Fairchild Semiconductor

Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California. Founded in 1957 as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, it became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors and of integrated circuits. Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to National Semiconductor in 1987; Fairchild was spun off as an independent company again in 1997. In September 2016, Fairchild was acquired by ON Semiconductor.
The company had locations in the United States at San Jose, California; San Rafael, California; South Portland, Maine; West Jordan, Utah; and Mountaintop, Pennsylvania. Outside the U.S. it operated locations in Australia ;Singapore; Bucheon, South Korea; Penang, Malaysia; Suzhou, China; and Cebu, Philippines, among others.
Company history.
1950s.
In 1956, William Shockley opened Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory as a division of Beckman Instruments in Mountain View, California; his plan was to develop a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than then-current transistors. At first he attempted to hire some of his former colleagues from Bell Labs, but none were willing to move to the West Coast or work with Shockley again at that time. Shockley then founded the core of the new company with what he considered the best and brightest graduates coming out of American engineering schools.
While Shockley was effective as a recruiter, he was less effective as a manager. A core group of Shockley employees, later known as the traitorous eight, became unhappy with his management of the company. The eight men were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts. Looking for funding on their own project, they turned to Sherman Fairchild's Fairchild Camera and Instrument, an Eastern U.S. company with considerable military contracts. In 1957 the Fairchild Semiconductor division was started with plans to make silicon transistors at a time when germanium was still the most common material for semiconductor use.
According to Sherman Fairchild, Noyce's impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason Sherman Fairchild had agreed to create the semiconductor division for the traitorous eight. Noyce advocated the use of silicon as substrate – since the material costs would consist of sand and a few fine wires, the major cost would be in the manufacturing process. Noyce also expressed his belief that silicon semiconductors would herald the start of disposable appliances that, due to cheap electronic components, would not be repaired but merely discarded when worn out.
Their first transistors were of the silicon mesa variety, innovative for their time, but relatively poor reliability.
Fairchild's first marketed transistor was the 1958 2N697, a mesa transistor developed by Moore, and it was a huge success. The first batch of 100 was sold to IBM for $150 a piece in order to build the computer for the B-70 bomber. More were sold to Autonetics to build the guidance system for the Minuteman ballistic missile.
At the same time Jean Hoerni developed the planar process which was a huge improvement – transistors could be made more easily, at a lower cost and with higher performance and reliability.
The planar process made most other transistor processes obsolete. One such casualty was Philco's transistor division, whose newly built $40 million plant to make their germanium PADT process transistors became unviable. Within a few years every other transistor company paralleled or licensed the Fairchild planar process. Hoerni's 2N1613 was a major success, with Fairchild licensing the design across the industry.
In 1960, Fairchild built a circuit with four transistors on a single wafer of silicon, thereby creating the first silicon integrated circuit (Texas Instruments' Jack Kilby had developed an integrated circuit made of germanium on September 12, 1958, and was awarded a U.S. patent). The company grew from twelve to twelve thousand employees, and was soon making $130 million a year.
1960s.
Fairchild's Noyce and Texas Instrument's Kilby had independently invented the integrated circuit (IC) based on bipolar technology. In 1960, Noyce invented the planar integrated circuit. The industry preferred Fairchild's invention over Texas Instruments' because the transistors in planar ICs were interconnected by a thin film deposit, whereas Texas Instruments' invention required fine wires to connect the individual circuits. Noyce's invention was enabled by the planar process developed by Jean Hoerni. In turn, Hoerni's planar process was inspired by the surface passivation method developed by Mohamed Atalla at Bell Labs in 1957.
In the early 1960s, Fairchild R&D began experimenting with the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor. The first MOSFET was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and demonstrated in early 1960, but was initially overlooked and ignored by Bell Labs. However, the MOSFET generated significant interest at Fairchild. Inspired by the first MOSFET, Chih-Tang Sah built an MOS-controlled tetrode at Fairchild later that year. MOS devices were later commercialized by Fairchild in 1964, with p-channel devices for logic and switching applications. The experiments led to Fairchild's development of MOS integrated circuits.
In 1963, Fairchild hired Robert Widlar to design analog operational amplifiers using Fairchild's process. Since Fairchild's processes were optimized for digital circuits, Widlar collaborated with process engineer Dave Talbert. The collaboration resulted in two revolutionary products – µA702 and µA709.
Hence, Fairchild dominated the analog integrated circuit market, having introduced the first IC operational amplifiers, or "op-amps", Bob Widlar's µA702 (in 1964) and µA709. In 1968, Fairchild introduced David Fullagar's µA741, which became the most popular IC op amp of all time.
By 1965, Fairchild's process improvements had brought low-cost manufacturing to the semiconductor industry – making Fairchild nearly the only profitable semiconductor manufacturer in the United States. Fairchild dominated the market in DTL, op-amps and mainframe computer custom circuits.
In 1965, Fairchild opened a semiconductor assembly plant on the Navajo Nation in Shiprock, New Mexico. At its peak, the plant employed over a thousand Navajos, the majority of whom were women. In "The Shiprock Dedication Commemorative Brochure" released by the Fairchild company, the Diné (Navajo) women circuit makers were celebrated as "culture workers who produced circuits as part of the 'reproductive' labor of expressing Navajo culture, rather than merely for wages." This claim was based on the opinion that circuits of the electronic chips had a mere resemblance with the complex geometric patterns on the Navajo rugs. Paul Driscoll, the Shiprock plant manager, spoke of the "untapped wealth of natural characteristics of the Navajo...the "inherent flexibility" and dexterity of the Indians." Although highly successful during its operation, the plant was closed in 1975. While the Fairchild corporation claims the Diné women were chosen to work in the Shiprock plant due to their "'nimble fingers'" as previously noted, the women of the Shiprock reservation were actually chosen as the workforce due to a lack of labor rights asserted by the women in addition to "cheap, plentiful workers and tax benefits".
Fairchild had not done well in the digital integrated circuit market. Their first line of ICs was the "micrologic" resistor–transistor logic (RTL) line which was used in the Apollo Guidance Computer. It had the advantage of being extremely simple – each inverter consisted of just one transistor and two resistors. The logic family had many drawbacks that had made it marginal for commercial purposes, and not well suited for military applications: the logic could only tolerate about 100 millivolts of noise – far too low for comfort. It was awhile before Fairchild relied on more robust designs, such as diode–transistor logic (DTL) which had much better noise margins.
Sales due to Fairchild semiconductor division had doubled each year and by the mid-1960s comprised two-thirds of total sales of the parent company. In 1966, Fairchild's sales were second to those of Texas Instruments, followed in third place by Motorola. Noyce was rewarded with the position of corporate vice-president and hence became the "de facto" head of the semiconductor division.
However, internal trouble at Fairchild began to surface with a drop in earnings in 1967. There was increasing competition from newer start-ups. The semiconductor division, situated in Mountain View and Palo Alto, California, was actually managed by executives from Syosset, New York, who visited the California sites once a year, even though the semiconductor division earned most of the profits of the company. Fairchild's president at that time, John Carter, had used all the profits to fund acquisitions of unprofitable ventures.
Noyce's position on Fairchild's executive staff was consistently compromised by Sherman Fairchild's faction. Charles E. Sporck was Noyce's operations manager. Sporck was reputed to run the tightest operation in the world. Sporck, Pierre Lamond and most managers had grown upset and disillusioned with corporate focus on unprofitable ventures at the expense of the semiconductor division. Executives at the semiconductor division were allotted substantially fewer stock options compared to other divisions. In March 1967, Sporck was hired away by Peter J. Sprague to National Semiconductor. Sporck brought with him four other Fairchild personnel. Actually, Lamond had previously assembled a team of Fairchild managers in preparation to defect to Plessey, a British company. Lamond had recruited Sporck to be his own boss. When negotiations with Plessey broke down over stock options, Lamond and Sporck succumbed to Widlar's and Talbert's (who were already employed at National Semiconductor) suggestion that they look to National Semiconductor. Widlar and Talbert had earlier left Fairchild to join Molectro, which was later acquired by National Semiconductor.
In the fall of 1967, Fairchild suffered a loss for the first time since 1958 and announced write-offs of $4 million due to excess capacity, which contributed to a total loss of $7.6 million. Profits had sunk to $0.50 a share, compared to $3 a share the previous year, while the value of the stock dropped in half. In October 1967, the board ordered Carter to sell off all of Fairchild's unprofitable ventures. Carter responded to the order by resigning abruptly.
Furthermore, Fairchild's DTL technology was being overtaken by Texas Instruments's faster TTL (transistor–transistor logic).
While Noyce was considered the natural successor to Carter, the board decided not to promote him. Sherman Fairchild led the board to choose Richard Hodgson. Within a few months Hodgson was replaced by a management committee led by Noyce, while Sherman Fairchild looked for a new CEO other than Noyce. In response, Noyce discreetly planned a new company with Gordon Moore, the head of R&D. They left Fairchild to found Intel in 1968 and were soon joined by Andrew Grove and Leslie L. Vadász, who took with them the revolutionary MOS Silicon Gate Technology (SGT), recently created in the Fairchild R&D Laboratory by Federico Faggin who also designed the Fairchild 3708, the world’s first commercial MOS integrated circuit using SGT. Fairchild MOS Division was slow in understanding the potential of the SGT which promised not only faster, more reliable, and denser circuits, but also new device types that could enlarge the field of solid state electronics – for example, CCDs for image sensors, dynamic RAMs, and non-volatile memory devices such as EPROM and flash memories. Intel took advantage of the SGT for its memory development. Federico Faggin, frustrated, left Fairchild to join Intel in 1970 and design the first microprocessors using SGT. Among the investors of Intel were Hodgson and five of the founding members of Fairchild.
Sherman Fairchild hired Lester Hogan, who was the head of Motorola semiconductor division. Hogan proceeded to hire another hundred managers from Motorola to entirely displace the management of Fairchild.
The loss of these iconic executives, coupled with Hogan's displacement of Fairchild managers demoralized Fairchild and prompted the entire exodus of employees to found new companies.
Many of the original founders, otherwise known as the "fairchildren", had left Fairchild in the 1960s to form companies that grew to prominence in the 1970s. Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were among the last of the original founders to leave, at which point the brain-drain of talents that had fueled the growth of the company was complete.
A Fairchild advertisement of the time showed a collage of the logos of Silicon Valley with the annotation "We started it all".
It was later, in 1971, Don Hoefler popularizated the name "Silicon Valley USA" in "Electronic News". He notes he didn't invent the name. See also Gregory Gromov and "TechCrunch" 2014 update of Hoefler's article.
1970s.
Hogan's action to hire from Motorola had Motorola file a lawsuit against Fairchild, which the court then decided in Fairchild's favor in 1973. Judge William Copple ruled that Fairchild's results were so unimpressive that it was impossible to assess damages "under any theory." Hogan was dismissed as president the next year, but remained as vice chairman.
In 1973, Fairchild became the first company to produce a commercial charge-coupled device (CCD) following its invention at Bell Labs. Digital image sensors are still produced today at their descendant company, Fairchild Imaging. The CCD had a difficult birth, with the devastating effects on Fairchild of the 1973–75 recession that followed on the 1973 oil crisis.
After Intel introduced the 8008 8-bit microprocessor, Fairchild developed the Fairchild F8 8-bit microprocessor, which was according to the CPU Museum "in 1977 the F8 was the world's leading microprocessor in terms of CPU sales."
In 1976, the company released the first video game system to use ROM cartridges, the Fairchild Video Entertainment System (or VES) later renamed Channel F, using the F8 microprocessor. The system was successful initially, but quickly lost popularity when the Atari 2600 Video Computer System (or VCS) was released.
By the end of the 1970s they had few new products in the pipeline, and increasingly turned to niche markets with their existing product line, notably "hardened" integrated circuits for military and space applications and isoplanar ECL products used in exotic applications like Cray Computers. Fairchild was being operated at a loss, and the bottomline subsisted mostly from licensing of its patents.
In 1979, Fairchild Camera and Instrument was purchased by Schlumberger Limited, an oil field services company, for $425 million. At this time, Fairchild's intellectual properties, on which Fairchild had been subsisting, were expiring.
1980s.
In 1980, under Schlumberger management, the Fairchild Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence Research (FLAIR) was started within Fairchild Research.
In 1985 the lab was separated to form Schlumberger Palo Alto Research (SPAR).
Fairchild research developed the Clipper architecture, a 32-bit RISC-like computer architecture, in the 1980s, resulting in the shipping of the C100 chip in 1986. The technology was later sold to Intergraph, its main customer.
Schlumberger sold Fairchild to National Semiconductor in 1987 for $200 million. The sale did not include Fairchild's Test Division, which designed and produced automated test equipment (ATE) for the semiconductor manufacturing industry, nor did it include Schlumberger Palo Alto Research.
1990s.
In 1997, the reconstituted Fairchild Semiconductor was reborn as an independent company, based in South Portland, Maine with Kirk Pond as CEO.
On March 11, 1997, National Semiconductor Corporation announced the US$550 million sale of a reconstituted Fairchild to the management of Fairchild with the backing of Sterling LLC, a unit of Citicorp Venture Capital. Fairchild carried with it what was mostly the Standard Products group previously segregated by Gil Amelio.
The Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation announced November 27, 1997 that it would acquire the semiconductor division of the Raytheon Corporation for about $120 million in cash. The acquisition was completed on December 31, 1997.
In December 1998, Fairchild announced the acquisition of Samsung's power division, which made power MOSFETs, IGBTs, etc. The deal was finalized in April 1999 for $450 million. To this day, Fairchild remains an important supplier for Samsung.
In August 1999, Fairchild Semiconductor again became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol FCS. Fairchild's South Portland, Maine and Mountaintop, Pennsylvania locations are the longest continuously operating semiconductor manufacturing facilities in the world, both operating since 1960.
2000s.
On March 19, 2001, Fairchild Semiconductor announced that it had completed the acquisition of Intersil Corporation's discrete power business for approximately $338 million in cash. The acquisition moved Fairchild into position as the second-largest power MOSFET supplier in the world, representing a 20 percent share of this $3 billion market that grew 40 percent last year.
On September 6, 2001, Fairchild Semiconductor announced the acquisition of Impala Linear Corporation, based in San Jose, California, for approximately $6 million in stock and cash. Impala brought with it expertise in designing analog power management semiconductors for hand-held devices like laptops, MP3 players, cell phones, portable test equipment and PDAs.
On January 9, 2004, Fairchild Semiconductor CEO Kirk Pond was appointed as a Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, elected by member banks to serve a three-year term.
On April 13, 2005, Fairchild announced appointment of Mark Thompson as CEO of the corporation. Thompson would also be President, Chief Executive Officer and a member of the board of directors of Fairchild Semiconductor International. He originally joined Fairchild as Executive Vice President, Manufacturing and Technology Group.
On March 15, 2006, Fairchild Semiconductor announced that Kirk P. Pond would retire as Chairman at the company's annual stockholders' meeting on May 3, 2006. Pond would continue as a member of the company’s board of directors. Mark Thompson (then CEO) became Chairman.
On September 1, 2007, New Jersey-based RF semiconductor supplier Anadigics acquired Fairchild Semiconductor's RF design team, located in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, for $2.4 million.
2010s.
In April 2011, Fairchild Semiconductor acquired TranSiC, a silicon carbide power transistor company originally based in Sweden.
On November 18, 2015, ON Semiconductor made an offer to acquire Fairchild Semiconductor for $2.4 billion (or $20 per share) after a few months of speculation that Fairchild was seeking a potential buyer.
On April 10, 2016, Fairchild Semiconductor moved its headquarters from San Jose (3030 Orchard Pkwy.) to Sunnyvale (1272 Borregas Ave.)
On September 19, 2016, ON Semiconductor and Fairchild Semiconductor jointly announced that ON Semiconductor had completed its announced $2.4 billion cash acquisition of Fairchild.
In the fall of 2016, the Fairchild 'ON' Semiconductor International closed the West Jordan, Utah, manufacturing plant.


