawn Bowling Club and the Rideau Curling Club and he also played golf and tennis. He died at his home at 216 Cooper Street in Ottawa after a short illness on December 5, 1930 and was interred on December 8, 1930 at Beechwood Cemetery.


Pembroke Dock Military Cemetery

Pembroke Dock Military Cemetery is a burial ground for military personnel. It is located in Llanion, Pembroke Dock in Wales. It is the only dedicated military cemetery in Wales.
The cemetery is believed to have opened around 1860, the date on its earliest graves.
Forty Commonwealth service personnel who participated in the First World War and 33 from the Second World War are buried here. The most recent burial was in 1955. A Cross of Sacrifice within the cemetery grounds is used as a focal point for commemoration events.
The cemetery was forced to close to the public in 2013, when a 20-foot-deep sinkhole opened up around the grave of Private Francis Ryan. The incident was believed to have been caused by water erosion of the limestone beneath Ryan's grave. The cemetery partially reopened in January 2014 with the affected area fenced off, before clay-cement grouting was used to fill in the sinkhole, allowing the cemetery to fully reopen in April 2014.
The cemetery is owned by the Ministry of Defence and managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation group.
External sources.
Pembroke Dock Military Cemetery page on Commonwealth War Graves Commission website


The Passing Bells

The Passing Bells is a five-part British-Polish television drama that was first broadcast on BBC One in 2014. The series is set during World War I and was a part of the BBC First World War centenary season.
It shows events through the eyes of two very ordinary teenagers, one from England and one from Germany, who enlist in the war, which they expect will be over within months. The drama stars Patrick Gibson and Jack Lowden, and was written by Tony Jordan and directed by Brendan Maher.
Plot.
The series operates in parallel as it follows two teenagers in two countries, one German (Jack Lowden) and one British (Patrick Gibson), who sign up as soldiers at the outbreak of the First World War. The plot covers the time period from just prior to the war to its conclusion.
The story includes the boys' families, their love interests, and the friends and comrades they make during the war. It reveals the toll the war takes on the two young men and their fellow soldiers as it lasts far longer than expected, and grows harsher and more meaningless. The two soldiers encounter each other at certain points, including at the conclusion of the war.
Production.
The series was announced by the BBC in October 2013, along with other programmes that played a part in the BBC World War I centenary season. It was a Red Planet Production with BBC Worldwide as the distributor. Filming took place in Poland. Telewizja Polska and Apple Film Production were co-producers.
The series aired in the pre-watershed time-slot of 7pm, and the script was written for a younger audience and family viewing. The title was taken from the first line of Wilfred Owen's 1917 poem, "Anthem for Doomed Youth": "What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?"
Broadcast and home video.
The series was broadcast on five consecutive days on BBC 1 beginning on 3 November 2014. In Australia, the series premiered on BBC First on 28 May 2015.
The Region 2 DVD was released on 10 November 2014. The streaming video is available on various services.


Monument of Liberty, Istanbul

The Monument of Liberty or Monument of Eternal Liberty (; ), located in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey, is a memorial in honor of the soldiers killed defending the Ottoman parliament against reactionary monarchist forces during the 1909 countercoup, most notably in the 31 March Incident.
The Tanzimat reforms, which began in 1839, along with other subsequent liberalization processes, were strongly opposed by conservatives in the Ottoman Empire. They hoped to re-affirm the monarchic powers of the Sultan Abdulhamid II as absolute monarch, even though the Sultan himself came to power accepting a Constitution and opening the first Ottoman parliament, the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, in 1876 during the First Constitutional Era. Parliament was adjourned in 1878 with the pretext of the Russian War and Abdulhamid II reigned as an absolute monarch for over 30 years until 1908, when Parliament resumed its activities in the Second Constitutional Era, upon pressure of the progressive forces in the Empire. However, a reactionary uprising that began on April 13, 1909 (March 31, 1325 AH in Rumi calendar) caused the democratic process to be interrupted once again. Progressive forces of the "Hareket Ordusu" (Turkish for "Army of Action") that came from the Rumelia, under the command of Mahmud Șevked Pasha, suppressed the countercoup on July 23, 1909. Abdulhamid II was deposed by the Committee of Union and Progress, the foremost constitutionalist party, and sent to exile in Salonica, then part of the Ottoman Empire.
The monument was inaugurated in 1911, at the second anniversary of the 31 March Incident. The complex also holds the graves of four notable Ottoman high-ranked officials, which were moved here in a later time. The monument, seen today as a symbol of modernity, democracy, and secularism in Turkey, serves as a place of some official ceremonies and public gatherings.
Design.
The monument is situated on the highest hill ( above the sea level) in Şişli, Istanbul, called "Hürriyet-i Ebediye Tepesi" (literally Eternal Liberty Hill) and lies today within a triangular area bordered by three major highways between Şişli and Çağlayan.
It was designed by the renowned Ottoman architect Muzaffer Bey, who won the related architectural contest. The monument, constructed between 1909 and 1911 in the form of a cannon firing in the sky,
is erected on an equilateral triangular base. On each side of the marble base, the names of the soldiers resting below are carved. On the monument, the tughra of Sultan Mehmed V Reşat is put on. It is situated in the center of a park with pathways like a pentagon star surrounded by a circle symbolizing the star and crescent in the Ottoman flag.
Burials.
At the monument, the 74 soldiers killed in action of the 31 March Incident were initially buried with a state ceremony on July 23, 1911.
Remains of the below four high-ranking officials of the Ottoman Empire were buried here later on as well:
Meeting point.
The place serves as the meeting point for democracy and civil rights demonstrations in Istanbul. Labour Day demonstrations organized by trade unions were celebrated around this place many years long following the Taksim Square massacre in 1977.
The second mass rally of the Republic Protests against the presidential election took place here on April 29, 2007.
Logo of Şişli district.
The view of the monument is contained in the logo of Şişli Municipality used by the district mayor.


Arras Memorial

The Arras Memorial is a World War I memorial in France, located in the Faubourg d'Amiens British Cemetery, in the western part of the town of Arras. The memorial commemorates 35,942 soldiers of the forces of the United Kingdom, South Africa and New Zealand, with no known grave, who died in the Arras sector between the spring of 1916 and 7 August 1918.
The major battle in this area during this period was the Battle of Arras. The cut-off date of 7 August 1918 signifies the start of the Advance to Victory, and casualties after that date are listed on other memorials. Also not included here are the names of the missing dead among Canadian and Australian servicemen, who are instead listed at the Vimy Memorial and the Villers-Bretonneux Memorial.
Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, the memorial includes sculpture by Sir William Reid Dick. Located in the same cemetery is the Arras Flying Services Memorial (commemorating 991 airmen with no known grave).
Both memorials were unveiled by Lord Trenchard on 31 July 1932. Lord Trenchard had served as the commander of Royal Flying Corps in France from 1915 to 1917. In 1918, he briefly served as the first Chief of the Air Staff before taking up command of the Independent Air Force in France. Also present at the unveiling ceremony was Richard Bell-Davies, British First World War fighter pilot and Royal Navy officer, and recipient of the Victoria Cross.
Those listed on this memorial include poet T.P. Cameron Wilson and the following sportsmen: Isaac Bentham, Walter Tull, Sandy Turnbull, James Williams, and Cecil Bodington. There are a total of 13 recipients of the Victoria Cross commemorated on the Arras Memorial or the Arras Flying Services Memorial: Ernest Frederick Beal, Bernard Matthew Cassidy, Alexander Edwards, John Erskine, John Harrison, Lanoe George Hawker, David Philip Hirsch, Basil Arthur Horsfall, George Jarratt, Richard Basil Brandram Jones, Edward Mannock, Oliver Cyril Spencer Watson, Albert White.


