Retirement plans in the United States

A retirement plan is a financial arrangement designed to replace employment income upon retirement. These plans may be set up by employers, insurance companies, trade unions, the government, or other institutions. Congress has expressed a desire to encourage responsible retirement planning by granting favorable tax treatment to a wide variety of plans. Federal tax aspects of retirement plans in the United States are based on provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and the plans are regulated by the Department of Labor under the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA).
Types of retirement plans.
Retirement plans are classified as either defined benefit plans or defined contribution plans, depending on how benefits are determined.
In a defined benefit (or pension) plan, benefits are calculated using a fixed formula that typically factors in final pay and service with an employer, and payments are made from a trust fund specifically dedicated to the plan. Separate accounts for each participant do not exist.
By contrast, in a defined contribution plan, each participant has an account, and the benefit for the participant is dependent upon both the amount of money contributed into the account and the performance of the investments purchased with the funds contributed to the account.
Some types of retirement plans, such as cash balance plans, combine features of both defined benefit and defined contribution schemes.
Defined contribution plans.
According to Internal Revenue Code Section 414, a defined contribution plan is an employer-sponsored plan with an individual account for each participant. The accrued benefit from such a plan is solely attributable to contributions made into an individual account and investment gains on those funds, less any losses and expense charges. The contributions are invested ("e.g.", in the stock market), and the returns on the investment are credited to or deducted from the individual's account. Upon retirement, the participant's account is used to provide retirement benefits, often through the purchase of an annuity. Defined contribution plans have become more widespread over recent years and are now the dominant form of plan in the private sector. The number of defined benefit plans in the U.S. has been steadily declining, as more employers see pension funding as a financial risk they can avoid by freezing the plan and instead offering a defined contribution plan.
Examples of defined contribution plans include individual retirement account (IRA), 401(k), and profit sharing plans. In such plans, the participant is responsible for selecting the types of investments toward which the funds in the retirement plan are allocated. This may range from choosing one of a small number of pre-determined mutual funds to selecting individual stocks or other securities. Most self-directed retirement plans are characterized by certain tax advantages. The funds in such plans may not be withdrawn without penalty until the investor reaches retirement age, which is typically the year in which taxpayer reaches 59.5 years of age.
Money contributed can be from employee salary deferrals, employer contributions, or employer matching contributions. Defined contribution plans are subject to Internal Revenue Code Section 415 limits on how much can be contributed. As of 2015, the total deferral amount including the employee and employer contribution is capped at $53,000. The employee-only amount is $18,000 for 2015, but a plan can permit participants who are age 50 or older to make "catch-up" contributions of up to an additional $6,000.
Defined benefit plans.
Commonly referred to as a pension in the US, a defined benefit plan pays benefits from a trust fund using a specific formula set forth by the plan sponsor. In other words, the plan "defines a benefit" that will be paid upon retirement. The statutory definition of "defined benefit" encompasses all pension plans that are not defined contribution and therefore do not have individual accounts.
While this catch-all definition has been interpreted by the courts to capture some hybrid pension plans like cash balance (CB) plans and pension equity plans (PEP), most pension plans offered by large businesses or government agencies are "final average pay" (FAP) plans, under which the monthly benefit is equal to the number of years worked multiplied by the member's salary at retirement multiplied by a factor known as the "accrual rate". At a minimum, benefits are payable in "normal form" as a Single Life Annuity (SLA) for single participants or as a Qualified Joint and Survivor Annuity (QJSA) for married participants. Both normal forms are paid at Normal Retirement Age (usually 65) and may be actuarially adjusted for early or late commencement. Other optional forms of payment, such as lump sum distributions, may be available but are not required.
The cash balance plan typically offers a lump sum at and often before normal retirement age. However, as is the case with all defined benefit plans, a cash balance plan must also provide the option of receiving the benefit as a life annuity. The amount of the annuity benefit must be "definitely determinable" as per IRS regulation 1.412-1.
Defined benefit plans may be either "funded" or "unfunded". In a funded plan, contributions from the employer and participants are invested into a trust fund dedicated solely to paying benefits to retirees under a given plan. The future returns on the investments and the future benefits to be paid are not known in advance, so there is no guarantee that a given level of contributions will meet future obligations. Therefore, fund assets and liabilities are regularly reviewed by an actuary in a process known as valuation. A defined benefit plan is required to maintain adequate funding if it is to remain qualified.
In an unfunded plan, no funds are set aside for the specific purpose of paying benefits. The benefits to be paid are met immediately by contributions to the plan or by general assets. Most government-run retirement plans, including Social Security, are unfunded, with benefits being paid directly out of current taxes and Social Security contributions. Most nonqualified plans are also unfunded.
Hybrid and cash balance plans.
Hybrid plan designs combine the features of defined benefit and defined contribution plan designs. In general, they are treated as defined benefit plans for tax, accounting, and regulatory purposes. As with defined benefit plans, investment risk is largely borne by the plan sponsor. As with defined contribution designs, plan benefits are expressed in the terms of a notional "account balance", and are usually paid as cash balances upon termination of employment. These features make them more portable than traditional defined benefit plans and perhaps more attractive to a highly mobile workforce. A typical hybrid design is the cash balance plan, where the employee's notional account balance grows by some defined rate of interest and annual employer contribution.
In the United States, conversions from traditional plan to hybrid plan designs have been controversial. Upon conversion, plan sponsors are required to retrospectively calculate employee account balances, and if the employee's actual vested benefit under the old design is more than the account balance, the employee enters a period of "wear away". During this period, the employee would be eligible to receive the already accrued benefit under the old formula, but all future benefits are accrued under the new plan design. Eventually, the accrued benefit under the new design exceeds the grandfathered amount under the old design. To the participant, however, it appears as if there is a period where no new benefits are accrued. Hybrid designs also typically eliminate the more generous early retirement provisions of traditional pensions.
Because younger workers have more years in which to accrue interest and pay credits than those approaching retirement age, critics of cash balance plans have called the new designs discriminatory. On the other hand, the new designs may better meet the needs of a modern workforce and actually encourage older workers to remain at work, since benefit accruals continue at a constant pace as long as an employee remains on the job. As of 2008, the courts have generally rejected the notion that cash balance plans discriminate based on age, while the Pension Protection Act of 2006 offers relief for most hybrid plans on a prospective basis.
Although a cash balance plan is technically a defined benefit plan designed to allow workers to evaluate the economic worth their pension benefit in the manner of a defined contribution plan ("i.e.", as an account balance), the "target benefit" plan is a defined contribution plan designed to express its projected impact in terms of lifetime income as a percent of final salary at retirement ("i.e.," as an annuity amount). For example, a target benefit plan may mimic a typical defined benefit plan offering 1.5% of salary per year of service times the final 3-year average salary. Actuarial assumptions like 5% interest, 3% salary increases and the UP84 Life Table for mortality are used to calculate a level contribution rate that would create the needed lump sum at retirement age. The problem with such plans is that the flat rate could be low for young entrants and high for old entrants. While this may appear unfair, the skewing of benefits to the old worker is a feature of most traditional defined benefit plans, and any attempt to match it would reveal this backloading feature.
Requirement of permanence.