ROF Radway Green

The former Royal Ordnance Factory (ROF), Radway Green manufactures small arms ammunition for the British armed forces. It is located in the hamlet of Radway Green near Barthomley near Alsager in Cheshire in the UK.
History.
The Royal Ordnance Factory was established in 1940 to produce ammunition, and was acquired by BAE Systems Global Combat Systems in 1987.
On the 20 August 2008 the Ministry of Defence announced a £2bn contract with BAE Systems to supply British forces with small arms and medium calibre ammunition, guaranteeing production at the Radway Green site until at least 2023.
The plant was redeveloped in 2011 by BAE Systems at a cost of £83m. The manufacturing facility, then owned by Crewe Assets, was let to BAE Systems until 2036.
In 2017, Crewe Assets sold the site to a consortium of Korean institutional investors for £56m.
In July 2020, plans were submitted to build new warehouses on land adjacent to the manufacturing facility.
Thefts from factory.
On 21 January 1985 a former quality controller at the factory was sentenced to six years imprisonment after pleading guilty to conspiracy to steal, three charges of theft and asking for eight other offences to be taken into consideration. After the thefts were discovered, it took a team of four Ministry of Defence Police officers a fortnight to recover around £26,000 worth of goods stolen from the factory (which included a rocket launcher) from the man's house in nearby Alsager. The man's son, an apprentice at the factory, "resigned in disgrace", but charges were left on file, and he was not prosecuted. The thefts were believed to date back at least ten years, and the prosecution stated that there was some evidence that the man had also stolen from ROF Chorley when he was based there. In the wake of the thefts, security was tightened across all Royal Ordnance Factories.
Manufacturing operations.
The facility has manufactured a wide range of ammunition, including:
All ammunition currently produced at Radway Green is NATO certified i.e. bears the NATO roundel as part of the headstamp on the cartridge case surrounding the primer. Additionally, headstamps bear the ammunition type ID, the initials "RG" plus the year of production e.g. "L18A1 RG 11" for 5.56×45mm blank cartridges manufactured at Radway Green in 2011. Headstamps on cartridges manufactured during the Second World War and in pre-NATO years bear the initials "RG", the year of production and the "broad arrow" to signify Ministry of Defence property.
The ordnance factory has its own firing range on-site, where batches of ammunition are periodically test-fired from a variety of different weapons. The intention of test-firing is to check for proper function and performance within contract requirements such as reliability, consistency (e.g. velocity tested via gun chronograph) and accuracy at various distances from the muzzle etc.
A private, dedicated spur once led off the main former London, Midland and Scottish Railway railway line to facilitate transfer of coal and other raw materials inwards and the final product outbound.


VS Lignite Power Plant

VS Lignite Power Plant is a lignite-based thermal power plant located in Gurha village in Bikaner district, Rajasthan. The power plant is owned by KSK Energy Ventures.
Power plant.
The thermal power station has an installed capacity of 135 MW. It has a circulating fluidised bed combustion boiler (CFBC), 440T/H, at 13.9 MPa operating pressure, 535 °C operating temperature and a 220 kV switch yard


Jermaghbyur Geothermal Power Plant

The Jermaghbyur Geothermal Power Plant will be Armenia's largest geothermal power plant having an installed electric capacity of 150 MW. It will be situated in Syunik Province of Armenia.


Westwood Power Station

Westwood Power Station was a coal-fired power station situated adjacent to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Ince-in-Makerfield in Greater Manchester, North West England.
History.
The station was constructed in 1948–50 by the British Electricity Authority. It used two tall cooling towers to cool its water.
The boiler plant comprised five Babcock & Wilcox pulverised fuel fired boilers capable of delivering 1,425,000 lb/h (180.0 kg/s) of steam at 660 psi (45.5 bar) and 393°C.
Following the construction of the national grid in 1928-33 Westwood power station was connected to an electricity grid ring which included the power stations at Southport, Lister Drive (Liverpool), Warrington and Ribble (Preston); this was one of three electricity rings in the North West.
The generating capacity of the station was 128 MW comprising four uprated British Thomson-Houston 32 MW turbo-alternators. The first generating set was commissioned in September 1951 followed by the other sets in December 1951, September 1952, and December 1953.
Steam condensing and cooling was by two Mitchell reinforced concrete hyperbolic cooling towers, each tower had a capacity of 3 million gallons per hour (3.79 m3/s).
The generating capacity and output from Westwood power station is given in the following graph and table.
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In the year ending 31 March 1972 the station's load factor (the average load as a percent of maximum output capacity) was 20.6 percent.
The station was demolished in 1989, the cooling towers were demolished on 15 January 1989.
Today.
The former power station site has been developed into "Westwood business park" with over of office space. Another part of the site had been redeveloped into a Girobank office from the early 1990s until it was demolished in 2015 to make way for a 400,000 sqft Nice-Pak wet-wipe factory.


