Assela Wind Power Station

Assela Wind Power Station is a wind farm, under construction in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.
Location.
The power station is located near the town of Iteya, the capital of Oromia Region, approximately , southeast of Addis Ababa, the nation's capital city.
Overview.
The power station is owned by the national electricity utility company, Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP). The station comprises 29 energy-generating wind mills, each rated at 3.45 megawatts capacity, for a total of 100 megawatts at maximum output. The generated energy will be integrated into Ethiopia's national electricity grid, through a substation to be built by the state-owned EEP, with a loan of US$10 million, borrowed from the African Development Bank (AfDB). Assela Wind Power Station's annual energy output will be capable of supplying 300,000 Kilo-Watt-Hours of electricity, enough to power 400,000 Ethiopian homes.
Construction.
The Engineering, Procurement and Construction contract was awarded to Siemens Gamesa, the Spanish subsidiary of Siemens, the German conglomerate. Construction is expected to start during the first quarter of 2021 and last about 24 months.
Funding.
The power station was funded to the tune of €146 million, sourced from the entities listed in the table below:
Ownership.
The power station is owned by the Government of Ethiopia, through the national electricity utility company, Ethiopian Electric Power.
Operations.
During the construction phase and for the first five years of operations, Siemens Gamesa Denmark, the Dannish subsidiary, will maintain 60 percent control of the power station, while Siemens Gamesa Spain, the parent, will maintain 40 percent control. The Siemens Gamesa consortium will be responsible for construction, operations, management, maintenance and repairs, during that period.


Avondale Landfill

Avondale Environmental, better known as Avondale Landfill is a major Scottish landfill located in Polmont, off junction 4 of the M9 motorway. Avondale takes large volumes of waste from the Forth Valley and some from West Lothian. Avondale has the ability to accept Non-Hazardous, Stable Non-Reactive Hazardous waste including asbestos/gypsum and compliant hazardous wastes. This is the first and currently only landfill with the ability to accept hazardous waste to landfill in Scotland under the Landfill Directive.
The Avondale Landfill incorporates landfill gas recovery facilities which are used to generate renewable electricity on site which is supplied into the national grid.
A Materials Recovery Facility opened in February 2012, with the intention of diverting the majority of waste from landfill, but was closed in 2013.
The company also operates a contaminated soil treatment centre at Kinneil Kerse near Grangemouth/Bo'ness.


Cultana Solar Farm

Cultana Solar Farm is a proposed solar farm to be constructed north of Whyalla by SIMEC Energy Australia (part of the GFG Alliance). Construction is expected to begin early in 2020 after development approval was granted in May 2019.
The contract for engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) was let to Shanghai Electric in June 2019 with construction expected to take 12 to 15 months to complete. The site is north of Whyalla, on both sides of the Lincoln Highway. It was to consist of a total of 925,000 solar modules (later changed to 780,000), each 1 x 2 metres and 35 mm thick, mounted in groups of 85 modules in a north-south orientation on single-axis trackers. Each tracker will be 90 metres long, with 3 metre access between them, and a maximum height of four metres. The total area across the two sites is about . The southern site will generate 70MW at 33kV and be connected via overhead cables to the northern site which will generate 210MW and have a 33kV/275kV substation connected to ElectraNet's Cultana substation.
The solar farm will be connected to the National Electricity Market but its primary customer will be the Whyalla Steelworks which is also owned and operated by members of the GFG Alliance.
Cultana Solar Farm will be Shanghai Electric's first project in Australia, and is expected to be Australia's largest solar farm at the time of its completion, with a capacity of 280 MW.
A test array of almost 200 panels was installed in late 2019 to provide more detailed information in advance of the main construction phase. The saltbush onsite is rolled rather than graded, reducing dust and increasing power output, expected at 600 GWh from the 780,000 solar panels by 2022.


Northfleet Power Station

Northfleet Power Station was a coal-fired, later oil-fired, power station on the south bank of the Thames at Northfleet, Kent. Opened in 1963, it was converted to burn oil in 1972, and closed in 1991.
History.
The station was designed by the CEGB Southern Projects Group, and the principal consulting engineers were L.G. Mouchel and Partners. The station was built on three adjoining sites: Site A comprising the main buildings; Site B a former chalk quarry was used as an open coal store; and Site C further to the south was used to dump waste ash and dust. The main building was clad in an asbestos and aggregate cladding. It comprised a long east-west rectangular boiler house and a lower and longer turbine hall to the south.
The station opened in 1963; its total electrical capacity was 720 MW comprising six 120 MW generating units. A 120 MW Unit comprised a coal-fired (later oil-fired) boiler supplying high-pressure steam to a GEC three-cylinder reheat steam turbine, which in turn powered a GEC hydrogen-cooled 120 MW alternator. Each unit had its own control room interposed between the boiler and turbine manned by a unit operator and an assistant unit operator. They in turn were assisted by two auxiliary plant attendants, one for the boiler, the other for the turbine plant. Data logging equipment was the first to be installed in the UK and provided a continuous scan of plant conditions. The electrical output of each unit, and therefore the station, was co-ordinated by a single load dispatch office who were in contact with grid control at East Grinstead. The electrical output of the station was routed by cables and overhead conductors to two grid sub stations, Northfleet East and Northfleet West, where the station fed the national grid.
At full load each boiler consumed 50 tonnes of coal per hour, which was delivered by ship, first to a coal yard then to bunkers that fed cylindrical ball mills to create pulverised fuel, which was then blown into the boiler furnace. The maximum total production of steam from the boilers was 5,160,000 lb/hr (650 kg/s), the steam conditions at the turbine stop valves was 538 °C at 1500 psi (103.4 bar). The design of this station can be considered the founding development of ever larger boiler / turbine units. From 1963-5 Northfleet was amongst the UK's 20 power stations with the highest thermal efficiencies; its thermal efficiency was 33.67 per cent.
From a coal-burning station, it was converted to burn oil in 1972. The station closed in 1991.
In 2000 the Government gave permission to Scottish and Southern Energy plc to build a 110 MW gas-fired combined heat and power station to supply the heat and electricity needs of the Kimberly-Clark paper mill at Northfleet.
Electricity output.
Electricity output for Northfleet power station over the period 1961-1987 was as follows.
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Silberberg (Bodenmais)

Silberberg is a mountain of Bavarian Forest, Bavaria, Germany.
Gallery.
Minerals and ores from the Silberberg.
Some of the 60 minerals of the Silberberg, in the museum room of the visitors' mine
External links.
Websites in German language


Karchana Thermal Power Station

Karchana Thermal Power Station is a proposed coal-based thermal power plant located in Bara Tehsil in Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh. The power plant will be owned and operated by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam. Earlier the plant was supposed to be owned and operated by Sangam Power Generation Company, a subsidiary of the Jaypee Group but it backed-out due to land acquisition related issues.
This power plant is coming up at a site adjacent to another upcoming power project Bara Thermal Power Station which is owned by Prayagraj Power Generation, a subsidiary of the Jaypee Group.
Capacity.
The planned capacity of the power plant in 1320 MW (2x660 MW).


Quarantine Power Station

Quarantine Power Station is a gas-powered electricity generation facility near the northern end of Torrens Island in the northwestern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. It is at the opposite end of Torrens Island from AGL Energy's Torrens Island and Barker Inlet power stations. It gets its name from the Torrens Island Quarantine Station which was nearby.
The power station is owned by Origin Energy and is configured as a peaking power plant. It has a capacity of 224MW produced by open cycle gas turbines. It was initially installed in 2002 with four Alstom GT10B (now designated Siemens SGT600 after Siemens bought the Alstom Medium sized GT business) turbines generating 95MW of power. It was expanded in 2007 by the addition of a new 120MW General Electric Frame 9E gas turbine set. The power station is fuelled by natural gas, delivered by the EPIC energy & SEAGas pipeline.


Dynex Semiconductor

Dynex Semiconductor based in Lincoln, England, United Kingdom is a global supplier of products and services specialising in the field of power semiconductor devices and silicon on sapphire integrated circuit products. The power products they manufacture include IGBTs, various types of thyristor and GTOs.
Research partnerships.
Along with several other industry partners, Dynex is a member of the National Microelectronics Institute of the University of Surrey Dynex also supports research in power conversion electronics for hybrid vehicles with two other British universities, Durham University and the University of Warwick
History.
The Dynex power semiconductor business was originally established in Lincoln over 50 years ago when it was known as AEI Semiconductors Ltd. At that time, the business introduced some of the first silicon-based power semiconductor components in the world. Since then it acquired the power semiconductor interests, technologies and products from some major names such as GEC, SGS-Thomson, Alstom and Marconi Electronic Devices (MEDL).
Chinese takeover.
In 2008, 75% of Dynex Power shares were acquired by Chinese manufacturer Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of CSR Corporation Limited. A 2018 report in "The Sunday Times" asked if this acquisition led to China using British technology to build a railgun.


Out Newton

Out Newton is a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in an area known as Holderness. It is situated just inland from the North Sea coast, approximately south-east of Withernsea, and east of Patrington.
The hamlet was mentioned in the Domesday Book as having six ploughlands, of meadowland and four villagers. The name is believed to stem from "Outer" Newton, with Newton itself meaning "new homestead or village." It forms part of the civil parish of Easington, and was formerly in the wapentake of Holderness.
A seven turbine wind farm, capable of generating 9 MW of electricity and operated by RWE, is situated on the coast near to the settlement.


