Call duck

The call duck is a breed of domesticated duck raised primarily for decoration or as pets. Call ducks look similar to some other duck breeds, but are smaller in size. Call ducks were initially used in hunting, where their own calls and quacks—which are characteristically high in pitch as a result of their small size, and especially loud—would attract wild ducks towards the hunter's guns. This practice has almost entirely been replaced with artificial duck calls, with call ducks now being kept primarily as pets.
Weight.
Drake: .
American Bantam Association "Bantam Standard" has its call duck weights as for drakes: old , young , and for ducks: old , young .
History.
The first recorded mentions of the breed are from the Netherlands where it was used as a decoy and known as a coy or decoy duck. The high-pitched distinctive call was used to lure other ducks into funnel traps. Later, hunters would tether call ducks to draw other species within range of the guns. It is believed to have originally come from the Far East, although no records of its introduction to the Netherlands exist. Other bantam breeds are known to have been imported to the Netherlands in the 17th century and Van Gink, writing in "The Feathered World" in 1932, supposes "There is a possibility that importations were made by Dutch captains from Japan ... especially as the Call Duck's type is very different from the ordinary European type of duck to sport from it, and since they breed so true they must be a very old-established breed."
It was introduced to British Isles by the 1850s. By 1865, it was one of the first six waterfowl breeds to be standardized there, but by the middle of the 20th century they were rare. Determined efforts by a few breeders re-popularized the breed and today they are common. In the United States, the gray and white varieties were listed in the first "Standard of Perfection" in 1874 and in 1935, the use of call ducks in duck hunting was permanently banned in every state as it resulted in over-harvest by hunters and was not in line with the conservation efforts that were then being realized. They are popular exhibition birds and win more duck championships in shows in North America than any other breed. Call duck themed cafés, which the ducks were petted by customers, were opened in various cities of China.
Australian call.
Though in many ways similar, the Australian Poultry Standard Committee considers the call ducks present in Australia a separate breed to the call duck of the rest of the world, citing evidence of its independent development in South Australia as a mutation in domestic mallard flocks belonging to Hamish Russel. The committee therefore put into motion a renaming of the breed for the 2nd edition, 2011, of their standard. The Australian Poultry Standards states in its introduction of the Australian call that the breed is noticeably larger and has a different colour range to North American calls.


Guenter Neumann

Guenter Neumann (born 27. November 1958 in Hechingen, Germany) is an agricultural scientist at the University of Hohenheim. He is a plant physiologist specialising in rhizosphere research and scientific coordinator of the "EU Research Project Biofector"
Life and work.
Guenter Neumann studied biology at University of Tübingen under Achim Hager with plant physiology as a speciality, and molecular biology under Axel Brennicke at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He qualified as Dr. rer. nat. with a dissertation entitled "Comparative Investigation of the Regulation of the Flavinoid Biosynthesis of Munzia-Oenotheren of Known Genetic composition".
From 1992 until 2002 he was a scientific colleague of Horst Marschner at the University of Hohenheim, under Burkhard Sattelmacher at the Institute of Plant Nutrition at University of Kiel, and in the group of Fuoso Zhang at the Agricultural University of Peking.
From 2002 until 2008 he was a Group Leader for Plant Nutrition and Fertilisation at the Institute of Plant Nutrition in Hohenheim, and obtained his professorship in 2008. Since 2010 Neumann has been Apl. Professor for Plant Nutrition and Rhizospere Research and he has been concurrently scientific coordinator of the international bio-effector project Biofector since 2012.


Henry Marshall Steven

Henry Marshall Steven CBE FRSE (June 24, 1893 – February 19, 1969) was a 20th-century Scottish forester and academic. He was Editor of "Forestry" magazine from 1926 to 1946.
Life.
Steven was born in West Lothian, the son of Mary and Robert Steven. He was educated at Bathgate School. He studied science at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BSc in 1915. In 1917 he was appointed as Statistics Officer for the Timber Supply Department for the remainder of the World War I. After the war he resumed studies and gained a doctorate (PhD) from the University of Edinburgh in 1921. He then began working as a Research Officer for the newly created Forestry Commission. In 1930 he became Head of the East England division and in 1933 Head of East Scotland division.
In 1938 he became Professor of Forestry at the University of Aberdeen. He remained in this role until he retired in 1963.
In 1937 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Wright Smith, Sir John Donald Sutherland, John Macqueen Cowan and Matthew Young Orr. In 1959 he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 1964 the University of Aberdeen awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD).
He died in Aberdeen following a long illness.
Family.
In 1922 he married Clementina Macdonald Findlay and together they had three sons.


Arla Aylesbury

Arla Aylesbury is the largest dairy in the UK; at opening it was the world's biggest dairy, processing over 1.75 billion pints (1 billion litres) of milk per year, around 10% of the milk in the UK.
It is owned by Arla Foods UK which is a subsidiary of Arla Foods, a large producer of dairy products in Scandinavia.
History.
The first investment proposal for the dairy came in November 2009. Planning permission was submitted in September 2011. Construction started in February 2012, by Caddick Construction. The plant was officially opened on 28 May 2014, with Åke Hantoft, the Chairman of Arla Foods, in attendance.
The UK dairy industry is worth around £3.7bn.
Production.
It can process up to 420,000 pints (240,000 litres) of milk per hour. Arla Foods UK processes 6.1 billion pints (3.5 billion of litres) of milk per year, turning over £2.2bn. It has eight processing lines, with eight bottle sizes. Around 900 farmers supply milk to the site; Arla UK represents around 2,800 British dairy farmers.
It produces about five bottles per second and makes around 400 deliveries from the site each day. In despatch, all the milk is transported by robots - it is the only dairy in the UK like this, working with RFID technology. Without robots, it would require around 300 workers in despatch. Around 30% of UK dairy farms have robotic systems.
Arla in the UK makes around 43% of Britain's butter.
Structure.
It is situated north of the A41 in Aylesbury Vale, and between this to the south and the Aylesbury Arm of the Grand Union Canal to the north. The total site is 70 acres.


Western Plant Health Association

Western Plant Health Association is a nonprofit trade organization that represents the interests of fertilizer and crop protection manufacturers, biotechnology providers, distributors and retailers in California, Arizona and Hawaii, according to President Renee Pinel. Trade members comprise more than 90 percent of all the companies marketing commercial fertilizers, soil amendments, agricultural minerals and crop protection products in these three states. The association operates two Web sites: www.healthyplants.org, and www.calfertilizer.org. The association is one of the largest agricultural trade associations on the West Coast of the United States.
WPHA members support a variety of educational and research programs to ensure that all fertilizer and crop protection products are used in an environmentally sound way. WPHA-sponsored stewardship programs include: the California Department of Food and Agriculture's Fertilizer Research and Education program; the Coalition for Urban Renewal and Stewardship (CURES); the Anhydrous Ammonia Transportation Safety Program; and several worker protection projects as well as educational training and certification programs offered via the Internet and through trade media. WPHA also conducts recruiting events to persuade students to consider careers in agriculture by offering annual student dinners at campuses throughout California.
The California Fertilizer Foundation is also overseen and managed by the Western Plant Health Association. One of the Foundation's key functions is raising money to finance annual school garden grants for 24 elementary school campuses in California. The grants are $1,200 each and subsidize the creation of school gardens with the intention of teaching students to understand the value of plant nutrition and to appreciate all the work that goes into farming to keep the U.S. and the world stocked with a plentiful supply of safe and affordable food, while preventing possible harmful environmental impacts.


Fredsholm

Fredsholm is a manor house and estate located close to Nakskov on the island of Lolland in southeastern Denmark. Fredsholm and Rudbjerggaard had the same owners in the period 1674-1819.
History.
1630–1755: Barnewitz and Bülow families.
Fredsholm was established as a manor in 1630 by Øllegaard Barnewitz, née Petz, the widow of Joachim Barnewitz. She was already the owner of a number of estates and frequently increased their size through the acquisition of more land. She gave her new estate the name Fritzholm or Friderichsholm after her only child, Friderich von Barnewitz, and over time that name was transformed to Fredsholm.
In circa 1648, Øllegaard Pentz ceded Fredsholm to her son on the condition that she could remain on the estate until her death. Friderich von Barnewitz, one of the wealthiest men of his time, died just 31 years old in 1653. Fredsholm was then passed to his daughter, Øllegaard von Barnewitz. She was in 1674 married to Christian Bülow, who already that same year sold Fredsholm to his brother-in-law, Joachim von Barnewitz, the owner of Rudbjerggaard.
Joachim von Barnewitz died unmarried and without children in 1677. The ownership of Fredsholm and Rudbjerggaard was then divided between his several heirs and the estates had multiple owners until Frederik Barnewitz von Bülow finally acquired full ownership of them in 1723. His son, Caspar Frederik Bülow, sold the estates in 1755.
1755–1805: Knuth family.
The new owner was Ide Margrethe, Countess Knuth (née Reventlow), the widow of Adam Christopher, Count Knuth of Knuthenborg]. She ceded it in turn to her youngest son, Conrad Ditlev, Baron Knuth of Conradsborg. He spent much of his time at Fredsholm after his retirement from the Supreme Court and died on the estate in 1805. He was succeeded by his son, Carl Conrad Gustav Knuth, who died in 1819.
19th century.
Fredsholm was then sold to Simon Andersen Dons and Johan Ferdinand de Neergaard who later that same year sold the estate to Søren Henrik Lund- Lund immediately embarked on reclaiming the bay between Vejlø and Fredsholm and the project was later completed by his son Henrik August Lund. The successful endeavour inspired Henrik August Lund to engage in further reclamation projects, but this resulted in a dispute with the citizens of Nakskov. Lund lost the trial which was appealed all the way to the Supreme Court.
20th century.
In 1840, Henrik August Lund sold Fredsholm to August Villads Bech. Bech tried to continue the reclamation project but soon relented and sold the estate to Carl Henrik Jacob Jensen in 1847. In 1865, he sold the reclamation right to two brothers named Casse. They managed to reclaim approximately 300 hectares of new land.
Carl Henrik Jacob Jensen struggled with economic difficulties. In 1890, he had to ceded Fredsholm to Lollands Spare- og Laanebank. The bank later that same year sold the restate to Frederik Georg Bøttern.
Lars og Peter Rasmussen, two brothers who had already leased Fredsholm for some time, bought the estate in 1908. Lars Rasmussen's descendants owned it until 1991.
Architecture.
The current main building was constructed in 1917-1918 from designs by Daniel Rasmussen. It is a simple, two-storey red brick building with a tower-like central projection on the western facade. The building has a half-hipped red tile roof.
Today.
Fredsholm is today owned by Fredsholm Gods A/S. The estate covers 501 hectares of land.
External links.
^Source


