Hordern-Richmond

Hordern-Richmond was a British aeronautical engineering company that traded between 1937 and c. 1990.
History.
Hordern-Richmond Aircraft Ltd was registered as a private company on 29 April 1937 with a nominal capital of £10,000 in 10,000 shares of £1. The objects were to carry on the business of manufacturers of and dealers in aircraft and aeronautical equipment. Frederick Gordon-Lennox, 9th Duke of Richmond with Edmund Hordern (former test pilot of Heston Aircraft Company Ltd.) originally formed the company with the intention of producing aircraft of their own design, specifically the Hordern-Richmond Autoplane, based at Denham Aerodrome. As the time did not appear appropriate, effort was concentrated on the production of wooden airscrews, with the intention of using plastics and compressed woods for the same purpose at a later date. The company employed A.A.D. Lang, who had long experience of airscrew production and Tony Fletcher as chief designer. Hordern-Richmond merged with Lang Propellers of Weybridge, and a new factory was built at Haddenham, near Thame, Buckinghamshire. In April 1940 "Flight" magazine reported that the de Havilland company acquired an interest in the company with A.S. Butler taking a seat on the board.
Personnel.
The Board and Management as constituted was: Chairman, The Duke of Richmond and Gordon; Managing Director, E. G. Hordern; Directors, A. A. D. Lang, H. S. K. Civil-Davies, C. Campbell, A. S. Butler (of de Havilland Aircraft), and C. D. Harrison; Chief Designer, A. A. Fletcher; Works Manager, A. J. Stevens; Secretary, W. J. Drummond.
The company's principal business was the development and production of airscrews using its Hydulignum laminated wood process to form the propeller blades. This product is still used today by the Permali group of companies.
Permali and Hordern-Richmond merger.
In 1954 Permali Limited purchased Hordern-Richmond Limited, both companies were manufacturers of densified wood laminates and Bakelized products, Permali under the trade names "Permali" and "Dialam." Hordern-Richmond were manufacturers of "Hydulignum" wood laminates and other products. In 1956 a new Permali factory at Gloucester was opened. This factory brought together the various manufacturing processes within the Permali group, which includes Hordern-Richmond, Ltd., Hydulignum-Jabroc (Tools), Ltd., and Jabroc, Ltd., under the trade names "Permali," "Permawood," "Hydulignum" and "Jabroc," together with "Dialam" Bakelized paper bushings and "Permaglass" glass-fibre laminates.
Permali companies in the UK still trading in 2013
As new composite material technologies were developed and as older technologies were replaced, there have been a number of new companies formed as a result of corporate restructuring, mergers and acquisitions. Permali Gloucester Limited now concentrates on composite materials using glass and aramid fibres, and used in defence and medical markets, and is privately owned following a management buy-out in 1998. Permali Deho Limited is owned by a German company, and continues to make laminated wood composites. Mekufa UK Limited manufactures epoxy insulation products used mainly in electrical engineering applications.
Hercules Propellers acquires Hordern Richmond Ltd.
In 2014 Hercules Propellers Limited, whose principle business is a worldwide aircraft propeller manufacturer, acquired Hordern Richmond Aircraft Limited. Both companies are now based in Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK.
Rupert Wasey, CEO of Hercules Propellers and Hordern Richmond received an archive of over 100 original technical drawings for Hordern Richmond designed aircraft propellers, dating back to the late 1930s, The drawings had seemingly been lost for over half a century. In 2019, the 1942 Hordern Richmond Spitfire propeller drawings were used to enable the manufacture a new propeller blades for airworthy Spitfires. Propellers for Spitfire aircraft and many other vintage aircraft types are now back in production under the Hordern Richmond Aircraft Limited name, supplying the community of vintage aircraft owners and operators.
In 2015 Hordern Richmond Aircraft Limited launched an aviation inspired gift collection which includes The Spitfire Pen, made from decommissioned WWII Spitfire Propellers.
Hordern Richmond still has strong links with the Duke of Richmonds family and the Goodwood Estate in West Sussex.


KASZ Raju

Vice Admiral Kankipati Appala Satyanarayana Zagapathi 'KASZ' Raju, PVSM, AVSM, NM is a former Flag officer in the Indian Navy. He last served as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command, from 1992 to 1994. A naval aviator, he was part of the Navy's first naval air squadron INAS 300 and was embarked on the Navy's first aircraft carrier . During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he was the executive officer of the Leopard-class frigate , for which he was awarded the Nao Sena Medal. He later commanded the Western Fleet and the Southern Naval Command.
Early life and education.
Raju joined the Rashtriya Indian Military College, Dehradun in 1948. After passing the entrance examination, he joined the 10th course of the Joint Services Wing in Dehradun in 1953. In December 1954, the National Defence Academy (NDA) was commissioned in Khadakvasla, near Pune. The 10th course moved to NDA when parts of the academy were under construction. After graduating from NDA, Raju was commissioned in the Indian Navy on 1 July 1958.
Naval career.
Early career.
Raju trained as a naval aviator and joined the first squadron of the Indian Navy - INAS 300. He flew the Hawker Sea Hawk aircraft. In February 1961, India's first aircraft carrier was commissioned in Belfast. The squadron was based out of RNAS Brawdy in Wales. In August, the Sea Hawks of INAS 300 embarked on the "Vikrant" in the English Channel. After work-up and sea trials in the Mediterranean, "Vikrant" entered home waters in November. Aircraft of the Indian Air Force welcomed the ship and INAS 300, along with INAS 310 put up a flying demonstration. The squadron then disembarked and moved to Sulur Air Force Station.
On 1 January 1968, Raju was promoted to the acting rank of Lieutenant Commander. He then served on the Naval air station INS Garuda. In June 1969, he was selected to attend the Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), Wellington in the course commencing in January 1970. After graduating from DSSC, Raju was appointed executive officer of the Leopard-class frigate .
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
In mid-1971, the , "Vikrant" along with the frigates "Brahmaputra" and were moved from the Western Fleet to the Eastern Naval Command. With this, on 1 November 1971, the Eastern Fleet came into existence, under the command of Rear Admiral S. H. Sarma. The "Brahmaputra" was deployed in the Bay of Bengal. She participated in the bombardment of Chittagong. On 14 December, "Vikrant" moved to Paradip for refuelling and the Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet transferred his flag to the "Brahmaputra". For his participation in the war as the XO of "Brahmaputra", Raju was awarded the Nau Sena Medal for gallantry.
Post-war career.
After the war, Raju was promoted to the rank of Commander. In 1973, he commanded the Inter-services guard of honour during the Independence Day celebrations at Red Fort. He then took command of the River-class frigate . "Tir" was converted into a training ship and was part of 1 Training Squadron with the erstwhile flagship as the lead ship.
Raju subsequently moved to Naval HQ as a Joint Director. In 1979, he was part of a delegation headed by the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Jagjivan Ram to Bulgaria, Romania and the United Kingdom. He then took command of the fleet tanker INS Deepak. On 27 August 1982, Raju was appointed the 15th commanding officer of "INS Vikrant" and took over from Captain A. Ghosh. During his command, the Sea Harrier aircraft were inducted and the first deck landing took place on 20 December 1983. After a two-and-a-half year stint as CO Vikrant, Raju was appointed Commanding Officer of the naval air station INS Hansa in Goa.
Flag Rank.
In 1985, Raju was promoted to the rank of acting Rear Admiral and appointed Assistant Chief of Personnel (ACOP) at Naval HQ. As ACOP he headed the career planning department. On 5 July 1987, he was appointed the next Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCWF). On 9 July, he took over command from Rear Admiral Vijai Singh Shekhawat. During his tenure, the Indian Navy's second aircraft carrier reached India. The Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi welcomed the carrier when it reached Mumbai. As the FOCWF, Raju was among the senior officers welcoming "Viraat" to India. Under his tenure, two missile frigates also joined the fleet and became efficient units.
After close to two years in command of the western fleet, Raju was promoted to the rank of Vice Admiral and moved to Naval HQ as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. In December 1990, he was appointed Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command, succeeding Vice Admiral S.P. Govil. After he took over, he was tasked with an in-depth study of the command structure of the Indian Navy. The VAdm KASZ Raju Committee report recommended multiple changes in the structure at the naval commands as well as at the Naval HQ. It also recommended conversion of the Southern Naval Command from a training command to an operational command. However, these recommendations were not implemented.
On 31 August 1992, Raju was appointed Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command, succeeding Vice Admiral H. Johnson. He led the Western Naval Command for over two-and-a-half years. On 31 December 1994, he relinquished command, handing over to Vice Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat. Raju retired from the Indian Navy on the same day after 37 years of service.


