Family Feud

Family Feud is an American television game show created by Mark Goodson where two families compete to name the most popular responses to survey questions in order to win cash and prizes.
The show has had three separate runs starting in 1976. Its original run from 1976 to 1985 aired on ABC and in syndication, with Richard Dawson as host. In 1988, the series was revived and aired on both CBS and in syndication with Ray Combs hosting until 1994, with Dawson returning until that version ended in 1995. A third incarnation, also syndicated, has existed since 1999 with four different hosts: Louie Anderson (1999–2002), Richard Karn (2002–2006), John O'Hurley (2006–2010), and Steve Harvey (2010–). Aside from the hosts, there have been several studio announcers who introduce the contestants and read credits. These have included Gene Wood (1976–1995), Burton Richardson (1999–2010), Joey Fatone (2010–2015), and Rubin Ervin (2015–). Within a year of its debut, the original version became the number one game show in daytime television; however, as viewing habits changed, the ratings declined. Harvey's takeover in 2010 increased Nielsen ratings significantly and eventually placed the program among the top three most popular syndicated television shows in the country. Harvey has also surpassed every previous host to date in length of single consecutive tenures, although Dawson hosted more episodes of the show. In 2013, "TV Guide" ranked "Family Feud" third in its list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time.
The program has produced multiple regional adaptations in over 50 international markets outside the United States. Reruns of Steve Harvey-hosted episodes air on Game Show Network, while reruns of earlier versions air on Buzzr. Aside from television shows, there have been also many home editions produced in board game, interactive film, and video game formats.
Gameplay.
Two family teams of five contestants (reduced to four contestants for the 1994–95 season) each compete to win cash by offering answers to survey questions. The original version of the show began with the families being introduced, seated opposite each other as if posing for family portraits, after which the host interviewed them.
The minimum age to participate in "Family Feud" is 15, although every family must have at least one person who is 18 years or older. Each round begins with a "face-off" question that serves as a toss-up between two opposing contestants. The host asks a survey question that was previously posed to a group of 100 people, such as "Name the hour that you get up on Sunday mornings." A certain number of answers are concealed on the board, ranked by popularity of the survey's responses. Only answers said by at least two people can appear on the board. The first contestant to buzz-in gives an answer; if it is the most popular, his/her family immediately wins the face-off. Otherwise, the opponent responds and the family member providing the higher-ranked answer wins. Ties are broken in favor of the contestant who buzzes in first. If neither contestant's answer is on the board, the other eight contestants have a chance to respond, one at a time from alternating sides, until an answer is revealed. The family that wins the face-off may choose to play the question or pass control to their opponents (except on the 1988–95 versions, when the family who won the face-off automatically gained control of the question).
The family with control of the question then tries to win the round by guessing all of the remaining concealed answers, with each member giving one answer in sequence. Giving an incorrect answer, or failing to respond, earns one strike. If the family earns three strikes, their opponents are given one chance to "steal" the points for the round by guessing any remaining answers; failing to do so awards the points back to the family that originally had control. From 1992 to 2003, the value of the "stealing" answer was credited to the "stealing" family. If the opponents are given the opportunity to "steal" the points, then only their team's captain is required to answer the question. For most of the series, this is done after the family confers with each other; the only exception was on the 1988 series where each family member was polled for an answer with the team captain having the option to either select one of the family's answers or give a different answer. Any remaining concealed answers on the board that were not guessed are then revealed.
Answers are worth one point for every person in the 100-member survey who gave them. The winning family in each round scores the total points for all revealed answers to that question, including those given during the face-off but excluding the one used to steal (if applicable). The number of answers on the board decreases from round to round, and as the game progresses, certain rounds are played for double or triple point value.
For most of the show's existence, the first team to reach or surpass a certain point total won the game. The most common goal has been 300 points but there have been exceptions. When the original series first premiered, the goal was 200 points and for its final year, it was increased to 400 points. The only time a goal was not used was for the first four years of the 1999 syndicated series, where the highest scoring family after four rounds, the last of which was played for triple points and used only one strike, was declared the winner. From the debut of the original series until 1992, families were awarded $1 per point scored.
On the first two series a match continued until a family reached the goal. The current series continues to be played in four rounds, but if neither family reaches 300 by the end of the fourth round, a sudden death question is played. The question consists of only the highest-ranked answer in a survey and is played for triple point value.
In the original periodic primetime specials, three games were played, with the first two using the original scoring system. For the third game, only one question round was played with the winning two celebrity teams from the previous rounds playing.
Fast Money.
At the end of the main game, the winning family selects two members to play the show's bonus round, known as "Fast Money". One contestant is onstage with the host, while the other is sequestered backstage with headphones so as not to hear or see the first portion of the round. The first contestant is asked five rapid-fire survey questions and has a set time limit in which to answer them (originally 15 seconds, extended to 20 in 1994); time begins to run only after the first question is asked, and the first contestant may pass on a question and return to it after all five have been asked, if time remains.
After the first contestant has finished answering or run out of time, he or she is awarded a point for each person in the survey who gave the same response. Once these points are tallied, the board is cleared except for the total score, and the second contestant is then brought out to answer the same five questions. The same rules are followed, but the time limit is extended by five seconds (originally 20, then extended to 25); in addition, if the second contestant duplicates an answer given by the first, a buzzer sounds and he or she must give another answer. If the two contestants reach a combined total of 200 points or more, the family wins a cash prize; otherwise, they are awarded $5 for each point.
The grand prize for winning Fast Money has varied. During the ABC and CBS incarnations of the show, the top prize was $5,000, and $10,000 in syndication. In 2001, at the request of then-host Louie Anderson, the prize was doubled to $20,000, where it has remained since.
In the original periodic primetime specials, each game was followed by a Fast Money round. The first two were each worth $5,000 with the final one worth $10,000.
Returning champions.
When "Family Feud" premiered on ABC, network rules dictated how much a family could win. Once any family reached $25,000, they were retired as champions. The accompanying syndicated series that premiered in 1977 featured two new families each episode because of a-then common television syndication practice known as "bicycling" (wherein individual stations sent an episode of a series they had already aired to another station, reducing the number of tapes a syndicator had to send out but also ensuring that stations did not air the same episode of a show the same day, nor did they be assured of airing in a proper sequence).
The CBS daytime and syndicated versions which began airing in 1988 also featured returning champions, who could appear for a maximum of five days. For a brief period in the 1994–95 season which aired in syndication, there were no returning champions. For these episodes, two new families competed in this first half of each episode. The second half featured former champion families who appeared on "Family Feud" between 1977 and 1985, with the winner of the first half of the show playing one of these families in the second half.
From 1999 to 2002, two new families appeared on each episode. The returning champions rule was reinstated with the same five-day limit starting with the 2002–03 season. Starting with the 2009–10 season, a family that wins five matches also wins an automobile.
Bullseye/Bankroll game.
In June 1992, the CBS daytime edition of "Feud" expanded from 30 to 60 minutes and became known as the "Family Feud Challenge." As part of the change, a new round was added at the start of each game called "Bullseye". This round determined the potential Fast Money stake for each team. Each team was given a starting value for their bank and attempted to come up with the top answer to a survey question to add to it. The Bullseye round was added to the syndicated edition in September 1992, which remained 30 minutes and was retitled as the "New Family Feud."
The first two members of each family appeared at the face-off podium and were asked a question to which only the number-one answer was available. Giving the top answer added the value for that question to the family's bank. The process then repeated with the four remaining members from each family. On the first half of the daytime version, families were staked with $2,500. The first question was worth $500, with each succeeding question worth $500 more than the previous, with the final question worth $2,500. This allowed for a potential maximum bank of $10,000. For the second half of the daytime version, and also on the syndicated version, all values were doubled, making the maximum potential bank $20,000. The team that eventually won the game played for their bank in Fast Money.
When Richard Dawson returned as host of the program in 1994, the round's name was changed to the "Bankroll" round. Although the goal remained of giving only the number-one answer, the format was modified to three questions from five, with only one member of each family participating for all three questions. The initial stake for each family remained the same ($2,500 in the first half of the hour and $5,000 in the second). However, the value for each question was $500, $1,500 and $2,500 in the first half, with values doubling for the second half. This meant a potential maximum bank of $7,000 in the first half and $14,000 in the second.
The Bullseye round temporarily returned during the 2009–10 season. It was played similarly to the format used from 1992 to 1994 on the syndicated version, with five questions worth from $1,000 to $5,000. However, each family was given a $15,000 starting stake, which meant a potential maximum of a $30,000 bank.
Hosts and announcers.
When "Family Feud" was conceived in 1976, Richard Dawson (then a panelist regular on the Goodson–Todman game show "Match Game") had a standing agreement with Mark Goodson that when the next Goodson–Todman game show was in the planning stages, Dawson would be given an audition to host it. Dawson had read in trade publications that a pilot for a new show named "Family Feud" was in the works, and it was originally to be hosted by "Star Trek" actor William Shatner (although since they were involved in the run-throughs, Geoff Edwards and Jack Narz, the latter of whom reputedly was Goodson's initial choice to host, were under consideration). Incensed, Dawson sent his agent to Goodson to threaten to present an un-funny, silent, and bland persona on future "Match Game" episodes if he was not given an audition for "Feud". Thus, the original ABC and first syndicated versions of "Family Feud" were hosted by Dawson. As writer David Marc put it, Dawson's on-air personality "fell somewhere between the brainless sincerity of Wink Martindale and the raunchy cynicism of Chuck Barris". Dawson showed himself to have insistent affections for all of the female members of each family that competed on the show, regardless of age, kissing them, an act that attracted some controversy then among viewers. Writers Tim Brooks, Jon Ellowitz, and Earle F. Marsh attributed "Family Feud"s popularity to Dawson's "glib familiarity" (he had previously played Newkirk on "Hogan's Heroes") and "ready wit" (from his tenure as a panelist on "Match Game"). The show's original announcer was Gene Wood, with Johnny Gilbert and Rod Roddy serving as occasional substitutes.
In 1988, comedian Ray Combs took over Dawson's role as host on CBS and in syndication with Wood returning as announcer and Roddy and Art James serving in that role when Wood was not available. Combs hosted the program until the daytime version's cancellation in 1993 and the syndicated version until the end of the 1993–94 season. Dawson returned to the show at the request of Mark Goodson Productions for the 1994–95 season.
When "Feud" returned to syndication in 1999, it was initially hosted by comedian Louie Anderson, with Burton Richardson as the new announcer. Actor Richard Karn was selected to take over for Anderson when season four premiered in 2002, and when season eight premiered in 2006, Karn was replaced by John O'Hurley. In 2010, both O'Hurley and Richardson departed from the show; O'Hurley later stated that he left because he was resistant toward the show's decision to emphasize ribald humor and wanted to keep the show family-friendly. Steve Harvey was named the new host for season twelve, and announcements were made using a pre-recorded track of Joey Fatone's voice until 2015, when Rubin Ervin, who has been a member of the production staff as the warmup man for the audience since Harvey took over, became the announcer (Richardson still announces for "Celebrity Family Feud").
Production.
The first four versions of the show were directed by Paul Alter and produced by Howard Felsher and Cathy Dawson. For the 1988 versions, Gary Dawson worked with the show as a third producer, and Alter was joined by two other directors, Marc Breslow and Andy Felsher. The 1999 version's main staff include executive producer Gabrielle Johnston, co-executive producers Kristin Bjorklund, Brian Hawley and Sara Dansby, and director Ken Fuchs; Johnston and Bjorklund previously worked as associate producers of the 1980s version. The show's classic theme tune was written by an uncredited Walt Levinsky for Score Productions. The theme and cues for the 1994-1995 version was written by Edd Kalehoff and are based on the Walt Levinsky composition. The themes used from 1999 to 2008 were written by John Lewis Parker. The production rights to the show were originally owned by the production company Goodson shared with his partner Bill Todman, but were sold to their current holder, Fremantle, when it acquired all of Goodson and Todman's format catalog in 2002.
Broadcast history.
1976–1985.
Mark Goodson created "Family Feud" during the increasing popularity of his earlier game show, "Match Game", which had set daytime ratings records between 1973 and 1976, and on which Dawson appeared almost daily as one of its most popular panelists. "Match Game" aired on CBS, and by 1976, CBS vice-president Fred Silverman, who had originally commissioned "Match Game", had moved to a new position as president of ABC. The show, along with a revised daytime schedule for the summer, was first announced by ABC at an annual meeting in May. The show premiered on ABC's daytime lineup at 1:30 p.m. (ET)/12:30 p.m. (CT/MT/PT) on July 12, 1976. Because it faced the first halves of two long-running and popular soap operas, CBS' "As the World Turns" and NBC's "Days of Our Lives," "Feud" was not an immediate hit. But a timeslot change several months later made it a ratings winner for ABC, and it eventually surpassed "Match Game" to become the highest-rated game show on daytime TV.