Charlottetown Thermal Generating Station

Charlottetown Thermal Generating Station is a natural diesel oil power station owned by Maritime Electric, in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. The plant is primarily used during periods of peak demand or when the power supply from the mainline is impaired.
The plant was the main source of electricity for the island until the first cable to the mainland was finished in 1977. The station is currently being decommissioned, and as a result its two smokestacks will be torn down. Now that two new cables have been finished in 2017, there isn't even a need for the plant as a backup.
Description.
The plant consists of:


MIT Nuclear Research Reactor

The MIT Nuclear Research Reactor (MITR) serves the research purposes of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is a tank-type 6 MW reactor that is moderated and cooled by light water and uses heavy water as a reflector. It is the second largest university based research reactor in the U.S. (after the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center) and has been in operation since 1958. It is the fourth-oldest operating reactor in the country.
Technical specifications.
The MITR-II design uses finned plate-type fuel arranged in a hexagonal pattern of rhomboid fuel assemblies. Power is controlled by 6 manual boron-stainless steel blade-type control rods and one aluminum with cadmium control rod which can be placed on automatic control. Light water flows upwards through the core and a tank of heavy water surrounds the core. A wall of dense concrete that serves as shielding surrounds the tank of heavy water. The maximum coolant temperature is . The light water and heavy water are cooled using forced circulation through heat exchangers to a secondary coolant system. The heat from the reactor is ultimately dissipated to the atmosphere via the secondary cooling system using two modular Tower Tech cooling towers – model TTXL-081950;.
The reactor uses highly enriched uranium fuel, in the form of uranium-aluminum cermet with aluminum cladding.
Refueling takes place 3 to 4 times every year. A single refueling consists of rearranging the assemblies in the core or a combination of rearranging and replacement of old assemblies with new ones. This is more frequent than both nuclear power plants, which may go 17 to 23 months between refueling outages when they rearrange the entire core and replace 1/3 to 1/2 of the core, and most research reactors (particularly university reactors), many of which go decades without refueling due to the high energy density of nuclear fuel and infrequent use at high power levels.
Uses.
The MITR research program encompasses most aspects of neutron science and engineering including nuclear medicine. Some of these activities are:
The MITR is one of only six facilities in the world that was engaged in patient trials for the use of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) to treat both brain tumors and skin cancer. The MITR fission converter beam is the first to be designed for BNCT. The facility no longer conducts BNCT trials.


Sibur

SIBUR (PJSC SIBUR Holding) is a Russian petrochemicals company founded in 1995 and headquartered in Moscow. SIBUR operates production sites located all over Russia, has over 1,400 major customers engaged in the energy, automotive, construction, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), chemical and other industries in approximately 70 countries worldwide and employs around 26,000 personnel. In 2018, its revenue was USD 9.1 bln and EBITDA USD 3.2 bln.
History.
SIBUR was founded by government decree in 1995. 38% of its shares were state owned and the remaining 62% of the company was made public.
Towards the end of 1998, SIBUR started its transformation into a vertically integrated petrochemical holding with a full production chain from the processing of raw materials through to the manufacture of finished goods. Michael Cherney, its controlling shareholder at the time, invested over $110 million in SIBUR’s business development and expansion programme. SIBUR subsequently built up assets by buying stakes in petrochemical companies all over Russia, including some 60 companies.
By 2001, Gazprom had acquired control of SIBUR with a 51% stake. In 2003, Alexander Dyukov was appointed president and oversaw a reform with a long-term growth strategy and implementation of infrastructure updates.
By September, the stock was divided between Gazprom (25%) and Gazprombank (75%). Dyukov was succeeded by Dmitry Konov as SIBUR’s new president towards the end of 2006.
In July 2005, SIBUR founded AKS Holding (whose legal successor is today's SIBUR) to clean up the holding's debts of RUB 60 bn, with most of this amount due to the parent company. The balance sheet of AKS Holding received the shares of 26 petrochemical businesses held by SIBUR. In December 2005, AKS Holding was renamed SIBUR Holding.
In 2008, Gazprom decided that the petrochemical business was a non-core asset, and SIBUR shares were sold to Gazfond in exchange for its energy assets. Both Gazprombank and Gazfond also withdrew from the Gazprom group. In December 2010, Gazprombank began a phased sale of SIBUR to Leonid Mikhelson.
In 2011, SIBUR began exiting its non-core production assets, including its tyre and mineral fertilizer businesses, which it sold. Instead, the company focused on investing in polymer investments.
By 2020, SIBUR is planning to launch ZapSibNeftekhim on the basis of the Tobolsk Production Site which is to become Russia’s largest petrochemical complex, permitting SIBUR to double polymer production.
Corporate affairs.
Ownership.
By the autumn of 2011, 100% of SIBUR were owned by the company SIBUR Limited, which since 2013 is 82.5% owned by Leonid Mikhelson and Gennady Timchenko. The owners of the remaining 17.5% include SIBUR's former and current top management. In 2014 Timchenko's share was purchased by Kirill Shamalov, deputy chairman of SIBUR, increasing his share to 21.3%.
As of 28 April 2017, ownership of SIBUR was divided as follows: Leonid Mikhelson – 48.5%, Gennady Timchenko – 17%, current and former managers of SIBUR Holding 14.5%, Sinopec 10%, Silk Road Fund 10%. In December 2015, Sinopec completed a 10% minority strategic investment in SIBUR. In January 2017, Silk Road Fund closed the deal on its acquisition of 10% equity stake in SIBUR.
Operations.
Midstream.
The Group’s midstream segment comprises:
SIBUR’s feedstock processing infrastructure includes seven out of the nine existing GPPs in Western Siberia, five compressor stations and three GFUs.
Petrochemicals.
In its petrochemicals business, the Group has been operating three steam cracker facilities, one PDH unit, two basic polymers production plants, manufacturing low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), three synthetic rubbers production plants, manufacturing commodity and specialty rubbers as well as thermoplastic elastomers, and 13 production plants manufacturing plastics and organic synthesis products, including polyethylene terephthalate, glycols, alcohols, BOPP-films, expandable polystyrene, acrylates as well as a wide range of intermediate chemicals.
SIBUR has used, amongst others, Navigator Holdings, a shipping firm owned by Wilbur Ross, U.S. Secretary of Commerce under President Donald Trump to ship LPG since 2012. In 2017 SIBUR released a statement denying that they had ever directly dealt with Ross, stating that all negotiations and meetings were held by SIBUR and Navigator management, and without any shareholders involvement.
Tobolsk industrial site facilities.
Plastics, elastomers and organic synthesis facilities.
– OAO Krasnoyarsk Synthetic Rubbers Plant (100%)
Tyre business.
At the end of December 2011, SIBUR exited SIBUR-Russian Tyres, having sold a 75% stake to the company's management, and the remaining stake to the partners of Vadim Gurinov, its CEO.
Mineral fertiliser business.
At the end of December 2011, SIBUR sold its mineral fertiliser assets to URALCHEM (Mineral Fertilisers, Perm) and Siberian Business Union (Kemerovo Azot and Angarsk Azotno-Tukovy Zavod).


Mac Tools

Mac Tools (previously, Mechanics Tool and Forge Company) is an American company that distributes and markets professional tools and related equipment. It is headquartered in Westerville, Ohio, United States. The Mac Tools line consists of over 8,000 professional tools, including screwdrivers, ratchets, wrenches, and assorted air tools.
Mac Tools also produces its own line of tool storage and carts with foreign sourced materials at its manufacturing plant located in Georgetown, Ohio. Mac Tools manufactured tools are produced in various Stanley Black & Decker facilities across the world. Mac Tools USA hardline tools are manufactured in their partner plant of Proto Dallas.
Their primary distribution centre is located in Hilliard, Ohio, United States. Mac Tools business model is a franchise system with roughly 1500 distributors across North America. Their primary competitors include Matco, Snap-on, and Cornwell Tools.
History.
In 1938, the Mechanics Tool and Forge Company began in Sabina, Ohio. The company's goal was to manufacture high quality mechanic's tools. On July 11, 1938, the firm was incorporated in Ohio, and common stock was issued. Mac Tools continued to grow in the 1940s, with a large government contract received in 1942.
The company's name was changed in 1961 to the now familiar Mac Tools from its earlier name, Mechanics Tool and Forge Company. In 1980, Mac Tools was bought by the Stanley Works, and is now part of a group of brands including Stanley Tools, Proto, Facom, and Blackhawk a subsidiary of Proto Tools.
In 1990, Mac Tools set up in the United Kingdom, and in 2009, it changed its presence in the United Kingdom from being a distribution to a franchise system.


Ramagundam B Thermal Power Station

Ramagundam B Super Thermal Power Plant is located at Ramagundam in Telangana. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of TSGENCO
Power Plant.
Ramagundam B Thermal Power Station has an installed capacity of 62.5 MW (single unit). The unit was commissioned in October, 1971 with the financial assistance of U.S.A.I.D with the project cost of Rs 14.8 crores.
With the installation of Electrostatic precipitator in 1987 under the R&M Scheme, the problems associated with ID Fan etc. has been overcome and station has been running satisfactorily.
The station has achieved the height plant load factor in all India level for four times in the group of 62.5 MW to 63.5 MW units.


Socionext

 is a system on a chip (SoC) company formed in March 2015 from former system LSI businesses of Fujitsu and Panasonic. It has about 2,500 employees worldwide and is headquartered in Yokohama, Japan. It is privately held by the Development Bank of Japan, Fujitsu, and Panasonic.
"Socionext Europe" is headquartered in Langen, near Frankfurt, with other locations in Munich, Braunschweig, Maidenhead (UK), Swindon (UK) and Linz (Austria).
"Socionext America Inc. (SNA)" is the US branch of Socionext Inc. headquartered in Santa Clara, California. The company is a fabless ASIC supplier, specializing in a wide range of standard and customizable SoC solutions for automotive, consumer, and industrial markets.


