Pierre Cholenec

Pierre Cholenec (June 29, 1641 – October 30, 1723) was a French Jesuit missionary and biographer in New France. He ministered to First Nations in present-day Canada, particularly at the village of Kahnawake south of Montreal. He served as superior of the Jesuit residence in Montréal. He is known for writing multiple biographies about Kateri Tekakwitha which contributed to her canonization in 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI.
Early life and education.
Cholenec was born in the Diocese of Saint-Pol-de-Léon, Finistère, in the west of Brittany. He attended Catholic schools.
After completing his education in seminary, Cholenec entered the Society of Jesus in Paris, 8 October 1659 at the age of eighteen. He taught in the colleges of Moulins, Allier and Eu, Seine-Maritime from 1661 to 1670. Also during that period, he studied philosophy for three years at Collège Henri IV in La Flèche, Sarthe. After four years more of theology study in Paris at Collège de Clermont, Cholenec departed for Canada in August 1674. In Montreal he learned the Mohawk and Algonquian languages before starting to work with the natives.
Only a couple years into his missionary work, Cholenec was positioned as a high ranking Jesuit as a "professed father."
Missionary.
From 1683 to 1688 Father Cholenec performed mission work at Lorette, a Jesuit colony now known as L'Ancienne-Lorette, Quebec. For many years, Cholenec was stationed among the Praying Iroquois at St. Francis Xavier du Sault, a Jesuit mission village also known as Kahnawake, located south of Montreal along the St. Lawrence River. This is where Kateri Tekakwitha, a converted Mohawk woman, came in the fall of 1677 where Cholenec was her confessor. She became part of a group of women in the village who were very devout and regularly practiced mortification of the flesh. The natives who practiced mortification of the flesh caused the Jesuit priests to worry. Cholenec brought European self-torture devices to Kahnawake, such as whips and iron belts, in order to regulate the rituals. However, some of the most devout individuals simply began using the instruments Cholenec introduced while also practicing the indigenous methods of self-torture.
Cholenec wrote multiple letters regarding the Iroquois Mission at St. Francis Xavier du Sault, which are found in The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents.
Kahnawake became a Mohawk reserve, as did Akwesasne, founded by Mohawk families upriver on the St. Lawrence in 1745.
Contribution to Kateri Tekakwitha's Canonization.
On Easter Sunday in 1677 at the age of 19, Tekakwitha was baptized as Catherine, after Saint Catherine of Siena. Baptismal names in Christian traditions link the convert to ancestors, often the converts patron saint. The patron saint is viewed as a protector and spiritual model.
Following the death of Kateri Tekakwitha in April of 1680, another Jesuit Missionary Claude Chauchetiere, and eventually Cholenec, came to believe she was a saint. Both Cholenec and Chauchetiere wrote of many extraordinary circumstances after her passing, though they somewhat differ in their respective accounts. An excerpt from Cholenec reads: “This face, so marked and swarthy, suddenly changed about a quarter of an hour after her death, and became in a moment so beautiful and so white that I observed it immediately (for I was praying beside her) and cried out. . . . I admit openly that the first thought that came to me was that Catherine at that moment might have entered into heaven, reflecting in her chaste body a small ray of the glory of which her soul had taken possession.”There was a disagreement between Cholenec and Chauchetiere regarding the location Tekakwitha was to be buried. Chauchetiere wanted her to be buried in the church, which was only allowed for the elites of Catholic Europe. Cholenec instead allowed her to be buried in the cemetery. While Chauchetiere was already starting to believe Kateri was a saint, Cholenec did not. Cholenec had doubts, and considered the possibility that the extroirdinary things he had witnessed were of the devil. Not long after Tekakwitha's passing, Cholenec declared her "the most fervent" and wrote about a light that surrounded her when she engaged in mortification of the flesh. Two weeks after Tekakwitha's passing, Cholenec wrote a letter describing Tekakwitha's many virtues and pious nature. Cholenec also wrote multiple biographies (or more accurately, hagiographies) regarding Tekakwitha.
Father Cholenec completed an account of her life in 1696. It was published in the "Lettres édifiantes" (1781) and (1839). A translation is given in Kip, "Jesuit Missions" (New York, 1846). This is an abridgment of a more extended biography, which is preserved in the archives of the Jesuits in Montreal.
Cholenec also wrote about miracles and healings that had occurred in Tekakwitha's name. One writing from Cholenec reads: "We have noticed that she usually heals the soul as well as the body of those who need such a double cure, even if they do not ask for it."
With regards to Cholenec's biographical accounts about Tekakwitha, not only did he write of her self mortification, the extraordinary events surrounding her death, the miracles that occurred in her name, but also her decision not to marry. Cholenec also exalted Tekakwitha because of her virgin status, and added the subtitle of "The First Iroquois Virgin" to his 1696 account "Life of Catherine Tegakouita."
Later years.
Cholenec was appointed as the superior of the Jesuit residence in Montreal. He died there at the age of 82.


Leonard Draves (Latter Day Saint)


Ferenc Faludi

Ferenc Faludi (born in Güssing on 11 April 1704; died in Rechnitz on 18 December 1779) was a Hungarian poet who has been referred to as "the father of the new Hungarian lyric." Because of Suppression of the Society of Jesus he switched to being in charge of a poorhouse. Before that he had been known as a Jesuit educator, writer, and translator. He spoke near-fluent German and translated William Shakespeare's The Tempest into Hungarian. In addition to that he collected Hungarian folk poetry.


Timothy Armitage

Timothy Armitage (died 1655), was in the year 1647 "chosen pastor of the first independent (or congregational) church in the city of Norwich". This was an offshoot from that of the venerable William Bridge's church at Great Yarmouth. It was erected into a "separate congregation" on 10 June 1644, "in the presence of several of their brethren from Yarmouth, who signified their approbation by expressions of the most tender and endeared affection". The members of both congregations had been exiles in Holland and elsewhere. They returned home on the outbreak of the English Civil War.
Armitage laboured tirelessly until his nonconformist congregation was larger than any in the city. He was superintendent (in connection with Bridge) of numerous nonconformist congregations in Norfolk and Suffolk. The following is the title-page of an unusually scarce book by him: "A Tryall of Faith, or the Woman of Canaan on Matthew xv. 21-24. Together with the Souls Sure Anchor-hold on Hebrews vi. 19, with the Wisedome of timely remembring our Creator on Eccles. xii. 1. In severall Sermons by Timothy Armitage, Late Minister of the Gospel in Norwitch'"(1661), pp. vi, 479. He died in December 1655.


Sosthenes Eze

Sosthenes Eze is an Anglican bishop in Nigeria: he is the current Bishop of Enugu North.
Eze was born on 27 February 1961 in Ovoko, Enugu State. He attended Igbo-Eze Secondary School Enugu Ezike and Anglican Grammar School, Nsukka. He gained a Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Federal Polytechnic Idah in 1982, followed by a B.Eng. from Anambra State University of Science and Technology Enugu (now Enugu State University of Science and Technology). He obtained a Diploma in Theology in 2002 from St. Paul's University College, Awka and a Master's in Divinity from Crowther Graduate Theological Seminary, Abeokuta in 2012.
He worked as an engineer in several posts, rising to Senior Contract Project Engineer with SPDC, Port Harcourt, a post he left in 2005 to join the ministry.
He became deacon in 1997, priest in 1998, canon and archdeacon in 2002. He was consecrated pioneer Bishop of Enugu North on 4 March 4 2007.


Sergio Valech

Sergio Valech Aldunate (21 October 1927 – 24 November 2010) was the Roman Catholic Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile, Chile. He was the head of the eight-member National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture panel in Chile, which investigated instances of torture that occurred under the military regime of Augusto Pinochet. After a six-month investigation, and another six months of preparation, the panel released the Valech Report.
Valech was born in Santiago, Chile. He was ordained priest of Santiago de Chile on 28 June 1953. On 27 August 1973, he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Santiago de Chile and Titular Bishop of Zabi. On 18 October 1973 he was ordained Titular Bishop of Zabi. He retired as Auxiliary Bishop of Santiago de Chile on 3 March 2003.
Valech died of lung cancer on 24 November 2010.