To guard against tax abuse in the United States, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has promulgated rules that require that pension plans be permanent as opposed to a temporary arrangement used to capture tax benefits. Regulation 1.401-1(b)(2) states that "[t]hus, although the employer may reserve the right to change or terminate the plan, and to discontinue contributions thereunder, the abandonment of the plan for any reason other than business necessity within a few years after it has taken effect will be evidence that the plan from its inception was not a bona fide program for the exclusive benefit of employees in general. Especially will this be true if, for example, a pension plan is abandoned soon after pensions have been fully funded for persons in favor of whom discrimination is prohibited..." The IRS would have grounds to disqualify the plan retroactively, even if the plan sponsor initially got a favorable determination letter.
Qualified retirement plans.
Qualified plans receive favorable tax treatment and are regulated by ERISA. The technical definition of "qualified" does not agree with the commonly used distinction. For example, 403(b) plans are not considered qualified plans, but are treated and taxed almost identically.
The term "qualified" has special meaning regarding defined benefit plans. The IRS defines strict requirements a plan must meet in order to receive favorable tax treatment, including:
Failure to meet IRS requirements can lead to plan disqualification, which carries with it enormous tax consequences.
SIMPLE IRAs.
A SIMPLE IRA is a type of Individual Retirement Account (IRA) that is provided by an employer. It is similar to a 401(k) but offers simpler and less costly administration rules. Like a 401(k) plan, the SIMPLE IRA is funded by a pre-tax salary reduction. However, contribution limits for SIMPLE plans are lower than for most other types of employer-provided retirement plans.
SEP IRAs.
A Simplified Employee Pension Individual Retirement Account, or SEP IRA, is a variation of the Individual Retirement Account. SEP IRAs are adopted by business owners to provide retirement benefits for the business owners and their employees. There are no significant administration costs for self-employed person with no employees. If the self-employed person does have employees, all employees must receive the same benefits under a SEP plan. Because SEP accounts are treated as IRAs, funds can be invested the same way as is the case for any other IRA.
Keogh or HR10 plans.
Keogh plans are full-fledged pension plans for the self-employed. Named for U.S. Representative Eugene James Keogh of New York, they are sometimes called HR10 plans.
Nonqualified plans.
Plans that do not meet the guidelines required to receive favorable tax treatment are considered "nonqualified" and are exempt from the restrictions placed on qualified plans. They are typically used to provide additional benefits to key or highly paid employees, such as executives and officers. Examples include SERP (Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans) and 457(f) plans.
Contrasting types of retirement plans.
Advocates of Defined contribution plan point out that each employee has the ability to tailor the investment portfolio to his or her individual needs and financial situation, including the choice of how much to contribute, if anything at all. However, others state that these apparent advantages could also hinder some workers who might not possess the financial savvy to choose the correct investment vehicles or have the discipline to voluntarily contribute money to retirement accounts.
Portability and valuation.
Defined contribution plans have actual balances of which workers can know the value with certainty by simply checking the record of the balance. There is no legal requirement that the employer allow the former worker take his money out to roll over into an IRA, though it is relatively uncommon in the U.S. not to allow this (and many companies such as Fidelity run numerous TV ads encouraging individuals to transfer their old plans into current ones).
Because the lump sum actuarial present value of a former worker's vested accrued benefit is uncertain, the IRS, under section 417(e) of the Internal Revenue Code, specifies the interest and mortality figures that must be used. This has caused some employers as in the Berger versus Xerox case in the 7th Circuit (Richard A. Posner was the judge who wrote the opinion) with cash balance plans to have a higher liability for employers for a lump sum than was in the employee's "notional" or "hypothetical" account balance.
When the interest credit rate exceeds the mandated section 417(e) discounting rate, the legally mandated lump sum value payable to the employee [if the plan sponsor allows for pre-retirement lump sums] would exceed the notional balance in the employee's cash balance account. This has been colourfully dubbed the "Whipsaw" in actuarial parlance. The Pension Protection Act signed into law on August 17, 2006 contained added provisions for these types of plans allowing the distribution of the cash balance account as a lump sum.
Portability: practical difference, not a legal difference.
A practical difference is that a defined contribution plan's assets generally remain with the employee (generally, amounts contributed by the employee and earnings on them remain with the employee, but employer contributions and earnings on them do not vest with the employee until a specified period has elapsed), even if he or she transfers to a new job or decides to retire early. By contrast, in many countries defined benefit pension benefits are typically lost if the worker fails to serve the requisite number of years with the same company. Self-directed accounts from one employer may usually be 'rolled-over' to another employer's account or converted from one type of account to another in these cases.
Because defined contribution plans have actual balances, employers can simply write a check because the amount of their liability at termination of employment which may be decades before actual normal (65) retirement date of the plan is known with certainty. There is no legal requirement that the employer allow the former worker take his money out to roll over into an IRA, though it is relatively uncommon in the US not to allow this.
Just as there is no legal requirement to give "portability" to a Defined contribution plan, there is no mandated ban on portability for defined benefit plans. However, because the lump sum actuarial present value of a former worker's vested accrued benefit is uncertain, the mandate under in section 417(e) of the Internal Revenue Code specifies the interest and mortality figures that must be used. This uncertainty has limited the practical portability of defined benefit plans.
Investment risk borne by employee or employer.
It is commonly said that the employee bears investment risk for defined contribution plans, while the employer bears that risk in defined benefit plans. This is true for practically all cases, but pension law in the United States does not require that employees bear investment risk. The law only provides a section 404(c) exemption under ERISA from fiduciary liability if the employer provides the mandated investment choices and gives employees sufficient control to customize his pension investment portfolio appropriate to his risk tolerance.
PBGC insurance: a legal difference.
ERISA does not provide insurance from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) for defined contribution plans, but cash balance plans do get such insurance because they, like all ERISA-defined benefit plans, are covered by the PBGC.
Plans may also be either employer-provided or individual plans. Most types of retirement plans are employer-provided, though individual retirement accounts (IRAs) are very common.
Tax advantages.
Most retirement plans (the exception being most non qualified plans) offer significant tax advantages. Most commonly the money contributed to the account is not taxed as income to the employee at the time of the contribution. In the case of employer provided plans, however, the employer is able to receive a tax deduction for the amount contributed as if it were regular employee compensation. This is known as "pre-tax" contributions, and the amounts allowed to be contributed vary significantly among various plan types. The other significant advantage is that the assets in the plan are allowed to grow through investing without the taxpayer being taxed on the annual growth year by year. Once the money is withdrawn it is taxed fully as income for the year of the withdrawal. There are many restrictions on contributions, especially with 401(k) and defined benefit plans. The restrictions are designed to make sure that highly compensated employees do not gain too much tax advantage at the expense of lesser paid employees.
Currently two types of plan, the Roth IRA and the Roth 401(k), offer tax advantages that are essentially reversed from most retirement plans. Contributions to Roth IRAs and Roth 401(k)s must be made with money that has been taxed as income. After meeting the various restrictions, withdrawals from the account are received by the taxpayer tax-free.
EGTRRA and later changes.
The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) brought significant changes to retirement plans, generally easing restrictions on the ability of the taxpayer to roll money from one type of account to the other, and increasing contributions limits. Most of the changes were designed to phase in over a period of 4 to 10 years.