Jean Tupinier

Jean Marguerite Tupinier (18 December 1779 – 2 December 1850) was a French naval engineer and politician. In 1839 he was briefly Minister of Navy and Colonies.
Early years.
Jean Marguerite Tupinier was born in Cuisery, Saône-et-Loire, on 18 December 1779.
His parents were the deputy Jean Tupinier and Claudine Royer.
He was the oldest of their three sons.
He entered the École Polytechnique on 13 December 1794 and graduated as a trainee naval engineer on 21 December 1796.
He was employed in marine engineering in Brest, Toulon.
He was the engineer of the naval squadron that undertook the Santo Domingo expedition of 1801-03.
For some time after his return Tupinier was attached to the port of Le Havre.
He then became one of the engineers of the fleet assembled at Boulogne to invade England.
When this army was broken up he went to Genoa in 1805, then to Venice in 1806.
He remained in charge of the Lido dockyard until 1811.
In 1813 he returned to Boulogne to monitor the sale or use of military material from the fleet.
He was a Deputy Director at the Department of the Navy in 1814, and a Division Chief during the Hundred Days.
Bourbon Restoration.
Tupinier was disgraced at the second Bourbon Restoration and sent to Angoulême in the forestry department of the Navy.
After eighteen months Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr called him to work at the ministry as deputy director of ports in 1818, and director in 1823.
He supervised major improvements to the ports of Toulon, Brest, Rochefort, Lorient and Cherbourg.
He was part of the Commission de Paris of 1834 that designed the "Suffren"-class ship of the line.
In 1824 he was appointed Master of Requests at the Council of State.
In 1828 he became a state councilor under the Martignac ministry.
As Inspector General of Marine Engineering, he presided over organization of the fleet that carried the expeditionary army in the invasion of Algiers in 1830.
He suggested the requirements for the "Hercule"-class ship of the line, launched in 1836-54 to fill the gap between the 90-gun "Suffren"-class battleship and the 120-gun three-decker ships of the "Valmy" design.
July Monarchy.
After the July Revolution of 1830 Tupinier was made acting Minister of the Navy, and at once gave the order to hoist the tricolor.
He was made a commander of the Legion of Honor.
On 2 January 1834 he was elected deputy for the 6th college of Finistère (Quimperlé).
He was reelected on 21 June 1834.
On 4 November 1837 he was elected deputy for the 6th college of Charente-Intérieure (Rochefort), and was reelected for this constituency on 2 March 1839.
After the resignation of the Second cabinet of Louis Mathieu Molé, on 31 March 1839 Tupinier was made Minister of the Navy in the Transitional French cabinet of 1839, holding office until 11 May 1839. After leaving office he was made a member of the Admiralty Board.
He was reelected deputy on 22 June 1839 and 9 July 1842.
He was named a Counselor of State.
He sat with the majority in the chamber.
He was made a Peer of France on 14 August 1846 in recognition of his services.
Last years.
After the February Revolution of 1848 Tupinier returned to private life.
He had been made a Knight of St. Louis in 1817, a member of the Order of St. Ferdinand of Spain in 1829 and a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor on 30 April 1840.
He died in Paris on 1 December 1850.
He had no children.
Publications.
Selected publications:


J. P. Pulliam Generating Station

J. P. Pulliam Generating Station was an electrical power station powered by sub-bituminous coal, which could also be substituted by natural gas. It was located in Green Bay, Wisconsin in Brown County. The plant was named after the former Wisconsin Public Service Corporation president John Page Pulliam (–June 15, 1951). The plant units were connected to the power grid via 138 kV and 69 kV transmission lines. The remaining coal units on site were decommissioned in 2018 leaving only the natural gas fired P31 unit active at the site.
Retirement.
As a result of EPA clean air act enforcement, two coal fired units were retired at Pulliam in 2015 and WPSC was required to make $300 million in upgrades at the Weston Generating Station. Those costs were passed on to utility rate payers. At least ten positions were eliminated when Unit 5 and 6 were retired.
In 2016, WEC Energy announced they would be retiring the remaining coal units at Pulliam due to lower natural gas prices and affordability of renewables, and they would retire the plant by the end of 2018. The plant was retired in October 2018, with most of its equipment auctioned off in March 2019.
Some local groups expressed concern that the closure may affect local bald eagle populations due to the lack of waste heat keeping the mouth of the Fox River from freezing in the winter, and peregrine falcon populations due to the removal of nesting boxes.


Nizhnekamskneftekhim

Nizhnekamskneftekhim (), also known as NKNK, is a large petrochemical company and largest specialized company in Europe headquartered in the city of Nizhnekamsk, Russia.
It is the largest producer of synthetic rubber and plastics in Russia. The company was established in 1967, and employs over 17,000 people.


German Union of Saddlers, Upholsterers and Portfolio Makers

The German Union of Saddlers, Upholsterers and Portfolio Makers () was a trade union representing leather goods and upholstery workers in Germany.
The union was established in 1920, when the Union of Saddlers and Portfolio Makers merged with the Union of Upholsterers and Kindred Trades of Germany. The union was based in Berlin and, like its predecessors, it affiliated to the General German Trade Union Confederation. It initially had 28,281 members, and by 1928, this had grown slightly, to 31,406. These figures disguised a high level of turnover, as more than half the union's members were under 30 years old.
The union was banned by the Nazi government in 1933. After World War II, leather workers were represented by the Leather Union.