Varadaraja V. Raman

Varadaraja Venkata Raman (better known as V.V. Raman; born 28 May 1932 in Calcutta, India) is Emeritus Professor of Physics and Humanities at the Rochester Institute of Technology.
He has lectured and written on his Indian heritage and culture and has also authored books and articles on the intersection of science and religion. Raman has been a frequent guest on the PBS television series "Closer to Truth".
Scholarly reception of his work has been mixed, with some criticizing his apologias for the metaphysical claims of Hinduism, and others commending his contributions to the conversation on these issues.
Career.
Raman was born to a Brahmin Tamil family residing in Bengal. He did his undergraduate work in physics, with a first postgraduate degree in mathematics. He did his doctoral studies in theoretical physics at the Sorbonne in Paris, in French under Nobel laureate Louis de Broglie. The focus was the mathematical underpinning of quantum mechanics. He served the UNESCO for several years, "living in many nations as an educational expert for the United Nations." Eventually, Raman emigrated from Calcutta in 1966, and joined the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York as a professor of Physics and Humanities. He would then spend many years as chairman of the RIT Physics Department.
By 1983, Raman had become an occasional guest columnist for the Rochester "Democrat and Chronicle". In 1991, Raman served on a panel to "investigate possible CIA influences on academic programs", and determine whether RIT should cut ties with the American Central Intelligence Agency. He was elected the 2004-2005 Metanexus Institute Fellow on Science and Religion, in which capacity he delivered six lectures at the Hillel Hall of the University of Pennsylvania on Indic Visions in an Age of Science. In 2006, Raman received the Raja Rao Award for Literature, given for "outstanding contributions to the literature and culture of the South Asian Diaspora".
Reference works.
Raman contributed articles or other work to several reference works such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, including Scribner's "Dictionary of Scientific Biography" (1981), and the Sage "Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development", 1st Edition (2005). In the mid 2000s Raman served as both a contributing author and one of four executive editors of the eighteen-volume "Encyclopedia of Hinduism."
Closer to Truth.
Since 2008, Raman has been a frequent guest on the PBS television series "Closer to Truth", first appearing as a guest in the series 3 inaugural episode "Does God Make Sense?" He has since made thirty-two additional appearances in the series.
Institute on Religion in an Age of Science.
From 2011 to 2013, Raman was President of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science. As one of the few adherents to a non-Abrahamic religion to hold that position, he contributed to "a significant impact in enlarging the horizon of IRAS toward more inclusiveness". During this period of the service (2012), Raman was a lecturer at the Chautauqua Institution.
Other activities.
An admirer of Mahatma Gandhi, Raman spoke publicly in favor of the adoption of Gandhi's methods in the United States. Raman received attention for his role in the public mourning of the Indian community following the assassinations of Indira Gandhi in 1984, and Rajiv Gandhi in 1991. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, Raman chaired an interfaith community effort to foster "peace, harmony and understanding among countries, races, and religions"; he had once expressed that "not on one occasion of interacting with Americans was I made to feel as a foreigner."
Reception.
Though Raman has written in defense of religions accepting the truth of evolution by natural selection, philosopher C. Mackenzie Brown has criticized Raman's approach, noting that Raman has written that certain scientific truths "can also be apprehended through the mystical mode via meditation, prayer, or yogic exercises", and grouping Raman with Subhash Kak and Gopala Rao as "scientists [who] employ their expertise to confirm teachings of the sadhus and, not infrequently, to deplore the naturalistic theory of Darwinian evolution." Brown concludes that for Raman, "the urge to lyricize and scientize tradition is clearly irresistible". Robert M. Geraci, chair of religious studies at Manhattan University, describes Raman as "well-known in American conversations about religion and science", and "the leading voice in this problematic approach to Hinduism and science--who should nevertheless be commended for his work in bringing such conversations to the fore of academic inquiry", and states that Raman "represents the community seeking harmony between Hinduism and science." Elsewhere, Geraci observes that Raman "maintains a tenuous balance between credulity and skepticism."
Yiftach Fehige, prefacing an anthology featuring Raman's writing, similarly critiques Raman's approach to Western religions, describing Raman as positioning himself "in opposition to fundamental principles and insights that characterize the field of science and religion" as outlined previously in the book. Fehige notes as well that Raman discounts the ability of Christianity to have been a force behind the development of modern science. "Numen"s review of the piece finds that Raman "embraces generalizations, willfully brackets (i.e., ignores) local contingencies, and defines both science and religion as essential human phenomena," and "distinguishes "ancient" from "modern" science in normative epistemological terms, showing little interest in historical categorizations or even chronology," but that "despite its many flaws, one commendable outcome of Raman's argument is its disentanglement of "science" and scientific conduct from the clutches of theological biases that see it as intrinsically linked to European Christendom."
Another text noted that Raman responded to Wendy Doniger's criticism of the Bhagavad Gita as a text promoting war by imploring "bookish academics" to show sensitivity to the sacredness accorded the text. Krista Tippett says "V.V. Raman describes... how Hinduism's overarching regard for beauty and the arts has helped to avoid a point-counterpoint between the different forms of knowledge that science and religion convey."
Publications.
Robert M. Geraci identified Raman as "the most prolific author on Hinduism and science". Raman has published a large number of books and articles, some through traditional publishing companies and others through self-publication venues.
Personal life.
The Tamil language is Raman's mother tongue. One source notes that Raman has a "long-running interest in questions of science and religion", and another that he "meditates each morning on symbols of numbers, music, and science, describing this as an aesthetic experience." In Ira Flatow's book, "Present at the Future", Raman describes considering himself to be "as much a physicist as one devoted to the other dimension of human life, mainly the spiritual". Raman has two children, a son named Dave a daughter named Indira. The latter is a neurobiologist, and director of the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neurosciences (NUIN) PhD Program.


Fulgence Werner Le Roy

Fulgence Werner Le Roy (23 August 1924 – 14 October 2017) was a Roman Catholic bishop.
Le Roy was ordained to the priesthood in 1952. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Pietersburg (renamed to Polokwane in 2009), South Africa, from 1988 to 2000. He died on 14 October 2017 at the age of 93.


Armida Barelli

Armida Barelli (1 December 1882 – 15 August 1952) was an Italian Roman Catholic who served in the educational field during her life and was also a professed member of the Secular Franciscan Order. Barelli was also the co-founder of the Secular Institute of the Missionaries of the Kingship of Christ. Alongside Father Agostino Gemelli the pair sought to spread the message of the Gospel through their educational facilities and through their congregation that sought also to spread the Franciscan charism.
Barelli's cause for sainthood commenced in 1960 when she was accorded the posthumous title Servant of God and advanced on 1 June 2007 when Pope Benedict XVI declared her to be Venerable on the account of her heroic virtue. Pope Francis approved the miracle that is required for her beatification; she shall be beatified in Milan sometime in 2021.
Life.
Armida Barelli was born into the upper class on 1 December 1882 in Milan to Napoleon Barelli and Savina Candiani; her siblings were brothers Gino and Fausto and sisters Maria, Gemma, and Vittoria.
Barelli studied in Milan under the Ursulines and then travelled to Menzingen in Switzerland where she studied in a boarding school under the Franciscan Sisters of the Holy Cross from 1895 to 1900. It was during her time with the Franciscans that she discovered her religious vocation and the Franciscan charism. This linked with her ardent desire to deepen her relationship with God and to devote herself to His work.
From 1900 until 1908 she received proposals from her parents to wed but despite this she decided to devote herself to others and in particular wished to cater to the needs of the poor and the orphaned.
In 1910 she met Father Agostino Gemelli who guided her towards an active apostolate and introduced her to the fullness of the charism of the Secular Franciscan Order. Barelli became a professed member of the order in 1910. During World War I in 1917 she became a translator of German of articles for the "Journal of Philosophy Neoscholasticism" that Gemelli had founded that very same year. She came to the attention of the Cardinal Archbishop of Milan Andrea Carlo Ferrari who recognized her for her organizational skills and her moral qualities. She met with Ferrari in a private audience on 17 February 1918 and later that year selected as her motto: "I trust You" as an expression of trust in God. Barelli later became the Vice President for Social Action of the Milan Committee of Catholic Women and also served as the administrator of the "Life and Thought" publication.
Pope Benedict XV received her in a private audience on 28 September 1918 and appointed her as the President of the National Girls' Youth of Catholic Action and held that post until 1946. It was her original wish to serve in the missions despite the pope's insistence that her mission was in Italy. With Gemelli in 1919 in Assisi she established the Third Order Franciscan Sisters of the Social Kingship of the Sacred Heart. Barelli opened a home for the poor in northern China as well as an institute for religious vocations in 1920 and in 1921 founded the "Ring of Resurrection" magazine. In November 1921 - at the behest of Benedict XV - she established the "Society of Friends of the Catholic University".
Alongside Gemelli, Ludovico Necchi, Francesco Olgiati and Ernesto Lobardo, she established the Istituto Giuseppe Toniolo di Studi Superiori and it was recognized by the Italian Minister of Education Benedetto Croce on 24 June 1920. Benedict XV approved it around the same time which allowed for it to be inaugurated around the same time. In 1936 she established a girls' college named the Marianum College.
Pope Pius XII appointed her in 1946 as the Deputy President of Catholic Action and she held that title until 1949. In 1948 she - alongside Gemelli - renamed their religious congregation with the name of the Secular Institute of the Missionaries of the Kingship of Christ in order to spread the Franciscan charism. That same year, she favored the Christian Democrats in the general election in order to prevent the victory of the Italian Communist Party.
In 1949 she began to suffer the effects of a progressive and an incurable disease and on 8 January 1952 suffered paralysis in her right hand. On 15 August 1952 she was visited by Gemelli, only to die mere hours later. She was buried on the following 17 August in Marzio and her remains were transferred to Milan on 8 March 1953. Upon his death in 1959, Gemelli was buried alongside her.
Beatification.
The diocesan process for the sainthood process commenced under Pope John XXIII on 8 March 1960 and the introduction of the cause in Milan granted her the posthumous title Servant of God; the process concluded in mid-1970 and was validated in Rome on 3 April 1992, several decades after the diocesan process concluded. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints received the "Positio" from the postulation in order to evaluate her life of heroic virtue and received it in 1993.
Barelli was proclaimed to be Venerable on 1 June 2007 after Pope Benedict XVI recognized her model Christian life of heroic virtue.
The miracle required for her beatification was investigated and was validated in 2006. The medical board in Rome met on 12 November 2009 and the board requested further material pertaining to the alleged miracle on 20 September 2015. The medical board later issued their approval before the theologians must meet to liewise approve it. The case was delivered to Pope Francis who provided his approval in 2021; this enables for her beatification to take place sometime in 2021 in Milan.
The postulator assigned to the cause is Silvia Mónica Correale.


Karl Seip

Karl Seip (5 April 1850 – 16 September 1909) was a Norwegian priest and educator, who also served as the Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1908 to 1909.
Personal life.
Karl Seip was born in Christiania as the son of priest Hans Christian Caspar Seip (1812-1872) and grandson of military officer and politician Andreas Martin Seip (1790–1850).
Through his brother, priest Jens Laurits Arup Seip, Karl was the uncle of Hans Kristian Seip and Didrik Arup Seip, and a granduncle of Hans Kristian and Jens Arup Seip. Through another brother, priest Martin Fredrik Seip, Karl was a granduncle of Helge and Martin Fredrik Seip.
Career.
Karl Seip graduated with the cand.theol. degree in 1873, and was hired as a teacher at the Botsfengselet prison the next year. He was then appointed vicar in Åfjord in 1883 and in Fosen in 1890. From 1898 to 1908 he worked as school director in the Diocese of Trondhjem.
In 1908, when the Liberal first cabinet Knudsen assumed office, Seip was appointed as Minister of Education and Church Affairs. He was granted a leave of absence on 8 July 1909, his place taken by acting Minister Knut Johannes Hougen. Seip died only two months later.


Hans Gaas

Hans Gaas ( c.1500 – 17 September 1578) was a Norwegian clergyman. He was Bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros in the aftermath of the introduction of Lutheranism into Norway.
Gaas was born in Svendborg on the island of Funen in Denmark. He studied in Wittenberg for a few years from 1521. He took his magister degree in theology at Copenhagen during 1548. He was sent to Trondheim in 1549 with the goal of completing the Reformation of the church in the Diocese of Nidaros. When he first came to Trondheim, he was initially assigned to the Cloister at Elgeseter where he initiated reform. He also undertook a rescue mission for Nidaros Cathedral which was badly damaged by fires in 1327 and again in 1531. In his efforts to initiate reform of the church, he found an ally in Gjeble Pederssøn (ca. 1490-1557) Bishop in Bergen stift, who in 1537 had become the first Lutheran Bishop within Norway. Pederssøn was likewise reforming the church in Bergen.
Hans Gaas served as superintendent and Bishop in Trondhjems stift from 1549 until his death in 1578, except for the war period from 1564 to 1570. In 1563, the Northern Seven Years' War was initiated between Sweden and Denmark. In 1564, Swedish forces occupied Trøndelag, including the city of Trondheim. Gaas refused taking the oath to the king of Sweden and was imprisoned. The war ended in 1570 with the withdrawal of Swedish forces under terms of the Treaty of Stettin at which time Gaas was reinstated in his former office.