V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute

The V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute, also known as the First Radium Institute, is a research and production institution located in Saint Petersburg specializing in the fields of nuclear physics, radio- and geochemistry, and on ecological topics, associated with the problems of nuclear power engineering, radioecology, and isotope production. It is a subsidiary company of the Rosatom Russian state corporation.
The Institute was founded as "State Radium Institute" in 1922 under the initiative of V. I. Vernadskiy, integrating all radiological enterprises present in St. Petersburg (then Petrograd) at that time. This also included a factory in Bondyuga (Tatarstan), which was used by and others to generate Russia's first high-enriched radium compound. The Radium Institute under Abram Ioffe was relocated to Kazan in World War II.
The Radium Institute was renamed to V. G. Khlopin in his honor in 1950.
At the Radium Institute, the first European cyclotron was proposed by George Gamow and in 1932, being constructed with the help of Igor Kurchatov, operational by 1937.


Langage Power Station

Langage Power Station is a combined-cycle power plant near the city of Plymouth in Devon, England.
Centrica, owners of the site, announced on 16 June 2006 that the natural gas fired power station was to be constructed on their behalf by Alstom. Section 36 consent was granted in 2000 and Reserved Matters were approved in 2005. The 885 MW plant was expected to cost £400 million and to start generating in early 2009, but problems with internal pipework pushed this back. The power station was completed and operations started in March 2010.
Langage was set to be the first fossil fuel power station built in the UK since 2005, but due to delays it was preceded by Marchwood Power Station, which was commissioned in 2009. Multiple other CCGT stations were also commissioned around this time, including Pembroke Power Station and the West Burton Power Station CCGT extension. The station was commissioned against an expected 'energy gap' in UK generating capacity, caused by the expected closure of nuclear and older coal-fired stations.
The power station had permission to build three gas-powered turbines when it bought the site in 2004, but due to land constraints they were only able to build two.
The plant uses two Alstom GT26 gas turbines, each driving an air-cooled turbogenerator, with a heat recovery steam generator powering a single STF30C steam turbine which also drives another air-cooled turbogenerator.
Centrica put the plant up for sale in May 2014, stating an aim to invest in smaller, more flexible power stations. On 21 June 2017, Centrica agreed to sell the power station to EP UK Investments as part of a deal that also saw South Humber Bank CCGT power station change hands between the two companies. EP UK Investments is daughter company of EP Power Europe, which is 100% owned by Czech energy group EPH (owned by Daniel Křetínský).
The UK high pressure national gas pipeline network (the National Transmission System) was extended to Plymouth in 1989 (Feeder No.20 terminates at an Above Ground Installation (AGI) south of Smithaleigh). Langage Power Station was built to exploit the availability of high pressure gas and the station now represents the southernmost gas-fired station on the network.
The pipeline extension has resulted in a reduction in the amount of natural gas needing to be imported into Plymouth via sea and hence less stored locally in Gasometers and pipelines.


Temporary Generation North

Temporary Generation North and its smaller sibling Temporary Generation South are gas turbine power stations in South Australia. They were bought by the Government of South Australia in 2017 as a response to the 2016 South Australian blackout and load-shedding in February 2017.
Temporary Generation North is five open cycle gas turbines installed at the former Holden site in Elizabeth South, a northern suburb of Adelaide.
The generators were purchased to be used only in emergency shortfalls in electricity supply to the grid, such as in extreme weather. Both sets were first used on 24 January 2019 to deal with a supply shortfall in Victoria.
The intent of the Weatherill ALP state government was that the turbines would be converted from diesel fuel to natural gas and moved to a single location while remaining owned by the government.
In August 2019, the state government (following the 2018 election, now controlled by the Liberal party) announced that it had arranged 25-year leases of the power stations to two different companies, with the leases taking effect from May 2020. Both companies operate wind farms in South Australia. The five northern generators will be leased to Nexif Energy and relocated to a new site at Outer Harbor and operating on natural gas before the end of 2020. Nexif Energy also proposes to convert them to combined cycle with a steam turbine in the following few years.


Mikroelektronika

MikroElektronika (stylized as MikroE) is a Serbian manufacturer and retailer of hardware and software tools for developing embedded systems. The company headquarters is in Belgrade, Serbia.
Its best known software products are mikroC, mikroBasic and mikroPascal compilers for programming microcontrollers. Its flagship hardware product line is Click boards, a range of more than 550 add-on boards for interfacing microcontrollers with peripheral sensors or transceivers. These boards conform to mikroBUS – a standard conceived by MikroElektronika and later endorsed by NXP Semiconductors and Microchip Technology, among others. MikroElektronika is also known for Hexiwear, an Internet of things development kit developed in partnership with NXP Semiconductors.
History.
Serbian entrepreneur — and current company owner and CEO — Nebojša Matić started publishing an electronics magazine called "MikroElektronika" in 1997. In 2001, the magazine was shut down and MikroElektronika repositioned itself as a company focused on producing development boards for microcontrollers and publishing books for developing embedded systems.
The company started offering compilers in 2004, with the release of mikroPascal for PIC and mikroBasic for PIC — compilers for programming 8-bit microcontrollers from Microchip Technology. Between 2004 and 2015 the company released C, Basic and Pascal compilers for seven microcontroller architectures: PIC, PIC32, dsPIC/PIC24, FT90x, AVR, 8051, and ARM® (supporting STMicroelectronics, Texas Instruments and Microchip-based ARM® Cortex microcontrollers).
In conjunction with compilers, MikroElektronika kept its focus on producing development boards while gradually ceasing its publishing activities. Its current generation of the "Easy" boards brand was released in 2012. One of the flagship models, EasyPIC Fusion v7 was nominated for best tool at the Embedded World 2013 exhibition in Nurembeg, an important embedded systems industry gathering. Other product lines were introduced as well, including the "mikroProg" line of hardware programmers and debuggers, and the range of sensor and transceiver add-on boards known as click boards.
During this time span the company developed relationships with various semiconductor vendors and distributors. It became an official partner of Microchip Technology, NXP Semiconductors, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, Imagination Technologies, Telit, Quectel, and U-blox. MikroElektronika also built up its worldwide distributor network by partnering with Digi-Key, Mouser Electronics, Future Electronics, RS Components as well as more than 50 local distributors in all continents.
Responding to rising public interest in the Internet of things, in 2016 MikroElektronika released Hexiwear, a wearable development kit created in partnership with NXP Semiconductors. Hexiwear was funded through Kickstarter. Since its release on the market, it won four industry awards: Best in Show, Reader's choice, and Best IoT product at ARM TechCon 2016 Innovation Challenge, 2016 ECN Impact award, as well as Best for Rapid prototyping at the Hackster Maker Madness competition.
Product lines.
MikroElektronika's catalog comprises more than 700 products. The following table lists its main product lines.


Cowes Power Station

Cowes power station (or Kingston power station) is a 140MW Open Cycle Gas Turbine station powered by two 70MW units. The station is the Isle of Wight's only conventional power generation source other than power from the mainland. The station was built in 1982 at a cost of £30 million. The station is owned and operated by RWE npower.
Both units run on light fuel oil and operate at either peak time or when the grid requires frequency response. The station is either run locally or by remote from Fawley Power Station. The gas turbine engines have a total output of 200,000 horsepower and use of fuel oil per minute when running at maximum output.
There was a 24 MW coal-fired power station at Cowes that was decommissioned on 15 March 1976.
In addition to electricity generated on the Isle of Wight, power is transmitted from the mainland through subsea cables. The first connection was in 1947 by a 33 kV cable from Nursling near Southampton to Cowes. A second cable was installed in 1964, this was the first 132 kV oil-filled cable in Britain, and was constructed by AEI. A new 132 kV link was commissioned in July 1972, this was the first major cable contract undertaken by the Southern Electricity Board.


Chienshan Power Plant

The Chienshan Power Plant () is a fuel-fired power plant in Huxi Township, Penghu County, Taiwan. With the total capacity of 140 MW, the power plant is the largest diesel fuel-fired power plant in Taiwan. Chienshan Power Plant is the only major power plant in Penghu Island.