Denis Streak

Denis Hilton Streak (born 21 June 1949) is a Zimbabwean former first-class cricketer and the father of Test player Heath Streak. Apart from playing cricket he also represented Zimbabwe at lawn bowls.
He debuted for Rhodesia during the 1976-77 Currie Cup and toured England in 1985. Streak played domestic cricket with Matabeleland and was 46 when he finally retired. He finished by playing in a Logan Cup final win, in the same side at his son. After retiring he was briefly a Zimbabwean selector.
Streak's farm was seized in 2001 under a land reform policy and after protesting he ended up imprisoned for a short time.


Finnsheep

The Finnish Landrace, Finn or Finnsheep is a breed of domestic sheep native to Finland. It is one of several Northern European short-tailed sheep breeds, but is notable for its high incidence of multiple births – it is common for a ewe to have three, four, or even five lambs at once.
The lambs are often small, but are vigorous at birth and grow well. The lambs mature early and can be mated at six months of age. Ewes commonly breed out of season and some may lamb twice in a year. The breed belongs to the group of Northern European short-tailed sheep, which also includes Shetland, Icelandic, Romanov, Spaelsau, and several other breeds.
The Finnsheep is often used in crossbreeding programs to increase lambing percentage, and Finnsheep blood is found in many of the newer breeds.
Characteristics.
Wool.
The fineness of Finnsheep wool has some individual variation, but the American Sheep Industry’s Wool Council ranks Finnsheep in the fine end of the medium wool category. The wool has a soft handle, a moderate crimp and a high luster.
Finnsheep have a similar range of fleece colors to that of Shetland and Icelandic sheep. White is genetically dominant and the most common color. Black and black piebald (spotted) sheep are also fairly common, while brown, grey and fawn Finnsheep are very scarce in the USA. Markings such as white stockings, tail tips, white crown or facial markings including the panda-like eyespot pattern, are common in colored Finnsheep.
Australian Finns are universally white; the wool has superior length, softness, better radius of curvature and reduced prickle factor. In Australia, wool quality and length have improved greatly to the extent that there are now sheep which can be shorn twice per year and whose advantageous wool characteristics have been extensively incorporated into the Merino flock.
Meat.
Although not a large sheep, Finns produce a lean, succulent meat with a delicate and mild flavor, even as adults.
Fertility.
Finnsheep mature early and are known for their fertility. Rams can be bred at four to eight months of age, and ewes are expected to lamb at twelve months with multiple lambs. Although twins and triplets are most common, there have been litters born with as many as seven viable lambs.
United States.
Finnsheep were first brought to North America by the University of Manitoba, CA in 1966. A few years later, Finnsheep made their way down into the US by enthusiasts who hoped to improve maternal qualities in commercial flocks. By 1971, The Finnsheep Breeders Association had formed, providing shepherds with a standard of documentation to maintain and improve the integrity of the breed.
Currently, there are two recognized registries in the US for Finnsheep: the FBA (Finnsheep Breeders Association) and the IFR (International Finnsheep Registry).
Australia.
The breed was brought to Australia in two main importations: by the University of NSW in 1981 and by the Australian Texel Corporation in 1993. Considerable breeding efforts have since been undertaken to develop the strain to be better suited to the Australian climate. Lamb size and survival rates have increased. Typical litter sizes are three or four lambs. Further improving mothering, milk yield, and hardiness in paddock conditions, are the primary goals of the breeding program.
The breed has been used extensively for crossbreeding to produce sheep with various desirable characteristics, but particularly leanness, better wool production and improved fertility and fecundity (more lambs) and excellent "doing" ability. An important feature of Finnsheep is their thin, wrinkle-free skin and bare breech. This means Finn-cross sheep are much less susceptible to flystrike than Merinos and do not require mulesing, a contentious operation intended to reduce the incidence of flystrike. Their skins produce more better-quality wool, as well as superior leather.
Australian Finns (and particularly Finn crosses) are extraordinarily lean and have contributed greatly to an improvement in the leanness of first- and second-cross lambs. They are also more resistant to intestinal parasites than many other breeds, and to a range of other problems such as pregnancy toxaemia ("twin lamb disease"), coccidiosis, and facial eczema.
The most common cross in Australia is the Finn-Merino. Many flocks have achieved lamb survival rates over 180% and twice a year shearing of high quality wool from large flocks (1,000 + sheep per flock) of this cross. Other numerically important crosses include Finn-Dorsets and Finn-Texels. The Finnsheep is having a significant effect on improving average productivity of Australian flocks.


Messina Hof

Messina Hof is a Texas-based winery that was founded by Merrill and Paul Bonarrigo in 1977, making it the third oldest winery in the state. The winery's name is derived from Messina, Sicily, and Hof, Germany, from where the families of Paul and Merrill Bonarrigo originate.
Overview.
Messina Hof produces of wine which is distributed over ten states and four countries from their vineyard which covers more than at over in elevation. The vineyard grows Black Spanish, Pinot Grigio Sagrantino, and Sangiovese grapes which are all suited to the local climate, which is similar to the European wine making region of Burgundy.
Label Controversy.
The label of Messina Hof's Tex-Zin wine was designed by Texan artist Emma Stark, and depicted children in a vineyard. The piece was criticized because of the shape of a "fold in the middle child's clothing". The fold would be covered by vine leaves in later productions of the wine.


Chettiar

Chettiar (also spelt as Chetti & Chetty) is a title used by many mercantile, weaving, agricultural and land owning castes in South India, especially in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Etymology.
The word "Chettiar or shetty" is used by many merchant and trading groups who were classified as high ranking Shudras and sometimes Vaishyas in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The word might have been derived from the Sanskrit word shreshthi which means wealth an honorific title bestowed on the leading merchants by the Tamil monarchs.
Varna Classification.
The Chaturvarna system is not applicable to South India and was fiercely contested as all non-Brahmin castes were labelled Shudras irrespective of status and function.
The Chettiars were classified as high ranking Shudras and sometimes Vaishyas by various historians. According to Anthropologist Irawati Karve, the Chettis are traditionally classified as Vaishyas from the Dhana-Vaishya sub-sect of Vellalars.


Trygve Slagsvold Vedum

Trygve Magnus Slagsvold Vedum (born 1 December 1978) is a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. He is an MP for Hedmark since 2005, leader of the Centre Party since 2014, and he served as Minister of Agriculture and Food from 2012 to 2013, all of which he achieved before the age of 36.
Early life.
Vedum was born in Hamar as a son of Trond Vidar Vedum, a lecturer in biology at Hedmark University College, and teacher Karen Sigrid Slagsvold. After finishing the lower secondary school in Romedal in 1994 he entered the three-year upper secondary education in natural resources management, with two years at Jønsberg and one year at Tomb. Following graduation, he studied sciences at Hedmark University College, before enrolling at the University of Oslo in 1999 where he received a bachelor's degree in political science in 2002.
Political career.
He chaired the Centre Youth from 2002 to 2004, at the time also serving as central board member of the Centre Party. He was elected to Hedmark county council in 1999, serving until 2005. From 2004 to 2005 he also worked as an organizational adviser in the Centre Party. In 2009 he became second deputy leader of the Centre Party, then party leader in 2014.
He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Hedmark in 2005 and re-elected in 2009 and 2013. Vedum started out in the Standing Committee on Local Government and Public Administration, then changed to the Standing Committee on Health and Care Services in 2008. In October 2008 he became deputy leader here, and also Second Deputy President of the Odelsting as well as party whip. He was also a member of the Electoral Committee from 2005 to 2012, and from 2009 to 2012 the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence and the Enlarged Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence.
From 18 June 2012 to 16 October 2013 he served in Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet as the Minister of Agriculture and Food. He lost his job after the cabinet fell, and returned to Parliament, where he took a seat in the Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs.
Vedum has also been a deputy board member of Folk og Forsvar (1999–2000) and a board member of Nei til atomvåpen (2005–2007), Nei til EU (2005–2007), Norway's Contact Committee for Immigrants and the Authorities (2006–) and Menighetssøsterhjemmet (2007–2009).