Pegasus Airpark

Pegasus Airpark is a private-use airport owned by the Pegasus Airpark Flight Association, located south of the central business district of Queen Creek, in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The airport is part of a gated community built around the runway.
Pegasus Airpark 5az3. Real estate has historically been dominated by the team Erik McCormick, realtor and publisher of the websites Airparkmap.com and ArizonaHomeandhangar.com
Facilities.
The airport has one asphalt runway:


Anatoly Nedbaylo

Anatoly Konstantinovich Nedbaylo (; 28 January 1923 13 May 2008) was an Il-2 pilot in the 75th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Forces during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
Early life.
Nedbaylo was born on 28 January 1928 to a Ukrainian peasant family in village of Izyume. After finishing nine grades of school in 1940 he trained at the Kramatorsky aeroclub, which he graduated from in 1941. In May that year he entered the Red Army, and in February 1943 he graduated from the Voroshilov Military Aviation School of Pilots.
World War II.
Having graduated from training in February, Nedbaylo arrived at the Eastern Front of World War II in March. He was placed in the 505th Assault Aviation Regiment, which was soon honored with the Guards designation and renamed the 75th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment on 18 March 1943. During a mission on 6 September 1943 he shot down a Ju-87 dive bomber over Vasilyevka raion.
Starting in 1944, Nedbaylo flew missions with Anton Malyuk as his gunner. They flew roughly 100 sorties together, and on two separate occasions they were shot down. On 5 February 1944 while returning from a target over Nikopol in poor weather, they got into a mid-air collision with another plane, leaving Nedbaylo seriously injured. Malyuk and local infantrymen helped pull the unconscious pilot out of the mangled cockpit. Both aviators in the other plane, I.A.Okhtin and T.A.Tsvirkunov, were killed by the crash. With a fractured left hand he was sent to a hospital, but in less than two months he returned to flying. After Malyuk sustained a serious head injury on mission with another pilot, Nedbaylo began flying with Dmitry Matveev as his gunner.
On 26 June Nedbaylo successfully led a mission that resulted in the destruction of Axis trains in Orsha-Tolochin, Vitebsk. During another mission he shot down a FW-190 over Vilkaviškis. During a mission in Autumn 1944, Nedbaylo felt a chest pain, but when he landed at his designated airfield after the flight, he discovered that he had been hit by enemy fire; he survived because the bullet had hit his parachute strap locks and flattened before it hit him. For flying 130 missions on the Il-2 he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 19 April 1945, and he was awarded the title again on 29 June 1945 for flying at total of 219 missions.
During the war he executed a belly-landing, sustained serious damaged to his aircraft from enemy fire, returned to the airbase with half the tail of his plane gone, and was shot down three times. Originally a low-ranking pilot in his regiment, he rose through the ranks to the position of flight commander and eventually squadron commander.
Postwar.
After the end of the war Nedbaylo remained in the military, and participated in the victory day parade. In 1951 he graduated from the Air Force Academy in Monino. From then until December 1953 he was the deputy head of the Supreme Officer's Flight School. He then became a lecturer of combat training at the academy in Monino, and in November 1956 he became the chief of staff of an aviation regiment. In December 1957 he was placed in charge of the department of tactics and military history at the Kharkov Higher Military Command School, but in October 1960 he was switched to the department of military history at the facility's School of Engineering. In 1962 he became the deputy head of the Kazan Higher Command Engineering School, after which he was part of the faculty at the Riga Higher Military Command School starting in 1964. He was the deputy superintendent of the Kiev Higher Air Force Engineering Academy from 1968 until his retirement in 1983. He was promoted to the rank lieutenant-colonel in 1949 and colonel in 1954 before he became a General-major of Aviation in 1970.


Avro 684

The Avro 684 was a proposed British high altitude heavy bomber of the Second World War, based on Avro's successful Lancaster.
Design.
Due to the increasing vulnerability of contemporary heavy bombers, the need to fly at ever higher altitudes to avoid Anti-aircraft fire and fighter interception became paramount. Avro developed the Lancaster to fulfil the requirement for such a high altitude bomber completing a brochure in August 1941, for the Avro 684 Stratosphere Bomber. Chadwick decided to design a bomber that would dispense with defensive armament and rely on altitude and speed to evade enemy defences and was essentially a Lancaster with the nose section containing a pressure cabin (similar to the cabin from the Vickers Wellington B Mark X) and a large 'chin' mounted air intake and heat exchanger assembly. Pressure in the cabin was to be maintained at the equivalent up to .
To achieve this performance, Chadwick used an engine arrangement called the 'Master-Slave' layout. The four wing-mounted Rolls-Royce Merlin XX engines driving four-bladed diameter Rotol propellers, were to be supercharged by a fuselage-mounted slave Rolls-Royce Merlin 45 engine driving a large supercharger supplying pressurised air via an intercooler. The output from the slave engine was to be controlled to supply air at equivalent pressure between and .
Due to the pressure of constant developments to the Lancaster and design work on the York, the 684 was abandoned.


The Marco Polo Club


Brian Courtenay Yarde

Air Vice Marshal Brian Courtenay Yarde, (5 September 1905 – 29 October 1986) was a Royal Air Force officer during the Second World War and a senior commander in the 1950s.
Early life and career.
Born on 5 September 1905, Brian Yarde was educated at Bedford School and at the Royal Air Force College Cranwell, where he received the Sword of Honour in 1926. During the Second World War he served in France, Malaya, and in the Middle East. In 1945, he was appointed as Deputy Director of Bomber Operations at the Air Ministry. Between 1947 and 1949 he was Station Commander of RAF Gatow during the Berlin Airlift, and between 1951 and 1953 he was Provost Marshal and Chief of the Royal Air Force Police. Between 1953 and 1954 he was Air Officer Commanding No. 62 Group, and between 1954 and 1957 he was Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment.
Air Vice Marshal Yarde retired from the Royal Air Force in 1957. He died on 29 October 1986.


Pegasus Quantum

The Pegasus Quantum is a British two-seat, ultralight trike that was designed and produced by Pegasus Aviation and later by P&M Aviation. The aircraft was supplied as a completed aircraft.
In the early 2000s Pegasus Aviation was merged with rival Mainair Sports into P&M Aviation, and production of the Quantum continued but shifted from the Pegasus plant in Marlborough, Wiltshire, to the Mainair factory in Rochdale. As the company rationalized the two aircraft lines, Quantum production ended. By 2012 the manufacturer indicated, "This aircraft is no longer in production...Full spares and support are still available and will remain so for the foreseeable future. Complete aircraft can still be manufactured but by special request only."
Design and development.
The Quantum was intended as an up-scale touring trike for long distance flying. It was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . It is also certified to comply with UK BCAR Section "S" and German DULV microlight certification. The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.
The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminium tubing, with its double-surface Pegasus Q2 wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. The Quantum line includes a number of models that incorporate various options packages and engines.
Operational history.
Quantums have been used for a number of record-setting flights, including the first microlight flight around the world, flown by Brian Milton and Keith Reynolds in the Quantum 912 "Global Flyer" between 14 March - 21 July 1998.
Milton explains why he chose the Quantum at the start of planning for the record-circling flight:
The Quantum was also flown by Simon Baker to win the World Microlight Championships.


Thomas J. Hanley Jr.

Thomas James Hanley, Jr. was an American Air Force major general who served in the Pacific Theater during World War Two and commanded the 11th Air Force at the start of the Cold War.
Early life.
Thomas Hanley was born, in Coshocton, Ohio, the third of six children of Thoms Hanley Sr, an Irish immigrant, and Mary (O'Connor) Hanley.
Military service.
Hanley graduated from the United States Military Academy with the Class of 1915. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry on June 12, 1915. Though originally assigned to the Twenty-Third Infantry in Texas, Hanley was moved to the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps in August 1916. He promptly entered the Corps's Aviation School in San Diego and was able to graduate from flying school by the following April. Following graduation, Hanley was assigned to the First Aero Squadron in New Mexico for about a month before being transferred to Texas to serve with the Fifth and then the Nineteenth Aero Squadrons.
In February 1918, he was given his first command, that of the 274th Aero Squadron, based at Taliaferro Field in Texas. The following month Hanley was appointed engineering officer and commanding officer of the entire airfield. He went on to command Carruthers Field, also in Texas, until December 1919. At this point Hanley was transferred to Langley Field, Virginia to serve as an executive officer. In July 1920, he was transferred to the Air Service from the Infantry. In November of that year he was appointed director of the administration course at what was later redesignated the Tactical School.
In December 1921, Hanley was transferred to Kindley Field in the Philippines to command the 2nd Observation Squadron until August 1922 and the Provisional Administration Company until September 1922. He was then moved to Camp Nichols to assume command of the 28th Bombardment Squadron.
After returning to the United States in March 1924, Hanley was given command of Crissy Field in California. That August, he entered the Army Industrial College and graduated the following February at which point he was assigned the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War. In 1930 he graduated from the Command and General Staff School after two years of study and was placed as the assistant commandant of the Advanced Flying School. Following a short transfer to the Primary Flying School, Hanley became an instructor at the Command and General Staff School in 1932.
Hanley went on to be named the chief of the First Air Force and the base commander for that unit in June 1941. By the following January he had been assigned to the Army Air Force headquarters in Washington, where he later became the chief of staff. In May 1943 Hanley was given command of the Southeast Air Force Training Center at Maxwell Field in Alabama. A year later, he again left the United States, this time as the commanding general of the China-Burma-India Air Service Command. By July 1945, he had assumed command of all Army Air Forces in India and Burma, this in addition to his duties with the Air Service Command.
Hanley returned to Army Air Force headquarters in the United States in January 1946 and was given command of the 11th Air Force in June of the same year. He retired from the Air Force in 1952 at the rank of major general.
Awards.
On November 23, 1944 Hanley was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal for "exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service...as Commanding General Eastern Flight Training Command".
He was also awarded the Legion of Merit while serving as the Deputy Chief of Staff for the Headquarters of the U.S. Army Air Force. Hanley went on to earn a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a second Legion of Merit.
Hanley was awarded the Air Medal and appointed Honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath.
Personal life.
Hanley married Cecelia Meilleur on June 12, 1917. They had two sons, Thomas James III, who also served in the Air Force, and Dexter Long, a Jesuit priest, as well as one daughter, Cecile Marie.


Alaska Lounge


Kivalina Airport

Kivalina Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located in Kivalina, a city in the Northwest Arctic Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska.
Facilities.
Kivalina Airport has one runway (12/30) with a gravel surface measuring 3,000 x 60 ft. (914 x 18 m).
Airlines and destinations.
Prior to its bankruptcy and cessation of all operations, Ravn Alaska served the airport from multiple locations.