Kalray

Kalray is a fabless semiconductor company specialized in the application of MPPA manycore technology to high-performance processing. It targets two main markets: networking and storage infrastructure in data centers; and high-performance embedded computing for critical applications.
Kalray was created in 2008 as a spin-off from the CEA. It is headquartered in Grenoble (France), has about 70 employees (50 of which in engineering and R&D) and has 3 other office locations: Sophia Antipolis (France), Los Altos, California (USA) and Tokyo (Japan). Its customers are system integrators and equipment manufacturers for data centers, automotive, defense and aerospace.
Product.
MPPA manycore processors.
MPPA® manycore processors are composed of clusters of 16 VLIW cores each. A high-speed network on chip is used to interconnect clusters.
The MPPA core implements a 5-issue VLIW architecture that provides strong timing predictability properties while delivering scalar performances competitive with high-end superscalar application processors.
MPPA processors can be programmed using a Software Development Kit that encompasses the GNU toolchain, supporting standard programming environment for C and C++ with OpenMP, OpenCL.
Neural network inference applications are supported by a fully automatic code generator called KaNN that takes trained neural networks described in Caffe or TensorFlow and produces optimized C code for low-latency inference.
MPPA-256 Andey.
Produced in 2013 in CMOS 28HP technology from TSMC, this processor running at 400 MHz has been designed as a target for a cyclostatic dataflow language called Sigma-C.
MPPA2-256 Bostan.
Produced in 2015 with the same CMOS 28HP technology from TSMC, this processor running at 550 MHz was enhanced to increase the floating-point performance of the VLIW cores, to natively support the Linux operating system, and to process high-speed Ethernet (up to 80Gbit/s). Each VLIW core was extended with a tightly coupled cryptographic coprocessor for security protocol acceleration.
MPPA2.2-256 Bostan2.
Produced in 2017, this processor is based on the previous generation, Bostan, with an improved DDR controller, Ethernet controller and PCIe controller. As a result, this processor fully supports the NVM Express® (NVMe™) standard interface (for connecting hosts to PCIe bus-attached SSDs), and also the NVMe over Fabrics standard using RDMA (for connections between servers, storage controllers, and NVMe enclosures).
MPPA3 Coolidge.
The 3rd-generation MPPA processor Coolidge has been released. Based on TSMC 16nm FinFET process technology, this processor includes 80 64-bit VLIW processing cores distributed among 5 clusters, 8x 25Gbit/s Ethernet and 16x PCIe Gen4 interfaces. Each VLIW core is extended with a tightly coupled tensor co-processor for deep learning application acceleration.
Product history.
The first Kalray patent was filed in 2010. Today the company holds 23 patent families, including 2 families with an exclusive CEA license.
On 22 June 2015, Kalray began the distribution of data center acceleration board families: TurboCard and KONIC, for networking and storage applications, both of which can be programmed with either standard C or C++. TurboCard and KONIC both utilize the MPPA2-256 Bostan 2nd generation processor.
In 2018, the Kalray solutions were certified by the NVM Express organization through the University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory (UNH-IOL), an independent testing provider of standard conformance solutions and multi-vendor interoperability. This certification was the first of its kind for a fully integrated system.
Listing on Euronext.
In 2017, ahead of the launch of Kalray's third-generation microprocessor, Safran and Pengpai joined the company's historical investors (mainly CEA Investissement, ACE, INOCAP). In 2018, Alliance Ventures (strategic venture capital fund operated by Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi) and Definvest (an investment fund managed by Bpifrance on behalf of the French Ministry of Armed Forces) also acquired stakes in Kalray.
On June 12, 2018, Kalray launched its IPO on the Euronext Paris Stock Market and raised €47.7M (after exercise of the over-allocation option), "the most significant IPO since Euronext Growth was created in Paris".


Victor Steam

Victor Steam was an American automobile company started in 1899. They made steam powered vehicles.
It had a 4 hp vertical 2-cylinder engine and single chain drive. In 1900 the Victor bicycle business was sold to the Stevens Arms & Tool Co., and for a few months Overman leased the top floor of the building to assemble Victor cars.


Bullington Warehouse

Bullington Warehouse is a historic tobacco storage warehouse located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina, United States. It was built in 1927, and is a three-story Romanesque style brick structure divided into four units by projecting corbeled firewalls. Each unit has approximately 10,000 square feet per floor, giving a total of about 123,000 square feet. It is an example of "slow burn" masonry and wood factory construction. It was the last in a series of brick tobacco storage warehouses, unique in their architectural style, begun in 1897 and ending with this warehouse in 1927. The building has been converted to residential use.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.


Missouri District Warehouse

Missouri District Warehouse, also known as the Weston Tobacco Warehouse and Weston Burley House No. 1, is a historic warehouse located at Weston, Platte County, Missouri. It was built in 1937, and is a sprawling, two-story, rectangular, steel-frame building sheathed with corrugated metal. It measures 125 feet by 300 feet. It was built as a loose-leaf tobacco auction warehouse and curing barn.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.


Ogden, West Yorkshire

Ogden in West Yorkshire, England, is a small hamlet north of Halifax. The hamlet falls within the Calderdale Ward of Illingworth and Mixenden. Its most recognisable landmarks are Ovenden Moor wind farm, which can be seen from as far as away on a clear day, a golf course, which offers views of the surrounding moorland; and Ogden reservoir, around which are footpaths for visitors to walk and view the local wildlife.


Reliance Group

Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group or popularly known as Reliance ADA Group or simply Reliance Group is an Indian conglomerate, headquartered in Mumbai, India. The company, which was formed after Dhirubhai Ambani's business was divided up, is headed by his younger son Anil Ambani.
Reliance Group has six listed companies. Reliance Power, Reliance Infrastructure, Reliance Capital, Reliance Entertainment, Reliance Home Finance and Reliance Health. The group provides financial services, construction, entertainment, power, health care, manufacturing, defence, aviation, and transportation services.
History.
Reliance Commercial Corporation was founded by Dhirubhai Ambani in 1966 as a polyester firm. It got renamed as Reliance Industries on 8 May 1973. Reliance later entered into financial services, petroleum refining, power sector. By 2002 Reliance had grown into a U$15 billion conglomerate. After the death of Dhirubhai Ambani on 6 July 2002, Reliance was headed by his two sons. The Reliance ADA Group was formed in 2006 after the two brothers Mukesh Ambani and Anil Ambani, split Reliance Industries in December 2005. Anil Ambani got the responsibility of Reliance Infocomm, Reliance Energy and Reliance Capital. Reliance Group entered the power sector through Reliance Power, and the entertainment sector by acquiring Adlabs. In October 2010, Reliance power placed world's largest order worth $8.29 billion to Shanghai Electric Group to supply power equipment based on Supercritical steam generator technology. On 28 October 2017, the group launched construction of a defense production unit in Mihan-SEZ region. The unit will be part of a joint venture between Reliance Group, led by Anil Ambani, and its JV partner French major Dassault Aviation. The production at Mihan-SEZ will begin with components for the Rafale warplanes and Falcon business jet produced by Dassault. It is expected to fully assemble both the aircraft in the Nagpur unit in the coming years.


Maxim Integrated

Maxim Integrated is an American, publicly traded company that designs, manufactures, and sells analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits.
Maxim Integrated develops integrated circuits (ICs) for the automotive, industrial, communications, consumer, and computing markets. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California, and has design centers, manufacturing facilities, and sales offices throughout the world. In the fiscal year 2019, it had US$2.31 billion in sales, 7,131 employees, and 35,000 customers worldwide. Maxim is a Fortune 1000 company and its stock is a component of the NASDAQ-100 stock market index. In December 2018, Maxim was added back to the S&P 500.
History.
Maxim was founded in April 1983. Its nine initial team members had a variety of experience in semiconductors design and sales. The founding team included Jack Gifford, an industry pioneer since the 1960s; Fred Beck, an IC sales and distribution pioneer; Dave Bingham, General Electric’s Scientist of the Year in 1982; Steve Combs, a pioneer in wafer technologies and manufacturing; Lee Evans, also a pioneer in CMOS analog microchip design and General Electric’s Scientist of the Year in 1982; Dave Fullagar, inventor of the first internally compensated operational amplifier circuit; Roger Fuller, yet another pioneer in CMOS microchip design; Rich Hood, development director for some of the first microprocessor-controlled semiconductor test systems; and Dick Wilenken, who is acknowledged as the father of key analog switch and multiplexer technologies. Based on a two-page business plan, they obtained US$9 million in venture capital to establish the company. In the first year, the company developed 24 second-source products. After that, Maxim designed proprietary products that offered greater differentiation and higher profits.
In 1985, the industry was introduced to the MAX600, the first proprietary product to win an industry award and start decades of technical innovation. Maxim recorded its first profitable fiscal year in 1987, with the help of a product called MAX232, and posted a profit every year since it went public in 1988. Annual revenue reached $500 million in fiscal year 1998 and in fiscal 2011 totaled over $2.47 billion. In 2005, Maxim became a Fortune 1000 company. Three years later, the company established its Chief Technical Office, and the number of patents rose by 50% over the next two years. In 2010, the company shipped its first analog product on a 300mm wafer.
In July 2020, Maxim Integrated agreed to be acquired by Analog Devices in an all-stock deal for US$20.91 billion.
Maxim's product portfolio now includes power and battery management ICs, sensors, analog ICs, interface ICs, communications solutions, digital ICs, embedded security, and microcontrollers.
Temporary delisting.
From October 2007 to October 2008, Maxim's common stock was delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Exchange due to the company's inability to file financial statements related to stock option backdating. Maxim's stock was traded over-the-counter and quoted on the Pink Sheets until the company completed its restatement in 2008. Maxim's CFO Carl Jasper resigned due to an investigation into the issue by Maxim's board of directors.
Maxim restated its earnings in September 2008 and was relisted on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange on October 8, 2008.


Korba Super Thermal Power Station

Korba Super Thermal Power Plant is located at Jamnipali in Korba district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). The coal for the power plant is sourced from Kusmunda and Gevra Mines. The source of water for the power plant is Hasdeo River.
Transport.
Korba Super Thermal Power Plant is located on the Champa-Gevra Road branch line.


AAC Technologies

AAC Technologies Holdings, Inc. (), or AAC Technologies in short form, is a civilian-run enterprise founded in 1993 and headquartered in Shenzhen, PR China. It engages in the manufacture and distribution of miniaturized acoustic components.
AAC Technologies designs, develops and manufactures a broad range of miniaturized components that include speakers, receivers and microphones in the acoustic segment. It produces these components for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, wearables, ultrabooks, notebooks and e-readers.
AAC Technologies is one of the main suppliers of Apple Inc.


Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project

Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project is a coal-based thermal power plant located at Sivanpur village in Nabinagar taluk in Aurangabad district, Bihar. It was conceptualised in 1989 by the then Chief Minister of Bihar Satyendra Narayan Sinha who sent the proposal to set up a NTPC's super thermal power project at Nabinagar in Bihar's Aurangabad district to then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi; but the project went into limbo as the following state governments failed to follow it. In 2007, Manmohan Singh's government finally put a stamp of approval on it.
The power plant is owned by the Nabinagar Power Generating Company- initially a 50:50 joint venture between NTPC Limited and Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited. The Nabinagar plant will have capacity of 4380 MW( 660MW X 6). The project's generation capacity initially was to be 3960 MW but in 2016, the production capacity was increased to 4380 MW. Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project will be third largest power project in India, after 4700 MW Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station (Singrauli) and maharashtra belar.
This Super Thermal Power Project is spread over 2970 acres, which includes 150 acre of land for the township and 63 acres of land for construction of rail corridor. On 17 April 2018, Bihar state cabinet, headed by chief minister Nitish Kumar, gave its nod to handing over of Nabinagar Power Generating Company to National Thermal Power Corporation. On 15 May 2018, Bihar Government signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to hand over the thermal plant to National Thermal Power Corporation for a 33- years lease. For the Nabinagar plant's Bihar would get 78% of the electricity generated from the plant, while UP would get 11%, jharkhand 3% and Sikkim 1%.
Capacity.
The planned capacity of the power plant in 1980 MW (3x660 MW). Unit-1 with capacity to generate 660MW, is scheduled to be commissioned in Dec'18.
Future expansion.
There is a plan to add three units of 800 MW each at the site in future.


