Taiwanese nationality law

Taiwanese nationality law details the conditions in which a person is a national of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan. Civil and political rights usually associated with citizenship (such as voting and residence rights) are tied to an ROC national's domicile, determined by whether they have household registration in Taiwan.
History.
Taiwan was governed by the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, from 1683 to 1895. Following the First Sino-Japanese War, the islands of Taiwan and Penghu were ceded to the Empire of Japan. Residents who chose to remain in ceded territory became Japanese subjects in 1897. Control of these islands was transferred to the Republic of China (which succeeded the Qing government in 1912) after the Second World War in 1945. The Chinese government imposed ROC nationality on local residents in 1946, when the Executive Yuan declared the "restoration" of their status as Chinese nationals. Unlike the cession to Japan, Taiwanese residents could not choose which nationality to retain when the ROC took control. Near the end of the Chinese Civil War, the Nationalist government was forced to retreat to Taiwan by the Communist Party, which subsequently established the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Since the conclusion of the war, the ROC has controlled only the Taiwan Area.
The ROC continues to constitutionally claim areas under PRC control (mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau) as part of its territory. Because of this, Taiwan treats residents of those areas as ROC nationals. Additionally, because Taiwanese nationality law operates under the principle of "jus sanguinis", overseas Chinese and Taiwanese are also regarded as nationals. During the Cold War, both the ROC and PRC governments actively sought the support of overseas Chinese communities in their attempts to secure the position as the legitimate sole government of China. The ROC also encouraged overseas Chinese businessmen to settle in Taiwan to facilitate economic development. Regulations concerning evidence of ROC nationality by descent were particularly lax during this period, allowing many overseas Chinese the right to settle in Taiwan.
From the late 1980s, Taiwan developed a stronger sense of local national identity and more readily asserted its separate identity from that of China. Legal reforms between 1999 and 2002 greatly reduced the ease by which further grants of ROC nationality were made to overseas Chinese and restricted citizenship rights only to those with household registration in Taiwan.
Nationals of Mongolia, which was part of Qing China until 1911, were also regarded as if they were mainland Chinese residents until 2002, when the Mainland Affairs Council removed the country from the administrative definition of the Mainland Area. Since then, Mongolians have been treated as foreigners and are required to apply for visas before entering Taiwan. Nevertheless, the area of Outer Mongolia remains officially part of ROC territorial claims.
Acquisition and loss of nationality.
Legislation granting Republic of China nationality is extremely broad in scope. All persons of ethnic Taiwanese and Chinese origin, regardless if they have resided overseas for an extended period of time, are technically ROC nationals. Consequently, children born abroad to any of these people automatically acquire ROC nationality at birth. Furthermore, because of Taiwan's continuing constitutional claims over areas controlled by the People's Republic of China, PRC nationals from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau are considered ROC nationals by Taiwan. Children born within the Taiwan Area to stateless parents are also ROC nationals at birth.
Foreigners over the age of 20 may naturalize as ROC nationals after residing in Taiwan for more than five years and demonstrating proficiency in Mandarin Chinese. The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant has a Taiwanese spouse or parent. Candidates for naturalization are typically required to renounce their previous nationalities unless they are workers in a reserved occupational field. Unmarried minor children cannot naturalize as ROC nationals independently, but a naturalized parent may apply for them on their behalf.
ROC nationality can be relinquished by application to the Ministry of the Interior, provided that they have acquired another nationality or are married to foreign nationals. The status may be deprived if it was fraudulently acquired. All Taiwanese nationals who obtain "hukou" in mainland China automatically have their passports cancelled and any residence rights in Taiwan revoked.
Household registration.
In practice, exercise of most citizenship benefits, such as suffrage, and labour rights, requires possession of the National Identification Card, which is only issued to persons with household registration in the Taiwan Area aged 14 and older. Note that children of nationals who were born abroad are eligible for Taiwan passports and therefore considered to be nationals, but often they do not hold a household registration so are referred to as "unregistered nationals" in statute. These ROC nationals have no automatic right to stay in Taiwan, nor do they have working rights, voting rights, etc. In a similar fashion, some British passport holders do not have the right of abode in the UK (see British nationality law). Unregistered nationals can obtain a National Identification Card only by settling in Taiwan for one year without leaving, two consecutive years staying in Taiwan for a minimum of 270 days a year or five consecutive years staying 183 days or more in each year.
Travel freedom.
Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Taiwan. In 2014, Taiwanese citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 167 countries and territories, ranking the Taiwan passport 26th in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.
Taiwan passport issues to overseas nationals is different than the type of passport issued to Taiwanese citizens with the former having far more restrictions than the latter. For instance, overseas nationals passport holders are required to apply for a visa to enter the Schengen area, whereas no visa is required for the regular passport holders. See the passport article for more information about this practice.
According to the standards and regulations of most international organizations, "Republic of China" is not a recognized nationality. In the international standard ISO 3166-1, the proper nationality designation for persons domiciled in Taiwan is not ROC, but rather TWN. This three-letter code TWN is also the official designation adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization for use on a machine-readable travel document when dealing with entry/exit procedures at immigration authorities outside Taiwan.
Issues.
Nationals of the People's Republic of China.
The government of the Republic of China does not recognise the People's Republic of China. It claims its official borders encompass all territories governed by the People's Republic of China and persons of these territories are considered to be nationals of the Republic of China. Thus, if the residents of the People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau) want to travel to Taiwan, they must do so using the Exit & Entry Permit. Chinese passports, Hong Kong SAR passports, Macau SAR passports, and BN(O) passports are generally not stamped by Taiwan immigration officers. Before 2002, Mongolia was also claimed to be part of the country, the government has affirmed its recognition that Mongolia is a sovereign state and permitted citizens of Mongolia to use their passports to enter Taiwan.
However, by Article 9-1, "[t]he people of the Taiwan Area may not have household registrations in the mainland China or hold passports issued by the Mainland China." If they obtain the passport of the PRC or household registration within mainland China, they will be deprived of their ROC Passport and household registration in Taiwan.
 It does not apply to Hong Kong and Macau in the sense that, if the residents of Hong Kong and Macau have settled permanently in Taiwan and gain citizenship rights as below, they are allowed to keep the passports as travel documents.
If the residents of the People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau) seek to settle permanently in Taiwan and gain citizenship rights, they do not naturalize like citizens of foreign countries. Instead, they merely can establish household registration, which in practice takes longer and is more complicated than naturalization. Article 9 does not apply to overseas Chinese holding foreign nationality who seek to exercise ROC nationality. Such persons do not need to naturalize because they are already legally ROC nationals. Residents of the People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau), only after gaining permanent resident status abroad, or otherwise establishing a period of residency defined by the regulations, they become eligible for a Taiwan passport but do not gain benefits of citizenship.
Overseas nationals.
Nationals of the Republic of China with household registrations in the Taiwan Area are eligible for the Taiwan passport, and will lose the household registrations in the Taiwan Area, along with their ROC passport, upon holding the Chinese passport. They are different and mutually exclusive in law; most people living in Taiwan only will and only can choose one of these two to identify themselves by current laws.
Taiwan passports are also issued to overseas Taiwanese and overseas Chinese as a proof of nationality, irrespective of whether they have lived or even set foot in Taiwan. The rationale behind this extension of the principle of "jus sanguinis" to almost "all" Chinese regardless of their countries of residence, as well as the recognition of dual citizenships, is to acknowledge the support given by overseas Chinese historically to the Kuomintang regime, particularly during the Xinhai Revolution. The type of passport issued to these individuals is called "Overseas Chinese Passport" of the Republic of China ().