Ralph Sorley

Air Marshal Sir Ralph Squire Sorley, (9 January 1898 – 17 November 1974) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force (RAF). He began was a pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service during the First World War, and rose to senior command in the Second World War. After the latter he held several senior appointments until his retirement in 1948. and in 1947 was made a Commander of the Legion of Merit of the United States of America.
Sorley was instrumental in the specification of the armament of both the Supermarine Spitfire and the Hawker Hurricane, he founded the Empire Test Pilots' School, foresaw the need for air-to-air missiles in the post-Second World War world and, having left the RAF to join De Havilland, provided the RAF with such a weapon system.
Military career.
Sorley joined the Royal Naval Air Service in 1914. He served with distinction as a pilot in the First World War, earning the Distinguished Service Cross "for the determined and successful bombing attacks on the "Breslau" and "Goeben" on 20 January 1918, and subsequent days, both by day and by night." In the immediate post-war years he served in Iraq and Palestine before returning in 1924 to join the staff of the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment in Felixstowe.
Sorley was appointed Officer Commanding No. 8 Squadron in 1931 and squadron leader at the Operational Requirements section at the Air Ministry in 1933. It was during his time as squadron leader in charge at the Operational Requirements section that the Operational Requirement F.36/34, which governed the procurement of both the Supermarine Spitfire and the Hawker Hurricane, was amended on his recommendation to change the armament from two .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns in each wing to four .303 in (7.7 mm) Brownings. This recommendation was based on extensive work carried out by Air Ministry staff, the mathematical calculations showing the need for eight machine guns being carried out by Captain F. W. 'Gunner' Hill. Sorley went on to be Officer Commanding, No. 4 Armament Training Station at RAF West Freugh in 1937.
In 1939 Sorley was made Station Commander at RAF Upwood and in 1940 he became Commandant of the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE), MOD Boscombe Down, after which he became Assistant Chief of the Air Staff. In his role as Controller of Research & Development, Ministry of Aircraft Production in 1943 he created the Test Pilots' Training Flight, which was soon renamed the Test Pilots' School, the world's first such training establishment. It became the Empire Test Pilots' School the following year. He was knighted in the King's Birthday Honours List in June 1944. After the War he was appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief at Technical Training Command.
Upon his retirement from the RAF in 1948, Sorley joined the Board of De Havilland Propellers Ltd as its Managing Director, a post he held for twelve years. He recognised the need to diversify from manufacturing propellers due to the advent of the jet engine and was instrumental in the development of the de Havilland Firestreak airborne infrared missile, which became the RAF's main air defence weapon at the time.


Pinellas Army Air Field

Pinellas Army Airfield, was a United States Army Air Forces installation during World War II, located 9.8 miles northwest of St. Petersburg, Florida.
History.
Constructed on the site of the Pinellas County Municipal Airport, construction of the airport at its present site started in March 1941. It was established chiefly for the purpose of training newly graduated pilots the art of combat flying. It was activated on 9 April 1942, being placed under the jurisdiction of Third Air Force, III Fighter Command, and was assigned to Sarasota Army Airfield as a sub-base.
The first operational flying squadron assigned to Pinellas AAF was the 304th Fighter Squadron, arriving on 30 August 1942. The 440th was equipped with P-39 Airacobras, and was assigned to the 337th Fighter Group at Sarasota AAF. During its first year of operations, the squadron also received some P-43 Lancers for the training mission. In April 1943, the 440th Fighter Squadron was moved from Sarasota AAF and became a second training squadron at Pinellas AAF. With the arrival of the 440th, both squadrons were equipped with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks as trainers. As many as 1,500 Third Army Air Force trainees, could be found at this site at any one time.
Trainees received practical experience in aerial combat maneuvering, air-to-air and air-to-ground gunnery, and dive bombing techniques. On 1 May 1944, both the 304th and 440th Fighter Squadrons were inactivated as a result of the numbered training units in the Zone of the Interior (ZI) (i.e., Continental United States) being re-designated in an administrative reorganization by HQ Army Air Force. They was replaced by the Pinellas Replacement Unit (Fighter, Single-Engine), with the fighter squadrons being re-designated as "A" and "B" squadrons. Later in 1944, the P-40s were replaced by newer P-51 Mustangs when they became available for training.
On 1 October 1944, Pinellas Army Airfield stood up as a fully operational III Fighter Command Base under the control of nearby Drew Army Airfield in Tampa. The mission of the base was expanded to include the III Fighter Command Gunnery School, the III Fighter Command Instructors School, and the III Fighter Command Rocket School. These new schools, in addition to the Fighter Replacement Unit, came under the command of the 341st Army Air Forces Base Unit.
With the end of the European War in May 1945, the pace of training replacement pilots slowed down during the summer months. On 24 June 1945 a hurricane hit the Tampa area and training was temporarily suspended, the aircraft being evacuated out of the area. The hurricane damaged some buildings but training was resumed in a few days. Over the Independence Day holiday in July 1945, the base held its first open house, with thousands of local residents welcomed onto the base, seeing a display of fighter aircraft and other planes flown in from Third Air Force bases. Acrobatic displays of flying were performed.
Closure.
With the sudden Japanese surrender in early August 1945, orders were received from III Fighter Command that training of replacement pilots was to end. Pilots already in training were allowed to complete their training, however no new trainees would arrive. By the end of August, the students were being reassigned to other bases and the number of base support personnel was being reduced at a rapid rate.
In late September 1945, Headquarters, Third Air Force sent orders to Pinellas AAF announcing that the base would be inactivated as of 30 November 1945 and be transferred to Air Technical Service Command in a standby status. Under ATSC, buildings and equipment were sold and any useful military equipment was transferred to other bases around the country. The base was declared as surplus in 1946 and was turned over to the War Assets Administration (WAA) for disposal and return to civil use.
Current use.
The airport was subsequently returned to Pinellas County. It was stipulated that the airport must continue be used as an airport for aviation purposes, and if not, that it be returned to the U.S. Government. Today, the airport is St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport, a joint civil-military commercial airport that is also home to Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater and a U.S. Army Reserve Army Aviation Support Facility.
A plaque was dedicated at the St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport passenger terminal in 1994 by the P-51 Fighter Pilots Association and Brigadier General James H. Howard, USAF (Ret), the only European Theater fighter pilot to be awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II and the last wartime base commander of Pinellas Army Airfield.


RCAF Station Baden-Soellingen


Nikolai Semeyko

Nikolai Illarionovich Semeyko (, ; 25 March 1923 – 20 April 1945) was a Soviet Il-2 pilot and navigator during World War II who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
Early life.
Semeyko was born on 25 March 1923 to a working-class Ukrainian family in Sloviansk. He completed nine grades of school and graduated from an aeroclub before entering the military in August 1940. There he trained in aviation, and in February 1943 he graduated from the Voroshilovgrad Military Aviation School of pilots, which was based in Kazakhstan away from the front of the war. He became a member of the Communist Party in 1943.
In combat.
Upon arriving at the warfront in March 1943 as a pilot in the 505th Attack Aviation Regiment on the Southern Front, he began flying combat sorties on the Il-2. Later that same month the unit was honored with the guards designation and renamed to the 75th Guards Attack Aviation Regiment. During a mission in November he was badly injured during a flight after being attacked by two Bf 109s, but despite getting blood in his eyes he went on the target before returning.
Despite having arrived in the regiment as a just an enlisted pilot, he quickly rose through the ranks, becoming promoted to captain in January 1945 in addition to moving up the chain of command to flight commander, deputy squadron commander, squadron commander, and eventually regimental navigator. On the day after he was declared a Hero of the Soviet Union for the first time, he was killed in action during a mission after being shot down by anti-aircraft fire from the ground. His colleagues, including Anatoly Nedbaylo, avenged him by targeting the anti-aircraft gun that shot him down, heavily opening fire on it. At the time of his death he had already been nominated for a second gold star, since he had been nominated for it on 16 April. During his life he was nominated for the title three times: the first time on April 1944 which was not successful, again in October 1944 for 144 sorties which was awarded on 19 April 1945, and on 16 April 1945 for flying 227 sorties, which was awarded posthumously. In total he flew 228 combat sorties on the Il-2, targeting a variety of enemy equipment which included damaging or destroying 17 tanks, a train, 12 aircraft on the ground, and 32 cars. He never had the opportunity to wear the gold star medal since he died before the first gold star medal was given to him.
References.
Bibliography.


List of defunct airlines of Malta

This is a list of defunct airlines of Malta.


Aircraft ground handling

In aviation, aircraft ground handling defines the servicing of an aircraft while it is on the ground and (usually) parked at a terminal gate of an airport.
Overview.
Many airlines subcontract ground handling to airports, handling agents or even to another airline. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), conservative estimates indicate airlines outsource more than 50 per cent of the ground handling that takes place at the world's airports. Ground handling addresses the many service requirements of an airliner between the time it arrives at a terminal gate and the time it departs on its next flight. Speed, efficiency, and accuracy are important in ground handling services in order to minimize the turnaround time (the time during which the aircraft must remain parked at the gate). Faster turnarounds for lower ground times are correlated to better profits.
Airlines with less-frequent service or fewer resources at a particular location sometimes subcontract ground handling or on-call aircraft maintenance to another airline, as it is a short-term cheaper alternative to setting up its own ground handling or maintenance capabilities.
Airlines may participate in an industry-standard Mutual Assistance Ground Service Agreement (MAGSA). The MAGSA is published by the Air Transport Association (the current version is from 1981) and is used by airlines to assess prices for maintenance and support to aircraft at so-called MAGSA Rates, which are updated annually based on changes in the U.S. Producer Price Index. Airlines may choose to contract for ground handling services under the terms of a Standard Ground Handling Agreement (SGHA) published in the International Air Transport Association (IATA) "Airport Handling Manual". Airlines may also contract for ground handling services under non-standard terms.
Most ground services are not directly related to the actual flying of the aircraft, and instead involve other tasks. The major categories of ground handling services are described below.
Cabin service.
The primary aim of this service offering is to ensure passenger comfort. While cabin cleaning comprises the bulk of the effort, it also includes tasks such as replenishing onboard consumables (soap, tissues, toilet paper, reading materials) and washable items like pillows and blankets.
Catering.
Catering includes the unloading of unused food and drink from the aircraft, and the loading of fresh food and drink for passengers and crew. In flight airline meals are delivered at the seats in "airline service trolleys." Empty or trash-filled trolley from the previous flight are replaced with fresh ones. Meals are prepared mostly on the ground in order to minimize the amount of preparation (apart from chilling or reheating) required in flight.
While some airlines provide their own catering, others have either owned catering companies in the past and divested themselves of the companies, or have outsourced their catering to third-party companies. Airline catering sources include the following companies:
Ramp service.
This includes services on the ramp or apron, such as:
Passenger service.
This includes services inside the airport terminal such as:
Field operation service.
This service dispatches the aircraft, maintains communication with the rest of the airline operation at the airport and with Air Traffic Control.