Engebret Olsen Moe

Engebret Olsen Moe (22 July 1780 – 9 May 1849) was a Norwegian Member of parliament.
Engebret Olsen Moe was born at Vaker in Norderhov, now Ringerike, Norway. He was a farmer at Mo Gård in Hole, Buskerud, Norway. He served as mayor of the municipality of Hole from 1848 to 1849 and was a member of the Parliament of Norway. He was elected to Parliament in 1815, representing the rural constituency of Buskeruds Amt. He was re-elected in 1830, 1833 and 1839.
Moe was married in 1805 to Marthe Jørgensdatter Moe (1786–1846), with whom he had eight children. Their children included Jørgen Moe, noted folklorist, poet, author and Bishop in the Church of Norway. Their grandchildren included Moltke Moe who was a professor at the University of Christiania.


List of windmills in Morbihan

A list of windmills in Morbihan, France.


Mount Hart Station

Mount Hart Station, commonly referred to as Mount Hart, is a defunct pastoral lease that once operated as a cattle station in Western Australia. The lands are part of a conservation area and the homestead operates as a wilderness lodge for tourists.
It is situated about east of Derby and north west of Halls Creek, in the heart of the Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges in the Kimberley region. The property is accessed via the Gibb River Road and the homestead is situated on the banks of the Barker River. Mount Hart shares a boundary with Charnley River Station.
The property once occupied an area of .
Frank Hann was the first European to cross the Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges, then named as King Leopold Ranges, in 1898 via an pass.
The station was established prior to 1906 when Robert Brown was the manager. Brown was in partnership with Felix Edgar and William Chalmers, who together owned the station.
In 1906 the homestead was broken into twice, and the contents stolen. Brown made a report to the local police, who tracked the Aborigines responsible to their camp along the Charnley River and killed a man who tried to spear them. Another nine men were arrested and two females were detained, and all the equipment, including a double-barrelled shotgun, was recovered.
Relationships between the settlers and the traditional owners further deteriorated in 1910 when Brown sent an urgent message to Edgar that a group of 100 had taken possession of the station and the cattle had gone.
Chalmers was found fatally shot at Mount Hart in 1933. He had been ill for some time.
The station was abandoned in 1934, and the lease was next take up by "Stumpy" Fraser in 1935. The property was soon struck by drought, forcing Fraser to move the homestead closer to permanent water. In 1946, following another drought, Fraser moved the homestead again, to its present location. He abandoned the property in 1957.
The property continued to operate as a cattle station until it was declassified as a viable pastoral lease in 1987. It eventually became part of the Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges Conservation Park when it was gazetted in 2000.
Taffy Abotts managed the property from 1991 to 2011 during which time he renovated the homestead and built various other buildings. He estimated the value of the improvements as being 1.9 million. The Department of Environment and Conservation asked Abotts to leave the property, offering 200,000 for him to do so. Abotts was later paid an undisclosed amount and left voluntarily.
The APT company Kimberley Wilderness Adventures was selected by the state government to operate the wilderness lodge in late 2011. The planning and preparation of the site was part of the Royalties for Regions scheme.


National Animal Interest Alliance

The National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA) is a non-profit organization in the United States dedicated to promoting animal welfare and animal husbandry practices, strengthening the human-animal bond, and safeguarding the rights of responsible animal owners and professionals through research, public education and public policy. The NAIA mission is "to promote the welfare of animals."
The organization's focus is clarifying the difference between animal welfare, the promotion of responsible and humane animal use and human-animal interaction and companionship, and animal rights; the ideology that seeks to end most human uses of animals.
History.
NAIA was founded in 1991 in Portland, Oregon by Dr. Adrian Morrison, DVM, PhD, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and Patti Strand, a dog owner and breeder of Dalmatians. Since the founding of NAIA, it has created partnerships with individuals and groups promoting animal welfare and animal husbandry, such as the American Kennel Club, Canine Companions for Independence, Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, and others.
Positions.
NAIA supports the responsible and humane use of animals for food, clothing, medical research, companionship, assistance, recreation, entertainment and education. It believes that the relationships between humans and animals, on many levels, is important to both.
Pets.
NAIA has taken a moderate approach to new measures for the protection of animals. In many cases, it believes that existing legislation is sufficient and that more effort needs to go into enforcement. In 2001, the NAIA opposed the Puppy Protection Act (S. 1478 and H.R. 3058) on the grounds that its definitions were too broad, classifying family breeders on the same lines as large commercial operations. NAIA noted that the measure would be used to regulate every person who sells even one litter of puppies.
Some animal rights organizations support legislation to establish or increase civil damages for the harm or loss of pets or companion animals. In 2007, Mark Cushing, a legal adviser for NAIA, argued on their behalf that damages for loss of or harm to pets should remain unchanged. This position is also endorsed by the major veterinary organizations.
For years , NAIA has collected data from shelters across the country to document the status of pet and companion animal populations. The Humane Society and PETA have raised funds and argued for certain legislation based on an alleged problem of pet overpopulation. NAIA has not documented overpopulation; shelters report they have fewer animals. The "Salem News" of Oregon reports that shelter euthanasia rates have decreased markedly in most parts of the country, as shelters market their pets better, and demand for puppies and dogs is high.
According to the United States Center for Disease Control, "300,000 dogs are brought into the US annually," and street dogs are being smuggled in from other countries for "adoption". The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians recommended: "The movement of dogs for purpose of adoption or sale from areas with dog-to-dog rabies transmission should be prohibited." Such importing puts Americans, their dogs and other animals at risk from disease. For this reason, NAIA supported efforts in the 2008 Farm Bill to add protections regulating the importation of dogs and other pets.
The Humane Society of the United States reports that about 4 million cats and dogs are euthanized yearly in shelters in the US. But, the NAIA says that the Humane Society does not differentiate in its reporting on euthanasia between the number of adoptable animals and others. For instance, shelters generally consider feral cats as unadoptable, as are a number of dogs that are too old, too sick or have behavior problems.
NAIA is opposed to mandatory pet spay/neuter legislation. According to NAIA, costs and euthanasia rates both increase after the introduction of this type of legislation. NAIA claims that "spay or pay" licensing schemes [have] little effect on reducing shelter intake and euthanasia rates, while producing serious unintended consequences.” The animal rights group PETA disputes this, saying that spay/neuter is the only way to eliminate pet overpopulation, and that mandatory spay/neuter legislation is a step towards this goal.
NAIA opposes laws restricting the practices of docking, ear cropping, bark softening of dogs, and removing the claws of cats. They believe such decisions are best left to animal owners and their veterinarians. NAIA states that docking, when done within the first few days, does not cause pain because the nervous system has not yet developed. The other procedures require appropriate veterinary care and pain management.
Some jurisdictions have banned these three practices. An example of increasing concern about animal welfare has influenced local legislation; for instance, the Hastings Borough Council in the United Kingdom has passed an animal welfare charter.
NAIA has noted the unintended consequences of legislation prohibiting the commercial slaughter of horses in the United States. It has led to horses being neglected and abandoned to poor health by people who cannot afford to care for them. "USA Today" reported in 2010 that the Humane Society of Missouri "and other anti-slaughter advocates claim" that there has been no increase in the number of abandoned or unwanted horses since the federal ban on slaughter in 2005. But, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) in 2011 found that Colorado reported more investigations of abuse, and Texas, California and Florida reported more horses abandoned on private and public lands.
The GAO has documented that, since the federal legislation, many unwanted horses are now being transported on long rides from the United States to Canada and to Mexico, where they are slaughtered in a manner far less humane than that used in the US. The meat is shipped to markets in Europe and Japan. GAO reported: "From 2006 through 2010, U.S. horse exports for slaughter increased by 148 and 660 percent to Canada and Mexico, respectively. As a result, nearly the same number of U.S. horses was transported to Canada and Mexico for slaughter in 2010--nearly 138,000-as was slaughtered before domestic slaughter ceased."
The American Kennel Club lists NAIA as an allied group; in Oregon, it is provided as the state AKC contact for Oregon concerning legislation related to dog fanciers. The AKC says that the NAIA is “interested in protecting and promoting the world of purebred dogs”. Patti Strand, one of the NAIA founders and a longtime dog breeder, is a member of the board of directors of the AKC.
Industrialized farming.
The NAIA lobbied against California Proposition 2, passed in November 2008, which was strongly promoted by the Humane Society of the United States. It believed that elements of the proposition were too restrictive and would adversely affect the availability of food for human consumption.
Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act.
NAIA lobbied for passage of the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA). It allows for special consideration of terrorism issues in the sentencing of animal rights activists. NAIA testified that radical environmental and animal rights groups increasingly dominate the mainstream animal welfare movement. NAIA said such groups have used “violence, intimidation, arson, theft, and other crimes against biomedical researchers, furriers, hunters, trappers, dog and cat breeders, livestock farmers, zoos, circuses, rodeos, exotic animal breeders, and related enterprises.” Such actions of radical animal rights activists have often been reported by the news media.
In 2007, in an article on domestic terrorism, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) discussed a draft report of the US Department of Homeland Security, published by the "Congressional Quarterly", which listed radical animal rights and environmental groups, such as the Animal Liberation Front, as "the only serious domestic terrorist threats." Its writers noted that such groups had done extensive property damage, but in the US they had not killed anyone.
The ACLU opposed the AETA, on the grounds that the proposed law "criminalize(d) First Amendment activities such as demonstrations, leafleting, undercover investigations, and boycotts."
Challenges to non-profit groups.
Since 2001, NAIA has challenged the non-profit status of certain animal rights groups, notably People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), saying that it and similar groups “use intimidation, harassment and deception to raise money” and use those funds for purposes other than those identified in their campaigns.
It has documented that the Humane Society of the United States does not operate any animal shelters or provide direct care to animals. HSUS spends a great proportion of its revenues on lobbying and working to write and pass legislation.
NAIA Shelter Project.
In order to understand pet population trends, improve the health and welfare of animals and reduce euthanasia of adoptable pets in shelters the NAIA created the NAIA Shelter Project. This project has helped countless organizations, educational programs and research groups over the years to inform, educate and provide comprehensive information about individual animal shelters.
They have compiled a large database of statistics that can be visualized graphically of most of the animal shelters in the United States reporting information by year such as:
Discover Animals.
In 2016 in conjunction with other animal experts the NAIA created Discover Animals, a program and free online resources which promotes responsible pet care, ownership and also serves as a compendium of factual animal information and multimedia for animal lovers and enthusiasts.
Funding.
NAIA receives its primary financial support from donations from individuals, the majority of whom are pet owners who support the goals of NAIA. In addition, it receives some funds from related businesses and associations in farm animal agribusiness; commercial breeding, hunting, fishing, trapping, fur ranching, animal research, rodeos and circuses. It has created alliances to work for the responsible treatment of animals while preserving opportunities for companionship with humans, animal husbandry, conservation of habitat for wild animals and birds, and animal research.