Due to the expansion of "All My Children" to one hour in April 1977, the show was moved to 11:30/10:30 a.m., as the second part of an hour that had daytime reruns of "Happy Days" (later "Laverne & Shirley") as its lead-in. When the Dick Clark-hosted "$20,000 Pyramid" was canceled in June 1980, "Feud" moved a half-hour back to 12 noon/11:00 a.m. It remained the most popular daytime game show until Merv Griffin's game show "Wheel of Fortune," propelled by a new, highly-popular concurrent syndicated evening version, surpassed it in 1984. From May 8, 1978 until May 25, 1984, ABC periodically broadcast hour-long primetime "All-Star Specials", in which celebrity casts from various primetime TV series (mostly ABC ones) competed instead of ordinary families. The popularity of the program inspired Goodson to consider producing a nighttime edition, which launched in syndication on September 19, 1977 with Viacom Enterprises as distributor. Like many other game shows at the time, the nighttime "Feud" aired once a week; it expanded to twice a week in January 1979, and finally to five nights a week (Monday through Friday) in the fall of 1980, representing the first time that a weekday network game ran concurrently with a nightly syndicated edition. Dawson and "Feud" coasted for several years at the top, seen twice a day in much of the country. However, the viewing habits of both daytime and syndicated audiences began changing around 1984. When Griffin launched "Wheel"s syndicated version, starring Pat Sajak and Vanna White, in 1983, that show climbed the ratings to the point where it unseated "Feud" as the highest-rated syndicated show, even replacing it on some stations; the syndicated premiere of "Wheel"s sister show "Jeopardy!" with Alex Trebek as host also siphoned ratings from "Feud" with its early (and surprising, given an unstable first few months) success. With declining ratings (probably due mainly to its overexposure and viewers subsequently tiring of the show), and as part of a scheduling reshuffle with two of ABC's half-hour soaps, the show moved back to the 11:30/10:30 timeslot in October 1984, as the second part of a one-hour game show block with "Trivia Trap" (later "All-Star Blitz") as its lead-in, hoping to make a dent in the ratings of "The Price Is Right," coincidentally another Goodson-packaged show.
Despite the ratings decline, there was some interest in keeping the show in production. In a 2010 interview, Dawson recalled a meeting with executives from Viacom about renewing the show for one more season after 1985. Dawson was growing tired of the grueling taping schedule and initially wanted to stop altogether. After discussing the situation with ABC and Viacom, Dawson said that he would return for a final syndicated season of thirty-nine weeks of episodes but would not continue doing the daytime series. After this, Dawson did not hear from Viacom for approximately a week and once they contacted him again, Dawson was told that Viacom was no longer interested in continuing the syndicated "Feud" beyond the 1984–85 season. Viacom made this official in January 1985 ahead of that year's NATPE convention, and within a few weeks, ABC, probably prompted by Viacom's decision, decided that it too would not renew "Feud" for the 1985–86 season. The daytime version came to an end on June 14, 1985. The final week was taped a month prior, on May 16. Newspapers via "Associated Press" reported that this version was slated to end on June 28. However, for reasons undisclosed, it ended two weeks prior to that instead. The syndicated version aired its last new episode on May 17, 1985, with reruns continuing to air until September of that year.
1988–1995.
"Family Feud" moved to CBS with Ray Combs hosting the show on July 4, 1988 at 10:00 a.m. (ET)/9:00 a.m. (CT/MT/PT), replacing "The $25,000 Pyramid" (which had aired continuously in that time slot since September 1982, except between January and April 1988, when "Blackout" took its place; CBS began development on "Family Feud" shortly after "Blackout" was canceled). Like its predecessor, this version also had an accompanying syndicated edition which launched in September of that year. It moved to 10:30/9:30 in January 1991 to make room for a short-lived talk show starring Barbara De Angelis. At that time frame, it replaced the daytime "Wheel of Fortune", which moved back to NBC after a two-year run on CBS hosted by Bob Goen but still featuring Vanna White. In June 1992, the network version expanded from its original half-hour format to a full hour, and was retitled "The Family Feud Challenge"; this new format featured three families per episode, which included two new families competing in the first half-hour for the right to play the returning champions in the second half. "The Family Feud Challenge" aired its final new episode on March 26, 1993, with reruns airing until September 10. The syndicated "Feud", meanwhile, remained in production and entered its sixth season in the fall of 1993.
At this point in its run, the syndicated "Feud" had been dealing with a consistent ratings downturn for several years. Although the series was initially able to secure time frames in desirable hours such as the Prime Time Access hour, stations quickly found that other programming, such as tabloid news magazine programs such as "A Current Affair", "Inside Edition" and "Hard Copy" were drawing higher ratings (and in particular younger, more desirable demographics) and thus sought those shows to replace "Feud". Some stations dropped the syndicated "Feud" outright, while others relocated it to lower-rated time frames such as overnights. The decline eventually resulted in the ratings bottoming out in 1992–93.
Distributor All American Television informed Mark Goodson Productions that, unless there was an uptick in the ratings or changes made to the program, it ceased distributing "Family Feud" at the end of the 1993–94 season. The responsibility for this was all in the hands of Jonathan Goodson, who had taken over his father's company when Mark Goodson died in 1992. One of the options considered was a host change, with Goodson executives and Goodson himself reaching a consensus to remove Combs from the show in favor of his predecessor, Richard Dawson.
This ran counter to his father's original 1988 decision, as Mark Goodson was loyal to Combs from the moment that he hired him and had refused to even consider Dawson, due to the trouble he caused for the production staff on the original series, notably a long-running animosity toward Howard Felsher. Many members of the original production staff were also working on the revival series and held lingering negative feelings toward Dawson, not wanting to work with him. However, Jonathan Goodson did not have the emotional ties to Combs that his father did, and felt that a change was necessary in order to keep the show in production.
After a rigorous staff meeting, Goodson offered Dawson a contract to return as host of the syndicated "Feud", and the semi-retired Dawson agreed to return, nine years after his somewhat acrimonious departure from the original. Combs was permitted to finish out the remainder of the season, and, after his final episode that was recorded in early 1994, he left the studio without even saying goodbye to anybody.
A revamped "Family Feud" returned for a seventh season in September 1994, with Dawson returning as the host. The show expanded from thirty to sixty minutes, reinstated the "Family Feud Challenge" format, and did various other things to try to improve ratings such as modernizing the set, featuring families that had previously been champions on the original "Feud", and having more themed weeks. Although Dawson did bring a brief ratings surge when he came back, as the novelty wore off, the show could not sustain it over the long term, and "Feud" came to a conclusion at the end of the season, with Dawson retiring permanently afterward. Its final new episode aired on May 26, 1995, with reruns airing until September 8, ending a seven-year run. The show ceased production for nearly four years after repeated failures to come to an agreement with various syndicators. Outside of the show, former "Family Feud" host Ray Combs, whose life was falling apart due to financial ruin caused in large measure by the typecasting he incurred as host of "Feud," being unable to obtain other show-business employment because of a drought at the time of other game shows, died on June 2, 1996 by hanging himself in a Glendale psychiatric ward.
1999–present.
"Family Feud" returned in syndication on September 20, 1999, with comedian Louie Anderson as the next host. Anderson hosted the show for nearly three years until his release in 2002. After Anderson's release, Richard Karn took over the show. The format was changed to reintroduce returning champions, allowing them to appear for up to five days. However, even after Karn's takeover, Anderson-hosted episodes continued in reruns that aired on PAX TV/Ion Television. Karn hosted the show for four years, and then, John O'Hurley took the helm. The show's Nielsen ratings were at 1.5, putting it in danger of cancellation once again (as countless affiliates that carried the show from 1999 to 2010 aired it in daytime, graveyard or other low-rated time slots). O'Hurley hosted the show for four years, and was succeeded by Steve Harvey. Harvey's first show was broadcast on July 10, 2010 and featured the Daku and Douglas families, with the latter one winning the game and achieving 214 points in Fast Money, thus winning $20,000. With Harvey at the helm, ratings increased by as much as 40%, and within two short years, the show was rated at 4.0, and had become the fifth-most-popular syndicated program. Fox News' Paulette Cohn argued that Harvey's "relatability," or "understanding of what the people at home want to know," was what saved the show from cancellation; Harvey himself debated, "If someone said an answer that was so ridiculous, I knew that the people at home behind the camera had to be going, 'What did they just say?' … They gave this answer that doesn't have a shot in hell of being up there. The fact that I recognize that, that's comedic genius to me. I think that's [what made] the difference."
Since Harvey became host, "Family Feud" has regularly ranked among the top 10 highest-rated programs in all of daytime television programming and third among game shows (behind "Wheel of Fortune" and "Jeopardy!"); in February 2014, the show achieved a 6.0 share in the Nielsen ratings, with approximately 8.8 million viewers. In June 2015, "Family Feud" eclipsed "Wheel of Fortune," which had been on top for over 30 years, as the most-watched syndicated game show on television, and consistently began ranking among the top three shows in all of syndication. Under Harvey, the show has had improved syndication clearances and better timeslots. It has been airing in early fringe and prime access slots nationwide.
Reruns of the Dawson, Combs, Anderson and Karn hosted episodes have been included among Buzzr's acquisitions since its launch on June 1, 2015. In 2019, reruns of the Karn hosted episodes started airing on Up TV during the morning hours. On June 13, 2016, American episodes hosted by Harvey began airing on the UK digital terrestrial and satellite channel Challenge. Current episodes of the show with Steve Harvey also air in Canada on Citytv.
Production of "Family Feud" was shifted from Universal Orlando to Harvey's hometown of Atlanta in 2011, first staged at the Atlanta Civic Center and later at the Georgia World Congress Center. Harvey was also originating a syndicated radio show from Atlanta, and the state of Georgia provided tax credits for the production. In 2017, production moved to Los Angeles Center Studios (later moved again to Universal Studios Hollywood and later still to CBS Studio Center) in Los Angeles to accommodate Harvey's new syndicated talk show "Steve", returning production of the regular series to Los Angeles for the first time since 2010.
In November 2019, the show started production in South Africa for that country's version. It started airing for the first time on Sunday, April 5, 2020, hosted by Harvey. In conjunction, a website was launched, dedicated to the region to catch up on previous episodes, submit entries and engage from a local perspective.
In March 2020, after initially announcing that production would continue with no studio audience, Fremantle suspended production of all of its programs (including "Family Feud") due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2020, "Family Feud" returned to production, returning to Atlanta after several years in California and with health and safety protocols (including social distancing and no studio audience) being enforced.
Reception.
"Family Feud" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show in 1977 and 2019, Outstanding Directing for a Game Show and the show has three times won the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Game Show Host, once with Dawson in 1978 and twice with Harvey in 2014 and 2017. "Feud" ranked number 3 on Game Show Network (GSN)'s 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and also on "TV Guide"s 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows ever.
Tara Ariano and Sarah D. Bunting, founders of the website Television Without Pity, wrote that they hated the 1999 syndicated version, saying "Give us classic "Feud" every time", citing both Dawson and Combs as hosts. Additionally, they called Anderson an "alleged sexual harasser and full-time sphere".
In the Steve Harvey era, the show has become notorious for questions and responses that are sexual in nature, with content frequently referring to certain anatomy or acts of intercourse. This type of material has drawn criticism from viewers, including former "NCIS" actress Pauley Perrette, who in 2018 sent a series of tweets to "Family Feud" producers questioning why the show had to be "so filthy." Dan Gainor of the Media Research Center, a politically conservative content analysis organization, suggested that the responses are in line with sexual content becoming more commonplace on television.
The popularity of "Family Feud" in the United States has led it to become a worldwide franchise, with over 50 adaptations outside the United States. Countries that have aired their own versions of the show include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Thailand, the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Vietnam, among others.
Merchandise.
Since the show's premiere in 1976, many home versions of "Family Feud" have been released in various formats. Milton Bradley, Pressman Games, and Endless Games have all released traditional board games based on the show, while Imagination Entertainment released the program in a DVD game format.
The game has been released in other formats by multiple companies; Coleco Adam released the first computer version of the show in 1983, and Sharedata followed in 1987 with versions for MS-DOS, Commodore 64, and Apple II computers. GameTek released versions for Nintendo Entertainment System, Super NES, Genesis, 3DO, and PC (on CD-ROM) between 1990 and 1995. Hasbro Interactive released a version in 2000 for the PC and PlayStation. In 2006, versions were released for PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance, and PC. Seattle-based Mobliss Inc. also released a mobile version of "Family Feud" that was available on Sprint, Verizon, and Cingular. Glu Mobile later released a newer mobile version of "Family Feud" for other carriers.
Most recently, in conjunction with Ludia, Ubisoft has video games for multiple platforms. The first of these was entitled "Family Feud: 2010 Edition" and was released for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and PC in September 2009. Ubisoft then released "Family Feud Decades" the next year, which featured sets and survey questions from television versions of all four decades the show has been on air. A third game, entitled "Family Feud: 2012 Edition" was released for the Wii and Xbox 360 in 2011. A fourth game was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, and Stadia in 2020.
In addition to the home games, a DVD set titled "All-Star Family Feud starring Richard Dawson" was released on January 8, 2008 by BCI Eclipse LLC Home Entertainment (under license from Fremantle USA) and featured a total of 43 segments taken from 21 special celebrity episodes from the original ABC/syndicated versions on its four discs, uncut and remastered from original 2” videotapes for optimal video presentation and sound quality. It was re-issued as "The Best of All-Star Family Feud" on February 2, 2010.


