Abdul Karim (the Munshi)

Mohammed Abdul Karim (1863 – April 1909), known as "the Munshi", was an Indian attendant of Queen Victoria. He served her during the final fourteen years of her reign, gaining her maternal affection over that time.
Karim was born the son of a hospital assistant near Jhansi in British India. In 1887, the year of Victoria's Golden Jubilee, Karim was one of two Indians selected to become servants to the Queen. Victoria came to like him a great deal and gave him the title of "Munshi" ("clerk" or "teacher"). Victoria appointed him to be her Indian Secretary, showered him with honours, and obtained a land grant for him in India.
The close platonic relationship between Karim and the Queen led to friction within the Royal Household, the other members of which felt themselves to be superior to him. The Queen insisted on taking Karim with her on her travels, which caused arguments between her and her other attendants. Following Victoria's death in 1901, her successor, Edward VII, returned Karim to India and ordered the confiscation and destruction of the Munshi's correspondence with Victoria. Karim subsequently lived quietly near Agra, on the estate that Victoria had arranged for him, until his death at the age of 46.
Early life.
Mohammed Abdul Karim was born into a Muslim family at Lalitpur near Jhansi in 1863. His father, Haji Mohammed Waziruddin, was a hospital assistant stationed with the Central India Horse, a British cavalry regiment. Karim had one older brother, Abdul Aziz, and four younger sisters. He was taught Persian and Urdu privately and, as a teenager, travelled across North India and into Afghanistan. Karim's father participated in the conclusive march to Kandahar, which ended the Second Anglo-Afghan War, in August 1880. After the war, Karim's father transferred from the Central India Horse to a civilian position at the Central Jail in Agra, while Karim worked as a "vakil" ("agent" or "representative") for the Nawab of Jaora in the Agency of Agar. After three years in Agar, Karim resigned and moved to Agra, to become a vernacular clerk at the jail. His father arranged a marriage between Karim and the sister of a fellow worker.
Prisoners in the Agra jail were trained and kept employed as carpet weavers as part of their rehabilitation. In 1886, 34 convicts travelled to London to demonstrate carpet weaving at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in South Kensington. Karim did not accompany the prisoners, but assisted Jail Superintendent John Tyler in organising the trip, and helped to select the carpets and weavers. When Queen Victoria visited the exhibition, Tyler gave her a gift of two gold bracelets, again chosen with the assistance of Karim. The Queen had a longstanding interest in her Indian territories and wished to employ some Indian servants for her Golden Jubilee. She asked Tyler to recruit two attendants who would be employed for a year. Karim was hastily coached in British manners and in the English language and sent to England, along with Mohammed Buksh. Major-General Thomas Dennehy, who was about to be appointed to the Royal Household, had previously employed Buksh as a servant. It was planned that the two Indian men would initially wait at table, and learn to do other tasks.
Royal servant.
After a journey by rail from Agra to Bombay and by mail steamer to Britain, Karim and Buksh arrived at Windsor Castle in June 1887. They were put under the charge of Major-General Dennehy and first served the Queen at breakfast in Frogmore House at Windsor on 23 June 1887. The Queen described Karim in her diary for that day: "The other, much younger, is much lighter [than Buksh], tall, and with a fine serious countenance. His father is a native doctor at Agra. They both kissed my feet."
Five days later, the Queen noted that "The Indians always wait now and do so, so well and quietly." On 3 August, she wrote: "I am learning a few words of Hindustani to speak to my servants. It is a great interest to me for both the language and the people, I have naturally never come into real contact with before." On 20 August she had some "excellent curry" made by one of the servants. By 30 August Karim was teaching her Urdu, which she used during an audience in December to greet the Maharani Chimnabai of Baroda.
Victoria took a great liking to Karim and ordered that he was to be given additional instruction in the English language. By February 1888 he had "learnt English wonderfully" according to Victoria. After he complained to the Queen that he had been a clerk in India and thus menial work as a waiter was beneath him, he was promoted to the position of "Munshi" in August 1888. In her journal, the Queen writes that she made this change so that he would stay: "I particularly wish to retain his services as he helps me in studying Hindustani, which interests me very much, & he is very intelligent & useful." Photographs of him waiting at table were destroyed and he became the first Indian personal clerk to the Queen. Buksh remained in the Queen's service, but only as a "khidmatgar" or table servant, until his death at Windsor in 1899.
According to Karim biographer Sushila Anand, the Queen's own letters testify that "her discussions with the Munshi were wide-ranging—philosophical, political and practical. Both head and heart were engaged. There is no doubt that the Queen found in Abdul Karim a connection with a world that was fascinatingly alien, and a confidant who would not feed her the official line." Karim was placed in charge of the other Indian servants and made responsible for their accounts. Victoria praised him in her letters and journal. "I am so very fond of him" she wrote, "He is so good & gentle & understanding all I want & is a real comfort to me." She admired "her personal Indian clerk & Munshi, who is an excellent, clever, truly p[i]ous & very refined gentle man, who says, 'God ordered it' ... "God's Orders" is what they implicitly obey! Such faith as theirs & such conscientiousness set us a g[rea]t. example." At Balmoral Castle, the Queen's Scottish estate, Karim was allocated the room previously occupied by John Brown, a favourite servant of the Queen who had died in 1883. Despite the serious and dignified manner that Karim presented to the outside world, the Queen wrote that "he is very friendly and cheerful with the Queen's maids and laughs and even jokes now—and invited them to come and see all his fine things offering them fruit cake to eat".
Household hostility.
In November 1888, Karim was given four months' leave to return to India, during which time he visited his father. Karim wrote to Victoria that his father, who was due to retire, had hopes of a pension and that his former employer, John Tyler, was angling for promotion. As a result, throughout the first six months of 1889, Victoria wrote to the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne, demanding action on Waziruddin's pension and Tyler's promotion. The Viceroy was reluctant to pursue the issues because Waziruddin had told the local governor, Sir Auckland Colvin, that he desired only gratitude and also because Tyler had a reputation for tactless behaviour and bad-tempered remarks.
Karim's swift rise began to create jealousy and discontent among the members of the Royal Household, who would normally never mingle socially with Indians below the rank of prince. The Queen expected them to welcome Karim, an Indian of ordinary origin, into their midst, but they were not willing to do so. Karim, for his part, expected to be treated as an equal. When Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII), hosted an entertainment for the Queen at his home in Sandringham on 26 April 1889, Karim found he had been allocated a seat with the servants. Feeling insulted, he retired to his room. The Queen took his part, stating that he should have been seated among the Household. When the Queen attended the Braemar Games in 1890, her son Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, approached the Queen's private secretary Sir Henry Ponsonby in outrage after he saw the Munshi among the gentry. Ponsonby suggested that as it was "by the Queen's order", the Duke should approach the Queen about it. "This entirely shut him up", noted Ponsonby.
Victoria biographer Carolly Erickson described the situation:
The rapid advancement and personal arrogance of the Munshi would inevitably have led to his unpopularity, but the fact of his race made all emotions run hotter against him. Racialism was a scourge of the age; it went hand in hand with belief in the appropriateness of Britain's global dominion. For a dark-skinned Indian to be put very nearly on a level with the queen's white servants was all but intolerable, for him to eat at the same table as them, to share in their daily lives was viewed as an outrage. Yet the queen was determined to impose harmony on her household. Race hatred was intolerable to her, and the "dear good Munshi" deserving of nothing but respect.
When complaints were brought to her, Victoria refused to believe any negative comments about Karim. She dismissed concerns about his behaviour, deemed high-handed by Household and staff, as "very wrong". In June 1889, Karim's brother-in-law, Hourmet Ali, sold one of Victoria's brooches to a jeweller in Windsor. She accepted Karim's explanation that Ali had found the brooch and that it was customary in India to keep anything that one found, whereas the rest of the Household thought Ali had stolen it. In July, Karim was assigned the room previously occupied by James Reid, Victoria's physician, and given the use of a private sitting room.
The Queen, influenced by the Munshi, continued to write to Lord Lansdowne on the issue of Tyler's promotion and the administration of India. She expressed reservations on the introduction of elected councils on the basis that Muslims would not win many seats because they were in the minority, and urged that Hindu feasts be re-scheduled so as not to conflict with Muslim ones. Lansdowne dismissed the latter suggestion as potentially divisive, but appointed Tyler Acting Inspector General of Prisons in September 1889.
To the Household's surprise and concern, during Victoria's stay at Balmoral in September 1889, she and Karim stayed for one night at a remote house on the estate, Glas-allt-Shiel at Loch Muick. Victoria had often been there with Brown and after his death had sworn never to stay there again. In early 1890, Karim fell ill with an inflamed boil on his neck and Victoria instructed Reid, her physician, to attend to Karim. She wrote to Reid expressing her anxiety and explaining that she felt responsible for the welfare of her Indian servants because they were so far from their own land. Reid performed an operation to open and drain the swelling, after which Karim recovered. Reid wrote on 1 March 1890 that the Queen was "visiting Abdul twice daily, in his room taking Hindustani lessons, signing her boxes, examining his neck, smoothing his pillows, etc."
Land grant and family matters.
In 1890, the Queen had Karim's portrait painted by Heinrich von Angeli. According to the Queen, von Angeli was keen to paint Karim as he had never painted an Indian before and "was so struck with his handsome face and colouring". On 11 July, she wrote to Lansdowne, and the Secretary of State for India, Lord Cross, for "a grant of land to her really exemplary and excellent young Munshi, Hafiz Abdul Karim". The ageing Queen did not trust her relatives and the Royal Household to look after the Munshi after she was gone, and so sought to secure his future. Lansdowne replied that grants of land were given only to soldiers, and then only in cases of long and meritorious service. Nevertheless, the Viceroy agreed to find a grant for Karim that would provide about 600 rupees annually, the same amount that an old soldier could expect after performing exceptionally. Victoria wrote to Lansdowne repeatedly between July and October, pressuring him on the land grant. Apart from wasteland, there was little government-controlled land near Agra; thus Lansdowne was having trouble finding a suitable plot. On 30 October, the Munshi left Balmoral for four months' leave in India, travelling on the same ship as Lady Lansdowne. On the same day, Lord Lansdowne telegraphed the Queen to let her know that a grant of land in the suburbs of Agra had been arranged. Lansdowne made a point of informing the Queen:
Lansdowne visited Agra in November 1890. He and the Munshi met, and Lansdowne arranged for Karim to be seated with the viceregal staff during a durbar. Lansdowne met both the Munshi and Waziruddin privately, and Lady Lansdowne met his wife and mother-in-law, who were smuggled into the Viceroy's camp in secrecy to comply with rules of purdah.
In 1891, after Karim's return to Britain, he asked Reid to send his father a large quantity of medicinal compounds, which included strychnine, chloral hydrate, morphine, and many other poisons. Reid calculated that the amount requested was "amply sufficient to kill 12,000 to 15,000 full grown men or an enormously large number of children" and consequently refused. Instead, Reid persuaded the Queen that the chemicals should be obtained at her expense by the appropriate authorities in India. In June 1892, Waziruddin visited Britain and stayed at both Balmoral and Windsor Castles. He retired in 1893 and in the New Year Honours 1894 he was rewarded, to Victoria's satisfaction, with the title of "Khan Bahadur", which Lansdowne noted was "one which under ordinary circumstances the Doctor [could] not have ventured to expect".
In May 1892, the Munshi returned to India on six months' leave; on his return, his wife and mother-in-law accompanied him. Both women were shrouded from head to foot and travelled in railway compartments with drawn curtains. Victoria wrote, "the two Indian ladies ... who are, I believe, the first Mohammedan purdah ladies who ever came over ... keep their custom of complete seclusion and of being entirely covered when they go out, except for the holes for their eyes." As a woman, Victoria saw them without veils. The Munshi and his family were housed in cottages at Windsor, Balmoral and Osborne, the Queen's retreat on the Isle of Wight. Victoria visited regularly, usually bringing her female guests, including the Empress of Russia and the Princess of Wales, to meet the Munshi's female relatives. One visitor, Marie Mallet, the Queen's maid-in-waiting and wife of civil servant Bernard Mallet, recorded:
Reid never saw Mrs Karim unveiled, though he claimed that whenever he was called to examine her, a different tongue was protruded from behind the veil for his inspection.