List of wineries in Illinois

The following wineries and vineyards operate wholly or principally in the U.S. state of Illinois. The article for Illinois wine provides an overview of the industry.


University of Life Sciences in Lublin

The University of Life Sciences in Lublin () is a multi-profile higher education institution, which integrates a wide range of agricultural, biological, veterinary, technical and socioeconomic sciences in Poland. Although the university was established in 1955, its history stems back to 1944 with the creation of the Agrarian and Veterinary Faculties within the new Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (UMCS). In 1955, these two faculties, together with the Faculty of Zootechnics (est. 1953), were spun off to create a new institution, originally called the Lublin Higher School of Agriculture. It was called the Lublin Agricultural Academy from 1972, and took its present name in 2008.
History.
The university traditions date back to 1944, when the first four Faculties were created at the recently established Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin: Medical, Life Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary. Among the sequentially formed faculties, in 1953 the Department of Animal Husbandry began its operations.
In 1955, during a surge of new universities, Professor Bohdan Dobrzański, the Rector of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University at the time, was appointed to create an independent scientific – didactic and research unit from the Faculties of Agriculture, Veterinary and Zootechnics. With the Resolution No. 503 of the Council of Ministers from 6 August 1955, The Higher School of Agriculture was established in Lublin. Professor Bohdan Dobrzański became its first Rector.
The dynamic development of the university and the expansion of its activities led to the establishment of two more Departments in 1970 - Horticulture (renamed Horticulture and Landscape Architecture in 2010) and Agricultural Engineering (renamed Production Engineering in 2003). In accordance with the Council of Ministers Resolution of 23 September 1972, the university was given a new name – since then, for over 35 years, it was known as the Agricultural University in Lublin.
In 1960 the Agrarian Faculty was renamed the Agricultural Faculty and in 2007 its name was changed once again to the Agrobioengineering Faculty. Similarly, in 1995 the Veterinary Faculty was renamed the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and in 1998, the Animal Husbandry Faculty was transformed into the Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding. In May 2005, the Senate established the sixth faculty – the Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology and in 2006, it established the seventh one - the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences in Zamość (former Institute of Agricultural Sciences), which operated until its closure in 2015.
On 6 March 2008, the Polish government passed a law which changed the names of some agricultural colleges. After the bill was approved by the Senate and validated by the President of Poland it was published in the Official Gazette and became effective as of 11 April 2008. During the solemn ceremony held on 17 April 2008, the name of the university was changed to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin.
Over the past few years, the university has expanded its research infrastructure. In 2012 the Main Library – the Regional Centre for Agricultural Scientific Information was opened, a year later: the Centre for Investment and Implementation of New Technologies in Agricultural Engineering, and in 2015 – the Innovative Centre for Animal Pathology and Therapy.
Study in English.
Bachelor's programmes:
Master's programmes:
Education offer.
The educational offer includes courses and specializations in full-time and part-time studies of the first and the second- cycle as well as long- cycle Master studies. The third-cycle studies and courses taught in English are also provided. Curriculum requirements are developed within the National Qualifications Framework.
Central Laboratory of Agroecology.
Central Laboratory of Agroecology received the certificate No. AB 1375 given by the Polish Centre for Accreditation.
The Laboratory specializes in the following areas:
The Historic Manor House in Felin.
The heritage listed manorial complex located in Felin has a representative function for University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The completion of the building dates back to the second half of 19th century and the name Felin was given to honor the Tatary heir's wife, Feliksa. In 1913 the owner of that time Erazm Plewiński, who was a well-known social activist, bequeathed the property to Agricultural Society in Lublin so that it could be converted into the School of Agriculture. The manor underwent the most significant changes during World War II when it was used as the headquarters of Colonel Klauss, one of the Nazi officials. After the war, the property was transferred to UMCS, and became the Department of Agriculture. In 1955 when the Agricultural Academy was established, the property was allotted to it to become the headquarters of the Experimental Management Department. After the major repairs, in 1990, the manor was registered as a heritage of culture of Lublin Voivodship.
The manor has a representative hall as well as a well-preserved former floor plan. The elements worth mentioning include a period fireplace in the Hall and stucco on the ceilings.


Mount Narryer Station

Mount Narryer or Mount Narryer Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station and had previously operated as a sheep station.
Description.
It is located about north of Yalgoo and north east of Kalbarri in the Mid West region of Western Australia. Mount Narryer occupies an area of leasehold and freehold with a carrying capacity of 11,000 sheep. Situated along the Murchison River, the property is broken into 18 paddocks of mulga scrubland with one permanent spring, four dams and 40 bores equipped with windmills.
The station is named after Mount Narryer, a large rocky outcrop.
Homestead.
The current homestead is listed on the Register of the National Estate as an historic place. The buildings are not typical of the local area, with the architect designed elaborate house and impressive shearing shed both built from local stone. It was built when Charles Atkins, who also owned the Palace Hotel in Perth, owned the property.
The original homestead was built by Isaac Tyson near Mount Narryer itself. A second homestead was built in 1900 near the current house, and the ruins can still be seen from the present one.
History.
Mount Narryer Station was established about 1880. By 1897 Isaac Tyson was the owner and was growing a small plot of cotton near the homestead.
In 1909 the property had been acquired by the Aitkins brothers, who owned large tracts of land in the area. By 1925 the property occupied an area of approximately and had an estimated carrying capacity of 25,000 sheep. The old stock had been eliminated at it was stocked with about 9,000 ewes.
The McTaggart family have owned the property and been running cattle since 1980, but placed the property on the market in 2014 after suffering through drought, the stress of feral goats, wild dogs and finding staff. The property was placed on the market in 2014 for 1.5 million. The price included the five bedroom stone homestead, three bedroom cottage, three bedroom outcamp, five stand stone shearing shed, cattle yard, hangar, and shearers' quarters. A herd of approximately 200 droughtmaster cattle were included in the sale.