Family Fortunes (Irish TV series)

Alan Hughes' Family Fortunes was an Irish television game show, based on the American game show "Family Feud". Hosted by Alan Hughes it aired on TV3 in Ireland on Saturday nights at 9pm.
Format.
Two family teams, each with five members, would be asked to guess the results of surveys, in which 100 people would be asked open ended questions (e.g. "we asked 100 people to name something associated with the country Iceland" or "we asked 100 people to name a breed of dog"). Each round begins with a member of each team (in rotation, meaning all players did this at least once) approaching the podium. As the question was read, the first of the two nominees to hit a buzzer gives an answer. If this is not the top answer, the other nominee is asked. The team with the higher answer then chooses whether to "play" the question, or "pass" control to the other team (in reality, the teams rarely chose to pass). The host then passed down the line of the controlling team, asking for an answer from each. After each answer, the board revealed whether this answer featured. If a family managed to come up with all the answers on the board (most commonly six in the early part of the show, reduced in number after the commercial break), they won the euro equivalent of the total number of people who had given the answers.
Every time someone gave an answer that was not on the board or ran out of time, the family was charged a strike; accumulating three strikes means the family loses control of the board, and the other family has the chance to steal, with only the head of the family giving one answer. If the answer is one of the remaining answers, they won the round and the money; otherwise, the opponents won the money that was on the board.
After the first half, answers were worth €2 times the score. The family who scored the most euros played Big Money. The losing team's winnings would be doubled. Big Money awarded €1,000 (€2,500 on celebrity specials) for scoring 200 points. Naming all 5 top answers and scoring 200 points doubled said jackpot.
Reception.
Patrick Freyne, writing about the first episode in the "Evening Herald", commented "[Presenter Alan] Hughes gasped and goofed like a vat of fake tan, teeth-whitener and Just For Men which had come to life during a lightning storm".


Daphne Fowler

Daphne Fowler ("née" Bradshaw, previously Hudson; born 5 January 1939) is a British game show champion who has taken part in many televised game shows. She has won many titles, including winning "Fifteen to One" (twice), "Going for Gold" and "Brain of Britain".
She took part in the gameshow "Eggheads", where she was one of the team of seven gameshow champions challenged daily by a new quiz team. Fowler has been described as "Britain's best-known female quiz contestant".
Early life and career.
She was born in Warwick, Warwickshire, but moved to Cheriton, Kent aged 6 where she attended Harcourt County Primary School. She then attended Folkestone Girls Grammar School and the University of Exeter where she took a Degree in Theology. She later worked for the National Westminster Bank as a secretary until she took early retirement, having begun to appear as a contestant on game shows.
Eggheads.
Daphne Fowler appeared on the British quiz show "Eggheads" from 2003, a quiz team described on the show as "arguably the most formidable quiz team in the country", and was the oldest member of the team. As of 27 May 2014, Fowler retired from "Eggheads", being replaced by the returning CJ de Mooi.


Naka no Hito nado Inai! Tokyo Hero Project

 is an adult Japanese visual novel developed and published by ALcot. It was released for Windows as a DVD ROM on August 31, 2012, and released as a regular edition on February 22, 2013. A manga for "Tokyo Hero Project" was published by Enterbrain, and serialized in Enterbrain's "Tech Gian" magazine.
Media.
An audio CD was released by ALcot on December 28, 2012, entitled "Naka no Hito nado Inai! Tokyo Hero Project Original Soundtracks". It contains the original soundtrack for the game, and contains two discs. The first disc has a length sixty four minutes long and fifty seven seconds. The second disc has a length of fifty four minutes and ten seconds.
A 129-page visual fan book entitled "Naka no Hito nado Inai! Tokyo Hero Project Visual Fan Book" was published by Max on June 1, 2013. One volume of a manga derived from the game was published by Enterbrain on January 25, 2014, and serialized in the Tech Gian magazine. Illustrations in the manga were provided by Yamadori Ofū. It can also be read on ALcot's official site.
Reception.
On Getchu.com, "Tokyo Hero Project" ranked No.3 in the monthly sales ranking of August 2012, the month of the game's release. It also made twenty seventh place in September 2012's monthly sales ranking.


Skyler Stone

Skyler Joseph Clipner, professionally known as Skyler Stone (born January 1, 1979) is an American actor who starred in "Con" which ran on Comedy Central for two months in the spring of 2005.
Biography and career.
Stone was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He started his career in radio at WRKR in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
His first movie role was in "The Rules of Attraction," playing a speed freak named Quinlivan in a scene that ended up cut from the film. He played Scarlett Johansson's character's husband in the flashback scenes for "The Island", and a cook in "Waiting...". Stone was cast in Christopher Guest's "For Your Consideration" as a trashy radio morning show host after Guest saw the "Cancun Coma" episode of "Con". In July 2007, Stone was cast in the comedy "House Broken", as Danny DeVito's son.
Stone sold a pilot called "Skyler's Revolution" to Fox Broadcasting Company and Warner Bros. Television in 2007, wherein he made prank calls to celebrities, but it was not picked up for a series. He appeared in the "" episode "." Stone was a contestant on "Dog Eat Dog" and "Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck" twice (the second time in the Tournament of Losers). In 2010 he appeared in the CBS sitcom "Rules of Engagement".
Stone is a regular at the Laugh Factory, The Improv, and The Comedy Store, in Hollywood, California. He made his first national stand-up appearance on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" on January 3, 2007. He resides in Sherman Oaks, California.
In 2013, he provided the voice for Scowler, a Pachyrhinosaurus in BBC Earth's "Walking With Dinosaurs: The Movie".