Carol Iannone

Carol Iannone is a conservative writer and literary critic. She first made her mark as a strong critic of feminism in articles such as "The Barbarism of Feminist Scholarship." She has published extensively in "Commentary", "National Review", "First Things", "Modern Age", "The American Conservative", "Academic Questions", and other conservative and neoconservative publications.
Career.
She is the founding Vice President of the National Association of Scholars, and an editor of Academic Questions, the quarterly publication of NAS. She is a regular contributor at the Phi Beta Cons blog at "National Review Online".
In 1991 President George H.W. Bush nominated her to be on the board of the National Endowment for the Humanities, which was strongly opposed by officers of the Modern Language Association and other academics; they argued that she was not a distinguished scholar. She had virtually no record of publication in scholarly journals, and had never authored a scholarly book. The campaign against her, backed by many liberal academics and by Sen. Edward Kennedy, succeeded in defeating her nomination.
Iannone's interests have gone beyond literature. In her article, "Bryan was right", she wrote that Christians are mistaken when they say that God and Darwinian evolution are compatible.
In recent years she has written increasingly on issues of national identity, criticizing the neoconservative belief that America is an idea rather as a culture.


Democratic and Republican Left group

The Democratic and Republican Left group ( or GDR) is a parliamentary group in the National Assembly including representatives of the French Communist Party (PCF) as well as leftist parties with bases in Overseas France.
History.
The electoral record of the French Communist Party (PCF) in 2007 was marked by dismal performances, first in the presidential election in which the party's national secretary Marie-George Buffet stood as a candidate supported by the PCF within the framework of an anti-liberal alliance; she was routed in the first round, receiving just 1.93% of the overall vote, a result deemed "catastrophic" for the party. The party's result in the subsequent legislative elections was similarly middling: though it outpaced the projections of pollsters, which placed it between only 5 and 15 seats, it still fell short of the threshold of 20 deputies, then required for the formation of a parliamentary group in the National Assembly. As a result, Alain Bocquet, outgoing leader of the preceding communist group in the assembly, demanded on 18 June that the requirement for the number of deputies to form a political group be lowered to 15 from 20 then needed, with a total of 15 deputies elected under the PCF label in the legislative elections (not counting PCF dissident Maxime Gremetz or PCF associate deputies Jean-Pierre Brard and Jacques Desallangre). Bocquet, referring to the recent election of Nicolas Sarkozy in the presidential election, added "if the president of the Republic is a democrat, he will prove it", further arguing that "contrary to all predictions, the conditions for the constitution of a communist group in the National Assembly have been met, and their recognition is only a regulatory formality".
During the evening of 17 June, the second round of the legislative elections, Buffet issued an appeal to form an "open" group to carry the "people's voice" in the National Assembly, singling out the Greens (VEC) as a potential target. PCF spokesperson Olivier Dartigolles speculated that the party could secure an alliance "with the non-inscrits, with the elected officials of the DOM-TOM, with the progressive elected officials of the left", believing that the other forces on the left were sufficient to constitute a parliamentary group. Recognizing the predicament of the PCF, ecologist deputy Noël Mamère proposed that evening that the four members of the Greens elected in the legislative elections join the communist deputies in order to provide the necessary support to form a political group in the National Assembly, saying that he believed that the Green deputies accept the opening proposed by Buffet, hoping to sit along the PCF and others on the left in an "autonomous group" in the National Assembly, independent of the Socialist Party (PS); he later added that his invitation was also extended the Movement of Citizens of Jean-Pierre Chevènement, the Radical Party of the Left (PRG), and miscellaneous left. Bocuqet on 18 June indicated that "the group was open to the world" but did not signify that it would accept the support of the Greens in order to establish a group.
Despite this initial outreach to the Greens, however, Buffet's initiative to form a common group with the Greens was ultimately rebuffed, ending the possibility of a "communist, republican and ecologist" group as envisaged by Mamère. Discussions between Mamère, PCF deputy Patrick Braouezec, and miscellaneous left deputies including Gérard Charasse were briefly initiated with the apparent support of the leadership of the PCF, which sought to strengthen its position in the assembly and diminish troublemakers within it ranks; however, these ultimately came to no avail, with Bocquet believing that an alliance with the Greens would be unfeasible during the debates of the Grenelle de l'environnement and legislation proposed as a result. Maxime Gremetz, ousted from the communist federation in the Somme and antagonistic towards the national party, made conditional his membership of a parliamentary group contingent on his demand that he and the other communists in the Somme excluded from the departmental federation be permitted to rejoin. With 18 total communist deputies, it was therefore necessary to seek two additional deputies for the formation of the group.
Unable to pass the threshold of 20 deputies on their own, however, the communists – Bocquet in particular – were eventually forced to reopen the door to the Greens and PRG, with Mamère proposing a "radical, communist, and green" group. Though the PCF continued to petition for a lowering of the bar for a parliamentary group from 20 to 15 deputies, the necessary change of regulation required the assent of a majority of the National Assembly, then controlled by the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). There being no guarantee that this would happen, Bocquet said that the communists needed to act with "pragmatism". The Democratic and Republican Left group ("groupe de la Gauche démocrate et républicaine") was ultimately formed on 26 June with 24 deputies, Jean-Claude Sandrier becoming its first president; it included the deputies of the PCF (with the exception of André Gerin, who refused to join), four Greens, and two miscellaneous left deputies: Alfred Marie-Jeanne for Martinique and Huguette Bello for Réunion.
After leaving the PS along with Jean-Luc Mélenchon to co-found the Left Party, Marc Dolez left the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left group to join the GDR group as an associate deputy before becoming a member on 27 January 2009. On 11 July 2010, Anny Poursinoff of the Greens was elected in a by-election in Yvelines's 10th constituency, defeating Jean-Frédéric Poisson, thus becoming the 26th member of the GDR group. On 1 September 2010, the Green deputy Yves Cochet took over the presidency of the GDR group. Maxime Gremetz was expelled from the group on 12 April 2011 after interrupting a parliamentary meeting about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and subsequently resigned from his seat on 16 May. Cochet left the GDR group on 6 December after being designated as an MEP, and was replaced by Roland Muzeau; this decision reflected the dissatisfaction of the Left Front at the decision of their ecologist partners, now known as Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV), to present a common candidate with the PS against incumbent François Asensi in Seine-Saint-Denis's 11th constituency. The four ecologist deputies subsequently left the GDR group, Cochet departing on 6 December to take his seat as an MEP and the three others quitting on 7 December. Jacques Desallangre left the group on 17 February 2012.
Following the 2012 legislative elections, André Chassaigne was designated by the 10 deputies of the Left Front to form a parliamentary group, with only 15 deputies now required to form a parliamentary group, again raising the possibility of seeking support from "progressive" deputies representing Réunion, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. With the support of two such deputies already confirmed, as previous members of the group, the support of two newly elected deputies in Martinique, Jean-Philippe Nilor and Bruno Nestor Azerot, was sought out. The search for the fifteenth deputy proved difficult; though Ary Chalus of Guadeloupe, another newly minted deputy, was expected to join the group, the situation was complicated by Chalus's statement on 21 June that he would associate with the Socialist group. The continued existence of the group was finally assured with the confirmation that Gabriel Serville of the Guianese Socialist Party (PSG) would sit with the GDR in the assembly, the group now reduced to 15 deputies.
In the 2017 legislative elections, the PCF and la France Insoumise, the movement founded by Jean-Luc Mélenchon prior to the presidential election, failed to establish an alliance to run common candidates in the legislative elections. Both subsequently decided to form separate parliamentary groups; Chassaigne declared that the GDR would continue on 21 June, including 11 of its own deputies and 4 from overseas France, but would not oppose the initiatives of the la France Insoumise group. Mélenchon's insistence on voting discipline respecting his movement's program proved an obstacle in any potential alliance between the two. At the time of its formation on 27 June, the parliamentary group included 16 deputies.


Alberni-Nanaimo

Alberni-Nanaimo was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia which was used only in the general elections of 1933 and 1937.
For other current and historical ridings on Vancouver Island, please see Vancouver Island (electoral districts)..
Electoral history.
"Note: Winners of each election are in" bold.

!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|6,627
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|76
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|8,156
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|100
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=7|1
The riding was redistributed after the 1937 election. In the 1941 general election the successor ridings to Alberni-Nanaimo were:


Jan Albert Hendrik Hugenholtz

Jan Albert Hendrik Hugenholtz (12 March 1825 – 24 February 1874) was a Dutch naval officer, who served as Governor ad interim of the Dutch Gold Coast between 8 June and 17 September 1871.
Biography.
Jan Albert Hendrik Hugenholtz was born in Amsterdam to naval officer Frederik Jacob Anthony Hugenholtz and Alberta Stoffelina Geertruida Bruinier. He followed in his father's footsteps and eventually became Commander (Dutch: "kapitein-luitenant-ter-zee").
Hugenholtz was in command of the naval forces on the Dutch Gold Coast when Governor Cornelis Nagtglas left for the Netherlands on sick leave due to gout attacks. This left Hugenholtz, who had no experience in colonial administration, in charge of a colony that had been put into a crisis due to a trade of forts with the United Kingdom about which the local African peoples had not been consulted. After just over three months of governorship, Hugenholtz went back to the Netherlands on sick leave, leaving the second-in-command of the navy, Johannes Wirix in charge of the colony.
Personal life.
Hugenholtz married Elly Poolman on 21 April 1869 and had one son.


Marcella Cosgrave

Marcella Cosgrave (30 April 1873 – 31 January 1938) was an Irish nationalist. She was a founder member of Inghinidhe na hÉireann and Cumann na mBan and took part in the 1916 Easter Rising and Irish War of Independence.
Background.
Cosgrave was born at 4 Georges Quay, Dublin, to Patrick Cosgrave, a sail maker, and Mary Whittaker. In 1901 she was living with her younger brother and older sister, Thomas and (Mary) Anne, in Georges Quay and keeping house for them. In 1911 Cosgrave, now a milliner, was living at Tara Street and filled out her census form in Irish.
Political activity.
Cosgrave was a member of the Ladies Land League which had been founded to support the actions of the Irish National Land League.
She was present at the founding of Inghinidhe na hÉireann on Easter Sunday, 15 April 1900.
When Inghinidhe was dissolved and merged into Cumann na mBan in 1914, Cosgrave joined the latter organisation, serving in its Inghinidhe branch until her death.
1916 involvement.
Along with 23 other women, Cosgrave served in the Easter Rising in the Marrowbone Lane garrison, which was based in Jameson's Distillery, as Cumann na mBan quartermaster. The garrison had the responsibility to protect the rear of the South Dublin Union. As quartermaster, Cosgrave succeeded in obtaining a cow and her calves, which they milked to help feed the garrison.
Once the volunteers surrendered, Cosgrave was arrested and was initially taken to Richmond Barracks. From there they were transferred to Kilmainham Gaol. She was kept there for 10 days. She was released on 8 May 1916.
After the Rising.
Between the Rising and the War of Independence, many Inghinidhe branch members of Cumann na mBan were also involved in supporting the families of the men who remained in prison or had been killed. Cosgrave was a member of the Irish National Aid Association and Volunteer Dependents' Fund. Other Cumann na mBan activities included first aid and military training. They also collected money, initially for the dependants' fund and then later to enable the purchase of weapons for the Irish Republican Army.
She also served in the War of Independence but very little information exists about her activities. However, her medal for that war is in the Kilmainham Gaol collection.
Cosgrave died on 31 January 1938 at 3 Georges Street, Dublin. She is buried in Glasnevin cemetery.


William Binnie (architect)

William Bryce Binnie FRIBA (1 July 1886 – 1963) was a Scottish architect. He trained in Scotland but practiced initially in New York and then London. During the First World War he served with the Black Watch and was decorated for bravery. Afterwards he worked for the Imperial War Graves Commission until 1927, when he returned to private practice in London.
Biography.
Binne was born at Kingscavil, by Linlithgow. From 1904 he was articled to architect Robert Bryden in Glasgow, moving to John James Burnet's office after Bryden's death in 1906. Between 1908 and 1910
Binnie studied at the Glasgow School of Art, where he was awarded a gold medal and a travel scholarship, which he used to spend a year Italy.
In 1910 he moved to New York City to work at Warren & Wetmore, where amongst other buildings, he worked on some of the detailings of the interior of Grand Central Station. In 1913 he returned to Britain to work as a draughtsman under London architect Leonard Martin.
Binnie served in the Army during World War I, eventually attaining the rank of major in the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders). His actions gained him the Military Cross "for conspicuous gallantry" in 1916 when he took command of a company which had lost its officers. His citation notes that "Though buried by a shell early in the morning, he never ceased his fine work". In 1917 he was awarded a Bar to his decoration, and a second Bar in 1918 when he again took the place of an officer who had been killed.
At the close of the war he took up a position as assistant architect at the Imperial War Graves Commission (now Commonwealth War Graves Commission), and was promoted to deputy director in 1920. He spent much of the post-war years in France and Belgium designing memorials, including the one at Nieuwpoort in West Flanders. He was admitted to the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1919 as an Associate, and became a Fellow in 1925. His nominators for fellowship were Sir Herbert Baker, Sir Reginald Blomfield, and Sir Edwin Lutyens, all of whom had been prominent in the work of the War Graves Commission.
In 1927 he returned to London to set up a practice with fellow Scot Claude Ferrier, who was already established in Westminster. The association lasted until Ferrier's accidental death in 1935, after which Binnie continued the practice alone. His work in this later period, in an Art Deco style, included the design of 81 New Bond Street and an extension to the National Temperance Hospital (now part of University College Hospital). The East Stand of Arsenal Stadium, Highbury, (1936) was designed by Ferrier and Binnie and is now a Grade II listed building. He also undertook commissions in Malta, including the Hotel Phoenicia at Floriana (1939) and The Farsons Brewery (1950), designed with Lewis V. Farrugia.