Jan Blaha

Jan Blaha (March 12, 1938 – December 13, 2012) was a Czech clandestine Roman Catholic bishop. After the Velvet Revolution he no longer ministered as a bishop.
Ordained to the priesthood on July 12, 1967, Blaha was secretly ordained a bishop on October 28, 1967 because of the Communist Government of Czechoslovakia and the persecution of the Roman Catholic Church by the government. He secretly ordained as a bishop Felix Maria Davídek, who was his teacher in the clandestine Church.


Timothy Adewole

S Timothy G Adewole is an Anglican bishop in Nigeria. He is Bishop of Kwara having previously been Bishop of Jebba, both in the Anglican Province of Kwara, itself one of 14 within the Church of Nigeria.


Niels Dorph

Niels Dorph (1681–1758) was a Danish/Norwegian clergyman. He served as Bishop of the Diocese of Oslo from 1738 to 1758.


Francis Halliwell

Francis Derrick Procter Halliwell was Archdeacon of Bombay from 1963 until 1965.
Halliwell was educated at Durham University and St Augustine's College, Canterbury; and ordained in 1937. After a curacy in New Eltham he was Chaplain at Hubli then Colaba before his time as Archdeacon and Vicar of Lee on the Solent afterwards.


Pierre Fridaricus

Pierre Fridaricus was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Nisyros, one of the Greek islands.
Biography.
Pierre Fridaricus served as Bishop of Nisyros in the late 1400s.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of George Brann (bishop), Bishop of Dromore (1483); Abel de Saint-Brieuc, Auxiliary Bishop of Reims (1483); Heinrich Kratz, Auxiliary Bishop of Naumburg (1484); Michael Hildebrand, Archbishop of Riga (1484); and Jean Orient, Bishop of Terralba (1485). He was also the principal co-consecrator of John Sherwood, Bishop of Durham (1484); George Browne, Bishop of Dunkeld (1484); and Bishop Jean (1484).


Antonio Elio

Antonio Elio or Antonio Helius (1506–1576) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Capodistria (1572–1576), Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem (1558–1572), and Bishop of Pula (1548–1566).
Biography.
Antonio Elio was born in Capodistria in 1506.
On 17 August 1548, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul III as Bishop of Pula.
On 20 July 1558, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul IV as Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem.
In 1566, he resigned as Bishop of Pula.
On 30 July 1572, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Bishop of Capodistria.
He served as Bishop of Capodistria until his death in 1576.
Episcopal succession.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:
and the principal co-consecrator of:


Aaron Karfunkel

Aaron Karfunkel (also known as Aaron ben Judah; in Hebrew, Aharon ben Yehudah ha-Kohen; in Yiddish, Aaron Löb (died 1816) was a Bohemian rabbi of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. After having successively filled the rabbinates of Gawartschew, Łask, Dasparschi, and Widowa, he was called in 1801 to Náchod, where he remained until 1806. From 1807 to 1816 he was chief rabbi of Silesia. Karfunkel was the author of "She'eltot Abiyah", containing dissertations on Talmudic subjects, and divided into twelve parts, having for their respective titles the names of the precious stones in the high priest's breastplate. Of these parts only two have been published (Berlin, 1806). They are divided into "kelalim", subdivided into paragraphs, with glosses entitled "Millu'at Eben" and dissertations called "Meshuah Milhamah." Karfunkel was the author also of "Tzanif Tahor", a commentary on Ecclesiastes, a manuscript of which is in the British Museum.


Marie-Madeleine de Chauvigny de la Peltrie

Marie-Madeleine de Chauvigny de la Peltrie (1603 – 18 November 1671) was a French woman who started the Order of Ursulines of Quebec.
Life.
Marie-Madeleine Chauvigny (also known as: de la Peltrie) was born in 1603 at Alençon, France, the daughter of Guillaume de Chauvigny, Sieur d’Alençon et de Vaubougon, and of Lady Jeanne Du Bouchet. With no male heir, Guillaume de Chauvigny tried to arrange aristocratic matches for his daughter. Marie-Madeleine, the youngest, despite inclination for the cloistered life, at the age of sixteen, found herself obliged to marry the Chevalier de Gruel, Seigneur de La Peltrie. From this marriage, which lasted only five years, there was born one daughter who died in infancy. Widowed at the age of 22, Mme de La Peltrie went into solitary retirement in order to avoid her father’s solicitous attempts to find her a second husband.
Mme de La Peltrie was influenced by the "Jesuit Relations" to devote her life and fortune to North Amerindian missions. As a result of a serious illness, she made a vow to St. Joseph, promising, in return for her recovery, to go to Canada, to build a house there under his patronage. Upon the death of her father, her relations, thinking her unable to administer her fortune, sought to have her deprived of control over her estate. She appealed to the judicial court of Rouen, won her suit and, as a result, became mistress of her inheritance.
Eager to leave for New France, Mme de La Peltrie went to Paris and consulted M. Vincent de Paul. Joseph Poncet was a Jesuit teaching in Orléans; his father was a member of the Company of One Hundred Associates chartered to trade in New France. While at Orleans, he met the son of the widow Marie Guyart. In February, 1639 he put her in touch with Madame de la Pettrie. Both accompanied him to New France. When she was unable to find space for her baggage on the ships leaving for America, Mme de La Peltrie chartered a vessel at her own expense and loaded it with provisions and furnishings.
She arrived in New France with a number of Ursulines including a future nun, Charlotte Barré (Mother Saint-Ignace) and Marie de l'Incarnation, who was to be the religious founder of the Order of Ursulines. (The order later was called the Ursulines of Quebec). Also part of the passenger list on that voyage was Father Barthélemy Vimont who was the third superior of the Jesuit Mission in Canada, and Father Joseph Poncet.
Her intimacy with Jeanne Mance, Maisonneuve and the other prospective founders of Ville Marie, during the first winter spent near Quebec (1641–42), prompted her to follow them to Montreal, where she was the first communicant at the first Mass celebrated by Father Vimont, S.J. (1642). Except for an 18-month absence to help found the utopian colony of Ville-Marie [Montréal] in 1642, she lived cloistered with the nuns she supported. In spite of her entreaties she was never formally admitted to the novitiate, but led the humble and austere life of a true religious, scrupulously following every detail of the observances, and reaching a high degree of contemplative prayer.
Legacy.
In 1739 some of the infirmary’s silver pieces, which had belonged in large part to Mme de La Peltrie were given to make a sanctuary lamp.
The Musée des Ursulines de Québec is located in a building just outside the walls of the monastery, on the foundations of the house of the community’s benefactress, Madeleine Chauvigny of Peltrie (1603-1671).


George de Benneville

George de Benneville (London, 25 July 1703 – Pennsylvania, 19 March 1793) was a physician and Christian Universalist preacher.
Biography.
He was born in London in 1703 to aristocratic Huguenot French parents in the court of Queen Anne. While serving as a sailor during his adolescent years, de Benneville traveled around the world and began to question his religion and compare it to other world religions. He shed his Huguenot religion, developed his own ideas about Christianity, and became a preacher while still in his teens.
De Benneville had a mystical experience and later a near death experience which he described in "The Life and Trance of Dr. George De Benneville". These experiences convinced him that Hell is for purification, not punishment, and that, ultimately, all will be united with God. He believed that God is absolutely good and in his love would never condemn any human to eternal damnation. He also preached that each human being has a dualistic nature; the outer, flesh-and-blood person is subject to the evils of the world and may choose to do good or to do wrong, while the inner, spiritlike person is crafted by God and is perfect, immaculate, and holy, and cannot be damned. Therefore, all human beings experience salvation.
Religious authorities in several nations were disturbed by evangelists such as de Benneville, and he was sentenced to death more than once. He preached and practiced medicine in France and Germany. After completing medical training in Europe, de Benneville immigrated to the American colonies during the mid-eighteenth century with others seeking religious tolerance. He settled in Pennsylvania and worked as a physician and apothecary in Oley, Berks County, using free time to continue his Universalist preaching.
de Benneville socialized and traded herbal preparations with Native American groups in the area. His beliefs stressed that all people everywhere are loved by God, and cultures, races, and sexes have no bearing on the worth of a human being. His beliefs stated clearly that the physical body is merely one part of a person.
George de Benneville died at home in Pennsylvania in 1793.


Hilary Chisonga

(Gayo) Hilary Chisonga was the Anglican Bishop of Masasi from 1969 until 1983.


Geertruid Adriaansdochter

Geertruid Adriaansdochter (?? in Wormer – 1573 in IJpesloot near Amsterdam), was a Dutch farmer. She was hanged by Protestant farmers as a Catholic when she attempted to bring food to her brother, a Catholic priest in Amsterdam, who was at the point under siege by the Protestants. She was used in the propaganda during the war as a Catholic martyr.


Leelawathy Ramanathan

Tirumati Leelawathy Ramanathan (née R. L. Harrison in 1870) was the Australia-born wife of Ponnambalam Ramanathan of the Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family. Lady Ramanathan was an Englishwoman who was born in Australia where her father was involved in gold mining. All references to her maiden name record her only as R.L. Harrison. She, as a young woman, had been attracted by the Theosophical Movement in Australia and, searching for further spiritual enlightenment, arrived in Ceylon where Sir Thiru Ponnambalam Ramanathan became her guru. Later she married Ramanathan who had been a widower for many years. She became a Hindu and took the name Leelavathy. After the reformed Council years, they spent much of their time in Kodaikanal where they had three houses, Ammanadi, Sivanadi, and Muruganadi. When Sir Ramanathan died in 1924, she took to wearing the white of a Hindu widow, built the Kurinji Andavar Temple in her husband's memory, overlooking the Palani shrine of Lord Sri Muruga. Along its slopes that would be covered with "kurinji" flowers, she would perform a Puja and worship there every afternoon. It is said that she took solace in paying obeisance to the deities of the Saiva and Saktha traditions and immersing herself in the study of Hindu theology.
Hinduism.
She studied Hindu scriptures, and converted to Hinduism upon marrying Ponnambalam Ramanathan in 1906. She wrote many Hindu books, including a version of the Ramayana in English. She also published many of Ponnambalam's lectures on Hinduism.


Isidro Sala Ribera

Isidro Sala Ribera (3 March 1933 – 26 March 2019) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic bishop.
Sala Ribera was born in Peru and was ordained to the priesthood in 1958. He served as titular bishop of "Civitanova" and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Abancay from 1986 to 1990. He then served as coadjutor bishop of the diocese from 1990 to 1992 and as bishop of the diocese from 1992 to 2009.