Pedro Gallese

Pedro David Gallese Quiroz (born 23 February 1990) is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer club Orlando City and the Peru national team.
Club career.
Universidad San Martín.
Pedro Gallese began his youth career at Academia Tito Drago and Club Deportivo Junior FC before joining that academy at Universidad San Martín in 2007. He made his way through the youth system and debuted for the senior team on 25 June 2008 in a 4-0 victory against Atlético Minero. He made 63 appearances for the club and his performances earned him his first international call-up and eventual cap in 2014.
Loan to Atlético Minero.
With his first team opportunities limited, Pedro Gallese joined Atlético Minero on loan for the 2009 season.
Juan Aurich.
In 2015, Pedro Gallese decided to leave Universidad San Martín after 7 years at the club. Gallese signed for Juan Aurich and made his debut for the team on 6 February 2015 in a 2–1 win over Defensor La Bocana in the 2015 Torneo Descentralizado. Gallese played in the Copa Libertadores for the first time on 19 February 2015, making his continental debut in a 3–0 defeat to Tigres.
Veracruz.
Gallese's performances in the Copa América Centenario in the United States in 2016 made him a target for several clubs. On 19 June 2016, Gallese eventually signed with Mexican club Veracruz. He made his debut for the team on 10 July in the 2016 Supercopa MX, losing the match against Guadalajara 2–0. In the first week of December 2019, Pedro Gallese was released by Veracruz after the club had been disaffiliated from Liga MX.
Loan to Alianza Lima.
After falling out of favor under Veracruz manager Robert Siboldi the previous campaign, Gallese returned to Peru on a 12-month loan with Alianza Lima for the 2019 season.
Orlando City.
On 17 January 2020, Gallese joined MLS team Orlando City. He made his debut for the team in the season opener on 29 February, keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw against Real Salt Lake. On 31 July 2020, Gallese made the only save during a quarter-final penalty shootout victory over Los Angeles FC in the MLS is Back Tournament. On 21 November 2020, Gallese was again involved in a penalty shootout as Orlando played their first MLS playoff game in history against New York City FC. Gallese appeared to successfully save the fifth penalty kick which would have won the match for Orlando but the play was overturned by VAR and Gallese received a second yellow card for leaving his goal line early having already been booked in extra-time for time wasting. Ultimately Orlando won the match after defender Rodrigo Schlegel replaced Gallese in goal and saved a penalty in the seventh round of the shootout.
International career.
Pedro Gallese was part of Peru national under-17 football team squad for the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in South Korea. However, he did not play and was instead the backup to Éder Hermoza.
Gallese made his senior international debut on 6 August 2014 in a friendly against Panama. He kept a clean sheet and saved a penalty in the 82nd minute of the 3–0 victory. Pedro Gallese was selected to be in 2015 Copa América held in Chile with Peru eventually winning a bronze medal. Gallese was also selected to the squad for the Copa América Centenario in 2016 hosted in the United States. During the tournament he was named man of the match in Peru's 1–0 win over Brazil.
Pedro Gallese became first choice goalkeeper for Peru in 2018 World Cup qualifying. After having fractured his wrist during a Liga MX match with Veracruz in August 2017, Gallese returned for Peru on 5 October 2017. Despite still carrying the injury, Gallese shut out Argentina at "La Bombonera" with the 0–0 draw keeping Peru in the race to qualify for the FIFA World Cup 2018. On 15 November 2017, Gallese was part of the team that qualified for the FIFA World Cup 2018 after Peru defeated New Zealand at the intercontinental playoff. Although still injured, Gallese was able to keep a clean sheet in both games as Peru won 2–0 on aggregate, qualifying them for the World Cup for the first time in 36 years.
In May 2018 he was named in Peru's provisional squad and eventually made it into the final 23. He was the starting goalkeeper for Peru throughout the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Peru were unable to qualifying from the group stage of the tournament after two losses to Denmark and France. However, he was able to keep a clean sheet in their final group match, a 2-0 victory over Australia.
Gallese was once again selected as the starting goalkeeper for Peru in 2019 Copa América, where he played a significant role on helping Peru to go to its first ever Copa América final for 44 years, including saving Luis Suárez's penalty in a quarter-final penalty shoot-out. Peru eventually lost to Brazil in the final 3–1.
Honours.
Club.
Universidad San Martín
Veracruz


Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial

The Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial, located in the grounds of the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, Minnesota, commemorates 25 women whose achievements were important to the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA).
History.
The MWSA led the campaign for the state legislature to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, to give women the right to vote. Minnesota was the 15th state to ratify the amendment, doing so in 1919.
The idea for the memorial was raised by members of the Minnesota League of Women Voters and a design competition was held. The winning design, chosen from 16 submissions, was the work of Raveevarn Choksombatchai and Ralph Nelson. The State Legislature agreed in 1996 to appropriate resources for the construction of the memorial. Groundbreaking took place on August 26, 1998, the 75th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th amendment, and the monument was opened on August 26, 2000. The ceremony was presided over by Lt. Gov. Mae Schunk.
The memorial consists of a garden entitled "Garden of Time: Landscape of Change" and features a series of aluminum signs, each one of which describes an event in the United States women's suffrage campaign. A trellis bears the names of 25 leaders of the movement in Minnesota.
In 2004, the memorial was redesigned by Roger Grothe.
Women listed on the memorial.
Harriet Bishop.
Bishop (1818–1883) came to Minnesota as a teacher and opened the first public school and Sunday school in the territory. She was active in both the temperance and suffrage movements.
Fanny Fligelman Brin.
Brin (1884–1961) was an activist for women's rights, Jewish welfare, and world peace. She served as president of the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW) from 1932–1938, and was appointed by Eleanor Roosevelt to serve on a national committee to study humanitarian needs during the Great Depression.
Myrtle Cain.
Cain (1894–1980) served as president of the Women's Trade Union of Minneapolis and was one of the first women in the Minnesota House of Representatives.
Mary Jackman Colburn.
Colburn (1811–1901) was born in 1811 in Newburyport, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard University in the 1840s, with a degree in medicine. She married Samuel Colburn, and they moved to Moline, Illinois, and then to Champlin, Minnesota. Mary practiced medicine in both locations.
Colburn became active in the suffrage movement and, in 1858, delivered what is thought to be the first public lecture on the subject in Minnesota. It was titled "Rights and Wrongs of Woman".
In 1864, Colburn won a state-sponsored essay competition on the theme "Minnesota as a Home for Emigrants"; the letter notifying her of her prize addressed her as "sir". Shortly afterward, Colburn wrote to a friend, "I am doing but little now on the suffrage question, for I will not stoop longer to ask of any congress or legislature for that which I know to be mine by the divine law of nature".
Despite those words, in 1867, Colburn and Sarah Burger Stearns, along with other "friends of equality" petitioned the state legislature to amend the constitution, removing the word male from the section which enfranchised "every male person". The women were granted a hearing where Colburn read a prepared statement but, ultimately, no action was taken.
Colburn gave lectures throughout Minnesota on the "Patriotism of Woman" and in 1869, Colburn formed a suffrage society in Champlin, one of the first in Minnesota. After the passage of an amendment in 1875 allowing women to vote on issues related to state education, Colburn was elected school director in Champlin. Colburn was one of the founders of the MWSA.
Samuel died in 1884 and Mary in 1901; they are buried in Champlin Cemetery in Champlin, Minnesota.
Sarah Tarleton Colvin.
Colvin (1865–1949) was a Johns Hopkins-trained nurse who served in the Red Cross during World War I. She served as chairman of the Minnesota chapter of the National Woman's Party and was arrested during the "Watchfire for Freedom" demonstrations of January 1919. Colvin was sentenced to five days in jail where she participated in a hunger strike.
Gratia Countryman.
Countryman (1866–1953) was a librarian who led the Minneapolis Public Library from 1904–1936 and the Minnesota Library Association from 1904–1905.
Nellie Griswold Francis.
Francis (1874–1969) was a suffragist and civil rights activist who was the first president of the African-American suffragist group, Everywoman Suffrage Club.
Elizabeth Hunt Harrison.
Harrison (1848–1931) was involved in many woman's suffrage organizations, including the MWSA, and in 1930 was one of six Minnesota women selected for the roll of honor of the National League of Women Voters.
Ethel Edgerton Hurd.
Hurd (1845–1929) earned a medical degree in 1897 from the University of Minnesota at the age of 52 and went into practice with her daughter, Anna. She helped to organize the Medical Women's Club of Minneapolis and the Minnesota Scandinavian Woman Suffrage Association, and served on the board of directors of the MWSA. Hurd's also served as president for the Political Equality Club of Minneapolis and published a book titled "Woman Suffrage in Minnesota: A Record of the Activities in Its Behalf Since 1847".
Nanny Mattson Jaeger.
Jaeger (1859–1938) was the president of the Political Equality Club of Minneapolis and the Minnesota Scandinavian Woman Suffrage Association.
Bertha Berglin Moller.
Moller (1888–unknown) served as secretary of the Minnesota branch of the National Woman's Party and demonstrated at the White House and the Capitol. She was arrested 11 times and led a hunger strike in jail after one arrest.
Julia Bullard Nelson.
Nelson (1842–1914) was a founder of the MWSA and president from 1890–1896, and vice-president of the state Women's Christian Temperance Union from 1889–1890.
Emily Gilman Noyes.
Notes (1854–1930) was an influential supporter of suffrage from St. Paul who helped found the Woman's Welfare League in 1912, and served as its first president. She was also a vice-president of the MWSA, a founding member of the Ramsey County League of Women Voters and, in 1930, was one of six Minnesota women named to the honor roll of the National League of Women Voters.
Anna Dickie Olesen.
Olesen (1885–1971) was the first woman nominated by a major party to run for U.S. Senator.
Mabeth Hurd Paige.
Paige (1870–1944) earned a law degree from University of Minnesota, founded the Minneapolis chapter of the Urban League, and was one of the first women in the Minnesota House of Representatives.
Martha Rogers Ripley.
Ripley (1843–1914) was a physician and founder of the Maternity Hospital in Minneapolis; she also served as MWSA president from 1883–1889.
Maria Sanford.
Sanford (1836–1920) was a professor of history at Swarthmore College (1871–1880) and University of Minnesota (1880–1909) who joined the suffrage movement late in life.
Josephine Schain.
Schain (1886–1949) graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1886. She worked in social services both in Minnesota and in New York City. She served as the national director of the Girl Scouts from 1930 to 1935 when she resigned in order to become the chair of the National Committee on the Causes and Cure of War (NCCCW). In 1943, Schain was the first woman to officially represent the U.S. at a United Nations Conference and, in 1945, she was a consultant at the formation of the United Nations in San Francisco.
Josephine Sarles Simpson.
Simpson (1862–1948) was a charter member of the Woman's Club of Minneapolis and a noted orator in the cause of woman suffrage. She served on the board of directors of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and as president of the Hennepin County Woman Suffrage Association.
Sarah Burger Stearns.
Stearns (1836–1904) was a founder of the MWSA and its first president (1881–1883).
Maud Conkey Stockwell.
Stockwell (1863–1958) was president of the MWSA from 1900–1910, and founded several suffrage clubs. She took part in a nationwide petition, carrying Minnesota's 20,000 signatures in favor of suffrage to the capitol in Washington D.C.
Jane Grey Swisshelm.
Swisshelm (1815–1884) was a St. Cloud newspaper editor who wrote about abolition, women's rights, and suffrage.
Clara Hampson Ueland.
Ueland (1860–1927) was the president of the MWSA during the ratification of the 19th amendment and the first president of the Minnesota League of Women Voters.
Marguerite Milton Wells.
As a member of the MWSA, Wells (1872–1959) organized the petition drive that resulted in unanimous support from the Minnesota delegation for the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. In 1919, she was elected the first vice-president of the Minnesota League of Women Voters and, six months later, became president. She held this position until 1934, when she became the national president.
Alice Ames Winter.
Winter was one of the founders and served as president of the Minneapolis Woman's Club. After World War I, she served as president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC).


Bicentennial Nigger

Bicentennial Nigger is the sixth album by the American comedian Richard Pryor. David Banks produced the album, while Warner Bros. Records released the album in September 1976. It is often considered one of his most influential recordings. The CD version of the album was released on 20 June 1989. It won the 1977 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.
The album was recorded in July 1976 at the Roxy Theatre in West Hollywood, with the exception of the title track, recorded at The Comedy Store in Hollywood in February 1976, location recording by Wally Heider Recording, engineer Biff Dawes.


The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy

The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy is a painting by Graydon Parrish.
History.
In 2002, Douglas Hyland, the director of the New Britain Museum of American Art, approached Graydon Parrish to create an allegorical tribute to victims of the September 11 attacks. The completed painting, "The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy", is over 18 feet long and is one of the largest realist paintings ever created in America. Today it hangs in the Chase Wing of the New Britain Museum of American Art.
Reception.
The painting has been noted for its academic style, inspired both by Jacques-Louis David and William Bouguereau, and for its highly symbolic content, said to express the cycle of denial and tragedy. It has been compared and contrasted with Pablo Picasso's "Guernica" and Théodore Géricault's "The Raft of the Medusa", both comments on catastrophes. A review in "The New York Times" summarized that "Mr. Parrish has a fine arsenal of talent and ideas, but this particular work comes off as overly staged, showy and annoyingly melodramatic, the clichéd pomp and classical symbolism drowning out a gentler, more compassionate spirit." James Panero, writing in "The New Criterion", believed "The cycle of terror and tragedy: September 11, 2001," is a pretty good painting that manages to be monumentally terrible." In response, Aimee Pozorski wrote that "In fact, it is true that what Parrish has created is a lovely and symmetrical allegory: The twin bodies--strong, virile, and painted as if part of a Botticelli painting--are also allegories for the virile twin towers about to fall. The children holding planes represent the loss of innocence of an entire nation."


Winslow War Memorial

Winslow War Memorial is located in High Street, Winslow, Buckinghamshire, England. It is a grade II listed building with Historic England and commemorates men who died in the First World War with later additions for the Second World War, Malayan Emergency and Falklands Conflict. It was unveiled in 1920.


