Bagdad, Tamaulipas

Bagdad, Tamaulipas, Mexico was a town established in 1848 on the south bank of the mouth of the Río Grande. This town is also known as the Port of Bagdad or the Port of Matamoros, since it is inside the municipality of Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Officially declared non-existent in 1880, it is now invisible, covered by the shifting sands of time.
A major player in the American Civil War, today few realize it even existed, nor its vital importance to the Confederacy in its rebellion against the United States. One of the first appearances of Bagdad was on a map entitled "Map of the Country Adjacent to the Left Bank of the Rio Grande Below Matamoros, 1847."
Civil War.
The Civil War began in 1861 when the Southern states seceded from the Union. When the war began Abraham Lincoln proclaimed that he would hold Jefferson Davis' privateers "amenable to the laws of the United States for the prevention and punishment of piracy". Mexico was the only foreign country to share a border with the Confederacy. Being neutral, Mexico could not be cut off by Lincoln's Federal blockade. The US Supreme Court, in the Prize cases, had declared Lincoln's blockades legal. However, this legality did not extend to the Rio Grande, as this river was considered international water by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in 1848 between the United States and Mexico.
Article VII of the Treaty read, "The river Gila, and the part of the Rio Bravo del Norte laying below the southern boundary of New Mexico, being, agreeably to the fifth article, divided in the middle between the two republics, the navigation of the Gila and of the Bravo below said boundary shall be free and common to the vessels and citizens of both countries; and neither shall, without the consent of the other, construct any work that may impede or interrupt, in whole or in part, the exercise of this right; not even for the purpose of favoring new methods of navigation."
Importance of cotton to the Confederate economy.
Cotton was the "white gold" that would sustain the Confederacy during the Civil War, and cotton was literally "King" in south Texas. Richard King, owner of the famed King Ranch, along with several partners, was a major player in the cotton trade during this time period. The arid brush country was soon a bustle of activity as cotton carts from all parts of Texas, as well as neighboring states, labored on the rutted, dusty roads to transport the cotton first to Brownsville, Texas, and then to Matamoros, Tamaulipas. From there it was transported by cart to Bagdad, where it was placed on ships bound for various ports around the world.
Frontier boomtown.
So great was the trade that Bagdad's population soon reached 15,000 inhabitants. From a miserable shanty town, Bagdad exploded into a frontier boom town, complete with saloons, gambling houses, and brothels. The Brownsville "Ranchero" described Bagdad as a town in which "fandangos were held every night and women as beautiful as houris exhibit their charms, without the least reserve." The "New York Herald" described Bagdad as "an excrescence of the war. Here congregated ... blockade runners, desperadoes, the vile of both sexes; adventurers ... numberless groggeries and houses of worse fame. [Where the] decencies of civilized life were forgotten, and vice in its worst form held high carnival ... while in the low, dirty looking buildings ... were amassed millions [in] gold and silver." A blockade runner once described Bagdad as a place where everyone was trying to grab what he could by using whatever scheme possible to make money out of crisis.
There was immense pressure to keep the cotton moving. Ship masts stretched across the water as far as the eye could see. All of these were waiting for cotton. The cotton was slowed down on its journey when it reached Bagdad, as it could take up to three months to load one schooner. This process was hindered by the shortage of small steamboats, lighters [wide barges] and carts to move the bales downriver.
Camels.
To speed up this process, the Confederacy decided to utilize camels, first brought to Texas at the recommendation of secretary of war, Jefferson Davis, in 1857. Each carried two bales of cotton to Matamoros where it was then unloaded and shipped on to Bagdad. The camel caravans would return to Camp Verde carrying six hundred pounds of salt from El Sal del Rey and Sal Vieja. A camel could carry twice the load a mule could. However, Brownsville citizens soon complained when some camels created havoc. The Brownsville Commission immediately enacted an ordinance prohibiting anyone from walking camels in the streets.
Mexican power struggles over the area.
Prior to the American Civil War, Bagdad was but a recreational destination for the residents of Matamoros. When the Mexican–American War broke out, Matamoros was split into two cities. Those residents with loyalties to the United States moved north of the Rio Bravo—known in the United States as the Rio Grande—and created Brownsville. However, Bagdad continued on as a destination for recreation for the people of both cities.
Ships occasionally dropped anchor off the coast of Bagdad, and there was stagecoach service from Bagdad to Matamoros. However, Bagdad was a very poor port. The coastal shelf to this day is some hundred meters distant of the beach, and ships dared not come close. The transfer of passengers and cargo required the use of small flat-bottom boats that could manage the shallows.
Had it not been for the American Civil War, Bagdad would not have developed into a significant port. But once it became the chief means of transporting cotton from the Confederate States—and this became even more critical after the fall of Vicksburg—governing authorities in Mexico took great interest in the trade.
Mexico at this time was also in political turmoil. Benito Juárez, the leader of the popular rebellion against the French intervention in Mexico, wanted control of Bagdad in order to obtain much needed revenue, and possibly weapons. The revenue was to come from duties imposed on the cotton trade, as well as any other goods coming through the port.
Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico also came to understand the strategic usefulness of Bagdad. Austrian troops were sent to Bagdad. In the northern state of Tamaulipas, where Bagdad was located, there were also regional chieftains with ambitions of their own.
There were several battles involving these factions for control of Bagdad, and possession of the city shifted from one to the other. On at least one occasion, the fighting came so near the city that there was a panic and most of the residents evacuated for a short period.
Union sympathizers and the refugee problem.
When Texas aligned itself with the Confederacy, Union loyalists were persecuted. Many German-American residents of the Hill Country, in particular, and other Union loyalists found it necessary to flee for their lives. Many of these Union loyalists made harrowing journeys through territory strange to them in the South Texas country. Matamoros was their destination, but their hope was to eventually make their way by sea, through Bagdad, back to the Northern States.
Texan Confederate residents of Brownsville were aware that Union loyalists were hiding in Matamoros. These refugees were chased and were not safe in Matamoros. Texan Confederates were free to roam Matamoros, a city where they enjoyed long-established and friendly relations with many of the locals, and they actively hunted Union loyalists.
This situation greatly concerned the U.S. Consulate in Matamoros, and he sent dispatches on behalf of the refugees, via ship, to Washington. There were numerous pleas imploring Washington to send a military naval vessel to Bagdad to provide safe passage. The consulate gave assurances that were this to occur these men would make loyal soldiers in the service of the Union.
The Naval Blockade of Southern ports took priority, however, and response was slow. A U.S. naval ship did eventually make its way to just north of Bagdad and a party of long-suffering German-American refugees were at last rescued.
The Consulate also complained bitterly in his dispatches about the cotton trade and implored Washington to find some way to stop it. But as Mexico was a neutral party, there was little Washington could do.
Decline.
This frontier boom town was important to the Confederacy which depended upon this town and its trade in order to survive. As the Confederacy cause died, so died Bagdad. The town itself was officially declared non-existent in 1880. The surrounding area sustained several hurricanes during the late 1860s through the 1880s. The 1889 hurricane closed the port of Bagdad forever to merchant ships. Due to the danger of the sandbar, only very small boats ventured to put in there.
Today all that remains is an isolated beach.


Juan Joseph de Erquicia

Juan José de Erquicia (c. 1740-1800s) was a Spanish politician, who served in the colonial period as Alcalde, Regidor, Escribano of Cabildo and Real Hacienda of "Santiago del Estero" (Argentina).
He was born in Santiago del Estero, son of a traditional family settled in the area at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1790 he was President of the Municipal Committee, and was elected Alcalde in first vote that same year. In 1792 Erquicia bought the position of Faithful Executor.
In 1798 were held the elections of Santiago del Estero, suffrages where he had been elected Regidor with only a difference of one vote in his favor. Due to allegations of electoral fraud, Erquicia and Juan Joseph de Iramain had appointed the lawyer Juan de Canaberis of Buenos Aires to exercise the defense in their names.