Just Like Mom

Just Like Mom is a Canadian television game show which ran from 1980 to 1985 on CTV. A total of 595 episodes were taped at CFTO-TV in Toronto, Ontario. It was hosted by Stephen Young during the show's first season, but from the second season on, it was hosted by the husband-and-wife duo of Fergie Olver and the show's creator Catherine Swing. Olver announced the series during its first season. The format was to determine which child and mother knew each other the best through answer-matching as well as the memorable Bake-off Challenge. Three teams, consisting of a young child and his or her mother (or occasionally father), competed on each episode. Repeats aired on the launch schedule for YTV in 1988, and on GameTV from 2008 to 2010.
On September 22, 2009, marblemedia announced they acquired the rights to "Just Like Mom" and plan to create a new and updated version called "Just Like Mom and Dad". In 2017, the new show was picked up by Yes TV in Canada and BYU TV in the United States for broadcast in 2018.
Gameplay.
Question rounds.
The parents were secluded offstage while the children answered several questions. Early in the show's run, they would choose from one of five categories for the questions, while later in the run, a specific question was pre-assigned to each team. Each host would alternate between asking each child, making two cycles of the three children. Afterwards, the parents would come back and they would be posed the same questions to see if they could match the answers their children gave, using a format similar to "The Newlywed Game". A correct match on the first questions earned 10, and the second was worth 15.
For the second question round, the process repeated with the parents answering first and the children trying to match. Correct matches in this round were worth 20 points for the first question, and 25 for the second.
The bake-off/taste test.
Between the two question rounds, the children had a bake-off to complete a given recipe, which came from the Robin Hood "Just Like Mom" Cookbook, in 60 seconds. (There were some episodes where the time limit was 90 seconds but it was later changed back). They were given all the basic ingredients (as well as some unorthodox ones) and were allowed to use whatever they wanted in their creations.
After the second question round, the parents tasted each of the three creations while the children were taken to another part of the stage. They had 30 seconds to taste each of the numbered dishes and then decide which one they thought their child made by holding up a numbered sign (later a ping pong paddle) at the same time as their child at the other part of the stage with the team with the lowest score going first. A correct match was worth 50 points.
Bonus round.
The team with the highest score spun a wheel divided into 16 sections marked with different prizes; they won whatever prize the wheel landed on. If two teams tied in the main game, both would spin the wheel for a prize. The grand prize was a trip for two to Walt Disney World; it was featured on four slots on the wheel. In the case of twins playing, each child would spin once; if the first spin landed on the Disney World trip, the second spin would be voided. In later seasons, all contestants received a prize of a trip to Camp Onondaga, one of the oldest private summer camps in Canada. While there were a collection of prizes available on the prize wheel, including prizes from sponsors such as Chuck E. Cheese's, Robin Hood Flour, Playmobil and John Deere, the grand prize to Walt Disney World was the most memorable and coveted prize available.


Jim Whitehead (computer scientist)

E. James Whitehead is Professor and Chair of Computational Media at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. He served as the Chair of the Computer Science department University of California, Santa Cruz from 2010-2014. He received a BS in Electrical Engineering from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1989, and a PhD in Information and Computer Science from the University of California, Irvine, in 2000.
Previously, he performed hard, real-time firmware development as a software engineer for Raytheon, 1989–1992. From 1996–2004, Whitehead created and led the Internet Engineering Task Force working group on Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning, and is considered the "father" of the WebDAV protocol. He is author on over 50 peer-reviewed articles on software engineering and hypertext systems, and seven Internet standards (RFC) documents.
Whitehead led the creation of the BS Computer Science: Computer Game Design degree program at UC Santa Cruz, the first game oriented degree program within the University of California system. He is also working with the Expressive Intelligence Studio as an advisor. Jim is a Professor of Computational Media, he works in research in the fields of software evolution, software bug prediction, and automated generation of computer game levels.
He is the president of the Society for the Advancement of the Science of Digital Games, the organization that sponsors the Foundations of Digital Games conference series.


Arbalester

Arbalester is a scrolling shoot 'em up arcade game released by SETA in 1989, licensed to Taito and Romstar. The player controls a fighter jet and shoots enemies in the air and on the ground, collects power-ups, and defeats bosses to advance levels.
Reception.
In Japan, "Game Machine" listed "Arbalester" on their July 1, 1989 issue as being the seventh most-successful table arcade unit of the year.


Camara Defense


Pick Your Face

Pick Your Face is an Australia game show created by Banksia Productions for the Nine Network that ran from 1999 until 2003. It was hosted by Angus Smallwood.
Round 1.
Contestants had to remove items that served as clues from a large fake nose which, when gathered together would make the name of a celebrity.
Round 2.
Player one would come into the studio and play a game where they had four celebrity faces with the eyes, nose, and mouth each cut out and posted randomly around the outside of the board. The object being to put them back together in 60 seconds and getting points for guessing the celebrity successfully.
Round 3.
Each player looked at their own photo as it slowly transformed into the face of a celebrity with more points being earned the quicker the player solved the puzzle. Each player had 30 seconds.
Place The Face - Player Two
Round 4.
All three players were presented with a photograph of a celebrity upon which cartoonish, grotesque features were superimposed. The players responded to questions in a yes or no answer format which removed the additional facial features until a contestant correctly guessed the name of the celebrity.
Place The Face - Player Three
——https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pick_Your_Face&action=edit&section=4#
Round 5.
A trivia round where the buzzer was a touch activated giant eyeball.


Fandemonium (TV series)

Fandemonium is a reality-TV style program created and aired on a music video TV channel MuchMusic. It was hosted by one of the MuchMusic VJs, either George Stroumboulopoulos and Amanda Walsh. The TV program concept is that two fans of a music artist celebrity that claim they are the celebrity's biggest fan, have to compete in a series of tasks in an obstacle course which only one will win in order to prove that they really are the celebrity's number one fan. In the conclusion of the program, the winner has the choice of selecting 2 boxes, only one of which contains a trip and various prizes, or walking away with an electronic system without having to make any choice. Only one episode of the program featured a guest appearance by the actual music celebrities of the contestants dreams - Sum 41. In a surprise twist, the band members of Sum 41 appeared halfway through the show for a paintball competition with the two contestants ( Keegan and Liz), and hung around providing commentary and support for the two challengers for the rest of the episode.


Super Stardust

Super Stardust is a 1994 game developed by Bloodhouse and published for the Amiga (AGA) and Amiga CD32 by Team17. The game was ranked the 26th best game of all time by "Amiga Power".
The CD32 version featured CD-DA soundtracks composed by Nicklas Renqvist and Niko Nyman (Slusnik Luna). The game was ported to PC under the name "Super Stardust '96". "Super Stardust" is a sequel to "Stardust". An enhanced remake, entitled "Super Stardust HD", was released in 2007 for the PlayStation 3 and in 2008 for the PlayStation Portable and is available to download from the European and US PlayStation Store. The next sequel, "Super Stardust Delta", was released for the PlayStation Vita.
Reception.
A "Next Generation" reviewer gave it one out of five stars, chiefly criticizing its nature as an "Asteroids" clone, though he acknowledged that "the graphics are much more complex, the music is an added bonus, and the power-ups add a lot of spice ..."
"Amiga Format" rated the game 90%, saying: "As polished "Asteroids" clones go, "Super Stardust" is untouchable. The graphics are extraordinary and the gameplay matches them."


Sands of Destruction

 is a role-playing video game developed by imageepoch and published by Sega for the Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan in 2008, and in North America in 2010.
The story revolves around a young man, Kyrie, who possesses the power to destroy the world, though he does not know why. The female lead is Morte, a member of a group that is trying to destroy the world.
Gameplay.
The game plays in a 3D environment with a rotatable camera.
The battle system is turn based, but has timing and fighting game influences, and utilizes both of the DS's screens.
Plot.
Setting.
The game takes place in a fictional world ruled by anthropomorphic beings known as Ferals (Beasts in English dub of anime). Humans live as slaves, and a group dubbed the "World Annihilation Front" (World Destruction Committee in English dub of anime) intends to destroy the world in rebellion. They are opposed by the Feral's "World Salvation Committee".
Development.
The development team of the game comprised over fifty people and includes key designers who previously worked on "Xenogears", as well as former staff from "Grandia", "Drakengard" and "Etrian Odyssey". The game was directed by Kyoki Mikage of imageepoch and produced by Yoichi Shimosato of Sega.
The score of the game was composed by Yasunori Mitsuda, Shunsuke Tsuchiya, and Kazumi Mitome. The opening theme was performed by the Czech Philharmonic. A promotional album titled "World Destruction Premium Soundtrack" was offered with pre-orders of the game in Japan.
The original story draft for the game written by Masato Kato was allegedly much darker in tone and more violent than the final product. In it, humans were food for the Ferals, rather than merely subservient, and there were several scenes of human characters being killed and eaten. Fearing a restrictive rating from Japan's CERO and wanting to market the game to younger audiences, the game's producers had the story altered to appeal to a mainstream Japanese audience. Yoichi Shimosato, the game's producer at Sega, later expressed in an interview that while he felt the developers had made the right decision in regards to marketing the game in Japan, the original concept would have been "more fun and compelling".
North American version.
At the Tokyo Gameshow, Ryoei Mikage, the president of imageepoch confirmed that his team is working to localize "World Destruction", to be published by Sega USA. A new/rewritten musical score will be created by Yasunori Mitsuda, and the difficulty may be tweaked for the North American release. In December 2008, Sega officially announced its plans to release the title in North America, where it was released on January 12, 2010.
Reception.
In Japan, "Famitsu" gave "Sands of Destruction" a score of three eights and one seven for a total of 31 out of 40. The game sold 56,000 copies in Japan in its debut week.
Elsewhere, the game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. "Nintendo Power" praised the game's battle system and dungeon design but criticized the story and characters as being generic. RPGLand praised the character development while being critical of town exploration and low replay value, ultimately concluding, "Sands of Destruction ends up being good, but not great." RPGamer said that its quality story and presentation were held back by enemies "abusing" the battle system. The review concludes, "Unfortunately, its many irritations in combat cause the game to fall short of the lofty status it wanted to achieve."
Derived products.
Anime.
An anime adaptation, also titled "Sands of Destruction" (known in Japan as ) was produced by Production I.G and directed by Shunsuke Tada. It began broadcasting on TV Tokyo on July 7, 2008 and ended on September 30, 2008, spawning 13 episodes. It features an opening theme titled "ZERØ" and sung by AAA, and an ending theme titled sung by Aimmy. The series features only a single season of 13 episodes. It was licensed by Funimation Entertainment for a North American release, and the DVD set was released in 2010.
Manga.
A manga adaptation entitled , began serialization in July 2008 in the Japanese seinen magazine "Dengeki Maoh".