Peoria, Illinois

Peoria ( ) is the county seat of Peoria County, Illinois, and the largest city on the Illinois River. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 115,007. It is the principal city of the Peoria Metropolitan Area in Central Illinois, consisting of the counties of Marshall, Peoria, Stark, Tazewell, and Woodford, which had a population of 373,590 in 2011.
Established in 1691 by the French explorer Henri de Tonti, Peoria was later labeled by the Peoria Historical Society to be the oldest European settlement in Illinois. Originally known as Fort Clark, it received its current name when the County of Peoria organized in 1825. The city was named after the Peoria tribe, a member of the Illinois Confederation. On October 16, 1854, Abraham Lincoln made his Peoria speech against the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
A major port on the Illinois River, Peoria is a trading and shipping center for a large agricultural area that produces maize, soybeans, and livestock. Although the economy is well diversified, the city's traditional manufacturing industries remain important and produce earthmoving equipment, metal products, lawn-care equipment, labels, steel towers, farm equipment, building materials, steel, wire, and chemicals. Until 2018, Peoria was the global and national headquarters for heavy equipment and engine manufacturer Caterpillar Inc., one of the 30 companies composing the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and listed on the Fortune 100; in the latter year, the company relocated its headquarters to Deerfield, Illinois.
The city is associated with the phrase "Will it play in Peoria?", which originated from the vaudeville era and was popularized by Groucho Marx. Museums in the city include the Pettengill-Morron House, the John C. Flanagan House, and the Peoria Riverfront Museum.
History.
Peoria is the oldest European settlement in Illinois, as explorers first ventured up the Illinois River from the Mississippi. The lands that eventually would become Peoria were first settled by Europeans in 1680, when French explorers René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti constructed Fort Crevecoeur. This fort would later burn to the ground, and in 1813, Fort Clark, Illinois was built. When the County of Peoria was organized in 1825, Fort Clark was officially named Peoria.
Peoria was named after the Peoria tribe, a member of the Illinois Confederation. The original meaning of the word is uncertain. A 21st-century proposal suggests a derivation from a Proto-Algonquian word meaning "to dream with the help of a manitou."
Peoria was incorporated as a village on March 11, 1835. The city did not have a mayor, though they had a village president, Rudolphus Rouse, who served from 1835 to 1836. The first Chief of Police, John B Lishk, was appointed in 1837. The city was incorporated on April 21, 1845. This was the end of a village president and the start of the mayoral system, with the first mayor being William Hale.
Peoria, Arizona, a suburb of Phoenix, was named after Peoria, Illinois because the two men who founded it in 1890 − Joseph B. Greenhut and Deloss S. Brown − wished to name it after their hometown.
For much of the twentieth century, a red-light district of brothels and bars known as the Merry-Go-Round was part of Peoria.
Richard Pryor got his start as a performer on North Washington Street in the early 1960s.
In 2021, Rita Ali became Peoria's first female and African American mayor after being elected.
Topography.
According to the 2010 census, Peoria has a total area of , of which (or 95.58%) is land and (or 4.42%) is water.
Climate.
Peoria has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfa"), with cold, snowy winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly daily mean temperatures range from to . Snowfall is common in the winter, averaging , but this figure varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation, averaging , peaks in the spring and summer, and is the lowest in winter. Extremes have ranged from in January 1884 to in July 1936.
Cityscape.
The city of Peoria is home to a United States courthouse and the Peoria Civic Center (which includes Carver Arena). The world headquarters for Caterpillar Inc. was based in Peoria for over 110 years until announcing their move to Deerfield, Illinois in late-2017. Medicine has become a major part of Peoria's economy. In addition to three major hospitals, the USDA's National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, formerly called the USDA Northern Regional Research Lab, is located in Peoria. This is one of the labs where mass production of penicillin was developed.
Grandview Drive, which Theodore Roosevelt purportedly called the "world's most beautiful drive" during a 1910 visit, runs through both Peoria and Peoria Heights. In addition to Grandview Drive, the Peoria Park District contains of parks and trails. The Illinois River Bluff Trail connects four Peoria Park District parks: Camp Wokanda, Robinson Park, Green Valley Camp, and Detweiller Park; the Rock Island Greenway (13 miles) connects the State of Illinois Rock Island trail traveling north to Toulon, IL and also connects southeast to East Peoria, IL and to the Morton Community Bikeway. Other parks include the Forest Park Nature Center, which features seven miles of hiking trails through prairie openings and forested woodlands, Glen Oak Park, and Bradley Park, which features Frisbee golf as well as a dog park. Peoria has five public golf courses as well as several private and semi-private golf courses. The Peoria Park District, the first and still largest park district in Illinois, was the 2001 Winner of the National Gold Medal Award for Excellence in Parks and Recreation for Class II Parks.
Culture.
Museums in Peoria include the Pettengill-Morron House, the John C Flanagan House of the Peoria Historical Society, and the Wheels o' Time Museum. The Museum Block, opened on October 12, 2012, houses the Peoria Riverfront Museum, a planetarium, and the Caterpillar World Visitors Center.
The Peoria Art Guild hosts the Annual Art Fair, which is continually rated as one of the 100 top art fairs in the nation.
Three cultural institutions are located in Glen Oak Park. The Peoria Zoo, formerly Glen Oak Zoo, was expanded and refurbished in recent years. Finished in 2009, the new zoo improvements more than triple the size of the zoo and feature a major African safari exhibit.
The Steamboat Classic, held every summer, is the world's largest four-mile (6 km) running race and draws international runners.
The Peoria Santa Claus Parade, which started in 1888, is the oldest running holiday parade in the United States.
Peoria's sister cities include Friedrichshafen, Germany; Benxi, China; Clonmel, Ireland; and Aitou, Lebanon.
Performing arts.
The Peoria Symphony Orchestra is the 14th oldest in the nation. Peoria is also home to the Peoria Municipal Band, the Peoria Area Civic Chorale, the Youth Music Illinois (formerly known as Central Illinois Youth Symphony), Central Illinois Ballet, and the Peoria Ballet. Several community and professional theaters have their home in and around Peoria, including the Peoria Players, which is the fourth-oldest community theater in the nation and the oldest in Illinois. Corn Stock Theatre is another community theater company in Peoria, and is the only outdoor theater company in Central Illinois.
 The fair features livestock competitions, rides, concessions, motor contests and concerts.
Media.
Peoria is the 153rd largest radio market in the United States and Peoria-Bloomington is the 117th largest television market in the United States.
The area has 14 commercial radio stations with six owners among them; four non-commercial full-power radio stations, each separately owned; five commercial television stations with two operating owners among them; one non-commercial television station; and one daily newspaper ("Peoria Journal Star").
NOAA Weather Radio.
NOAA Weather Radio station WXJ71 transmits from East Peoria and is licensed to NOAA's National Weather Service Central Illinois Weather Forecast Office at Lincoln, broadcasting on a frequency of 162.475 mHz (channel 4 on most newer weather radios, and most SAME weather radios). The station activates the SAME tone alarm feature and a 1050 Hz tone activating older radios (except for AMBER Alerts, using the SAME feature only) for hazardous weather and non-weather warnings and emergencies, along with selected weather watches, for the Illinois counties of Fulton, Knox, Marshall, Mason, McLean, Peoria, Putnam, Stark, Tazewell, and Woodford. Weather permitting, a tone alarm test of both the SAME and 1050 Hz tone features are conducted every Wednesday between 11 AM and noon.
Activities.
Civic Center.
The Peoria Civic Center includes an arena, convention center, and theater, and was completed in the early 1980s, was designed by the famed late architect Philip Johnson. It completed a $55 million renovation and expansion by 2007.
The Hotel Pere Marquette finished renovations in 2013 with a skyway linking to the Peoria Civic Center. A new 10-story Courtyard has been built adjacent to this hotel, completing a hotel campus for larger conventions.
The Civic Center hosts the Bradley University Men's Basketball team, the IHSA Boys State Basketball Championships and State Chess Championship. Which claims to be the largest chess team tournament in the United States: Beginning in 2018, the teams were narrowed to 128 by the use of sectional elimination competitions, and the tournament has about 1500 players, including up to 8 players and 4 alternates per team.
Renaissance Park.
Renaissance Park was originally designated as a research park, originally established in May 2003 as the Peoria Medical and Technology District. It consisted of nine residential neighborhoods, Bradley University, the medical district, and the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. The Peoria NEXT Innovation Center opened in August 2007 and provides both dry and wet labs, as well as conference and office space for emerging start-up companies. Over $2 billion in research is conducted in Peoria annually. While the Renaissance Park research park project never came to full fruition, many of the original ideas from the original Renaissance Park concept still continue on a smaller level via The Renaissance Park Community Association.
The Block.