Khurja Super Thermal Power Plant

Khurja super thermal power project or Khurja STPS is a proposed 1320 megawatt, coal-fired supercritical power plant planned to be built at Khurja in Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India. The project is the first thermal power project by THDC Ltd, projected to cost ₹12676 crores (US$1.8 billion). It is a two unit power plant, with the first unit expected to be completed by November 2022 and the second by April 2023.
Project.
THDC Ltd floated tenders for award of main package in June 2018. Land has been acquired by THDC and project completion is planned by 2023. The coal requirement would be 7.2 million tonnes per annum which will be sourced from the Amelia Coal mines in Madhya Pradesh.
Clearances.
The project has been accorded environmental clearance by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). The environmental impact assessment report was submitted to MoEF&CC in November 2016.
Capacity.
The planned capacity of the thermal power plant is 1320 MW (2 x 660 MW)


Schkopau Power Station

The Schkopau Power Station is a lignite-fuelled power station near the Korbetha part of the municipality of Schkopau in the district of Merseburg-Querfurt (Saxony-Anhalt), Germany, which was built in 1995/1996. It has two units with a total capacity of 916 megawatts (MW), from which are 110 MW for traction current. The power station has high chimney. It is owned and operated by Uniper and EP Energy. It has additionally a generator for the production of a phase change stream with a frequency of 16.7 cycles per second for Deutsche Bahn AG.


Keephills Generating Station

Keephills Generating Station is a coal fired station operated by TransAlta, located near Keephills, Alberta, Canada. Unit 3 is a low emission station, which replaced the older Wabamun 4 station.
Description.
The station consists of the following units:
The plant has two 138.6 m (455 ft) smokestacks.


Sabarmati Thermal Power Station

Sabarmati Thermal Power Station or Torrent Sabarmati Thermal Power Station is coal-fired power plant. It is located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The power plant is owned by Torrent Power.
Capacity.
The first power plant at this site became operational in 1934 with installed capacity of 37.5 MW (2x3.75MW and 4x7.5MW). In the place of original power plant, new power plant came up with installed capacity of 422 MW (1x60MW, 1x120 MW and 2x121MW).


Rufus Amis House and Mill

Rufus Amis House and Mill is a historic home and grist mill and national historic district located near Virgilina, Granville County, North Carolina. The house was built about 1855, and is a 1 1/2-story, "L"-shaped Gothic Revival / Greek Revival style frame dwelling. It has a roof with six gables and delicately sawn bargeboards. Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse, icehouse (later a striphouse), privy, barn, chicken house, corn crib, mill race, former dwelling, and 3 1/2-story grist mill.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.


Dhuvaran Thermal Power Station

Dhuvaran Thermal Power Station is an Oil and Gas power plant located at Khambhat in Anand district, Gujarat. The power plant is under ownership of state owned Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited. This was the first power plant of Gujarat Electricity Board, the parent company of Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited.
Capacity.
The power plant stands decommissioned since December 2010.


Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station

Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station is located at Khedar in Hisar district of Haryana. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of HPGCL.
The Engineering, procurement and construction contract is given to Reliance Infrastructure.
Power plant.
The work for a 1200 MW coal-fired power plant was awarded during 2007. The total estimated cost of the project is around Rs 4297 crores. The cost of Rs 3.19 crore per MW for this project is lowest among all the power plants. Both the units 2x600 MW were commissioned.


Denmead Foundry

Denmead was a Baltimore, Maryland, United States, company that produced about 30 steam locomotives in the 1850s as a sideline to a very successful foundry.
During the American Civil War, A & W Denmead & Son built the side wheel gunboat "Monocacy" and the light draft monitor "Waxsaw", both completed in 1865.


Crystal River Energy Complex

The Crystal River Energy Complex consists of seven power-generating plants on a 4,700 acre (1,900 hectare) site near the mouth of the Crystal River in Citrus County, Florida. Crystal River 1, 2, 4, and 5 are fossil fuel power plants. Crystal River 3 was previously the sole nuclear power plant on the site (1977-2013). The Crystal River Combined Cycle site consists of two Mitsubishi gas turbines, which came on-line in 2018. The complex was developed in the early 1960s by the Florida Power Corporation and sold to Progress Energy Inc in 2000. Following Progress Energy's merger with Duke Energy in 2012, the facility is owned and operated by Duke Energy.
In February 2013, Duke Energy announced that Crystal River 3 would be permanently shut down.


English Station

English Station is an abandoned thermal power plant in New Haven, Connecticut. It occupies eight acres of land on Ball Island in the Mill River, Connecticut, which separates the neighborhoods of Wooster Square and Fair Haven. It was constructed from 1924 to 1929. The plant operated as a coal- and oil-fired power plant for United Illuminating until it stopped electricity-generating operations in 1991.
The site, which United Illuminating sold in 2000, is known to be heavily contaminated with asbestos and PCBs.


National Radio Company

The National Radio Company, headquartered in Malden, Massachusetts, United States, was an American manufacturer of radio equipment from 1914 to 1991.
History.
The company was incorporated, in 1914, as the "National Toy Company", but by 1916 had included household appliances in their product range. This expansion led to the name change to the "National Company, Inc.". By 1923 the product line included toys, food mixers, and radio components. Radio components were to play an important part in the company's growth in the mid-1920s as they moved into the large scale manufacture of capacitors. It was at this time that two engineers from Harvard University, Fred H. Drake and Glen Browning, approached National to manufacture components to their specifications for a radio receiver of their own design. This relationship led to the production and sale of the "National Regenaformer" kit for home construction of the Browning-Drake design. The set was capable of tuning the standard AM broadcast band only and could not achieve shortwave reception. By the early 1930s National had established a reputation with the amateur radio community based upon their line of regenerative receivers, including the SW-3 and SW-5.
In 1935 National introduced their top-of-the-line HRO receiver. This radio included two RF stages and a crystal filter. The distinctive dial allowed KC (kHz) resettability and was a National trademark into the 1960s. With few changes other than to keep up with changing tube technology, this same basic design survived for over 20 years.
National began providing equipment to the United States and Allied government customers such as the Royal Navy in 1939. After the US declared war in 1941, National was advised by the military to "Start building HROs; we'll tell you when to stop." National began producing for the war effort, and the number of employees went from approximately 200 to about 2500 during the war. The war effort brought increased recognition and profits to National and after the war, in the late 40s, National went public.
In 1947, a National model NC-173 receiver went along with Thor Heyerdahl on the Kon-Tiki expedition.
During the period in the 1950s and 60s, National produced a wide range of amateur radio equipment which was advertised extensively in the amateur radio ARRL publication "QST". Usually new equipment was first shown in this publication in order to initiate marketing of a new item. The company would mainly opt for the inside back cover which they believed would gain prominence for their new wares. In addition, around Christmas time each year National would produce tempting advertisements festooned with holly leaves. In the late 1950s, National asked the readers of QST what they wanted in a new ham radio receiver, with the result being the National NC-300 (and its successor, the NC-303). It featured a rare 30–35 MHz input for converters for 50, 144 and 220 MHz use (220 MHz equipment was very rare at the time). In 1965, National introduced the solid state HRO 500, which did not incorporate the HRO dial system, but instead relied on a direct readout rather than a conversion scale or chart. At the time, "Popular Electronics" magazine reviewed the HRO 500 as "possibly the best amateur receiver ever". Today, many National radios are collected, restored and operated by vintage amateur radio enthusiasts.
Through the 1970s and 1980s, National survived as a government contractor and ceased development and production of civilian equipment. However, by 1991, after continuing difficulties, the company ceased trading.


Jacob L. Frey Tobacco Warehouse

Jacob L. Frey Tobacco Warehouse is a historic tobacco warehouse located at Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1870, and is a two-story, irregular brick building with a raised basement and gable front roof. It is three bays wide and approximately 60 feet deep.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.


Newhaven ERF

The Newhaven ERF (Energy Recovery Facility) is an incinerator, in the town of Newhaven in the English county of East Sussex, for the treatment of up to 210,000 tonnes per annum of the county's municipal solid waste. The facility, built by Veolia Environmental Services, was approved by planners at the Conservative-controlled East Sussex County Council.
The facility treats household waste that cannot be reused, composted or recycled and generates electricity from it. The electricity produced is sold to the National Grid and is enough to supply 25,000 homes.
Construction.
Construction of the facility began in April 2008 and was completed in late 2011. The facility became operational in 2012.


Modern Art Foundry

The Modern Art Foundry is an historic foundry in Astoria, Queens, New York, founded in 1932 by John Spring. His descendants continue to operate the business in what used to be the carriage house of the Steinway Mansion.
Modern Art Foundry specializes in working with artists who create limited edition works, usually intended for museums and galleries. The foundry utilizes the lost-wax casting method for producing its large-scale work. It also does maintenance and conservation of existing works.
History.
John Spring, a Polish immigrant, started his business in 1932 on Astoria Boulevard, at the end near what is now the Socrates Sculpture Park. In 1947, the foundry moved from its location near the East River to where it is at present. Spring built the business on close relationships with a small group of "prominent and prolific" artists. Among the artists who have worked there are Jose de Creeft, Jacques Lipchitz, Louise Bourgeois, Gaston Lachaise, Joan Miró, Alexander Archipenko, and Isamu Noguchi.
Operations.
In contrast to most foundries that have switched over to ceramic shell casting, Modern Art utilizes the lost-wax casting method for producing its large-scale work. Workers first create a wax copy of the artist's original model and then apply a plastic coating to it. The mold is then fired in a kiln, which causes the wax to melt away. Molten bronze is then poured into the mold. This method yields an exact bronze replica of the artist's original model.
The foundry is known for its exacting and innovative work. Bourgeois chose the foundry to cast the Maman sculpture because of its reputation and output. In the early 1960s, Jasper Johns cast "Light Bulb," "Flashlight; Painted Bronze (ale cans)", "Painted Bronze (paintbrushes)", "Flag", and "Bronze (Light Bulb, Socket, Wire on Grid" at the foundry.
In 2002, artisans at the foundry replaced the original zinc statues that were part of the 1867 Civil War Soldiers Monument in the Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, with bronze replicas.