Atmel

Atmel Corporation was a designer and manufacturer of semiconductors before being acquired by Microchip Technology in 2016. It was founded in 1984. The company focuses on embedded systems built around microcontrollers. Its products include microcontrollers (8-bit AVR, 32-bit AVR, 32-bit ARM-based, automotive grade, and 8-bit Intel 8051 derivatives) radio frequency (RF) devices including Wi-Fi, EEPROM, and flash memory devices, symmetric and asymmetric security chips, touch sensors and controllers, and application-specific products. Atmel supplies its devices as standard products, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or application-specific standard product (ASSPs) depending on the requirements of its customers.
Atmel serves applications including consumer, communications, computer networking, industrial, medical, automotive, aerospace and military. It specializes in microcontroller and touch systems, especially for embedded systems.
Atmel's corporate headquarters is in San Jose, California, in the North San Jose Innovation District. Other locations include Trondheim, Norway; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Chennai, India; Shanghai, China; Taipei, Taiwan; Rousset, France; Nantes, France; Patras, Greece; Heilbronn, Germany; Munich, Germany; Whiteley, United Kingdom; Cairo, Egypt. Atmel makes much of its product line at vendor fabrication facilities. It owns a facility in Colorado Springs, Colorado that manufactures its XSense line of flexible touch sensors.
In 2016, Microchip agreed to buy Atmel for billion in a deal brokered by JPMorgan Chase and Qatalyst.
History.
Founding and 1980s growth.
Atmel Corporation was founded in 1984, by George Perlegos. Atmel was an acronym for “advanced technology for memory and logic”. Perlegos had worked in the memory group of Intel in the 1970s and had co-founded Seeq Technology to manufacture EPROM memory. Using only US$30,000 in capital, Atmel was initially operated as a fabless company, using Sanyo and General Instrument to make the chip wafers.
The first Atmel memory products used less power than competitors. Customers included Motorola, Nokia, and Ericsson. In 1987, Intel sued Atmel for patent infringement. Rather than fight the patent claim, Atmel redesigned its products to use different intellectual property. These had better performance and even lower power consumption. In addition, Atmel then entered the flash memory business that Intel had focused on. Atmel used US$60 million in venture capital for the 1989 purchase of a fabrication facility from Honeywell in Colorado Springs. Atmel then invested another US$30 million in manufacturing technology.
1990s expansion.
In 1991, Atmel expanded the Colorado facility after acquiring Concurrent Logic, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) manufacturer. The company made its initial public offering (IPO) in 1991 which yielded more than US$65 million. 1994 saw Atmel enter the microprocessor market. The first Atmel flash memory microcontroller was based on the Intel 8051.
The controller executed an instruction for every clock cycle, as opposed to the 12 cycles that legacy 8051 parts required.
In 1994, Atmel purchased the EEROM assets of Seeq Technology (LSI Corporation acquired the rest of Seeq in 1999). In 1995, Atmel was among the first companies to license the ARM architecture, creating its AT91 family of devices, followed by the SAM family, and more recently a full selection of Cortex-based solutions, including ones based on the ultra-low-power ARM Cortex-M4. Atmel now has dozens of families of ARM-based devices. In 1995, Atmel acquired the pan-European chipmaker European Silicon Structures (ES2) and thus gained a fabrication facility in Rousset, France. Atmel built a new fab alongside the existing ES2 fab. This business unit was named Atmel-ES2. Atmel acquired Digital Research in Electronic Acoustics and Music (DREAM) in 1996. Atmel formed a design team in Trondheim, Norway to develop the Atmel AVR line of RISC microcontrollers. This team combined technology of former students at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology with Atmel's expertise in flash memory. These 8-bit Harvard architecture chips were first developed in 1996. The AVR chip is the basis of most Arduino open-source development boards. In 1998, Atmel purchased part of TEMIC from Vishay Intertechnology, which provided them with a fab in Germany as well as part of MHS from Vishay that gave them a fab in Nantes, France.
In September 2000, Atmel acquired a fabrication plant in North Tyneside, England, from Siemens, via a £28 million grant from the UK government and paying Siemens around US$35 million.
Streamlining.
Atmel streamlined operations with a strategy called "fab-lite". This started in 2005 when Atmel sold the MHS fab in Nantes France to Xbybus. In February 2006, Steven Laub became a director and in August president and chief executive officer. Under Laub Atmel divested more manufacturing plants and business lines. Atmel announced the sale of its North Tyneside facility (Fab9) on October 8, 2007. The manufacturing equipment was sold to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (TSMC) and the property and associated land to Highbridge Business Park Limited. In 2008, Atmel sold their fab in Germany to Tejas semiconductor. In 2010, Atmel received approval from the French government to sell its fab to Germany-based LFoundry GmbH, while retaining their design center there. Atmel completed the sale of their Secure Microcontroller Solutions smart card business to INSIDE Secure. In February 2011, Atmel sold its Digital Research in Electronics, Acoustics and Music (DREAM) business, which sold products for karaoke and other entertainment machines, for US$2.3 million. Atmel's DataFlash serial interface flash memory products were sold to Adesto Technologies in October 2012.
Acquisitions.
As Atmel divested several fabs and ancillary business lines, Laub also oversaw acquisitions. One strategy was to participate in the touch screen market, both in the semiconductor chips and the sensors themselves. In 2008, Atmel bought Quantum Research Group Ltd. (now known as Atmel Technologies Ireland Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary), a supplier of capacitive sensing technology. Work done at Quantum, led to the 2012 release of Atmel's XSense product line, a flexible touch screen based on copper mesh electrodes.
Atmel moved into Internet of things technology. They completed the acquisition of Advanced Digital Design S.A, a Spanish company that develops power line communication. Ozmo Devices, which developed products for Wi-Fi Direct, was acquired by Atmel in December 2012. Ozmo was founded in 2004 as H-Stream Wireless by Kateljin Vleugels and Roel Peeters, and was based in Palo Alto, California.
In 2012, Atmel had approximately US$1.4 billion in annual revenue, with over 60% of their revenue from microcontrollers, and net income of US$30 million.
Atmel purchased the smart metering product lines of IDT Corporation in March 2013.
Atmel purchased Newport Media in July 2014. This will provide Atmel further capability in wireless Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
Acquisition by Microchip Technology.
In October 2008, Atmel received an unsolicited offer from Microchip Technology and ON Semiconductor, estimated at US$2.3 billion. The offer was eventually rejected and the companies gave up on their hostile takeover attempt.
However, in 2016, Microchip agreed to buy Atmel for $3.6 billion. JPMorgan Chase and Qatalyst Partners served as financial advisers to Microchip and Atmel, respectively. The company had previously heard offers from Cypress Semiconductor and Dialog Semiconductor in 2015, and the deal with Microchip was expected to be finalized at the end of Q2 2016.
Atmel finally merged with Microchip Technology in July 2016 after prolonged negotiations for US$3.56 billion.
The end of Atmel Way.
Apple Computer purchased the old cul-de-sac where Atmel's HQ office sat. Paperwork was filed with the city of San Jose to change the name from "Atmel Way" to "Orchard Place."
Products.
Microcontrollers.
A large part of Atmel's revenue is from microcontrollers. These include the AVR 8- and 32-bit microcontrollers, ARM architecture microprocessors, and ARM-based flash microcontrollers. In addition Atmel still makes microcontrollers that use the 8051 architecture, albeit improved to do single-cycle instructions. Supporting the microcontrollers is the Atmel Studio 7 integrated development environment which Atmel offers for free. They also provide an Atmel Software Framework.
Wireless / RF.
To provide for the Internet of Things (IoT), Atmel offers dual-band 2.4 GHz/5 GHz a/b/g Wi-Fi chips from its Ozmo acquisition. Also, Atmel offers 2.4 GHz b/g/n Wi-Fi chips WILC1000/WILC3000 and WINC1500 from its Newport Media, Inc acquisition. WINC1500 provide a full 802.11 b/g/n network controller with full ip stack TCP/IP, UDP with upper layer protocols as DHCP, DNS, HTTP, SNTP, TLS etc. Also, Atmel makes wireless transceivers using regional 700/800/900 MHz, as well as global 2.4 GHz frequency bands, Some chips are standalone transceivers while others are integrated with a microcontroller. They also sell the Zigbit module that comes with FCC certifications. Atmel also makes remote control RF products using the license-free ISM band (industrial scientific medical) frequencies (5.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 868 to 928 MHz, 433 MHz, and 315 MHz). The wireless segment also provides RFID chips for tracking, access and identification. Finally, Atmel offers a line of IR controllers that can support infrared as well as RF wireless.
Touchscreen.
Atmel makes both touchscreen controller ICs and its XSense flexible touchscreen. The company makes sensor hubs that manage accelerometers, gyroscopes, inertial measurement units and magnetometers. These sensors give consumer products and embedded systems context awareness. The sensor hub offloads the main application processor and allows product functionality without the need to power the main processor. Atmel also makes simple touch controller chips for buttons, sliders, and wheels used on industrial and consumer products. The touch wheel interface became popularized by the Apple iPod. To support the application of its touch controller chips, Atmel provides a free QTouch library of software routines.
Memory.
Atmel's original business was in memory, and it still sells several memory products. It offers serial and parallel EEPROM, as well as one-time programmable (OTP) EPROM. In addition, it offers secure memory with its CryptoMemory product line of EEPROMS in capacities from 1 to 256 kbits.
Security.
In addition to the secure memory mentioned above, they have the CryptoAuthentication product lines that provide hardware authentication capability with both symmetric and asymmetric-key algorithm authentication. These ICs are used in many applications, including secure access, communications, control, and to prevent cloned products like batteries or ink cartridges not approved by the product manufacturer. Atmel's CryptoRF products add hardware encrypted security to RFID applications. Finally Atmel offers a trusted platform module that gives strong hardware-based public key (RSA algorithm) security for both personal computers and embedded processors on a single chip.
Analog.
Atmel makes LED driver chips. It also has a line of digital-output temperature sensors. The company also makes power management and analog companions (PMAAC) that combine a group of discrete ICs often used in handheld or battery-powered products. Integrated functions include audio codecs (compressor-decompressor), lithium-ion battery chargers, and stereo digital-to-analog converters.
Custom.
These products include custom integrated circuits designed to meet specialized single-customer requirements. Products include FPGAs, products with military and aerospace applications, and application-specific standard products (ASSP) for space applications, power management, and secure cryptographic memory products.
Automotive.
Atmel modified or specialized many of its products for the automotive market. These products often have a wider temperature range or are specially qualified for automotive applications. These products include car access, touch control, radio, CAN, VAN, and LIN Bus networking, battery management, high-temperature drivers, and serial EEPROMs.
Smart energy.
Atmel also has chips specialized for the smart energy and smart metering markets. These chips combine microprocessors with tamper-proof hardware security and power line communication modems. The parts also integrate analog front-ends for accurate metrology.


Groundwater on Mars

During past ages, there was rain and snow on Mars; especially in the Noachian and early Hesperian epochs. Some moisture entered the ground and formed aquifers. That is, the water went into the ground, seeped down until it reached a formation that would not allow it to penetrate further (such a layer is called impermeable) . Water then accumulated forming a saturated layer. Deep aquifers may still exist.
Overview.
Researchers have found that Mars had a planet-wide groundwater system and several prominent features on the planet have been produced by the action of groundwater. When water rose to the surface or near the surface, various minerals were deposited and sediments became cemented together. Some of the minerals were sulfates that were probably produced when water dissolved sulfur from underground rocks, and then became oxidized when it came into contact with the air. While traveling through the aquifer, the water passed through igneous rock basalt, which would have contained sulfur.
In an aquifer, water occupies open space (pore space) that lies between rock particles. This layer would spread out, eventually coming to be under most of the Martian surface. The top of this layer is called the water table. Calculations show that the water table on Mars was for a time 600 meters below the surface.
The "InSight" lander uncovered in September 2019 unexplained magnetic pulses, and magnetic oscillations consistent with an existing planet-wide reservoir of liquid water deep underground.
Researchers have concluded that Gale Crater has experienced many episodes of groundwater surge with changes in the groundwater chemistry. These chemical changes would support life.
Layered terrain.
Some locations on the Red Planet show groups of layered rocks. Rock layers are present under the resistant caps of pedestal craters, on the floors of many large impact craters, and in the area called Arabia. In some places the layers are arranged into regular patterns. It has been suggested that the layers were put into place by volcanoes, the wind, or by being at the bottom of a lake or sea. Calculations and simulations show that groundwater carrying dissolved minerals would surface in the same locations that have abundant rock layers. According to these ideas, deep canyons and large craters would receive water coming from the ground. Many craters in the Arabia area of Mars contain groups of layers. Some of these layers may have resulted from climate change.
The tilt of the rotational axis of Mars has repeatedly changed in the past. Some changes are large. Because of these variations of climate, at times the atmosphere of Mars would have been much thicker and contained more moisture. The amount of atmospheric dust also has increased and decreased. It is believed that these frequent changes helped to deposit material in craters and other low places. The rising of mineral-rich ground water cemented these materials. The model also predicts that after a crater is full of layered rocks, additional layers will be laid down in the area around the crater. So, the model predicts that layers may also have formed in intercrater regions; layers in these regions have been observed.
Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesized for Mars. One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia. On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.
In February 2019, European scientists published geological evidence of an ancient planet-wide groundwater system that was, arguably, connected to a putative vast ocean.
Inverted terrain.
Many areas on Mars show inverted relief. In those places, former stream channels are displayed as raised beds, instead of stream valleys. Raised beds form when old stream channels become filled with material that is resistant to erosion. After later erosion removes surrounding soft materials, more resistant materials that were deposited in the stream bed are left behind. Lava is one substance that can flow down valleys and produce such inverted terrain. However, fairly loose materials can get quite hard and erosion resistant when cemented by minerals. These minerals can come from groundwater. It is thought that a low point, like a valley focuses groundflow, so more water and cements move into it, and this results in a greater degree of cementation.
Terrain inversion can also happen without cementation by groundwater, however. If a surface is being eroded by wind, the necessary contrast in erodibility can arise simply from variations in grain size of loose sediments. Since wind can carry away sand but not cobbles, for example, a channel bed rich in cobbles could form an inverted ridge if it was originally surrounded by much finer sediments, even if the sediments were not cemented. This effect has been invoked for channels in Saheki Crater.
Places on Mars that contain layers in the bottoms of craters often also have inverted terrain.
Evidence for groundwater upwelling.
Spacecraft sent to Mars provided a wealth of evidence for groundwater being a major cause of many rock layers on the planet. The Opportunity Rover studied some areas with sophisticated instruments. Opportunity’s observations showed that groundwater repeatedly had risen to the surface. Evidence for water coming to the surface a number of times include hematite concretions (called "blue berries"), cementation of sediments, alteration of sediments, and clasts or skeletons of formed crystals.
 To produce skeleton crystals, dissolved minerals were deposited as mineral crystals, and then the crystals were dissolved when more water came to the surface at a later time. The shape of the crystals could still be made out.
Opportunity found hematite and sulfates in many places as it traveled on the surface of Mars, so it is assumed that the same types of deposits are widespread, just as predicted by the model.
Orbiting probes showed that the type of rock around Opportunity was present in a very large area that included Arabia, which is about as large as Europe. A spectroscope, called CRISM, on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found sulfates in many of the same places that the upwelling water model had predicted, including some areas of Arabia. The model predicted deposits in Valles Marineris canyons; these deposits have been observed and found to contain sulfates.
Other locations predicted to have upwelling water, for example chaos regions and canyons associated with large outflows, have also been found to contain sulfates.
Layers occur in the types of locations predicted by this model of groundwater evaporating at the surface. They were discovered by the Mars Global Surveyor and HiRISE onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Layers have been observed around the site that Opportunity landed and in nearby Arabia. The ground under the cap of pedestal craters sometimes displays numerous layers. The cap of a pedestal crater protects material under it from eroding away. It is accepted that the material that now is only found under the pedestal crater’s cap formerly covered the whole region. Hence, layers now just visible under pedestal craters once covered the whole area.
Some craters contain mounds of layered material that reach above the crater’s rim. Gale Crater and Crommelin (Martian crater) are two craters that hold large mounds. Such tall mounds were formed, according to this model, by layers that first filled the crater, and then continued to build up around the surrounding region. Later erosion removed material around the crater, but left a mound in the crater that was higher than its rim.
Note that although the model predicts upwelling and evaporation that should have produced layers in other areas (Northern lowlands), these areas do not show layers because the layers were formed long ago in the Early Hesperian Epoch and were therefore subsequently buried by later deposits.
Strong evidence for groundwater making lakes in deep craters was described by a group of European scientists in February 2019. Craters examined did not show inlets or outlets; therefore, water for the lake would have come from the ground. These craters had floors lying roughly 4000 m below Martian 'sea level'. Features and minerals on the floors of these craters could only have formed in the presence of water. Some of the features were deltas and terraces. Some of the craters studied were Oyama, Pettit, Sagan, Tombaugh, Mclaughlin, du Martheray, Nicholson, Curie, and Wahoo. It seems that if a crater was deep enough, water came out of the ground and a lake was formed.