John Laroche


Valcour Aime

François-Gabriel "Valcour" Aime (1797–1867) was a sugar planter, philanthropist, and pioneer in the large-scale refining of sugar. Known as the "Louis XIV of Louisiana," he was reputedly the wealthiest person in the South.
Aime owned a plantation in Vacherie, Louisiana, called the St. James Refinery Plantation, but it became known as "Le Petit Versailles" due to its opulence. (The plantation mansion burned down in 1920.)
Biography.
François-Gabriel was born in 1797 in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana at the Aime Plantation, to François-Gabriel Aime II (1768-1799) and Marie Félicité Julie Fortier (1778-1806). He was called Valcour by his nurse as a baby and was known by that name for the rest of his life. His father died when he was two years old and his mother six years later. Aime was placed in the charge of his maternal grandfather, Michel Fortier (1750-1819), who raised him.
In 1795, Étienne de Boré had succeeded in granulating sugar and making sugar cane a profitable commodity. Aime inherited the family plantation in St. Charles Parish, and a fortune of $100,000 in 1818; but he sold his portion of the plantation and bought several other plantations in St. James Parish, where he began the cultivation of sugar cane. By the 1830s, his plantation had grown to 10,000 acres and was the leading sugar producer in the world. Valcour Aime kept a plantation diary from 1823 to 1854 documenting temperature, farming techniques, and various experiments with new varieties of cane and equipment. He is credited with perfecting the vacuum-pan method and was one of the only planters who refined sugar directly from cane juice on site. His innovative technique gave him a competitive edge, made him the richest man in Louisiana, and earned him the title "father of white sugar." His sugar was deemed as best in the world at the 1853 World's Fair in New York. Over his lifetime, this man who lived the life of a "feudal lord" came to own 233 slaves, whose births and assignments he documented in his plantation diary, along with their cause of death and purported value.
Valcour Aime was viewed as the very model of a Louisiana grand seigneur. Aime freely spent his wealth in helping the poor and giving donations to religious entities. He and his wife sent cart loads of provisions to those in need along the banks of the Mississippi; and in their house were two rooms dedicated exclusively to strangers, and these were never empty. He helped build Jefferson College in Convent, and when it experienced financial difficulties and was on the verge of total collapse, Valcour rescued the complex by purchasing it. Later, he gave the entire college to the Marist Fathers. According to some accounts, his motivation in securing this transfer to a sectarian entity was to prevent the state from obligating the school to open its doors to freed blacks. De Bow's Review Vol. XI, page 437 states, as an alternative explanation, "In 1865, Valcour Aime, who held the greatest part of the shares of the College, being anxious to see the college re-opened, gave his shares to the [priests] that they might conduct the school." Aime also donated to the St. James Catholic Church priceless treasures such as two four-feet-tall solid silver candle holders, an organ, statues of the apostles, and a communion rail. His most valuable gifts were the twelve paintings of the stations of the cross and the two large paintings which hang over the side altars, which he commissioned a famous Italian artist to paint.
In 1854, his son Gabriel died from yellow fever, which devastated Valcour. He gave his son-in-law, Florent Fortier, complete authority over the operations of the sugar refinery and withdrew from public life. His wife, and his youngest daughter Félicie, quickly followed Gabriel in death over the next two years and Aime became a virtual recluse. He would spend most of his days and nights on his knees praying, and in reading his Bible and his son's journals.
After attending a Christmas mass, Valcour was caught in a storm on his journey home, and he caught a cold after the temperature plummeted to record lows. His condition did not improve, and Valcour Aime died of pneumonia on January 1, 1867.
Family.
Valcour Aime married into the wealthy French Creole family of the Romans. In July 1816, he married Joséphine, daughter of Jacques Étienne Roman of Grenoble, France, and Marie-Louise Patin. Her brother was two-time governor of Louisiana, André Bienvenue Roman. Each marrying at the age of 20, Aime and Joséphine went on to have five children.
Le Petit Versailles.
Mansion.
In 1836, Valcour Aime exchanged with his wife's brother, Jacques Télesphore Roman, a tract of land for the Romans' house which had been the childhood home of his wife Joséphine. Jacques Roman and his wife began construction on a house the following year which was completed in 1839. They called the plantation Bon Séjour, but due to the alley (French allée) of oaks which had been planted a century before, it became known as Oak Alley Plantation.
With a growing family and a friendly rivalry with his brother-in-law Jacques, Valcour remodeled the Romans' old French Colonial house into a spectacular new mansion. The new house was a typical double-galleried building with massive columns, but it had wings on each end that enclosed a rear courtyard, creating a very remarkable rear façade. Twin staircases on either side of the courtyard framed the rows of columns within.
The interior of the mansion boasted sixteen rooms, including a grand banquet hall and private children's dining room on the first floor and private parlors, bedrooms, and a library on the second floor. The large central hall contained a solid marble staircase and marble floors. Also, marble of various colors was found throughout the house in mantels, wainscoting, and in the rear courtyard floor.
Gardens.
Valcour Aime created what was arguably one of the finest flower gardens in the nation. The gardens were designed on a twenty-acre plot as an English park. It has been suggested that Aime was inspired by Joséphine Bonaparte's English gardens at the Château de Malmaison, and it is said that over 120 slaves were employed in the creation of the botanical wonder at Petit Versailles. A large artificial lake filled with exotic fish was built and a stream known as La Riviere was supplied with pumped water from the nearby Mississippi River. Roman bridges spanned the rivulet at various intervals.
A large hill was constructed, covered entirely with violets, with a grotto below used as an ice house, and on top a crowning Chinese pagoda contained stained-glass windows and chiming bells. A small fort, complete with a cannon, was constructed and came to be known as St. Helene, in honor the island where Napoléon Bonaparte was exiled. Artificial ruins, some detailed with oyster shells and marble statuary, added a decorative flair to the gardens.
Large hothouses were filled with much tropical vegetation, while outside, the landscape was planted with fruit trees, shrubbery, and other plants from exotic locations. A small zoo was installed that included many species of songbirds, peacocks, and even kangaroos. In addition, the plantation's own railroad ran through the gardens to carry guests around the estate.
After the death of Valcour Aime in 1867, the plantation and its finances were in disarray, and the estate was sold to settle debts. Unfortunately, nothing remains of Le Petit Versailles. The mansion burned down around 1920 and the gardens have been taken over by nature, leaving hardly a clue of the magnificence that was there before.
Posthumous honors.
In 1977, he was honored on a Mardi Gras doubloon as a "great man of Louisiana."
Further reading.
"Social Life in Old New Orleans, Being Recollections of my Girlhood" by Ripley, Eliza Moore Chinn McHatton, 1832-1912


Andrew Broad

Andrew John Broad (born 2 July 1975 in , Western Australia) is a former Australian politician who represented Mallee in the Australian House of Representatives from 2013 to 2019 as a member of The Nationals. He was Assistant Minister to the Deputy Prime Minister from September 2018 until December 2018. He did not run in the seat of Mallee at the Federal election in May 2019.
Career.
Broad is a former President of the Victorian Farmers' Federation, Director of the National Farmers Federation and Director of Australian Made. A small business owner, Broad operated his wheat and sheep farm for 16 years from the age of 22. In 2006 Broad completed a Nuffield Scholarship, travelling to over 40 countries to advance his knowledge of best practice canola production, exploring biotechnology, agronomic advances and new grower techniques.
Broad is a former Chair of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on the Environment and Energy, and former Co-Chair of the Parliamentary Friends of UNICEF, and member of the Parliamentarians Against Family Violence group. Broad is also a former member of the Coalition Backbench Committee on Agriculture and the Coalition Backbench Committee on Trade and Investment.
Broad's political interests included small business measures, domestic gas reservation policy, water policy, primary producer tax concessions, school chaplaincy, domestic violence, illicit drug abuse, greater support for children with type 1 diabetes, drought policy and increases in foreign aid.
Broad was a very strong critic of his own government cuts to foreign aid, arguing that a prosperous country such as Australia should not turn its back on its obligations to others less fortunate.
Since leaving the Australian Parliament, Andrew Broad has travelled Australia and North America and continued a career in business.
Resignation and retirement.
In December 2018, New Idea reported that Broad had used a "seeking arrangements" website to meet a younger woman. In response to the report, Broad stated that the woman making the allegations "may have engaged in criminal activity", and that he had referred the matter to the Australian Federal Police.
Broad resigned from the ministry on 17 December 2018 as a result of the scandal. Subsequently, Deputy Prime Minister Michael McCormack revealed that he was aware of the allegations two weeks prior to them being published.
In a statement released on 17 December, the Australian Federal Police said that it had received and "assessed the information provided" by Broad, but that "no applicable offences under Australian law have been identified as any offence was outside Australia’s jurisdiction". In addition, the agency stated that it had received the referral from Broad on 8 November. Broad reimbursed the costs of two flights between Mildura and Melbourne, charged to his Parliamentary account, for when he flew to Hong Kong, and did not recontest the seat of Mallee at the 2019 election.
In March 2019, Broad gave his final speech in the parliament outlining his achievements, and stating his desire to spend more time with his wife and daughter. He said he had made a "dumb mistake" in using the website and that politics had "made him not as nice a person".


William Francis Whitman Jr.

William Francis Whitman Jr. (1914–2007) was a horticulturist who prospected for unusual tropical fruits around the world and helped popularize many of them in the United States. He was also known as William "Bill" Whitman.
He was born in 1914 in Chicago, a son of Leona and William Francis Whitman Sr.. His father owned a printing company in Chicago and later developed real estate in Miami, Florida. He sailed to Tahiti, and was fascinated by the tropical fruits.
Whitman was one of the founders of The Rare Fruit Council International, then known as The Rare Fruit Council, A Tropical Study Group, based in Miami, and was its first president, from 1955 to 1960. He introduced to Florida the Kohala longan. He was also inducted into the East Coast Surfing Hall of Fame in 1998. William got his degree from the University of Florida in administration.


Haarlemmerhout

The Haarlemmerhout is the oldest public park of the Netherlands. It lies on the south side of Haarlem, on the same old sandy sea wall that is shared by the public park Haagse Bos in The Hague and the Alkmaarderhout in Alkmaar.
History.
On a map drawn in 1560 of Haarlem, the Haarlemmerhout is shown in the characteristic form that it has today. It was burned by the Spaniards during the siege of Haarlem, but replanted. The east–west road at the southern edge of the park still exists and is called the "Spanjaardslaan" (Spaniard's lane) in memory of this event.
Across the centuries, various landscape artists have made new plans for this wood. But the long vista through the eastern portion of the park designed in 1760 by Jan van Vorel exists up to this day, affording a view of the government building villa Welgelegen.
Though several parks in the Netherlands date from medieval times, the Haarlemmerhout is special because it was never locked by a gate, and when the park was redesigned in 1760, it was planted in the fashionable English style with a view for public access. Though in earlier centuries the park served as a common ground for farm animals and fire kindling, the redesigned park came to be used as a place for recreation in the sense currently given to public parks today.
Though today all of the park lies within the city limits of Haarlem, the Southern end of the park was in Heemstede until this land was annexed by Haarlem in 1927. Heemstede did not charge taxes on drinking bier and wine in public taverns, and for this reason drinking in Heemstede taverns in the park was very popular and even caused an argument between the Haarlem city council and the Heemstede city council that escalated to the high court of Mechelen and had to be resolved in 1539 with a special map by Simon Meeuszoon. At the time the economy of Haarlem was depressed, so the need for extra income was high.