The Block is a $100+ million project that contains the Peoria Riverfront Museum and The Caterpillar Experience, a museum and visitor's center showcasing Caterpillar past, present, and future. It is located in downtown Peoria along the Illinois River at the site formerly known as the Sears Block. The Block opened in October 2012.
Economy.
Industry.
Peoria's first major industry was started in 1830 by John Hamlin and John Sharp, who constructed the flour mill on Kickapoo Creek. In 1837, another industry was begun with E.F. Nowland's pork planting industry. Many other industries started slowly in Peoria including carriage factories, pottery makers, wholesale warehousing, casting foundries, glucose factories, ice harvesting, and furniture makers.
Peoria became the first world leader for distilleries thanks to Andrew Eitle (1837) and Almiron S. Cole (1844).
 In 1889, Keystone Steel & Wire developed the first wire fence and has since been the nation's leading manufacturer.
At this time, agricultural implement production declined, which led the earth moving and tractor equipment companies to skyrocket and make Peoria in this field the world leader. In 1925, Caterpillar Tractor Co. was formed from California-based companies, Benjamin Holt Co. and the C.L. Best Tractor Co. Robert G. LeTourneau's earth moving company began its production of new scrapers and dozers in 1935 which evolved into Komatsu-Dresser, Haulpak Division.
More recently Peoria has become a regional medical hub for central Illinois with recent hospital expansions.
Retail.
The city's largest mall is Northwoods Mall. Other retail centers include The Shoppes at Grand Prairie, Sheridan Village, Metro Centre, Willow Knolls Court, and Westlake Shopping Center.
Top employers.
According to Peoria's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
Demographics.
As of the census of 2010, there were 115,021 people and 47,202 households residing in the city. The population density was 2,543.4 people per square mile (982.1/km). There were 52,621 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 62.4% White, 26.9% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.6% Asian, and 3.6% of mixed races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.9% of the population. The city has a sizable, established Lebanese population with a long history in local business and government.
There were 45,199 households, out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. Individuals made up 33.2% of all households, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.04.
The city population was 25.7% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $36,397. The per capita income for the city was $20,512. Some 18.8% of the population was below the poverty line.
Special censuses were conducted in 2004 and 2007 that noted a total increase of 8,455 in the city's population since the 2000 census.
Government and politics.
Peoria is a home rule municipality with a mayor and ten city council members. It has a council-manager form of government. The city is divided into five districts. Five council members are elected at-large via cumulative voting.
Township of the City of Peoria.
The Township of the City of Peoria (sometimes called City of Peoria Township) is a separate government from the City of Peoria, and performs the functions of civil township government in most of the city. The township was created by the Peoria County Board to match the boundaries of the City of Peoria, which until then had overlapped portions of Peoria Township (now West Peoria Township) and Richwoods Township. The border of the township grew with the Peoria city limits until 1990, when it was frozen at its current boundaries, containing about ; the City of Peoria itself has continued expanding outside the City of Peoria Township borders into Kickapoo, Medina, and Radnor township. In the years before the freeze, the Township of the City of Peoria had grown to take up most of the former area of Richwoods and what is now West Peoria Township.
Education.
Peoria is served by four public K-12 school districts:
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria runs six schools in the city: five grade schools and Peoria Notre Dame High School. Non-denominational Peoria Christian School operates a grade school, middle school, and high school.
In addition, Concordia Lutheran School, Peoria Academy, Christ Lutheran School, and several smaller private schools exist.
Bradley University, Methodist College, OSF St. Francis College of Nursing, the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, the Downtown and North campuses of Illinois Central College, and the Peoria campus of Roosevelt University are based in the city. Additionally, Eureka College and the main campus of Illinois Central College are located nearby in Eureka and East Peoria, respectively.
Infrastructure.
Health and medicine.
The health-care industry accounts for at least 25% of Peoria's economy. The city has three major hospitals: OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, UnityPoint Health – Methodist, and UnityPoint Health – Proctor. In addition, the Children's Hospital of Illinois, the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, and the Midwest Affiliate of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital are located in the city. The hospitals are all located in a medical district around the junction of Interstate 74 and Knoxville Avenue, adjacent to downtown in the southeast of the city, except for UnityPoint Health – Proctor in the geographic center of the city. The surrounding towns are also supported by UnityPoint Health – Proctor, Pekin Hospital, Advocate Eureka Hospital, and the Hopedale Medical Complex. The Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation was created from the "Peoria Plan for Human Rehabilitation," a model for medical and occupational rehabilitation launched in 1943 to integrate returning World War II veterans back into the workplace.
Transportation.
Interstate and U.S. routes.
The Peoria area is served by three Interstate highways: Interstate 74, which runs from northwest to southeast through the downtown area, Interstate 474, a southern bypass of I-74 through portions of Peoria and the suburbs of Bartonville and Creve Coeur, and Interstate 155, which runs south from I-74 in Morton to Interstate 55 in Lincoln which connects to Springfield and St. Louis. I-74 crosses over the Illinois River via the Murray Baker Bridge, while I-474 crosses via the Shade-Lohmann Bridge. The nearest metropolitan centers accessible on I-74 are the Quad Cities to the west, and Bloomington-Normal to the east.
From 2004 to 2006, Interstate 74 between Interstate 474 on the west and Illinois Route 8 on the east was reconstructed as part of the Upgrade 74 project.
In addition, U.S. Route 150 serves as the main arterial for the northern portion of the Peoria area, becoming War Memorial Drive before heading west towards Kickapoo. It enters from the McClugage Bridge; east of the bridge, U.S. 150 runs southeast to Morton.
State routes.
The following state routes run through Peoria:
The planned Illinois Route 336 project will also connect Illinois 336 with I-474 between Illinois 8 and Illinois 116. Construction on the segment nearest Peoria has not started, nor has funding been allocated.
Rail transportation.
Metro Peoria is served by ten common carrier railroads. Four are Class I railroads: BNSF, CNR, Norfolk Southern, and Union Pacific. The last one, Union Pacific, has a north–south oriented line which skirts the west edge of the city but a line branches off of it to enter Peoria. One Class II/Regional, Iowa Interstate, serves the city, coming out of Bureau Junction, Illinois. Five Class III/Shortline railroads: Central Illinois Railroad, which operates a portion of the city-owned Peoria, Peoria Heights and Western Railroad; three Genesee and Wyoming-owned operations: Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway, which runs next to US 24 east to Logansport, Indiana (formally owned by Rail America), Illinois & Midland Railroad (the former Chicago and Illinois Midland, comes up from Springfield and Havana) and Tazewell and Peoria Railroad (leases the Peoria and Pekin Union Railway from its owners Canadian National, Norfolk Southern and Union Pacific); Pioneer Railcorp's Keokuk Junction Railway (which now owns the Toledo, Peoria and Western's West End from Lomax and La Harpe in Western Illinois, plus the branch from Keokuk).
There is no passenger rail connecting Peoria to other urban centers, although this possibility and the possibility of rail service that connects St. Louis to Chicago (by way of Springfield, Peoria, Bloomington-Normal, and Pontiac) has been and is being investigated.
Peoria was a minor passenger rail hub until the 1950s. Several Midwestern railroads fed into Peoria Union Station until 1955. The Rock Island Railroad operated trains into its Rock Island Depot.
Peoria's last intercity rail service ended when the Rock Island Railroad ran its last "Peoria Rocket" train into the Rock Island Depot in 1978. The area's last intercity rail service ended in 1981, when Amtrak withdrew the "Prairie Marksman" (Chicago-East Peoria), which stopped in nearby East Peoria. The nearest Amtrak rail service is at Galesburg to the northwest and Bloomington to the southeast.
Public transportation.
Public bus service is provided by the Greater Peoria Mass Transit District, which operates 21 bus routes under the name CityLink, that serve the city, Illinois Central College and much of East Peoria, Illinois, Peoria Heights, West Peoria, and points between Peoria and Pekin.
Aviation.
The General Wayne Downing Peoria International Airport is located west of Peoria. The airport is served by 4 passenger airlines (United, American, Delta, and Allegiant Air) and numerous cargo carriers. Nonstop destinations include Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Las Vegas, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Detroit, Houston, Phoenix, and Charlotte. Cargo carriers serving Peoria include UPS and Airborne Express (now DHL).
Mount Hawley Auxiliary Airport, on the north end of the city, also accepts general aviation.
Peoria in popular culture.
The theme of Peoria as the archetypal example of middle American culture runs throughout American culture, appearing in movies and books, on television and radio, and in countless advertisements as either a filler place name, the representative of mainstream taste, hence the phrase "Will it play in Peoria?"
Music.
On the album called The Magnilia Electric Co (2003) there is a song by Jason Molina called "Peoria Lunch Box Blues".