Taxation in New Zealand

Taxes in New Zealand are collected at a national level by the Inland Revenue Department (IRD) on behalf of the Government of New Zealand. National taxes are levied on personal and business income, and on the supply of goods and services. There is no capital gains tax, although certain "gains" such as profits on the sale of patent rights are deemed to be income – income tax does apply to property transactions in certain circumstances, particularly speculation. There are currently no land taxes, but local property taxes (rates) are managed and collected by local authorities. Some goods and services carry a specific tax, referred to as an excise or a duty, such as alcohol excise or gaming duty. These are collected by a range of government agencies such as the New Zealand Customs Service. There is no social security (payroll) tax.
New Zealand went through a major program of tax reform in the 1980s. The top marginal rate of income tax was reduced from 66% to 33% (changed to 39% in April 2000, 38% in April 2009 and 33% on 1 October 2010) and corporate income tax rate from 48% to 28% (changed to 30% in 2008 and to 28% on 1 October 2010). Goods and services tax was introduced, initially at a rate of 10% (then 12.5% and now 15%, as of 1 October 2010). Land taxes were abolished in 1992.
Tax reform continues in New Zealand. Issues include:
Individual income tax.
New Zealand residents are liable for tax on their worldwide taxable income. In 2005–06, 43% of the New Zealand Government's core revenue ($22.9bn) came from individuals' income taxes.
Tax rates.
Income tax varies dependent on income levels in any specific tax year (personal tax years run from 1 April to 31 March).
2021–.
Income is taxed by the amount that falls within each tax bracket. For example, persons who earn $70,000 will pay only 30% on the amount that falls between $48,001 and $70,000 rather than paying on the full $70,000. Consequently, the corresponding income tax for that specific income will accumulate to $14,020— which comes to an overall effective tax rate of 20.02% of the entire amount.
Rates are for the tax year 1 April 2021 to 31 March 2022, and are based on tax code M (primary income without student loan) and excludes the ACC earners' levy. The earners' levy rate (including GST) for the period 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2021 is 1.39% ($1.39 per $100).
Tax credits.
The amount of tax actually payable can be reduced by claiming tax credits, e.g. for donations, childcare and housekeeper, independent earners, and payroll donations. Credits on income under $9,880 and for children were removed effective from 1 April 2013.
Tax deducted at source.
In most cases employers deduct the relevant amount of income tax from salary and wages prior to these being paid to the individual. This system, known as pay-as-you-earn, or PAYE, was introduced in 1958, prior to which employees paid tax annually.
In addition, banks and other financial institutions deduct the relevant amount of income tax on interest and dividends as these are earned. This withholding tax is known as either resident withholding tax(RWT) or non-resident withholding tax(NRWT), depending on the status of the lender; NRWT is at a higher rate.
At the end of each tax year, individuals who may not have paid the correct amount of income tax are required to submit a personal tax summary, to allow the IRD to calculate any under or overpayment of tax made during the year.
Double taxation agreements.
Individuals who are tax resident in more than one country may be liable to pay tax more than once on the same income. New Zealand has double taxation agreements with various countries that set out which country will tax specific types of income.
Some agreements protect pension payments as well. The agreement with the United States, for example, prohibits New Zealand from taxing American social security or government pension payments, and the reverse is also true.
ACC earner's levy.
All employees pay an earner's levy to cover the cost of non-work related injuries. It is collected by Inland Revenue on behalf of the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC).
The earner's levy is payable on salary and wages plus any other income that is subject to PAYE, for example overtime, bonuses or holiday pay. The levy is 1.39% for the year from 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2018. It is payable on income up to $124,053.
Capital gains tax.
New Zealand does not have a capital gains tax.
A bright line test on property speculation was introduced on 1 October 2015, specifying certain purchases and sales of property as income (and thus taxed at the seller's income tax rate). The test does not apply to the family home, death estate, or property sold as part of a relationship settlement. The main aim of the test is to collect money off property speculation – originally houses bought and sold within two years were subject to the tax. In 2018 the two-year threshold was expanded to five years. The proceeds from properties bought and sold within five years will be treated as income for tax purposes, subject to limits around family homes, etc.
Generally profits made from frequent stock trading will be deemed taxable income.
Business taxes.
Business income tax.
Businesses in New Zealand pay income tax on their net profit earned in any specific tax year. For most businesses the tax year runs from 1 April to 31 March but businesses can apply to the IRD for this to be changed.
A provisional tax payer is a person or a company that had a residual income tax of more than $2500 in the previous financial year. There are three options for paying provisional tax; standard method, estimated method and GST Ratio option.
At the end of the year the business files a tax return (due on the following 7 July for businesses with a tax year ending 31 March) and any under or overpayment is then calculated. Tax pooling was introduced in 2003 to remove some of the worry associated with estimating provisional tax payments by allowing businesses to pool their payments together so the underpayments by some can be offset by the overpayments of others to reduce/enhance the interest they pay/receive.
Companies pay income tax at 28% on profits. Tax rates for individuals operating as a business (that is, individuals who are self-employed) are the same as for employees. (See individual tax rates, above.)
Goods and Services Tax.
Goods and services tax (GST) is an indirect tax introduced in New Zealand in 1986. This represented a major change in New Zealand taxation policy as until this point almost all revenue had been raised via direct taxes. GST makes up 24% of the New Zealand Government's core revenue as of 2013.
Most products or services sold in New Zealand incur GST at a rate of 15%. The main exceptions are financial services (e.g. banking and life insurance) and the export of goods and services overseas.
All businesses are required to register for GST once their turnover exceeds (or is likely to exceed) $60,000 per annum. Once registered, businesses charge GST on all goods and services they supply and can reclaim any GST they have been charged on goods and services they have purchased.
Fringe benefit tax.
Employers are liable to pay fringe benefit tax (FBT) on benefits given to employees in addition to their salary or wages (e.g. motor vehicles or low interest loans). There are several methods available for calculating FBT liability, including an option of paying a flat rate of 49.25% on all benefits provided.
Excise duties.
Excise or duty is charged on a number of products, including alcohol products, tobacco products, and some fuels.
Land taxes.
New Zealand makes a distinction between "land taxes" and "property taxes". The traditional concept of property tax may choose to apply the same rate both to improvement values and to land values. A pure land tax exempts improvement values from taxation altogether and taxes only land values. A graded, dual-rate, or split-rate property tax applies a lower rate to improvement values. The term "land tax valuation" is used to represent both its pure and partial forms. Conceptually, a property tax is a proxy for income tax - rightly or wrongly presuming that a certain level of property holdings indicate a certain ability to pay taxes on a regular basis. In contrast, an LVT applies to the land itself – taking into account its scarcity, immovability and centrality to human activity.
Although the Land Tax Abolition Act (1990) which took effect from 31 March 1992 abolished New Zealand's land tax, a land tax was the very first direct tax ever imposed on New Zealanders, by the Land Tax Act (1878). A property tax followed the next year (per the Property Tax Act 1879). When first enacted, this charged a rate of one penny in the pound (i.e. 1/240th or 0.4%), but a massive £500 exemption applied, exempting most people from tax liability.
The land tax initially provided a major proportion of government revenue. In 1895 it made up 76% of the total land and income tax revenue received by the government. In 1960 land tax contributed 6% of direct tax revenues, and by 1967, in a report recommending the abolition of land taxes, a committee chaired by Auckland accountant Lewis Ross noted that a mere 0.5% of total government revenue now came from land taxes. The government did not act on the Ross recommendation to abolish land taxes.
By 1982 only 5% of total land value was taxed, and land taxes were also thought to be duplicative due to their similarity to local-authority property-rate levies, with property taxes (rates) making up 57% of local-government income by 2001.
The economic reforming zeal of the Labour government elected in 1984 saw a move away from taxes on capital in all forms, and in 1990 Parliament passed the Land Tax Abolition Act (1990), ending New Zealand's history of central government taxing land. There has been talk of revisiting the concept of a land tax, but nothing substantive has eventuated.


Winston Dookeran

Winston Chandarbhan Dookeran (; born 24 June 1943) is a Trinidadian and Tobagonian politician and economist as well as international public official. Dookeran is the current Secretary-General of EUCLID (EUCLID (university)), an intergovernmental institution of higher learning. He previously served as Political Leader of the Congress of the People, central bank governor, minister of finance, and minister of foreign affairs.
Early life.
Born in 1943, in Rio Claro, Trinidad and Tobago, he is one of the seven children of Mewalal and Sumintra Dookeran. Dookeran received his early education in Trinidad.
Education.
The young Winston Dookeran attended the prestigious Naparima College in San Fernando, Trinidad.
He then went on to attend the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Honours Economics in 1966. It was there that Dookeran made his first entry into politics and he served as the president of the University of Manitoba Students' Union
He subsequently attended the London School of Economics, where he obtained his master's degree in Economics in 1969.
Economist and politician.
Dookeran spent some fifteen years as a lecturer at the Department of Economics at the University of the West Indies. In 1981 he contested the constituency of Chaguanas as a candidate of the United Labour Front (ULF). He was victorious at the polls and was therefore elected as a Member of Parliament, and served in the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago.
in 1986, when the ULF merged with other parties to form the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Dookeran again contested the constituency of Chaguanas, and won. Under the leadership of Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson, the NAR had massive success at the polls, winning an unprecedented 33 of the 36 constituencies. Dookeran was made a Cabinet member as he was appointed Minister of Planning and Mobilization.
Dookeran later became Deputy Political Leader of the NAR was a senior member of the government, and acted on several occasions as Prime Minister, most notably during the attempted coup of 1990 when Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson was held hostage by the Jamaat al Muslimeen.
Dookeran lost his seat in the 1991 elections.
He later became Senior Economist at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC). He was also a member of the Executive Board of the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and the governor of the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB).
In July 1997 he was appointed as Governor of the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago. He held that post till 2002. Later that year he joined the United National Congress and won the St Augustine constituency. In October 2005 he succeeded Basdeo Panday as political leader of the United National Congress after being nominated by Panday unopposed. Dookeran would later form his own political party, the Congress of the People (COP), which in coalition with his former party would contest and win the May 2010 snap elections.
Dookeran was appointed Minister of Finance in 2010 for the new People's Partnership coalition government and began a series of programs designed to jump-start the stagnant economy. His stewardship was confirmed by Standard and Poor's rating of Trinidad and Tobago as AA- with a stable outlook in December 2011. In June 2012, Dookeran was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, a portfolio he held until June 2015.
International public official and educator.
After his political career, Dookeran became a Professor of Practice at the University of the West Indies (Saint Augustine Campus) and consultant for international organizations. He became Under-Secretary-General of EUCLID (Euclid University) in 2019 and was appointed as Secretary-General in July 2020.
References.
Works cited


Convention of Saratoga


Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse

Henry II of Hesse (German: "Heinrich"), (c. 1299 – 3 June 1376) called "the Iron" was Landgrave of Hesse from 1328–1376.
Henry was the son of Otto I, Landgrave of Hesse and Adelheid of Ravensburg. With his wife Elisabeth of Thuringia, daughter of Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen, he had five children:
When Henry's son Otto died in 1366, his nephew Hermann was named co-regent. This caused fighting to break out with Otto of Brunswick. To defray the costs of the conflict with Brunswick, Henry levied a tax on all imported goods.


Mohammed bin Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan

Mohammed bin Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan () is an Emirati royal politician. He is the son of current Emir of Abu Dhabi emirate and President of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
Sheikh Mohammed is the member of Executive Council of Abu Dhabi (the cabinet of Abu Dhabi). He is also on the board of directors of Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund), under the chairman, his father.
In 2009, he was appointed chairman of Abu Dhabi Retirement Pensions and Benefits Fund.
He is the chairman of Abu Dhabi department of finance while acting chairman is Hamad Al Hurr Al Suwaidi.