S. Venkitaramanan

Sri Venkitaramanan was the eighteenth Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. He served for a period of 2 years, from 1990 to 1992. Earlier, he served as Finance Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, from 1985 to 1989.
Venkitaramanan is seen by many as a brilliant crisis manager of the balance of payments crisis in India in the late 1980s and early 1990s. His timely and decisive action laid the ground work for India salvaging the crisis, at a time when India's foreign-exchange reserves had almost depleted.
Early life and background.
Venkitaramanan was born in Nagercoil, in present-day Kanyakumari District of Tamilnadu, to a Tamil Iyer family.
He completed his master's degree in Physics from University College Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and also earned a master's degree in Industrial Administration from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA.
IAS.
Venkitaramanan was a member of the Indian Administrative Service. He was posted with the Government of India and with the state of Tamilnadu at various times. He also served the Government of Karnataka as adviser.
Finance Secretary.
He served as Finance Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, Government of India for a period of four years from 1985 to 1989.
Governor of Reserve Bank.
Venkitaramanan served as Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 22 December 1990 to 21 December 1992.
At the time of his appointment as RBI Governor, India was in the midst of a balance of payments crisis, with fast-depleting foreign exchange reserves. His decisive actions helped India tide over the crisis. During his tenure as RBI Governor, the infamous Harshad Mehta scam was exposed by Sucheta Dalal.
Later Years.
After retirement, Venkitaramanan served as the Chairman of Ashok Leyland Investment Services Ltd., New Tirupur Area Development Corporation Ltd. and Ashok Leyland Finance Ltd. He also served in the boards of Reliance Industries Limited, SPIC, Piramal Healthcare Ltd, Tamil Nadu Water Investment Co. Ltd and Housing Development Finance Corp. Ltd.
His daughter Girija Vaidyanathan — a 1981, Tamil Nadu cadre Indian Administrative Service officer — served as the Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu.
Published Books.
Venkitaramanan has published three books, Indian Economy: Reviews And Commentaries - Vol I, Indian Economy: Reviews And Commentaries - Vol II, and Indian Economy: Reviews And Commentaries - Vol III.
In Popular Culture.
Actor Anant Mahadevan potrayed Venkitaramanan in Scam 1992, a Sony Liv's original web series based on 1992 Indian stock market scam of Harshad Mehta.