Voit

Voit (official name: "Industrias Voit S.A. de C.V.") is a sports equipment manufacturing company based in Mexico. The company was founded by German American entrepreneur William J. Voit (1880–1946) of Worthington, Indiana. Current range of products by Voit includes mainly balls (for association and American football, basketball and volleyball), and also goalkeeper gloves, tennis rackets, football uniforms, shin guards, and swimming equipment (suits, goggles, caps, and fins) and accessories (backpacks, bags).
History.
Voit began in Los Angeles in 1922 as a tire retreading products factory. In the late 1920s Voit developed and patented the first full-molded, all-rubber inflatable ball and the first needle-type air retention valves. They also developed highly accurate pocket and wrist watches during this period.
In 1931, Voit developed and patented the first all-rubber athletic balls, including the process of vulcanization which allowed a material to be fixed onto a separate rubber bladder. In the same year, it changed names from the "W. J. Voit Corporation" to "Voit Rubber Corporation".
Later in the 1930s, Voit developed the process of icosahedron winding, which allowed balls to be machine wound with nylon threads over the bladder, providing both strength and consistency in shape and permitting mass production by a machine process.
Those Voit patents and products made possible greatly increased athletic and recreation activity in the school systems, and led to universal use of a new type of product that now dominates sales in its field.
In 1957, the company was purchased by AMF.
Other developments and patents later in the 1950s and 1960s included:
Voit scuba gear had been featured in television, such as in an I Love Lucy episode, "Lucy Meets Orson Welles", where Voit basketballs and sports equipment are displayed prominently in a department store scene where Lucy appears in Voit scuba gear (obviously an early 'placement ad') when she meets Orson Welles- - and in the movies "Underwater!"(1955); the TV series "Sea Hunt"(1958–61);and movie and TV series versions of "Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea" (1961; and 1964-68 respectively)where it was included in the series' closing credits; and both got a tie-in in the James Bond movie "Thunderball (film)"
V-Shock, introduced in the late 1990s, was Voit's inexpensive alternative to the Casio G-Shock watches. They have since been discontinued.
Sponsorships.
Voit has sponsored the following association football events and athletes:


Torrens Island Power Station

Torrens Island Power Station is located on Torrens Island, near Adelaide, South Australia and is operated by AGL Energy. It burns natural gas in eight steam turbines to generate up to 1,280 MW of electricity. The gas is supplied via the SEAGas pipeline from Victoria, and the Moomba Adelaide Pipeline System (MAPS) from Moomba in the Cooper Basin. The station is capable of burning either natural gas or fuel oil. It is the largest power station in South Australia and was formerly the largest single power station user of natural gas in Australia.
Construction.
Construction began in 1963 following passing of a government act vesting the land and authorising construction. The 480 MW (4 x 120MW) A Station was completed in 1967, and construction of the 800 MW (4 x 200MW) B Station was completed in 1976.
Planned shutdown.
In December 2014 AGL announced that it intended mothballing the four older units of the A Station indefinitely, having taken them out of service between July and September 2014. This decision was primarily driven by increasing levels of wind and solar generation in the South Australian region of the National Electricity Market displacing fossil fuel generation, particularly higher cost gas-fired generation. AGL reviewed this decision and deferred the planned mothballing in June 2016, following the closure of Alinta's Northern and Playford B coal-fired power stations at Port Augusta
However, due to the state-wide power outage in September 2016, the system operator AEMO demanded that the Torrens Island power station to be brought back online to prevent another statewide power outage.
AGL announced on 7 June 2017 that it intended to permanently mothball two of the turbines in the 50-year-old Torrens A power station, after building a new 210MW power station containing twelve gas reciprocating engines to be known as Barker Inlet Power Station adjacent to the Torrens Island site. The first two units (2 and 4) would be mothballed from 1 July 2019, with the remaining two units (1 and 3) planned to be mothballed after winter 2020 and winter 2021. AGL announced a delay in the closure schedule in July 2019, with Units 2 and 4 rescheduled to close in September 2020, and Units 1 and 3 to close in September 2021 and September 2022.


Nae Udaka

 is a female Japanese judoka.
She started judo at the age of 6.
Her favorite technique is Osotogari.
In 2007, she belonged to Komatsu Limited after graduating from Teikyo University.
She has been a shadow of Kaori Matsumoto, who is an Olympic and World champion.
in 2013, she won the gold medal in the -57 kg weight class at Grand Slam Tokyo by defeating olympic bronze medalist Marti Malloy.
In 2014, she won the gold medal in the lightweight (57 kg) division at the 2014 World Judo Championships at the age of 29.


Erla Ironworks

The Erla Ironworks () has its origins in one of the oldest hammer mills in the Upper Ore Mountains, which was first recorded in 1380 as the "Hammer in der Erl", making the ironworks the oldest existing business in the German state of Saxony.
Location.
The ironworks lies in the valley of the Schwarzwasser river in the village of Erla in the borough of Schwarzenberg, immediately next to the Staatsstraße 272 and the railway line from Schwarzenberg to Johanngeorgenstadt, opened in 1883.
History.
The emergence of the hammer mill is closely connected to the discovery of haematite on the Rothenberg mountain, which led to the establishment of the most important iron ore mine in the Kingdom of Saxony in the mid-19th century. The Erla Hammer Mill ("Erlaer Hammer") was first mentioned in 1380 as the "Hammer in der Erl", making the Erla Ironworks the oldest surviving business in Saxony.
Among its earliest owners must have been members of the noble family of Berkas von der Duba. In 1430, William of Boskowitz from Bohemia is named as the owner of the mill. In 1434 it was purchased by von Tettau of Schwarzenberg. His successor, George William of Tettau rented the mill "in der Erl" in 1517 to hammersmith, Oswald Flemigk. Other owners were the hammer mill lords, Gregor Arnoldt (1550), Nikolaus Klinger and his son-in-law, Hans Rüdiger of Sachsenfeld (1626).
On 7 August 1650, the widower, Rosina Rüdiger, sold the debt-ridden hammer mill to Schwarzenberg town judge, Friedrich Röhling and her son, Hans Rüdiger. It was quickly rebuilt after its destruction in the Thirty Years' War, but destroyed again in August 1661 by a great flood. In 1806, mining commissioner ("Bergkommissionsrat"), Karl Heinrich Nitzsche from Obermittweida, bought the mill from the Reinhold brothers. He employed hammersmiths, hammer boys, carpenters and charcoal burners in two workshops. In 1836 the mill went into the hands of Carl Gotthilf Nestler from Wittigsthal and his son-in-law, Eduard Wilhelm Breitfeld, from Rothenhammer-Unterwiesenthal. The firm of "Nestler & Breitfeld", which also owned the Siegelhof in Pöhla and the Arnoldshammer in Rittersgrün, thus expanded their holdings and, under its ownership, the hammer mill in Erla boomed. Around 1840, a steel rolling mill was added and the latest iron ore extraction techniques were introduced. Nestler & Breitfeld had an engineering works added by 1843, run by the Englishman, John Payne. From 1850, more buildings were erected and old facilities had to be renovated. Before a great fire in 1870 the Erla Hammer Mill consisted of 27 individual buildings, of which many were totally destroyed by the fire. By 1879, the most important parts of the ironworks had been rebuilt and even new residential quarters were built. But the furnaces were not reactivated; pig iron for the manufacture of ironmongery was now brought in from Westphalia and Silesia. The products from the factories in Erla were now iron and steel castings, machines, household tableware and black plate. The construction of the Johanngeorgenstadt–Schwarzenberg railway by the Royal Saxon State Railways in 1883, which included the Erla Halt ("Haltestelle Erla"), facilitated the delivery of raw materials and dispatch of its end products. The factory owners had now specialised in machines for the paper industry. At the top was the die "Nestler & Breitfeld GmbH". This later became an "Aktiengesellschaft" or joint stock company. In 1928, its majority shareholders became Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, owner of the Zschopau Motor Works (DKW). During the Great Depression and a flood in 1931 iron production came to a stand still. At "Nestler & Breitfeld", the parts for DKW engines were produced.


Runit Dome


ROF Thorp Arch

ROF Thorp Arch was one of sixteen Second World War, UK government-owned Royal Ordnance Factory, which produced munitions by "filling" them. It was a medium-sized filling factory (Filling Factory No. 9).
It was located on the banks of the River Wharfe, north east of the two villages of Boston Spa and Thorp Arch; and four miles south east of the town of Wetherby, West Yorkshire in England.
Design and production.
War time.
The Royal Ordnance Factory was constructed for the Ministry of Supply, with the Ministry of Works acting as agents. The site was connected to the London & North Eastern Railway line, which was used in its construction and then for supplying raw materials to the factory and for transporting away filled munitions.
Construction work on Thorp Arch began on 18 May 1940 and the completion date was scheduled for the end of July 1941. The site was divided into a number of separate Filling Groups which occupied different areas of the site and were devoted to filling specific type of ammunition. It produced munitions for both the Army and the Royal Air Force. It is believed to have had 619 buildings.
In the Second World War it produced light gun ammunition, medium gun ammunition, heavy ammunition, land mines and trench mortar ammunition for the Army; medium and large bombs for the RAF; and, 20 mm and other small arms ammunition for all three services. Some of these were produced in quantities measured in millions and hundreds of millions of items.
Post-war.
ROF Thorp Arch closed down twice: firstly, after the end of the Second World War; and then finally, in April 1958 four years after the end of the Korean War, as a result of planned cuts in the British Army published in the 1957 Defence White Paper.
Current use.
Part of the site is now in use as the Thorp Arch Trading Estate. Other parts are used to house the Northern Reading Room, Northern Listening Service and Document Supply Centre of the British Library. Another part is a prison, originally HMP Thorp Arch, now HMP Wealstun.