Solidarity tax on airplane tickets

The solidarity tax on airplane tickets ("Taxe de solidarité sur les billets d'avion", also known as "Chirac Tax") is a surcharge on the civil aviation tax which is destined to finance Unitaid. This tax was initially proposed by Presidents Jacques Chirac of France and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil. It was initially adopted by five founding countries (France, Brazil, United Kingdom, Norway and Chile) during a conference in Paris on September 14 2005. Nine countries actually implemented this tax: Cameroon, Chile, Congo, France, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Niger and the Republic of Korea. Norway also contributes through its tax on CO2 emissions.
History.
The tax was first proposed by French president Jacques Chirac and his Brazilian counterpart Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. It was later adopted by five countries at the "Ministerial conference on innovative development finance" held in Paris in February 2005.
On , the National Assembly adopted the first draft of the 2020 Budget which contained a provision instituting an additional contribution on air travel starting on . This additional contribution is expected to yield in yearly revenues which will be attributed to the AFITF to fund public transport projects.
Details.
The tax is applied selectively depending on the final destination. Transit passengers are exempt under the following conditions;
The tax depends on the destination, either European Economic Area or outside EEA.
The tax raises approximately 160 million per year and since its introduction has raised over 1 billion.


Egil Krogh

Egil "Bud" Krogh Jr. (August 3, 1939 – January 18, 2020) was an American lawyer who became infamous as an official of the Nixon Administration and who was imprisoned for his part in the Watergate Affair. He was Senior Fellow on Ethics and Leadership at the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress and Counselor to the Director at the School for Ethics and Global Leadership.
Early life.
Krogh was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Josephine (Woolling) and Egil Einar Krogh, a Norwegian immigrant and a businessman. His father was an executive with Marshall Field, and was transferred to Seattle, Washington. Krogh was an outstanding runner, with a best of 4:28 for the mile in high school.
Education.
He graduated with highest honors from Principia College, Elsah, Illinois in 1961. After service in the U.S. Navy as a communications officer aboard USS "Yorktown" (1962–1965), he graduated from the University of Washington School of Law in 1968.
Career.
Krogh was employed by Hullin, Ehrlichman, Roberts and Hodge, the Seattle law firm of family friend John Ehrlichman, and joined Ehrlichman in the counsel's office of Nixon's 1968 presidential campaign. After Nixon was elected, Krogh helped with the arrangements for the inauguration. Krogh joined the Nixon White House as an advisor on the District of Columbia and later served as liaison to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. It was there he met G. Gordon Liddy.
Special Investigation Unit.
Ehrlichman made Krogh head of the "Special Investigation Unit" in the White House, charged with investigating information given covertly to the press by administration staffers. Krogh and his associates were known familiarly as the "Plumbers"—a secret team of operatives charged with fixing "leaks." It was an unlikely choice: Krogh had a reputation as someone who obeyed the law so scrupulously that his friends gave him the ironic nickname "Evil Krogh". Theodore White would write "to put Egil Krogh in charge of a secret police operation was equivalent to making Frank Merriwell chief executive of a KGB squad." Krogh brought Liddy into his new office.
When the administration decided to pursue the Pentagon Papers leakers, it was Krogh who approved the September 1971 burglary of the office of Lewis Fielding, the psychiatrist seeing Daniel Ellsberg. Liddy and E. Howard Hunt would commit the actual break-in. Ironically, Ehrlichman, who himself went to prison for Watergate related crimes, would later write in his memoirs this was an example of "such doubtful personal judgment ... that it has to be said [Krogh] materially contributed to the demise of the Nixon administration." Krogh's employment with the SIU was terminated when he refused to authorize a wiretap.
When the Watergate scandal broke, Krogh was implicated. On November 30, 1973, Krogh pleaded guilty to federal charges of conspiring to violate Fielding's civil rights and agreed to cooperate with prosecutors. He was sentenced to six years in prison, though he served only four-and-a-half months. Krogh was disbarred by the Washington State Supreme Court in 1975. In 1977 he petitioned to be readmitted to the practice of law, based on his recognition and acceptance of his wrongdoing. This petition was rejected. Finally, in 1980, his petition was granted and he was reinstated to the practice of law.
Elvis Presley.
During his time in the White House, Krogh was in charge of the impromptu visit of Elvis Presley on December 21, 1970. Presley had arrived at the gate with a letter for President Nixon requesting a personal meeting to discuss how he could help the government fight the drug trade. Because of Krogh's work regarding illegal drugs, he managed the visit. The meeting took place and Nixon gave Presley an actual narcotics agent badge. Krogh wrote a book about these events: "The Day Elvis Met Nixon".
Private sector.
In 1980, after being readmitted to the practice of law, Krogh became a partner at Krogh & Leonard in Seattle and provided legal, consulting, and mediation services to energy and other clients.
In 2007, Krogh and his son Matthew wrote the book "Integrity: Good People, Bad Choices, and Life Lessons from the White House," and he was a frequent lecturer on the topic of legal ethics, having visited many schools, bar associations and other gatherings of lawyers and judges. As of 2014, he was a speaker at events where he talked about his experiences.
Personal.
Krogh's marriages to Suzanne Lowell, Laura Lee Carkener, and Ann Horton all ended in divorce. Survivors include his partner, Nancy Glenn Hansen of Washington; two sons from his first marriage, Peter, of Nevada City, California, and Matthew, of Bellingham, Washington; a stepdaughter from his second, Laura Dail, of Manhattan, New York; a son from his third, James, of Shelton, Washington; two sisters; a brother; and five grandchildren.
Death.
Krogh died from heart failure in Washington, D.C. on January 18, 2020 at age 80.


Peter Praet

Peter Praet (born 20 January 1949 in Herchen near Eitorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) was executive board member and chief economist of the European Central Bank.
Within the ECB, Praet was widely considered to be centrist on monetary policy, perhaps even slightly “dovish”, meaning he was more likely to take growth prospects into account in the conduct of monetary policy than strict inflation “hawks” do.
Early life and education.
Praet is half-Belgian and half-German, his father being from Belgium and his mother from Germany. He graduated from Université libre de Bruxelles, with a BA in economics, an MA in economics in 1972, and PhD in economics in 1980.
Career.
Praet was chief economist for Fortis Bank. Between 1999 and 2000, he served as chief of staff to Belgian Finance Minister Didier Reynders. In this capacity, his main task was to lay the ground for Reynders’ Eurogroup presidency in 2001 and oversee the country's most ambitious tax-reform plan in decades.
Praet was executive director of the National Bank of Belgium from 2000 to 2011. He was also a member of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and an alternate member of the Bank for International Settlements' Global Economy Meeting.At the same time, he was professor of Monetary Economics at the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management.
European Central Bank, 2011–2019.
Before his appointment, Praet was nominated several times by the Belgian government to join the ECB Board. In 2004, his candidacy failed when the German, French, Italian and Spanish governments agreed the biggest Eurozone countries should always have a national member on the six-member board, and therefore chose José Manuel González-Páramo. In 2010, when Praet was proposed to the bank's vice-presidency, governments agreed that the position should go to a sitting governor of a central bank and not, as Praet then was, a director; as a consequence, Vítor Constâncio was chosen by the European Council to replace Lucas Papademos as vice-president. In 2011, Praet replaced Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell; the other candidate for the position had been Elena Kohútiková.
Praet's appointment as ECB chief economist, which prepares recommendations on interest rate decisions superseded recommendations in favor of French and German counterparts. It was the first time in the bank's then 13-year history that the economics portfolio was given to a non-German.
Peter Praet retired in June 2019 after an eight-year run at the ECB.


Security and Intelligence Co-ordinator

The Security and Intelligence Co-ordinator was a senior post in the British Civil Service that oversaw the intelligence services and their relationship to the government.
The post, based in the Cabinet Office was created in 2002 following the September 11 attacks as a subsidiary role to that of Cabinet Secretary and first held by Sir David Omand until 2005 on his retirement. It was briefly held by Bill Jeffrey in 2005 until his appointment as Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Defence, when it was granted to Sir Richard Mottram combined with the role of Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee to form Permanent Secretary for Intelligence, Security and Resilience.


Robert Denniston

Robert Denniston (October 15, 1800 in Blooming Grove, Orange County, New York – December 2, 1867 in Salisbury Mills, Orange County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician.
Life.
He was the son of James Denniston (ca. 1770–1825) and Prudence Morrison Denniston. On September 24, 1823, he married Julianna Howell (d. 1825). Afterwards he married Mary Scott, and they had five sons and six daughters.
He served as an officer of the New York State Militia and as a Justice of the Peace in Blooming Grove. He was appointed by Governor William L. Marcy a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Orange County
He was a Democratic member of the New York State Assembly (Orange Co.) in 1835, 1839 and 1840.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (2nd D.) from 1841 to 1847, sitting in the 64th, 65th, 66th, 67th, 68th, 69th and 70th New York State Legislatures. In the Senate, he was Chairman of the Committee on Canals.
As a Republican, he ran for New York State Comptroller in 1857 but was defeated by Democrat Sanford E. Church. He ran again in 1859 and was elected, being in office from 1860 to 1861.