MAN Turbo

MAN Turbo AG was a company based in Oberhausen, Germany, that produced turbomachinery, including compressors, expanders, steam and gas turbines. It was owned by the German conglomerate MAN SE. In 2010, MAN Turbo and MAN Diesel were merged to form MAN Diesel & Turbo.
History.
In 1954, BMW formed BMW Studienge-sellschaft für Triebwerkbau GmbH as part of West German efforts to resume aircraft engine production. The company was renamed BMW Triebwerkbau GmbH in 1957, and began producing General Electric J79-11A turbojets for the Lockheed F-104G Starfighter program.
In 1960, MAN AG acquired 50 percent of BMW Triebwerkbau GmbH. MAN AG purchased the remainder of the company in 1965, and merged it with MAN Turbomotoren GmbH to form MAN Turbo GmbH.
In Autumn 1968, MAN Turbo and Daimler-Benz formed Entwicklungsgesellschaft für Turbomotoren GmbH (Motoren- und Turbinen-Union München GmbH from 1969) as a 50/50 joint venture, combining their aircraft engine development and manufacturing interests. MAN Turbo remained a separate company under MAN AG.


Lancaster Arts Hotel

The Lancaster Arts Hotel is a hotel in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, housed in a historic tobacco warehouse.
Originally, the hotel site was built in the 1880s as a tobacco warehouse and was used that way until 1945. It then was used by a paper and twine business as well as an electronics business before being transformed into the hotel. The hotel is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Harrisburg Avenue Tobacco Historic District. Lancaster Arts Hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
The hotel also has an art gallery featuring rotating exhibitions by regional artists. Included in the gallery is a room paying homage to Lancaster sculptor Blanche Nevin whose sculpture of Peter Muhlenberg is housed in the National Statuary Hall Collection at the U.S. Capitol Building. Another room features the work of Watercolor Painter Charles Demuth.
Other artists who have been exhibited at the hotel include Warren Rohrer and David Brumbach.


Balloki Power Plant

The Balloki Power Plant is a 1,223 MW natural gas power plant recently completed in mid 2018 near Phool Nagar, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Groundbreaking was commenced by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on November 11, 2015, and construction is scheduled for completion by December 2017. The project will utilize regasified liquefied natural gas (RLNG) for fuel, with diesel as an alternate backup. A 40 kilometer long transmission line with a capacity of 500 kilovolts will also be constructed between the new plant and a grid station in southern Lahore.
Bidding was open to international firms for the 82 billion rupee project. China's Harbin Electric Company was announced as the lowest evaluated bidder for the project on October 2, 2015, having offered a levellised electricity cost of 7.973 cents per unit, outbidding the Turkish conglomerate Enka İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş. and GE Consortium which both stood in second with 8.185 cents per unit tariff, followed by China Machinery Eng Co (CMEC) & SEFC at 8.304 cents, and Hyundai Engineering at 8.332 cents per unit.
Project Financing.
Plans for the project call for private sector investment to construct the plant, with the private company then selling electricity to the government of Pakistan at pre-negotiated rates. It is not financed under CPEC projects. As the project is to be constructed largely by the private sector, financing loans for the project do not fall under the concessionary loan agreement which finances CPEC projects, but it will still qualify for subsidized loans with an interest rate of 5% which are to be dispersed by the Exim Bank of China. For comparison, loans for previous Pakistani infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank carried an interest rate between 5% and 8.5%, while interest rates on market loans approach 12%.
Project Troubles.
Along with its sister Bhikki plant, the site faces issues with power generation. The Chief Justice of Pakistan (CJP) was given notice of zero power generation by the plants and issued investigations. As of November 2019, the current PM of Pakistan Imran Khan wishes to privatize the Balloki power plant along with a few others.


Cushioncraft

Cushioncraft Ltd was a British engineering company, formed in 1960 as a division of Britten-Norman Ltd (manufacturer of aircraft) to develop/build hovercraft. Originally based at Bembridge Airport on the Isle of Wight, Cushioncraft later moved to the Duver Works at St. Helens, these works gave ready access to the sheltered water of Bembridge Harbour.
History.
In 1960 Britten-Norman Ltd began trials of their new "Cushioncraft"—their name for an air-cushion vehicle built for Elders and Fyffes. It was used to study the potential of this type of vehicle for the carriage of bananas from plantations in the Southern Cameroons. Together with its associated company, Crop Culture (Aerial) Ltd, Britten-Norman studied the potential for the Cushioncraft in many different countries. These investigations revealed the possibility of a break-through in transportation techniques by the use of air cushion vehicles which could accelerate the pace of development in territories where roads are nonexistent and costly to build and rivers are seasonally unnavigable
Cushioncraft was reconstituted as a separate company in 1967 to permit British Hovercraft Corporation (BHC) to take a minority share holding, and it revived the name under which Britten-Norman's initial ACV endeavours were launched. Cushioncraft has an authorised capital of £500,000 and issued capital of £450,000, BHC paid Britten-Norman £90,000 for a 20 percent stake in the company's hovercraft activities. The board of Cushioncraft comprised Messrs F. R. J. Britten, Desmond Norman, J. M. McMahon and F. H. Mann (all directors of Britten-Norman), Peter Winter (technical director), and A. R. B. Hobbs, BHC's nominee.
In 1971, Britten-Norman encountered financial problems, and one result was that the Cushioncraft company was sold in 1972 to the British Hovercraft Corporation.
Production.
Between 1960 and 1972 Cushioncraft designed 6 models of which 5 were produced.
CC1.
CC1 was the "second" hovercraft to lift off in 1960. The ground clearance of the CC1 was 12 to 15 inch.
CC2.
The 11 passenger CC2 was originally designed without a skirt and using air deflection within the cushion for propulsion. The CC2 was heavily developed over the years with the addition of a skirt and two external engines each driving a propellor for propulsion. The "bodywork" was also heavily modified.
CC4.
The CC4 was developed by Cushioncraft jointly with Hovercraft Development. It was intended to be the first car sized craft to be put into production - this never happened. Subsequent to development use by Cushioncraft, the CC4 was sold to the NPL for future research, HDL renamed it HU-4.
CC5.
One 6/8 seater CC5 was built, during tests off Priory Bay (Isle of Wight) it capsized and was written off in October 1966.
CC6.
The CC6 concept hovercraft was designed circa 1966. This was to be a small vehicle/passenger craft (4 to 6 cars and 30 to 40 passengers) using the quiet centrifugal fan configuration for lift and propulsion developed from the CC4 and CC5.
The Cushioncraft CC-6 18-ton mixed-traffic ferry craft was to be built jointly by the Vosper Thorneycroft shipbuilding group at Portsmouth. This was the effect of an agreement between Vosper and Cushioncraft, under which Vosper were to be major sub-contractors in the construction of the craft. Development was to be financed jointly by Cushioncraft and the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC). Cushioncraft's facilities at St Helen's, IoW, were considered inadequate for CC-6 production.
CC7.
The CC7 was a development of the CC5, built in aluminium with inflatable side decks - the first Cushioncraft to use a gas turbine engine (all previous being piston). A stretched version offering 17 passenger places was proposed after the company was taken over by BHC.
Later years.
After Cushioncraft was taken over by BHC, the "unique" fan lift/propulsion arrangement design of the later quiet Cushioncraft vehicles was discontinued.
The Duver Works has since been used by Hovertravel/Hoverwork as a maintenance centre and in the 1980s/90s was used to fit out the AP1-88 craft.