Ekukhanyeni mission station

The Ekukhanyeni mission station (Ekukhanyeni = "place of enlightenment") was established by John William Colenso, the first Bishop of Natal, in 1854. The Zulu language writer Magema Magwaza Fuze was educated there from about the age of 12.


Chiara Badano

Chiara Badano (October 29, 1971 – October 7, 1990) was a young Italian teenager who is currently in the process of being pronounced a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. At age nine she joined the Focolare Movement and received the nickname "Luce" by the founder Chiara Lubich. When she was 16 she was diagnosed with osteogenic sarcoma, a painful bone cancer. Badano succumbed to the cancer on October 7, 1990, after a two-year battle with the disease. She was beatified on September 25, 2010 at the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Divine Love in Rome. Her feast day is celebrated on October 29.
Early life.
Chiara Badano was born on October 29, 1971, to Ruggero and Maria Teresa Badano in the small village of Sassello, Italy. The couple waited and prayed eleven years to have Chiara. They considered her to be their greatest blessing. While Ruggero worked as a truck driver, Maria Teresa stayed at home to raise their daughter.
Badano grew up with a strong and healthy relationship with her parents, but she did not always obey them and would occasionally have fights with them.
One day, Badano took an apple off a tree in a neighbour's orchard; her mother later recounted the event:
Focolare Movement.
Badano attended her first meeting of the Focolare Movement in September 1980; she was only 9 years old. This group, especially its founder Chiara Lubich, had a profound impact on Badano's life. The group focused on the image of the forsaken Christ as a way to make it through difficult times. Badano later wrote that, "I discovered that Jesus forsaken is the key to unity with God, and I want to choose him as my only spouse. I want to be ready to welcome him when he comes. To prefer him above all else."
While Badano was a conscientious student, she struggled in school and even failed her first year of high school. She was often teased in school for her strong beliefs and was given the nickname "Sister." Badano made several good friends, often going out late to have coffee with them. She enjoyed the normal teenage pastimes such as listening to pop music, dancing, and singing. Badano was also an avid tennis player and enjoyed hiking and swimming.
During the summer of 1988, when she was 16 years old, Badano had a life-changing experience in Rome with the Focolare Movement. She wrote to her parents, "This is a very important moment for me: it is an encounter with Jesus Forsaken. It hasn't been easy to embrace this suffering, but this morning Chiara Lubich explained to the children that they have to be the spouse of Jesus Forsaken." After this trip she started to correspond regularly with Lubich. She then asked for her new name as this was going to be the start of a new life for her. Lubich gave her the name Chiara Luce. This was a kind of a play on words since in Italian "Chiara" is a common girl's name, taken for example from the name of Clare of Assisi, but it is also an everyday word meaning "clear." "Luce" is occasionally found as a girl's name in Italy, though it is mostly secular rather than religious, and it, too, is also an everyday word meaning "light." So "Chiara Luce" means "clear light." Lubich wrote to Badano that "your luminous face shows your love for Jesus," which is why she gave her the name Luce.
Illness.
In the summer of 1988, Badano felt a sting of pain in her shoulder while playing tennis. At first she thought nothing of it, but when the pain continued to be present, she underwent a series of tests. The doctors then discovered she had a rare and painful form of bone cancer, osteogenic sarcoma. In response, Badano simply declared, "It's for you, Jesus; if you want it, I want it, too."
Throughout the treatment process, Badano refused to take any morphine so she could stay aware. She felt it was important to know her illness and pain so she could offer up her sufferings. She said, "It reduces my lucidity and there's only one thing I can do now: to offer my suffering to Jesus because I want to share as much as possible in his sufferings on the cross." During her stays in the hospital, she would take the time to go on walks with another patient who was struggling with depression. These walks were beneficial to the other patient but caused Badano great pain. Her parents often encouraged her to stay and rest but she would simply reply, "I'll be able to sleep later on."
One of her doctors, Antonio Delogu, said, "Through her smile, and through her eyes full of light, she showed us that death doesn't exist; only life exists." A friend from the Focolare Movement said, "At first we thought we'd visit her to keep her spirits up, but very soon we understood that, in fact, we were the ones who needed her. Her life was like a magnet drawing us to her."
Badano kept her spirits up, even when the harsh chemotherapy caused her hair to fall out. When a lock of her hair would fall, Badano would simply offer it to God saying, "For you, Jesus." She also donated all her savings to a friend who was performing mission work in Africa. She wrote to him, "I don't need this money any more. I have everything."
To help prepare her parents for life after she died, Badano made them dinner reservations for Valentine's Day after they refused to leave her bedside. She also ordered them to not return until after midnight. She also wrote, "Holy Christmas 1990. Thank you for everything. Happy New Year", on a Christmas card and hid it among some blank ones for her mother to find later.
While undergoing a painful medical procedure, Badano was visited by a lady, "When the doctors began to carry out this small, but quite demanding, procedure, a lady with a very beautiful and luminous smile came in. She came up to me and took me by the hand, and her touch filled me with courage. In the same way that she arrived, she disappeared, and I could no longer see her. But my heart was filled with an immense joy and all fear left me. In that moment I understood that if we're always ready for everything, God sends us many signs of his love."
Badano's faith and spirit never dwindled even after the cancer left her unable to walk and a CAT scan showed that any hope of remission was gone. In response, she simply said, "If I had to choose between walking again and going to heaven, I wouldn't hesitate. I would choose heaven." On July 19, 1989, Badano almost died of a hemorrhage. Her faith did not falter as she said, "Don't shed any tears for me. I'm going to Jesus. At my funeral, I don't want people crying, but singing with all their hearts."
Cardinal Saldarini, Archbishop of Turin, Italy, heard about Badano's illness and visited her at the hospital. He asked her, "The light in your eyes is splendid. Where does it come from?" Chiara simply replied, "I try to love Jesus as much as I can."
Before she died, she told her mother, "Oh Mama, young people…young people…they are the future. You see, I can't run anymore, but how I would like to pass on to them the torch, like in the Olympics! Young people have only one life and it's worthwhile to spend it well."
When Badano realized she was not going to get better, she started to plan for her "wedding" (her funeral) with her mother. She chose the music, songs, flowers, and the readings for mass. She wanted to be buried in her "wedding dress" a white dress with a pink waist, because her death would allow her to become the bride of Christ. She told her mother, "When you're getting me ready, Mum, you have to keep saying to yourself, 'Chiara Luce is now seeing Jesus.
Death.
During her final hours, Badano made her final confession and received the Eucharist. She had her family and friends pray with her, "Come Holy Spirit." Chiara Badano died at 4AM on October 7, 1990, with her parents at her bedside. Her final words were, "Bye, Mum, be happy, because I am." Two thousand people attended her funeral; the mayor of Sassello shut down the town so people would be able to attend.
Beatification.
Badano's cause for sainthood was promoted by Livio Maritano, the former Bishop of Acqui Terme, Italy, beginning in 1999. It was through this process that she was declared a "Venerable" on July 3, 2008. In December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI acknowledged the miracle of a young Italian boy whose parents interceded to Badano to heal him from meningitis that was destroying his organs. His doctors could not medically explain his sudden healing.
Chiara Badano was declared a "Blessed" in the Catholic Church on September 25, 2010, at the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Divine Love in Rome. Thousands of people came for the event. Archbishop Angelo Amato, head of the Vatican Congregation for the Causes of Saints, said that Badano was a great example of how the short life of the young could be lived out in great holiness and "today there are virtuous people, who in family, at school, in society, do not fritter away their lives." Chiara Badano's feast day is celebrated on October 29.


Caius (presbyter)

Caius, Presbyter of Rome (also known as "Gaius") was a Christian author who lived and wrote towards the beginning of the 3rd century. Only fragments of his works are known, which are given in the collection entitled "The Ante-Nicene Fathers." However, the Muratorian fragment, an early attempt to establish the canon of the New Testament, is often attributed to Caius and is included in that collection.
For the existing fragments from Caius' "Dialogue or Disputation Against Proclus," we are indebted to Eusebius, who included them in his "Ecclesiastical History". In one of these fragments, Caius tells Proclus,
This is described by the "Catholic Encyclopedia" as "a very valuable evidence of the death of Sts. Peter and Paul at Rome, and the public veneration of their remains at Rome about the year 200."
There is also another series of fragments Eusebius gives from a work called "Against the Heresy of Artemon," although the "Ante-Nicene Fathers" note says regarding the authorship only that it is "an anonymous work ascribed by some to Caius."
Caius was also one of the authors to whom the "Discourse to the Greeks concerning Hades" was ascribed at one time. (It was also attributed, much more famously, to Josephus and still appears in editions of the William Whiston translation of his collected works, but is now known to be excerpted from a work by Hippolytus of Rome.)


Rasmus Hjort

Rasmus Hjort (c.1525 – 17 April 1604) was a Norwegian priest and humanist.
Neither his exact birthplace or his parentage are unknown. His training had been associated with Poul Madsen (1527-1590), Bishop of the Diocese of Zealand in Denmark. He worked at the Oslo Cathedral School where he advanced to Rector. From 1562 he served as Dean in Tønsberg which Bishop Frants Berg had ceded to him.
He was married to Gidse Frantsdatter Berg, a daughter of Bishop Frants Berg. He is also known for his role as father. In 1613, three of his sons were accused of supporting Roman Catholicism. At that time, strong measures in Denmark and Norway were being made against Catholicism, especially supporters of the Jesuits, due to fear of the Counter-Reformation movement. Two of his sons, Christoffer Hjort, chapel of Akershus Castle and Jacob Hjort, vicar at Onsøy were expelled.