In 1892, the Munshi's name began to appear in the Court Circular among the names of officials accompanying the Queen on her annual March trip to the French Riviera. As usual, Victoria spent Christmas 1892 at Osborne House, where the Munshi, as he had in previous years, participated in tableaux vivants arranged as entertainment. The following year, during Victoria's annual holiday in continental Europe, he was presented to King Umberto I of Italy. In the words of a contemporary newspaper account, "The King did not understand why this magnificent and imposing Hindoo should have been formally presented to him. The popular idea in Italy is that the Munshi is a captive Indian prince, who is taken about by the Queen as an outward and visible sign of Her Majesty's supremacy in the East."
By 1893, Victoria was sending notes to Karim signed in Urdu. She often signed off her letters to Karim as "your affectionate mother, VRI" or "your truly devoted and fond loving mother, VRI".
Travels and Diamond Jubilee.
The Munshi was perceived to have taken advantage of his position as the Queen's favourite, and to have risen above his status as a menial clerk, causing resentment in the court. On a journey through Italy, he published an advertisement in the "Florence Gazette" stating that "[h]e is belonging to a good and highly respectful famiely". Karim refused to travel with the other Indians and appropriated the maid's bathroom for his exclusive use. On a visit to Coburg, he refused to attend the marriage of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, because her father, Victoria's son Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, assigned him a seat in the gallery with the servants. Confronted by the opposition of her family and retainers, the Queen defended her favourite. She wrote to her private secretary Sir Henry Ponsonby: "to make out that the poor good Munshi is so "low" is really outrageous & in a country like England quite out of place ... She has known 2 Archbishops who were sons respectively of a Butcher & a Grocer ... Abdul's father saw good & honourable service as a Dr & he [Karim] feels cut to the heart at being thus spoken of."
Lord Lansdowne's term of office ended in 1894, and he was replaced by Lord Elgin. Ponsonby's son Frederick was Elgin's aide-de-camp in India for a short time before being appointed an equerry to Victoria. Victoria asked Frederick to visit Waziruddin, the "surgeon-general" at Agra. On his return to Britain, Frederick told Victoria that Waziruddin "was not the surgeon-general but only the apothecary at the jail", which Victoria "stoutly denied" saying Frederick "must have seen the wrong man". To "mark her displeasure", Victoria did not invite Frederick to dinner for a year.
At Christmas 1894, the Munshi sent Lord Elgin a sentimental greeting card, which to Victoria's dismay went unacknowledged. Through Frederick Ponsonby, she complained to Elgin, who replied that he did "not imagine that any acknowledgement was necessary, or that the Queen would expect him to send one", pointing out "how impossible it would be for an Indian Viceroy to enter into correspondence of this kind".
Frederick wrote to Elgin in January 1895 that Karim was deeply unpopular in the Household, and that he occupied "very much the same position as John Brown used to". Princesses Louise and Beatrice, Prince Henry of Battenberg, Prime Minister Lord Rosebery, and Secretary of State for India Henry Fowler had all raised concerns about Karim with the Queen, who "refused to listen to what they had to say but was very angry, so as you see the Munshi is a sort of pet, like a dog or cat which the Queen will not willingly give up". Elgin was warned by both Ponsonby and the India Office that the Queen gave his letters to the Munshi to read, and that consequently his correspondence to her should not be of a confidential nature. Victoria's advisors feared Karim's association with Rafiuddin Ahmed, an Indian political activist resident in London who was connected to the Muslim Patriotic League. They suspected that Ahmed extracted confidential information from Karim to pass onto the Amir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Khan. There is no indication that these fears were well-founded, or that the Munshi was ever indiscreet.
During the Queen's annual holiday in the French Riviera, in March 1895, the local newspapers ran articles on "Le Munchy", "secrétaire indien" and "le professor de la Reine", which according to Frederick Ponsonby were instigated by Karim. In the Queen's 1895 Birthday Honours that May, Karim was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE), despite the opposition of both Rosebery and Fowler. Tyler was astonished by Karim's elevation when he visited England the following month.
After the 1895 United Kingdom general election, Rosebery and Fowler were replaced by Lord Salisbury and Lord George Hamilton respectively. Hamilton thought Karim was not as dangerous as some supposed but that he was "a stupid man, and on that account he may become a tool in the hands of other men." In early 1896, Karim returned to India on six months' leave, and Hamilton and Elgin placed him under "unobtrusive" surveillance. They dared not be too obvious lest the Munshi notice and complain to the Queen. Despite fears that Karim might meet with hostile agents, his visit home appears to have been uneventful.
He left Bombay for Britain in August 1896, bringing with him his young nephew, Mohammed Abdul Rashid. Karim had no children of his own. Victoria had arranged for a female doctor to examine the Munshi's wife in December 1893, as the couple had been trying to conceive without success. By 1897, according to Reid, Karim had gonorrhea.
In March 1897 as members of the Household prepared to depart for Cimiez for the Queen's annual visit, they insisted that Karim not accompany the royal party, and decided to resign if he did so. When Harriet Phipps, one of the Queen's maids of honour, informed her of the collective decision, the Queen swept the contents of her desk onto the floor in a fury. The Household backed down, but the holiday was marred by increased resentment and rows between the Household and Victoria. She thought their distrust and dislike of Karim was motivated by "race prejudice" and jealousy. When Rafiuddin Ahmed joined Karim in Cimiez, the Household forced him to leave, which Victoria thought "disgraceful", and she asked the prime minister to issue an apology to Ahmed, explaining he was only excluded because he had written articles in newspapers and pressmen were not permitted. Ponsonby wrote in late April, "[the Munshi] happens to be a thoroughly stupid and uneducated man, and his one idea in life seems to be to do nothing and to eat as much as he can." Reid warned the Queen that her attachment to Karim had led to questions about her sanity, and Hamilton telegraphed to Elgin requesting information on the Munshi and his family in an effort to discredit him. On receiving Elgin's reply that they were "Respectable and trustworthy ... but position of family humble", Hamilton concluded "the Munshi has done nothing to my knowledge which is reprehensible or deserving of official stricture ... enquiries w[oul]d not be right, unless they were in connection with some definite statement or accusation." He did, however, authorise further investigation of the "Mohamedan intriguer named Rafiuddin". Nothing was ever proven against Ahmed, who later became a Bombay government official and was knighted in 1932. The effect of the row, in Hamilton's words, was "to put him [the Munshi] more into his humble place, and his influence will not be the same in the future".
After the distress of 1897, Victoria sought to reassure the Munshi. "I have in my Testamentary arrangements secured your comfort," she wrote to him, "and have constantly thought of you well. The long letter I enclose which was written nearly a month ago is "entirely" and solely "my own idea, not a human being will ever" know of it or what you answer me. If you can't read it I will help you and then burn it "at once"." She told Reid the squabbles placed her and the Munshi under strain, which he replied was unlikely in the latter's case "judging from his robust appearance and undiminished stoutness". Lord Salisbury told Reid he thought it unlikely in her case too, and that she secretly enjoyed the arguments because they were "the only form of excitement she can have".
Reid seems to have joined with the other Household members in complaining about the Munshi, for the Queen wrote to him, "I thought you stood between me and them, but now I feel that you chime in with the rest." In 1899, members of the Household again insisted that Karim not accompany the royal party when the Queen took her annual holiday at Cimiez. The Queen duly had Karim remain at Windsor, then when the party had settled into the Excelsior Regina hotel, wired Karim to come and join them.
Later life.
In late 1898 Karim's purchase of a parcel of land adjacent to his earlier grant was finalised; he had become a wealthy man. Reid claimed in his diary that he had challenged Karim over his financial dealings: "You have told the Queen that in India no receipts are given for money, and therefore you ought not to give any to Sir F Edwards [Keeper of the Privy Purse]. This is a lie and means that you wish to "cheat" the Queen." The Munshi told the Queen he would provide receipts in answer to the allegations, and Victoria wrote to Reid dismissing the accusations, calling them "shameful".
Karim asked Victoria for the title of "Nawab", the Indian equivalent of a peer, and to appoint him a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE), which would make him "Sir Abdul Karim". A horrified Elgin suggested instead that she make Karim a Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO), which was in her personal gift, bestowed no title, and would have little political implication in India. Privy Purse Sir Fleetwood Edwards and Prime Minister Lord Salisbury advised against even the lower honour. Nevertheless in 1899, on the occasion of her 80th birthday, Victoria appointed Karim a commander of the order (CVO), a rank intermediate between member and knight.
The Munshi returned to India in November 1899 for a year. Waziruddin, described as "a courtly old gentleman" by Lord Curzon, Elgin's replacement as Viceroy, died in June 1900. By the time Karim returned to Britain in November 1900 Victoria had visibly aged, and her health was failing. Within three months she was dead.
After Victoria's death, her son, Edward VII, dismissed the Munshi and his relations from court and had them sent back to India. However, Edward did allow the Munshi to be the last to view Victoria's body before her casket was closed, and to be part of her funeral procession. Almost all of the correspondence between Victoria and Karim was burned on Edward's orders. Lady Curzon wrote on 9 August 1901,
Charlotte Knollys told me that the Munshi bogie which had frightened all the household at Windsor for many years had proved a ridiculous farce, as the poor man had not only given up "all" his letters but even the photos signed by Queen and had returned to India like a whipped hound. All the Indian servants have gone back so now there is no Oriental picture & queerness at Court.
In 1905–06, George, Prince of Wales, visited India and wrote to the King from Agra, "In the evening we saw the Munshi. He has not grown more beautiful and is getting fat. I must say he was most civil and humble and really pleased to see us. He wore his C.V.O. which I had no idea he had got. I am told he lives quietly here and gives no trouble at all."
The Munshi died at his home, Karim Lodge, on his estate in Agra in 1909. He was survived by two wives, and was interred in a pagoda-like mausoleum in the Panchkuin Kabaristan cemetery in Agra beside his father.
On the instructions of Edward VII, the Commissioner of Agra, W. H. Cobb, visited Karim Lodge to retrieve any remaining correspondence between the Munshi and the Queen or her Household, which was confiscated and sent to the King. The Viceroy (by then Lord Minto), Lieutenant-Governor John Hewitt, and India Office civil servants disapproved of the seizure, and recommended that the letters be returned. Eventually the King returned four, on condition that they would be sent back to him on the death of the Munshi's first wife. Karim's family, who had emigrated to Pakistan during the Partition, kept his diary and some of his correspondence from the time concealed until 2010, when it was made public.
Legacy.
As the Munshi had no children, his nephews and grandnephews inherited his wealth and properties. The Munshi's family continued to reside in Agra until Indian independence and the partition of India in August 1947, after which they emigrated to Karachi, Pakistan. The estate, including Karim Lodge, was confiscated by the Indian government and distributed among Hindu refugees from Pakistan. Half of Karim Lodge was subsequently divided into two individual residences, with the remaining half becoming a nursing home and doctor's office.
Until the publication of Frederick Ponsonby's memoirs in 1951, there was little biographical material on the Munshi. Scholarly examination of his life and relationship with Victoria began around the 1960s, focusing on the Munshi as "an illustration of race and class prejudice in Victorian England". Mary Lutyens, in editing the diary of her grandmother Edith (wife of Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India 1876–80), concluded, "Though one can understand that the Munshi was disliked, as favourites nearly always are ... One cannot help feeling that the repugnance with which he was regarded by the Household was based mostly on snobbery and colour prejudice." Victoria biographer Elizabeth Longford wrote, "Abdul Karim stirred once more that same royal imagination which had magnified the virtues of John Brown ... Nevertheless, [it] insinuated into her confidence an inferior person, while it increased the nation's dizzy infatuation with an inferior dream, the dream of Colonial Empire."
Historians agree with the suspicions of her Household that the Munshi influenced the Queen's opinions on Indian issues, biasing her against Hindus and favouring Muslims. But suspicions that he passed secrets to Rafiuddin Ahmed are discounted. Victoria asserted that ""no" political papers of any kind are ever in the Munshi's hands, "even" in her presence. He only helps her to read words which she cannot read or merely ordinary submissions on warrants for signature. He does not read English fluently enough to be able to read anything of importance." Consequently, it is thought unlikely that he could have influenced the government's Indian policy or provided useful information to Muslim activists.
The 2017 feature film "Victoria & Abdul", directed by Stephen Frears and starring Ali Fazal as Abdul Karim and Judi Dench as Queen Victoria, offers a fictionalised version of the relationship between Karim and the Queen.