Canadian horse

The Canadian horse () is a horse breed from Canada. It is a strong, well-muscled breed of horse, usually dark in colour. The horses are generally used for riding and driving. Descended from draft and light riding horses imported to Canada in the late 1600s, it was later crossed with other British and American breeds. During the 18th century the Canadian horse spread throughout the northeastern US, where it contributed to the development of several horse breeds. During the peak popularity of the breed, three subtypes could be distinguished, a draft horse type, a trotting type and a pacing type. Thousands of horses were exported in the 19th century, many of whom were subsequently killed while acting as cavalry horses in the American Civil War. These exports decreased the purebred Canadian population almost to the point of extinction, prompting the formation of a studbook and the passage of a law against further export.
Experimental breeding programs in the early 20th century succeeded in re-establishing the breed to some extent, but mechanization, combined with two world wars, again resulted in the breed almost becoming extinct. In the 1980s, concerned with the declining population numbers, interested breeders undertook a promotional program, which resulted in renewed interest in the breed. By the 1990s, population numbers were higher, and genetic studies in 1998 and 2012 found relatively high levels of genetic diversity for a small breed. However, livestock conservation organizations still consider the breed to be at risk, due to low population numbers.
Breed characteristics.
Most Canadian Horses are dark coloured: black, bay, or brown. A few chestnuts are found, occasionally with flaxen manes and tails, and the cream gene appears in the breed as the result of the genetic influence of one stallion. While some sources state that the gene for grey is no longer found in the breed, after the genetic bottleneck of the late 20th century, the preservation society for the breed states that they can be "rarely grey". Their height averages and stallions average in weight, while mares weigh .
The Canadian horse has a rather short, high-set head with a broad forehead. The neck is arched and graceful, and the chest, back and loins broad and strongly muscled. The shoulders and croup are sloping, with a relatively high-set tail. Overall, the breed gives the impression of strength and agility. Their heavy and wavy mane and tail, arched necks and finely boned heads are all reminiscent of Andalusian and Barb ancestry. Their trot is described as flashy. They are hardy horses and easy keepers. Today, most Canadian horses are used as riding and driving horses, and are known for their jumping ability. They are seen in competition in almost every discipline, as well as for leisure riding. They can also be found in light draft work, trail riding, and working as a stock horse.
Unlike most breeds, there is a set naming system that is used to identify individuals based on the registration format employed by the Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. First comes the prefix, the farm or breeding establishment of which the foal was born into, followed by the sire's name, and lastly the given name for the foal. Each year a different letter is assigned to begin the given name for the foal, and it is by the year's letter that the foal is named. Some older horses do not fall under this naming strategy, but it is now mandatory in naming registered offspring coming from purebred Canadian lines. Originally, horses were tattooed with identification numbers, but now microchipping is the identification technology chosen by the breed registry.
History.
The Canadian Horse descended from the French stock Louis XIV sent to Canada in the late 17th century. The initial shipment, in 1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the Royal Stables in Normandy and Brittany, the centre of French horse breeding. Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two more shipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, but with at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and a stallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and light horses, the latter of which included both pacing and trotting horses. The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, although the shipments probably included Bretons, Normans, Arabians, Andalusians and Barbs.
The horses were leased to gentleman farmers or religious orders for money or in exchange for a foal, and they remained the property of the king for three years. Despite poor conditions and hard work, the horses thrived in Canada, and were given nicknames that included "the little iron horse" and "the horse of steel". Population numbers rose quickly from the early stock, with 148 horses by 1679, 218 horses by 1688, 684 by 1698, and by 1709, enough that the government limited farmers to owning two horses and a foal, with additional horses to be slaughtered, although this law was a failure in terms of enforcement. During the 1700s, the "French Canadian Horse" spread through what is now eastern Michigan and Illinois in the United States, and lived a generally feral existence, with many escaping human control completely. During the Expulsion of the Acadians in the mid-18th century, the English seized the livestock of the Acadians, including horses. Some of these animals were transported to Sable Island, where their descendants became the Sable Island horse. In the late 18th century, imported horses from the US and the British Isles were crossbred with existing Canadian stock. By the 19th century, they were found performing light draft work, as well as riding and driving duties. Cornelius Krieghoff, a 19th-century Canadian painter, was known for his works featuring the Canadian horse, who he usually showed in association with the French habitants, as opposed to the English settlers in the area. His paintings generally portrayed the Canadian horse in a utilitarian, workhorse role, often in winter scenes.
In 1849, there were estimated to be more than 150,000 Canadian horses, and many were exported from Canada annually. Some were shipped to the West Indies, where they possibly contributed to gaited breeds such as the Paso Fino. By the middle of the 19th century, Canadian horses had spread through the northeastern US, where they were used for racing, as roadsters, and, due to their stamina, to pull freight wagons and stagecoaches. Many played a role in the development of other breeds, including the Morgan horse, the American Saddlebred and the Standardbred. Although used extensively in the US, no efforts were made to establish a purebred population, studbook, or breed association in that country. Thousands of horses imported to the US from Canada were used as artillery and cavalry horses in the American Civil War, where many were killed. One equine historian states that "The Canadian horse played a major role in the history of that war; it has even been said that the North won simply on the fact that its soldiers had the better horse – the Canadian."
By 1880, through exports and war casualties, Canadian horses had almost become extinct. In 1885, the Canadian Horse Breeders Association was formed to inspect and approve breeding stock with the aim of creating a studbook for the breed, and in 1886, further export from Canada was forbidden by Quebec law. In 1913, an experimental breeding program was begun at Cap-Rouge by the Canadian government. The program's goal was to breed larger horses that retained the endurance and vitality for which the breed was known, and succeeded in increasing the size of stallions to high and in weight, with mares slightly smaller. However, mechanization, combined with World War I and World War II, ended the federal breeding program, and in 1940 all breeding stock was sold at auction. However, the province of Quebec re-established the program at Deschambault. The program lasted there until 1979, when the herd was again disbanded and sold at auction.
1970s to present.
By the 1970s, the popularity of the breed had decreased significantly, and there were approximately 400 Canadian horses worldwide, with only around five annual registrations between 1970 and 1974. Several interested breeders began a campaign of preservation and promotion, which resulted in a Canadian team winning the 1987 North American Driving Championships. Popularity began to increase, and by the mid-1990s population numbers were between 2,500 and 3,000, and The Livestock Conservancy, which had classified the breed as "critical", changed its designation to "rare". With the increase in popularity came pressure for the breed standard to change to meet modern show and market trends, by breeding for taller horses with more refinement. In 2002, the Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society was formed in response to these pressures, with a goal of preserving the original Canadian horse type. The Canadian Horse Breeders Association remains the official registering body for the Canadian horse, as governed by the Canadian federal Animal Pedigree Act, with the responsibility to "monitor registration, identification, and the keeping of the stud book for Canadian horses". It is also responsible for inspecting breeding stock before they are registered with the studbook. The studbook is maintained by the Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. Since the beginning of the studbook, there have been over 13,600 horses registered. In 2012, 208 new horses were registered, mainly in Quebec. The Livestock Conservancy still considers the breed to be threatened, a designation given to breeds with a global population of less than 5,000 and annual US registrations of fewer than 1,000. Rare Breeds Canada considers the breed to be at risk, with fewer than 500 annual registrations of female breeding stock.
In a study of mitochondrial DNA published in 2012, the Canadian horse and the Newfoundland pony were found to be the most genetically diverse of the Canadian breeds studied, which also included the Sable Island horse and the Lac La Croix pony. The Canadian horse showed high haplotype diversity, sharing haplotypes with all Canadian populations, as well as draft breeds, Nordic pony breeds and British mountain and moorland pony breeds also tested in the study. The Canadian horse had been shown to be related to draft horse breeds, including the Percheron, Belgian and Clydesdale, in previous microsatellite loci studies. This relationship was supported by findings in the 2012 study. The high levels of diversity in the Canadian horse supported the conclusions of a 1998 study, which determined that the small population size and historical genetic bottlenecks had not resulted in a significant loss of genetic variation. The 1998 paper also stated that the Canadian horse did not show inbreeding any more significant than other, more popular, breeds.
The Canadian horse is a common animal symbol of Canada. In 1909, the Parliament of Canada declared it the national breed of the country, and in 2002 was made an official animal symbol of Canada by Parliamentary Act. In 2010, the provincial legislature of Quebec named it a heritage breed of the province.
Sub-types.
During the peak popularity of the breed, three main types could be distinguished. All three are now considered extinct, having disappeared or been merged back into the main Canadian horse population. The first, the Canadian Heavy Draft or St. Lawrence, which disappeared by the late 1700s, probably developed from Shire and Clydesdale crosses. They were probably a popular export to New England, which bred large numbers of horses for Caribbean plantations. The second, the Frencher, sometimes also called the St. Lawrence, was a trotting horse known for its power and speed, resulting from crosses with Thoroughbreds. Mixed with French trotting lines, they played a role in the development of the US trotting horses.
Canadian Pacer.
The third type was the Canadian Pacer, which was historically better documented than the other two types. Canadian Pacers were likely the result of breeding pacing horses imported from France with Narragansett Pacers from New England. The resulting horses were known for their ability to race on ice. From there, they were exported to the United States, where North Carolina became a breeding centre, later exporting them to Tennessee in the late 1700s. Pedigrees were not maintained, so early breeding histories are often impossible to trace. The Canadian Pacer influenced the Tennessee Walker, the American Saddlebred and the Standardbred.
Commonly called "Canucks", the fastest members of the breed came from Quebec near the St. Lawrence River. Racing began in this area during the long, severe winters, when Sunday races after attending church for Mass became common. Eventually these races became large enough to endanger the church-going populace, and races were banned within a certain distance of churches. They instead moved to local rivers, whose smooth, frozen surfaces provided useful raceways, and the resulting contests drew attention to the pacers from Quebec.
Several horses imported to the United States from Canada had a lasting impact on American horse breeding. In the early 1800s, a roan-coloured stallion named Copperbottom was imported to Lexington, Kentucky from Quebec, through Michigan. He began to be offered for stud service in 1816, and his progeny spread throughout the eastern US. Known mainly as saddle stock, they also included several pacing horses. Another roan stallion, Tom Hal, a successful pacer in his own right, founded an important family of pacers in the US. Appearing in Kentucky in 1824, he was offered for stud, and his offspring (many of whom carried on the family name, being differentiated only by the name of the owner) began the family of Standardbreds that included Little Brown Jug, Brown Hal, Star Pointer, Adios and Good Time, all champion harness racing horses. Another pacing import to the US was a black stallion named Old Pilot, said to have been bred near Montreal, who originated the Pilot family of trotting horses. Old Pilot produced a son, also named Pilot, who was acclaimed as a sire of trotting horses, as well as being a successful harness horse himself.