Carl Austin-Behan

Carl Jason Austin-Behan (born 1972) is a British former politician and community activist who currently serves as LGBT adviser to the Mayor of Greater Manchester. He served as Lord Mayor of Manchester from May 2016 to May 2017, being its first openly gay Lord Mayor. He was Labour councillor for Burnage from 2011 to 2018.
He served in the RAF from April 1991 until October 1997 and in 2001, aged 29, he won Mr Gay UK.
Early life and education.
Austin-Behan was born in north Manchester and grew up in Crumpsall.
Career.
He was discharged from the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1997 for being gay at a time when it was illegal to be openly gay in the RAF.
He was elected to Manchester City Council as Labour Member for Burnage ward in May 2011. In 2016 he was made Lord Mayor of Manchester, and his term ended in May 2017. He was Manchester's first openly gay Lord Mayor and one of its youngest at 44. In November 2017 Labour deselected him as the Labour candidate for the local elections in May 2018. He said that he was "hurt, upset and gutted" to have been deselected in favour of Momentum candidate Ben Clay.
In August 2018, he was appointed LGBT advisor to Greater Manchester mayor, Andy Burnham.
Personal life.
Austin-Behan married his partner of 12 years, Simon Behan in December 2015. In May 2016 the "Metro" reported that the couple were in the process of adopting a child.


Robert Clothier

Robert Allan Clothier, DFC (October 21, 1921 – February 10, 1999) was a Canadian stage and television actor most famous for his role on the CBC television show, "The Beachcombers".
Biography.
Like many of his contemporaries, he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at an early age. He learned to fly at #1 Elementary Flying School and #4 Service Flying Training School, and flew operationally with 408 Squadron RCAF. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on December 5, 1944, the citation reading,
"This officer has completed numerous sorties in the role of pilot, involving attacks on most of the enemy's heavily defended
targets. On all occasions he has pressed home his attacks with great determination and by his personal example of courage, coolness and confidence has set an example which has inspired all with whom he has flown."
On December 23, 1944, while serving as an instructor with No. 5 Operational Training Unit in Boundary Bay, British Columbia, F/L Clothier was the pilot of a Mitchell bomber that crashed on takeoff. Three on board were killed and Clothier was the only survivor, but he was severely injured with a broken back. He was paralyzed from the waist down for two years. His brother, F/L John George Clothier, was also a pilot in Bomber Command and was killed March 5–6, 1945.
After the war, Clothier studied Architecture at the University of British Columbia followed by a stay in England studying theatre. Clothier returned to British Columbia, eventually settling in the Capilano Highlands area of North Vancouver and became well known in the Vancouver area as a stage actor as well as an accomplished sculptor and painter.
Acting.
The Beachcombers.
In "The Beachcombers" he portrayed Bruno Gerussi's rival beachcomber, Relic – a conniving man of Welsh descent who lived on a house boat and used his jetboat to outrun and challenge Nick's claims to logs.
He landed the memorable role of Relic, the curmudgeonly, unscrupulous rival of Nick Adonidas in "The Beachcombers" and became a household face as it originally aired from 1972 to 1990, one of the longest running Canadian television dramas of all time. Despite Relic's role as Nick's antagonist, his character was well loved by viewers who enjoyed his antics and frequent comeuppance. Relic's actual character-name was Stafford Phillips. Relic was once referred to as "Taffy," a reference to an English nursery rhyme, "Taffy was a Welshman."
Clothier had a dispute with CBC over royalties he believed were owed to him for reruns and overseas sales of "The Beachcombers".
Other roles.
After "The Beachcombers" ended its lengthy run, Clothier continued to perform in TV and film productions made in Canada, including two episodes of the American series "The X-Files" (which initially was filmed in Vancouver).
Honours.
In 1995, the North Shore Arts Commission, of North Vancouver, British Columbia, honoured Clothier with its first FANS award for his contribution to the arts.
Personal life.
In 1996, Clothier suffered a stroke and was in poor health until his death in 1999. After his stroke, he taught himself to paint with his left hand. He and his wife, Shirley Broderick, had two children, a daughter, Jessica, and a son, John and a granddaughter, Lucy. He was also a Renault fan and had a small collection of Renault 17 Gordini cars at his property in North Vancouver through the 1970s and 1980s.


Daniel Webster College

Daniel Webster College (DWC) was a college in Nashua, New Hampshire, United States, that operated from 1965 through 2017 and had a strong aeronautics focus during much of its history. It was a private, nonprofit college until 2009, when ITT Educational Services, Inc. bought it and converted it to a for-profit model. ITT declared bankruptcy in September 2016. Daniel Webster College was operated through the 2016-17 academic year by Southern New Hampshire University, after which the college was closed. As of early 2020, the campus was unoccupied.
History.
The college was established in 1965 as the New England Aeronautical Institute and was associated with Boire Field, now Nashua Airport. In 1978, it merged with its Daniel Webster Junior College division to become Daniel Webster College.
By the mid-2000s, the college was having financial problems and failing to meet "financial responsibility standards" of the United States Department of Education, a measure of economic viability. In 2009, it received a score of 0.5 out of 3 on that scale, with 1.5 considered passing. Faced with the loss of educational accreditation and federal funding, which would have forced it to close, it was acquired by ITT Educational Services, Inc., the parent company of the ITT Technical Institutes, in June 2009 for $29.3 million. The new owner converted the college to a for-profit institution.
In 2010, ITT Educational Services phased out the flight program and stopped accepting new flight students, while allowing students currently enrolled in the program to complete their education. The last of these graduated in 2013. Following the suspension of the flight program, undergraduate enrollment declined from 900 to approximately 650.
In August 2016, the U.S. Department of Education prohibited ITT Educational Services from enrolling new students who used federal financial aid, because accreditor ACICS threatened to revoke accreditation for the 130 other schools that it ran. The school suspended new enrollment, then on September 6, ceased operations. The 2016-17 academic year at Daniel Webster was not threatened because it used a different accreditor, the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC). However, the NEASC said the Department of Education's "extraordinary demands" implied that the college did not meet its standards either, and required the college to show why its NEASC accreditation should not be withdrawn as well. Daniel Webster agreed to submit such a report, but by September 9, the federal government refused to release financial aid for Daniel Webster students. Daniel Webster College, Inc. and the parent corporation filed for bankruptcy on September 16.
Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU), a non-profit college in Manchester, New Hampshire, hired 87 of DWC's faculty and staff to let the 2016-17 academic year proceed in Nashua. Seniors could graduate from Daniel Webster, while underclassmen had the option of continuing their subsequent years at SNHU.
Campus.
The main campus was located on next to Nashua Airport, comprising three academic buildings, a gymnasium, and an auditorium. Residences included four traditional dormitories and 15 townhouse-style residences.
Academics.
The school offered 17 campus-based B.S. degree programs, and 9 online degree programs including the M.B.A. The school was accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. Daniel Webster's aeronautical engineering and mechanical engineering programs were accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.
Athletics.
Initially, a limited athletics program competed in NEIA basketball. Later, Daniel Webster enjoyed some success in baseball and men's soccer; the soccer program won the Greater Boston Small College Conference championship in 1980 and 1981.
The college joined the NCAA as an independent in 1993. It became a charter member of both the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC) in 1996 and the New England Collegiate Conference (NECC) in 2007. That year, Daniel Webster was declared the NECC's top overall athletics program, finishing first among all men's programs and second among women's programs. The program was a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC).
At its height in the NECC, the Daniel Webster Eagles comprised 17 NCAA Division III varsity athletic teams. Programs for men included baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, and volleyball. Women's programs included basketball, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, and volleyball. The college had sponsored men's tennis, which played on an on-campus court in the 1990s, and also briefly sponsored both wrestling and women's ice hockey.
Indoor sports were played at the Mario Vagge Gymnasium, named in honor of the former Nashua mayor who served from 1958–65 and was a college benefactor. The campus had fields for baseball, softball, and soccer/lacrosse. Ice hockey, which was sponsored as a club program for over two decades before joining the NCAA in 2015, was played at Tully Forum in Billerica, Massachusetts, as well as Skate 3 in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, then at Conway Arena in Nashua in its final years.
The athletics programs had limited success during their time in the GNAC, winning just one championship (baseball in 1996). However, in the NECC with its smaller colleges, Daniel Webster won championships in baseball, men's cross country, field hockey, women's basketball, women's volleyball, and men's soccer. It also saw a significant increase in both all-conference and major conference award winners.
SNHU did not acquire the Daniel Webster athletic programs.
Disposition.
SNHU tried to buy the Nashua campus, but its bids were rejected and SNHU instead opted to build a new engineering building of its own by 2019.
SNHU purchased DWC's flight center, tower building, and hangar at Nashua Airport for $400,000.
Chinese businessman Sui Liu, doing business as Xinhua Education Consulting Services, acquired the remainder of the campus and buildings for close to $12 million in mid-2018. Representatives of the company petitioned the New Hampshire Higher Education Commission to continue using the Daniel Webster name, but the Commission rejected two petitions, citing dispute over the ownership of the name. As of early 2019, there were no signs of any development of the property. In mid-2019, the mayor of Nashua said the owners thought they were buying an operating campus and not just real estate.
In 2019, Rivier University got Liu's permission to make the overgrown baseball field playable again and opened its baseball season there.