B. N. Suresh

Byrana Nagappa Suresh (born 12 November 1943) is an Indian aerospace scientist. He is presently the Chancellor, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, IIST at Thiruvanthapuram and Honorary Distinguished Professor at ISRO HQ. He was President Indian National Academy of Engineering, INAE at Delhi, which is a premier engineering Academy in the Country for four years during 2015 to 2018. He served as the Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram during the period 2003–2007. He is known for his contribution to the development of Indian launch vehicles, Space Capsule Recovery Experiments (SRE) and also for R& D management. Suresh also served as the founding director of Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram. He retired from IIST in November 2010. He was Vikram Sarabhai Distinguished Professor at ISRO HQ for 5 years since November 2010 and also as distinguished professor at IIT, Mumbai and MIT, Manipal for 3 years. He was a member of the board of governors (BOG) for IIT, Madras for 7years till july 2018. He is also chairman of the governing council for MVJ College of Engineering at Bangalore. He is the vice chair for the Design Division of Aeronautical Society of India. He is one of the associate editors of the book "From Fishing Hamlet To Red Planet" and a co-author of "," both tracing the history of Indian Space Research Organisation.
Early life and education.
Suresh had a very humble early life, with his father determined to make him an engineer. His father B. Nagappa was an agriculturist in Hosakere, Andagar, a small village near Koppa town situated near the holy town of Sringeri in Karnataka, India. He attended his entire schooling in Andagar and Koppa and studied in Kannada medium. After his bachelor's degree in science in 1963 and engineering in 1967 from Mysore University, he took his master's degree in mechanical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 1969. He did his doctorate in control systems from Salford University, United Kingdom, in 1978.
He is a fellow of several professional bodies like Indian National Academy of Engineering, FNAE (INAE),Indian National Academy of Sciences, FNA, (INSA), Astronautical Society of India (ASI), Aeronautical Society of India (AeSI), Indian Society of System Engineering for Science and Engineering (ISSE) and full member for International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) at Paris. He is also Fellow and past President for System Society of India (SSI).
He has made significant contributions in the international area too. To name a few, he was head of the Indian delegation for the United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at Vienna, Austria, during 2004–2007. He was selected as chairman of the United Nations Scientific and Technical Committee for the year 2006 from the Asia Pacific Countries. This was a unique distinction, since from the inception of UN Committee in the last 42 years a technical expert from a developing country was selected for this coveted post. He was Chairman for the selection of members in S&T area for International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) for five years. He was also co-chair for programme committee for the conduct of International Astronautical Congress in 2007.
He has delivered several prestigious guest lectures like, Ramanujam memorial, Vikram Sarabhai memorial, Dr. Srinivasan memorial, APJ Abdul kalam memorial lecture, Dr Subir Kar memorial lecture and many more in prominent Institutions and national conferences. He has given invited lectures at several International Institutions like, European Space Policy Institute, Paris, Space Institute at Strasbourg, United Nations conferences at Vienna, NASA conference on Project Management at Houston, US, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Los Angeles, and many more. He has written a book titled "Integrated Design for Space Transportation System" in association with his colleague Dr. K Sivan in November 2015 highlighting the complexities of rocket science, Published by international publisher M/s Springers. This book has been awarded Engineering Science Book Award by International Academy of Astronautics for year 2019.
He has published around 42 papers in reputed international and national journals, conferences and guided more than 450 technical reports on various technology developments at VSSC during his stay of 38 years. The areas encompass a variety of subjects ranging from vehicle control system design, navigation and guidance, actuation systems, sensors, simulation, the test systems, vehicle & mission design aspects and also on management topics.
Awards.
1. Dr.Biren Roy Space Science and/or Design Award, 1993,by the Aeronautical Society of India.
2. ASI Award 1996, for Rocket & Related Technologies, by Astronautical Society of India, 1996.
3. “AGNI” Award for excellence in Self Reliance by Defence Research & Development Laboratory , Ministry Of Defence in 1999.
4. Distinguished Alumni Award’ From IIT Madras, Dec 2004.
5. “Ramanujam Memorial Award” PSG Coimbatore at National System Conference, 2005.
6. “Technical Excellence award’ by Lions International, Trivandrum , Jan 2006.
7. Selected as Chairman for S&T Committee of UN-Committee for Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN-COPUOS) by the Asian Countries for the year 2006 by the Countries of Asia Pacific Region.
8. “Outstanding Achievement Award” by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Government of India, in June 2007.
9. “Lifetime Achievement Award” by Indian National Academy of Engineering, (INAE) Delhi, in Dec 2007, for contributions in Science and Technology.
10. “National Systems Gold Medal” for lifetime contributions for large Systems by System Society of India in Dec 2007.
11. “Aryabhata Award” for life time contributions in space technology by Astronautical society of India,for 2009.
12. “Big Kannadiga Award” by FM 93.7 Radio for Science in 2014 for contributions in Science and Technology.
13. “Karnataka State Rajyotsava Award” for 2014 for outstanding contributions in Science & Technology, the top award from Government of Karnataka.
14. "Lifetime achievement Award” by Malenadu Vipra Vedike, Bengaluru (2014)
15. “MR Kurup Endowment Award” by Centre for Indian Consumers Research, Trivandrum, for outstanding contributions in space education and research in 2015.
16. “Lifetime achievement Award” by Karnataka Science and Engineering Academy for excellent contributions to technology and education in 2015.
17. "Sir M Visweswariah Science Award", for his outstanding contributions to Space science, research and Education by the Karnataka Branch of "Vijnana Bharathi",(Science India), 2016, in Karnataka Science Congress.
18. “Life time Achievement Award” by Department of Space for his outstanding contributions for the space programme, particularly for launch Vehicles.
19. National Honour of ‘ Padmasree’ by President of India in 2002 in recognition of meritorious services in the areas Science and Technology.
20. National Honour of “Padmabhushan” by President of India in 2013 for meritorious contributions in Science and Technologies.
21. “Global Pioneer Award” by International Council of System Engineering (INCOSE) at Washington, DC, USA in July 2018 for his pioneering contributions to space system engineering.
22. “Engineering Sciences Book Award”, by the International Academy of Astronautics for the outstanding contribution to astronautics by Publication of ‘Integrated Design for Space Transportation System’ Springers, at International Astronautical Congress, at Washington DC in October 2019.
23. Honorary Doctorate from Gitam University in 2019 for his outstanding contributions for Science and Technology
24. "IEEE Simon Ramo Award" from IEEE Organisation for exceptional achievement in systems engineering and System Science and will be awarded in May 2020 at Vancouver , canada
References.
6. IIST Website : https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/chancellor
External links.
https://www.incose.org/events-and-news/incose-and-se-news/2018/08/06/incose-recognizes-dr-b-n-suresh-(isro)-with-pioneer-award


Hardy Brothers

Hardy Brothers is a specialty retailer and private company of fine jewellery, timepieces and decorative arts in Australia. Its historic products are now highly collectible and are held in state and national collections. It is the only Australian jewellery business to hold a Royal Warrant and since 1980 has produced the Melbourne Cup.
History.
Hardy Brothers was founded in 1853 by Jeweller John Hardy, an Englishman newly arrived in Sydney, NSW, Australia. In 1855, the business moved to Hunter Street, Sydney, NSW and remained there until 1935. In 1894, the business expanded to Queensland with the opening of a store in Queen Street, Brisbane (now heritage-listed as the Hardy Brothers Building).
A store was opened in Collins Street, Melbourne, in 1918. In 1929, Hardy Brothers were appointed jewellers by Royal Warrant to His Majesty King George V. The business remained in family control until 1974 and was then taken over in 1980 by Qintex and controlled by that company until 1988. It was then bought by the McKinney family and lastly by Wallace Bishop in 1997. Wallace Bishop is a family owned jewellery company established in 1917 and now run by the fourth generation. Stuart Bishop is the current CEO.
External links.
[[Category:Companies based in Brisbane]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1853]]
[[Category:Jewellers]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:British Royal Warrant holders]]
[[Category:Jewellery retailers of Australia]]
[[Category:Jewellery companies of Australia]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in Australia]]


Edward C. Elmore

Edward Carrington Elmore (about 1826 – death date unknown, likely 1926) served as the Treasurer of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. His signature appears on collectible Confederate currency, and he designed several of the Confederacy's coins.
Biography.
Elmore was a well-educated native of Columbia, South Carolina. He was a descendant of General John Archer Elmore. He received his education at South Carolina College. He became a prominent banker and married the daughter of a prominent family, Caroline Elizabeth Sims, on April 7, 1852. Shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War, he moved to Montgomery, Alabama
Shortly after the creation of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis recommended Elmore as its first treasurer, a decision endorsed by the Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury Christopher Memminger and ratified by the Provisional Confederate Congress. He took office on March 6, 1861. In his official capacity, Elmore had to receive, count, keep, and disburse government funds in cooperation with the Congress and other agencies. All requisitions drawn upon the national treasury had first to pass Elmore's inspection before they could assume the form of executive warrants. Even a warrant approved by the Comptroller and sanctioned by Memminger was subject to Elmore's review before being paid.
Memminger resigned his post as Secretary of the Treasury on July 18, 1864, and was replaced by fellow South Carolinian George Trenholm. However, Elmore initially stayed on as Treasurer under Trenholm.
In August 1864, Elmore accused John Moncure Daniel, the controversial editor of the "Richmond Examiner", of slandering him by accusing Elmore and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin of gambling away government funds at a private club. When no retraction was forthcoming from the newspaperman, Elmore demanded a duel. The two opponents met on Belle Isle, and Elmore wounded Daniels with his first shot. One sympathetic former soldier later wrote, "The result of this duel occasioned as many hearty congratulations among the true Confederates in Richmond as if it had been the announcement of a victory by General Lee over the Federal army."
Shortly afterward, Elmore resigned his position as Treasurer and was replaced by John N. Hendren on October 10, 1864.


Robert Diez

Robert Diez (20 April 1844 in Pößneck – 7 October 1922 in Loschwitz) was a German sculptor.
Life.
He was the son of Pößneck's Mayor. His artistic inclinations began to emerge at his grandparents home in Sonneberg, the center of the German toy-making industry. During his years at the Gymnasium in Meiningen, he lived with his uncle Samuel Friedrich Diez, the Court Painter, who strongly encouraged Robert to pursue a career in art. He began his artistic training in 1863 at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts. From 1867 to 1870, he was a pupil of Johannes Schilling. After his father died and he lost his means of support, he went to work in Schilling's studio. By 1872, he was able to open a studio of his own and take the traditional study trip to Rome.
He was made an honorary member of the Academy in 1881. He succeeded Ernst Julius Hähnel at the Master Studio for Plastic Arts and became a member of the Academic Council in 1891. He was named a full Professor shortly thereafter. Ernst Barlach and were among his best-known students. He became a member of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1895. In 1912, he received an appointment as a Geheimrat.
Major works.
Many of his original casts and designs were in the Pößneck Heritage Museum, which was destroyed in 1945.