William Noel-Hill, 3rd Baron Berwick

William Noel-Hill, 3rd Baron Berwick, PC, FSA (21 October 1773 – 4 August 1842), was a British peer, politician and diplomatist.
Born William Hill, he was the second son of Noel Hill, who was created first Baron Berwick in 1784, and his wife, Anna, a maternal granddaughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford. He was educated at Rugby School and Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating M.A. in 1793.
From 1796 to 1812, he was Tory Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury and for Marlborough from 1814 to 1818.
He held command, as major, of the Shrewsbury Yeomanry Cavalry from its inception in 1798 until 1804, when the command was handed to Charles Dallas, and of the Shropshire Militia as lieutenant-colonel from 1801 to 1814, although diplomatic duty abroad took him away from duty in this country.
Hill went to France as attaché to the British chargé d'affaires in Paris in November 1801, and was on duty during the truce brought about by the Peace of Amiens. When war with Napoleon resumed he was briefly in captivity but escaped to England. In 1805, Hill was appointed ambassador to Ratisbon (though the Napoleonic Wars prevented him from taking up office), to the Kingdom of Sardinia, whose court was exiled by the war in Cagliari in 1807 and at Turin in 1814 following Napoleon's defeat, and to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at Naples in 1824. That same year he and his younger brother assumed the additional surname of Noel, from his grandfather, and was created a Privy Councillor. In 1822, he had rejected George Canning's offer of the post of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
In 1832, he inherited the barony of Berwick from his childless older brother, Thomas. Although he was briefly engaged to Lady Hester Stanhope, he died unmarried and without legitimate issue at Red Rice, Hampshire, in 1842, aged sixty-eight, and his title passed to his younger brother, Richard. He was buried in the family vault at St Eata's parish church, Atcham.