Like a Dragon

, is a 2007 Japanese crime film directed by Takashi Miike, based on the 2005 PlayStation 2 video game "Yakuza". The film stars Kazuki Kitamura, Goro Kishitani, Show Aikawa, Yoshiyoshi Arakawa, Kenichi Endō and Tomorowo Taguchi.
The English-subtitled version premiered on June 23, 2008, at New York Asian Film Festival, and was released on DVD in Northern America on February 23, 2010, by an affiliate of Media Blasters.
Plot.
The plot is loosely based on the original "Yakuza" game and is a separate, "one-night-story" that unfolds in a hot summer night in Kamurocho, the fictitious version of Tokyo Shinjuku's Kabukichō.
The night begins with a bank robbery by a manzai duo of amateur masked gunmen, and the disappearance of ten billion yen belonging to the Tojo Clan, a powerful yakuza syndicate. Meanwhile, in the streets of Kamurocho, former yakuza Kazuma Kiryu and his adopted daughter, a young girl called Haruka Sawamura, search for Mizuki Sawamura, the latter's mother and the sister of Kiryu's childhood love, with Kiryu's old rival, the psychotic yakuza Goro Majima, and his men following them.
After a meeting with Kiryu and Haruka in a convenience store called Poppo, employee Satoru and his new girlfriend Yui decide to start holding up stores for money and for fun. Elsewhere in the district, a mysterious Korean hitman, Park, tracks down the culprit behind the Tojo Clan heist, which leads him towards the infamous Jingu, a figure also known as Mister N, and the Kamurocho landmark, the Millennium Tower.
The search for Mizuki brings Kiryu to the top of Millennium Tower and ends with a climatic battle against yakuza Akira Nishikiyama, Kiryu's childhood best friend , who declares his intention to beat Kiryu and finally prove he is the better man.
Video.
Amuse Soft Entertainment released the regular DVD edition on September 28, 2007 in Japan, with a limited edition "Deluxe Box" featuring three Kubrick figures (Majima, Kiryu and Haruka).
American distributor Tokyo Shock released a licensed DVD titled "Yakuza: Like a Dragon" on February 23, 2010 to coincide with the North American localization of "Yakuza 3". The release date was originally planned to March, probably in order to coincide with the North American localization of the PlayStation 3 video game "Yakuza 3".
Prior to this official release, an English-subtitled DVD was distributed in North America by Bonzai RCS; its case featured a Korean cover for some reason (it was likely an unlicensed product); it was similar to the Korean market edition by CJ Entertainment.
As of November 2020, it is available on the streaming service provider Fandor, under the title of simply "Yakuza".
Soundtrack.
The motion picture soundtrack features three songs by Crazy Ken Band from his 2006 album "Galaxy" released on the Almond Eyes label (XNAE-10010), these are "Hama no Ambassador" (ハマのアンバサダー, "hama no anbasada", lit. "ambassador of Yokohama") featuring Fire Ball and Papa B., "Kuroi Kizuato no Blues" (黒い傷跡のブルース, "kuroi kizuato no burusu", lit. "black scar blues") and the ending theme "12 gatsu 17 nichi" (12月17日, lit. "December 17th"). The latter two are also included in the "Yakuza 2" game's soundtrack.


Shelem

Shelem ( "Shělěm"), also called Rok or similar, is an Iranian trick-taking card game with four players in two partnerships, bidding and competing against each other. It is similar to Spades and Hokm, but bidding and trump are declared in every hand by the bidding winner. Both the name and the point structure of this game are similar to the American game Rook, there being a possible connection between the two games, although it is not clear as from which game it derives.
Etymology.
The word shelem comes from the French word chelem (slam in English), as used in French since the 18th century for whist, and later bridge, which means winning all the tricks in the round. The term slam is used in trick-taking games such as Bridge, Spades and Whist.
Rules.
Each player receives 12 cards in batches of 4. The remaining 4 cards form a "widow", to be taken up by the player who makes a contract. Starting with eldest hand, the players bid (in multiples of 5) for the privilege of taking up the widow and making trumps. The minimum bid is 100, and there are 165 points in the game. A player who does not want to overbid the previous bid may pass, but cannot bid again later in the same round. The highest bidder becomes "declarer", takes up the widow, and discards 4 cards face down to return to the original number of cards (12). The discarded pile becomes the declarer's team's first trick (including any points).
Declarer leads to the first trick. The suit of the card led becomes the trump suit. The remainder of the deal is played according to the standard trick-play rules as in Whist or Hokm. The cards discarded by the highest bidder count for declarer's party as in most comparable games, or for the winner of the last trick as in Rook.
Each party makes the card-points in tricks won plus 5 points for every trick. If declarer's party is successful, they score what they made, or 330 points (or what they bid multiplied by 2, in another variant of the game) if they win all tricks (i.e., achieve a shelem or slam). If they are not successful, they lose what they bid, doubled if they make less than their opponents (or less than half of what they bid, in some variants). The opponents always score precisely what they made. There's no penalty for scoring points above the bid amount. In the shelem/slam case, the other form of scoring is that the declarer's party score what they bid, and the opponent lose exactly the same points.


Blue Hawk (video game)

Blue Hawk is a vertically scrolling shooter released in arcades by Dooyong in 1993. The game was also licensed to NTC.