Sulyaman I of Tlemcen

Sulaymān I, (full name Sulaymān Ibn 'Abd Allāh al-Kāmil, ) , sometimes called Sidi Sliman or Moulay Slimane, was the brother of Idris I of Morocco, son of the great grandson of the caliph Ali and Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was probably born around 730 and died in 814, perhaps in Ain El Hout in the province of Tlemcen in Algeria.
According to Ibn Khaldoun, he reached Tlemcen after the assassination of his brother Idris I in 791 and took control of it. But according to Ibn Idhari and Al-Bakri, he would have settled in Tlemcen while his brother was alive and probably with his approval. This is the version retained by historians Philippe Sénac and Patrice Cressier who indicate that Sulaymān I was governor of Tlemcen between 786 and 813. However, according to other ancient Arab authors, he would not have escaped the massacre of Fakh and would died in June 786.
He gives his name to the Sulaymanid dynasty in Algeria, being the father of Muḥammad who already governed the region in 806.


Ali Zouaoui

Ali Zouaoui (; November 10, 1925 – February 18, 1972) was a Tunisian economist and politician.
Career.
He was a member of an old family which hailed from Hajeb El Ayoun, and studied law and economics in France. He was the chairman of Espérance Sportive de Tunis from 1968 to 1970. Then, he served as the governor of the Central Bank of Tunisia from 1970 to 1972; in the latter year he was killed in a traffic accident.
Personal life.
He married Soufiya Belkhodja, sister of the painter Néjib Belkhodja and daughter of Tunisian craftsmen, then Arlette Ravalec. He had two daughters and a son. He is the grandfather of the actress, Dorra Zarrouk.


G. H. Mumm

G. H. Mumm & Cie, situated in Reims in northern France, is one of the largest Champagne producers and it is currently ranked 4th globally based on number of bottles sold in 2015. The company is owned by Pernod Ricard.
History.
It was founded by three brothers, Jacobus, Gottlieb and Phillip Mumm, German winemakers from the Rhine valley, and G. Heuser and Friedrich Giesler on March 1, 1827, as "P. A. Mumm Giesler et C°". P.A. were the initials of the Mumms' father, Peter Arnold Mumm, a successful wine merchant from Solingen. Mumm's label is famous for its red ribbon ("Cordon Rouge"), patterned after and resembling the red sash of the Grand Cross ("Grand-croix")—formerly called Grand Ribbon ("Grand cordon")—the highest level of the French Legion of Honour.
The French confiscated all of the Mumm's property, although they had lived in Champagne for almost a century before World War I, because they had never become French citizens.
Sponsorships.
G.H. Mumm was the official sponsor of F1 racing from 2000 until 2015 and provided the champagne bottles for the podium celebrations after each race. Now, they are the official sponsor of Formula E. G.H. Mumm Cordon Rouge is also the official champagne of Kentucky Derby and Australia's Melbourne Cup, two major horse races. In October 2016, it was announced that G.H. Mumm would replace J&B after 39 years as the headline sponsor of South Africa's major horse race event, The Sun Met.
In November 2016, G.H. Mumm announced the appointment of eight-time Olympic gold medallist sprinter Usain Bolt as its "CEO" (Chief Entertainment Officer) to feature in a multi-media promotional campaign.
G.H. Mumm also played a central role in Thomas Coville's celebration after achieving his new world record of 49 days and 3 hours for yacht solo-navigation around the world on Christmas Day 2016.
Mumm Napa.
Mumm Napa is one of California's traditional method sparkling wine producers, a joint venture between the G.H. Mumm & Cie and Joseph E Seagram & Sons. The location in Napa Valley was founded by Guy Deveaux, who determined Napa's long hot days and cold nights to be ideal for producing the right amount of acidity and ripeness.
Foujita chapel.
In 1964, René Lalou, the head of the Mumm Champagne House, and Léonard Foujita (1886–1968), a Japanese painter belonging to the Ecole de Paris school of art, decided to build a chapel in the gardens belonging to the Champagne house. Begun in 1965, the Foujita chapel was entirely designed by Foujita in the romanesque style, who drew the plans and designed the ironwork, stained glass and sculptures. He supervised the building and interior decoration.
The chapel is decorated with frescos inspired by oriental art. The chapel was consecrated on 1 October 1966 and handed over to the City of Reims on 18 October 1966. The chapel was designated an historic monument in 1992.
Foujita also gave G.H. Mumm a fresco depicting "The Virgin in the Vines". The rose featured in the painting became the cuvée's emblem and appears on the metallic cap on top of the cork of the rose Champagne.


United Nations Security Council Resolution 363

United Nations Security Council Resolution 363, adopted on November 29, 1974, after considering a report by the Secretary-General regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, the Council noted the efforts made to establish a durable and just peace in the Middle East and expressed its concern over the prevailing state of tension in the area. The Council reaffirmed that the agreements on disengagement of forces were only a step toward peace and called upon all the parties concerned to implement immediately resolution 338, decided to renew the mandate of the Force for another six months and decided that the Secretary-General would submit a report at the end of that period regarding developments in the situation and measures taken to implement resolution 338.
The resolution passed with 13 votes to none, while China and Iraq did not participate in voting.