Apache Pass

Apache Pass, also known by its earlier Spanish name Puerto del Dado ("Pass of the Die"), is a historic mountain pass in the U.S. state of Arizona between the Dos Cabezas Mountains and Chiricahua Mountains at an elevation of . It is approximately east-southeast of Willcox, Arizona, in Cochise County.
Apache Spring.
A natural freshwater spring, Apache Spring, emerges from a geological fault line running through the pass. The history of Apache Pass begins with this spring - as the only reliable water source for many miles, the spring served as a critical resupply point for early travelers through the area. Indigenous peoples and westward migrants alike depended on the spring. For the local Apache people, the spring at Apache Pass became a sort of crossroads, with many trails from different directions converging on the site. The great Chiricahua Apache leader Cochise, along with many of his followers, favored the area as a camping spot in winter and spring. There were often hundreds of Chiricahuas living nearby. A little higher than the surrounding desert terrain, the pass was cooler on hot days, and the area around the spring provided abundant game and firewood.
Puerto del Dado.
After Spanish and Mexican settlers began visiting the area, the spring at Apache Pass quickly became a flash point for conflict with the resident Apache tribes, leading to its original Spanish name "Puerto del Dado", the "Door (or Pass) of the Die", meaning "pass of chance", which compared the risky nature of crossing the pass to a game of chance, like one played by soldiers with dice.
In the 1830s, some American fur trappers are believed to have traveled through Apache Pass. In 1846, Philip St. George Cooke, leading the Mormon Battalion that was surveying and constructing what became Cooke's Wagon Road, bypassed the area, despite Cooke's awareness of its existence from his guides, because details of the route through the pass, including its extent and the availability of other nearby water sources, were unknown, in contrast to the longer route to the south that was eventually chosen. It subsequently fell to a party of Forty-Niners led by John Coffee Hays to pioneer a shorter route between Mesilla and Tucson, called the Tucson Cutoff, that took advantage of the pass. Hays followed the guidance of Mexican soldiers he encountered at Ojo Ynez on the Burro Cienega in New Mexico. The cutoff emerged as part of the Southern Emigrant Trail, which became the major southern route of east-west travel for wagons and stagecoaches until the coming of the railroads.
Apache Pass Station.
In 1858, the Butterfield Overland Mail Company began stagecoach service between Saint Louis, Missouri and San Francisco, California using a bow-shaped route down through Texas and the New Mexico Territory and on into southern California. They built a way station out of stone on the eastern side of Apache Pass, where they could rest their horses and utilize the water from the spring. It and the station at Dragoon Springs, Arizona were made from such durable material, an acknowledgement of the danger they felt from the local Apaches.
Apache Pass Station () was originally 35 miles west of Stein's Peak Station in Doubtful Canyon and 49 miles east of Dragoon Springs Station, with no water along the route except at these three stations. Later in 1858, two new stations were built between these older stations, so that Apache Pass Station was located 19 miles west of San Simon Station on the San Simon River and 15 miles from Ewell Station, which shortened the route between Apache Pass and Dragoon Springs, and provided water on both sections. It is likely that Cochise's band provided the stage travelers with firewood when he was in the area.
Bascom Affair.
The construction of the stage station and the increasing use of the pass by white settlers set the stage for an incident often considered the starting point of Cochise's eleven-year war against the United States, and which was a formative element in the much longer struggle between Apache peoples and American settlers even after Cochise made his own peace. In February 1861, a detachment of federal troops under Lt. George N. Bascom made camp in Apache Pass, near the spring and the stage station, hoping to negotiate with Cochise and his Chiricahua Apaches for the return of a kidnapped child. When Cochise agreed to meet near the camp, Bascom attempted to arrest him and several other Apaches; the resulting stand-off, lasting several days, ended with the deaths of hostages on both sides. The affront sparked a war between Cochise and the Americans that included the Battle of Apache Pass in 1862, and which only ended eleven years later with a treaty facilitated by General Oliver O. Howard and a white teamster and friend of Cochise's named Tom Jeffords. Still, the residual anger of other Apache tribes continued for many years in the Apache Wars, a direct result of Bascom's rash actions.
Fort Bowie.
After the Battle of Apache Pass in July 1862, a United States military post, Fort Bowie, was built to protect the pass and the spring. First, a rudimentary post was constructed near the spring, then later, a more permanent post was constructed a little higher on nearby table-land. Ultimately, Fort Bowie became the headquarters for the fight against the Chiricahua Apaches. When Cochise and General Howard finally made peace, the resulting treaty provided for a large reservation to be set aside encompassing most of what is now Cochise County, Arizona, and centered around Apache Pass, with the Indian agency adjacent to Fort Bowie. The Chiricahua reservation lasted about 4 years; with Cochise's death in 1874 and the dearth of leadership that followed, tensions (and possibly depredations) increased and the Chiricahuas were moved north to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation and consolidated there under Agent John Clum so that they could be better managed.
Apache Pass continued to play a major role in frontier history until after the final surrender of Geronimo and his band of renegades in September 1886. In the early 1890s, with the close of the Apache Wars, Fort Bowie was decommissioned and abandoned. Travelers now bypassed the area on the railroad, built a few miles to the north. The only thing left behind at Apache Pass after the local ranchers scavenged the ruins for building materials were a few adobe walls, bleaching white in the sun and slowly washing away in the infrequent rains, and the memories of those who had lived through their experiences there.
Apache Pass Today.
Apache Pass is now located within Fort Bowie National Historic Site, managed and interpreted by the National Park Service, and, along with the surrounding peaks, stands like a mute guard over its unique history. The few remaining building walls in the area have been "stabilized" for preservation purposes, but will not be restored. Visitors who hike along the trails and drive along Apache Pass Road can see the remains of the Butterfield stage station (consisting of the stone foundation), the ruins of the Chiricahua Reservation's agency building, a cemetery, and the remnants of the two forts that were constructed there. The route of the stage trail can still be seen, as well as the sites near the top of the pass where Lt. Bascom executed his Apache hostages and Cochise's followers burned his. Apache Spring still flows, although it has become a mere trickle relative to its former volume. Today's calm and quiet there belies the bustle and excitement that was characteristic of the spot more than 125 years ago.


Edward Charles Cocks

Edward Charles Cocks (27 July 1786 – 8 October 1812) was a British Army officer and politician.
The eldest son of John Cocks, 1st Earl Somers, he was Member of Parliament for Reigate from 1806 to 1812.
From December 1808 until 1812 he served in the Peninsular War, where alongside his regular duties, he worked as an 'observing officer'. These were officers who were tasked with probing deep behind the enemy lines to collect information on the enemy. He died, with the rank of Major, leading his men in an attempt to storm a breach at the Siege of Burgos.
He was a great favourite of his commander Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, who admired him for his bravery and sharp perception and who took news of his death badly. Wellesley entered (then Colonel) Frederick Ponsonby's room and paced up and down in total silence, much to his junior officers consternation, before stating quietly: "Cocks is dead".


Chen Hsiung-wen

Chen Hsiung-wen () or Sherman Chen is a Taiwanese politician. He was the Minister of Labor from 20 August 2014 until 20 May 2016.
Early life and education.
Chen earned his bachelor's degree in civil engineering and master's degree in environmental engineering from National Cheng Kung University. He is also known by the English name Sherman Chen.
Political career.
Chen initially worked for the Kaohsiung City Government as the sub-division chief of the Public Works Bureau in 1984–1986, engineer of the Environmental Protection Bureau in 1986 and division chief of the same bureau in 1986–1989.
Chen then continued his work for the Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive Yuan as deputy director-general of the Department of Air Quality Protection and Noise Control in 1989–1992, director-general of the same department in 1992–2001, director of the Bureau of Environmental Inspection in 2001–2002, director-general of the Department of Waste Management in 2002–2005, inspector of the Recycling Fund Management Board in 2002–2004 and director-general of the Department of Comprehensive Planning in 2005–2006.
By 2007, Chen had been named leader of Taipei's department of economic development. Mayor Hau Lung-pin named Chen a deputy mayor of Taipei in 2011. Chen was appointed Minister of Labor on 20 August 2014, and left office upon the inauguration of Tsai Ing-wen as president on 20 May 2016. In August 2019, Chen replaced as deputy mayor of Kaohsiung. Chen concurrently chaired the Kaohsiung Election Commission.


Mervyn Herbert, Viscount Clive

Mervyn Horatio Herbert, 17th Baron Darcy de Knayth, styled Viscount Clive (7 May 1904 – 23 March 1943) was a British peer and Royal Air Force officer.
Early life.
Styled The Honourable Mervyn Horatio Herbert from birth, he was the second son of George Charles Herbert, 4th Earl of Powis and his wife Violet, "suo jure" 16th Baroness Darcy de Knayth. His elder brother Percy, twelve years his senior, died of wounds received in the Battle of the Somme in 1916, at which point Mervyn became heir to his father's title Earl of Powis and took the courtesy title Viscount Clive.
In 1929, at the death of his mother, he inherited the title of Baron Darcy de Knayth, making him a peer in his own right (while retaining the higher title of Viscount Clive by courtesy).
Career.
Mervyn was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating as B.A.. He then studied law at the Inner Temple and was called to the bar as barrister in 1929. He was also J.P. for the county of Shropshire, where he owned Styche Hall near Market Drayton, birthplace home of his direct ancestor Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive.
Mervyn followed in his brother's footsteps by fighting for Britain, gaining the rank of Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. A recreational aviator, he enlisted at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 as an Aircraftsman, was promoted Flight Sergeant and later commissioned. At time of his death he was serving with No. 157 Squadron RAF, a Mosquito night fighter squadron then based at RAF Bradwell Bay, Essex.
He died in 1943, aged thirty-eight, while flying on active service, and was buried in the churchyard of Christ Church, Welshpool. He was participating in a training night exercise when his Mosquito intercepted a Stirling bomber returning from a leaflet dropping raid in Europe, following which the Mosquito crashed into the ground near Manningtree, Essex, killing both Herbert and his navigator Albert Eastwood. There were suggestions friendly fire from the Stirling or anti-aircraft guns caused the crash.
Personal life.
In 1934, he married Vida Cuthbert (1910-2003), daughter of Capt. James Cuthbert DSO, later lady-in-waiting to the Duchess of Gloucester. They had a daughter, Davina (1938–2008). Upon his death, Lord Clive's barony passed to his four-year-old daughter. His father was left without a son so on his death his earldom passed to a distant cousin. In 1946, the widowed Lady Clive remarried, to Brigadier Derek Schreiber, chief of staff to the governor general of Australia.


Henry Hyde, Viscount Cornbury

Henry Hyde, Viscount Cornbury (28 November 1710 – 28 May 1753), styled Viscount Hyde from 1711 until 1723 and Viscount Cornbury thereafter, also 5th Baron Hyde in his own right, was a British author and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1732 until 1750 when he was raised to the House of Lords by writ of acceleration. He was involved in Jacobite intrigues in the early 1730s.
Early life.
Hyde was the only surviving son of Henry Hyde, 4th Earl of Clarendon and his wife Jane Leveson-Gower, daughter of Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet, of Stittenham. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 21 May 1725, from which he received a DCL on 6 December 1728. He was an author of some talent, and both Swift and Pope praised his character.
Career.
Cornbury involved himself in a Jacobite intrigue and went with James II's daughter, the Duchess of Buckingham, to Rome to meet the Pretender secretly in January 1731. He was returned as a Tory Member of Parliament for Oxford University, at a by-election on 26 February 1732. Walpole's Excise Bill of 1733 provoked great political unrest, and Cornbury thought the time right for a French-sponsored invasion by the Old Pretender. He was able to persuade the comte de Chavigny, the French ambassador to Britain, and Chauvelin, the French Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, to endorse an invasion of southern England, which, Cornbury claimed, would result in a Jacobite rising in the country and the overthrow of the Hanoverians. However, the scheme was quashed in the royal cabinet by Cardinal Fleury, and Chavigny, some of whose activities had come to the attention of the British government, was recalled. Thereafter, Cornbury avoided Jacobite politics and devoted himself to the cultivation of taste.
Cornbury was returned unopposed at the 1734 British general election. He was active in his university's campaign against the mortmain bill of 1736, which would restrict the number of livings owned by charitable bodies and also restrict bequests of lands to them. In 1737 and 1738 he spoke against the army. At the 1741 British general election he was again returned unopposed for the University. In April 1742 he was offered a peerage, on Pulteney's recommendation, but refused it. He was absent at the division on the Hanoverian troops in November 1742, spoke for the Address in December 1743 and spoke for the Hanoverians in January 1744. He supported the loyal address on a threatened French invasion in February 1744. During the 1745 Jacobite rebellion, he voted against the government on the matter of recalling British troops from Flanders. He also opposed sending foreign troops to Scotland. In 1746, he voted against the Government on the Hanoverians . After being returned unopposed at the 1747 British general election he became disillusioned by the House of Commons, and took a year abroad for the sake of his health. He also sold property to pay his debts. In 1750, he applied to the King for a peerage and he was elevated to the House of Lords by a writ in acceleration in his father's title of Baron Hyde. He vacated his seat in the House of Commons.
Death and legacy.
Cornbury died unmarried in Paris on 26 April 1753, predeceasing his father by six months; accounts differ on whether he died from a fall from a horse or by his own hand.