Michiel van Breda

Michiel van Breda (1775-1847) was a South African farmer, founder of Bredasdorp, Mayor of Cape Town and a Freemason.
Roots.
Van Breda was born on 12 August 1775 in Cape Town. His parents were Pieter van Breda and Catharina Sophia Myburg. He married three times. Out of his marriages with Gesina van Reenen, Beatrix Elizabeth Lategan and Maria Adriana Smalberger he became the father of nine children. He died in Cape Town on 12 August 1847.
Merino sheep farming.
In 1817 van Breda was farming on Zoetendals Vallei farm in the region which is today called Overberg. He imported the Rambouillet Merino from France. Together with the Merino's from Saxony in Germany, which he also imported, he created the South African Merino. He was the first person to start breeding with Merinos in South Africa. His partner was F. W. Reitz. A Merino is a sheep primarily breed for its wool. It is originally from Spain. The first Merinos date back to the 12th century. The sheep is particularly well adapted to low rainfall environments climates.
Bredasdorp.
Van Breda and P.V. van der Byl wanted to build a church for the farming community in the Overberg, part of the Cape Province. They could not agree on a location, so both build a church, 15 kilometres apart. Two towns were founded this way. Today one is called Bredasdorp and the other Napier. Van Breda's church was built on the farm Langefontein in 1838. When a town started to develop around the church it was called Bredasdorp, a name derived from Michiel van Breda's last name.
Mayor of Cape Town.
In 1840 Cape Town, which was founded as a refreshment station by Jan van Riebeeck in 1652, was declared a municipality. Van Breda was the first mayor and was in office from 1840–1844. He stayed on Oranjezicht farm.
Freemason.
He was a member of the Dutch section of the South African Freemasons. He was Grand Master of the Lodge de Goede hoop from 1831-1837.


College of Dairy Science and Technology, Mannuthy

College of Dairy Science & Technology (CDST), Mannuthy, established in 1993 is a constituent college under the Faculty of Dairy Science and Technology of the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), a State Public University headquartered at Pookode in Wayanad district of Kerala.
History.
B.Tech (Dairy Science & Technology) Programme, the first of its kind in the state was initiated in the year 1993 under the aegis of the Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences of Kerala Agricultural University. Later it was upgraded to the status of a college in the year 1998. With the advent of the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University in 2010, the college was further upgraded to the status of an independent Faculty. College of Dairy Science & Technology (CDST) is one of the renowned institutions for Dairy education in the country. The Institute facilitates a close interaction between students, farmers, scientists, technocrats, and dairy industry such that all are mutually benefited. The college has endowed more than 350 Dairy professionals to the nation who are well equipped to take up challenging responsibilities in dairy industry, research institutes and academia.
Academics.
It offers B.Tech programme in Dairy Science & Technology and Master of Technology (M.Tech) programme in Dairy Technology.
The candidates admitted to B. Tech (DSc. & Tech.) programme are selected through the Common Engineering Entrance Examination conducted by Govt. of Kerala. The candidates who have passed the Higher Secondary Examination, Kerala or examinations recognized as equivalent thereto, with 50% marks in Mathematics separately, and 50% marks in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry put together are eligible for admission. The college also admits students from ICAR quota for the UG programme. The admission to M. Tech programmes is done through the Entrance examination conducted by the University and from the ICAR PG entrance examination held every year. One seat in the M. Tech course is earmarked for student admitted under the Senior Residency programme.
Pedagogy.
The course curricula for B. Tech (Dairy Science & Technology), is prepared in lines with the pattern specified by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (1.C.A.R), New Delhi as a unique job oriented degree programme. The total duration of the course is eight semesters. The last semester is set apart for In-plant training and Farm training. The total credits have been apportioned to Dairy Technology, Dairy Engineering, Dairy Chemistry, Dairy Microbiology, Dairy Business Management, Dairy Extension and Dairy Husbandry disciplines with due weight for each.
Students are exposed to the entire operations taking place in the KVASU Dairy Plant and through internship in other professionally managed co-operative and private dairy processing plants (Milma, Amul, Schreiber Dynamix, Mother Dairy etc.) which help them to acquire the required skills and confidence to work as highly motivated professionals. They are also enriched with entrepreneurial qualities to start their own industrial units. For this, they have to successfully complete a ‘Hands-on-training cum Experiential Learning Programme’ during the seventh semester. A field-extension training organised in association with Dairy Development Department, Govt. of Kerala and Internship programme organized in dairy farms are also an integral part of the programme.
The M. Tech programme is offered in the discipline of Dairy Technology in line with the syllabus and other guidelines stipulated by ICAR, New Delhi. One seat is reserved under Senior Residency system for M. Tech programme. The selection for residency programme is done based on option and merit of the candidate.
Life at CDST.
Life at CDST is exciting and invigorating; class schedules, assignments, practical sessions, presentations, seminars, industrial visits etc. The college also gives priority to extracurricular activities, for students to develop their social, cultural and managerial skills outside the classroom. Co-curricular activities like Annual Arts’ Fest and College Sports Meet, Student’s Union activities, Exhibitions, Conferences, Seminars, Technical Meets, Debates, Quiz competitions, etc. are organized aimed at the holistic development of student community.
The National Service Scheme (NSS) unit of the College undertakes various programmes aimed to improve the social commitment of students and their personality development. Programmes are arranged during World Milk day, Farmers’ day, Republic day and Independence Day celebrations. The 1(Kerala) Remount and Veterinary Squadron NCC unit located in the Veterinary College, Mannuthy trains both B. V. Sc and B. Tech students for equestrian events.
Study Tours.
Study tours are an integral part of the B. Tech academic curriculum. An All Kerala tour and an All India tour are organized to facilitate the students to visit the most important Dairy and Food plants and other important institutions across the county. Apart from these, study tours are also organized as part of the various courses. It includes trips to dairies, packaging industries, dairy farms and other such institutes concerned.
Campus Placements.
Reputation of this institution is among the top academic institutions in dairy processing education and research; credit goes to the B. Tech and M.Tech graduates who brought laurels to this institution. Campus recruitment programmes are conducted for final year students/graduates every year. Reputed firms like Almarai in Saudi Arabia, Schreiber Dynamix Dairies, ITC Foods division, Milma, Hatsun Agro Products etc. recruit our B. Tech graduates. Many graduates have joined the Dept. of Dairy Development, Govt. of Kerala as Dairy Extension Officers (on Direct Recruitment) and as Dairy Technologists/Quality Analysts in Dairy Plants of MILMA Federation/Unions across the state. Upon securing higher academic qualifications, many have joined as Academicians/Scientists in reputed Central/State level Universities/Research institutions in the country.
Top recruiters include AMUL, NDDB, DFRL, Mother Dairy, Smithkline Beecham, Cadburys, Heinz, TUV SUD and Banking institutions such as SBI, ICICI, HDFC, IOB, PNB, SIB, Federal Bank etc.
Professional Organizations.
Indian Dairy Association (IDA) – Kerala chapter and the Association for Food Scientists and Technologists, India (AFSTI) – Thrissur chapter functions in the college.
Indian Dairy Association (IDA) is a professional body which functions very closely with the dairy farmers, professionals and planners, scientists and educationists, institutions, and other organizations associated with the development of dairying in the country.
The Association of Food Scientists and Technologists, India (AFSTI) is one of the largest professional and educational organizations formed with the objective to stimulate and advance knowledge base on various aspects of Food Science and Technology.
CDST Parent Teacher Association (CDSTPTA).
The Parent Teacher Association is a statutorily elected body which aims at the overall development of the college. The PTA aspires for co-operation and participation of parents in full measure in the activities of the institution. The PTA has been focusing on the growth and development of the college since its inception and takes an active role in supporting various student development initiatives.
CDST Graduates'Association (CDSTGA).
CDST ensures the unrelenting supply of quality dairy professionals to meet the ever-growing necessity for improvement in Dairy/Food Processing sector till date. The graduates of the college formed an association named CDST Graduates’ Association (CDSTGA) during 2003, providing a comprehensive platform to involve actively in the welfare of college alumni, and work to support the milk producers and processors in the state. The members of the association are scattered across the globe. Alumni Reunion is organized every year under the aegis of CDSTGA.
Alumni Meeting was held on 18 March 2019, a new executive committee was selected in Annual General Body
References.
3. https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190818/http://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/viewdetails.php?college=Q0RU