Christine Egerszegi

Christine Egerszegi-Obrist (born 29 May 1948) is a Swiss politician. She was a member of the Swiss Council of States from 2007 to 2015 and the National Council from 1995 to 2007. From 2006 to 2007, she was the President of the Swiss National Council. In the 2007 federal election, she became the first female representative of Aargau in the Council of States.


Kensington-Malpeque

Kensington-Malpeque is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada.
Members.
The riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:


Stefan Karadzha

Stefan Karadzha (pronounced [kaɾadʒˈa]; ; born Stefan Todorov Dimov, Стефан Тодоров Димов; 11 May 1840 – 31 July 1868), was a Bulgarian national hero, a revolutionary from the national liberation movement and a prominent leader of rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
He was born in the village of Ichme (now "Stefan Karadzhovo"), near Yambol in Rumelia, and was reputedly a descendant of Momchil Voyvoda. Karadzha studied in Tulcea, Dobruja, but quit school due to lack of funding. During a wedding celebration, he defeated the famous Turkish wrestler Gaazi Plisa. Going in hiding for some time, as Ottoman authorities were searching for him, he then emigrated to Principality of Romania and later joined the First Bulgarian Legion in Belgrade, Principality of Serbia.
Karadzha crossed the Danube from Wallachia a couple of times, carrying out revolutionary tasks. In 1867, he joined the Second Bulgarian Legion, which he quit the following year before returning to Romania, where he had a meeting with Hadzhi Dimitar. On 6 June, both of them were leaders of a detachment of 129 people, and crossed the Danube at Vardim, near Svishtov. Their cheta was supposed to get to Stara planina and establish there a revolutionary government which would then command a general uprising of all Bulgarians. This was not to happen, though, as the group was discovered by Turkish forces shortly after crossing the river. Stefan Karadzha was badly wounded during the fight at Kanladere near Vishovgrad, and was captured by the army and police sent by the chairman of the State Council, Midhat Pasha. Afterwards, on 12 July, he was convoyed to Tarnovo, and later to Rousse.
Karadzha was standing half-dead before the emergency Turkish court, assembled by Midhat Pasha, the so-called "criminal council", and sentenced to death by hanging, but died from his wounds before the execution. He was buried by Tonka Obretenova, who preserved his skull.
Honours.
Stefan Karadzha Peak on Graham Land, Antarctica is named after Stefan Karadzha.


United Nations Security Council Resolution 628

United Nations Security Council resolution 628, adopted unanimously on 16 January 1989, after noting an agreement between Angola and Cuba regarding the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, and the tripartite agreement between Angola, Cuba and South Africa, the Council welcomed both agreements, emphasising the importance of both in terms of international peace and security.
The resolution expressed its full support to the agreements, and called for all parties concerned and other Member States to help implement the resolution. It also asked for the Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar to keep the Council informed on its implementation.


Laura E. Little

Laura E. Little is an American legal scholar and author, specializing in conflict of laws, federal courts, humor and the law, the law of freedom of expression, and constitutional law. She is the James G. Schmidt Professor of Law at Temple University School of Law.
Biography.
Little graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, where she majored in economics. She went on to Temple University School of Law, receiving her J.D. During her time in law school, Little served as Editor-in-Chief of Temple Law Review. After graduation, Little served as a law clerk for United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Judge James Hunter III and then clerked for Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice William Rehnquist. Little later joined the law firm of Dechert Price & Rhoades and worked in general commercial litigation. In 1989, Little joined Kohn, Savett, Klein & Graf, P.C. where she represented the print media in Philadelphia in First Amendment matters.
In 1990, Little joined the full-time faculty at Temple University's Beasley School of Law. Her law teaching specializes in conflict of laws, federal courts, First Amendment, and constitutional law. Little has received the Temple University "Great Teacher" Award.
Little has served as an appellate advocate and expert consultant on matters related to the conflict of laws, federal jurisdiction, and the U.S. Constitution. She was appointed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit to argue and brief the case of "Trinsey v. Pennsylvania", which challenged senatorial succession processes under the U.S. Constitution's 17th Amendment.
Little's work includes academic analysis of U.S. federal judicial selection, which was quoted, cited, and relied on extensively by the Supreme Court of India in its decision striking down India's system for appointing judges.
Little is the author of a casebook on conflict of laws, and a bar lecturer, preparing students for the conflict of laws section of the Pennsylvania portion of the bar each year. The American Law Institute appointed Little to serve as the Associate Reporter of the Restatement Third of Conflict of Laws in 2014.
Little received a national award for her work, "Regulating Funny: Humor and the Law" published by "Cornell Law Review", which analyzes how law prefers certain types of humor in the areas of trademark, contract, and employment discrimination. Her book, "Guilty Pleasures: Comedy and Law in America," was published by Oxford University Press in 2018.