John Baring, 2nd Baron Revelstoke

John Baring, 2nd Baron Revelstoke (7 September 1863 – 19 April 1929) was senior partner of Barings Bank from the 1890s until his death. John was the eldest surviving son of Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke, and a great-grandson of the firm’s founder, Sir Francis Baring.
Career at Barings.
At the age of twenty, John left Cambridge to join the family firm. After a few years learning the basics in the counting house, he was sent on an extensive tour of North and South America to learn first-hand about Barings' international interests and meet the people he would later be dealing with. He became a partner in January 1890, less than a year before Barings nearly collapsed in the Panic of 1890. He was not implicated in that affair, so was allowed to continue as partner and played an increasingly important role in the affairs of the reorganized firm. By the outbreak of the First World War, Barings’ prestige had been fully restored under his leadership. During the War, Revelstoke was closely concerned with raising finance for the Imperial Russian government.
Outside Appointments.
Revelstoke held numerous appointments outside the firm. He was a director of the Bank of England from 1898 until his death; Receiver General of the Duchy of Cornwall; Minister Plenipotentiary as British financial representative at the Allied Conference in Petrograd in 1917; and a British representative to the Committee of Experts on German Reparations in 1929. He died shortly before the end of the negotiations on German Reparations held in Paris, leading to an adjournment of these.
Personal life.
Revelstoke lived at 3 Carlton House Terrace in London from 1904 until his death in 1929, and owned a country house in Leicestershire. He never married, although in 1906 he proposed to Nancy Langhorne (later Nancy Astor). Upon his death, his title passed to his younger brother Cecil, who was also a partner in the family banking firm for many years.


Fourth Partition of Poland


.223 Remington

The 223 Remington is a rifle cartridge, originally developed in 1957 as a commercial hunting bullet for varmint hunting. The first rifle chambered for it came out in 1963. It has continued to be a popular civilian small game hunting cartridge. Though it finds occasional use on medium game, this is not recommended and is illegal in at least ten U.S. states and the United Kingdom, where the .243 Winchester or similar cartridges are the smallest bore cartridges that are legal for hunting deer.
A military version, M193, with a 55-gr full metal jacket bullet was used by the United States Army in the M16 rifle. The 5.56×45mm NATO was also developed from the 223 Remington.
History.
<section begin=.223 Remington History />
The development of the cartridge, which eventually became the .223 Remington, was intrinsically linked to the development of a new lightweight combat rifle. The cartridge and rifle were developed by Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms, and several engineers working toward a goal developed by U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC). Early development work began in 1957. A project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity (SCHV) firearm was created. Eugene Stoner of ArmaLite was invited to scale down the AR-10 (7.62×51mm NATO) design. Winchester was also invited to participate. The parameters requested by CONARC were:
Springfield Armory's Earle Harvey lengthened the .222 Remington cartridge case to meet the requirements. It was then known as the .224 Springfield. Concurrently with the SCHV project, Springfield armory was developing a 7.62 mm rifle. Harvey was ordered to cease all work on the SCHV to avoid any competition of resources.
Eugene Stoner of ArmaLite (a division of Fairchild Industries) had been advised to produce a scaled-down version of the 7.62×51mm NATO AR-10 design. In May 1957, Stoner gave a live-fire demonstration of the prototype of the ArmaLite AR-15 for General Wyman. As a result, CONARC ordered rifles to test. Stoner and Sierra Bullet's Frank Snow began work on the .222 Remington cartridge. Using a ballistic calculator, they determined that a 55-grain bullet would have to be fired at 3,300 ft/s to achieve the 500-yard performance necessary.
Robert Hutton (technical editor of "Guns and Ammo" magazine) started the development of a powder load to reach the 3,300 ft/s goal. He used DuPont IMR4198, IMR3031, and an Olin powder to work up loads. Testing was done with a Remington 722 rifle with a 22" Apex barrel. During a public demonstration, the round successfully penetrated the US steel helmet as required, but testing showed chamber pressures to be excessively high.
Stoner contacted both Winchester and Remington about increasing the case capacity. Remington created a larger cartridge called the .222 Special. This cartridge is loaded with DuPont IMR4475 powder.
During parallel testing of the T44E4 (future M14) and the ArmaLite AR-15 in 1958, the T44E4 experienced 16 failures per 1,000 rounds fired compared to 6.1 for the ArmaLite AR-15. Because of several different .222 caliber cartridges that were being developed for the SCHV project, the .222 Special was renamed 223 Remington. In May 1959, a report was produced stating that five- to seven-man squads armed with ArmaLite AR-15 rifles have a higher hit probability than 11-man squads armed with the M-14 rifle. At an Independence Day picnic, Air Force General Curtis Le May tested the ArmaLite AR-15 and was very impressed with it. He ordered a number of them to replace M2 carbines that were in use by the Air Force. In November of that year, testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground showed the ArmaLite AR-15 failure rate had declined to 2.5/1,000, resulting in the ArmaLite AR-15 being approved for trials.
In 1961, a marksmanship testing compared the AR-15 and M-14; 43% of ArmaLite AR-15 shooters achieved Expert, while only 22% of M-14 rifle shooters did. Le May ordered 80,000 rifles. In July 1962, operational testing ended with a recommendation for adoption of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle chambered in 223 Remington.
In September 1963, the 223 Remington cartridge was officially accepted and named "Cartridge, 5.56 mm ball, M193". The following year, the ArmaLite AR-15 was adopted by the United States Army as the M16 rifle and it would later become the standard U.S. military rifle. The specification included a Remington-designed bullet and the use of IMR4475 powder, which resulted in a muzzle velocity of 3,250 ft/s and a chamber pressure of 52,000 psi.
In the spring of 1962, Remington submitted the specifications of the 223 Remington to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). In December 1963, Remington introduced its first rifle chambered for 223 Remington a Model 760 rifle.
Cartridge dimensions.
The 223 Remington has a 28.8-grain H2O (1.87 ml) cartridge case capacity.
223 Remington maximum CIP cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 23 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm (1 in 12 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = , Ø grooves = , land width = and the primer type is small rifle.
According to the official CIP rulings, the 223 Remington can handle up to Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries, every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers.
This means that 223 Remington chambered arms in CIP-regulated countries are currently (2016) proof tested at PE piezo pressure. This is equal to the NATO maximum service pressure guideline for the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge.
The SAAMI pressure limit for the 223 Remington is set at , piezo pressure. Remington submitted 223 Remington specifications to SAAMI in 1964. The original diagrams use English Inch measurements.
.223 Remington vs. 5.56×45mm NATO.
In 1980, the .223 Remington was transformed into a new cartridge and designated 5.56×45mm NATO (SS109 or M855). This new round uses a 62-gr full metal jacket bullet with a 7-grain steel core for better penetration against lightly armored targets, specifically to meet the NATO requirement that the bullet be able to penetrate through one side of a World War II U.S. M1 helmet at 800 m (which was also the requirement for the 7.62mm NATO). It had a slightly lower muzzle velocity than its predecessor, but better long-range performance due to higher sectional density and a superior drag coefficient. This requirement made the 5.56mm NATO round less capable of fragmentation than the .223 Remington and thus it was considered more humane.
Dimensions.
The external dimensional specifications of .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO brass cases are nearly identical. The cases tend to have similar case capacity when measured (case capacities have been observed to vary by as much as 2.6 grains (0.17 ml), although the shoulder profile and neck length are not the same and 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge cases tend be slightly thicker to accommodate higher chamber pressures. When handloaded, care is taken to look for pressure signs as 5.56×45mm NATO cases may produce higher pressures with the same type of powder and bullet as compared to .223 Remington cases. Sierra provides separate loading sections for .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO and also recommends different loads for bolt-action rifles as compared to semiautomatic rifles.
Rifling.
Rifling is expressed as a ratio. A 1 in 12" ratio means that rifling is cut so that the bullet rotates 360° after having traveled 12 in. This is expressed as 1:12 spoken as 1 in 12 inches. Rifling must match the bullet design (length, weight, and projectile shape), which a shooter intends to use, to maintain accuracy.
Many AR type rifles use 1:9, which is suitable for bullets up to or 1:7, which is suitable for bullets up to . Many AR rifle owners choose to build their own rifles, which is facilitated by a huge variety of barrels and other components. The custom-built ARs may have a barrel from 7.5 in (which may be classed as a pistol, if lacking a stock) to as long as 24 if used in varmint rifles primarily, often with Wylde or Noveske chambering.
The Sturm, Ruger & Co. AR-556 has rifling at 1:8. Their Mini-14 rifles have rates of 1:9. Ruger's American bolt-action rifle is also in 1:8. Smith and Wesson in their M&P15 also uses 1:7. The 5.56 mm NATO chamber will shoot either 5.56×45mm NATO or 223 Remington and is used by most makers of complete rifles and components.
Pressures.
Remington submitted the specifications for the .223 Remington cartridge in 1964 to SAAMI. The original pressure for the .223 Remington was 52,000 psi with DuPont IMR Powder. The current pressure of resulted from the change from IMR to Olin Ball powder. The official name for .223 Remington in the US Army is cartridge 5.56 x 45mm ball, M193. If a 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge is loaded into a chamber intended to use .223 Remington, the bullet will be in contact with the rifling and the forcing cone is very tight. This generates a much higher pressure than .223 chambers are designed for. NATO chose a 178-mm (1-in-7) rifling twist rate for the 5.56×45mm NATO chambering. The SS109/M855 5.56×45mm NATO ball cartridge requires a 228 mm (1-in-9) twist rate, while adequately stabilizing the longer NATO L110/M856 5.56×45mm NATO tracer projectile requires an even faster 178 mm (1-in-7) twist rate.
Chambers.
The .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO barrel chamberings are not the same. While the cartridges are identical other than powder load, bullet weight, and chamber pressure, a significant difference is in barrel of the rifle to be used, not in the cartridge. The 5.56×45mm NATO chambers are dimensionally larger in certain critical areas than .223 Remington chambers. As the chambers differ accordingly the head space gauges used for the two chamberings differ. The chamber leades (throating) of the barrels of these rifles differ between designs.
The leade is the distance from the projectile while seated in the case to the rifling, which is typically shorter in .223 Remington commercial chambers. Because of this, a cartridge loaded to generate 5.56×45mm NATO pressures in a 5.56×45mm NATO chamber may develop pressures that exceed SAAMI limits for .223 Remington when fired from a short-leade .223 Remington chamber.
The throating issue exists because in the US, having short chambers so that the bullet is being engaged at the moment of insertion has been traditional. European practice has more of a forcing cone construction, which can, by itself, allow significantly higher chamber pressure. All SIG Sauer handguns (for example) have European throating and all are certified to fire +P ammunition. Short throating and unnoticed bullet setback can easily increase chamber pressures by more than 10,000 psi.
By observation, 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition is not as accurate as .223 Remington in many of the AR type rifles extant, even with the same bullet weight. The 223 Wylde chamber specification developed by Bill Wylde solves this problem by using the external dimensions and lead angle as found in the military 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge and the 0.224 inch freebore diameter as found in the civilian SAAMI .223 Remington cartridge. It was designed to increase the accuracy of 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition to that of .223 Remington. Other companies also have chamber designs that increase 5.56×45mm NATO accuracy.
Comparisons.
The table contains some estimated pressures based on normal proofing practice and on the known increases in pressure caused by bullet setback (which is a similar occurrence with regard to pressure). The proof pressure of M197 is 70,000 psi.
The following table shows the differences in nomenclature, rifling, throating, and normal, maximum, and safe pressures:
Effects of barrel length on velocity.
Barrel length helps determine a specific cartridge's muzzle velocity. A longer barrel typically yields a greater muzzle velocity, while a short barrel yields a lower one. The first AR-15 rifles used a barrel length of 20". In the case of the 223 Remington (M193), ammunition loses or gains about 25.7 ft/sec for each inch of barrel length, while 5.56×45 mm NATO (M855) loses or gains 30.3 ft/sec per inch of barrel length.
Usage and commercial offerings.
The 223 Remington has become one of the most popular cartridges and is currently used in a wide range of semiautomatic and manual-action rifles and even handguns, such as the Colt AR-15, Ruger Mini-14, Remington Model 700, Remington XP-100, etc. The popularity of 223 Remington is so great, that in the US it virtually eliminated all other similar .22 caliber center-fire varmint rifle cartridges.
It is commercially loaded with 0.224-inch (5.7 mm) diameter jacketed bullets, with weights ranging from 35 to 85 grains (2.27 to 5.8 g), with the most common loading by far being 55 gr (3.6 g). Ninety- and 95-grain Sierra Matchking bullets are available for reloaders.