Maria Domenica Brun Barbantini

Maria Domenica Brun Barbantini (17 January 1789 - 22 May 1868) was an Italian Roman Catholic professed religious and the founder of the Camillian Sisters Ministers of the Sick. Barbantini served the ill throughout her entire life and she dedicated her life to God following the premature deaths of her husband and son.
Barbantini's beatification was held in Saint Peter's Square in mid-1995.
Life.
Maria Domenica Brun was born in 1789 in Lucca to the Swiss-born Pietro Brun and Giovanna Granducci. Three younger brothers and her father all died during her adolescence.
Brun married Salvatore Barbantini on 22 April 1811 at the Cathedral of Saint Martin but her husband died that October. Her husband's death saw her - that moment - take a private vow of consecration to God and vowed to dedicate her life to the service of His people. Brun was pregnant at the point of her husband's death and soon gave birth to Lorenzo who died aged eight after a short illness. She soon turned her grief into service of the poor and abandoned sick people of her city. In the evenings, in all weather, she traveled with a glowing lantern the narrow and dark streets of Lucca seeking out sick and dying women abandoned in their homes. Other young women joined her.
Barbantini died in 1868.
Beatification.
The beatification process started in an informative process that Archbishop Arturo Marchi inaugurated on 6 May 1927 - in which all documentation pertaining to her life was compiled - and that Archbishop Antonio Torrini concluded in a special and solemn Mass on 6 February 1931; her writings received the approval of theologians to be in line with doctrine on 28 May 1935. Torrini later oversaw a supplementary process that spanned from 7 April 1937 until the following 10 July and the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated both processes on 1 February 1986 while later receiving the official Positio in two parts in both 1988 and in 1990.
Historians assented to the continuation of the cause on 11 October 1988 as did theologians on 20 April 1993 and the C.C.S. who also approved it on 7 December 1993; she became titled as Venerable on 26 March 1994 after Pope John Paul II confirmed that the late religious had lived a life of heroic virtue. The miracle needed for beatification was investigated and then validated on 12 December 1986 while a medical board approved it on 5 May 1994. Theologians also granted their assent to it on 21 October 1994 as did the C.C.S. on 6 December 1994. John Paul II confirmed it was a miracle on 15 December 1994 and then beatified Barbantini in Saint Peter's Square on 17 May 1995.
Camillian Sisters.
Barbantini spent time living with the Visitandines and later met the priest Antonio Scalabrini who guided her to the spirit of service to all people and to the service of the ill and frail. To that end she founded the Camillian Sisters Ministers of the Sick on 23 January 1829 in order to aid those ailing with illnesses. At first, the first community was called the ‘Sisters Oblate Nurses’, but subsequently was known as the women Ministers of the Sick of St. Camillus. It later received diocesan approval on 5 August 1841.
The Religious Institute of the Sister Ministers of the Infirm (MI) established its first foundations in Kenya in 1976, assisting the Camillian missionary fathers at the Tabaka Mission Hospital in Kisii Diocese.. As of 2018 they work in four provinces, and serve in the maternity department of the Fatima Health Centre in the Diocese of Ngong. In 1979, the Camillian Sisters arrived in the Philippines, where they operate the “Camillian Sisters Polyclinic and Rehabilitation Center”.


Hernando Guerrero

Hernando Guerrero, O.S.A. (1572 – July 1, 1641) was the Archbishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Manila (1634–1641) and the Bishop of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia (1628–1634).
Biography.
Hernando Guerrero was born in Alcaraz, Spain and was an ordained priest of the Order of Saint Augustine.
On December 17, 1626, Urban VIII appointed him Bishop of Nueva Segovia. He was consecrated bishop in 1628 by Pedro de Arce, Bishop of Cebu. On January 9, 1634, Urban VIII appointed him Archbishop of Manila where he served until his death on July 1, 1641. While bishop, he was the Principal Consecrator of Diego Aduarte, Bishop of Nueva Segovia (1635).


Giuseppe Allamano

Giuseppe Allamano (21 January 1851 – 16 February 1926) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest. He established the Consolata Missionaries (I.M.C.) congregation for males and another for females, known as the Consolata Missionary Sisters. Allamano also served as the rector of the Santuario della Consolata and transformed the shrine into a source of spiritual renewal for the faithful.
He was beatified (the last stage before canonization) on 7 October 1990.
Life.
Giuseppe Ottavio Allamano was born in Asti in 1851 as the fourth of five children to Joseph and Marianna Cafasso Allamano. His mother was the younger sister of Joseph Cafasso. His father died of anthrax when Giuseppe was three.
From 1861 to 1866 Allamano attended the Oratory of John Bosco in Valdocco. He commenced his studies to become a priest in Turin in November 1866, and was ordained to the priesthood on 20 September 1873. He was appointed spiritual director at the major seminary of the diocese of Turin. In 1876 he obtained a doctorate in theology. He was appointed as the rector of the Santuario della Consolata on 2 October 1880 and he maintained that position until his death. Between 1883 and 1885 he restructured the Sanctuary and repaired the roof. In 1899 he commissioned the architect Carlo Ceppi to expand the interior space for the faithful with the construction of four circular chapels. Allamano ensured that the shrine became a source of spiritual renewal.
Allamano also responded to requests for spiritual and material comfort of Turin supporting various social initiatives and promoting the Catholic newspapers. In 1899 he began publishing the monthly "La Consolata".
Consolata Missionaries.
On recovering from a severe illness in 1891, he vowed to found a missionary society for priests and laymen. Thus the Consolata Missionaries was born on 29 January 1901. The first missionaries reached Kenya in 1902, joined in 1903 by the Sister of Cottolengo. He also founded the Consolata Missionary Sisters for women on 29 January 1910.
Due to the increasing size of the Christian population it became quite clear that there were not enough priests and brethren to cater to the pastoral needs of the people. Allamano expressed this deep concern to Pope Pius X during a visit to Rome in 1912. He urged the pope to do something and perhaps establish an annual mission day to awaken missionary vocations. War breaks out in the Balkans, and the proposals is postponed. During World War I he worked to assist refugees, and seminarians drafted. He also worked on the cause of his uncle, who was beatified in 1925.
Allamano died in Turin in February 1926.
Legacy.
His idea for an annual day for missionaries came in 1927 when Pope Pius XI instituted World Mission Day.
Beatification.
The beatification process commenced under Pope Pius XII in 1944 and the commencement of the diocesan process in Turin conferred upon him the title Servant of God. The local process concluded its work in 1951 and received the formal decree of ratification several decades later on 5 October 1984. In 1987 the Positio was submitted to the Roman Congregation for the Causes of Saints for further evaluation.
Pope John Paul II proclaimed on 13 May 1989 that Allamano be made Venerable after he recognized that the late priest had lived a life of heroic virtue.
The miracle attributed to him for beatification was ratified on 17 October 1986 following the conclusion of a diocesan tribunal. John Paul II approved the miracle on 10 July 1990 and beatified him on 7 October 1990.


Marcinkus

Marcinkus is a 2006 one-man play, by American author Tom Flannery, based on the life of Roman Catholic Archbishop Paul Marcinkus.
Background.
The play had its debut in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in July 2006 at the Arts YOUniverse center for the applied and living arts. The production was under the direction of Paul Winarski and starred Greg Korin as the Archbishop. After several revisions by the director and author the play was remounted in Scranton in February 2007 at the Old Brick Theatre. It is a one-man dramatization of events in the life of Catholic Archbishop Paul Marcinkus, whose shady tenure as head of the Vatican Bank included suspicions of money laundering, Ponzi schemes, and even assassination.
The original production while well received, underwent several script revisions by the author and director in order to streamline the piece. The revised version which opened in Scranton ran 15 minutes shorter and is now considered the final version of the play.
A Las Vegas production of the play is also in the planning with original star Greg Korin.
Plot.
The play takes place in a small office in what may be purgatory, but looks very much like the archbishop's office in Sun City, Arizona, his last residence as a retired man of the cloth. Marcinkus relates directly to the audience stories from his youth, growing up in Al Capone's Chicago and how he eventually became a priest. As the piece unfolds he tell his version of the Vatican Bank Scandal, his appointment as head of the bank, the death of Pope John Paul I, and his job as "bulldog" to Pope John Paul II. Although dramatic, the piece is lightened by the humor that Flannery has instilled in his version of Marcinkus, who was popularly quoted as saying "You can't run the church on Hail Marys" .
Reaction.
The niece of Archbishop Marcinkus, afraid that the play would be a hatchet job on her uncle, contacted playwright Flannery, who sent her a copy of the text. Not only did she agree that the play was a balanced look at her uncle's life, but even offered a few suggestions which the author included in his rewrite.


Rodrigo Caro

Rodrigo Caro (1573, in Utrera – August 10, 1647 in Seville) was a Spanish priest, historian, archeologist, lawyer, poet and writer.
Works.
His principal works include:


Pablo Antonio Vega Mantilla

Pablo Antonio Vega Mantilla (August 17, 1919, Nagarote, León Department – November 14, 2007) was the Roman Catholic Bishop of Juigalpa, Nicaragua, from April 30, 1991 until October 29, 1993. He then served as the Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Juigalpa until his death on November 14, 2007.


Edwin Feulner

Edwin John Feulner Jr. (born August 12, 1941) is an American academic who founded the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation and served as its president from 1977 to 2013 and again from 2017 to 2018.
Education.
Feulner was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Helen Joan (née Franzen) and Edwin John Feulner Sr., the owner of a Chicago real estate firm. He came from a line of German-American Catholics. Feulner attended Immaculate Conception High School and graduated from Regis University with a bachelor's degree in English in 1963. After receiving an MBA from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business in 1964, he attended Georgetown University and the London School of Economics, where he was a Richard M. Weaver Fellow. He put his studies on hold while President of The Heritage Foundation. Later, in 1981 he earned a PhD in political science at the University of Edinburgh.
Career.
Feulner began his career as an analyst for the Center for Strategic and International Studies, then called the Center for Strategic Studies. He later became a congressional aide to Congressman Melvin Laird. Feulner subsequently became a long-serving executive assistant to Illinois Republican congressman Phil Crane. Prior to his presidency of the Heritage Foundation, Feulner was executive director of the Republican Study Committee.
Heritage Foundation.
Feulner was a founding trustee of the Heritage Foundation from 1973 until 1977, when he left Representative Crane's office to run the outfit full-time. It had nine employees and in those four years had churned through four presidents.
As president, he changed the foundation's direction. He wanted it to be more aggressive, more market-driven and less ivory-tower, creating easily-accessed, concise studies.
By focusing the foundation's marketing, he transformed it from a small operation into a booming enterprise of conservative ideals, eventually creating the think tank that "The New York Times" calls "the Parthenon of the conservative metropolis." This new marketing strategy was called the "briefcase test", a concept that revolutionized the influence of think tanks on public policy and boosted Heritage's popularity. Now the focus was on easily accessed, timely, concise research that could fit in a briefcase. A further fillip was the foundation's publishing of policy reports and papers ahead of related legislation, rather than the established think-tank practice of waiting until it had been passed. As Feulner related to "The Washington Examiner", "It doesn't do us any good to have great ideas if we are not out there peddling our products."
Within a year and a half of Feulner becoming president, Heritage's budget had increased to $2.5 million with a donor pool of about 120,000. The institution has around 250 employees and annual income of about $80 million and a donor pool of about 600,000.
In January 2013, Feulner published a column, "Economic Freedom on the Wane", to review the results of the annual Index of Economic Freedom, which has been a joint project of "The Wall Street Journal" and the Heritage Foundation since 1995. The index measures individual countries' policies in four broad areas: the rule of law, limited government, regulatory efficiency and open markets. In the 2013 edition, citizens of the United States were
lucky we didn't fall out of the top 10 altogether. Our Index score went down a bit over the last year. We held onto the No. 10 slot mostly because Ireland declined enough to wind up in 11th place. As recently as 2008, the U.S. ranked seventh worldwide, had a score of 81 (on a 0–100 scale, with 100 being the freest), and was listed as a "free" economy. Today, the U.S. has a score of 76 (its lowest since 2000) and is "mostly free," the Index's second-highest category.
Other roles.
Feulner was president and treasurer of the Mont Pelerin Society in 2014. He has served as a trustee and as the chairman of the board of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. He has also been a member of the board of the National Chamber Foundation and of the Institut d'Etudes Politiques, as well as of the board of trustees and a life trustee of Regis University, his undergraduate alma mater.
He is a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.
Among other executive and advisory roles, Feulner was president of the Philadelphia Society 1982–83 and 2013–2014 and is a past director of Sequoia Bank, the Council for National Policy, the Acton Institute, George Mason University and the American Council on Germany.
Feulner served as a member of the Gingrich-Mitchell Congressional UN Reform Task Force (2005) and of the Meltzer Commission from 1999–2000. He was vice chairman of the National Commission on Economic Growth and Tax Reform, known as the Kemp Commission, from 1995 to 1996. He also was the chairman of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (1982–91), a consultant for domestic policy to President Reagan, and an adviser to several government departments and agencies.
Awards and distinctions.
In 1989 Feulner received the Presidential Citizens Medal, the second-highest civilian award in the United States.
He is frequently recognized by media and in conservative circles as an influence in US right-wing policy thought. In Forbes Magazine, in 2009, Karl Rove called Feulner the sixth most powerful conservative in Washington. In 2007 "GQ" magazine considered him one of the "50 most powerful people in D.C." And in both 2007 and 2010, the UK's Daily Telegraph named him "one of the 100 most influential conservatives in America".
In June 2012, Feulner received the conservative Bradley Prize for "extraordinary talent and dedication". In 2018, he took the National Review's William F. Buckley Jr. Prize for Leadership in Political Thought.
He has been awarded eleven honorary degrees, and has received honors from the governments of Taiwan, South Korea and the Czech Republic.
Personal life.
Feulner and his wife, Linda Claire Leventhal, live in Alexandria, Virginia. They have two children: Edwin J. Feulner III and Emily Victoria.