Air Norterra


Airpark

A residential airpark (also spelled air park) is also referred to as a "fly-in community". The word can also refer to a community specifically designed around an airport where the residents each would own their own airplane which they park in their hangar usually attached to the home or integrated into their home. The residential airpark or fly-in community features one or more runways with homes adjacent to the runway. Many fly-in communities feature a variety of amenities, such as golf course, equestrian facilities and more. Residential airparks or fly-in communities are usually privately owned and restricted to use by the property owners and their invited guests. Most do not include commercial operations or businesses. The communities have also become a niche real estate market, with some firms dedicated solely to these developments.
The first airpark was Sierra Sky Park in Fresno, California, established in 1946. The Living With Your Plane Association estimates that there are at least 426 residential airparks in the United States. Florida is estimated to have 52 airparks, followed by Washington with 50, California with 28, and Oregon with 23.


Alpha One Airways


509th Air Refueling Squadron


Port Alexander Seaplane Base

Port Alexander Seaplane Base is a city owned, public use seaplane base located in Port Alexander, a city at the southeastern corner of Baranof Island in the Petersburg Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a "general aviation" facility.
As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 139 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 189 enplanements in 2009, and 146 in 2010. Scheduled airline passenger service is subsidized by the United States Department of Transportation via the Essential Air Service program.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Port Alexander is assigned AHP by the FAA and PTD by the IATA. The airport's ICAO identifier is PAAP.
Facilities and aircraft.
Port Alexander Seaplane Base has one seaplane landing area designated N/S which measures 3,000 by 300 feet (914 x 91 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 325 aircraft operations, an average of 27 per month: 77% air taxi and 23% general aviation.
Airlines and destinations.
The following airline offers scheduled passenger service:


British Midland Airways


Iskwew Air

Iskwew Air is a Canadian Airline based at Vancouver International Airport.
Iskwew Air was founded in 2018 by the airline’s CEO, Teara Fraser. The airline officially launched March 2019. Fraser has announced plans to enter the domestic Canadian passenger charter sector, as well as offering a scheduled passenger service.
Iskwew Air promotes itself as a 100% Indigenous and woman-owned air company. The airline aims to boost accessibility for remote communities across the province, as well as boosting indigenous tourism. All operations will be in cooperation with the Indigenous Tourism Association of Canada.
The airline's first partnership is with Homalco Wildlife & Cultural Tours based in Campbell River, where it will help provide remote nature tours.
Fleet.
As of July 2019, Iskwew Air operates the following aircraft:
Base.
The airline operates out of Vancouver International Airport (YVR), from the South Terminal.


List of fatal accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft in the United States

This is a list of fatal commercial aviation accidents and incidents in or in the vicinity of the United States or its territories.
It comprises a subset of both the list of accidents and incidents involving airliners in the United States and the list of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft.
It does not include fatalities due to accidents and incidents solely involving private aircraft or military aircraft.
All incidents involving commercial aircraft in the United States are investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board.


Take On Helicopters

Take On Helicopters is a video game developed by Bohemia Interactive. It was released 27 October 2011 for Microsoft Windows, with its first official downloadable content (DLC) .V
D4, "" being released 15 March 2012. The DLC features three different versions of the Mi-24 Hind (Mil Mi-24 V, Mi-24 P and SuperHind Mk.III). It is the first game in the "Take On" video game series, followed by "Take On Mars".
The campaign takes place primarily in the then-future of 2013, on a 3,800 square kilometer section of Seattle, Washington and its surrounding metropolitan area. In the campaign mode, the player takes on the role of a civilian helicopter pilot, Tom Larkin, whose civil aviation business is struggling through hard times. The campaign involves different types of contracts which the player earns money, which can be used to buy, repair, and upgrade helicopters. The campaign also features flashback missions, where the player takes on the role of Larkin's older brother, Joe Larkin, during his military service as a U.S. Army helicopter pilot during a 2012 war in Takistan, the fictional country that was the setting of Bohemia Interactive's 2010 video game, "".
Plot.
In the summer of 2013, former U.S. Army helicopter pilot and war veteran, Joe Larkin, and his younger brother, Tom Larkin, take over their Seattle-based family business, civil aviation provider, Larkin Aviation, after the death of their father, who was also the owner. Only mere weeks away from closure, the Larkin brothers face an uncertain future in a struggling economy. Trying to save what their father has built, they decide to take on contracts, and competitors.
Gameplay.
"Take On Helicopters" is primarily a civil aviation video game focused on rotary-wing aircraft, featuring three different classes of helicopters: light, medium, and heavy. In addition to the career, the game includes challenges, time trials, training, a mission editor, free flight, and multiplayer.
"Take On Helicopters" is set in two large open world terrains (North American and South Asia) based upon real-world terrain-data. The former features 60 km x 60 km terrain of detailed Seattle city, suburban, industrial, water and woodland bodies while the latter - South Asia - includes 120 km x 120 km of deserts, rivers and simple villages. The game also features a powerful mission editor and supports modding. Sample missions and sample helicopter models have been released to support mission editors and mod-makers. The flight model in "Take On Helicopters" is based on helicopter dynamics middleware by RTDynamics.
Development.
On 24 June 2011 a community preview version of "Take On Helicopters" was released to the public. This version was available to anyone who owned "ARMA 2: Operation Arrowhead". 4 October 2011 a beta version of the game was released for those who had pre-ordered the game. "Bohemia Interactive" regularly releases public beta patches for their games before they are officially released.
Downloadable content.
"Take On Helicopters: Hinds" is the first downloadable content. Shifting focus to a more combat-oriented experience, "Hinds" puts players in the seat of Mil Mi-24, also known as the Hind.
Reception.
"Take On Helicopters" received mostly positive reviews, being praised for its gameplay and scenery, but receiving criticism for its storyline.


TAV Airports Holding

TAV Airports Holding () is a Turkish airport operation and services firm that is part of Groupe ADP. It is one of the world's largest airport operators, providing services to 1 million flights and 152 million passengers in 2018.
TAV was established as a joint venture between Tepe Construction, Akfen, and Airport Consulting Vienna in 1997. Today, it is the leading airport operator in Turkey and also provides duty free, food and beverage, ground handling, IT and security services.
History.
In October 2011, TAV Airports was put for sale for €2 billion, with Credit Suisse handling the bid process. On March 12, 2012, TAV announced the planned sale of 38% of the firm's issued share capital to the group Aéroports de Paris for a total consideration of 874 million USD. The sale value was determined based on the 32% premium of the company's latest closing price. The two companies provide service for 180 million passengers at 37 airports in total. Chairman Hamdi Akın and CEO Sani Şener continued in their positions.
In January 2015, TAV Airports won the bid on the $1.1 billion project to increase Bahrain International Airport's capacity from 4 to 14 million, with a 51-month engagement to build it. In October 2015, TAV Airports won a 20-year lease of the Milas–Bodrum Airport with the bid price of €717 million. In the USA, TAV made an entry by winning the bid for the duty-free areas of the George Bush Intercontinental Airport.
In January 2016, Sani Sener, CEO of TAV Airports Holding, announced its intention to penetrate the Iranian market. As of August 2016, TVA Airports was in negotiation with the Cuban government to create a consortium along with the French company Bouygues for the expansion and management of La Havana's José Martí International Airport. The deal would also include the development of the San Antonio de los Baños Airfield.
Activities.
In addition to operating 18 airports, TAV is involved in duty-free sales, food and beverage services, ground handling services, information technologies, security, and operation services.
In 2010, 55% of the firm's consolidated revenues were non-aviational. It generated 753 million Euro consolidated revenues. The company's shares have been listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange since February 23, 2007, under the "TAVHL" ticker symbol.
Airports operated.
As of May 2020, TAV operates the following airports:


Vasily Mykhlik

Vasily Ilyich Mykhlik (; 29 December 1922 29 December 1996) was an Ilyushin Il-2 pilot and squadron commander in the 566th Assault Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Forces during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. After the war he rose to the rank of colonel and later became an engineer.
Early life.
Mykhlik was born on 29 December 1922 in Soldatskoye village, Nikolayev Governorate, Ukrainian SSR to a Ukrainian peasant family. In 1925 his family moved to the city of Krivoy Rog, where he completed his tenth grade of school in 1940 before entering the military in November. After graduating from the Volsk Military School of Aircraft Mechanics in September 1941 he worked as an aircraft mechanic for the 8th Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment until starting pilot training in March. From then until December 1942 he trained under the 2nd Separate Training Aviation Regiment, and from December 1942 to April 1943 he underwent further training at the 224th Assault Aviation Division Retraining Center.
World War II.
Having arrived at warfront in April 1943 as a pilot in the 566th Assault Aviation Regiment with the rank of senior sergeant, he did not fly his first combat mission until 12 July. However, once he experienced his baptism by fire he quickly began to accumulate more sorties, totaling five missions in one day on 26 July. Despite being shot down and having to make an emergency landing on 31 January 1944, he and his gunner managed to safely return to their unit just a few days a later. On 6 August 1944 he was nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union for having totaled 105 sorties on the Il-2. Mykhlik continued to quickly rise through the ranks of his unit, gaining promotion to squadron commander in November 1944. That year he was admitted to the Communist Party. While the squadron was under his command its crews totaled 309 sorties but lost only one of their own aircraft. In addition to flying combat sorties as squadron commander he took on the responsibility of flight training, training six new pilots in 1945. On 27 March 1945 he was nominated for a second gold star, which he received in June. By the end of the war he was credited with 188 combat sorties, taking out 35 tanks, two ammunition depots, 8 anti-aircraft artillery batteries, five steam locomotives, 19 rail cars, 114 trucks, and shot down one FW 190. Throughout the war he fought on the Western, Bryansk, Leningrad and 3rd Belorussian fronts, participating in the battles of Kursk, Orel, Krasnoye selso-Ropsha, Leningrad, Novgorod, Vyborg, Narva, Tallinn, East Prussia, Koenigsberg, and Zemland.
Later life.
Mykhlik continued to serve as the senior navigator of his wartime regiment until he transferred to the 118th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment in June 1946, but he left in November to attend the Air Force Academy, which he graduated from in 1951. He then held the post of pilot-inspector for flight technique in the 5th Guards Assault Aviation Division until December 1952. He then briefly worked as a flight inspector for the combat training department for the air force of the Moscow Military District before becoming the deputy commander of a research aviation regiment in April 1953; however, he left in July for the position of senior flight inspector at the 4th Air Force Combat Use Center, where he remained until 1958. From 1958 to 1960 he was the senior flight inspector of the Aviation Training Directorate of the Central Committee of DOSAAF, and from then until leaving the military in 1966 he was the duty officer of the flight control command post of General Staff. Throughout his career he flew the Il-2, Il-10, Il-28, MiG-17, Yak-11, Yak-12, and Yak-18. After retiring from the military with the rank of colonel in October 1966 he worked as an engineer for a construction trust, being promoted to senior engineer in 1967 and eventually becoming head of the consolidated personnel recruiting department of field construction for the northern regions in 1976. He died on 29 December 1996 in Moscow and was buried in the Troekurovsky cemetery.


List of Royal Air Force personnel

This article lists those members of the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom who have become either nationally or internationally famous. This could either be due to commanding squadrons or higher formations in memorable operations, by being awarded high honours or by gaining fame subsequent to their RAF service.


RCAF Station Lahr


Chuck Lovell

Charles "Chuck" Lovell is the chief of police of the Portland Police Bureau, in Portland, Oregon. He was named chief on June 8, 2020, amid protests over the killing of George Floyd and police brutality. Lovell is the fourth black head of the Portland Police and the 50th police chief in PPB's history.
Early life and education.
Lovell was born in Brooklyn, New York. He received his Bachelor of Criminal Justice degree from Park University, and served in the US Air Force.
Career.
Lovell has been on the Portland police force since 2002. He was most recently head of the Community Services Division.
In 2006, while serving as a school resource officer, Lovell and another officer allegedly placed a teenage girl in a neck hold and handcuffed her after she refused to sit down following a confrontation with the school's dean of students. The student filed a federal lawsuit against the two officers and the dean of students, but in 2009, a jury found that the officers had not violated her Fourth Amendment rights.
He was a lieutenant when Chief Jami Resch resigned and asked him to replace her in June 2020, following criticism over the department's response to protests following the killing of George Floyd.
Personal life.
Lovell lives outside Portland, in Washington County.


Warp Drive Inc

Warp Drive Inc is an American manufacturer of composite propellers for ultralight aircraft, ultralight trikes, light-sport aircraft, amateur-built aircraft, gyrocopter, airboats and other non-certified applications. The company is based in Ventura, Iowa.
The company makes its propellers from solid carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer.


BOAC-Cunard


William T. Whisner Jr.