Gullfaks C


Carl F. Schoverling Tobacco Warehouse

The Carl F. Schoverling Tobacco Warehouse is a historic industrial storage building at 1 Wellsville Avenue in New Milford, Connecticut. Also known locally as the Flatiron Building, it was built in 1897 by one of the region's leading tobacco processing businesses, and is one of only two such buildings to surviving from period in the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
Description and history.
The former Schoverling Tobacco Warehouse stands north of downtown New Milford, occupying a roughly triangular lot at the northern junction of Wellsville Avenue and
Housatonic Avenue. It is a two-story wood frame structure with a flat roof, clapboarded exterior, and partially exposed brick foundation. It presents a narrow two-bay facade to the street junction, and gradually widens. Its main facade is the long side facing Wellness Avenue, while the western facade, facing Housatonic Avenue, is where shipping activities were originally focused. The building interior retains massive timber framing, and a rare example of an early elevator, originally powered by a water pump.
When this warehouse was built in 1897, it was described as one of the most advanced tobacco warehouses in the country, featuring all of the latest amenities. New Milford was then the primary center for processing tobacco leaf grown in the Housatonic River valley, used for wrapping cigars. It was built by Carl Schoverling, the son and nephew of two German immigrants who were major figures in the local tobacco industry. The building originally had wings extending to the west (where Housatonic Avenue) now runs, and was conveniently sited near the Housatonic Railroad. Its use by the Schoverlings was short-lived: the business closed in 1903, apparently due to setbacks caused by repeated crop failures. After passing through bank ownership, it was again used as a tobacco warehouse into the 1930s, after which it has been used by a variety of other businesses.


Ultralife Corporation

Ultralife Corporation () designs and manufactures batteries and communications systems worldwide. Ultralife serves government and defense, medical, safety and security, energy, robotics and other customers across the globe through the design and development of a range of products. Founded in 1991 when launched as an Initial Public Offering (IPO) evolving from Kodak’s Ultra Technologies battery division, and headquartered in Newark, New York, the Company’s business segments include battery and energy products and communications systems.
Products.
Battery and energy products.
This segment manufactures and markets Lithium Manganese Dioxide (Li-MnO2), Lithium Manganese Dioxide Carbon Monofluoride (Li-CFx/MnO2) hybrid and Lithium Thionyl Chloride (Li-SOCl2) non-rechargeable batteries including 9-volt, HiRate cylindrical, ThinCell, and others. Applications for its 9-volt batteries include smoke alarms, wireless security systems, and intensive care monitors. Its HiRate and ThinCell Lithium non-rechargeable batteries are sold primarily to the military and to OEMs in industrial markets for use in radios, emergency radio beacons, search and rescue transponders, pipeline inspection gauges, portable medical devices and other instruments and applications. Military applications for its non-rechargeable HiRate batteries include manpack and survival radios, night vision devices, targeting devices, chemical agent monitors, and thermal imaging equipment.
Communications systems.
Under McDowell Research and AMTI brands, this segment designs and manufactures a line of communications systems and accessories for the military. All systems are packaged to meet customer needs in rugged enclosures to allow for their use in extreme environments. The segment markets these products to all permitted branches of the U.S. military and foreign defense organizations, as well as U.S. and international defense contractors.


Henday Converter Station

Henday Converter Station is an HVDC converter station near Sundance in the Canadian province of Manitoba.
The Henday Converter Station is the northern terminus for Manitoba Hydro's Bipole II high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system and was built in 1977. It is 42 kilometres northeast of the Radisson Converter Station and is close to the Limestone Generating Station.
It was named after Anthony Henday, an eighteenth-century trader who worked for the Hudson's Bay Company.


Taskers of Andover

Taskers of Andover were an Andover, Hampshire based metal works and engineering company, which became better known in the latter half of the 20th century for their lorry trailers. After 170 years in operation, the company became first part of the John Brown company, and then sold to Montracon, where it was quietly closed.
Background.
In 1806, Robert Tasker of Stanton St Bernard, Wiltshire travelled from his father's blacksmith business to Abbotts Ann, Hampshire to join the forge ironworks business of Thomas Maslen. In 1809, he took over the business, but due to his non conformist Christian views, Tasker found business hard, and was forced to bid for work from further afield.
Waterloo ironworks.
In 1813, Tasker and his brother William founded the Waterloo Ironworks in the Anna Valley. The site, built on chalk strata, gave access to coal and iron ore via the Andover Canal, and offered waterwheel power from the Pillhill Brook. The works came into operation in 1815, hence it is named after the great Battle of Waterloo. The brothers entered into a partnership with George Fowle, a relative of Robert's wife, Martha.
The Swing riots.
As the industrial revolution gathered pace, a series of riots began. Started in Kent by a Captain Swing, a group of 300 agricultural workers entered the works 20 November 1830, causing considerable damage. 30 men were arrested by Special constables, of which 14 were tried, 4 acquitted, and 10 eventually transported to penal colonies in Australia.
William's sons take over.
After the opening of the London and Southampton Railway, the canal was closed, and eventually buried to make way for another railway line, which hence replaced Taskers wharf with a series of private railway sidings. In 1857, two of William's sons took over the business, coming to a licence agreement with Clayton & Shuttleworth of Lincoln to sell and service their stationary boilers.
Steam engines.
In 1865, the Waterloo Ironworks made its first steam engine, and until 1891 Taskers became known as a producer of bespoke steam engines, each one of which was produced to its own unique design. After William's third son Henry joined the firm, he implemented the "Economic" design of engines of 1891, which formed the first series of standards Tasker designs, using steel boiler plates over wrought iron.
Tasker & Sons.
Henry, who was now running the business, bought out his brothers interests, but the company was now left short of capital, and hence struggled through to World War I. Henry found new capital via a series of share sales, which resulted in the 1902 development of the standard class of 'light', just under , engine called "Little Giant," of which over 300 were made.
After liquidation in 1903, and reformation in 1907, Taskers production thrived in World War I. Post-war, Taskers built a series of road rollers, but the economic slump brought about a second, inevitable receivership in 1926 and a further liquidation. The last steam engine, a C Class road roller, left the factory in 1927.
Taskers of Andover (1932) Limited.
In 1932, the company was revived, as Taskers of Andover (1932) Limited, through the production of semi-trailers. Using steel rather than iron, the product didn't require the services of the Waterloo Ironworks, which closed permanently in 1937.
In 1938 the Air Ministry, which was forming plans for setting up the Civilian Repair Organisation, sent out a tender for a recovery trailer able to carry an entire fighter aircraft. Ten days later Taskers arrived in Whitehall, not only with a written and costed proposal, but also with a prototype trailer. Subsequently nicknamed the Queen Mary trailer after Cunard's , both being the largest of their type. The company gained 300 orders in the buildup to World War II. By the end of the war nearly 4000 had been delivered.
Tasker Trailers.
Adopting the post-war name of Tasker Trailers to supply the developing road transport industry, the company had branches in Wigan and Scotland. Taken over by Craven Industries, which later itself became part of the John Brown and Co engineering conglomerate, it was sold as part of a package of assets in 1983 to Montracon of Belfast, Northern Ireland. After the closure of the works and demolition of the residual buildings in 1984, Montracon decided to consolidate its brands, resulting in the end of the Tasker brand in the late 1990s.
Preservation.
In 1948, Arthur Fuller, the then managing director, decided to preserve items manufactured by the company over its existence, leading to the acquisition of 108 items which were displayed in a museum under the main offices. The collection included 23 steam road engines and a Queen Mary trailer complete with Spitfire, along with many items of agricultural machinery and tools from the Anna Valley works. With the sale of the company in 1968, the collection was put up for sale and the majority acquired by the Hampshire County Council Museums Service.
Several preserved Tasker vehicles are displayed at the Milestones Museum in Basingstoke, Hampshire.


Alexander Grigoriev

Alexander Grigoriev, son of Lykov () (1634? - after 1676) was a Russian cannon and bellfounder.
Career.
Early career, avoiding the plague.
In 1651, Alexander Grigoriev was accepted to the Moscow Cannon Yard as a "bell person" (колокольное лицо) at the recommendation of a bellmaker Yemelyan Danilov and a number of Muscovite cannonmakers. Soon, Grigoriev was given seven apprentices, with whom he would recast the Annunciation Bell (Благовестный колокол) for the Church of Saint Antipius in Moscow and cast six spare alarm bells for other fortresses. In 1654, Alexander Grigoriev and Feodor Motorin were sent to Novgorod, where they would cast a 16-ton bell for the Saint Sophia Cathedral. Their assignment in Novgorod allowed them to escape the fate of some 150,000 Muscovites, who would die from bubonic plague that year.
Important Moscow commissions.
Upon his return to Moscow in 1655, Grigoriev succeeded to the deceased Yemelyan Danilov and continued his work on creating the most important bell in the country, namely the Big Assumption Bell (some 160 tons), which had been shattered before during a religious celebration. Grandiose work on casting of this bell took place in the Moscow Kremlin from May until late fall. Many of Grigoriev's apprentices took part in this assignment, some of whom would become famous bellmakers themselves (Khariton Ivanov, Pyotr Stepanov, Fyodor Dmitriyev). The Big Assumption Bell would only be hung in 1668 in a custom-built wooden belltower. The bell was lost in a Kremlin fire in 1701. Its metal was later used for the casting of the Tsar Bell.
In 1655, Alexander Grigoriev founded an alarm bell for the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) Tower of the Moscow Kremlin (approx. 3 tons) using the remains of a shattered bell and increasing its weight from 150 to 194 poods. In 1656, Alexander Grigoriev and Feodor Motorin were sent to the Iversky Monastery in Valdai, where they would cast an 11.5-ton bell at the request of Patriarch Nikon. The bell did not survive to this day. The legend has it, however, that Alexander Grigoriev gave out the remaining bronze to his local assistants, giving birth to a tradition of making the now famous little Valdai bells (Валдайские колокольчики).
Status as a master.
In 1657, he cast a bell weighing 0.75 tons for the Kotelniy ryad (Котельный ряд; one of the slobodas in Moscow). In 1665, Alexander Grigoriev founded a 5-ton bell for the Simonov Monastery, on which the inscription called him "cannon and bell master of the state" for the first time. In 1668, he cast his best bell ever, namely the Big Annunciation Bell, for the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery near Zvenigorod, which would be considered the most sonorous bell in Russia. The work was done in 130 days (a very short period of time in those days). For this bell, Tsar Alexis I rewarded the master with a big piece of cloth along with money and bread allowance. It is said that Feodor Chaliapin used to admire the sound of the Big Annunciation Bell. Unfortunately, the bell was shattered to pieces in 1941 as the Soviets were trying to take it down due to the threat of the approaching German army.
Fate of his household.
Alexander Grigoriev was last mentioned in 1676, when ten of his apprentices assisted Khariton Ivanov in casting ten harquebuses at the Cannon Yard. Alexander Grigoriev's outstanding work allows historians to speculate about the existence of Grigoriev's school of casting in the 17th century. There were 21 known apprentices of Grigoriev, many of whom would become famous, as well. Upon Grigoriev's death, his nephew Grigory Yekimov (garnet master) inherited his household in the Pushkarskaya Sloboda, which he would later sell to Feodor Motorin.