Martemyan Ryutin

Martemyan Nikitich Ryutin () (1890–1937) was a Russian Marxist activist, Bolshevik revolutionary, and a political functionary of the Russian Communist Party. Ryutin is best remembered as the leader of a pro-peasant political faction organized against Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in the early 1930s and as the primary author of a 200-page oppositional platform. Ryutin was arrested by the Soviet secret police, along with his co-thinkers, in what has come to be known as the Ryutin Affair. He was executed in January 1937 as part of the "Yezhovshchina" (Great Purge) conducted against political oppositionists and suspected economic "wreckers" and spies.
During the final years of the Soviet Union, Ryutin was politically rehabilitated, and his lengthy critique of Stalin and his policies was published for the first time. The document saw its first edition in English translation in 2010.
Biography.
Early years.
Martemyan Nikitich Ryutin was born on to a peasant family in Verkhne-Ryutino, a village in Irkutsk oblast in Siberia, then part of the Russian empire. He was descended from an Estonian rebel who was exiled to Siberia in 1830. He graduated from the Irkutsk Teachers' Seminary, and worked as a teacher and journalist. Politically radical from his early years, Ryutin was arrested and held in solitary confinement in Suzdal prison.
Ryutin joined the Bolshevik Party in 1914. He was a participant in both the February Revolution which overthrew Tsar Nikolai II in 1917 and the Bolshevik Revolution in November of that same year. In 1917 he headed the local soviet in Harbin, a city which is today part of China.
During the Russian Civil War which followed the 1917 revolution, Ryutin commanded a military group in the Irkutsk region.
Political career.
Following his time in the military, Ryutin became a full-time political functionary of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks), the RKP(b). From 1920 to 1921 he was the head of the Irkutsk Guberniya Committee of the RKP(b). In 1922 he was made Secretary of the Dagestan Oblast Committee of the party, a position which he retained through 1924, when he was transferred to Moscow.
In the capital, Ryutin was first named the head of the Zamoskvoreche Raion Committee of the Communist Party. He was promoted to head of the more important Krasnaya Presnya Raion Committee in 1927.
Ryutin was elected as a delegate to the 14th Congress (December 1925) and 15th Congress (December 1927) of what was by then known as the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks), the VKP(b). The latter elected him a candidate (non-voting) member of the Central Committee of the VKP(b).
Ryutin was a supporter of the moderate agrarian policies of the New Economic Policy and held views closely associated with such "moderate" party leaders as Nikolai Bukharin, Nikolai Uglanov, and Alexei Rykov. During the period when the 'moderates' were on the same side as Joseph Stalin against Leon Trotsky and the left, Ryutin held hard line views on party discipline. In 1923, he declared:
During 1927, he organised strong arm squads to break up oppositionist meetings in the Krasnaya Presnya district.
With a new wave of grain procurement difficulties emerging in the fall of 1928, the Communist Party, headed by Joseph Stalin, took a radical turn towards forcing the sales of grain at below-market prices by the peasantry. This action drew the opposition of moderate Bolsheviks who opposed the use of force and coercion against the peasantry as the manifestation of the failed agrarian policies of War Communism.
The radical Stalin faction worked to capture key positions in the party to assure the implementation of the policies which they favored. At the September 24 and October 8 sessions of the Krasnopresnenskii raikom — gatherings in which Stalin himself participated — Ryutin came under fire for his alleged support of a "Right Opposition" led by Bukharin and Uglanov. Ryutin garnered no favor by remarking at one session that Stalin had his faults, "which Lenin had talked about" — a pointed reference to Lenin's so-called "last will" which even drew criticism from his factional ally Uglanov. By the end of the month, Ryutin had been removed from his position as Secretary of the city party committee.
Ryutin was transferred to the position of Deputy Editor of "Red Star," the official organ of the Red Army. He retained his seat as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) at this time, however.
In 1929, faced with bitter peasant opposition to forced requisitioning, the Stalin faction moved towards a radical restructuring of Soviet agriculture through a drive for collectivization. The Central Committee determined to send Ryutin back to his native village in Siberia to report on the progress of collectivization in the grain-producing areas of Siberia.
As a child of a peasant family, Ryutin understood full well the unpopularity of the collectivization idea with the peasantry as a whole, and the potential for economic catastrophe represented by the program. Upon his return to Moscow, Ryutin sharply criticized the collectivization program in a report to the Politburo. This report drew Stalin's ire, but he nevertheless made use of Ryutin's analysis as part of his seminal article, "Dizzy with Success." In January 1930, Ryutin published an article in "Red Star" which again publicly challenged the implementation of the collectivization program.
In February 1930, the Soviet government created a new body, the All-Union Cinema Industry Combine or Soyuzkino, to plan and regulate the cinema industry across the whole of the USSR. As this body's first chairman, Ryutin defended the right of cinema organisations to take independent initiative, and persuaded the Politburo to delay bringing cinema industries in the various republics under central control. film
On March 1 of that same year, Ryutin was made a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh), one of the leading state economic planning organizations of the period.
Unlike Bukharin and other leading members of the so-called "Right" in the Communist Party, Ryutin refused to recant his views and endorse the policies of Stalin and his associates. The Stalin faction launched an effort to eliminate Ryutin from the Communist Party in the fall of 1930. Ryutin was accused of "propagandizing right-opportunist views" and the move was made not just from the Central Committee of the VKP(b), but to expel him from the VKP(b) completely.
Despite having made an aggressive defense of his position before the Central Control Commission, the Communist Party's disciplinary body, Ryutin's expulsion was ultimately confirmed by the Politburo on October 5, 1930.
The Ryutin Affair.
Now outside the party, Ryutin no longer had protection against the secret police (OGPU). On November 13, 1930, Ryutin was arrested by the OGPU, charged with having engaged in counterrevolutionary agitation. Ryutin was held in jail for investigation but was ultimately released on January 17, 1931, for lack of sufficient evidence. Upon his release, Ryutin was assigned work in as an economist for an electrical production unit.
In the interim, the Soviet economy had gone from bad to worse. The grain shortage of 1928 had given way to complete disorganization of agriculture by the ill-conceived collectivization campaign of 1929–30, which — exacerbated by drought — had ultimately resulted in a massive famine in the Ukraine, Kazakhstan and parts of southern Russia in 1932 and 1933. The entire Soviet economy was in a state of crisis.
In March 1932 Ryutin was the principal writer of a 200-page document titled "Stalin and the Crisis of the Proletarian Dictatorship," the so-called "Ryutin Platform," which was self-prepared and secretly circulated from hand-to-hand among party members.
The so-called Ryutin Platform attacked the "adventurist" tempos of industrialization that were part of the first five-year plan, charging that they had brought about a massive fall in the real income of the working class, high taxation, and an inflationary fall in the value of the currency. In the countryside, Ryutin declared, expropriation through the exertion of brute force had created "appalling impoverishment of the masses and famine" and the flight of "all the young and healthy people" from the countryside. Millions of surplus people cluttered the cities of the nation while the countryside starved, Ryutin charged.
A second document, "Appeal to All Members of the VKP(b)," was also prepared and circulated on behalf of a faction called the Union of Marxists-Leninists. In this document, Ryutin placed the blame for the Soviet Union's catastrophic economic situation on the doorstep of General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin, writing:
"The party and the dictatorship of the proletariat have been led into an unknown blind alley by Stalin and his retinue and are now living through a mortally dangerous crisis. With the help of deception and slander, with the help of unbelievable pressures and terror, Stalin in the last five years has sifted out and removed from the leadership all the best, genuinely Bolshevik party cadres, has established in the VKP(b) and in the whole country his personal dictatorship, has broken with Leninism, has embarked on a path of the most ungovernable adventurism and wild personal arbitrariness."
It is unclear how many individuals read the so-called Ryutin Platform or even how many knew of its existence. According to Russian historian Roy Medvedev, the opposition was organized by Ryutin with his friend P.A. Galkin and included a membership of "fifteen at most." Outside of this small group, it seems that only a handful of party leaders were familiar with the content of the document, including most notably Nikolai Uglanov, According to his widow, Nikolai Bukharin was not aware of the document or its content.
What is clear is that when the secret police discovered the existence of the document, they took its appeal to "destroy Stalin's dictatorship" as a call for armed revolution. On September 22, 1932, Ryutin was arrested and held for investigation. At his first interrogation, held September 24, Ryutin confirmed that he had been politically opposed to Stalin and his policies since 1928. On September 27, the Central Control Commission decided to expel 14 members of the party due to their alleged connection with Ryutin's factional group.
At a second investigative hearing, conducted September 28, Ryutin acknowledged authorship of the two key factional documents mentioned above and sought to take full responsibility for them, attempting to absolve his comrades from blame. Investigations continued, however, and on October 9, 1932, the Politburo of the Communist Party voted to expel another 24 individuals from the party in light of their alleged connections to Ryutin and his group.
On October 11, 1932, "Pravda" published a list of names of those expelled for participation in the Ryutin group. The expulsions meted were for a period of one year.
The Ryutin Platform was different from previous communist oppositional documents in that it was almost completely suppressed. As historian Catherine Merridale notes
"The official attitude towards the 1932 crisis was to pretend all was well; the press was full of accounts of successes and improvements. To have the truth so bluntly stated would have been very damaging. By 1932 it was possible to silence a critic like Ryutin. Opposition groups could no longer form easily, and they had no access to the media. So from the time of its appearance until 1988, little was known about the 'Ryutin Platform's' contents. No copy of it was available and scarcely any evidence for the existence of a 'Ryutin group' could be found. Stalin's policy in this case was 'not only to downgrade, crush, annihilate, but also to eliminate from memory, erase all evidence of the existence of the objectionable person.'"
A three-person Collegium of the OGPU — consisting of GPU chairman Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, his successor Genrikh Yagoda, and future People's Commissar of Internal Affairs V. A. Balitsky — formally decided the charges against Ryutin. While Stalin reportedly advocated a death sentence for Ryutin during Politburo deliberations, ultimately a 10-year sentence in prison resulted from his pro forma trial. Ryutin was sent first to the Ural region before being returned to Suzdal, northeast of Moscow near the city of Vladimir. In prison, he was thrown into the company of left wing oppositionists to whom he had dealt out such rough treatment five years earlier. A fellow prisoner, Ante Ciliga wrote:

Late in 1932, a number of prominent leaders of opposition movements within the Communist Party, including Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, and Karl Radek, were called before the Central Control Committee and interrogated about whether they were aware of or had read the so-called Ryutin Platform. Even knowing of the document and failing to report that knowledge was considered a crime. Zinoviev and Kamenev were again expelled from the party for their failure to report the existence of the document.
Death and legacy.
During the period of political paranoia and spy mania remembered to history as the Yezhovshchina of 1937–38, Ryutin was brought back to Moscow from Suzdal prison to be retried. The guards had to use force to move him because he refused to leave his cell voluntarily. Under interrogation, on 4 November 1936, he wrote a note saying: "Being absolutely certain of my innocence and finding the present indictment absolutely unlawful, arbitrary and partial, dictated solely by animosity and by a thirst for a new, this time bloody, reprisal, I have categorically refused and continue to refuse to plead guilty to the charges brought against me."
On January 10, 1937 the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced him to death. He was executed that same day.
The rest of Ryutin's family also suffered brutal repression at the hands of the state, with his younger son Vissarion (born 1913) similarly retried and executed in a camp in Central Asia in 1937 and his older son Vassily (born 1910) shot to death in Lefortovo prison in that same year. His widow was sent to a camp of the Gulag located in Karaganda, where she also perished. Only a daughter, Lyubov Ryutina, survived the terror.
At the 20th Congress of the CPSU, Ryutin's daughter proposed the posthumous rehabilitation of her father and two brothers. This effort failed.
On June 13, 1988, as a byproduct of the glasnost campaign of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, the Supreme Court of the USSR formally rehabilitated Martemyan Ryutin.
The so-called Ryutin Platform, long locked in the archives of the KGB, was published for the first time in 1990, serialized in five parts in the official journal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, "Izvestiya TsK KPSS" (News of the CC of the CPSU). The source of this publication was an official typescript of the original handwritten document; the original, if it still exists in the archives, remains to be located.
The Ryutin Platform was published in English translation for the first time in 2010.


Alphons Koechlin

Alphons Koechlin (6 April 1821 – 6 February 1893) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss Council of States (1874/1875).


Rauf Tsimtsba

Rauf Aslanovich Tsimtsba (, ; born 23 November 1956) was the third Minister for Taxes and Fees of Abkhazia, serving between 2011 and 2016 in the Governments of President Bagapsh, President Ankvab and President Khajimba. Tsimtsba was originally appointed on 4 April 2011 by Sergei Bagapsh to succeed Vakhtang Pipia, who had been appointed Vice Premier on 30 March. Before that, Tsimtsba had headed the Department for the Taxation of Legal Entities within the ministry. Following the Death of Bagapsh one month later and the election of Alexander Ankvab, Tsimtsba was re-appointed on 11 October.
When Raul Khajimba was elected as President in 2014, he abolished the Ministry for Taxes and Fees on 15 October, turning it into the State Tax Service, which Tsimtsba was appointed to head on 17 October. In the government of Prime Minister Artur Mikvabia, the Ministry for Taxes and Fees was re-established, and Tsimtsba was re-appointed as Minister on 8 April 2015. Following the appointment of Beslan Bartsits as Prime Minister, Tsimtsba was replaced by Daur Kurmazia, but he was praised by President Khajimba and promised a future position in government.