William Thomas Whisner Jr. (October 17, 1923 – July 21, 1989) was a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, retiring as a colonel with 30 years of military service. He was a fighter ace with Army Air Forces over Europe in World War II and a jet fighter ace with the Air Force in the Korean War.
Although best known for his credited destruction of 22½ aircraft in aerial combat and being one of only seven U.S. combat pilots to become an ace in two wars, Whisner commanded the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing, before retiring in 1972.
Early life.
William T. Whisner Jr. was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on October 17, 1923, to William Whisner, Sr. and Eloise Bickham Whisner. In his youth, Whisner was an active member of the local Boy Scouts of America, eventually attaining the rank of Eagle Scout in that program.
Growing up in Shreveport, Whisner attended C. E. Byrd High School, becoming active in the school's Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps. It was during this involvement that Whisner developed an interest in becoming a military aviator.
Military career.
Immediately upon graduating from high school, Whisner applied for the United States Army Air Forces cadet program, being accepted and began his training on 8 April 1942. Whisner first began Primary Flight Training at the Lafayette Municipal Airport in Lafayette, Louisiana, getting his first flight time aboard PT-17 and PT-19 trainer aircraft. Following the successful completion of this training, he underwent Basic Combat Training at Greenville Army Airfield in Greenville, Mississippi. After this training, Whisner attended Advanced Flight Training at Napier Field, Alabama flying the AT-6 Texan. Whisner completed his training on 16 February 1943 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army.
Whisner's first assignment in the Air Corps was sent to Westover Field in Springfield, Massachusetts, for operational training, where he learned to fly the P-47 Thunderbolt fighter aircraft. With this training complete, he was assighed to the 34th Fighter Squadron at LaGuardia Field in New York City, New York. The squadron was in the process of training for deployment in support of World War II. The unit was later redesignated the 487th Fighter Squadron, 352nd Fighter Group.
World War II.
With the unit's training completed, the 352nd Fighter Group boarded the troopship RMS "Queen Elizabeth" in June 1943. The group landed in the United Kingdom, and was assigned to RAF Bodney in Watton, Norfolk, under the operational control of the 67th Fighter Wing, VIII Fighter Command. Throughout the summer, Whisner and his fellow aviators were occupied in training flights over England, where they acclimated to flying in unfamiliar weather. This training was completed on 9 September 1943 and the group flew its first combat mission on that date.
From September 1943 through January 1944, Whisner and the group saw limited success, as the P-47s were limited in range and few "Luftwaffe" patrols of Nazi German pilots appeared over Norfolk. In its first four months of short-range patrols, the 352nd Fighter Group had 23 confirmed victories, two probable victories, and two German aircraft damaged.
First tour.
In late January 1944, the US Army Air Corps adapted a new strategy for P-47s to escort bombing runs as they returned from their missions. The first attempted mission, on 24 January, was disrupted by bad weather. On 29 January, 13 P-47 Thunderbolt and P-51 Mustang fighter groups escorted a bombing mission of B-17 Flying Fortresses to Frankfurt, Germany, and Whisner was among the pilots in the group. German aircraft launched heavy resistance against the bombing, and it would be the first time he could engage enemy aircraft. Whisner and the 352nd Fighter Group joined the mission over Namur, Belgium, as the bomber group was already under attack. Whisner, who was the wingman of Captain George Preddy, joined the chaotic battle, and within 10 minutes Whisner spotted two Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters which had just shot down a B-17. Whisner pursued one of the Fw 190s down to , pursuing it closely as it attempted evasive maneuvers. As the Fw 190 attempted to dive behind a bank of clouds, Whisner struck it with three bursts from his machine gun, and it descended to before its pilot bailed out. By the end of the day, The American pilots claimed 47 German aircraft destroyed and 5 probables, losing 14 of their own.
By March 1944, the 352nd Fighter Group had 63 victories to its pilots, but senior leaders felt it was under-performing, so the group was equipped with P-51 Mustangs. It was customary for pilots to nickname and decorate their own aircraft, but a command decision compelled Whisner to name his aircraft "Princess Elizabeth" in honor of an anticipated visit by Elizabeth II. Over the next month, the squadron saw much greater success, and Whisner was among the pilots to benefit. On 9 April, Whisner and Preddy were on an escort mission over Belgium when they spotted an airfield which the flight attacked. In five passes, Whisner destroyed two Junkers Ju 88 dive bombers and damaged a nearby barracks. The group eventually claimed 12 aircraft destroyed and one probable in the attack. On 30 April, during an attack on an airfield in Clermont-Ferrand, France, Whisner shot down an Fw 190 which was attempting to attack the bombers. The 352nd ended the month with 107 victories and 4 probables, and 62 aircraft damaged.
In May, Whisner and the group continued aggressive bombing missions, and while he was unable to get any aerial victories, he was credited with destroying several ground targets. On 10 May, Whisner was a part of an attack on an airfield in Frankenhausen, Germany when he destroyed a Junkers Ju 87 Stuka on the ground. During another mission 24 May, Whisner was credited with destroying seven locomotives and damaging three others during an attack on a German railyard, as well as destroying a railroad station, a tugboat, and a gun emplacement. On 29 May the group escorted a flight of B-24 Liberators over Güstrow, Germany when they were met by 40 German fighters. Whisner engaged an Fw 190 at . The pilot was extremely skilled, but Whisner managed to strike the Fw 190 with six bursts of machine gun fire, destroying the aircraft. The next day, on a mission against a fuel depot and aircraft production complex in Magdeburg, Germany, and during the subsequent heavy engagement, Whisner and Preddy shared a victory, making Whisner's total victory count 6.5, including ground kills.
In June, Whisner flew missions in support of the allied invasion of Normandy. For the first week of the month the group supported attacks to soften German defenses in France and Belgium. Following Operation Overlord, Whisner conducted bombing and strafing missions in close air support of ground forces. Flying multiple missions a day, Whisner assisted in the destruction of a convoy on 7 June, with 15 vehicles credited to him. On 13 June, Whisner was given three months shore leave in the United States, having completed his first tour of duty.
Second tour.
Whisner returned to England in late September. By this time, however, the Luftwaffe had taken heavy losses and was opposing allied pilots far less often. Whisner flew his first combat mission on 28 September, shortly after being promoted to Captain. The 352nd Group was not credited with destroying any aircraft until 1 November. Whisner, now a captain, rejoined the 487th Squadron in the fall of 1944. On Nov. 2, he downed a Bf 109 using the new K-14 gunsight. On Nov. 21 he led a flight of P-51s on an escort mission to Merseburg, Germany. As the bombers left their target, a large formation of enemy fighters struck. Commanding officer of 487th Fighter Squadron, John C. Meyer (now a lieutenant colonel) told Whisner to take a straggler in one of the enemy's three six-ship cover flights. In a linked series of attacks, Whisner shot down four Fw 190s in the cover flight and probably got another.
With no more than two Fw 190s left in the cover flight he had attacked, Whisner turned his attention to the main enemy formation, exploding a Fw 190 that had not dropped its belly tank. Evading three Fw 190s on his tail, he shot down another that was closing on one of his pilots. Then, low on ammunition, he joined up with Meyer and returned to Bodney. Whisner was credited with five Fw 190s and two probables that day.
His score later was revised by the Air Force Historical Research Agency to six destroyed, making that day one of the best for any USAAF pilot in the skies over Europe. For that achievement, Whisner was awarded his first Distinguished Service Cross—second only to the Medal of Honor. Whisner was finally certified a flying ace, bringing his total to 10 air-to-air kills.
Battle of Y-29.
During the Battle of the Bulge, which started on December 16, the 487th Fighter Squadron was moved forward to airfield Y-29 near Asch, Belgium.
On New Year's Day 1945, Whisner was one of 12 Mustang pilots led by Meyer that had started their takeoff roll when a large formation of Fw 190s and Bf 109s hit the field. In the ensuing battle, fought at low altitude and before the 487th Fighter Squadron pilots had time to form up, Whisner shot down a Fw 190, then was hit by 20 mm fire.
With his windshield and canopy covered by oil and one aileron damaged, Whisner stayed in the fight, shooting down one more Fw 190 and two Bf 109s. He was awarded a second Distinguished Service Cross for that day's work—one of only 14 USAAF men to be so honored in World War II. At the end of the war, Whisner had flown 127 missions and logged 450 combat hours. He was credited with 16.4 aerial victories, which put him in the top 20 USAAF aces of the European Theater.
USAF career.
After World War II, Whisner left active duty and served in the reserves from August 24, 1945, to August 31, 1946. He then went back on active duty and served with the 56th Fighter Group at Selfridge Field from September 1946 to April 1947, and then with the 334th Fighter Squadron of the 4th Fighter Group at Andrews Field from April to September 1947. He then served for a short time at Bolling Air Force Base and then with the 61st Fighter Interceptor Squadron of the 56th Fighter Interceptor Group at Selfridge Air Force Base.
Korean War.
In September 1951, Whisner deployed with the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron of the 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing to Korea, where he destroyed two MiG-15s in aerial combat and damaged four others, before joining the 25th Fighter Interceptor Squadron of the 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing in November 1951. He then destroyed another 4.5 MiG-15s with 2 more damaged, with total 6 enemy aircraft destroyed in Korea.
During his time in Korea, he served under the command of ETO's leading ace, Gabby Gabreski. Gabreski was an aggressive commander and fostered a fierce rivalry between the 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing and 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing, both F-86 Sabre wings, fueled in part by the fact that the 4th had also been the keenest rival of the 56th Fighter Group during World War II. Gabreski and a fellow former 56th Fighter Group pilot, Colonel Walker M. Mahurin and Whisner planned and executed a mission in early 1952 in which the F-86s turned off their IFF equipment and overflew two Chinese bases. These missions were known as clandestine 'Maple Special' missions. Gabreski brought with him from the 56th Fighter Interceptor Wing in June 1951.
Before the mission of February 20, 1952, Gabreski and Whisner each had four MiGs credited as destroyed. During the mission, Gabreski attacked and severely damaged a MiG 15 that fled across the Yalu River into China. He broke off the engagement and returned to base after his own airplane was damaged, where he claimed the MiG as a "probable kill".
Whisner trailed the MiG deep into Manchuria trying to confirm Gabreski's kill, but his Sabre ran low on fuel. He completed the shootdown and returned to K-14 where he confirmed the kill for Gabreski but did not claim it himself. Gabreski confronted him and angrily ordered him to change his mission report, confirming Whisner's own role in the kill. Whisner refused. Soon after, Gabreski recanted his anger and the two shared the claim, as a consequence of which three days later Whisner and not Gabreski became the first pilot of the 51st FW to reach jet ace status.
As a result, Whisner was awarded his third Distinguished Service Cross for being the first ace of the 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing. He is also one of the two airmen to receive the Distinguished Service Cross three times.
For a two-war total of 22 destroyed in the air, 1 probable, 6 damaged, and 3 destroyed on the ground, made him one of only 7 people to have been an ace in both World War II and the Korean War. The others, George Andrew Davis Jr., Gabby Gabreski, Vermont Garrison, Harrison Thyng, and James P. Hagerstrom, are all Air Force pilots, as well as John F. Bolt of the U.S. Marine Corps.
Post-war.
Whisner returned to the U.S. in March 1952, where he continued his career as a fighter pilot. Whisner also competed in air races, and in 1953, while a Major, he won the 1,900-mile Bendix Trophy Race, flying an F-86F Sabre jet from Edwards Air Force Base in California to Dayton, Ohio, in what was then a record time of 3 hours 5 minutes and 45 seconds, for an average speed of 603.5 miles an hour. He served with the 3596th Flying Training Squadron at Nellis Air Force Base until December 1954, when he went to Randolph Air Force Base to serve on the staff of Headquarters Crew Training Air Force. Whisner then served as a Royal Air Force exchange officer in London, England, from February 1956 to April 1957, followed by service as commander of the 494th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Chaumont Air Base from April 1957 to April 1959.
He then served on the staff of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project at Sandia Base from April 1959 to June 1962, and then as a special assistant to the commander for the Combat Crew Training Group at Luke Air Force Base until September 1962, when he became commander of the 4517th Combat Crew Training Squadron, also at Luke Air Force Base.
After completing Vietnamese Language School, he served as an Operations Staff Officer with Headquarters 2nd Air Division at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in the Republic of Vietnam from October 1963 to October 1964, followed by service on the staff of Pacific Air Forces at Hickam Air Force Base from October 1964 to October 1967, during the Vietnam War. He made several deployments to Southeast Asia, but did not fly any missions during the war.
Whisner then served as Chief of the Fighter Division with Headquarters Tactical Air Command at Langley Air Force Base from October 1967 to June 1969.
He was commander of the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath, from February 1970 to March 1971. Whisner retired from the Air Force at Kirtland Air Force Base on July 31, 1972.
Later life and death.
After retiring as a colonel, he lived quietly in his home state of Louisiana with his wife. Whisner died at his home in Alexandria, Louisiana on July 21, 1989, from complications following being stung by a yellow jacket.
His remains were cremated and scattered into the Red River near Shreveport, his birthplace.
Awards and decorations.
Whisner received numerous awards and decorations for his services:
Distinguished Service Cross citation (1st Award).
Captain (Air Corps) William T. Whisner Jr., United States Army Air Forces, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as Pilot of a P-51 Fighter Airplane in the 487th Fighter Squadron, 352d Fighter Group, Eighth Air Force, in aerial combat against enemy forces on 21 November 1944, during an air mission in the European Theater of Operations. On that date, Captain Whisner led a flight of P-51s on an escort mission to Merseburg, Germany. As the bombers left their target, a large formation of enemy fighters struck. In a linked series of attacks, Whisner shot down four Fw 190s in the cover flight and probably got another. With no more than two Fw 190s left in the cover flight he had attacked, Whisner turned his attention to the main enemy formation, exploding an Fw 190 that had not dropped its belly tank. Evading three Fw 190s on his tail, he shot down another that was closing on one of his pilots. Whisner was credited with five Fw 190s and two probables that day. His score later was revised by the Air Force Historical Research Center to six destroyed, making that day one of the best for any USAAF pilot in the skies over Europe. Captain Whisner's unquestionable valor in aerial combat is in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself, the 8th Air Force, and the United States Army Air Forces.
Distinguished Service Cross citation (2nd Award).
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Distinguished Service Cross to Captain (Air Corps) William T. Whisner Jr., United States Army Air Forces, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as Pilot of a P-51 Fighter Airplane in the 487th Fighter Squadron, 352d Fighter Group, Eighth Air Force, and as flight leader in a squadron of twelve fighter aircraft taking off on a patrol, 1 January 1945. On this date, as his plane left the ground, Captain Whisner observed 30 hostile fighters preparing to strafe the field. Disregarding the enemy's great superiority in numbers and position, and without waiting to form up with his flight, Captain Whisner attacked alone. In the engagements that followed his aircraft was hit and badly damaged, but determined to defend the field he pressed his attack and destroyed four enemy aircraft. Only after the enemy had been completely dispersed did Captain Whisner halt his pursuit. The extraordinary heroism and determination to destroy the enemy displayed by Captain Whisner on this occasion reflect highest credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of the United States.
Distinguished Service Cross citation (3rd Award).
The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Third Award of the Distinguished Service Cross to Major William T. Whisner Jr., United States Air Force, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as a Pilot with the 25th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing, Fifth Air Force, in action against enemy forces in the Republic of Korea on 23 February 1952. On that date Major Whisner destroyed an enemy MiG-15 aircraft attacking an F-86 piloted by a member of his own group. Major Whisner flew to the immediate aid of the pilot in the face of the enemy's great numerical superiority. With an expertly executed maneuver, he attacked the MiG-15 which was pressing full attack on the friendly aircraft and forced the enemy to break away. As Major Whisner bore in to deter the enemy action, another MiG-15 swept down on his tail and began lobbing shells at his aircraft. In spite of the imminent danger of losing his own life, Major Whisner continued to force the first MiG-15 to break away, and, in the face of overwhelming odds, destroyed the enemy aircraft. The downed MIG-15 raised Major Whisner's record of enemy aircraft destruction to five and one-half and established him as the seventh jet ace of the Korean campaign.