Anna of East Anglia

Anna (or Onna; killed 653 or 654) was king of East Anglia from the early 640s until his death.
He was a member of the Wuffingas family, the ruling dynasty of the East Angles, and one of the three sons of Eni who ruled the kingdom of East Anglia, succeeding some time after Ecgric was killed in battle by Penda of Mercia. Anna was praised by Bede for his devotion to Christianity and was renowned for the saintliness of his family: his son Jurmin and all his daughters – Seaxburh, Æthelthryth, Æthelburh and possibly a fourth, Wihtburh – were canonised.
Little is known of Anna's life or his reign, as few records have survived from this period. In 631 he may have been at Exning, close to the Devil's Dyke. In 645 Cenwalh of Wessex was driven from his kingdom by Penda and, due to Anna's influence, he was converted to Christianity while living as an exile at the East Anglian court. Upon his return from exile, Cenwalh re-established Christianity in his own kingdom and the people of Wessex then remained firmly Christian.
Around 651 the land around Ely was absorbed into East Anglia, following the marriage of Anna's daughter Æthelthryth. Anna richly endowed the coastal monastery at Cnobheresburg. In 651, in the aftermath of an attack by Penda on Cnobheresburg, Anna was forced to flee into exile, perhaps to the western kingdom of the Magonsæte. He returned to East Anglia in about 653, but soon afterwards the kingdom was attacked again by Penda and at the Battle of Bulcamp the East Anglian army, led by Anna, was defeated by the Mercians, and both Anna and his son Jurmin were killed. Anna was succeeded by his brother, Æthelhere. Botolph's monastery at Iken may have been built in commemoration of the king. After Anna's reign, East Anglia seems to have been eclipsed by its more powerful neighbour, Mercia.
Sources.
The kingdom of East Anglia () was a small independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom that comprised what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Cambridgeshire Fens.
In contrast to the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex, little reliable evidence about the kingdom of the East Angles has survived, because of the destruction of its monasteries and the disappearance of the two East Anglian sees that occurred as the result of Viking raids and settlement. The main primary sources for information about Anna's life and reign are the "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" ("Ecclesiastical History of the English People"), completed in Northumbria by Bede in 731, and the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", initially written in the ninth century, which mentions Anna's death. The mediaeval work known as the "Liber Eliensis", written in Ely in the twelfth century, is a source of information about Anna's daughters Æthelthryth and Seaxburh, and also describes Anna's death and burial.
Early life and marriage.
Anna was the son of Eni, a member of the ruling Wuffingas family, and nephew of Rædwald, king of the East Angles from 600 to 625. East Anglia was an early and long-lived Anglo-Saxon kingdom in which a duality of a northern and a southern part existed, corresponding with the modern English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.
Anna was married: Bede refers to the saint Sæthryth as "daughter of the wife of Anna, king of the East Angles". In Abbott Folcard's "Life of St Botolph", written in the 11th century, Botolph is described as having been at one time the chaplain to the sisters of a king, Æthelmund, whose mother was named Sæwara. Folcard names two of Sæwara's kinsmen as Æthelhere and Æthelwold. Since these are the names of two of Anna's brothers, Steven Plunkett suggests that it is "tempting" to consider that Sæwara was married to Anna, and that Æthelmund might either be Anna's full name, or the name of an otherwise unknown East Anglian sub-king.
The "Liber Eliensis", on the other hand, names Hereswith, the sister of Hild, abbess of Whitby, as Anna's wife and the mother of Sæthryth, Seaxburh of Ely and Æthelthryth. However, the "Liber Eliensis" is regarded with caution by historians: Rosalind Love says that the mediaeval writers who interpreted Bede's information about Hereswith made an "erroneous assumption" regarding her connection with Anna and his family. Bede is clear that Hereswith had left East Anglia as a widow before Hild visited the kingdom, at which time Anna was very much alive. Historians now believe that Hereswith was Anna's sister-in-law, and some have thought that around the time that she married into the East Anglian royal family, Anna had already been king for a decade.
In 631 Anna was probably at the Suffolk village of Exning, an important settlement with royal connections, and, according to the "Liber Eliensis", the birthplace of his daughter Æthelthryth. By tradition, Æthelthryth is said to have been baptised at Exning in a pool known as St Mindred's Well. Exning was an important place strategically, as it stood just on the East Anglian side of the Devil's Dyke, a major earthwork stretching between the Fen edge and the headwaters of the River Stour, built at an earlier date to defend the East Anglian region from attack. An early Anglo-Saxon cemetery discovered there suggests the existence of an important site nearby, possibly a royal estate or regio.
King of the East Angles.
Accession and rule.
During 632 or 633 Edwin of Northumbria, with his centre of Christian power north of the River Humber, was overthrown. Edwin was slain and Northumbria was ravaged by Cadwallon ap Cadfan, supported by the Mercian king, Penda. The Mercians then turned on the kingdom of the East Angles and their king, Ecgric. At an unknown date (possibly in the early 640s), they routed the East Anglian army and Ecgric and his predecessor Sigeberht were both slain. D. P. Kirby has suggested that as Sigeberht was alive when the Irish monk Fursey left for Gaul and found Erchinoald, (which happened after Erchinoald became Mayor of the Neustrian palace in 641), Sigeberht was probably killed around 640 or 641. Penda's victory marked the end of the line of kings of the East Angles who were directly descended from Rædwald. Some time after Penda's victory, Anna became king of the East Angles, though the date of his accession is quite uncertain. The "Liber Eliensis" says that Anna died in the nineteenth year of his reign, and since he died in the mid-650s this would indicate a date around 635. However, the "Liber Eliensis" is regarded by some historians as unreliable on this point, and Barbara Yorke suggests a possible date in the early 640s for Anna's accession, noting that it could not have been after 645 as Anna is recorded as giving refuge to Cenwalh of Wessex in that year. It is probable that Anna became king with the assistance of the northern Angles. Throughout his reign he was the victim of Mercian aggression under Penda, but he also seems to have challenged the rise of Penda's power. The British medievalist David Dumville has written that due to their rivalry for control over the Middle Anglian people, Mercia and East Anglia probably became hereditary enemies and Penda repeatedly attacked the East Angles from the mid-630s to 654.
Anna arranged an important diplomatic marriage between his daughter Seaxburh and Eorcenberht of Kent, cementing an alliance between the two kingdoms. It was by means of marriages such as this that the kings of Kent became well-connected to other royal dynasties. Not all of Anna's daughters were married into other royal families. During the 640s Anna's daughter Æthelburg and his stepdaughter Sæthryth entered Faremoutiers Abbey in Gaul to live religious lives under abbess Fara. They were the first royal Anglo-Saxons to become nuns, making religious seclusion "an acceptable and desirable vocation for ex-queens and royal princesses", according to Barbara Yorke.
D. P. Kirby uses the presence of East Anglian princesses living under the veil in Gaul as evidence of the Frankish orientation of Anna's kingdom at this time, continued since the reign of his predecessor Rædwald. The Wuffingas dynasty may have been connected with monastic foundations in the area around Faramoutiers through Anna's predecessor Sigeberht, who had spent several years as an exile in Gaul and had become a devout and learned Christian due to his experiences of monastic life.
In 641 Oswald of Northumbria was slain in battle by Penda (probably at Oswestry in Shropshire). Due to his death, Northumbria was split into two. The northern part, Bernicia, accepted Oswald's brother Oswiu as their new king, but the southern Deirans refused to accept him and were ruled instead by a king of the original Deiran house, Oswine. Soon afterwards Cenwalh of Wessex, the brother of Oswald's widow and himself married to Penda's sister, renounced his wife. In 645, according to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", Penda drove Cenwalh from his kingdom and into exile. During the following year, while a refugee at Anna's court, he was converted to Christianity, returning in 648 to rule Wessex as a Christian king. Anna probably provided military support for Cenwalh's return to his throne.
Anna's hold on the western limits of his kingdom, which bordered on the Fen lands that surrounded the Isle of Ely, was strengthened by the marriage in 651 (or slightly later) of his daughter Æthelthryth to Tondberht, a prince of the South Gyrwe, a people living in the fens who may have been settled in the area around Ely. Æthelthryth, accompanied by her minister Owine, travelled from Ely to Northumbria when she married for the second time, to Ecgfrith.
Exile.
During his reign Anna endowed the monastery at Cnobheresburg with rich buildings and objects. The monastery was built in about 633 by Fursey after he arrived in East Anglia. In time, weary of attacks on the kingdom, Fursey left East Anglia for good, leaving the monastery to his brother Foillan. When in 651 Penda attacked the monastery, Anna and his men arrived and held the Mercians back. This gave Foillan and his monks enough time to escape with their books and valuables, but Penda defeated Anna and drove him into exile, possibly to the kingdom of Merewalh of the Magonsætan, in western Shropshire. He returned to East Anglia in about 654.
Death, burial place and successors.
Soon after 653, when Penda made his son Peada the ruler of the Middle Angles (but still continued to rule his own country), the Mercian assault on East Anglia was repeated. The opposing armies of Penda and Anna met at Bulcamp, near Blythburgh in Suffolk. The East Anglians were defeated and many were slain, including King Anna and his son Jurmin. Anna's death is mentioned in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" in the entry for 653 or 654, " "Her Anna cining werð ofslagen ..." " – 'Here Anna was killed' – but no other details of the battle in which he died are given.
Blythburgh, a mile from Bulcamp and situated near the fordable headwaters of the Blyth estuary, was afterwards believed to be the location of the tombs of Anna and Jurmin. It is a candidate for a monastic site or a royal regio (estate). According to Peter Warner, the Latin derivation of part of the nearby place-name 'Bulcamp' indicates its ancient origins, and mediaeval sources which claim continuous Christian worship at Blythburgh throughout the Anglo-Saxon period provide circumstantial evidence of its connections with East Anglian royalty and Christianity. Part of an 8th-century whalebone diptych or writing-tablet, used for liturgical purposes, has been found near the site.
Saint Botolph began to build his monastery at Icanho, now conclusively identified as Iken, Suffolk, in the year that Anna was killed, possibly to commemorate the king. Anna was succeeded in turn by his two brothers Æthelhere and Æthelwold, who may have ruled jointly. It is possible that Æthelhere was set up as a puppet ruler by Penda or was his ally, as he was one of the 30 "duces" that accompanied Penda when he attacked Oswiu of Northumbria at an unidentified location called the Winwæd in 655 or 656. Penda himself was killed at the Winwæd, after having steadily increased his power over a period of 13 years. Æthelhere (who was also slain at the Battle of the Winwæd) and Æthelwold were succeeded by the descendants of Anna's youngest brother, Æthelric.
Bede praised Anna's piety in his "Ecclesiastical History of the English People", and modern historians have since regarded Anna as a devout king, but his reputation as a devoted Christian is mainly because he produced a son and four daughters who were all made into Anglo-Saxon saints. Five hundred years after his death, his tomb at Blythburgh was (according to the "Liber Eliensis") still "venerated by the pious devotion of faithful people".
Descendants.
Anna's children were all canonised. The eldest, Seaxburh, was the wife of Eorcenberht of Kent. She ruled Kent from 664 until her son Ecgberht came of age. Æthelthryth, according to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", founded the monastery at Ely in 673. Another daughter, Æthelburh, spent her life at the nunnery of Faremoutiers. Anna's son, Jurmin, was of warrior age in 653 when he was killed in battle.
By tradition, Anna is said to have had a fourth daughter, Wihtburh, an abbess at Dereham (or possibly West Dereham), where there was a royal double monastery. She may never have existed: Bede fails to mention her and she first appears in a calendar in the late 10th century "Bosworth Psalter". She may have been a character specifically created by the religious community at Ely, where her remains were supposed to have been taken after being stolen from Dereham and subsequently used as visual proof of the incorruptibility of a saint's body, a substitute for her sister Æthelthryth, whose body had to remain unexamined in her tomb. Manuscript F of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", which dates from about 1100, mentions Wihtburh's death when it records that her body was found uncorrupted in 798, 55 years after she died. The resulting date for her death of 743 is far too late for her to have been a sister of Æthelthryth, who was born in 636.
References.
Primary sources
Secondary sources


Cooley v. Board of Wardens

Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 53 U.S. (12 How.) 299 (1852), was a US Supreme Court case that held that a Pennsylvania law requiring all ships entering or leaving Philadelphia to hire a local pilot did not violate the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. Those who did not comply with the law had been required to pay a fee. Benjamin R. Curtis wrote for the majority, "It is the opinion of a majority of the court that the mere grant to Congress of the power to regulate commerce, did not deprive the States of power to regulate pilots, and that although Congress had legislated on this subject, its legislation manifests an intention, with a single exception, not to regulate this subject, but to leave its regulation to the several states."


John Wendell Holmes

John Wendell Holmes (18 June 1910 – 13 August 1988) was a Canadian diplomat and academic.
Born in London, Ontario, Holmes attended the University of Western Ontario and received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Toronto. From 1933 to 1938, he was a master of English at Pickering College. From 1938 to 1940, he attended the University of London. He joined the Department of External Affairs in 1943 as a temporary wartime assistant.
From 1947 to 1948, he was the Canadian Chargé d'Affaires ad interim to the Soviet Union. In 1950, he was appointed Acting Permanent Delegate to the United Nations. He became Assistant Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs in 1953 where he remained until his retirement in 1960. From 1960 to 1973, Holmes was president (later called director-general) of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, a non-partisan, non-profit, and non-governmental organization for the discussion and analysis of international affairs.
Holmes was among hundreds of federal civil servants who were targeted in an RCMP homosexual witch hunt that intensified in 1959 and continued through the 1960s, destroying lives, careers and families.
From 1971 to 1981, he was a Professor of International Relations at York University, Glendon College. From 1967 until his death, he was a Visiting Professor of International Relations at the University of Toronto. He was also a Visiting Professor of History at the University of Leeds in 1979 and 1985.
He was the author of "Life with Uncle: the Canadian-American Relationship" (1981) and "The Shaping of Peace: Canada and the Search for World Order 1943-1957" (2 volumes, 1979 and 1982). In 1986, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's J. B. Tyrrell Historical Medal in recognition of these volumes.
In 1969, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the recipient of 10 honorary doctorates.