ARMF-II

Advanced Reactivity Measurement Facility II (ARMF-II) was a research reactor which was located at the Argonne National Laboratory, a United States Department of Energy national laboratory, facility located in the high desert of southeastern Idaho between Idaho Falls, Idaho and Arco, Idaho. ARMF-II was nearly identical to ARMF-I.
History.
The ARMF-II, a reactor located in a small pool in a building east of the MTR in the Test Reactor Area, was used to determine the nuclear characteristics of reactor fuels and other materials subject to testing in the MTR. Together with the MTR, the reactor helped improve the performance, reliability, and quality of reactor core components. It had a “readout” system which automatically recorded measurements on IBM data cards. This refinement over the ARMF-I meant that operators could process data quickly in electronic computers. Designers of the ARMF-II benefitted from previous experience with the ARMF-I and the Reactivity Measurement Facility.
The Advanced Reactivity Measurement Facilities, ARMF-I and ARMF-II, were nearly identical critical facilities and were used almost exclusively for measuring reactor physics parameters, such as reactor-spectrum cross sections and resonance integral cross sections. They were designed to (a) have large statistical weights for fuels and poisons, (b) be mechanically stable enough to produce reproducible reactivity measurements, and (c) have sensitive instrumentation capable of measuring very small reactivities.
ARMF-II began operation October 10, 1960 and ceased operation sometime prior to 2000.
Design.
ARMF-I and ARMF-II were near identical pool reactors. The greatest difference between the two ARMF reactors was ARMF-II had a “readout” system which automatically recorded measurements on IBM data cards. This refinement over the ARMF-I meant that operators could process data quickly in electronic computers. ARMF-I and ARMF-II were housed in a 40-foot by 60-foot cinder block building located just east of the MTR canal tunnel; the building was designed from the initial concept for two reactors. These facilities were swimming-pool-type reactors having light-water moderated cores made up of plate-type fuel elements containing high enriched uranium at 93% U-235. The facilities were located at the National Reactor Testing Station near the Materials Testing Reactor (MTR). Being located near the MTR permitted measurements on short-lived fission products and transmuted isotopes. By use of the capsule 'transfer tube' connecting the MTR and ARMF canals, a capsule could be transferred from the MTR hydraulic rabbit to the ARMF and prepared for reactivity measurements in 15 minutes.
References.
Citations


B Bond Warehouse

B Bond Warehouse () is a former bonded warehouse built to serve Bristol Harbour.
Built in 1908, B Bond was the second of three warehouses constructed close to Cumberland Basin to meet the demands of the tobacco import boom of the early 20th century. A Bond was built in 1905 and C Bond in 1919. All three warehouses are Grade II listed buildings.
B Bond was the first major building in Britain constructed using the reinforced concrete system pioneered by Edmond Coignet. It was built by Cowlins Construction. The open plan structure, which is nine storeys high and has an 18-window range, was created in two equal parts separated by central spine wall. In addition to the concrete structure, the warehouse was built using black bricks, patent red bricks and blue engineering bricks, with Pennant stone steps, terracotta details and a Welsh slate roof.
In the 1990s it was still being used for the storage of wines and spirits. The building is now owned by Bristol City Council. The western half houses Bristol Archives (which holds the extensive archives of the city of Bristol) as well as other council offices. The brickwork of the exterior of the building was refurbished by John Perkins Construction using bricks which matched the originals.
The eastern side is occupied by the CREATE Centre, which includes an energy-saving Ecohome designed by Bruges Tozer Architects. The CREATE Centre also houses several organisations working in sustainable development, including the city council's sustainability teams.
In 2015 a quarter of a million books and reference materials were moved from Bristol Central Library to the B Bond Warehouse to make space for refurbishment and the development of a school at the library building.


Renwu Refuse Incineration Plant

The Renwu Refuse Incineration Plant () is an incinerator in Renwu District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
History.
The construction of the plant was completed in February 2000 led by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and CTCI Corporation.
Technical details.
The plant can treat 1,350 tons of garbage per day and produce 809 MWh of electricity per day. Its operation is run by Swire SITA Waste Services.


John W. Stovall Farm

John W. Stovall Farm is a historic tobacco farm complex and national historic district located near Stovall, Granville County, North Carolina. The farmhouse was built in two sections, about 1835 and about 1855–1860. The older half is a two-story, three bay, heavy timber frame dwelling. The newer 1 1/2-story half has a mix of Federal and Greek Revival style decorative elements. Also on the property are the contributing corn crib, stable, smokehouse later used as a striphouse, lumber house, and a family cemetery.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.


Beuchat

Beuchat International, better known as Beuchat, is a company that designs, manufactures and markets underwater equipment. It was established in 1934 in Marseille, France, by Georges Beuchat, who descended from a Swiss watchmaking family.
Georges Beuchat was an underwater pioneer who co-founded the French Underwater Federation in 1948. During its 75-year history, the company has deployed several different brand names, among them: "Pêche Sport", "Tarzan", "Beuchat", "Beuchat Sub" and "Beuchat International".
Georges Beuchat sold the company in 1982 to the Alvarez de Toledo family. The firm is now owned by the Margnat family, who took over in 2002. Beuchat is an international company. From the outset, Georges Beuchat extended his operations beyond the borders of France, selling his products worldwide. In the 1970s, he created the Beuchat swordfish logo, which can still be found on every product.
Business.
Beuchat currently has 3 core ranges:
Spearfishing.
Ever since the company was established, Beuchat has manufactured spearfishing equipment, enabling spearfishers such as Pedro Carbonell, Sylvain Pioch, Pierre Roy, Ghislain Guillou and Vladimir Dokuchajev to gain numerous national and international titles.
Various.
The Scubapro logo: "S" was adapted from the Beuchat "Souplair" regulator.