Moscow Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Moscow Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, commonly referred to as the Moscow CPSU obkom, was the position of highest authority in Moscow Oblast during most of the existence of the Soviet Union. The position was created on 24 January 1929 as the Central Industrial Oblast, and abolished on 29 August 1991 although most authority was lost in June that year to the position of Governor of Moscow Oblast. The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Politburo or the General Secretary himself.
First Secretaries.
The following individuals served as first secretaries of the Moscow Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Lexington, Virginia

Lexington is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 7,042. It is the county seat of Rockbridge County, although the two are separate jurisdictions. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Lexington (along with nearby Buena Vista) with Rockbridge County for statistical purposes. Lexington is about east of the West Virginia border and is about north of Roanoke, Virginia. It was first settled in 1778.
Lexington is the location of the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) and of Washington and Lee University (W&L).
History.
Lexington was named in 1778. It was the first of what would be many American places named after Lexington, Massachusetts, known for being the place at which the first shot was fired in the American Revolution.
The Union General David Hunter led a raid on Virginia Military Institute during the American Civil War. Robert E. Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson are buried in the city. It is the site of the only house Jackson ever owned, now open to the public as a museum. Cyrus McCormick invented the horse-drawn mechanical reaper at his family's farm in Rockbridge County, and a statue of McCormick is located on the Washington and Lee University campus. McCormick Farm is now owned by Virginia Tech and is a satellite agricultural research center.
Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , virtually all of which is land. The Maury River, a tributary of the James River, forms the city's northeastern boundary.
Climate.
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Lexington has a humid subtropical climate, similar to Northern Italy, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Average monthly temperatures range from 34.9° F in January to 75.2° F in July. The hardiness zone is 7a.
Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,867 people, 2,232 households, and 1,080 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,753.8 per square mile (,064.8/km2). The racial makeup was 86.01% White, 10.38% African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.92% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander and 0.48% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.
There were 2,232 households, of which 18.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% were non-families. 41.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 11.0% under the age of 18, 41.4% from 18 to 24, 14.5% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 123.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,982, and the median income for a family was $58,529. Males had a median income of $35,288 versus $26,094 for females. The per capita income was $16,497. About 8.4% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 12.0% of those age 65 or over.
Economy.
Today, Lexington's primary economic activities stem from higher education and tourism. With its various connections to the Civil War, Lexington attracts visitors from around the country. Places of interest in Lexington include the Stonewall Jackson House, Lee Chapel, the George C. Marshall Museum, Virginia Military Institute Museum, Museum of Military Memorabilia, and the downtown historic district. Hull's Drive In theater attracts visitors to the area and was the first community-owned, non-profit drive-in in the U.S.
Lexington also contains a host of small retail businesses, bed and breakfast inns, and restaurants catering to a unique mixture of local, tourist, and collegiate clientele. The historic R. E. Lee Hotel, built in the 1920s, underwent extensive renovation and re-opened its doors late 2014.
Media.
"The News-Gazette" is the weekly community paper; it also produces a free shopper known as "The Weekender". The now-defunct "The Rockbridge Weekly", noted for printing police and other local crime reports, was bought by "The News-Gazette" in June 2012. "The Rockbridge Advocate" is a monthly news magazine with the motto "Independent as a hog on ice". "The Ring-tum Phi", student newspaper of W&L, has been published since 1897 (with a suspension for World War II).
Lexington is the city of license for radio stations WIQR (88.7 FM), WMRL (89.9 FM), and WLUR (91.5 FM) on W&L campus.
Transportation.
Lexington is located at the intersection of historic U.S. Route 11 and U.S. Route 60 and more modern highways, Interstate 64 and Interstate 81. RADAR Transit operates the Maury Express, which provides local bus service to Lexington and Buena Vista. The Virginia Breeze provides intercity bus service between Blacksburg and Washington, D.C., with a stop in Lexington.
Motion pictures.
The 1938 movie, "Brother Rat", which starred Ronald Reagan, was shot in Lexington. After the release, Reagan was made an honorary VMI cadet. The 1958 "Mardi Gras" starred Pat Boone as a VMI cadet appearing with actress Christine Carère. "Sommersby" from 1993 starred Richard Gere, Bill Pullman, James Earl Jones, and Jodie Foster. "Foreign Student", released in 1994, was based on a novel of college life by former W&L student Phillipe Labro with related scenes made in town. In Fall 2004, the director Steven Spielberg and Tom Cruise filmed scenes for "War of the Worlds" here, with Dakota Fanning and Tim Robbins. In June 2013, filming took place for a movie titled "Field of Lost Shoes" about the Battle of New Market starring Luke Benward and Lauren Holly.
Filming for parts of several Civil War films also took place in Lexington, including the documentary "Lee Beyond the Battles" and "Gods and Generals".
Controversies.
Flag controversy.
In 2011, the city erupted in controversy after the City Council passed an ordinance to ban the flying of flags other than the United States flag, the Virginia Flag, and an as-yet-undesigned city flag on city light poles. Various flags of the Confederacy had previously been flown on city light poles to commemorate the Virginia holiday, Lee–Jackson Day, which is observed on the Friday before Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. About 300 Confederate flag supporters, including members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, rallied before the City Council meeting, and after the vote the Sons of Confederate Veterans vowed to challenge the new local ordinance in court. Previously, flags such as the Washington and Lee University and Virginia Military Institute flags had also been flown on city light poles, but the practice is now discontinued due to the city's ordinance.
In 2014, a large Confederate battle flag and a number of related state flags were removed from Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University. The flags were moved to a rotating display at the Lee Chapel Museum.
Red Hen restaurant controversy.
The Red Hen restaurant was the site of the June 22, 2018, precipitating event for the Red Hen restaurant controversy in which a restaurant co-owner asked White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders to leave the restaurant by citing Huckabee Sanders' role in the Trump administration. The incident sparked national controversy.


Peter van den Baar

P.M.J. "Peter" van den Baar (23 February 1941 – 11 March 2020) was a Dutch FC Eindhoven director, PvdA politician and was mayor of Goirle, Ootmarsum and Sas van Gent. He was mayor from 1990 until 2003.
He was an alderman in Eindhoven from 1978 until his appointment as mayor of Goirle in 1990. In 1997 he became temporary mayor of Ootmarsum which merged on 1 January 2001 in the current municipality of Dinkelland (until 1 June 2002 still called 'municipality of Denekamp'). Afterwards he became temporary mayor of Sas van Gent, which was merged with Axel into Terneuzen on 1 January 2003.
From 2005 to 2007, Van den Baar was chairman of the football club FC Eindhoven. Until his dead he was chairman of the "Henri van Abbe stichting".
Personal.
Van den Baar was born in Lieshout. He married Ria Romanesco. They had three children and seven grandchildren. Van den Baar died in Eindhoven on 11 March 2020 due to pancreatic cancer, aged 79.


Public Account

Public Account was a weekly political programme first transmitted on 6 January 1975 by BBC Television in Scotland. It was the sister programme to BBC Scotland's Current Account which covered general current affairs issues rather than politics.
"Public Account" was transmitted mainly on BBC1 Scotland on Mondays after 22.45. It was designed to reflect the increased interest in politics in Scotland with the discovery of oil in the North Sea and the rise of the fortunes of the Scottish National Party. It covered politics up to the first Devolution Referendum held by the Callaghan Labour government. The last programme was shown on 3 July 1978.
Ground-breaking in its approach to Scottish and British politics, it was presented by Donald MacCormick later of BBC2 Newsnight, James Cox later of R4 The World This Weekend, and Andrew Neil later Editor of "The Sunday Times" and currently presenter of BBC2 The Daily Politics.
Tom Ross was the producer and Matthew Spicer was the editor.


Lanark Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)

Lanark Burghs (also known as Linlithgow Burghs) was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1832, representing a seat for one Member of Parliament (MP).
There was also a later Lanark county constituency, from 1918 to 1983.
Creation.
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland burgh constituencies of Linlithgow, Lanark, Peebles and Selkirk.
Boundaries.
The constituency covered four burghs: Linlithgow in the county of Linlithgow, Lanark in the county of Lanark, Peebles in the county of Peebles, and Selkirk in the county of Selkirk.
History.
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1832 general election.
For the 1832 general election, as a result of the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832, Peebles was merged into the county constituency of Peeblesshire, Selkirk was merged into the county constituency of Selkirkshire, and the remaining burghs were combined with Airdrie and Hamilton, both in the county of Lanark, to form Falkirk Burghs. At the same time, however, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary election purposes ceased be necessarily those for other purposes.