County Yard

County Yard is a rail yard complex comprising Adams Yard, Delco Lead, and the eponymous County Yard along the Northeast Corridor (NEC). The complex straddles the New Brunswick and North Brunswick border in Central New Jersey.
Originally developed by the Pennsylvania Railroad, it is owned by Amtrak. The New Jersey Transit Rail Operations (NJT) Jersey Avenue Station (at milepoint 34.4) served by its Northeast Corridor Line, is just south of County Yard, and just north of Adams Yard and Delco Lead. In 2014, NJT began a project to upgrade the yard and build a "train haven" and re-inspection station. County Yard will be able to store 132 rail cars. The aforementioned Delco Lead, further south along NEC, would be expanded to five additional tracks able to park 312 rail cars and a service and inspection facility would be built to return equipment to service.
History.
County Yard was originally part of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) and is located where the Millstone Branch joined its mainline, now the NEC. It was named for Alexander T. County, a vice-president and treasurer who lived in New Brunswick. A new tower and interlocking at "COUNTY" were opened in 1900. Passenger service ended in 1930.
The Jersey Avenue Park & Ride station opened October 24, 1963, at the beginning, or eastern end, of the spur line. The PRR was eventually succeeded by Amtrak in 1971, which shares the NEC with NJT's Northeast Corridor Line and other commuter lines.
"Train haven" and Delco Lead.
During Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, nearly 400 NJT rail cars and locomotives were damaged when they were left in low-lying, flood-prone rail yards at Hoboken Yard and the Meadows Maintenance Complex in the Kearny Meadows. This prompted NJT to consider expanding storage to accommodate locomotives and cars at two Central Jersey locations. Five miles of electrified track at Delco Lead will be used to store rail vehicles during extreme weather events. In total, the Delco Lead and County Yard will provide storage capacity for 444 vehicles.
In January 2014, NJT awarded a $7.64 million design and engineering consultant service contract to Jacobs Engineering Group to conceive a "train haven" at County Yard where equipment could be stored during serious storms. The work, called the Delco Lead Safe Haven Storage and Re-lnspection Facility Project, involves reconfiguring and expanding the yard into the adjacent Mile Run Yard, which is not in service. Plans call for the new facility to include an inspection facility, since when equipment is taken out of service for weather reasons it is required by federal law to be re-inspected before being brought back into use.
Further funding was provided in 2015, 2016, 2017. In 2019, $95 million dollars was allocated to the expansion project.<ref>


Julie-Ann Guivarra

Julie-Ann Guivarra (born in Cairns) is an Australian diplomat who was the first Indigenous person to serve as a senior executive in the Australian Foreign Ministry and the first Indigenous woman to represent Australia as an ambassador, serving as Ambassador to Spain from 2018 to 2020 with non-resident accreditation to Andorra and Equatorial Guinea. In March 2020, she was appointed as Australia's Ambassador for Gender Equality.
Early life and education.
Guivarra was born in Cairns and is of both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage. Her great-grandfather was a Filipino pearl diver who married a Torres Strait Islander. She was the first in her family to go to university, earning a bachelor's degree in Commerce at James Cook University and a Master of Arts (Foreign Affairs and Trade) from Monash University.
Career.
Guivarra began working for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade after finishing university in 1997. She held assistant secretary and director roles and served in Geneva as a counsellor at the World Trade Organization. She was posted to India and worked on trade policy in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations. She also served as Assistant Secretary of the South East Asia Analytical and Effectiveness Branch.
In 2018, Guivarra was appointed Australia's ambassador to Spain, Andorra, and Equatorial Guinea. She finished in the role in January 2020 and was replaced by Sophia McIntyre.
In March 2020, on International Women's Day, Foreign Affairs Minister and Minister for Women Marise Payne announced the appointed of Guivarra as Ambassador for Gender Equality, the fourth person to hold the role after it was created in 2011. The purpose of the role is to ensure that gender equality and empowerment of women and girls is a "key focus of Australia’s diplomatic, development, and regional security efforts".


United States Joint Intelligence Community Council

The Joint Intelligence Community Council (JICC) assists the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) in implementing a joint, unified national intelligence effort to protect national and homeland security and advise the DNI on setting requirements, managing finances, establishing uniform intelligence policies, and monitoring and evaluating performance of the Intelligence Community.
Establishment.
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 established the Joint Intelligence Community Council as an Executive oversight body to the Intelligence Community. The JICC meets semiannually. To see a copy of the JICC's first meeting in pdf format, click here.
Membership.
The Director of National Intelligence chairs the Joint Intelligence Community Council. Other members of the oversight body include:
Functions.
Advise the DNI.
In order to assist the Director of National Intelligence in developing and implementing a joint, unified national intelligence effort to protect national security, the Joint Intelligence Community Council serves two functions. The first function is to advise the DNI on how to most effectively establish requirements, develop budgets, manage finances, and monitor and evaluate the performance of the Intelligence Community. This list is not exhaustive, however, as the DNI may request the JICC for advisement on other matters related to national security.
Ensure the Execution of Programs.
The second function designated to the Joint Intelligence Community Council to ensure a unified intelligence effort is to ensure the timely execution of programs, policies, and directives established by the Chairman, the DNI.
Advice and opinions of members other than the Chairman.
The Director of National Intelligence (Chairman of the JICC) presents his/her advice and opinions gathered from the advice and opinions of the JICC to the President and National Security Council. If a dissenting member of the JICC disagrees with, or wishes to add to, the advice and opinions of the Chairman presented to the President and the National Security Council, the dissenting member may submit to the Chairman his/her opinions. If such a situation occurs, the Chairman must present the advice or opinions of the dissenting member at the same time as the Chairman presents his/hers to the President and the National Security Council. As a result, the Chairman must establish procedures to ensure that the presentation of the advice of the Chairman to the President and the National Security Council is not unduly delayed due to the submission of dissenting opinions.
Recommendations to Congress.
All members of the Joint Intelligence Community Council may present any recommendations relating to the Intelligence Community to Congress as the presenter considers appropriate.
Effectiveness.
Positives.
According to Tom Ridge, former Secretary of Homeland Security, the Joint Intelligence Community Council is critical to the Intelligence Community. The Chairman of the JICC reports to the President as the head of the Intelligence Community. The JICC is critical to ensuring that the Chairman provides sound advice to the President and the National Security Council. Additionally, the JICC provides each of its members the opportunity to shape intelligence priorities.
Criticisms.
Critics of the effectiveness of the Joint Intelligence Community Council offer two key criticisms. First, the members of the JICC, other than the Chairman, are unlikely to have the time to devote to intelligence management issues. In addition to serving on the oversight body examining intelligence, members of the JICC are also responsible for managing the Department of State, Department of the Treasury, Department of Defense, Department of Justice, etc. The second criticism against the effectiveness of the JICC is the lack of power yielded to the Chairman. In addition to the rights of all JICC member to convey their view to the President, all of the members, aside from the Chairman, have additional avenues to speak to the President separate from the JICC. This current structure challenges the power and decisions of the Chairman.