Vestas

Vestas Wind Systems A/S is a Danish manufacturer, seller, installer, and servicer of wind turbines that was founded in 1945. The company operates manufacturing plants in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Taiwan, India, Italy, Romania, the United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Australia, China, Brazil, Poland and the United States, and employs more than 25,000 people globally.
, it is the largest wind turbine company in the world.
Operations.
 Vestas has installed over 66,000 wind turbines for a capacity of 100 GW in over 80 countries on five continents. the company has built production facilities in more than 12 countries, among them China, Spain and the United States. Vestas employs 25,000 people.
History.
Vestas traces its roots to 1898 when Hand Smith Hansen bought a blacksmith shop in , West Jutland, that operated as a family business. After the second world war Vestas was founded in 1945 by his son Peder Hansen as "Vestjysk Stålteknik A/S" (West-Jutlandish steel technology). The company initially manufactured household appliances, moving its focus to agricultural equipment in 1950, intercoolers in 1956, and hydraulic cranes in 1968. It entered the wind turbine industry in 1979 and produced wind turbines exclusively from 1989. In 1997, the company placed in production the NTK 1500/60. The product was designed by Timothy Jacob Jensen and received the German IF Award and the Red Dot Award.
The company's North American headquarters was relocated in 2002 from Palm Springs, California to Portland, Oregon.
In 2003, the company merged with the Danish wind turbine manufacturer NEG Micon to create the largest wind turbine manufacturer in the world, under the banner of Vestas Wind Systems. After a sales slump and an operational loss in 2005, Vestas recovered in 2006 with a 28% market share and increased production although market share slid to between 12.5% and 14%.
Vestas began a whistleblower program in 2007, among the first in Denmark.
On 1 December 2008 Vestas announced plans to expand its North American headquarters in Portland through construction of a new building, but this plan was mothballed in 2009 due to the economic recession, and in August 2010 the company announced a revised plan, scaled back in size, to expand its Portland headquarters by renovating an existing-but-vacant building. At that time, Vestas employed about 400 in Portland and committed to add at least 100 more employees there within five years; the new building will have space for up to 600 workers. The company moved its Portland offices to the new headquarters building, a renovated historic building, in May 2012.
In February 2009, the company announced the production of two new turbine types, the 3-megawatt V112 and 1.8-megawatt V100. The new models were to be available in 2010.
In July 2009, Vestas announced its manufacturing operations on the Isle of Wight in England would close due to a lack of UK demand, affecting 525 jobs there and 100 in Southampton. Approximately 25 workers at the wind turbine factory on the island occupied the administration offices in protest on 20 July 2009, demanding nationalisation to save their jobs.
In August 2009 Vestas hired more than 5,000 extra workers for its new factories in China, the United States, and Spain. The company said it was "expanding heavily in China and the US because these markets were growing the fastest, in contrast to the sluggish pace of wind farm development in the UK". As part of this gradual shift in production away from Europe and towards China and the US, in October 2010, the company announced it was closing five factories in Denmark and Sweden, with the loss of 3,000 jobs.
In November 2010, Vestas shut down the 70-person staff advisory department 'Vestas Excellence', responsible for securing competitiveness, handling suppliers, quality assurance and globalization.
In January 2012, the company suggested firing 1,600 out of its 3,000 U.S. workers if the U.S. did not renew the 2.2 cents-per-kilowatt-hour Production Tax Credit, which was extended in 2013. On 13 August 2012, an estimated 90 workers were laid off from the Pueblo facility. Six long colored lines, leading to an exit, had been placed on the floor. Those laid off were given one of six different colored papers, and then instructed to follow the colored line that matched the colored paper they had been given. In 2013, the tower factory in Pueblo began ramping up to full utilization as orders rebounded from the 2012 slump. Other facilities in Colorado include a further 750 persons employed at a blade manufacturing facility in Windsor, Colorado. Vestas has nacelle and blade manufacturing facilities in Brighton, Colorado and also operates a tower facility in Pueblo, Colorado. Vestas said it decided to build its North American production facilities in Colorado because of the state’s central location, extensive transportation infrastructure and rail system, existing manufacturing base, and skilled workforce.
In May 2013, Marika Fredriksson became the company's new Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer after her predecessor Dag Andresen resigned for personal reasons. Her strategy is to lead Vestas back to higher earnings after the important losses faced by the company: from €166 million losses in 2011 and increasing to €963 million in 2012.
In September 2013, Vestas made a joint venture for offshore wind turbines with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries creating MHI-Vestas, including the 7-9 MW Vestas V164, the most powerful turbine on Earth.
In October 2013 Vestas sold its four casting and two machining factories to VTC Partners GmbH.
In May 2014, Vestas announced it would be adding hundreds of jobs to its Colorado Windsor and Brighton facilities and following a rough 2012 it called 2013 one of Vestas’s "best years ever". Vestas also added employees in Pueblo and expected the tower facility to eventually top 500. Vestas stated that it expected to have 2800 employees in Colorado by the end of 2014. , Vestas has a US nacelle production capacity of 2.6 GW.
In March 2015, Vestas announced it would be upping jobs by 400 at its blade manufacturing facility in Windsor and stated "We had a very successful 2014". In 2015 almost half of all Vestas turbines were going to the American market (nearly 3 GW for US out of 7.5 GW worldwide). Vestas intends to build a blade factory in India in 2016.
In 2014 and 2015, 26 dishonest employees were detected with the company's whistleblower program (the first in Denmark), and disciplined.
In February 2016, Vestas got its largest order of 1,000 MW (278 x 3.6 MW) for the Fosen project near Trondheim in Norway. It costs DKK 11 billion, and should deliver 3.4 TWh per year.
In 1Q 2016, the average wind turbine price was 0.83 million Euro per MW, compared to 0.91 a year before.
In 2016, Vestas was voted number 7 on the Clean200 list.
In 2019, MHI-Vestas received a supply and operations vessel for the Deutsche Bucht Offshore Wind Project, with a further two ships scheduled for other projects.
Research and development.
Vestas spent €92 million ($128 million), or 1.4% of revenue, on research and development in 2009. It has filed 787 wind turbine patents (227 in 2010) according to United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office (UK-IPO), while General Electric has 666 and Siemens Wind Power has 242.
In October 2009, Vestas and QinetiQ claimed a successful test of a stealth wind turbine blade mitigating radar reflection problems for aviation.
In December 2010 Vestas were developing the V164 7 MW offshore turbine, with a 164 m rotor diameter. Prototypes of it were manufactured at Lindø (the former Maersk shipyard) due to size, crane and port access requirements. Series production of nacelles for the 32 turbines (256 MW) extension of the 90 MW Burbo Bank Offshore Wind Farm occurs at Lindø, while blades are made at Vestas' Isle of Wight facilities in England. DONG Energy tested a prototype in the sea off Frederikshavn in 2013, at a cost of DKK 240 million. A V164 was installed for testing in Østerild Wind Turbine Test Field in 2014, later uprated to more power.
In June 2011, the Vestas supercomputer Firestorm was number 53 on the TOP500-list of the world's most powerful computers calculating worldwide weather in a 3x3 km grid, and it delivers daily weather reports to the newspaper Ekstra Bladet and similar purposes. In 2012, Vestas donated the older 1344-core supercomputer from 2008 to Aalborg University.
In October 2011, Vestas participated in the deployment of a floating wind turbine offshore of Portugal. Vestas supplied a v80 2.0 MW offshore turbine to Windplus, S.A. (a joint-venture company including Energias de Portugal, Repsol, Principle Power, A. Silva Matos, Inovcapital and Portugal Ventures). The system, known as the WindFloat, consists of a semi-submersible type floating foundation, a conventional catenary mooring, and the wind turbine. The successful deployment represents the first offshore multi-megawatt wind turbine to be installed without the use of any heavy-lift or specialized offshore construction equipment.
In 2012, Vestas scaled back and closed some of its R&D offices in Houston, Marlborough, Louisville, China, Singapore and Denmark.
In August 2013, Vestas started operating its 20 MW test bench for nacelles in Aarhus.
On 5 September 2013, Dr. Chris Spruce, Vestas Senior Product Engineer, served as member of the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) for the kite-energy-systems project ERC HIGHWIND, a project at KU Leuven dedicated to the research and development of tethered airfoils dedicated to generating energy by airborne wind energy (AWE).
In April 2016, Vestas installed a 900 kW quadrotor test wind turbine at Risø, made from 4 recycled 225 kW V29 turbines. The first three months of testing confirmed theoretical models. Vestas has no immediate plans of commercializing the prototype. Test results were published in 2019, indicating lower costs.
In September 2019, the company was announced as a principal partner of the Mercedes-Benz EQ Formula E Team for their debut season.


Materials testing reactor

A materials test reactor (MTR) is a high power research nuclear reactor.
Examples.
Materials testing reactors include:


Silicon Motion

Silicon Motion Technology Corporation, stylized as SiliconMotion is an American -Taiwanese company involved in developing NAND flash controller integrated circuits (ICs) for solid-state storage devices. The company said it supplies more NAND flash controllers than any other company, over five billion from 2006 through 2016. They are found in commercial, enterprise, and industrial applications ranging from SSDs, eMMCs, memory cards, and USB flash drives.
Silicon Motion purchased Shannon Systems which added PCI Express solid-state drives for the Chinese data center market to its portfolio. Controllers are marketed under the “SMI” brand, enterprise-grade SSDs under the “Shannon Systems” brand.
History.
Silicon Motion Technology Corporation was formed as the combination of Silicon Motion, Inc., which was established in 1995 in Silicon Valley in the United States, and Feiya Technology Corporation, which was founded in 1997 in Taipei, Taiwan. At the time, mobile graphic chips were the main product of Silicon Motion and NAND controllers were the main products of Feiya Technology Corporation. In 2002, Concord Asia Capital (now known as Concord Venture Capital Group), mediated the merger of the two companies which was completed in August 2002. In 2005 the combined company was renamed Silicon Motion Technology Corporation and began listing on the NASDAQ stock market under the SIMO ticker symbol.
Products.
Embedded storage products
Expandable storage products
Embedded graphics products


National Union of Sheet Metal Workers, Coppersmiths, Heating and Domestic Engineers

The National Union of Sheet Metal Workers, Coppersmiths, Heating and Domestic Engineers was a trade union in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
History.
The union was founded in July 1920 as the National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Braziers with the merger of a number of unions, including the General Union of Tinplate Workers and the National Amalgamated Association of Tin Plate Workers of Great Britain, and fifteen local unions. It merged with the competing National Society of Coppersmiths, Braziers and Metal Workers in 1959, renaming itself the National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Coppersmiths. Following its 1967 merger with the Heating and Domestic Engineers' Union, it took its final, lengthy name.
The last independent union for sheet metal workers, the Birmingham and Midland Sheet Metal Workers' Society, finally merged into the union in 1973.
The union approved an offer to join the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers' Engineering Section in 1979, but this did not go ahead and instead, in 1983, it merged into the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section.
Election results.
The union sponsored a Labour Party candidate in the 1979 general election:


Georges Beuchat

Georges Beuchat (1910–1992) was a French inventor, underwater diver, businessman and emblematic pioneer of underwater activities and founder of Beuchat. Throughout his lifetime, Beuchat never ceased developing products which have significantly enhanced underwater activity as we know it today. Many of his inventions and innovations have gone down in history, including the surface buoy in 1948, the first underwater camera housing in 1950, and the first vented fins (the Jetfins in 1964).


DOK-ING

DOK-ING d.o.o is a Croatian company which manufactures electric vehicles, unmanned multi-purpose vehicles and robotic systems, established in 1992.
History.
The electric motors for their vehicles are largely supplied by the Pula-based company Tema.
Dok-Ing Automotiv.
The automotive division was formed upon the introduction of the electric car Dok-Ing XD in 2010.
In 2015, it produced two electric buses for the city of Koprivnica, as a part of the European project Civitas Dyn@mo. In the following year, it unveiled a multifunctional communal vehicle TOM TOM, which received awards from various international fairs. During the same year, it launched a serial production of electric scooters under the name "Core", with 800 of them already exported to Spain, Mexico, France, Italy and Malta in 2017. The batteries are produced by Dok-Ing. The company also launched a series of electric bikes called "Leo".
In 2017, it announced a new model of electric car, under the working name of YD, expected to have a range of 300-400km.