Tamar of Kartli

Tamar (; 1696 – 12 April 1746) was a Georgian royal princess of the Bagrationi dynasty, a daughter of King Vakhtang VI of Kartli, of the Mukhranian branch, and the second wife of King Teimuraz II, of the Kakhetian branch. The union with Teimuraz made her queen consort of Kakheti (1729–1736, 1738–1744). She was queen regnant of Kartli (1744–1746) in her own right under the name Tamar II.
Biography.
Tamar was born to then-Prince Royal Vakhtang of Kartli and his Circassian wife Rusudan in 1696. Vakhtang ruled Kartli intermittently from 1703 until being forced by the Ottoman invasion into exile to the Russian Empire in 1724. At the age of 16, on 2 February 1712, Tamar married, as his second wife, Prince Royal Teimuraz of Kakheti, a younger brother of King David II of Kakheti (Imam Quli Khan). The wedding was lavishly celebrated in Vakhtang's capital city of Tbilisi and then in Manavi, Kakheti. The couple's subsequent life was marred by a civil strife, attacks by the Lezgians, and invasions from the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Teimuraz twice acceded to the throne of Kakheti, from 1729 to 1736 and again, from 1738 to 1744, when he resigned Kakheti to his son, Heraclius II, and established himself on the vacated throne of his in-laws in Kartli.
During these years of turmoil, Tamar herself became involved in war and politics. During Teimuraz's absence at the headquarters of his Iranian suzerain, Nader Shah, in Kandahar from 1736 to 1738 Tamar counterbalanced the regency of Teimuraz's Muslim brother, Ali Mirza. She used her influence and the services of Prince Givi Cholokashvili to disrupt Ali Mirza's design for a revolt against Iran, thereby saving her husband and son from Nader's imminent revenge and eventually forcing Ali Mirza out of Kakheti in 1738. When Nader again summoned Teimuraz to his camp at Derbend in 1741, Tamar accompanied her husband, at the shah's request, as a proof of loyalty. Teimuraz succeeded in securing the shah's support for his dynastic ambitions in both Kartli and Kakheti, but this also invited a rebellion led by Prince Givi Amilakhvari. After three years of inconclusive fighting, the rebels were eventually defeated by Teimuraz, and Tamar in person accepted the courteous surrender of Amilakhvari in Surami in 1745. From 1744 until her death in 1746, Tamar was a co-regnant with her husband in Kartli, while their son, Heraclius, began his lengthy reign in Kakheti. Tamar was buried at the cathedral of Living Pillar in Mtskheta. After her death, Teimuraz married his third wife, Ana-Khanum Baratashvili.
Children.
Teimuraz and Tamar were the parents of one son and three daughters:


Michael Gordon Wygant

Michael Gordon Wygant (born 1936, Newburgh, New York) is a former American diplomat who was the head of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Armenia office and was the first Ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia.
Wygant graduated from Dartmouth College.


Deputy Governor of the Bank of England

A Deputy Governor of the Bank of England is the holder of one of a small number of senior positions at the Bank of England, reporting directly to the Governor.
According to the original charter of 27 July 1694 the Bank's affairs would be supervised by a Governor, the Deputy Governor and 24 directors. Since then, however, the role of Deputy Governor has been split and redefined three times (by the Bank of England Act 1998, the Financial Services Act 2012 and again in 2014), such that, as of May 2016, there are four Deputy Governors (Sir Jon Cunliffe, Ben Broadbent, Sam Woods and Sir David Ramsden). They have special responsibility for financial stability, monetary policy, prudential regulation and markets and banking respectively. In 2013, the position of Chief Operating Officer (COO) was created and has the same status and remuneration as a Deputy Governor.
Under Schedule 1 of the Bank of England Act 1998 (as amended), Deputy Governors are appointed for five year terms, and are term-limited to two terms.
Deputy Governors of the Bank of England (1684–present).
With specific responsibility (1998–present).
The Bank of England Act 1998, which came into force on 1 June 1998, created a second Deputy Governorship. Clementi became Deputy Governor for Financial Stability for the rest of his term, and Mervyn King became the first Deputy Governor for Monetary Policy.
Chief operating officers.
In June 2013, the position of chief operating officer (COO) of the Bank of England was created. The COO has responsibility for the day-to-day operations of the Bank. They have the same status and remuneration as a Deputy Governor.


Federation of Tax Advisers

The Federation of Tax Advisers (FTA) is a professional body concerned with UK taxation issues and is limited by guarantee in the United Kingdom (UK).
Its purpose is to encourage the study of taxation and to promote best practice in the administration of taxation in the UK. The FTA regulates professional tax advisers on a voluntary basis.
The FTA campaigns for a fairer and less complex tax system. It also provides a qualification and regulatory structure for its members.
The IFA provides members with tools to operate as tax advisers providing compliance and planning expertise to SMEs and entrepreneurs.
History.
The FTA was established in 1997. On 3 June 2009 it became a part of the IFA Group through a merger with the Institute of Financial Accountants and is now its tax faculty.
Qualifications.
The FTA offers the following qualifications:
Members at either grade may call themselves IFA Tax Advisers.
Practicing certificate.
Members at Associate or Fellow level may apply for and be granted an IFA tax practicing certificate subject to meeting the eligibility criteria. However, this certificate will only allow them to be supervised for taxation work. If they provide services to the public that are not covered by their tax practicing certificate, such as accountancy, this can affect their membership and supervision with the IFA.
An IFA member applying for a tax practising certificate must:


Hermann II, Landgrave of Thuringia

Hermann II (28 March 1222 in Creuzburg – 3 January 1241) was the Landgrave of Thuringia and the son of Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, and Saint Elizabeth of Hungary.
Life.
With Louis's death in 1227, his brother Henry Raspe assumed the regency due to the minority of four-year-old Hermann. Henry managed to officially succeed his brother after the death of Elizabeth in 1231. Hermann never reigned and died ten years later; some historians have accused Henry of poisoning the youth. He was married to Helen, daughter of Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.


List of presidents of the Central Bank of Argentina

This is a list of presidents of the Central Bank of Argentina. The presidents and ministers of economy are listed for context, but the Central Bank has usually been an autarkic institution, except during military governments. As such, many presidents stay in the Central Bank across different presidencies, even of different political parties.


Pratap Singh II

Pratap Singh II (27 July 1724 – 10 January 1754), was the Maharana of Mewar Kingdom (r. 1751–1754).


Henry Yesler

Henry L. Yesler (December 2, 1810 – December 16, 1892) was an entrepreneur and a politician, regarded as a founder of the city of Seattle. Yesler served two non-consecutive terms as Mayor of Seattle, and was the city's wealthiest resident during his lifetime.
Biography.
Yesler arrived in Seattle from Ohio in 1852 and built a steam-powered sawmill, which provided numerous jobs for those early settlers and Duwamish tribe members. The mill was located right on the Elliott Bay waterfront, at the foot of what is now known as Yesler Way and was then known as Mill Road or the "Skid Road," so named for the practice of "skidding" greased logs down the steep grade from the ever-receding timber line to the mill. In running the mill, Yesler built the city's first water system in 1854. The system was made up of a series of open-air, V-shaped flumes perched on stilts that started atop First Hill and ran down past Yesler's residence and to the mill. Later on, after complaints of dirty water, Yesler developed a system made up of log pipes and iron buried beneath the ground.
In 1858, Yesler's wife Sarah joined him in Seattle, and the couple lived in a simple house across from the mill. Prior to her arrival, Yesler fathered a child named Julia with the fifteen-year-old Native daughter of a local Duwamish hereditary chief.
Yesler also served in public office, at various times as a county auditor, county commissioner, and mayor.
On June 6, 1889, the Great Seattle Fire destroyed the entire business district (which consisted mainly of wooden buildings), including Yesler's sawmill, Yesler's Hall, a theater on the corner of and 1st Avenue, and Yesler's Pavilion, a civic center on 1st and Cherry Street. They were never replaced. In 1892, Yesler erected the Pioneer Building on the same plot of land where his first home stood, now the heart of Seattle's Pioneer Square. Sarah Yesler had died in 1887, but Yesler built a large new mansion and shared his mansion with a younger female relative (some sources describe her as a maid), whom he married five months later.
Yesler died on December 16, 1892, at the age of 82. He is buried in Seattle's Lake View Cemetery. After his death, Yesler's mansion became the first home of the Seattle Public Library, and burned down on January 2, 1901. The King County Courthouse currently occupies the site.
Personality.
In his informative and tongue-in-cheek book, "Sons of the Profits", columnist and Seattle historian William C. Speidel pointed out some of Yesler's negative aspects. On numerous occasions, Yesler had lawsuits filed against him. On other occasions, it was Yesler himself doing the suing. "The City of Seattle made him a millionaire," wrote Speidel, "yet he sued it...fought it...plundered it...and on two occasions he brought it to the brink of bankruptcy." Speidel also recounts how, according to courthouse records, Yesler owed John McLain, an old friend from Ohio, $30,000 for the loan that the latter set up for construction of the mill. Yesler would pay him $12,000 of it over time, and it wasn't until McLain sued him that he was able to collect on the rest.
Yesler and his wife Sarah were Spiritualists and believed in free love.