Scandinavian Defense

The Scandinavian Defense (or Center Counter Defense, or Center Counter Game) is a chess opening characterized by the moves:
The opening is classified under code B01 in the "Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings" (). The Scandinavian Defense, described in "Scachs d'amor", is the oldest opening by black recorded in modern chess. The general goal of the defense is to prevent white from controlling the center of the board with pawns, effectively forcing an open game, while allowing black to build a strong pawn structure.
History.
Origin.
The Scandinavian Defense is one of the oldest recorded openings, first recorded as being played between Francesc de Castellví and Narcís Vinyoles in Valencia in 1475 in what may be the first recorded game of modern chess, and being mentioned by Lucena in 1497.
19th and early 20th centuries.
Analysis by Scandinavian masters in the late 19th century showed it is for Black; Ludvig Collijn played the opening with success. Although the Scandinavian Defense has never enjoyed widespread popularity among top-flight players, Joseph Henry Blackburne and Jacques Mieses often played it, and greatly developed its theory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was an occasional choice in this era for top players including Siegbert Tarrasch, Rudolph Spielmann, and Savielly Tartakower. Alexander Alekhine used it to draw against World Champion Emanuel Lasker at St. Petersburg 1914, and future World Champion José Raúl Capablanca won twice with it at New York 1915.
Modern era.
A regular user from the 1950s onwards was Yugoslav International Master (IM) Nikola Karaklajic, but a lengthy period of non-support by top players ended by the 1960s, when former world championship finalist David Bronstein and women's world champion Nona Gaprindashvili played it occasionally. Danish Grandmaster (GM) Bent Larsen, a four-time world championship candidate, played it occasionally from the 1960s onwards; he defeated World Champion Anatoly Karpov with it at Montreal 1979, spurring a rise in popularity. The popular name also began to switch from "Center Counter Defense" to "Scandinavian Defense" around this time. Danish GM Curt Hansen is also considered an expert in the opening. Australian GM Ian Rogers has adopted it frequently starting in the 1980s. In 1995, the Scandinavian Defense made its first appearance in a world chess championship match, in the 14th game of the PCA final at New York City. Viswanathan Anand as Black obtained an excellent position using the opening against Garry Kasparov, although Kasparov won the game.
During the sixth round of the 2014 Chess Olympiad at Tromsø, Magnus Carlsen chose the Scandinavian against Fabiano Caruana, and won; Carlsen used the opening again to draw with Caruana at the 2016 Chess Olympiad at Baku. Carlsen used the opening as Black in a blitz game to defeat Viswanathan Anand at the 2019 Grand Chess Tour stop in Kolkata.
Main line: 2.exd5.
White normally continues when Black has two major continuations: and (the Modern Scandinavian). The rare gambit 2...c6 (the Blackburne-Kloosterboer Gambit) was played successfully by Joseph Blackburne on at least one occasion, but after 3.dxc6 is thought to be unsound and is almost never seen in master-level play.
2...Qxd5.
3.Nc3.
After 2...Qxd5, the most commonly played move is 3.Nc3 because it attacks the queen with gain of tempo. After 3.Nc3, Black has a few choices:
3...Qa5.
This is considered the "classical" line, and is currently the most popular option. White can choose from multiple setups. A common line is 4.d4 c6 (or 4...e5) 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.Bc4 Bf5 (6...Bg4 is a different option. Even though Black has shown that ...Bf5 can be an excellent move, trading the bishop for the knight after 6...Bg4 7.h3 Bxf3 removes the knight, which if not removed, will find its way to e5 with excellent prospects.) 7.Bd2 e6. White has a few options, such as the aggressive 8.Qe2, or the quiet 8.0-0. Black's pawn structure (pawns on e6 and c6) resemble a Caro–Kann Defence structure, therefore many Caro–Kann players wishing to expand their have adopted this form of the Scandinavian.
Another setup after 3...Qa5 is to target the b7-pawn by fianchettoing the bishop on the h1–a8 diagonal, instead of placing it on the a2–g8 diagonal, by 4.g3 Nf6 5.Bg2 c6 6.Nf3 followed by 0-0, Rb1, and then exploiting the b7-pawn by b4–b5. The line with 4.g3 has been tried by Anand, Baadur Jobava, Gyula Sax, and Francisco Vallejo Pons among others.
A more speculative approach against 3...Qa5 is 4.b4?!, described by Nigel Davies as an "ancient gambit line". Grandmasters who have ventured this line as White include Lasker, Capablanca, and Paul Keres. If Black plays correctly, White should not have sufficient compensation for the sacrificed pawn, but it can be difficult to prove this . Davies suggests delaying the gambit with 4.Nf3 Nf6 5.b4 Qxb4 6.a4, with the idea of Bc1–a3, as a possible way to rehabilitate this line.
3...Qd8.
The retreat with 3...Qd8 was depicted in Castellvi–Vinyoles, and may be the oldest of all Scandinavian lines. Prior to the 20th century, it was often considered the main line, and was characterized as "best" by Howard Staunton in his "Chess-Player's Handbook", but was gradually superseded by 3...Qa5. In the 1960s, 3...Qd8 experienced something of a revival after the move was played in a game by Bronstein against GM Andrija Fuderer in 1959, although Bronstein ultimately lost the game. Bronstein's game featured the older line 4.d4 Nf6, while other grandmasters, including Karl Robatsch, explored fianchetto systems with 4.d4 g6 and a later ...Ng8–h6.
The line's reputation suffered after a string of defeats, however, including two well-known won by Bobby Fischer against Robatsch in the 1962 Chess Olympiad (later published in "My 60 Memorable Games") and William Addison in 1970. The variation with 4...g6 "has been under a cloud ever since [Fischer's] crushing win", but the 3...Qd8 variation as a whole remains playable, although it is now considered somewhat passive. It is played particularly by IMs John Bartholomew and Daniel Lowinger, and by the GMs David Garcia and Nikola Djukic.
3...Qd6.
This move, called the Gubinsky-Melts Defense, offers another way to play against 3.Nc3, and it has been growing in popularity in recent years. At first sight the move may look dubious, exposing the queen to a later Nb5 or Bf4, and for many years it was poorly regarded for this reason. Numerous grandmaster games have since shown 3...Qd6 to be quite playable, however, and it has been played many times in high-level chess since the mid-1990s. White players against this line have found an effective setup with d4, Nf3, g3, Bg2, 0-0, and a future Ne5 with a strong, active position. The variation was covered thoroughly in a 2002 book by Michael Melts.
Other 3rd moves for Black.
3...Qe5+, the Patzer Variation, is regarded as bad for Black; for example after 4.Be2 c6 5.Nf3 Qc7 6.d4 White has a handy lead in development.
Likewise the rare 3...Qe6+?! is regarded as inferior. One idea is that after the natural interposition 4.Be2, Black plays 4...Qg6 attacking the g2-pawn. White will usually sacrifice this pawn, however, by 5.Nf3 Qxg2 6.Rg1 Qh3 7.d4 with a massive lead in development. David Letterman played this line as Black in a televised game against Garry Kasparov, and was checkmated in 23 moves.
3.d4.
Alternatives to 3.Nc3 include 3.d4, which can transpose into a variation of the Nimzowitsch Defense after 3...Nc6 (1.e4 Nc6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5), or Black can play 3...e5, as well. After 3...Nc6 4.Nf3 Bg4 5.Be2 0-0-0 Black has better development to compensate for White's center after a future c4. Black may also respond to 3.d4 with 3...e5. After the usual 4.dxe5, Black most often plays the pawn sacrifice 4...Qxd1+ 5.Kxd1 Nc6. After White defends the pawn, Black follows up with ...Bg4+ and ...0-0-0, e.g. 6.Bb5 Bg4+ 7.f3 0-0-0+ and Black has enough compensation for the pawn, because he is better developed and White's king is stuck in the center. Less popular is 4...Qxe5, since the queen has moved twice in the opening and is in the center of the board, where White can attack it with gain of time (Nf3). Grandmasters such as Tiviakov have shown, however, that it is not so easy to exploit the centralized queen.
3.Nf3.
Another common response after 2...Qxd5 is the noncommittal 3.Nf3. After 3...Bg4 4.Be2 Nc6, White can transpose to main lines with 5.d4, but has other options, such as 5.0-0.
2...Nf6.
The other main branch of the Scandinavian Defense is 2...Nf6. The idea is to delay capturing the d5-pawn for another move, avoiding the loss of time that Black incurs in the ...Qxd5 lines after 3.Nc3. Now White has several possibilities:
The Modern Variation is 3.d4. GM John Emms calls this the main line of the 2...Nf6 variations, saying that "3.d4 is the common choice for White...and it is easy to see why it is so popular." The idea behind the Modern Variation is to give back the pawn in order to achieve quick development. 3...Nxd5 is the most obvious reply, although 3...Qxd5 is sometimes seen. Black wins back the pawn, but White can gain some time by attacking the knight. White usually responds 4.c4, when the knight must move.
The most common responses are:
White may also play 4.Nf3 Bg4 5.c4. Now 5...Nb6 6.c5!? is a sharp line; Black should respond 6...N6d7!, rather than 6...Nd5? 7.Qb3, when Black resigned after 7...b6? 8.Ne5! in Timman–Bakkali, Nice Olympiad 1974, and 7...Bxf3 8.Qxb7! Ne3 9.Qxf3 Nc2+ 10.Kd1 Nxa1 11.Qxa8 also wins for White.
White can also continue with development, delaying c2–c4, or omitting it altogether.
An important and recently popular alternative to 3...Nxd5 is 3...Bg4!?, the sharp Portuguese Variation or Jadoul Variation. In this line, Black gives up the d-pawn in order to achieve rapid development and piece activity; the resulting play is often similar to the Icelandic Gambit. The normal continuation is 4.f3 Bf5 5.Bb5+ Nbd7 6.c4. Occasionally seen is 3...g6, the Richter Variation, which was played on occasion by IM Kurt Richter in the 1930s.
Another common response is 3.c4, with which White attempts to retain the extra pawn, at the cost of the inactivity of the light-square bishop. Now Black can play 3...c6, the Scandinavian Gambit, which is the most common move. The line 4.dxc6? Nxc6, described by Emms as "a miserly pawn grab", gives Black too much central control and development. Furthermore, after 4.dxc6 Black can play 4...e5, the Ross Gambit, which after 5.cxb7 Bxb7 resembles a reversed Danish Gambit. Most common after 3...c6 is 4.d4 cxd5, transposing to the Panov–Botvinnik Attack of the Caro–Kann Defence. 3...e6!? is the sharp Icelandic Gambit or Palme Gambit, invented by Icelandic masters who looked for an alternative to the more common 3...c6. Black sacrifices a pawn to achieve rapid development. The most critical line in this double-edged variation is thought to be 4.dxe6 Bxe6 5.Nf3.
A third major alternative is 3.Bb5+. The most popular reply is 3...Bd7, though the rarer 3...Nbd7 is gaining more attention recently. After 3.Bb5+ Bd7, White has several options. The most obvious is 4.Bxd7+, after which White can play to keep the extra pawn with 4...Qxd7 5.c4. The historical main line is 4.Bc4, which can lead to very sharp play after 4...Bg4 5.f3 Bf5 6.Nc3, or 4...b5 5.Bb3 a5. Finally, 4.Be2 has recently become more popular, attempting to exploit the misplaced bishop on d7 after 4...Nxd5.
White's 3.Nf3 is a flexible move that, depending on Black's reply, can transpose into lines with ...Nxd5 or ...Qxd5.
White's 3.Nc3 transposes into a line of Alekhine's Defence, normally seen after 1.e4 Nf6 2.Nc3 d5 3.exd5, and generally thought to be . After 3...Nxd5 4.Bc4, the most common reply is 4...Nb6, although 4...Nxc3, 4...c6, and 4...e6 are also viable continuations.
Alternatives to 2.exd5.
There are several ways for White to avoid the main lines of the Scandinavian Defense. One option is to defer or avoid the exchange of e-pawn for d-pawn. This is most often done by 2.Nc3, which transposes into the Dunst Opening after 2...d4 or 2...dxe4.
If instead 2.e5?! is played, Black can play 2...c5, develop the queen's bishop, and play ...e7–e6, reaching a favorable French Defense setup, since here unlike in the standard French Black's light-squared bishop is not shut in on c8. This line can also be compared to the Caro–Kann variation 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5!?; since in this Scandinavian line Black has played ...c5 in one rather than two moves, he has a comfortable position. This line often leads away from open positions, however, towards blocked center positions, likely not Black's original intent.
White can also gambit the e-pawn, most frequently by 2.d4, transposing into the Blackmar–Diemer Gambit. Other gambits such as 2.Nf3?! (the Tennison Gambit) are seldom seen.
In general, none of these sidelines are believed to offer White more than equality, and the overwhelming majority of masters opt for 2.exd5 when facing the Scandinavian.
The Scandinavian is thus arguably Black's most "forcing" defense to 1.e4, restricting White to a relatively small number of options. This has helped to make the Scandinavian Defense fairly popular among club-level players, although it remains relatively rare at the grandmaster level.


Giambattista Lolli

Giambattista Lolli (1698 – 4 June 1769) was an Italian chess player and one of the most important chess theoreticians of his time. He is most famous for his book "Osservazioni teorico-pratiche sopra il giuoco degli scacchi" (), published 1763 in Bologna. Born in Nonantola, Modena, he was one of the Modenese Masters. The checkmate pattern "Lolli's mate" involves infiltrating an opponents fianchetto position using both a pawn and queen, and is named after Giambattista Lolli.
Openings.
Lolli's book contains analyses of chess openings, in particular the Giuoco Piano. Against the Two Knights defense, the line 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Nxd5 6. d4 is named the Lolli Variation. In the King's Gambit the variation 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.Bxf7+ is designated the Lolli Gambit. It illustrates the Italian masters' style of uncompromising attack, which clearly differs from the rather more strategic considerations taken by, for example, the French chess player Philidor. However, it is considered obsolete as Black can obtain the advantage by 5...Kxf7 6.Ne5+ Ke8 7.Qxg4 Nf6 8.Qxf4 d6, and White does not have enough for the piece. (The Muzio Gambit, 5.O-O, is more promising).
Endgames.
In addition, the book contains listings of 100 chess endgames. One of these positions was used by Wilhelm Heinse in his novel "Anastasia und das Schachspiel" (English: "Anastasia and the game of chess"). This Lolli Position is from the pawnless endgame of a rook and bishop versus a rook. Although this endgame is a draw in general, White to move wins in this position . Lolli also studied some defensive fortresses and the queen versus pawn endgame.


Relatively Speaking (game show)

Relatively Speaking is an American TV game show that aired in syndication from September 5, 1988, to June 23, 1989.
The series was hosted by comedian John Byner, with John Harlan announcing. The object of the game was for four celebrities to identify a famous person who is related to an in-studio contestant.
Playing on Byner's comedic skills, before each day's first game began, a video clip was shown of Byner impersonating a famous character (e.g., Indiana Jones) or person while explaining the rules of the game.
Gameplay.
First Rounds.
In the first two (later three) rounds, the celebrity panel asked yes or no questions to the contestant. The panelist in control kept asking questions until receiving a "no" (similar to "What's My Line?" and the later series "Figure it Out").
The contestant won a growing prize package for each "no". If the panel received eight "no" answers, they were stumped and the contestant won a grand prize package (dubbed the "Super Stumper Jackpot").
Final Round (Celebrity Round).
In the final round of the day, the final contestant appeared along with another celebrity guest with his/her children, all of whom were hidden away from the panel. The contestant still won an accumulating prize package. Regardless if the panel was stumped or named the celebrity relative, the celebrity's winnings were donated to charity.
External link.
"Relatively Speaking" on IMDb