NAL Asuka


List of defunct airlines of South Korea

This is a list of defunct airlines of South Korea.


Air Transportation Specialist

Air transportation specialists are members of the United States Air Force and responsible for inspecting, documenting, packaging, loading and unloading cargo on aircraft.
Job description.
An Air transportation specialist will:


Bernie Warnke Propellers

Bernie Warnke Propellers, founded by Bernie Warnke, is an American manufacturer of wooden propellers for homebuilt and aerobatic aircraft. The company headquarters is located in Tucson, Arizona.
Warnke makes propellers for engines up to from maple laminates.


Altona, Ontario

Altona is a ghost town located in Pickering, Ontario, at Sideline 30 and the Pickering-Uxbridge Town Line. It is just east of Whitchurch-Stouffville, and was named after Altona, now a borough of Hamburg, Germany.
It was founded by ethnic Swiss-German Mennonites who had migrated from Pennsylvania in the United States. The first flour and saw mills in Altona were built by Abraham Reesor, son of Peter Reesor and a nephew to Abraham Stouffer, in 1850, on Lot 30, Concession 9, a short distance south of the Uxbridge-Pickering Townline. In the same year, Joseph Monkhouse built a general store and William Cooper an inn.
In 1852, the Altona Mennonite Meeting House (5475 Sideline 30, Pickering) was erected, constructed by area Mennonite settlers. The bricks were made at the Cherrywood brick yard. Local families included the Barkeys, Reesors, Widemans, Nighswanders, Hoovers and Stouffers. The first grave is dated 1835. The founder of Stouffville, Abraham Stouffer and his wife Elizabeth Reesor Stouffer, are buried here.
The first schoolhouse was built in 1834; in 1856 there were 256 inhabitants, "unable to read and write, about 30%." By 1869 the hamlet had 200 residents and a regular stage coach to Stouffville and Toronto. In 1910 there was still a daily stage to Stouffville, but Altona's population had fallen to only 100 people.
The churches, school, store (former hotel) and many homes remained into the 21st century, but all have been expropriated and most boarded up by the federal government for a proposed plan to build Pickering airport, a second international airport in the Greater Toronto Area. One of the few remaining houses is the "Old Barkey Home", built in 1856 by the Mennonite farmer and preacher Daniel Barkey. Under the current plan, the approach for one of the three landing strips for the Pickering Airport would be directly over the former hamlet of Altona, with planes descending at an elevation of approximately 300 metres. The plan anticipates 11.9 million passengers per year (or 32,600 per day) by 2032. A "Needs Assessment Study" was completed by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority for the federal government in May 2010. After a "due diligence review," Transport Canada released the report in July 2011.


American International School of Jeddah

The American International School of Jeddah (AISJ; ), or the "American School" in short, is an international school with American curriculum in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Established in 1952, the American International School of Jeddah is a U.S. accredited Pre-K - 12 college preparatory institution.
History.
It opened in 1952 as the Parent Cooperative School (PCS), with an initial class of 40 students. The school opened to serve children of Trans World Airlines (TWA) employees brought to Saudi Arabia to establish Saudia Airlines, as well as other children. The lack of a formal American curriculum school in Jeddah was an issue TWA employees faced because they needed schools for their children. Parents then formed the Parents Cooperative School (PCS, founded in 1952), in which they volunteered to teach students using a home school curriculum. When the expatriate community kept expanding with time, the school began to notice a rapid growth, and therefore built a new facility in 1968, and again in 1975.
In 1976, the North Campus (NCS) was built (by the Raytheon compound) in order to accommodate the rising number of students. By 1985 the school changed its name to Saudi Arabian International School (SAIS), and by the year 2000–2001, it had its first 12th grade graduation, becoming the first international school in Jeddah that had a diploma program. Until 2004, the school was under the direct auspices and sponsorship of Saudia Airlines, children whose parents are expatriate workers for Saudia Airlines such as pilots and engineers go to school at SAIS where mostly live in Saudia City, Khaledeyah district, as the housing compound of Saudia Airlines expatriates.
After 2004, The school changed its name once again to the American International School of Jeddah (AISJ) after Saudia officially announced that they would no longer continue their sponsorship of the school, due to their need to focus solely on the airline business. Since 2005, the school has been run as an independent not-for-profit entity.
Accreditation and affiliations.
As of 2020, the school is accredited and/or in partnership with the following associations:
Facilities.
In January 2019, AISJ moved to its new purposefully-built campus in the up-and-coming Mohammadiyah District.
The campus includes strategically designed classrooms with learning centers and group work areas, spacious Early Childhood classrooms, and fully-equipped science labs.
There are two large Library areas, each with private meeting spaces and large group project areas. The 650-person theatre-style auditorium features a performance stage, an orchestra pit, and an underground practice room. The campus also features modern Athletic Facilities which include two gymnasiums, indoor and outdoor tracks, a full-length soccer field, a shaded swimming pool, an aerobics room, and tennis courts.


List of Army Air Corps aircraft units (United Kingdom)

This is a list of British Army Army Air Corps aircraft units.
Regiments.
Former regiments


European Aviation


Wingover

A wingover (also called a wing-over-wing, crop-duster turn or box-canyon turn) is an aerobatic maneuver in which an airplane makes a steep climb, followed by a vertical flat-turn (the plane turns to its side, without rolling, similar to the way a car turns). The maneuver ends with a short dive as the plane gently levels out, flying in the opposite direction from which the maneuver began.
Sequence and use.
The aircraft makes a tight, 180 degree change in heading while covering minimum horizontal distance. The maneuver begins by making roughly a quarter loop, bringing the plane up into a vertical or near-vertical climb, allowing the airspeed to drop. Before the airplane stalls (begins to fall) the pilot applies hard rudder input, bringing the plane into a sweeping, vertical flat-turn, during which the wing swings over the top of the turn toward the direction of the nose. Both the lowered airspeed and gravity provide assistance with the turn, similar to a stall turn (hammerhead turn), except the plane never actually stalls. Instead, as the speed decreases, the plane makes a gentle, 180 degree flat-turn over the top of the climb, then dives to the original altitude along a parallel flightpath, completing a quarter loop to return to level flight at the original speed.
The wingover is an energy-management maneuver. It is often used in dogfighting as an alternative to the split-s, when a fast turn-around is needed but a loss in altitude and a change in airspeed is not. Because the aircraft does not roll, it also has the advantage of keeping the cockpit facing the same direction during the turn, allowing the pilot to maintain sight of the opponent. Wingover-type maneuvers are often used to abruptly end other climbing maneuvers, like chandelles and high Yo-Yos, "kicking over" the nose when the enemy shows signs of falling or trying to dive away. One such maneuver was described by Major Robert S. Johnson, in an account of a battle during World War II:
Habit brought my head swiveling around to look behind me. I was just in time to see a Fokke-Wulf bouncing, nose twinkling from the .30 calibers. My left hand slammed forward on the throttle, my right hand hauled back on the stick, my heart went to the top of my head and the Thunderbolt leapt upward. I racked the jug into a tight left climbing turn, staying just above and in front of the pursuing Fokke-Wulf... To get any strikes on me, the [German] had to turn inside me, and then haul his nose up steeply to place the bullets ahead of me. The Fokke-Wulf just didn't have it. At 8,000 feet he stalled out while the Thunderbolt roared smoothly; I kicked over into a roll and locked onto his tail."
The wingover is also a common maneuver during air shows and aerobatic competitions.
Execution.
A wingover is typically executed from level flight or a slight bank in the direction of the turn. Lower-powered aircraft may begin the maneuver from a shallow dive, to increase airspeed. The pilot then pulls back on the stick bringing the plane up into a steep climb, typically not exceeding 2 to 3 g's. When the plane reaches a proper attitude (nose position above the horizon), which may be between 60 and 90 degrees, or even past vertical as much as 120 degrees, the pilot relaxes the elevator input, allowing the plane to lose airspeed as it climbs in altitude. Slight rudder will usually be applied at this time to increase the bank. In a vertical climb, the term "bank" refers to the angle of the horizon to the wingline (an imaginary line running through the center of the aircraft at the 3:00 and 9:00 positions, parallel to the wings), and the increased bank causes the fuselage to angle sideways and the nose to try dropping to one side. When performing the maneuver at transonic or supersonic speeds, extra help may be needed in slowing the airspeed, such as deploying the speedbrakes.
When the airspeed is slow enough, the pilot applies hard rudder input with the pedals, bringing the plane into a sweeping flat-turn, as if pivoting on the lower wingtip while the upper wing cartwheels over the top. Because one wing is moving faster than the other, it will have a tendency to impart some roll onto the aircraft, so slight aileron will usually need to be applied during the turn to keep the plane from rolling. When the plane reaches a nose-down bank and attitude, the pilot releases rudder and dives, pulling back on the stick to level the plane out at the original altitude.