Samuel Perry (ironmaster)

Samuel Perry was an industrialist in the State of South Australia.
History.
Samuel Perry (c.1864 – 19 March 1930) was the son of John and Harriett Perry (ca.1834 – 24 September 1918) of Shropshire, England, and the brother of Rev. Isaiah Perry (1854–1911). He was apprenticed as an iron worker to the Coalbrookdale Company, where he trained as an engineer. At the age of 22, around 1886, he followed his brother to Gawler, South Australia, where he found employment at James Martin's "Phoenix Foundry", living with the Roediger family at nearby Buchfelde (later named Loos). He next worked at Port Adelaide, then as foreman for John Danks & Son of Melbourne. He returned to Adelaide and started his own business with the purchase of James Wedlock's "Cornwall Foundry", the transfer of that factory to new premises Perry Engineering at Mile End, and the purchase of the James Martin & Co. workshops in Gawler. He took on his nephew Frank Perry, who became managing director and company chairman on his death.
He married Mary Jane Rofe (died 9 August 1924) of Port Adelaide on 7 March 1894; they had a daughter, and lived at "Brier Holme" at Grove Street, Unley Park. He was a member of the Royal SA Yacht Squadron; his motor yacht "Isis" was the largest in South Australia.
Family.
John Perry and Harriett Perry (c. 1834 – 24 September 1918) of Shropshire, England, had two sons who emigrated to South Australia:


Attarat Power Plant

Attarat Power Plant is an oil shale-fueled power plant under construction in the Attarat Um Ghudran area, east of Al Qatranah in Jordan. The project is developed by the Attarat Power Company (APCO), a partnership between YTL Power International (45%), Guangdong Yudean Group (45%) and Eesti Energia (10%). It is the first oil shale power plant in Jordan and the largest private sector project in Jordan to date.
History.
The project was originally developed by an Estonian power company Eesti Energia (Enefit). The concession agreement between the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and National Electricity Power Company of Jordan, and Eesti Energia was signed on 30 April 2008. In 2010, YTL Power International bought a 30% stake in the project.
A 30-year power purchase agreement was signed with Jordan in October 2014. The construction agreement was signed on 12 January 2016. The financial closure agreement was signed on 16 March 2017. At the same time, YTL Power International increased its stake in the project up to 45% and Guangdong Yudean Group became a new shareholder also with 45% stake.
Technical description.
The power plant will have 554 MW gross and 477 MW net capacity. It will consist of two circulating-fluidized-bed units.
The power plant would consume 10 million tons of oil shale per year which will be provided from the nearby open-pit mine and it is also the biggest mine in Jordan. Over its 40-year lifetime it would need an oil-shale mining area of approximately .
The plant is expected to start operation in the mid of 2020. When constructed, it will be among the largest power plants in Jordan (the largest being Aqaba Thermal Power Station), and the largest oil shale-fired power plant in the world after Narva Power Plants in Estonia.
Financing.
The project will cost US$2.1 billion. Shareholders will invest $528 million and the rest will be financed by $1.6 billion loan provided by the Bank of China and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and guaranteed by China Export and Credit Insurance Corporation. This is the largest private project financing supported by China Export and Credit Insurance Corporation to date.
Construction.
The pland is designed by WorleyParson. The engineering, procurement and construction contract was awarded to Guangdong Power Engineering Corporation, a subsidiary of China Energy Engineering Group. The power plant would be designed by WorleyParsons. It would use boilers provided by Foster Wheeler and the turbine and generator by Siemens. Construction is expected to start in mid-2017.


Joffre Cogeneration Plant

Joffre Cogeneration Plant is a natural gas power station owned by Heartland Generation Ltd. (40%), Capital Power (40%) and Nova Chemicals (20%). The plant is located in Joffre, Alberta, Canada. The plant is primarily used to supply steam to a Nova Chemicals processing plant and power onto the Alberta Grid.
Description.
The plant consists of:


Wadsworth Electric Manufacturing Company

The Wadsworth Electric Manufacturing Company was formed by George B. and Harry Wadsworth in 1904. George received his first patent for an electrical service entrance safety switch in 1907. This device reduced the likelihood of accident or fire and enabled homeowners to replace their own fuses. He received an additional 15 patents in the field between 1907 and 1925. Harry Wadsworth left the business in 1910.
Expansion.
The company incorporated in 1918 and moved from an address on Madison Avenue to a Pike Street address. By 1922, the company had grown to 100 employees and $1.5 million in sales. That year, the company announced the construction of a new building on 11th Street, Covington, Kentucky. The building was completed in March 1923. In 1925, George Wadsworth sold his rights to 16 patents to a Cincinnati company and resigned from Wadsworth Electrical Manufacturing. David Wadsworth, George's brother, was appointed vice president and chief engineer in 1927 and continued George's record of innovation until his death in 1937.
Personnel.
Joseph Feltman, a local banker, was president of the company at the time of David Wadsworth's death. He was succeeded by his son-in-law, Leo Kuhlman who continued as president until 1981. The company was apparently successful during this period with employment reaching 300 during the 1950s. Products included breaker boxes, fuses, wiring ducts, power outlets and other electrical devices.
Closure.
Kuhlman was succeeded by his sons, John and Joseph, who ran the company until it was liquidated in December 1990.


ROF Rotherwas

ROF Rotherwas was a Royal Ordnance Factory filling factory, No 4, located in Lower Bullingham, Herefordshire, England.
Background.
By the turn of the 20th century, the Lubienski-Bodenham family - descended from Mary Tudor, the daughter of King Henry VII - owned the Rotherwas estate, which combined of on the south side of the River Wye. After the death of his wife in 1908, following the death of Count Louis Pomian Lubienski-Bodenham JP DL in 1909 (his great-grand daughter is actress Rula Lenska), having already demolished their country house, sold-off the estate in 1912. At the resultant auction, Herefordshire County Council bought that was overlooked by Dinedor Hill and was bordered by the Wye meadows.
World War I.
At the outbreak of World War I, the Ministry of Munitions were looking to create a number of munitions production facilities quickly and cheaply. A site of was acquired by the Ministry on 15 June 1916, located south of Hereford on the junction of the Welsh Marches Line and the Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway. Laid out to a standard design, the site encompassed:
All components were produced elsewhere, with the facility responsible for final production: inserting explosive into shells, and fitting detonators. Shell filling began on 11 November 1916, with both Lyddite and Amatol explosives being used in production. From June 1918, alongside the main plant at Banbury and supporting site at Chittenden; all three were supplied with dichloroethyl sulphide by the National Smelting Company at Avonmouth Docks, to produce mustard gas shells. By the ed of WW1, the average output of shells from the facility was 70,000 per week.
At peak of 6,000 employees; by October 1918, there were 5,943 employees, 3,977 of which were women. Workers were transported in from billets in Hereford, Leominster and Ross on Wye. Dedicated trains were run from Hereford Barrs Court railway station to the specially built factory station, with free tickets supplied to all employees.
Between the wars.
The only ROF of 25 sites retained between the wars, it was put into care and maintenance from 1920. From 1926 onwards it resumed filling gas shells, staffed by about 400 men. By the late 1930s it was used by the Royal Navy for filling sea mines.
World War II.
During World War II, the facility was used to produce shells, and bombs for the Royal Air Force. The site employed over 8,000 staff, mainly women. The site suffered three major incidents:
Present.
With vastly reduced production after World War II, the city and county council lobbied for various business to relocate to the site. As the ROF was reduced in scale, parts of the site were redeveloped with various commercial industrial facilities.
The ROF closed in 1967. In 1975 Herefordshire County Council bought for redevelopment an industrial estate. A number of World War I buildings survive, as does a group of World War II Romney huts to the north-east, now used as industrial starter units.


Torul Dam

The Torul Dam is a concrete-face rock-fill dam on the Harşit River located northwest of Torul in Gümüşhane Province, Turkey. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works. Construction on the dam began in 1998 and was completed in 2007. The dam's hydroelectric power plant was commissioned in 2008. Water is diverted through a tunnel and penstock on the river's north side where it reaches the power plant located about downstream. It has an installed capacity of 121.5 MW.


Lowca

Lowca is a village and civil parish in the English county of Cumbria, just to the north of the village of Moresby. It had a population of 773 in 2001, increasing to 888 at the 2011 Census.
It was formerly a mining area but is now noted for its wind farm.
Lowca looks out over the Solway Firth to the west. The village used to stand next to a huge black slag heap called Pit Bank until the slag heap was redeveloped in the 1980s, along with a new road leading directly through Lowca from the A595.
Lowca has its own community school, previously known as Lowca Primary School, and rugby team.
History.
In 1800, brothers Adam, Thomas and Crosby Heslop, formerly associated with the ironworks at Seaton near Workington, established an iron foundry and engineering business on the seashore by the mouth of the Lowca Beck. The impetus for the business was probably the success of the twin-cylinder steam engine Adam had invented while working in Shropshire in 1790, and there was no shortage of finance, hence the company title "Heslops, Milward, Johnston & Co." The three brothers were all dead by the mid-1830s so the investors sold up, and the works was taken over by local iron mining partnership Tulk and Ley which began a long tradition of locomotive manufacture. In 1857 it was sold again, to Fletcher, Jennings & Co.
Lowca also had large reserves of coal, which were mined for centuries, providing even more employment than the engineering works. In 1911 a chemical works was established to exploit the latest coal by-product technologies which had been developed in Germany. This plant was shelled by a German submarine, U-24, during World War I, on 16 August 1915; an event which the Germans made much of at the time, and Lowca has made much of ever since. Local legend has it that a quick thinking local worker opened a relief valve which sent up an impressive plume of burning gas, so the submariners thought they had destroyed their target and left. Apparently the only fatality of the incident was one local dog.
The village used to be served by Lowca railway station on the Lowca Light Railway which connected with the Cleator & Workington junction railway at Harrington Junction.