Mary Gladstone

Mary Drew ("née" Gladstone; 23 November 1847 – 1 January 1927) was a political secretary, writer, and hostess. She was the daughter of the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, and achieved notability as his advisor, confidante and private secretary. She also attained a fair degree of political influence by controlling access to him.
Family.
The Gladstones were a large and eccentric family. Mary's mother ("née" Catherine Glynne) and her mother's sister Mary, Lady Lyttelton, married on the same day in the same church, and often kept both families in the same house. Lord Lyttelton, Mary's uncle, recalled finding "seventeen children upon the floor, all under the age of twelve, and consequently all inkstands, books, carpets, furniture, ornaments, in intimate intermixture and in every form of fracture and confusion". In all, there were seven Gladstone and twelve Lyttelton children.
Mary's father's rescue work amongst the prostitutes of London is well known and was considered by many contemporaries unbecoming of a Prime Minister. His sister went insane after converting to Roman Catholicism, and subsequently used tracts written by Protestant theologians as lavatory paper, an act which incensed the zealously Anglican Prime Minister.
She and her sister lived a privileged life and she and Helen had their own maid named Auguste Schlüter. Gladstone, growing up against this outré background, was her father's favourite, a plain girl and studious, but with little serious education. Her considerable gumption, however, won her the nickname Von Moltke. After a few infatuations with several uninterested men, she resigned herself to life as a spinster. In 1880, on becoming Prime Minister for a third term at the age of seventy, her father created her one of his Downing Street secretaries. Thus began her political career: she soon became the door to her father. It was a powerful position in which she delighted.
Marriage and waning of influence.
On 2 February 1886, at the age of 38, Mary Gladstone astounded her friends and family by marrying the Rev. Harry Drew, curate of Hawarden, who was ten years her junior. They initially lived in the home of her parents, Hawarden Castle. They had one surviving daughter, Dorothy Mary Catherine Drew, born 11 March 1890, known as "Dossie", who was a favourite of her grandfather.
After W.E. Gladstone's final retirement as Prime Minister in 1894, her political influence waned. Although a great friend to his successor Lord Rosebery, she was never again able to wield influence.
Diaries and letters.
A keen diarist, Gladstone kept copious notes of her father's meetings and conversations, in addition to her own observations of late 19th-century political events. Her archives, "The Mary Gladstone Papers" (some of which were published by Lucy Masterman in 1930 under the title "Mary Gladstone (Mrs. Drew), Her Diaries and Letters"), are a much-used source of many 20th- and 21st-century biographies of leading figures of the day.
The diary, which served as an emotional outlet, diminished in its thoroughness after her marriage, when what she had previously committed to paper she found she could instead commit to her husband. She wrote nothing at all for the seven years between 1904 and 1911, but picked it up again almost immediately after her husband died. She had intended for a time to publish the diaries herself, but, according to Lucy Masterman, the proofs "were considerably 'edited' and much of the raciness and individuality taken from them. They have therefore been discarded, except as evidence of an intention to publish, wherever the original MS. exists."
Gladstone had an eccentric grammar, employing a sort of long dot as her generic period. Masterman (whom the diary describes at twenty-two as "rather a minx with forward priggy manners") took pains to edit out both this and the many banal lists of attendees at parties and dinners, along with the myriad accounts and analyses of symphony concerts, and evidence of her congenital dayums: "Anniversaries of births, christenings, confirmations, proposals, betrothals, deaths, and funerals were constantly noted, together, of course, with Saints' Days and Festivals of the Church."


Sinteza

Sinteza (), is the name of a large chemical factory in Rogerius quarter, Oradea, Transylvania, Romania. During Communist times, it was a large employer in the area, even though now its operations have been considerably reduced. It does remain, however, one of Oradea's best known industrial areas.


Sturmlied

The "Sturmlied" ("Storm Song" or "Assault Song") was the de facto anthem of the SA until it was gradually supplanted by the "Horst-Wessel-Lied".
History.
The lyrics for this Nazi song were written by National Socialist poet Dietrich Eckart, with the second stanza being written in 1919, the third in 1921 and the first in 1923. The stanzas were later rearranged into the now common order. The music was composed by Hans Gansser in 1921. The third stanza was usually excluded in the "Sturmlied" as it does not fit in the rhyme scheme of the first two stanzas.
The phrase "Deutschland erwache!" ("Germany, awake!") was taken from this poem and came to be one of the most influential slogans of the NSDAP.
Text.
<poem lang="de" style="float:left;">Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm!
Läutet die Glocken von Turm zu Turm!
Läutet, daß Funken zu sprühen beginnen,
Judas erscheint, das Reich zu gewinnen,
Läutet, daß blutig die Seile sich röten,
Rings lauter Brennen und Martern und Töten,
Läutet Sturm, daß die Erde sich bäumt
Unter dem Donner der rettenden Rache!
Wehe dem Volk, das heute noch träumt!
Deutschland, erwache! Erwache!
Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm!
Läutet die Glocken von Turm zu Turm,
Läutet die Männer, die Greise, die Buben,
Läutet die Schläfer, aus ihren Stuben,
Läutet die Mädchen herunter die Stiegen,
Läutet die Mütter hinweg von den Wiegen.
Dröhnen soll sie und gellen die Luft,
Rasen, rasen im Donner der Rache,
Läutet die Toten aus ihrer Gruft!
Deutschland, erwache! Erwache!
Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm! Sturm!
Läutet die Glocken von Turm zu Turm,
Los ist die Schlange, der Höllenwurm!
Torheit und Lüge zerbrach seine Kette,
Gier nach dem Gold im scheußlichen Bette!
Rot wie von Blut stehet der Himmel in Flammen,
Schauerlich krachen die Giebel zusammen.
Schlag auf Schlag, die Kapelle, auf sie!
Heulend peitscht sie in Trümmer der Drache!
Läutet zum Sturme jetzt oder nie!
Deutschland, erwache! Erwache!</poem>
<poem style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm!
Ring the bells from tower to tower!
Ring until sparks begin to fly,
Judas appears to win the Reich,
Ring until the ropes turn red from blood,
With only burning, torture and murder around,
Ring the storm until the earth rises,
Under the thunder of liberating vengeance!
Woe to the people that is still dreaming today!
Germany, awake! Awake!
Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm!
Ring the bells from tower to tower!
Ring the men, the old and the young,
Ring the sleepers out of their parlours,
Ring the girls down the stairs,
Ring the mothers away from the cradles!
The air shall clang and cannonade,
Rushing forth in the thunder of vengeance!
Ring the dead out of their grave!
Germany, awake! Awake!
Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm! Storm!
Ring the bells from tower to tower!
The serpent is let loose, the worm of hell!
Folly and lie has broken its chain,
Greed for gold in the hideous bed!
Bloody red the sky stands in flames,
Gruesomely the gables crash together,
Blow for blow on the chapel they crash!
Blustering the dragon smashes it to pieces!
Call the storm, now or never!
Germany, awake! Awake!</poem>


Mohammad-Javad Vahaji

Mohammad-Javad Vahaji () is an Iranian economist who served as the deputy governor of the Central Bank of Iran for years.
Vahaji was the bank's acting governor in 2003 and the acting minister of economy in 1993.


Margaret Jobson

Margaret Ann Louise Jobson (born 14 March 1955) is a Jamaican diplomat.
Life.
Jobson was born in Manchester Parish.
She graduated from the University of the West Indies.
From 1977 to 1978, she was a research assistant at the Institute of Jamaica.
From 1978 to 1980, she headed the language training center in the Ministry of Public Service.
From 1980 to 1981, she was the managing director of Language Today Limited.
From 1982 to 1985, she was an assistant to the Subregional Adviser for Education for the Caribbean in Kingston, and the Office of the Subregional Adviser for Science and Technology for the Caribbean.
From 1985 to 1986, she was an administrative assistant in the United Nations Development Program.
From 1986 to 1989, she was an assistant to the university program of the United Nations Development Program.
From 1989 to 1994, she was a program manager on the governing body of the United Nations Development Program.
From 1995 to 1996, she was the Jamaican office manager of the United Nations Development Program.
From 1996 to 2003, she coordinated the Public Sector Modernization Project (PSMP) in Jamaica.
From 2003 to 2013, she was a civil secretary in the Jamaica State Department.
On November 20, 2013 she was accredited ambassador to Berlin, where she resides.
On May 16, 2014, she was also accredited to the Holy See, and accredited to Romania on September 10, 2014, and is also representative of her country to the Czech Republic.
Family.
Margaret Ann Louise Jobson is married and has one son. She speaks English and Spanish .


Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina includes both federal and local taxes. Tax revenue in Bosnia and Herzegovina stood at 28.6% of GDP in 2013. Most important revenue sources include the income tax, Social Security contributions, corporate tax, and the value added tax, which are all applied on the federal level.
Income tax is applied on a flat tax rate of 10% on income from both employment, interest, royalties, and capital gains. Social Security apply to most employment income. The employee pay 33% of gross salary, while the employer contribute 10.5% in addition. The Value-added tax in Bosnia is 17% as standard rate. Various Goods are services are exempt from VAT, including medical care, posting services, financial services, education and various smaller occasions.
Stamp duties apply on various verifications of public documents. For incorporation purposes, stamp duties may range from EUR 50 to EUR 100. Corporate Taxes in Bosnia is levied at a flat rate of 10%.
History.
Taxation in Bosnia has shifted over time, depending on the government that was in power. During the Yugoslav era taxation was similar to that of the rest of the Soviet, which typically relied heavily on a turnover tax and taxes paid by enterprises. In case of this two taxes they respectively made up 50% and 5% of total revenue in 1963.


Edney Cain

Sir Henry Edney Conrad Cain (2 December 1924 – 17 January 2008) was a Belizean accountant who dedicated 51 years of his life as a public servant. He was knighted in 1986 by Queen Elizabeth II and received the award of "Order of Distinguished Service" in 2006. He is recognized as a renowned Belizean because of his contribution to the stabilizing of Belize's high liquidity and payment problems in 1987 through which he rebuilt Belize's foreign reserves.
Education.
Sir Edney Cain began his education attending Ebenezer Primary School followed by St. George's College and St. Michael's College. He furthered his studies in 1953 and 1954 by taking courses in accountancy and audit in the United Kingdom at his own expense. He continued his professional training by receiving a certificate after sitting the Association of Certified & Corporation Accountant's Intermediate Examinations in 1954. Not stopping there, he continued his studies later receiving several accounting certificates; one being certification from the Association of Certified Corporate Accountant of the Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada.
Government service.
Sir Edney Cain began his service with the Government of Belize in 1940, at the age of 16, as a messenger at the Wireless Station and continued serving the government, climbing the organizational ladder. He became the first governor of the Central Bank of Belize in 1982 and in 1984 he began his career as an ambassador and he held that title multiple times until 1990. His most significant contribution to the government was in 1987 when he joined the Ministry of Finance becoming the Financial Secretary. This was a challenging time for Belize because of severe liquidity and payment problems that Belize was experiencing. At this time Belize was also in the middle of a Structural Adjustment Program with the International Monetary Fund. Cain resolved these problems within a period of 2 years in which he also rebuilt the foreign reserves. He continued serving the Government of Belize until he retired in December 1991.
Death.
After battling cancer for eight years, Sir Edney Cain passed away at the age of 83 in his home in Belmopan on 17 January 2008. Five days later, a state funeral was held for him at the Wesley Methodist Church in Belize City.


Bob Antonacci

Robert E. Antonacci is an American politician and judge from Syracuse, New York. A Republican, Antonacci served as Onondaga County Comptroller from 2008 to 2018. He was the Republican candidate for New York State Comptroller in 2014, losing to Democrat Tom DiNapoli. Antonacci was elected to the New York State Senate in New York's 50th State Senate district in 2018. In 2019, Antonacci was elected as a Justice of the New York State Supreme Court—a trial-level court—in the Fifth Judicial District and stepped down from his Senate seat.
Life and career.
Antonacci was born and raised in Syracuse, New York, and graduated from Le Moyne College. Following graduation, he worked with Ernst & Young as a Certified Public Accountant. He is married with two children.
Following his time as a CPA, Antonacci attended Syracuse University School of Law, graduating "cum laude", and later entered into a private law practice.
Onondaga County Comptroller.
In 2003, Antonacci ran for comptroller of Onondaga County as a Democrat, but lost to incumbent Republican Donald F. Colon. However, in 2007, Antonacci was elected to the post as a Republican. After taking office in 2008, he won reelection in 2011 and again in 2015. Antonacci resigned his post after being elected to the New York State Senate in 2018.
Campaigns for New York State Comptroller.
Antonacci unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for New York State Comptroller in 2010. Four years later, after no other candidates came forward, he accepted the Republican nomination for the 2014 New York Comptroller election, anticipating that he would receive matching funds for his campaign. He failed to raise enough money to qualify for matching funds under the state's pilot program and lost to incumbent Thomas DiNapoli.
New York State Senate.
In 2018, longtime Republican Senator John DeFrancisco announced that he would not seek re-election in Senate District 50. DeFrancisco's decision left the District 50 seat open for the first time since 1992. Soon after, Antonnaci declared his candidacy for the seat. Democrats targeted the district as a prime pickup opportunity, lining up behind the candidacy of public school teacher John Mannion. Although Democrats won control of the New York State Senate in 2018, Antonacci won his election; he defeated Mannion by a margin of 51% to 49%. He was sworn in on December 29, 2018.
Antonacci stepped down from his State Senate seat on December 31, 2019 after being elected to the New York State Supreme Court.
Justice of the New York State Supreme Court.
One year into his State Senate term, Antonacci accepted nominations to run for a seat on the New York State Supreme Court, Fifth Judicial District. Antonacci sought the judgeship vacated upon the June 2019 death of James Tormey III, one of Antonacci's prominent mentors. In November 2019, Antonacci was elected to the New York State Supreme Court. He participated in a swearing-in ceremony on December 30, 2019.


Torstein Moland

Torstein Moland (born 4 November 1945) is a Norwegian economist.
From 1986 to 1989, during the second cabinet Brundtland, Moland was a state secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister.
He was then CEO of Norske Skog from 1990 to 1993, and was appointed Governor of the Central Bank of Norway in 1994. He was pressured to resign already in 1995 following the Airbus scandal. Instead, he was hired in Telenor.


Outline of Tanzania

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Tanzania:
Tanzania – sovereign country located in East Africa. Tanzania borders Kenya and Uganda on the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique on the south. To the east it borders the Indian Ocean.
Geography of Tanzania.
Geography of Tanzania
Regions of Tanzania.
Ecoregions of Tanzania.
List of ecoregions in Tanzania
Administrative divisions of Tanzania.
Administrative divisions of Tanzania
Regions of Tanzania.
Regions of Tanzania
Districts of Tanzania.
Districts of Tanzania
Demography of Tanzania.
Demographics of Tanzania
Government and politics of Tanzania.
Politics of Tanzania
Branches of the government of Tanzania.
Judicial branch of the government of Tanzania.
Court system of Tanzania
Foreign relations of Tanzania.
Foreign relations of Tanzania
International organization membership.
The United Republic of Tanzania is a member of:
Law and order in Tanzania.
Law of Tanzania
Military of Tanzania.
Military of Tanzania
Local government in Tanzania.
Local government in Tanzania
History of Tanzania.
History of Tanzania
Culture of Tanzania.
Culture of Tanzania
Sports in Tanzania.
Sports in Tanzania
Economy and infrastructure of Tanzania.
Economy of Tanzania
Education in Tanzania.
Education in Tanzania
See also.
Tanzania


Socatoon Station

Socatoon Station, was a stagecoach station of the Butterfield Overland Mail between 1858–1861. It was located four miles east of Sacaton a Maricopa village from which it took its name. This station was located 22 miles east of Maricopa Wells Station and 11 miles east of Casa Blanca Station and 13 miles north of Oneida Station.
The location of the station was on the route of the Southern Emigrant Trail at the first camp on the Gila River after crossing the desert from Tucson. It was a stopping place for the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line in 1857-58 before becoming the site of a Butterfield station. After the Civil War, it was again used as a stage station by other stage lines.


Daniel Yaw Domelevo

Daniel Yaw Domelevo is a Ghanaian accountant who currently serves as Auditor-General of Ghana. He was appointed by John Dramani Mahama in 2016 to replace Richard Quartei Quartey who had retired from Public service. He won the 2019 Integrity Personality Award at the 2019 Ghana Integrity Initiative awards.
Education.
Domelovo holds an Executive master's degree in Business Administration (Finance) from the University of Ghana Business School. He trained as a chartered accountant and has been a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants (Ghana) since 1992.
Career.
Early career.
Domelovo is a trained accountant by profession and served in senior staff roles at the Controller and Accountant General’s Department (CAGD) in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ghana) for 18 years. He is a Public Financial Management Expert, he worked at the World Bank as a Senior Financial Management Specialist responsible for Public Financial Management projects in Zimbabwe and Malawi. He also served as the Chief Accountant for the Ghana Film Industry Corporation (now TV3).
Auditor-General of Ghana.
In 2016, he was appointed by President John Mahama to serve as Auditor-General of Ghana. In his role as Auditor-General of the country, he also served as keynote speaker for public lectures on auditing, corruption and issues relating to management of finances On 20 September 2018, he was the keynote speaker at the 3rd Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu Memorial Lecture. He spoke on the theme “"Protecting The Public Purse- Keeping the gate shut before the horse bolts"” in memory of the late Finance Minister.
Personal life.
Domelevo is a Christian who is a devout Roman Catholic.
Honours and awards.
On 9 December 2019, Domelevo won the Integrity Personality Award at the maiden Integrity awards ceremony organised by Ghana Integrity Initiative (GII), contending against Manasseh Azure Awuni, a freelance investigative journalist; Edward Sowah Adjetey, an engineer at the State Housing Company Limited Ato Ulzen-Appiah, the Director of the Ghana Think Foundation, a civil society organisation, and David Boateng Asante, the Managing Director of the Ghana Publishing Company.


Falah bin Zayed Al Nahyan

Falah bin Zayed bin Sultan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan () (born 7 November 1970) is a member of Al Nahyan family of Abu Dhabi. He is the son of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the founder, first president of United Arab Emirates and ruler of Abu Dhabi. He is the half brother of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the current President of the United Arab Emirates. He is also half brother of Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces.
He was the captain of a national team.