Eduard Kojnok

Eduard Kojnok (14 August 1933 in Veľká Suchá – 27 October 2011 in Rožňava) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rožňava, Slovakia.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1956, Kojnok became bishop of the Rožňava Diocese in 1990; he retired in 2008.


Precursor (religion)

In religion, a precursor, also known as forerunner, predecessor, harbinger or herald, is a holy person who announced the approaching appearance of a central figure of the religion or who identified a central figure of the religion during the latter’s childhood.


Mazwi Tisani

Mazwi Tisani is a South African Anglican bishop: he was the inaugural Bishop of Ukhahlamba serving from 2009 to 2017.


Brian Germond

Brian Germond was the Bishop of Johannesburg from 2000 to 2013.
After that he was at St Martin's in the Veld, Johannesburg.
His sister in law is the Bishop of Algoma.


Thomas Nkuissi

Thomas Nkuissi (July 7, 1928 – March 16, 2011) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nkongsamba, Cameroon, Africa.
Thomas Nkuissi was born on 7 July 1928 in Nkongsamba.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1958, Nkuissi became bishop of the Nkongsamba diocese in 1978 after serving as auxiliary bishop.
He succeeded Bishop Albert Ndongmo in this position. Ndongmo had resigned in 1973.
He resigned in 1992.


Congrua portio

Congrua (in full, Congrua Portio) is a canonical term to designate the lowest sum proper for the yearly income of a cleric.
History.
It is sometimes used in the same sense as competency. Owing to the many charges to which a benefice is liable, it became necessary for the ecclesiastical authority to decree that first and foremost the proper sustenance of the holder of the benefice should be provided for, and that a minimum revenue should be determined, below which his income was not to fall. This was all the more necessary in cases where benefices had been incorporated with monasteries or collegiate churches. Very often the curate of such incorporated benefices received only one-sixteenth of the revenue.
To remedy this abuse a number of ordinances were passed which reserved to the person having cure of souls a decent subsistence. The Council of Trent (Sess. XXI, c. iv, de Ref.) leaves the determination of the congrua to the judgment of the bishop. This sum must, of course, vary with the fluctuation of values at different times. It must not be so parsimoniously fixed as to provide for the beneficiary the mere necessaries of life. To be a proper income in accordance with the dignity of his state, it should likewise be sufficient to enable him to dispense moderate hospitality and almsgiving and supply himself with books, etc. The Council of Trent did not determine the amount of the congrua but suggested that about one-third of the revenue of the benefice should be assigned to the vicar. When the benefice can not furnish a proper sustenance, it is the duty of the bishop to see that several benefices be united or that the deficit be made up from other sources, as tithes, collections, etc. If these means fail, the benefice must be suppressed.
In determining the congrua, the bishop can not take into consideration emoluments that are uncertain, such as offerings at funerals or marriages, or Mass Stipends; nor what the vicar might earn by his labour; nor what he receives from his patrimony; for these are not fruits of the benefice. When the congrua has been fixed for a certain benefice, it is always presumed to be sufficient, unless it be proved to have been lessened. Hence, if the beneficiary declare the congrua to be insufficient, especially when it has sufficed for his predecessors, the burden of proof rests on him.
If the congrua had been sufficient at the time a pension was reserved to another from the fruits of the benefice and later became insufficient, the amount necessary to provide proper sustenance must be taken from the pension, for those who have cure of souls are to be preferred to pensioners. Even a curate who is removable and a temporary vicar are to have a congrua assigned to them.
Although, in speaking of the congrua, authors generally limit the question to the inferior clergy, yet all rectors of churches, hence also bishops, are entitled to it. The Council of Trent (Sess. XXIV, cap. xiii) declared that a cathedral church whose revenue did not exceed one thousand scudi (about one thousand dollars circa 1900) should not be burdened with pensions or reservations. The bishop is entitled to an income that will allow him to live according to his dignity. If he have a coadjutor, the ordinary must provide a congrua for him.
In many European countries, where church property has passed into the possession of the State, the civil laws have determined the congrua of the clergy more or less liberally. Such laws came in force early in Austria and Germany, and until the end of 1905 existed in France. The salary for rectors of churches in the United States, fixed by plenary or diocesan synods, has nothing in common with the canonical congrua.


Anthony Freeman (brother)

Anthony Joseph Freeman, L.C. (July 23, 1988 – April 2, 2018) was an American writer and religious brother. He is noted for his spiritual book, "One Step Closer: 40 Doses of Motivation, Hacks, and Experiences to Share with Millennial Catholics", which became widely read in the Catholic Church.
Biography.
Anthony Freeman was born on July 23, 1988 in Houma, Louisiana to Brian and Debbie Freeman (née Lirette). His parents were devout Catholics who were active in church activities. He spent his childhood years studying at the East Thibodaux Middle School where he graduated in 2002. From 2002 to 2005, he became a student in the Legionary Minor Seminaries in Center Harbor, New Hampshire and in Colfax, California. He was known to be a diligent and cheerful boy to his professors.
After a series of vocation discernment, he entered the Novitiate of the Legionaries of Christ in Cheshire, Connecticut on 2005, and made his first profession of vows on September 2, 2007. During his apostolic internship, he collaborated with the congregation's vocation promotion and institutional development efforts. He studied one year of liberal arts in Salamanca, Spain and completed his bachelor's degree in philosophy in Thornwood, New York. He obtained a licentiate degree in philosophy and a degree in theology from the Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum in Rome. On August 10, 2013, he made his final profession of vows and on February 26, 2017 received the ministry of acolytes.
On April 2, 2018, his fellow confreres found him dead in his room. Mayo Clinic declared, after conducting an autopsy, that the cause of his death was due to a dilated cardiomyopathy. On the day he died, he had just finished an eight-day silent retreat in his community and had served the Easter Sunday Mass presided by Pope Francis in St. Peter’s Square. Friends and colleagues are now putting up an effort to have him considered for beatification.
"One Step Closer".
On January 23, 2018, Freeman published what would be his first and last book, "One Step Closer: 40 Doses of Motivation, Hacks, and Experiences to Share with Millennial Catholics". Before he published his book, he first started doing motivational talks on his Instagram account purposely for millennial Catholics facing contemporary issues and spiritual problems. Seeing the increasing number of followers on his account, he decided then to turn his motivational talks into writing. The moment it got published, it was widely acclaimed by people within the Catholic Church.


Giovanni Matteo Konings

Giovanni Matteo Konings, OSCr (died 1929) was a Prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.
Konings was a member of the Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross. In 1926 he was appointed Prefect of the then Mission "Sui Iuris" of Bulawayo. He died in 1929.


Wilmot Vyvyan

The Rt Rev Wilmot Lushington Vyvyan (12 August 1861 – 26 August 1937) was an Anglican Bishop in the mid-20th century.
Background.
Born into a noble family on 12 August 1861, Wilmot Vyvyan was educated at Charterhouse and Trinity College, Cambridge.
Career.
Ordained in 1888, he was curate at the Charterhouse Mission, St Hugh's, Southwark, becoming its priest in charge from 1892 until 1901, when he emigrated to South Africa. Here he was mission priest at Isandhlwana before elevation to the Episcopate as the fourth Bishop of Zululand in 1903, a post he was to hold for 26 years. He died on 26 August 1937.