Brackley-Hunter River

Brackley-Hunter River is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was created prior to the 2019 election from parts of the former districts West Royalty-Springvale and York-Oyster Bed.
The riding consists of rural communities north and north-west of Charlottetown, including Hunter River, Oyster Bed Bridge, and Warren Grove.
Referendum and plebiscite results.
2019 electoral reform referendum.
The 2019 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum was held on April 23, 2019.


Flag of Columbus, Ohio

The flag of Columbus is the official municipal flag of Columbus, Ohio. Its current design is a yellow, white, red vertical triband with the city seal on a blue field. Officially, the flag was adopted in 1929, although it is unknown if the flag was ever flown when it was first adopted.
The city's first flag was adopted in 1912. The design consisted of the seal on a blue field. The second and current flag replaced this flag in 1929, but an unofficial flag similar to the one officially defined in legislation rose to higher prominence. Instead of a yellow, white, and red tricolor, it had a red, white, and blue tricolor. It remains unknown how this flag came to be, but after this anomaly was discovered, the city began flying the correct flag.
A redesign of the flag began in 2020. During the George Floyd protests, city mayor Andrew Ginther requested changes to the flag to due to its use of imagery related to Christopher Columbus.
Design and symbolism.
The chrome yellow, white, and scarlet red triband (officially a 1:2:1 proportion, but is often made a 1:2.3:1 proportion to fit the seal) is a reference to Spain, who funded Christopher Columbus' expeditions to the Americas. Columbus, the namesake of the city, is also referenced near the center of the seal, where a ship of his fleet is depicted. The ship is completely enclosed in a circular yellow border. Surrounding this is a shield modeled on the design of the Flag of the United States, with 13 red and white stripes and 12 white stars (6 on either side of the ship design) on a dark blue background. The city flag's dimensions of 10:19 are also related to the United States flag. Instead of directly stating the proportions, the municipal code of Columbus mandates that the flag be of the same proportions of the United States flag, which was specified to be 20 by 38 (often simplified to 10 by 19) in a 1959 executive order following the admission of Hawaii to the Union. Perched on top of the shield is an eagle with outstretched wings, yet another example of American symbolism. Behind the eagle is the dome of the Ohio State Capitol building, denoting Columbus' importance as Ohio's capital city. Just above the dome is the text "Columbus, Ohio" in yellow old English font. Encircling all the seal's elements mentioned above are 16 yellow five-pointed stars and a half-wreath of buckeye leaves. The eagle is grasping onto a single yellow star, which, with the additional 16 stars, represents Ohio as the seventeenth state to join the Union. The buckeye leaves are another representation of Ohio, as it is the state tree. The seal, adopted in 1912, originally did not contain the blue field. On December 9, 1958, the entire emblem was adopted as the city's seal. Originally, it was only regarded as the coat of arms. The official description of the seal allows for some artistic interpretation, and thus different versions of it have been designed.
The flag's design has been criticized for its celebration of Christopher Columbus, a controversial figure due to his violent tendencies towards natives and colonizers and for his involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. The city has been removing its references to the explorer; following the 2020 George Floyd protests, the city also announced it was looking into changing the city seal and flag, removing its reference to Christopher Columbus.
History.
First flag.
The first flag of Columbus simply consisted of the current seal on a blue field. It was adopted on February 12, 1912 after a committee summoned by the city council chose it. This date is agreed upon by almost all sources regarding the flag, but one 1962 city publication noted the adoption date was September 12, 1912. The resolution adopting the flag read:
Second flag.
Columbus's second and current flag was adopted by the city council on January 28, 1929, writing an ordinance declaring:
It is unknown whether this flag saw any use following the resolution. In fact, very little is known about the origin of the flag; even the designer is unknown.
Third flag.
It is unknown when and how the third flag came to be. It featured a red, white, and blue triband, as well as different stripe proportions (officially 1:1:1, 1:1.3:1 was often used). The flag was flown at city council chambers at least as early as 1965, despite the flag never being officially adopted. This version of the flag can be seen in a stained glass window featuring Columbus landmarks, installed in 1965 in Trinity Episcopal Church on Capitol Square in Columbus.
Rediscovery and use of second flag.
Kenneth Huff, a writer from the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA), traveled to Columbus in 1974 to take pictures of the city's flag. Under the impression that the 1929 version of the flag was the one used, he was bewildered to find a red, white, and blue colored flag. He contacted the city clerk's office, who conducted an investigation as to how the flag became the de facto flag of the city. No conclusive reasoning was found. A flag designed by a Columbus Police Department officer that followed the 1929 ordinance was presented to the city council in April 1976, at least 10 years after the incorrect flag was first flown. For the United States Bicentennial in 1976, this design was reinstated with stripe proportions of 1:1.4:1. The current flag proportions of 1:2:1 were adopted around 1985, to fit the seal more comfortably. Also around the time of flag adoption, a new description of the seal gave it a blue field. In a 2004 NAVA survey of 150 American city flags, the Columbus flag ranked 72nd, or 3rd of five Ohio flags (the flags of Cleveland and Cincinnati are higher).
In 2012, the 46th annual NAVA meeting took place in downtown Columbus. As with all annual NAVA meetings, a flag contest was held, which would represent the meeting. These flags usually contain elements that represent the host city. The chosen flag contained a white arc separating blue on the hoist side with red on the fly side. The arc formed the letter "C", standing for Columbus. The color scheme of red, white, and blue is the same scheme for the Flag of Ohio and the Flag of the United States.
Proposed redesign.
Efforts have been made to redesign the flag, perhaps the most notable being "The People's Flag of Columbus", designed by Ohio State University design teacher Paul Nini. It is split into four sections by a white cross in the middle, representing the intersection of Broad and High Street. On the hoist, a light blue semicircle is tucked underneath the white cross, signifying the Scioto River and Franklinton Peninsula. On the fly side, 4 red stripes and 3 white stripes (including one from the white cross) symbolize the Flag of Ohio, as well as the seven city council members that make decisions for the city. In the center is a blue star, representing its status as the capital of Ohio.
The Columbus Art Commission was tasked with redesigning the city flag and seal, following a request from Andrew Ginther during the George Floyd protests. No set deadline was announced for when the design should be finalized.
Usage.
The municipal code mentioned above also mandated that the flag be flown at Columbus City Hall, always below the Flag of the United States.
Columbus Crew SC's 2016 away kit (known as "For Columbus") was designed using various elements of the flag. It used a yellow, white, and red color scheme, along with seventeen stars on the collar. A miniature version of the flag was also placed in the bottom left of the front side. The city's seal was placed on the inside of the jersey, behind the club's badge and facing the heart.


Lillooet East (electoral district)

Lillooet East was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It was created from the division of the former two-member Lillooet into Lillooet East and Lillooet West, and appeared only in the 1894, 1898, and 1900 elections. For the 1894 election Lillooet East was redistributed into Kamloops and Cariboo-area ridings and Lillooet West was given the old Lillooet name, with both as one-member ridings.
Electoral history.
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|165
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=7|The election was voided due to voting irregularities but Prentice sat for the first session.
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|231
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|207


County Kilkenny (UK Parliament constituency)

County Kilkenny parliamentary constituency was a former UK Parliament County constituency in County Kilkenny in Ireland. The County constituency returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, from 1801 until 1885.
County Kilkenny constituency was an original constituency represented in Parliament when the Acts of Union 1800 by Great Britain and Ireland took effect on 1 January 1801, and remained in existence until its abolition in 1885 when it was replaced by North Kilkenny and South Kilkenny.
County Kilkenny constituency was made up of the traditional county except for the borough constituency of Kilkenny City for Kilkenny.
Boundaries.
This constituency comprised the whole of County Kilkenny, except for the Parliamentary borough of Kilkenny City.
Elections.
Elections in the 1830s.

Ponsonby was appointed as First Commissioner of Woods and Forests, requiring a by-election.
Elections in the 1840s.

Bryan's death caused a by-election.
Pierce Butler's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1850s.

Elections in the 1860s.


Progressive Convergence

Progressive Convergence () is a Chilean political alliance created on October 8, 2018 and which is currently made up of the Party for Democracy (PPD), the Radical Party (PR) and the Socialist Party (PS).
The political alliance was created as a coordination group of the social-democratic and center-left parties after the dissolution of the New Majority coalition, which was defeated in the 2017 general election.
The group seeks to dialogue with other parties and coalitions such as the Communist Party and the Broad Front to oppose "Chile Vamos".
Composition.
The alliance consisted of the three parties of the former New Majority.


Urban League of Portland

The Urban League of Portland is a service, civil rights, and advocacy organization for African Americans in the Pacific Northwest region. Today, the League is a non-profit, community-based organization committed to providing opportunities and support services for education, employment, health, economic security, and quality of life.
History.
Prior to 1945 Portland was known for having a hostile racial environment, which led Reginald Johnson, Secretary for the National Urban League, to visit Portland to examine the conditions. With such a hostile racial environment, it was encouraged by the local citizens to organize a board of directors for Portland. In 1945, candidates were selected and the Urban League of Portland was formed.
The Urban League of Portland was established in 1945 as an affiliate of the National Urban League. It is one of the oldest African American civil rights and advocacy organizations in the region.
With the start of World War II, the need for constructing new ships for the US Navy increased. In Portland, the Kaiser shipyard needed a large number of new workers to meet these demands; thousands of African Americans migrated to the area. While Portland welcomed the economic boom, there was resistance from some residents to the workers living in their neighborhoods. As a result, many workers were limited to living in the Albina District and Vanport, a large community housing development for wartime workers and post-war workers.
After the war, Portland city officials wanted to relocate these “temporary” residents out of state. They contacted the National Urban League, an organization established in 1910 to assist African Americans in securing housing and job training in New York, as well as in communities throughout the country, to ease the adjustment to new urban settings. The National Urban League did not accept the city's request, and instead established the Urban League of Portland as a local chapter, in 1945. As a part of the effort to enhance housing opportunities, Edwin C. "Bill" Berry helped establish a network of resources for African American migrants arriving to the Portland area.
Education and advocacy.
The Urban League of Portland has emphasized the importance of providing equality in housing and education for African Americans. They have advocated for fair housing laws and meaningful civic engagement opportunities, and continue to offer employment assistance, vocational education, community health services, summer youth programming, and senior services.