Peter Porekuu Dery

Peter Porekuu (10 May 1918 – 6 March 2008) – given the surname Der then Dery – was a Ghanaian Roman Catholic cardinal. He served as Archbishop of Tamale from 1974 to 1994 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006. Porekuu had also served as the Bishop of Wa prior to his elevation as archbishop.
The cause for his canonization commenced in mid-2013 and the late cardinal is now referred to as a Servant of God.
Life.
Education and priesthood.
Porekuu Der was born in 1918 Zimuopare in the Ko Parish as the fourth of ten children to Theodore Porekuu and Agnes Zoore in the house of his uncle Ngmankurinaa. He was born soon after the death of his immediate older brother. One other brother was Alipo Porekuu.
The belief and practice of the Dagaare speaking people of North-Western Ghana and Southern Burkina-Faso dictates that a male child born not long after the death of his immediate elder brother is believed to be the reincarnation of the deceased brother and was thus given the additional name "Der" to demonstrate that. In keeping with that belief and practice his pagan parents thus referred to him as such.
He later converted to Roman Catholicism being baptized (alongside ten others) in Jirapa on 24 December 1932. He then altered his name "Der" with a "Y" at the end while taking the name "Peter" in honor of Saint Peter. In 1932, he was sent to Jirapa to become a catechist, so he could return to his village to teach his people in the faith.
Porekuu studied for the priesthood in Navrongo from 1934 to 1939 prior to commencing his philosophical and theological studies at Saint Victor's school in Wiagha. He received his ordination to the priesthood in Nandom at Saint Theresa's Church from Bishop Gérard Bertrand in 1951 before furthering his studies. He earned a diploma in social studies from the Saint Francis Xavier college in Antigonish in Canada in 1958 and also obtained his doctorate from the International Catechetical Institute "Lumen vitae" in Brussels in Belgium. The former permitted him to enter after the Knights of Columbus granted him a scholarship in 1957. He returned to his homeland in 1959 serving as a parochial vicar in Nandom before serving as the vicar-general for the Tamale archdiocese until 1960.
Episcopate.
On 16 March 1960 he was appointed as the first Bishop of Wa after Pope John XXIII created the new diocese. He received his episcopal consecration two months later from John XXIII himself with Bishops Napoléon-Alexandre Labrie and Venerable Fulton Sheen serving as the co-consecrators in Saint Peter's Basilica. Poreku made his formal installation in his new see on the following 10 June and then requested permission from competent ecclesial authorities in Rome to translate the Mass into Dagaare and have it sung in local melodies with local musical instruments; permission was given, and he composed the first Dagaare Mass. This proved to be a significant milestone in the "Africanization" of the Ghanaian Church.
Porekuu attended the Second Vatican Council and focused on the involvement of the faithful as well as both education and the promotion of vocations during his tenure. He was remembered in Wa for driving a Datsun saloon car with foodstuffs from Wa to Accra on terrible roads just, so he could meet with the families of his old parishioners and to distribute food to people.
He was later named as the Apostolic Administrator for the Tamale archdiocese and later became the fourth Bishop of Tamale on 18 November 1974. He was the first non-religious to hold the position since all his predecessors had belonged to the White Fathers. He was promoted to the rank of a metropolitan archbishop upon Tamale's elevation to an archdiocese in 1977. From 1982 to 1988 he served as the president of the Ghanaian Episcopal Conference.
Porekuu attended two sessions of episcopal gatherings that Pope John Paul II had convoked with the first being held from 24 November to 8 December 1985 and the second being held from 1 to 30 October 1987. It was at the former that he said Roman officials should allow for "enculturation" to allow for the Ghanaian Church to assume its own cultural sense of identification in "matters of life and worship". Porekuu also served two terms on the Pontifical Council for the Laity during the pontificates of both Paul VI and John Paul II. He resigned from his position on 26 March 1994 after two decades of service and upon reaching the retirement age. The resignation letter was sent in 1993 but was not accepted after the pope responded "nunc pro tunc" meaning "not until we can replace" with a new archbishop. But the resignation was accepted not long after in 1994 after Porekuu suffered a stroke.
Cardinalate.
Pope Benedict XVI created Porekuu as the Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Elena fuori Porta Prenestina on 26 March 2006 in Saint Peter's Square; he was elevated as one of the prelates over age 80 meaning that he was not eligible to vote in future papal conclaves. Porekuu was in a wheelchair and was lifted onto the dais to greet Benedict XVI who conferred the red hat and title upon him.
Death and funeral.
Porekuu died in his sleep at his Tamale residence on 6 March 2008 at 6:20 pm. His longtime aide Mark Attabeh and his doctor Augustine Kabir aided him in his final months. He had been bedridden for the last seven months of his life after slipping in 2007 causing hip difficulties. His remains were taken to the morgue before being taken to the archdiocesan cathedral to lie in state. On 31 March a vigil was held at Jubilee Park with Cardinal Peter Turkson presiding over the funeral on 1 April; the President John Kufuor and Vice-President Aliu Mahama were in attendance with Archbishop Peter Akwasi Sarpong delivering the sermon and Felix Owusu Adjepong delivering a tribute on the government's behalf.
Recognitions.
Porekuu was granted several awards and recognitions during his life:
Beatification.
In June 2013 at a memorial service Mass held in Tamale it was announced that the cause for beatification would be initiated with the formal request lodged to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 15 June 2013. The "nihil obstat" (no objections) was declared on 13 July 2013 which allowed for Porekuu to be titled as a Servant of God. The diocesan process commenced on 9 May 2015 in Tamale and was tasked with assembling documentation on his life and works as well as collecting testimonies from those who knew the late cardinal. As of June 2016 a total of 45 people had been interviewed as part of the process. Testimonies were heard in Tamale and Damongo as well as in Yendi and Navrongo-Bolgatanga with successive sessions to be heard in Wa.
The current postulator for this cause is Dr. Waldery Hilgeman.


Yellowstone National Park silver dollar

The Yellowstone National Park silver dollar is a commemorative coin issued by the United States Mint in 1999. Proceeds benefitted Yellowstone National Park and other national parks via the National Park Foundation.