Jesus (name)

Jesus (IPA: ) is a masculine given name derived from the name IESVS in Classical Latin, Iēsous (Greek: ), the Greek form of the Hebrew and Aramaic name Yeshua or Y'shua (Hebrew: ). As its roots lie in the name Yeshua/Y'shua, it is etymologically related to another biblical name, Joshua.
"Jesus" is usually not used as a given name in the English-speaking world, while its counterparts have had longstanding popularity among people with other language backgrounds, such as the Spanish "Jesús".
Etymology.
There have been various proposals as to the literal etymological meaning of the name "Yəhôšuaʿ" (Joshua, ), including Yahweh/Yehowah saves, (is) salvation, (is) a saving-cry, (is) a cry-for-saving, (is) a cry-for-help, (is) my help.
This early biblical Hebrew name ("Yehoshuaʿ") underwent a shortening into later biblical ("Yeshuaʿ"/"Y'shuaʿ"), as found in the Hebrew text of verses Ezra 2:2, 2:6, 2:36, 2:40, 3:2, 3:8, 3:9, 3:10, 3:18, 4:3, 8:33; Nehemiah 3:19, 7:7, 7:11, 7:39, 7:43, 8:7, 8:17, 9:4, 9:5, 11:26, 12:1, 12:7, 12:8, 12:10, 12:24, 12:26; 1 Chronicles 24:11; and 2 Chronicles 31:15 – as well as in Biblical Aramaic at verse Ezra 5:2. These Bible verses refer to ten individuals (in Nehemiah 8:17, the name refers to Joshua son of Nun).
This historical change may have been due to a phonological shift whereby guttural phonemes weakened, including . Usually, the traditional theophoric element ("Yahu") was shortened at the beginning of a name to ("Yo-"), and at the end to ("-yah"). In the contraction of "Yehoshuaʿ" to "Yeshuaʿ", the vowel is instead fronted (perhaps due to the influence of the "y" in the triliteral root "y-š-ʿ"). Yeshua/Y'shua was in common use by Jews during the Second Temple period and many Jewish religious figures bear the name, including Joshua in the Hebrew Bible and Jesus in the New Testament.
During the post-biblical period the further shortened form "Yeshu" was adopted by Hebrew speaking Jews to refer to the Christian Jesus, however "Yehoshua" continued to be used for the other figures called Jesus. However, both the Western and Eastern Syriac Christian traditions use the Aramaic name (in Hebrew script: ישוע) "Yeshuʿ and Yishoʿ", respectively, including the "ʿayin".
The name "Jesus" is derived from the Hebrew name "Yeshua/Y'shua", which is based on the Semitic root "y-š-ʕ" (Hebrew: ), meaning "to deliver; to rescue." Likely originating in proto-Semitic (yṯ'), it appears in several Semitic personal names outside of Hebrew, like in the Aramaic name Hadad Yith'i, meaning "Hadad is my salvation". Its oldest recorded use is in an Amorite personal name from 2048 B.C.
By the time the New Testament was written, the Septuagint had already transliterated ישוע ("Yeshuaʿ") into Koine Greek as closely as possible in the 3rd-century BCE, the result being ("Iēsous"). Since Greek had no equivalent to the Semitic letter "shin" , it was replaced with a "sigma" , and a masculine singular ending was added in the nominative case, in order to allow the name to be inflected for case (nominative, accusative, etc.) in the grammar of the Greek language. The diphthongal vowel of Masoretic "Yehoshuaʿ" or "Yeshuaʿ" would not have been present in Hebrew/Aramaic pronunciation during this period, and some scholars believe some dialects dropped the pharyngeal sound of the final letter "ʿayin" , which in any case had no counterpart in ancient Greek. The Greek writings of Philo of Alexandria and Josephus frequently mention this name. In the Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, the name "Iēsous" comes from Hebrew/Aramaic and means "healer or physician, and saviour," and that the earliest Christians were named "Jessaeans" based on this name before they were called Christians. This etymology of 'physician' may derive from the sect of the θεραπευταί (Therapeutae), of which Ephanius was familiar.
From Greek, ("Iēsous") moved into Latin at least by the time of the "Vetus Latina". The morphological jump this time was not as large as previous changes between language families. ("Iēsous") was transliterated to Latin "IESVS", where it stood for many centuries. The Latin name has an irregular declension, with a genitive, dative, ablative, and vocative of , accusative of , and nominative of . Minuscule (lower case) letters were developed around 800 and some time later the U was invented to distinguish the vowel sound from the consonantal sound and the J to distinguish the consonant from I. Similarly, Greek minuscules were invented about the same time, prior to that the name was written in capital letters () or abbreviated as () with a line over the top, see also Christogram.
Modern English Jesus derives from Early Middle English "Iesu" (attested from the 12th century). The name participated in the Great Vowel Shift in late Middle English (15th century). The letter J was first distinguished from 'I' by the Frenchman Pierre Ramus in the 16th century, but did not become common in Modern English until the 17th century, so that early 17th century works such as the first edition of the King James Version of the Bible (1611) continued to print the name with an I.
From the Latin, the English language takes the forms "Jesus" (from the nominative form), and "Jesu" (from the vocative and oblique forms). "Jesus" is the predominantly used form, while "Jesu" lingers in some more archaic texts.
Declension.
In both Latin and Greek, the name is declined irregularly:
Biblical references.
The name Jesus appears to have been in use in the Land of Israel at the time of the birth of Jesus. Moreover, Philo's reference in "Mutatione Nominum" item 121 to Joshua () meaning salvation () of the Lord indicates that the etymology of Joshua was known outside Israel. Other figures named Jesus include Jesus Barabbas, Jesus ben Ananias and Jesus ben Sirach.
In the New Testament, in an angel tells Mary to name her child Jesus, and in an angel tells Joseph to name the child Jesus during Joseph's first dream. Matthew 1:21 indicates the salvific implications of the name Jesus when the angel instructs Joseph: "you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins". It is the only place in the New Testament where "saves his people" appears with "sins". Matthew 1:21 provides the beginnings of the Christology of the name Jesus. At once it achieves the two goals of affirming Jesus as the savior and emphasizing that the name was not selected at random, but based on a heavenly command.
Other usage.
Medieval English and Jesus.
John Wycliffe (1380s) used the spelling "Ihesus" and also used "Ihesu" ('J' was then a swash glyph variant of 'I', not considered to be a separate letter until the 1629 Cambridge 1st Revision King James Bible where "Jesus" 1st appeared) in oblique cases, and also in the accusative, and sometimes, apparently without motivation, even for the nominative. Tyndale in the 16th century has the occasional "Iesu" in oblique cases and in the vocative; The 1611 King James Version uses "Iesus" throughout, regardless of syntax. "Jesu" came to be used in English, especially in hymns.
"Jesu" ( ; from Latin "Iesu") is sometimes used as the vocative of Jesus in English. The oblique form, "Iesu.", came to be used in Middle English.
Other languages.
In East Scandinavian, German and several other languages, the name "Jesus" is used. Some other language usage is as follows:


Himelin

Saint Himelin (Hymelin, Himelinus) (died Vissenaken, c. 750 AD) was an Irish or Scottish priest who, returning from a pilgrimage to Rome, fell ill when passing through Vissenaken (in present-day part of the municipality Tienen in Belgium).
He is said to have been the brother of Rumbold, patron saint of Mechelen.
The legend of Saint Himelin states that in Vissenaken he asked a girl for some water. She refused, as there was bubonic plague in the area. However, after much insistence from Himelin, she finally gave him a pitcher of water, which miraculously turned into wine. Himelin died three days later of the plague. He is venerated on 10 March. His cult is confined to Vissenaken.


Joseph Egerega

Joseph Egerega (March 20, 1940 – February 3, 2013) was the Catholic bishop of the Vicariate Apostolic of Bomadi, Nigeria.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1969, Egerega was named bishop in 1997 and resigned in 2009.


Dominik Kalata

Dominik Kalata, SJ, (19 May 1925 in Nowa Biała – 23 August 2018) was a Slovakian Roman Catholic prelate, who served as a titular bishop of Semta. Kalata was ordained as a Catholic priest on August 12, 1951 and clandestinely as bishop on September 9, 1955 by Ján Chryzostom Korec, SJ, because of the Communist Government of Czechoslovakia and the persecution of the Roman Catholic Church by the government. On March 16, 1985 he was appointed as titular bishop.
Kalata died on August 23, 2018 in Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia.


George Kestell-Cornish

George Kestell-Cornish was the third Anglican Bishop of Madagascar from 1919 until his death in 1925. His father, Kestell Kestell-Cornish, having been the first Bishop of Madagascar from 1874 to 1896.
He was born on 4 September 1856 and educated at Keble College, Oxford and ordained in 1880. He began his career with a curacy at St James’, Great Grimsby. He then followed his father to Madagascar and was Principal of two schools before being appointed Archdeacon then Bishop of the country. He was consecrated in St Paul's Cathedral on 18th of October 1919.
He died on 23 June 1925.


Maixent Coly

Maixent Coly (September 10, 1949 – August 24, 2010) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ziguinchor, Senegal.
Born in Affiniam, Coly was ordained to the priesthood on December 30, 1980. He was appointed coadjutor bishop of the Ziguinchor Diocese by Pope John Paul II on April 11, 1993 and was consecrated on December 11, 1993 succeeding on October 23, 1995. Bishop Coly died in office in 2010, aged 60, from undisclosed causes.


Theron Drew


Ursula Goodenough

Ursula W. Goodenough (born March 16, 1943) is a Professor of Biology Emerita Washington University in St. Louis where she engaged in research on eukaryotic algae. She authored the best-selling book "The Sacred Depths of Nature", and has presented the paradigm of Religious Naturalism and the Epic of Evolution in numerous venues around the world. She contributed to the NPR blog, "13.7: Cosmos & Culture", from 2009 to 2011. She currently serves as president of the Religious Naturalist Association.
Background.
Ursula Goodenough, daughter of Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough and Evelyn Goodenough Pitcher, earned a B.A. in zoology from Barnard College in 1963, an M.A. in zoology at Columbia University in 1965 and a Ph.D. in Biology at Harvard University in 1969. She was an assistant and associate professor of biology at Harvard from 1971-1978 before moving to Washington University. She wrote three editions of a widely adopted textbook, "Genetics". She served as president of The American Society for Cell Biology in 1984-85, was elected to the Cellular and Developmental Biology section of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, and elected a Fellow of the American Society for Microbiology in 2013.
Since 2013, Goodenough has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.
Goodenough joined the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science (IRAS) in 1989 and has served continuously on its council and as its president for four years. She has presented papers and seminars on science and religion to numerous audiences, co-chaired six IRAS conferences on Star Island, and serves on the editorial board of "".
Family.
Goodenough has written that women balancing the demands of raising children and developing a career need to understand that they can do both. She says that realizing that a child's development is influenced by many people in their lives other than their mother has helped her achieve both her personal and professional goals. She is the mother of five children: Jason, Mathea, Jessica, Thomas, and James.
Goodenough's brothers are the noted solid-state physicist John B. Goodenough (born 1922), who is the oldest recipient of the Nobel Prize in history at age 97, and the anthropologist Ward Goodenough (1919-2013).
Teaching.
Goodenough taught a junior/senior level cell biology course at Washington University for many years. She also joined physicist Claude Bernard and earth-scientist Michael Wysession for 10 years in teaching a course called The Epic of Evolution directed at non-science majors. She has also taught graduate-level courses in microbial biology.
Dalai Lama.
In 2002, Ursula Goodenough was a member of a five-scientist panel invited by the Mind and Life Institute as part of an ongoing series of seminars on Western science for Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama and his inner circle of monk-scholars. Previous seminars explored particle physics and neuroscience. This was the Dalai Lama's first foray into cellular biology. Goodenough found him a quick study: "He's very interested in science and really wants to understand this stuff. We'd been told that he knew about DNA and proteins, but when I started it became clear that he had very little background. Of course, one is left to wonder how many of the world's leaders understand DNA proteins." Goodenough was joined by scientists Stuart Kauffman, Steven Chu and Eric Lander. Goodenough was invited back to Dharamsala, India to lecture again in 2003.
Research.
Goodenough and colleagues have studied the molecular basis and evolution of life-cycle transitions in the flagellated green alga, "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii". They have identified genes in the mating-type (mt) locus and genes regulated by mt that control the transition between vegetative growth and gametic differentiation and zygote development. These include genes responsible for mate recognition, uniparental inheritance of chloroplast DNA, and gametic differentiation, allowing analysis of their function and their evolution during speciation. They have also explored the potential for producing algal biodiesel as a transportation fuel.