Amos Burn

Amos Burn (1848–1925) was an English chess player, one of the world's leading players at the end of the 19th century, and a chess writer.
Burn was born on New Year's Eve, 1848, in Hull. As a teenager, he moved to Liverpool, becoming apprenticed to a firm of shipowners and merchants. He learned chess only at the relatively late age of 16. He later took chess lessons from future World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz in London, and, like his teacher, became known for his superior defensive ability. Aron Nimzowitsch, in his book "The Praxis of My System", named Burn one of the world's six greatest defensive players.
Although never a professional chess player, Burn had a long tournament and writing career.
In 1913, Leopold Hoffer, the editor for over 30 years of the chess column in "The Field", the leading chess column in Great Britain, died. The proprietors of "The Field" took seven weeks to select a successor, finally settling on Burn. He moved to London and wrote the column until his death in 1925 from a stroke.
Tournament history.
His first tournament, in 1867–68, was a handicap tournament at the Liverpool Chess Club. Placed in the second level, where he received pawn and move odds from the four top-seeded players, and gave up to knight odds to the other players, Burn won easily, scoring 24 out of 25 possible points. Burn's first major tournament was the Third Challenge Cup of the British Chess Association (London 1870), where he surprised the pundits by tying for first with John Wisker, ahead of Joseph Henry Blackburne and others, but lost the playoff to Wisker. His last was Breslau 1912, where he finished 12th of 18 players, scoring 7.5 out of 17 possible points.
Burn's greatest tournament results were equal first at London 1887 with Isidor Gunsberg (ahead of Joseph Henry Blackburne and Johannes Zukertort), first at Amsterdam 1889 (ahead of a young Emanuel Lasker), second at Breslau 1889 (behind Siegbert Tarrasch), and first at Cologne 1898 (ahead of Rudolf Charousek, Mikhail Chigorin, Carl Schlechter, David Janowski, and Steinitz). He also played at Hastings 1895, the strongest tournament held up to that point, finishing in joint twelfth place with 9½ points out of 21.
Legacy.
Burn is the eponym of the Burn Variation of the French Defence (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 dxe4). The line had been played before, including by Albert Clerc against Adolf Anderssen at Paris 1878. Burn's first known game with the variation was against Charles Locock at Bradford 1888. However, Burn "was the first to adopt it regularly and with good results", scoring nine wins, one draw, and five losses with it.
In 2004, the Swiss IM Richard Forster published the 972-page "Amos Burn: A Chess Biography". Viktor Korchnoi observed in its foreword that "this work accords [Burn] the recognition he deserves, painstakingly assembling and analysing all available games and biographical material about him."
Sample games.
In one of Burn's last tournaments, he won as White against the young Alexander Alekhine:
Burn–Alekhine, Karlsbad 1911
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e5 Ne4 6.Bxe7 Qxe7 7.Bd3 Nxc3 8.bxc3 c5 9.Nf3 Nc6 10.O-O c4 11.Be2 Bd7 12.Qd2 b5 13.Ne1 a5 14.a3 O–O 15.f4 b4 16.axb4 axb4 17.Rxa8 Rxa8 18.cxb4 Qxb4 19.c3 Qb3 20.Bd1 Ra2 21.Qc1 Qb6 22.Rf2 Qa7 23.Rxa2 Qxa2 24.Nc2 h6 25.Qa1 Qxa1 26.Nxa1 Na7 27.Kf2 Bc6 28.Ke3 Nb5 29.Kd2 Kf8 30.Nc2 Ke7 31.Ne3 f5 32.Bf3 Kd7 33.g4 fxg4 34.Bxg4 g6 35.Bd1 Ke7 36.Ng4 h5 37.Ne3 Kf7 38.Ng2 Kg7 39.Nh4 Be8 40.Nf3 Kf7 41.Kc2 Bd7 42.Kb2 Na7 43.Ka3 Nc6 44.Ba4 Ke7 45.Nh4 Kf7 46.Bxc6 Bxc6 47.Kb4 Be8 48.Nf3 Ke7 49.Ng5 Bc6 50.Ka3 Bd7 51.Kb2 Ba4 52.Kc1 Bb3 53.Nf3 Ba4 54.Nh4 Kf7 55.Ng2 Bd7 56.h4 Be8 57.Kb2 Ba4 58.Ne3 Ke7 59.Ka3 Bc6 60.Kb4 Kd7 61.Ka5 Kc7 62.Nc2 Kb7 63.Nb4 Bd7 64.Na6 Be8 65.Nc5+ Kc6 66.Nxe6 Bd7 67.Ng5 Bf5 68.Kb4 Bg4 69.Ka3 Kd7 70.Nf7 Be6 71.Nd6 Kc6 72.Kb2 Bg4 73.Kc2 Kd7 74.Kd2 Ke6 75.Ke3 Bh3 76.f5+ gxf5 77.Kf4 Bg4 78.Kg5 Bh3 79.Ne8 Kf7 80.Nf6 f4 81.Kxf4 Be6 82.Kg5 1–0
Macdonald-Burn, Liverpool 1910
At right is a surprisingly little-known position from one of Burn's offhand games. At first blush, Black's position looks resignable: it appears that his bishop, attacked twice and pinned to his king, will fall and he will soon be checkmated. Burn produced the staggering 33...Qg4!!, leaving his queen "en prise" to three different white pieces. However, if 34.Bxg4 or hxg4, Black wins with 34...Bxd2. If 34.Qxg5+, 34...Qxg5 35.Rxg5+ Kh6 and Black wins a piece and the game. Macdonald instead tried 34.Rxg4 Nf3+ 35.Kg2 Nxd2 36.Rxg5+ Kh6 37.h4 Nxb3 38.Rf5 Nxa5 and Burn won in 11 more moves.
Burns' biographer Richard Forster calls the move "without doubt the most extraordinary of his career." Chess journalist Tim Krabbé considers 33...Qg4!! one of the ten most fantastic moves ever played, noting that it is a rare example of the Novotny theme in practical play.


The Bubble (game show)

The Bubble is a British television quiz show hosted by David Mitchell, and made for the BBC by Hat Trick Productions. Each week, three comedians are tasked to differentiate real news stories from fake ones, after four days of isolation in 'The Bubble', a remote country house. A first series was broadcast on BBC Two from 19 February 2010, running for six episodes. A second series was planned but later abandoned due to Mitchell's commitments to the Channel 4 series "10 O'Clock Live".
Concept.
In the show, three different contestants are placed in 'The Bubble', a place of isolation without access to the news. Contestant Frank Skinner speculated that the name of the show comes from the sterile isolation regime employed in so-called boy in the bubble medical cases. Once released, the contestants must then spot real news stories that have occurred while they were isolated, from fake ones created for the show.
The Bubble format was devised in Israel by Armoza Formats, and had already been broadcast in Israel, Poland, Denmark and Sweden. Already successful in those countries, the British version was the first to use celebrities as contestants, and was being aimed at a high-brow audience similar to that for the quiz show "QI". A Dutch version also airs on BNN, hosted by Patrick Lodiers.
Format.
At the start of each episode, the three contestants are brought straight from The Bubble to the studio. In front of a studio audience they then compete against each other for points, as Mitchell presents them with both real and fake stories. The format varied across the series, but the three rounds that appeared in every programme were:
In the first two rounds, correctly guessing the real story was rewarded with a point; in the final round, an incorrect guess resulted in a point being deducted.
Two rounds appeared only in the first episode of the first series: one where the contestants were shown a piece of video footage and had to guess why it was relevant to the news from three options, and another where Mitchell described a picture that had appeared in the newspapers and the contestants had to guess why said picture had appeared in the news.
Production.
The show was produced for the BBC by Hat Trick Productions, who produce the long-running BBC news quiz show "Have I Got News for You". A pilot was filmed in February 2009 but was not broadcast. The pilot episode featured Katy Brand, Miranda Hart and Frank Skinner as contestants. Episodes were filmed the day before broadcast, airing in the 10 pm slot on Friday nights (except Ep.5).
According to Skinner, for the British version of the show The Bubble was a large and remote country house somewhere in the East Midlands, in which the contestants lived with two of the production team for their period of isolation, being prevented from wandering away from the house, with their mobile phones confiscated, and denied access to newspapers, radio, television or the internet.
Both ITV News and Sky News assisted in filming fake stories for the show, but despite BBC presenters having taken part in a clip for the pilot, BBC News subsequently refused to allow its presenters to work with the show, allowing only archive material to be used. A BBC spokesman said "We are sure The Bubble on BBC Two will be extremely funny but BBC journalists will leave it to the comedians to do the comedy," while critics of the decision pointed out that several of its presenters had taken part in other fictional shows before, and described it as a "sense of humour failure". The BBC boycott was featured as one of the news stories in the first episode, with nobody picking it as the real story.
According to Mitchell speaking in January 2011, both he and the BBC were keen to film a second series; however, he later chose to work on "10 O'Clock Live" for Channel 4, whose 15-week live run clashed with the period the BBC intended to film the second series of "The Bubble".
Repeats of the series began airing on Dave in January 2011.