Bushwick School for Social Justice

The Bushwick School for Social Justice (BSSJ) is a small public high school in the neighborhood of Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City, one of four schools currently occupying the Bushwick Campus. Enrollment is approximately 425 students. The school is partnered with Make the Road New York, Brooklyn College, and the Institute for Student Achievement (ISA). It was founded by Terry C. Byam, Matt Corallo, Matthew Ritter, and Mark Rush. It opened in 2003, graduated its first class in 2007, and has received an 'A' rating for the last five years. Terry C. Byam was the founding principal. The current principal is Ana Marsh.


Bernhard Hess

Bernhard Hess (born 5 April 1966) is a Swiss politician from the canton of Bern. He was the president of the Swiss Democrats from 2005 to 2012 and was a member of the National Council from December 5, 1999 to December 1, 2007.
Hess was born in Solothurn, and grew up in Langnau im Emmental, the son of Karl and Margot Hess. His father was a secondary school teacher of Latin and Greek and an activist of the "Nationale Aktion" (later the Swiss Democrats). His mother was the daughter of Swiss expatriates in Germany, and she lived Königsberg until the end of World War II. Hess completed a management apprenticeship, and then started a career as a loan officer at a bank.
In 1988, Hess joined the "Nationale Aktion" (what would later be called the "Swiss Democrats"). Between 1994 and 1998, he served on the city council of Bern. In 1998 he was elected to the Grand Council of Bern, the cantonal parliament. In the Federal Assembly elections in 1999, Hess was elected as the only Swiss Democrat in the National Council. In the 2007 election he lost this seat.
Since 1992, Hess has worked full-time for the Swiss Democrats. From 1993 to 1995, he was secretary of the Swiss Democrats/Ticino League group in the Federal Assembly, and from 1995 to 1999 he was secretary for the Swiss Democrats group. From 2003 to 2005 he was general secretary of the party. Hess is a member of the Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland, Pro Libertate, and the Sprachkreises Deutsch. During his time in the leadership of the Swiss Democrats, he discussed forming an alliance of right-wing parties in Switzerland, including the Ticino League and Geneva Citizens' Movement.


2003 ASEAN Para Games

The 2003 ASEAN Para Games, officially known as the 2nd ASEAN Para Games, was a Southeast Asian disabled multi-sport event held eight days after the 2003 Southeast Asian Games in Hanoi, Vietnam from 21 to 27 December 2003. This was the first time Vietnam hosted the ASEAN Para Games and the first time East Timor participated at the ASEAN Para Games.
Vietnam is the second country to host the ASEAN Para Games after Malaysia. Around 740 athletes from 11 participating nations participated at the games, which featured 287 events in 5 sports. The games was opened by Pham Gia Khiem, the Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam at the My Dinh National Stadium.
The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by host Vietnam and Malaysia.
Development and preparation.
The 2nd ASEAN Para Games Organising Committee was formed to oversee the staging of the games.
Venues.
The 2nd ASEAN Para Games had 5 venues for the games.
Marketing.
Logo.
The emblem of the 2nd ASEAN Para Games is a stylised image of a wheelchair athlete with two hands raised up upwards in the shape of a "V" which symbolises Vietnam and victory. At the top of the emblem, 11 small circles linked together around the image of "Khue Van Cac" (room for reciting poems). The linked small circles represents solidarity, cooperation, and friendship of disabled athletes among 11 countries in the Southeast Asian region, while the Khue Van Cac represents the host country Vietnam. The colours of the athlete and the Khue Van Cac are dark sea blue which represents unity while the colours of the 11 circles are vermilion which represents courage and passion.
Mascot.
The mascot of the 2003 ASEAN Para Games is "The Golden Goat" which was designed by Nguyen The Nguyen. It was selected by the Organising Committee because the year 2003, year of which Vietnam hosting the second ASEAN Para Games is a goat year in most lunar calendars, especially in Vietnamese and Chinese calendar. The goat is widely described in many art and literary works of Vietnam as a very intimate, friendly and useful animal to the people in daily life. The Golden Goat symbolises happiness, victory and courage when facing challenges. The mascot's design of wearing the sports costume, holds its left hand on its waist, and raises the right hand upwards with two fingers stretching out in a "V" shape represents the strong belief in fair-play among athletes to reach the highest achievements at the games.
Songs.
The theme song of the 2003 ASEAN Para Games is "Welcome to Para Games-Hanoi".
The games.
Opening ceremony.
The opening ceremony was held at the My Dinh National Stadium on 21 December 2005 at 19:00 (VST - UTC+7).
Closing ceremony.
The closing ceremony was held at the Hanoi Sports Palace on 27 December 2005 at 19:00 (VST).
Sports.
5 Sports are introduced for the 2003 ASEAN Para Games with 4 of them are Paralympics events.
Medal table.
A total of 760 medals comprising 287 gold medals, 245 silver medals and 228 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The Host Vietnam's performance was its best ever yet in ASEAN Para Games History and was second behind Thailand as overall champion.
 Host nation (Vietnam)


Russian cruiser Moskva

Moskva ( — "Moscow", formerly Slava ()) is the lead ship of the Project 1164 "Atlant" class of guided missile cruisers in the Russian Navy.
The ship is currently named for the city of Moscow.
History.
As "Slava".
"Slava" was laid down in 1976 in Shipyard 445 of the 61 Kommunara Shipbuilding Plant in Nikolayev, was launched in 1979, and commissioned on 30 January 1983.
Between 18–22 November 1986 the ship visited Greek port of Piraeus.
"Slava" played a role in the Malta Summit (2–3 December 1989) between Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev and US President George H. W. Bush. She was used by the Soviet delegation, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard . The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the "Seasick Summit" among international media. In the end, the meetings took place aboard , a Soviet cruise ship anchored in the harbor at La Valletta.
"Slava" returned to Nikolayev in December 1990 for a refit that lasted until April 2000.
As "Moskva".
Recommissioned as "Moskva" in April 2000, she replaced the as the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet.
In early April 2003, "Moskva", along with "", "Smetlivy", and a landing ship departed Sevastopol for exercises in the Indian Ocean with a Pacific Fleet task group ("Marshal Shaposhnikov" and "Admiral Panteleyev") and the Indian Navy. The force was supported by the Project 1559V tanker "Ivan Bubnov" and the Project 712 ocean-going tug "Shakhter".
In years 2008 and 2009, she visited Mediterranean Sea and participated in naval drills with the ships of the Northern Fleet.
In August 2008, in response to the Georgian crisis, "Moskva" was deployed to secure the Black Sea. After Russia's recognition of Abkhazia's independence, the ship was stationed at the Abkhazian capital, Sukhum.
On 3 December 2009, "Moskva" was laid up for a month at floating dock PD-30 for a scheduled interim overhaul which comprised replacement of cooling and other machinery, reclamation work at bottom and outboard fittings, propulsion shafts and screws, clearing and painting of bottom and above-water parts of the ship's hull.
In April 2010 it was reported that the cruiser would join other navy units in the Indian Ocean to conduct exercises. In August 2013 the cruiser visited Havana, Cuba.
In late August 2013, the cruiser was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea in response to the build-up of American warships along the coast of Syria. During the 2014 Crimean Crisis, "Moskva" was responsible for blockading the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav Lake.
On 17 September 2014, she was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea, taking shift from guard ship Pytlivy.
In July 2015, she visited Luanda, Angola, to celebrate 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations between countries. From the end of September 2015, while in eastern Mediterranean, the cruiser was charged with the air defences for the Russian aviation group based near the Syrian town of Latakia that conducted the air campaign in Syria. On 25 November 2015, after the 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown, it was reported that "Moskva", armed with the S-300F surface-to-air missile system, would be deployed near the coastal Syria-Turkey border. In 2016, she was replaced by sister ship in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. On 22 July 2016 "Moskva" was awarded the Order of Nakhimov.
Upon return from her deployment in January 2016, the ship was to undergo a refit and upgrade but due lack of funds her future remained uncertain as of July 2018.
In June 2019, the cruiser left the port of Sevastopol in the Black Sea where it would run tests on several combat systems and the main propulsion.
On 3 July 2020, the ship completed repairs and maintenance and according to a source it will remain in service until 2040. The first post-repair exit to sea was scheduled for August 2020, however in reality she only began to prepare for the deployment in February 2021. She was reported on exercises at sea in March 2021.