Nisko

Nisko is a town in Nisko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland on the San River, with a population of 15,534 inhabitants as of 2 June 2009. Together with neighbouring city of Stalowa Wola, Nisko creates a small agglomeration. Nisko has been situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodship since 1999.
History.
Nisko was first mentioned in a document dated 15 April 1439, in which King Władysław III of Varna handed the villages of Nysky, Zaoszicze and Pyelaskowicze to a local nobleman. Furthermore, Nisko was also mentioned by Jan Długosz, in his work "Liber beneficiorum dioecesis Cracoviensis". The establishment of the village was probably the result of catastrophic Mongol Invasion of Poland, which decimated the population of Lesser Poland. Residents of burned villages and towns resettled in the areas north of the enormous Sandomierz Forest. Probably in the second half of the 13th century, a village was established on a hill near the San river. Nisko was a royal village administratively located in the Sandomierz County in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown.
Due to the location on the edges of the forest, local residents supported themselves by hunting and trade of timber, which was transported to other centers along the San and the Vistula waterways. In the 1570s, peasants from Nisko and other locations rebelled against the Starosta of Sandomierz, Andrzej Firlej. In 1578, they met with King Stephen Báthory, who stayed in Tarnogród, asking him for justice. The king supported the peasants, urging Firlej to come to Warsaw. On 10 November 1583, Batory issued a bill, in which he backed demands of the peasants.
For centuries Nisko remained a small village, whose development was halted during the Swedish invasion of Poland. On 28 March 1656, Stefan Czarniecki fought here Swedish troops, which advanced towards Lwow.
Following the First Partition of Poland, Nisko was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, and remained within Austrian Galicia until November 1918. In 1867 Count Eugene Kinsky bought the Nisko estate to give it to his daughter Countess Marie Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau as a wedding present, which took place in Vienna on 21 September 1868. From 1868 to 1912 under Count Oliver Rességuier de Miremont and his family, the village grew to become one of the largest estates in then Austrian Galicia. A railroad station, a hospital, a church (three in present-day Nisko), schools, factories, Austrian Army Base (currently Polish Army Base) and a palace (now used as a hospital building) were built. Most of these buildings are still in use. The village was also the capital of administration unit, Nisko County.
20th century.
In 1914, when World War I began, many buildings in Nisko were destroyed by the Russian Army, which attacked Austria-Hungary. In 1918, local Poles gained control over the government in Nisko and the village became part of the new-formed Second Polish Republic. In newly restored Poland, Nisko was the seat of a county in Lwów Voivodeship, but remained a village until 20 October 1933. In 1921, its population was over 5,000. On 19 January 1937 in Warsaw, a bill was signed, which created Southern Works (Zaklady Poludniowe) – a large steel plant, part of the Central Industrial Region. On 20 March 1937, first pine trees were cut in a forest in the village of Pławo, a few kilometers north of Nisko. In two years, a brand new city of Stalowa Wola was established around the plant. It was a milestone in history of the town, because several projects were started in the area, such as a foundry and a power-plant in the forests on the western boundary of Nisko. The programme of industrialization was stopped with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union in September 1939.
Already in the early stages of World War II, shortly after the German invasion of the town, the German "Einsatzgruppe I" entered the town to commit various atrocities against the population. As part of the "Intelligenzaktion", on November 10, 1939, the Germans deceitfully gathered Polish teachers from the town and its surroundings for a supposed formal meeting, then arrested them and imprisoned them in Rzeszów. During the war, Nisko became the focus of the Nazi German "Nisko und Lublin Plan" of forcible relocation of about 95,000 Jews from all over occupied Poland and from abroad in the name of German "Lebensraum". Chief architect of the Holocaust, Adolf Eichmann, set up a transit camp in Nisko, from which the deportees were to be expelled eastward.<ref name="Browning6/12"></ref> The town was an important center of the Polish resistance movement, including the Home Army and Bataliony Chłopskie. Since early 1940, underground Polish press was distributed in the town. In March 1941, the Germans carried out mass arrests of resistance members involved in the distribution of Polish press in Nisko and other nearby towns. Arrested resistance members were then mostly imprisoned, interrogated and tortured in the local prison. The Polish resistance made an unsuccessful attempt to liberate the prisoners, after which the Germans deported the prisoners to the infamous Montelupich prison in Kraków, and then to the Auschwitz concentration camp. In 1944–1945, the Red Army and the Soviet NKVD arrested here a number of Poles, executing members of anti-communist resistance.
Twin towns – sister cities.
Nisko is twinned with:


Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley

Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley, KB, PC, FRS (8 April 1649 – 24 September 1710) was a British nobleman and diplomat, known as Sir Charles Berkeley from 1661 to 1679 and styled Viscount Dursley from 1679 to 1698.
Life.
The son of George Berkeley, 1st Earl of Berkeley, he was educated at Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge, was created a Knight of the Bath for the coronation of Charles II in 1661, and received his Master of Arts from Oxford on 28 September 1663. On 21 November 1667, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Berkeley adopted the styling Viscount Dursley in September 1679, when his father was raised to the earldom. He had just been elected as MP for Gloucester, for which he sat in the last two Parliaments of Charles II, in 1679 and 1681. He did not stand again, in part due to conflict with the Tory corporation of the city. Dursley followed his father in opposing James II in the Glorious Revolution, and enjoyed a number of appointments thereafter. Called up to the House of Lords as Baron Berkeley in July 1689, he was then sent as Envoy Extraordinary to Spain in May 1689, and as Ambassador to the United Provinces from August 1689 to 1695. He also received the post of Custos Rotulorum of Gloucestershire, previously held by his father, in July 1689. On 3 May 1694, he was made a Privy Councillor, and on 25 May, was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. In the following year, Dursley was appointed High Steward of the City of Gloucester, and Constable of St Briavel's Castle on 18 June 1697.
Berkeley succeeded to the earldom in 1698, and also received his father's office of Custos Rotulorum of Surrey in February 1699. His eldest son, Charles, Viscount Dursley, died of smallpox in May, and his daughter, Lady Penelope, in September of that same year, both while Berkeley and his family were in Dublin during his tenure as one of the Lords Justices (1699–1700). On 7 June 1702, Berkeley's appointment as Constable was renewed, and he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Surrey and Warden of the Forest of Dean. He died in 1710, and was succeeded to the posts of Earl of Berkeley, Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, and Custos Rotulorum of Gloucestershire by his eldest surviving son, James, a naval officer.
Family.
Berkeley married Hon. Elizabeth Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden, on 16 August 1677, and they had four sons and three daughters:


British Transport Docks Board

The British Transport Docks Board (BTDB) was a nationalised industry, managing former railway-owned docks in Great Britain. It was created by the Transport Act 1962 and abolished by the Transport Act 1981, which provided for its privatisation as Associated British Ports.
The business had its origins in the ports developed or acquired by the private railway companies. These passed to the British Transport Commission on nationalisation in 1948 and were organised under its Docks and Inland Waterways Executive.
The Transport Act 1962 abolished the Commission and distributed its assets to five successor bodies. The BTDB inherited the dock undertakings, other than harbours used primarily by railway steamer services.
The BTDB was among the first nationalised industries to be privatised by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher.


Heinrich Brauns

Heinrich Brauns (3 January 1868 – 19 October 1939) was a German politician and Roman Catholic theologian, who for the German Center Party was a long-serving Minister of Labour of the Weimar Republic from 1920 to 1928. Serving in a total of 13 cabinets, Brauns was a major influence on social policy in the period of German history.
Early life.
Heinrich Brauns was born on 3 January 1868 in Cologne, in what was then the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the only child of Johann Brauns (1838–1919), a tailor and his wife Anna Catharina (1838–1901), née Creveld. He attended the "Apostelgymnasium" at Cologne, where he made his "Abitur" in 1886.
He studied theology and philosophy at the University of Bonn and then attended a seminary at Cologne. In 1890, he was ordained as a priest and became a chaplain at Krefeld. In 1895, he became a vicar in Borbeck near Essen.
He worked in pastoral care until in 1900 he became head of the organisation department and economics teaching at the "Zentralstelle des Volksvereins für das katholische Deutschland" (a Roman Catholic organisation) at Mönchengladbach. At the same time he studied economics and public policy. In 1905 he was awarded a doctorate in "Staatswissenschaften".
Political career.
A member of the Catholic party known as Zentrum, after World War I Brauns worked towards the establishment of an interdenominational Christian political party which did not materialise. In January 1919, Brauns was elected to the National Assembly, and in February worked with other delegates to prevent the "Betriebsrätegesetz" from reflecting radical "Räte" ideology. Brauns was returned to the Reichstag in June 1920. He joined the cabinet of Chancellor Konstantin Fehrenbach that same month as Minister of Labour, a position he held for the next eight years under changing heads of government.
During this time, he worked towards alleviating the differences between the social classes and for a cooperation between the associations of the workers and employers on a footing of equality. This was supposed to be achieved by collective bargaining and work in the "", a joint institution of labour unions and employers' association. Since 1920, Brauns was a member of the leadership of the "Zentrum" where he was part of the party's right wing. This brought him into conflict with the left, since he opposed some of their policies, arguing that getting too close to Social Democratic or Communist positions would remove the reason for existence of the Christian unions and the Zentrum.
As Minister of Labour, Brauns advanced laws and decrees on works councils, workers' participation in management, collective bargaining agreements, labour arbitration, labour law and employment exchanges. He also supported rules on policies such as social security entitlements or handouts for the war-wounded. Brauns was a major influence on social policy in Weimar Germany.
When Hermann Müller formed his second cabinet in 1928, he wanted to retain Brauns as Minister of Labour, but internal party politics in the Zentrum prevented Brauns from staying in office. After leaving the government, Brauns remained a member of the Reichstag, serving first as Vice-Chair of the "Sozialpolitischer Ausschuss" (committee on social policy) and from 1930–33 as its Chairman. He also wrote about social policy issues, and was active in the international Catholic labour movement. He led the German delegation to the International Labour Conference at Geneva in 1929–31. In 1931, he chaired a commission named after him, created by chancellor Heinrich Brüning that looked into the causes and ramifications of the Great Depression. His connections and frequent travels abroad caused him to be very critical of the Nazi takeover of power in 1933 and made him pessimistic about the path the country was taking.
His party did not renominate him for the Reichstag elections of 5 March 1933 and he retired to Lindenberg im Allgäu. He was prosecuted by the Nazis and was one of the defendants at the "Volksvereinsprozess" (1933–35), where he was found not guilty. Brauns died in Lindenberg on 19 October 1939 following an appendicitis.
Honours.
Brauns was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by the University of Cologne in 1921. In 1978, the Bishop of Essen founded the "Heinrich-Brauns-Preis" for merits in the cause of furthering Catholic social teaching and the Christian-social movement. It is awarded every two years.