A. J. Bliss

Arthur John "A.J." Bliss (1862–1931) was a British iris breeder who is credited with greatly improving the genetics of many modern strains, especially those descending from his Dominion cultivar.
Early life and education.
Arthur John Bliss was the eldest son of Rev. William Bliss of Oxford. He was educated at Stonyhurst. He earned his living as a mining engineer in New Zealand (1881-89) and then in South Africa, retiring early due to ill health.
Career.
Bliss began breeding irises in about 1902, when he was living in Kent. A decade later he moved to Morwellham Quay in Devon—probably because a brother lived there—and grew his irises on an allotment. He also bred gladiolus and daffodils, but he is best known for his irises.
Bliss kept meticulous records of his breeding program, recording details on every cross from 1902 on. He believed that knowledge of genetics, careful selection, and long-term planning were the keys to success and kept only a fraction of the seedlings he grew. Writing in 1925, Robert Sturtevant noted: “Mr Bliss started with a scientific study of the origins of the common squalens, neglecta, and amoena types and this led on to the creation of garden varieties by carefully planned breeding experiments. To anyone at all familiar with the vagaries of Iris genetics the results obtained from commonplace parents by his ‘progress breeding’ place him above all other breeders who may, somewhat by chance, produce an occasional fine variety.”
Bliss didn't succeed with two of his major objectives—breeding a crimson iris and a plicata (or stippled iris) with a golden ground—but his efforts moved iris genetics significantly forwards. One of his most famous cultivars, Dominion, came along at a moment when he was occupied with the search for crimson and he did not at first notice it. The deep purple, large-flowered Dominion was actually brought to his attention by his young niece Phyllis Bliss, who served as his informal assistant. It was introduced in 1917 by nurseryman R.W. Wallace, who thought so highly of it that he asked 20 times the usual price. Despite its poor growth habits, Dominion "precipitated...a flood of introductions...in the decade 1920 to 1930”, according to John Caspar Wister, and it has been said that without Bliss and Dominion, modern irises would not exist. Iris breeder Ethel Anson Peckham considered him among the three greatest iris breeders, along with William Rickatson Dykes and Michael Foster. Dominion is still part of the ancestry of many newer cultivars, as are three of its descendants bred by Bliss: Cardinal, Bruno, and Grace Sturtevant, the latter a dark bronze cultivar named after an American iris breeder. Collectively, they are known as the Dominion race.
In all, Bliss introduced more than 150 iris cultivars, winning many awards along the way. For his achievements, he was awarded the British Iris Society's Foster Memorial Plaque in 1930.
Deaf from an early age, Bliss tended to keep to himself, focusing his life almost entirely around his iris breeding. He was respected and liked by those who knew him, and he corresponded with many of the notable plant breeders of the day. He also wrote for gardening magazines and championed the founding of iris societies both in England and in America. He had begun preliminary work on a book about iris, daffodil, and gladiolus breeding when he died, of pneumonia, in 1931.
Legacy.
In 2008, a collection of Bliss irises assembled by Phyllis Bliss's relative, Anne Milner, was designated a National Collection by the National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens.


Lake Wells Station

Lake Wells Station, often referred to as Lake Wells, is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station.
It is located about north of Laverton and east of Leinster in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.
Les Smith owned the property in 2013 and had been experiencing problems with stock theft for the previous nine years with thieves taking over 500,000 worth of stock during this time.
The property was placed on the market in 2013 when it occupied an area of and was stocked with 1,000 head of cattle.


Tom Matthews (trade unionist)

Tom Matthews (1866 – 10 March 1915) was an English-born trade unionist, active in South Africa and the United States.
Matthews was born in Newlyn in Cornwall. He emigrated to the United States in 1882, where he worked as an ore miner. He was elected as president of the Butte district of the Western Miners' Association, and was arrested for his role in the Great Idaho Strike. In 1892, Matthews was elected to the Montana House of Representatives, representing the People's Party, the only representative of the labour movement to win a seat. He was elected as its speaker, serving until 1894.
Matthew returned to Cornwall, and studied at the Camborne School of Mines before, in 1897, emigrating to the Witwatersrand in South Africa. Two years later, he was a founder member of the International Independent Labour Party. In 1907, he was elected as vice president of the Transvaal Miners' Association, and played a leading role in that year's strike. After its conclusion, he was elected as general secretary of the union, which became the Mine Workers' Union in 1913. While the union had previously had a frequent leadership turnover, Matthews remained in post until his death from phthisis.


Calperum Station


Volker Roemheld

Volker Roemheld (born 22 November 1941 in Schwaig near Nuremberg, died 27 November 2013 in Stuttgart) was a German agricultural scientist, plant physiologist and soil biologist at Hohenheim University.
Biography.
After attending school Volker Rhoemheld studied chemical engineering at the Ohm Polytechnic in Nuremberg, followed by an appointment in the pharmaceutical firm Dr. R. Pfleger Chemie in Bamberg (1960-1964). He then absolved an apprenticeship in gardening in Kassel (assistant’s examination 1966) and went on to study horticulture at the Technical University of Berlin (1966-1970). He won a stipendium from the German National Academy and visited Leeds University to work in the Institute of Botany under Prof. H.W. Woolhouse on the theme: Iron uptake by various chlorosis-resistant ecotypes. After his return in 1972 he became a Scientific Assistant at the Institute for Plant Nutrition at the Technical University of Berlin, continued his research and obtained a Dr. sc. agr. degree in 1979 with a dissertation: Mechanisms of Uptake and Storage of Iron Chelates by higher plants. In 1979 he started as Scientific Assistant at the Institute for Plant Nutrition at University of Hohenheim. In 1988 he qualified as Lecturer in Plant Nutrition and in 1992 became Professor. From 1996 he was also Visiting Professor at China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. He retired in 2006.
Research focus.
Function, uptake and fertilization of micronutrients, genotypical differences in nutrient preference (in particular P and micronutrients); significance of Bioeffectors and rhizospere processes on nutrient preference and plant health; plant nutrition in ecological agriculture; plant nutrition in the tropics and sub-tropics; ecological aspects of fertilization (nitrogen, heavy metals); phytoremediation; recycling of agricultural and industrial waste products; scientific cooperations with England, Hungary, Israel, USA, Canada, Japan, China, Brasil, Thailand and New Zealand.
Publications.
Roemheld was involved in ca. 300 publications, mostly in international scientific journals.
Editorial boards.
Regular referee for the following journals:


Smoked beer

Smoked beer () is a type of beer with a distinctive smoke flavour imparted by using malted barley dried over an open flame.
History.
Drying malt over an open flame may impart a smoky character to the malt. This character may carry over to beers brewed with the smoked malt. Prior to the modern era, drying malted barley in direct sunlight was used in addition to drying over flames. Even though kiln drying of malt, using indirect heat, did not enter into widespread usage until the industrial era, the method was known as early as the first century BC. Also, there have been various methods over the years of preparing cereal grains for brewing, including making beer from bread, so smoked beer was not universal.
Beginning in the 18th century, kiln drying of malt became progressively more common and, by the mid-19th century, had become the near-universal method for drying malted grain. Since the kiln method shunts the smoke away from the wet malt, a smoky flavour is not imparted to the grain, nor to the subsequent beer. As a result, smoke flavour in beer became less and less common, and eventually disappeared almost entirely from the brewing world.
Bamberg "Rauchbier".
Certain breweries maintained the smoked beer tradition by continuing to use malt which had been dried over open flames. The malt is dried over fires made from beechwood logs. The malt and fermenting beer are stored under the pub and brewery in a part of the catacombs of Bamberg, a maze of tunnels under the city built from the 11th century onward, which have a very stable moisture and temperature. In former times, ice was used to cool the fermenting beer tank room, the "Lagerkeller". This ice was locally harvested above ground in the winter, although when the winter was too mild, ice was imported from as far away as Finland or Sweden. The beer is then filtrated to remove the opaque colour and yeast remnants, and put into oaken vats. Two brewpubs in Bamberg, Germany, Schlenkerla and Spezial, have continued this smoked beer production for more than a century. Several varieties of "Rauchbier" ("smoke beer" in German) are produced by these companies. Both are still in operation today, alongside seven other breweries in the same town. Since the rauchbier tradition was continuously preserved in Bamberg, the beer style is now marketed as "Bamberg Rauchbier".
Due to the popularity of craft beer in recent years, industrially made, smoke-flavoured malts became available, and so the style has been attempted worldwide, including in its heartland of Franconia and Bamberg. Schlenkerla and Spezial, however, use a traditional, elaborate way of smoke malting. In 2017 Slow Food included these two "Rauchbiere" into their Ark of Taste.
"Grodziskie".
"Grodziskie" or "Grätzer" are similar, traditional smoked beers from Poland, but made from wheat and highly carbonated, and with a perhaps older history, although they saw a period of no production in the late 1990s.