Statue of Captain Albert Ball

A statue of Captain Albert Ball stands in Nottingham Castle Gardens, in Nottingham, England. It comprises a bronze sculpture by Henry Poole which depicts the British fighter pilot Captain Albert Ball VC DSO & Two Bars, MC accompanied by an allegorical female figure, standing on a stone pedestal by the architect Edwin Alfred Rickards. The memorial was unveiled in 1921, was listed at Grade II in 1972, upgraded to Grade I in 2017.
Background.
Albert Ball was born in Nottingham in 1896. His father, also Albert Ball, was a businessman and local politician. In September 1914, soon after the outbreak of the First World War, Ball enlisted in the 2/7th (Robin Hood) Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) and he was quickly commissioned as a second lieutenant.
After some private flying tuition, he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps and qualified as a pilot in January 1916. He flew reconnaissance missions in France from February 1916 with No. 13 Squadron. He moved to a fighter unit, No. 11 Squadron, in May 1916 and soon recorded his first aerial victory. Within 12 months, he achieved 44 confirmed "kills", and a further 25 unconfirmed.
Ball became famous for his martial achievements, and he was described by Germany aviator Manfred von Richthofen (the "Red Baron") as "by far the best English flying man". He was promoted to acting captain in August 1916, and moved to No. 60 Squadron. He was formally recognised by the award of the Military Cross, and the Distinguished Service Order with two Bars. Ball was killed when his aircraft crashed on 7 May 1917. A month later, he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. Ball was also created a Chevalier of the French Légion d’Honneur, and the Russian Order of St George (4th Class).
Ball was buried in the communal cemetery at Annœullin in France. His father bought the field where his aircraft crashed and erected a separate memorial there.
Design.
The bronze memorial statue by Henry Poole stands in the grounds of the Grade I listed Nottingham Castle, amidst a number of other Grade I listed buildings and structures. Also nearby are a Grade II listed war memorial sundial, and a Grade II listed war memorial obelisk.
The memorial was commissioned by Nottingham City Council and funded by public subscription. It includes a life-size statue of Ball, depicted in a standing position, wearing in his flying uniform, with his hands on his belt, looking up towards the sky. Behind him stands an robed woman standing on clouds: this allegorical figure representing "Air" is resting one hand on Ball's shoulder and pointing upwards with the other hand. The composition draws on Christian depictions of the raising of saints, drawn upwards towards heaven.
The sculpture stands on a Portland stone plinth, designed by the architect Edwin Alfred Rickards, two sides of which have relief carvings depicting an S.E.5a biplane, one flying over trenches and the other flying above clouds. The other two sides bear inscriptions within cartouches. Each inscription includes a reference to the motto of the nascent RAF, "Per ardua ad astra" ("By labour to the stars"). One inscription reads: "CAPT. ALBERT BALL V.C. / 7TH ROBIN HOOD BATTALION SHERWOOD FORESTERS / ATTACHED ROYAL FLYING CORPS, DSO (2 BARS) MC / CROIX DE CHEVALIER, LEGION D'HONNEUR, / ORDER OF ST GEORGE (RUSSIAN) / HON. FREEMAN OF THE CITY OF NOTTINGHAM / PER ARDUA AD ASTRA". And the other inscription reads "IN THE AIR / HE GAVE MOST CONSPICUOUS / AND GALLANT SERVICE TO / HIS COUNTRY AND WAS KILLED / IN ACTION FIGHTING GLORIOUSLY / MAY 7TH 1917 AGED 20 YEARS / PER ARDUA AD ASTRA".
The plinth rests on a tiered grey granite base, with three lobed steps. The base has bronze fittings, including eternal flames, a feather, a laurel wreath, and architectural feet.
The memorial was unveiled by Air Marshal Sir Hugh Trenchard on 8 September 1921. Trenchard had served as commander of the Royal Flying Corps in France from August 1915 to January 1918, and then Chief of the Air Staff. The ceremony included a flypast by a squadron of RAF aircraft.
A bronze cast of Poole's model for the statue is held by the National Portrait Gallery, London, donated by Ball's parents in 1929.


Lou Henry Hoover House

The Hoover House, formally known as the Lou Henry Hoover House or the Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, is a historic house located on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford, California, United States. Completed in 1920, it is the former house of Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States, and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, who designed it. It is now the official home of the president of Stanford. In addition to its importance as a residence of the Hoovers, the house is a significant early example of the International Style of architecture. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.
History.
Prior to the end of World War I, the Hoovers had commissioned architect Louis Christian Mullgardt to design their Stanford home; however, Mullgardt publicized his appointment prior to the end of the war, angering the Hoovers, who felt that it was an inopportune time in the waning months of a terrible conflict to announce the construction of a large home. Mullgardt was summarily dismissed.
After several consultations the Hoovers convinced Arthur Bridgman Clark, a Stanford art professor who practiced freelance architecture during the summer, to be their architect. Clark agreed on the condition that Mrs. Hoover design the house and that Clark, aided by architectural draftsman Charles Davus and Clark's architect son, Birge, would serve in an advisory capacity. Mrs. Hoover sketched ideas, watching construction, but when anyone told her that any of her architectural ideas weren't done, she responded, "Well, it's time someone did."
The exterior of the house appears much smaller than would be suggested by its interior. This is achieved thanks to the hillside site with the house disappearing into the slope of San Juan Hill. The irregularly shaped house was built on a reinforced concrete slab foundation and rises two stories in the front and three stories in the rear. Resembling early International style homes, it was the opinion of some architects that Mrs. Hoover's designs were modeled after North African Algerian homes she had seen. Elements of Mission Revival Style architecture can also be found in its design and others have seen Pueblo influence.
Herbert Hoover's contribution was to order that the home be fireproof, and the walls were constructed of hollow tiles. Built from 1919 to 1920, the house was the couple's first and only permanent residence. The Hoovers lived there only a short time before Herbert was appointed Secretary of Commerce by President Warren G. Harding in 1921, a role he continued under President Calvin Coolidge. It was here that Hoover awaited the Presidential election returns in 1928, when he won against Alfred E. Smith, and 1932, when he lost the election to Franklin D. Roosevelt. During Hoover's presidency (1929–32), the Hoover family only made brief visits to their Stanford home. They returned to this house after 1932, while maintaining a New York apartment as a second residence.
After Lou's death in 1944, her husband deeded the house to Stanford University to serve as a home for university professors. It now serves as the official residence of the university president and is not open to the public.
In 2008 it was fitted with solar panels.


List of United States commemorative coins and medals (2000s)


Middlesbrough Cenotaph

The Middlesbrough Cenotaph is a war memorial situated in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England.
It is located just off Linthorpe Road outside the entrance gates to Albert Park in front of the Dorman Museum.
It commemorates the local men who lost their lives in the First and Second World Wars and other conflicts.
The cenotaph was built on land given by Sir Arthur Dorman who favoured a replica of The Cenotaph in Whitehall, London.
The cenotaph was designed by Brierley and Rutherford of York based on the Whitehall cenotaph, and built in 1922 by masons Messrs Coxhead of Middlesbrough
at a cost of over £17,000.
It was unveiled on 11 November that year by the deputy mayor of Middlesbrough J.G. Pallister
in memory of over 3,000 local men from the Yorkshire Regiment and others who lost their lives in the First World War.
The cenotaph was constructed using polished grey Aberdeen granite ashlar and stands over 10m high.
After the Second World War the cenotaph was rededicated to those who died in that conflict and other wars.
The north and south faces of the monument are inscribed with the epitaph "THE GLORIOUS DEAD 1914–1919, 1939–1945".
The Cenotaph and surrounds were restored and improved in 2008 at a cost of £275,000.
Work included cleaning and pointing, pedestrianisation of the surrounding area, and improved lighting.


Statue of Brothers

The Statue of Brothers () is a symbol of the Korean War at the War Memorial of Korea in Seoul. Its English text reads as follows :
The statue is located in the south-west corner of the exterior exhibit area.