List of Caterpillar Inc. machines

Some of Caterpillar Incorporated's current and historic machines include:


Stepney Power Station

Stepney Power Station (sometimes known as Limehouse Power Station) was a small coal-fired power station situated by the Thames on the north side of Narrow Street, Limehouse, London.
History.
Stepney Borough Council began construction of the station at Blyth Wharf in 1907. A coaling jetty was built in 1923. The station supplied the boroughs of Stepney and Bethnal Green.
New generating equipment was added as the demand for electricity increased. The generating capacity, maximum load, and electricity generated and sold was as follows:
In 1923 the plant comprised one 1,500 kW, one 2,000  kW, two 5,000 kW, and one 10,000 kW turbo alternators, totalling 23,500 kW. The surplus of revenue over expenses in 1923 was £129,659.
Following pollution problems from the original chimneys a single tall brick chimney was constructed in 1937, dominating the area. In 1956 it was reported that the first Brown-Riley coal pulveriser had been installed at Stepney power station and having been in operation for some time was working with satisfactory results. At this time the equipment comprised: 1 × 34 MW Fraser & Chalmers-GEC; 1 × 19 MW Escher-Wyss-Oerlikon; 1 × 6.25 MW Escher-Wyss-Brown-Bovery; and 2 × 12.5 MW Metro-Vickers turbo-alternators.
During its final decade of operation the station comprised a single 34 MW generator. This was supplied with steam at a range of pressures and temperatures: 180/350 psi (12.4/24.1 bar) at 299/399/460°C. The steam capacity of the boilers was 753,000 lb/hr (94.9 kg/s). The boilers comprised 3 × Stirling; 3 × Spearling; and 2 × Babcock & Wilcox. Electricity output from Stepney power station was as follows.
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Zhushan Power Plant

The Zhushan Power Plant () is a (diesel) fuel-fired power plant in Cingshuei Village, Nangan Township, Matsu Islands, Taiwan. It is the only power plant in the Matsu islands.
History.
The construction of the power plant was completed in 2009. It was commissioned on 22 March 2010. In October 2014, the plant was organized to be the subordinate of Hsieh-ho Power Plant in Keelung with the official name of Zhushan Branch Power Plant of the Keelung's plant.
Generation units.
The power plant has four diesel fuel-fired units.


Sun Ba Power Plant

The Sun Ba Power Plant or Fong Der Power Plant () is a combined cycle gas-fired power plant in Shanshang District, Tainan, Taiwan. The installed capacity of the power plant is 980 MW.


Advanced Space


Callide Power Station

Callide Power Station is located near Biloela, in Central Queensland, Australia. It is coal powered with eight steam turbines with a combined generation capacity of 1,720 MW of electricity. Callide A was commissioned in 1965, refurbished in 1998 and decommissioned in 2015/16. As of 2018, generation capacity was 1510 MW.
The coal for Callide comes from the nearby Callide Coalfields and water from the Awoonga dam and Stag Creek Pipeline.
Callide A.
At the end of 1962 approval was granted for a new power station near Biloela. Work commenced at the site in February 1963. The design of the plant based around separate generating units and a control room was a first for Queensland. It was also the first power station in Queensland to use dry cooling towers.
It had four 30 MW steam turbines, the first of which was operating by June 1965. From its commissioning a drought meant water restrictions at the station reduced output. The second set was expected to be operating by May 1966, but was lost at sea while being transported from England. A replacement unit arrived in June 1967. The third set was operating in October 1967 and the fourth in May 1969. The total cost of the project was A$28.7 million.
Callide A has been in storage since 2001, except for Unit 4 which is being used for the Callide Oxyfuel project.
The Callide Oxyfuel project was decommissioned in 2015/16 after demonstrating carbon capture technology for two years.
Callide B.
Following on from an aggressive construction program at Tarong Power Station, Callide B was commissioned in 1988 with two 350 MW steam turbines. The Hitachi machines are almost identical to those in Tarong and Stanwell.
In October 2019, Federal Energy Minister Angus Taylor announced that Callide B's originally planned 2038-39 closure was being brought forward to 2028.
Callide C.
The Callide Power Plant (a.k.a. Callide C) was commissioned in 2001 with two 405 MW advanced cycle steam turbines. Callide C uses a more efficient "supercritical" boiler technology to burn coal to generate electricity.
Carbon Monitoring for Action estimates this power station emits 5.73 million tonnes of greenhouse gases each year as a result of burning coal. The Australian Government introduced a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme in 2011 to help combat climate change, intended to reduce emissions from power stations. The scheme was replaced in 2014 by a 'direct action' program. The National Pollutant Inventory provides details of other pollutant emissions, but, as at 23 November 2008, not CO2.


Forney Energy Center

The Forney Energy Center is a natural gas-fired power station located in Forney, Texas. The energy center was commissioned in 2003 and features six 304 MW combined-cycle generators. It is the second largest natural gas-fired power station in Texas after the Sabine Power Plant.


Columbia Energy Center

Columbia Energy Center is a base load, sub-bituminous coal-fired, electrical power station located south of Portage in the Town of Pacific, Columbia County, Wisconsin. Ownership is 46.2% Wisconsin Power and Light Company (Alliant Energy), 31.8% Wisconsin Public Service (Integrys Energy Group), and 22% Madison Gas and Electric (MGE).
History.
Columbia Energy Center was built in the early 1970s. Unit 1 went online in 1975 and Unit 2 went online in 1978, with nameplate capacities of 512 MW and 511 MW, respectively.
In 2009, faced with environmental regulations regarding future operations, the owners of Columbia Energy Center invested in upgrades to the plant. The owners submitted an Electric Generation Expansion Analysis System (EGEAS) summary report to the Public Service Commission of Wisconsin on April 2, 2009. The report presented the results of a planning and scenarios analysis to support Wisconsin Power and Light, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, and MGE's joint application for a Certificate of Authority (CA) for the installation of emission controls at the facility.
Although not required by law, the Commission held a hearing on the matter of the upgrade after several parties, including the Citizens Utility Board (CUB), Clean Wisconsin (Clean WI), and the Sierra Club, filed a joint request to intervene.
Columbia's owners were granted a Certificate authorizing the installation of air emissions reductions systems and associated equipment on March 11, 2011, at an estimate cost of $627 million. Construction began on April 16, 2012 and was completed in December 2014 at a total cost of $589 million.
On February 2, 2021 Alliant Energy, the majority owner and operator of the Columbia Energy Center announced the plant will shut down by 2025.


Buranga Geothermal Power Station

The Buranga Geothermal Power Station, is a proposed geothermal power station in Uganda.
Location.
The power station would be located at Buranga Hot Springs, off the Fort Portal–Bundibugyo–Lamia Road in Bundibugyo District, approximately , by road, northwest of Fort Portal, the nearest large town. This location is approximately , by road, west of Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The coordinates of Buranga Hot Springs are 0°49'59.0"N, 30°10'01.0"E (Latitude:0.833062; Longitude:30.166947).
Overview.
As part of efforts to diversify the national electricity sources, the government of Uganda licensed Green Impact Development Services (GIDS) to drill an exploratory well in the Buranga Hot Springs area. Pre-feasibility studies at this location have indicated subsurface water temperatures of to , which are suitable for electricity generation. GIDS plans to drill three deep wells and to generate at least 30 megawatts from each well.
Funding.
The cost of construction is budgeted at US$42 million.


SnapTrack

SnapTrack, Inc. was a Silicon Valley technology startup that invented and sold a GPS-based location technology for cellphones. Founded in 1995 by Steve Poizner and Norman Krasner, it grew to 65 employees before being bought by Qualcomm in 2000 for $1 billion in stock.


Wilesco

Wilesco is the trade name of German toy company Wilhelm Schröder GmbH & Co. KG, known for manufacturing live steam toys such as steamrollers, traction engines, and stationary steam engines.
Initially a producer of aluminium forks and spoons, the company expanded into miniature aluminium accessories for doll's tea parties in the 1920s. This decision also helped the company weather the economic crisis of the late 1920s and early 1930s because these toys were also exported to the US.
In 1950, Wilesco started manufacturing miniature steam engines. In 1966, the D 365 "Old Smokey" steamroller was introduced which has been popular among collectors and continues to be produced.
The company also manufactures various accessories for their steam engines such as electrical generators, steam workshops and fairground rides. While most of their steam engine models are heated by esbit, electrical heating is also available. Steam-powered toy locomotives (G scale) were also available from Wilesco for a while.
The company still manufactures a range of plastic and aluminium scoops and hooks, as well as steam toys.
Wilesco's main rival is the British-based steam model manufacturer: Mamod. Mamod and Wilesco produce similar models, at similar prices and size range.


Colongra Power Station

Colongra Gas Generation Plant (also known as Colongra Power Station) is a 667 MW gas-fired power station located in Colongra, New South Wales, Australia and is the largest gas-fired power station in New South Wales. It will generally be used during peak demand periods in New South Wales.
The plant's construction was tendered to Alstom which began the construction in October 2007, adjacent to the Munmorah coal-fired power station. The plant was completed and commissioned in December 2009 at a cost of A$500 million.
It was bought by Snowy Hydro in January 2015.


Dahanu Thermal Power Station

Dahanu Thermal Power Station (DTPS) is a coal based thermal power plant located at coastal Dahanu town in Palghar district in the Indian state of Maharashtra It was constructed by BSES Ltd Reliance Infrastructure later took over BSES. The power plant operated by Adani Electricity. The plant is located on Mumbai-Ahmedabad rail line and is 120 km away from Mumbai and 20 km away from Mumbai-Ahmedabad-Delhi National Highway 8 (India).
Capacity.
It has an installed capacity of 500 MW (2x250 MW). The power plant was commissioned in 1995 and is commercially producing power since 1996.


Toombs Tobacco Farm

Toombs Tobacco Farm is a historic home and farm complex located near Red Oak, Charlotte County, Virginia, USA. Contributing resources include the main residence, summer kitchen, family cemetery, tobacco barns, smoke house, animal pens and other ancillary structures. The main house is a 1-1/2 story wood frame dwelling with a standing seam metal roof in a vernacular Federal style. A two-story rear addition was built about 1910. The Toombs family owned the property from the 1830s until 1981.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.