Madeleine Sophie Barat

Madeleine Sophie Barat, R.S.C.J. (12 December 1779 – 25 May 1865) is a French saint of the Catholic Church and was the founder of the Society of the Sacred Heart, a worldwide religious institute of educators.
Early life and family.
Barat was born on the night of 12 December 1779, in Joigny, France, next door to a house fire at a neighbor's home. The stress and terror of the fire caused Sophie's mother, Madeleine Fouffé Barat (1740–1822), then pregnant with her third child, to go into labour. Born two months premature, Madeleine Sophie was considered so fragile that she was baptised early the next morning in St. Thibault Church, just a few yards from the Barat family home. Although her parents had arranged godparents in advance, there was no time to call them to the church and so, at five o'clock on the morning of 13 December 1779, Louise-Sophie Cédor, a local woman on her way to early Mass, and Sophie's older brother, Louis, stood in as her godparents.
Barat was born into a financially comfortable family whose ancestors had lived in Joigny for generations and were proud of their roots in the region. Her father, Jacques Barat (1742–1809), was a cooper and vine-grower. Both professions were respected trades, with centuries of French culture and spirituality behind them. The Barats were Jansenist Catholics, and Jansenism is often said to have shaped Sophie's spirituality profoundly.
She was always willing to help people in need and to pray for others.
Education.
Barat's older brother Louis was a serious boy and a brilliant student. Their parents encouraged his interest in studies and employed a tutor for him at home. Shortly after entering the Collège Saint-Jacques in Joigny at the age of nine, Louis decided to become a Catholic priest. In 1784, at the age of 16, Louis left Joigny to begin his studies for the priesthood at the seminary at Sens. Louis was ordained a deacon, but, because he was too young to be ordained, he was obliged to return home until he was 21. Louis became a teacher of mathematics at his old school and decided to take on Sophie's education. He taught her Latin, Greek, history, natural science, Spanish, and Italian providing Sophie with an education rarely available to young women and girls at that time.
The French Revolution.
In 1789, Louis Barat became involved in the debate surrounding the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, passed in July 1790 which required all priests to swear allegiance to the new revolutionary state. Louis took this oath of loyalty in January 1791, but on learning that the pope had condemned the Constitution, he renounced his oath in May 1792. This renunciation had immediate consequences. Louis first tried to hide in his family's attic but soon fled to Paris, for the danger had become too great both for himself and his family. In Paris, he was arrested in May 1793, imprisoned there for two years, and only escaped the guillotine through the brave intervention of a friend.
After her brother was released in 1795, he briefly returned home to Joigny. Louis then went back to Paris to seek ordination and exercise his ministry in secret. He brought Sophie with him in order to further her education. After arriving in Paris, Sophie and Louis lived in a safe house belonging to one Madame Duval. Sophie worked as a seamstress and became an excellent embroidress. Louis continued to say Mass and teach Sophie the Fathers of the Church, mathematics, Latin, and the Scriptures. While living in Paris, at about the age of 18, Sophie decided to become a Carmelite nun. This would be impossible, however, for the Carmelites had, along with many other religious communities, been abolished in 1790. For five years she lived in Paris a life of prayer and study, and taught catechism in secret to the children of The Marais quarter. In 1800, Sophie briefly returned home to help her family with the vine harvest.
The founding of the Society of the Sacred Heart.
When Barat returned to Paris, she was introduced to . He wanted to found a religious order of women devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and involved in the education of young women that would complement the work of the Fathers of the Faith. On 21 November 1800, at the age of 21, she abandoned her dream of becoming a Carmelite and, along with three other women living in the Paris safe-house, took her vows as one of the first members of this new religious congregation, marking the foundation of the Society of the Sacred Heart. However, because the French authorities had prohibited devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the society was initially known as "Dames de la Foi" ("Women of Faith") or "de l’Instruction chrétienne" ("Christian instructors").
The first school was opened in Amiens in northern France in September 1801 and Sophie travelled to this important provincial city in order to teach. Sophie made her vows, 7 June, 1802. The new community and school grew quickly. A school giving classes to the poor of the town was opened. In December 1802, at the age of twenty-three, Sophie became Superior of the Society of the Sacred Heart.
Expansion.
In November 1804, Barat traveled to Sainte-Marie-d’en-Haut, near Grenoble in southeastern France, to receive a community of Visitation nuns into the Society. Among them was Philippine Duchesne, who would later introduce the Society to America and was canonized a saint in 1988. A second school was then established at Grenoble, followed by a third at Poitiers in western France. Father Varin envisioned an entire network of such schools and, after these first establishments in France, foundations were established in North America (1818), Italy (1828), Switzerland (1830), Belgium (1834), Algiers (1841), England (1842), Ireland (1842), Spain (1846), Holland (1848), Germany (1851), South America (1853), Austria (1853), and Poland (1857).
Barat is credited with the twofold gift of intuition in the choice of persons fitted for office, and trust of those in responsible posts. New foundations she always entrusted to other hands.
In January 1806, Barat was elected Superior General of the Society of the Sacred Heart. In 1820, she called all the superiors together in a council at Paris in order to establish a uniform course of studies for the quickly expanding network of Sacred Heart schools. These studies were to be serious, to cultivate the mind, and to create young women who would be devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and perform good deeds in God's name. As foundations continued to multiply, Sophie saw the need for a greater degree of unity, and for this sought the approval of the Vatican in Rome. By 1826, the Society of the Sacred Heart had received its decree of approbation from Rome.
In 1832 Barat founded at Lyons the "Congregation of the Children of Mary" for former pupils and other ladies.
In 1840, Barat averted a potential schism between the Vatican and the archbishop of Paris. While all her sisters pressured her to choose sides, Sophie refused to do so and was able to heal the breach. Over the course of her 65 years as the superior general, Sophie and her Society survived the regime of Napoleon, saw France undergo two more revolutions, and witnessed Italy's struggle to become a full-fledged nation.
The Sacred Heart schools quickly earned an excellent reputation.,She dreamed of educating all children regardless of their parents' financial means. For almost every new school established, a corresponding “free” school was opened to provide the poorer children of the area with a high-quality education that they would not otherwise have received.
Death.
During her 65-year leadership, the Society of the Sacred Heart grew to include more than 3,500 members educating women in Europe, North Africa, North and South America. Madeleine Sophie Barat died at the general motherhouse in Paris on Ascension Day, May 25, 1865. In 1879, she was declared venerable and was beatified on May 24, 1908. On May 24, 1925, she was canonized by Pope Pius XI.
Barat's mortal remains are located in an ornate reliquary in the church of St Francis Xavier in Paris.
Barat was known to refuse to have either her photograph or her portrait taken, and it had been believed that no portrait of her existed from her lifetime. In 1992, a portrait was discovered during a restoration at the convent of Sante Rufina e Seconda in Rome by the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of Ivrea. It is believed to have been painted prior to her beatification and sent from Italy to the Mother House in Paris in 1879. It currently hangs in the General Archives of the Society of the Sacred Heart.
One of Barat's earliest biographers was Louis Baunard, who wrote "Histoire de la vénérable Mère Madeleine-Sophie Barat, fondatrice de la Société du Sacré-Cœur de Jésus".
Quotes by Madeleine Sophie Barat.
“We don’t live with angels; we have to put up with human nature and forgive it.”
“Before making any change take counsel... Prudence and a wise slowness are necessary in the beginning.”
“More is gained by indulgence than by severity.”
"Be humble, be simple, bring joy to others."
"For the sake of one child, I would have founded the Society."
"Your example, even more than your words, will be an eloquent lesson to the world."
"Give only good example to the children; never correct them when out of humor or impatient. We must win them by an appeal to their piety and to their hearts. Soften your reprimands with kind words; encourage and reward them. That is, in short, our way of educating."
"Let us leave acts, not words. Nobody will have time to read us."
"Said of Sophie:"
“It was her way to think well of people until forced to do otherwise.”
“She loved people through their faults to the core of their best selves.”
"Be humble, be simple, bring joy to others." "For the sake of one child, I would have founded the Society."
"Your example, even more than your words, will be an eloquent lesson to the world."
"Give only good example to the children; never correct them when out of humor or impatient.
Legacy.
A number of Barat's students founded their own religious congregations. Eugénie Smet, a pupil of Lille, founded the Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls; Anne de Meeûs, a pupil in Paris, wrote the constitutions of her congregation of Religious of Perpetual Adoration at the little Château in Jette, and , a pupil in Paris, founded the Sisters of Our Lady of Fidelity.
The legacy of Madeleine Sophie Barat can be found in the more than 100 schools operated by her Society of the Sacred Heart, institutions known for the quality of the education made available to the young. She founded the Society of the Sacred Heart, which would focus on schools for the poor as well as boarding schools for young women of means; today, co-ed Sacred Heart schools can be found as well as schools exclusively for boys.
The Sophie Barat School in Hamburg, Germany, an independent, non-fee-paying, co-educational grammar school, is run by the Society of the Sacred Heart (Sacré Coeur).
Barat College in Lake Forest, Illinois, the descendant of the Academy of the Sacred Heart, was founded on Wabash Avenue in 1858 and relocated to Lake Forest in 1904. It received its charter from the State of Illinois in 1918. Barat College merged with DePaul University in 2001 and was closed in 2005.
The Barat Education Foundation, an independent nonprofit organization, was established in 2000 prior to the sale of Barat College to DePaul University. At that time, the Foundation was charged with the development and support of innovative educational programs and services that reflected the values and educational tradition of Barat College. When DePaul University closed Barat College in June 2005, the Board of Directors voted to perpetuate and build upon the Barat legacy of education, leadership and advocacy. Today, the Barat Education Foundation is committed to continuing and adapting the heritage and legacy of Barat College to the 21st century world.
The Saint Madeleine Sophie Barat Tribute and Memorial Scholarship is available annually to two new or returning students attending Oak Hill School in St. Louis, Missouri. This scholarship is funded by tribute and memorial contributions and the amount of assistance varies each year.
In popular culture.
Sophie the Giraffe, a French children's toy, was named after Madeleine Sophie Barat because the first toy went into production on May 25, 1961, St. Sophie's day.