Two Cathedrals

"Two Cathedrals" is the 44th episode and second season finale of "The West Wing". It was first broadcast on May 16, 2001.
President Bartlet is beset by memories of Mrs. Landingham as her funeral approaches. Meanwhile, the staff deals with a crisis in Haiti and questions from congressional Democrats regarding Bartlet's health, following his disclosure that he has multiple sclerosis (MS). "Two Cathedrals" is widely considered to be one of the greatest episodes of "The West Wing".
Synopsis.
Leo McGarry (John Spencer) is talking to two Democrats who are convinced that the White House's cover-up of President Bartlet's multiple sclerosis will be a significant obstacle for Democrats in the House seeking re-election. They ask whether the President will seek re-election, but Leo only says that there will be a press conference that night, and that they should watch.
Toby Ziegler (Richard Schiff) is preparing the Mural Room for the President's statement when Sam Seaborn (Rob Lowe) asks if the President is ready, so soon after Mrs. Landingham's death in a car accident at the end of "18th and Potomac". Toby tells him that they have no choice and despite her funeral, they will be proceeding with the plan to publicly address Bartlet's MS. Toby is offered a 'lifeboat' by way of a job offer, but turns it down in a show of loyalty to the President. C. J. Cregg (Allison Janney) gathers reporters from several news agencies in her office to 'leak' information about the President's disease. Josh Lyman (Bradley Whitford) gives her a brief for a press briefing about an ongoing tobacco lawsuit, but she tells him that with the story the President is about to reveal, even news about an ongoing diplomatic situation in Haiti will be ignored by the press.
Throughout the day, Bartlet revisits his early memories of Mrs. Landingham (Kirsten Nelson) when she was a secretary at the school where he studied and where his father was headmaster. In one flashback sequence, she pushes a young Bartlet (Jason Widener) to challenge his father about pay inequality between women and men working at the school. Mrs. Landingham clearly sees something in Jed, "a boy king ... blessed with inspiration." She comments that if Bartlet won't say anything because he's afraid or can't be bothered, then she doesn't even want to know him. He then puts his hands in his pockets, looks away, and smiles, which Mrs. Landingham understands to mean that he has decided to act, and will talk to his father.
Bartlet and his staff attend Mrs. Landingham's funeral at the National Cathedral. Afterward, a grief-stricken Bartlet remains alone in the Cathedral, railing at God in both Latin, and English. He then lights a cigarette, drops it on the cathedral floor, and grinds it under his foot before angrily declaring that he will not run again: "You get Hoynes!". Later, in the Oval Office, as a pre-season tropical storm rages outside, Bartlet has a vision of Mrs. Landingham (Kathryn Joosten), who tells him that if he isn't going to run because he thinks he won't win or because it will be too hard, she doesn't even want to know him.
Bartlet and his entourage then travel to the State Department to give a press conference on the disclosure of his MS. Shots of the motorcade driving in the rain are intercut with shots in the cathedral, where a janitor finds the extinguished cigarette. Beginning the press conference, Bartlet disregards advice to first call upon a handpicked reporter who will not ask about re-election, choosing instead one who immediately asks if he will seek a second term as President. Bartlet puts his hands in his pockets, looks away, and smiles, indicating his intention to seek re-election.
Production.
Writing.
Aaron Sorkin was inspired to write the death of Mrs. Landingham into the show after Kathryn Joosten told him that she had auditioned for a role in a pilot episode for another series (CBS's "Joan of Arcadia)". Sorkin explained how he opted to "embrace the problem rather than just sweeping it away", and find the drama in the opportunity: "I decided in that moment that, by the end of the season, I wanted to push Bartlet to the place where he would renounce his faith in God—this very devout Catholic."
Sorkin explained that the Latin monologue in the National Cathedral was written in the language in order to avoid censorship by network NBC. NBC initially refused to allow a line where Mrs. Landingham describes the President's father as a "prick". Sorkin explained its use: "It was the right word and the slightly startling nature of it was really what you needed."
Casting.
Casting director Kevin Scott described the process of casting the younger version of Bartlet and Mrs. Landingham: "We were looking for Martin Sheen at about 17 and Mrs. Landingham at about 22. That was not easy. It wasn't just about a look, but a quality that each actor has, I wanted to hire actors that would make you say, 'Wow! That is Kathryn Joosten at 22. That is Martin Sheen as a teenager."
C.J. instructs the President to select medical correspondent Lawrence Altman of "The New York Times" for the first question, although he does not. While portrayed by an actor (Alfred Hurwitz), Altman is the name of the "Times" medical correspondent, who for decades reported on the health of presidents and vice presidents.
Lawrence O'Donnell, a writer and producer on "The West Wing", was cast as Bartlet's father after impressing Sorkin and Schlamme during a read-through for the episode. Jane Lynch appeared as a reporter in the White House Press Room.
Filming locations.
St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware served as young Bartlet's boarding school. It was also the shooting location of "Dead Poets Society".
During filming in the National Cathedral, Sheen as Bartlet stubbed out a cigarette on the floor, prompting the Cathedral to ban filming inside the building.
Music.
The episode featured the song "Brothers in Arms" by Dire Straits. The show's composer W. G. Snuffy Walden explained that Sorkin had specified the use of the song: "There was no question that this song was going to end the show which is really quite rare." Sorkin, however, explained in 2017 that he initially had some reservations about the use of the track:
Reception.
Critical reception.
'"Two Cathedrals" is widely regarded as one of "The West Wing"'s best episodes.


William Howard Taft Charter High School

William Howard Taft Charter High School is a public school located on the corner of Ventura Boulevard and Winnetka Avenue in the Woodland Hills district of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, California, within the Los Angeles Unified School District. The school gained affiliated charter status beginning with the 2013–2014 school year.
History.
Named after former U.S. president William Howard Taft, the school first opened in 1960.
It was in the Los Angeles City High School District until 1961, when it merged into LAUSD.
In the year 2013 - 2014, Taft High School became a Charter School.


La Pointe Indian Cemetery

La Pointe Indian Cemetery is the common name of the "St. Joseph Mission Cemetery", located on Madeline Island in La Pointe, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It is a frequently visited historical site.
History and origin.
The cemetery traces its origins to a Catholic mission, started in 1835 by a Catholic missionary named Frederic Baraga. Fr. Baraga came to La Pointe from Europe in the summer of 1835, to evangelize the Native American population.
The mission was dedicated on August 9, 1835, under the name "St. Joseph's Chapel". It was made of logs, and was located about 100 feet south of the current graveyard. The graveyard was consecrated the following year as the official burial place of the Catholic mission. However, earlier burials probably already existed at this location, as later archaeological studies have revealed several earlier ancient graves in the vicinity.
There are several notable historical people buried in the cemetery. Lake Superior Chippewa Chief Kechewaishke, also known as Great Buffalo, is perhaps the most recognizable. Also buried in the cemetery is Madeline Cadotte, whom Madeline Island is named after.
Name.
The name "Indian Cemetery" is a misnomer. Although many Native American people are buried in the cemetery, it is actually also the burial place for many of the island's original white settlers. There is much ethnic diversity among those laid to rest at the cemetery, which includes all those who were associated with the Catholic mission. In reality, the more correct name for the cemetery is "St. Joseph Mission Cemetery", which it used to be called, up until the middle of the twentieth century. In the 1950s, Madeline Island tourist literature described the cemetery as "the old Indian burial grounds", in an attempt to market the place as a historical tourist site. And while not actually being an only-Native American cemetery, the name "Indian Cemetery" stuck, despite being somewhat misleading.
Although not strictly a Native American cemetery, Native spirituality is given a nod, in certain aspects of the cemetery. In honoring an Ojibwe custom, many graves of Ojibwe people are covered with a "Spirit House". Such a grave covering is designed to protect the deceased buried there. Relatives would place food and other items inside the small shelter, to aid the soul of the dead on their journey to the afterlife.
The cemetery today.
By the 1950s, shoreline erosion was threatening the piece of lakeside land that the cemetery sits on. To help stabilize the historic site, a plan was set in motion by a local congressman to have a breakwater built. Thus, at the time, the Roman Catholic Church transferred ownership of the cemetery to the federal government, so federal funds could be spent on preserving the historically important site.
For many decades, the cemetery has been a major attraction for summer visitors interested in learning about the island's history. But the site hasn't been without controversy. In the 1960s, many visitors and island residents were concerned about what many thought was neglect for the cemetery's condition. Being overgrown with grass and brush, and suffering from litter dropped by some tourists, the cemetery was described by some as being in deplorable condition. Some disappointed visitors went so far as to contact the Wisconsin Historical Society and insist that they seek some solution to help improve the historical site.
In 1977, the cemetery became listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Maintenance and landscaping has vastly improved in recent decades.
Due to past problems with vandalism, visitors are no longer granted admission inside of the cemetery gates. While visitors are still welcome and encouraged to see the site, visitors are asked to observe the cemetery from outside the metal gate, where there is a historical marker displaying the history of the site. The only exception to this rule is that of family descendants who may need access to a relative's plot.
The history and significance of the cemetery is discussed in the book, “Badger Boneyards”, by author Dennis McCann, on pages 135-139. ()
There is a regional folklore that exists, regarding paranormal activity that occurs at the cemetery. Anecdotes about the paranormal occurrences might not be substantiated scientifically, but have surfaced in the form of popular tales told about the cemetery.
The cemetery continues to be a sacred site for descendants and relatives of those interred within.
History of other Native American burials on Madeline Island.
Madeline Island has been inhabited for centuries by Native Americans. And as one might expect, there are other places on the island that have been used as burial grounds, throughout the centuries. While lacking any kind of grave markers, unknown by the general public, and totally lacking any type of marker to identify the locations, many ancient burial grounds on Madeline Island are mostly known by a few in the local Native community.