Shogi opening sequences

Below is a list of the more common initial opening move sequences found in professional shogi games.
First move.
Out of the 64,046 recorded (mostly) professional games on Kyokumenpedia (局面ペヂィア) as of 2019 Jan 23 spanning the timeframe from the 1600s to 2018, 77.2% started with a bishop pawn opening (P-76) and 20.8% started with a rook pawn opening (P-26). The rook pawn push naturally leads to Static Rook openings; however, it is possible to play a Feint Ranging Rook as well. The bishop pawn push is more flexible and thus more ambiguous about the planned opening information given to White.
A less common first move (1.6% of Kyokumenpedia games) is the king's pawn (P-56). This move often suggests a Ranging Rook opening (Central Rook or Opposing Rook) for Black.
Other first moves are relatively rare and occur less than 0.5% of the time. For instance, the fourth most frequent move is the left edge pawn (P-96), but this only occurs less than 0.1% of the time.
Second move.
Just as the most common first moves are 1.P-76 and 1.P-26, the most common first move responses by White are also the rook pawn and bishop pawn pushes.
1. P-76.
Out of professional games with the bishop pawn push as the first move (1.P-76), 56.4% had White respond by advancing their bishop pawn (...P-34) and 42.5% responded by advancing their rook pawn (...P-84).
All other second moves (e.g. ...G-32) occur less than 1.1% of the time.
The ...G-32 choice prevents White from making a Boat castle, which is a standard castle used for a Static Rook position against a Ranging Rook opponent, since the Boat castle requires the king to the 32 square while the left gold remains on its starting 41 square. Thus, this move seems to invite Black to play a Ranging Rook position in order to exploit White's more limited piece development. Nonetheless, if Black chooses a Ranging Rook opening, White's gold on 32 can still be used to develop a Silver Crown castle or if Black plays a Bishop-Exchange Ranging Rook opening White can develop a Fortress castle in response with the gold in this position.
1.P-26.
Out of the rook pawn (1.P-26) first move games, 50.8% had a rook pawn advance as White's response and 48.7% had a bishop pawn response.
All other second moves (e.g. ...G-32) occur less than 0.5% of the time.
1.P-56.
Out of the central pawn (1.P-56) first move games, 65.5% had a bishop pawn advance as White's response, 30.2% had a rook pawn response, 2.5% have silver to 62, and 1.2% advance the central pawn.
All other second moves occur less than 0.6% of the time.
1.P-96.
Advancing the left edge pawn is an uncommon first move that like other more common first moves is usually followed by a bishop pawn (64.2%) or rook pawn (17.0%) push.
Less common responses include advancing either edge pawn.
First 2-move probabilities.
To state it in a different way, the probabilities of these first two-move sequences are shown below along with their log probability. In the adjacent diagrams are the six most common two-move positions.
These probabilities highlight how the most common first move from either side are the bishop and rook pawn pushes accounting for over 97% of all games.
Third move.
1.P-76 P-34.
Out of the 1.P-76 P-34 professional games, for the third move, Black:
All other third moves occur 1.7% of the time.
Playing 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 results in the same board position as a 1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76 sequence. (See: Transposition (chess).) This is the most commonly encountered 3-move sequence in shogi.
The 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-66 sequence suggests that Black may play a Ranging Rook opening (Opposing, Third File, or Fourth File).
However, Fortress or Snowroof are also possible.
The 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-75 sequence strongly suggests that Black will play an Ishida opening (Third File Ranging Rook).
Both the 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-96 and 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-1f sequences with the edge pawn push are relatively noncommittal initial moves by Black. Here, it is as if Black is asking White to determine which opening to play. (These moves also recall the shogi aphorism (将棋の格言 "shōgi no kakugen"): 手のない時には端歩を突け "te no nai toki wa hashifu o tsuke" "When there's no (good) move, push an edge pawn".)
1.P-76 P-34 2.P-96 can transpose to 1.P-96 P-34 2.P-76. However, 1.P-96 is an uncommon first move, and 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-96 is 38 times more likely than the transposition.
1.P-76 P-84.
Out of 1.P-76 P-84 games, common third moves for Black include:
All other third moves occur 0.5% of the time.
Playing 1.P-76 P-84 2.P-26 results in the same board position as the uncommon 1.P-26 P-84 2.P-76 sequence.
The 1.P-76 P-84 2.S-68 sequence suggests that Black might play a Fortress opening (Static Rook). Although Fortress is very common, the moves could also transition to other Static Rook openings like Bishop Exchange or Snowroof as well as to several Ranging Rook openings. This 3-move sequence is the second most common found in shogi.
1.P-76 G-32.
White's G-32 is an uncommon second move. Out of 1.P-76 G-32 games, common third moves for Black include:
All other third moves occur 20.6% of the time.
1.P-26 P-84.
Out of 1.P-26 P-84 games, common third moves for Black include:
Other third moves occur less 0.5% of the time.
Playing the uncommon "1.P-26 P-84 2.P-76" sequence results in the same board position as the more common "1.P-76 P-84 2.P-26" sequence.
1.P-26 P-34.
Out of 1.P-26 P-34 games, common third moves for Black include:
Other third moves occur 0.3% of the time.
Playing 1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76 transposes to the 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 sequence.
1.P-56 P-34.
Out of 1.P-56 P-34 games, the most common third moves for Black include:
All other third moves occur 1.4% of the time.
1.P-96 P-34.
Out of 1.P-96 P-34 games, the most common third moves for Black include:
First 3-move probabilities.
Below are the joint probabilities of these common 3 move sequences along with their log probability. The following table collapses different sequences that result in the same board position. The adjacent diagrams show the eight most common positions found in the game records.
Fourth move.
1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 / 1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76.
Out of the 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 / 1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76 professional games, for the fourth move, White
Other fourth moves occur 6% of the time.
The "1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 P-44" and "1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76 P-44" sequences suggest that White will play a Ranging Rook opening.
The "1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 P-84" and "1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76 P-84" sequences suggest a Side Pawn Capture opening (Double Static Rook).
The "1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 P-54" and "1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76 P-54" sequences suggest White will play a Central Rook opening (Ranging Rook).
The "1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 G-32" and "1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76 G-32" sequences suggest White wants to play a Bishop Exchange opening (Double Static Rook).
1.P-76 P-34 2.P-66.
Out of 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-66 games, common fourth moves for White include:
Other fourth moves occur 19% of the time.
The first three moves already suggest that Black will play a Ranging Rook opening.
The "1.P-76 P-34 2.P-66 S-62" sequence suggests that White will play a Static Rook opening.
Both the "1.P-76 P-34 2.P-66 R-32" and "1.P-76 P-34 2.P-66 P-35" sequences suggest that White will also play a Ranging Rook opening (Double Ranging Rook), in particular Third File Rook.
1.P-76 P-34 2.P-75.
Out of 1.P-76 P-34 2.P-75 games, common fourth moves for White include:
Other fourth moves occur 35% of the time.
1.P-76 P-84 2.S-68.
Out of 1.P-76 P-84 2.S-68 games, White usually (99%) advances their bishop pawn (P-34).
Other fourth moves occur less than 0.5% of the time.
This 4-move "1.P-76 P-84 2.S-68 P-34" sequence will usually lead to a Fortress opening (just like the first 3 moves) with White threatening Black's bishop. However, it's still possible that Black could transition to a Bishop Exchange or Snowroof opening or a Ranging Rook openings like Central Rook or Opposing Rook. (Third File Rook or Fourth File Rook are less likely here as the silver is blocking the rook from moving to these files.)
1.P-76 P-84 2.P-26 / 1.P-26 P-84 2.P-76.
Out of 1.P-76 P-84 2.P-26 / 1.P-26 P-84 2.P-76 games, common fourth moves for White include:
The "1.P-76 P-84 2.P-26 P-34" sequence results in the same board position as the "1.P-76 P-34 2.P-26 P-84, 1.P-26 P-34 2.P-76 P-84," and "1.P-26 P-84 2.P-76 P-34" sequences – all of which suggest a Side Pawn Capture opening (Static Rook).
The "1.P-76 P-84 2.P-26 G-32" and "1.P-26 P-84 2.P-76 G-32" sequences suggest the possibility of a Bishop Exchange opening (Double Static Rook).
1.P-76 P-84 2.P-56.
Out of 1.P-76 P-84 2.P-56 games, common fourth moves for White include:
Other fourth moves occur 2% of the time.
1.P-76 P-84 2.S-78.
Out of 1.P-76 P-84 2.S-78 games, White usually (98% of the time) advances their bishop pawn (P-34).
Other fourth moves occur 2% of the time.
1.P-26 P-84 2.P-25.
Out of 1.P-26 P-84 2.P-25 games, White usually (96% of the time) further advances their rook pawn (P-85).
Other fourth moves occur 4% of the time.
This sequence suggests a Double Wing Attack opening (Static Rook). (It's possible that this could also transition to other Static Rook openings.)
1.P-26 P-34 2.P-25.
Out of 1.P-26 P-34 2.P-25 games, White usually (97% of the time) moves their bishop to the third file (B-33).
Other fourth moves occur 3% of the time.
First 4-move probabilities.
Below are the joint probabilities for these 4-move sequences.


Louis Paulsen

Louis Paulsen (15 January 1833 in Gut Nassengrund near Blomberg, Principality of Lippe – 18 August 1891) was a German chess player. In the 1860s and 1870s, he was among the top five players in the world. He was a younger brother of Wilfried Paulsen.
Paulsen was one of the first players to challenge the notion that an attack could be constructed out of brilliance. He put forward the idea that any brilliant attack would have failed against correct defence. His ideas were grasped by Wilhelm Steinitz, who declared that attack and defence have equal status, and particularly by Aron Nimzowitsch, who listed Paulsen among his six greatest "purely defensive players". Paul Morphy and Paulsen were early masters of the game and of blindfold chess; they were capable of playing 10 blindfold games at the same time without any major errors. In 1862 Paulsen challenged Adolf Anderssen for the world championship. The eight-game match was a tie and Anderssen remained an unofficial world champion. Paulsen defeated Anderssen in matches in 1876 and 1877.
Paulsen has many contributions in the opening theory such as the Sicilian Dragon, the Sicilian Paulsen Variation, French Defense Paulsen Attack and Vienna Game Paulsen Variation. He played in the final match of the 1857 First American Chess Congress, losing to Paul Morphy five games to one with two draws.
Paulsen pawns.
"Paulsen pawns" is a term coined by Nimzowitsch for a restricted with two pawns on squares d6 and e6 for Black or d3 and e3 for White, often coupled with an open c-. This restricted centre makes it difficult for the opponent to whip up a quick attack by advancing his centre. Paulsen pawns are the stalwart of the Paulsen Variation of the Sicilian Defence.
Chess opening contributions.
Sicilian Dragon.
The modern form of the Dragon was originated by Paulsen around 1880. It was played frequently by Henry Bird that decade, then received general acceptance around 1900. In chess, the Dragon Variation is one of the main lines of the Sicilian Defence and begins with the moves:
In the Dragon, Black fianchettoes his bishop on the h8–a1 diagonal. The line is one of the variations of the Sicilian Defence, making it one of the sharpest of all chess openings.
Sicilian Defence, Paulsen Variation.
A less famous variation in the Sicilian Defence is the Paulsen Variation. The line goes as follows:
or
Paulsen Attack in the Scotch Game.
The move 7.Bb5 in the Scotch Game is associated with Paulsen's name, as the "Paulsen Attack": 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.Nxd4 Bc5 5.Be3 Qf6 6.c3 Nge7 7.Bb5.
Paulsen Variation in the Vienna Game.
After 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6, the move 3.g3 is known as the "Paulsen Variation" in the Vienna Game. Paulsen played the move five times in the Vienna 1873 chess tournament.
Paulsen Attack in the Center Game.
1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.Qxd4 4.Nc6 Qe3 is known as the Paulsen Attack in the center game. This is also the most popular line of the Center Game.


Ask a silly Answer

Ask a silly Answer is a short-lived panel show on British television in 1977. Produced by Southern Television and hosted by Terry Wogan, there was only one series, of six episodes.
The panel comprised two teams;
Transmissions.
The series was also broadcast by Anglia television during the summer of 1977.


List of arcade video games

This is a list of arcade video games organized alphabetically by name. It does not include PC or console games unless they were also released in video arcades. See lists of video games for related lists.
This list contains game titles.


Three-Pawn Sacrifice Rapid Attack

Three-Pawn Sacrifice Rapid Attack (三歩突き捨て急戦 "san-fu tsukisute kyuusen") is a fast attacking strategy in shogi. It's a Static Rook Boat Rapid Attack strategy against Black's ("sente") blocking the bishop's diagonal in a Third File Rook. It was created by Hifumi Katō.
Overview.
In this fast attack strategy the aimed move becomes evident when, in the accompanying diagram, following "gote's" P-94, "sente" defends with P-96. From P-96, it follows ...S-62-53, G-47 (although P-36 might be better if "gote" was aiming for a fast attack with P-45), and then, three sacrifice pushes of pawns with P-86, Px86 (since Bx86, will be followed by Bx66, S-77, B-2b, and "gote" is better), P-95, Px95, and, P-75, Px75 (Diagram 2), which, if taken by "sente" will leave "gote" in a better position following Lx95, Lx95, P*76, B-99, Rx86. After that, R-88, Rx88+, Bx88, R*87 is a possibility.