Union County Industrial Railroad

The Union County Industrial Railroad is a short line railroad that operates on approximately 12 miles (20 km) of track in Union County in the U.S. State of Pennsylvania. It is part of the North Shore Railroad System.
The line is along the right bank of the West Branch Susquehanna River, roughly following U.S. Route 15 between the unincorporated village of Winfield in southern Union County and the village of New Columbia (in White Deer Township) in northern Union County. Other communities served by the UCIR include Lewisburg, the village of West Milton (in Kelly Township), and Milton (east across the West Branch Susquehanna River in Northumberland County).
Although the UCIR has no employees and owns none of the track on which it operates, its corporate offices are located in Northumberland, Pennsylvania. There is a connection to the Norfolk Southern Railway line at Milton.
Robey Railroads, a private company, operates the Union County Industrial Railroad. The Union County Industrial Railroad has no employees, instead they are provided by the North Shore Railroad. This led the Railroad Retirement Board to find that "the Union County Industrial Railroad is not an employer subject to the Railroad Retirement and Railroad Unemployment Insurance Acts."
The North Shore Railroad System has trackage rights via the Norfolk Southern line. These allow the Union County Industrial Railroad to connect to the north and west with the Lycoming Valley Railroad (at Muncy and Linden), the Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad (at Lock Haven) and, to the south, with the North Shore Railroad (at Northumberland) and the Shamokin Valley Railroad (at Sunbury).
Union County rail lines.
There are basically two rail lines in Union County (although they have five different owners as of 2006):<br>
All of the lines in Union County passed into the possession of Conrail, and were eventually abandoned or sold by it or its successors. Although the UCIR has a contract to operate on these lines between Winfield and Allenwood, and West Milton and Milton, as of 2008, the line from New Columbia north to Allenwood is out of service on account of bad track.
The UCIR formerly operated the West Shore Railroad (reporting mark WTSE) from Lewisburg to Mifflinburg, but service ended in 1997 and the line was sold to become a rail trail in 2008.
As of 2006, ownership of the lines in Union County is as follows:
The north-south former "Reading Williamsport Line" along the river is divided into four sections with three owners:


Emmanuelle Wargon

Emmanuelle Wargon ("née" Stoléru; born 24 February 1971) is a French civil servant, politician and former lobbyist who has been serving as Minister Delegate for Housing in the Castex government of President Emmanuel Macron since July 2020. Previously she served as Minister of Ecological Transition attached to the Minister for Ecological and Inclusive Transition, from 2018 to 2020, in the government of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe.
Early life and education.
Wargon was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 24 February 1971, the only child of Lionel Stoléru (19372016), Secretary of State in the government of Michel Rocard under President François Mitterrand (19881991), and Francine Wolff (19442009) ENA graduate, Paris city administrator.
Emmanuelle went to secondary school at Lycée Molière, after completing her studies at HEC Paris in 1992, she entered Institut d'études politiques de Paris (popularly called Sciences-Po), she then graduated from École nationale d'administration in the same promotion as future Prime Minister Édouard Philippe.
Career.
Career in the public sector.
Wargon began her career in 1997 as an auditor attached to the Court of Audit, the administrative court charged with conducting financial and legislative audits of public institutions. In 2001, she joined the cabinet of Bernard Kouchner, then Minister of Health, as technical advisor. A year later, she became Deputy Director of the French Agency for the Safety of Health Products (Afssaps), an agency whose main mission was to assess health risks posed by pharmaceutical drug.
In 2006, Wargon was appointed deputy director in charge of coordination and internal control at the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), before becoming in 2007 chief of staff to Martin Hirsch, the High Commissioner for Active Solidarity against Poverty in the government of François Fillon, during that period that she oveeersaw the implementation of the active solidarity income (RSA) in 2008 and the .
In 2010, Wargon was appointed secretary-general of the ministries responsible for social affairs (health, work, sport), then became general delegate for employment and vocational training (DGEFP) from 2012 to 2015, where she oversees the Youth Guarantee (mechanism for the integration of young dropouts), the reform of vocational training and the reform of social plans.
Career in the private sector.
Wargon joined Danone in 2015 as Managing Director in charge of corporate social responsibility (CSR), public affairs and communications. She coordinates Danone's commitments in the areas of health, the environment, and inclusion and is involved in issues of climate strategy and agricultural transition. It thus supports the company in transforming its relationship with society and the environment. In 2016 she became SVP of Corporate Affairs & Sustainability Integrator.
Political career.
On 16 October 2018, Wargon is appointed Secretary of State to the Minister of Ecological and Solidarity Transition François de Rugy in the second government of Prime minister Edouard Philippe.
Since July 2020, Wargon is serving as Minister Delegate for Housing, attached to the Minister for the Ecological Transition in the Castex government.
Personal life.
Wargon is married to Mathias Wargon, an A&E doctor. They have three children.


Matheo Olier

Matheo Olier (c.1697–1771) was a Spanish army officer and politician. He served during the Viceroyalty of Peru as in The Presidio of Buenos Aires. He also served in Spain, in the Cantabria Regiment.
Biography.
Matheo was born in Sigüenza to Sebastián de Olier y Sopuerta and Valenciana Cabreriza, belonging to a noble Spanish family. He was married to María Nicolasa García de la Huerta, daughter of Jacinto García de la Huerta and Petrona de los Reyes.
Olier belonged to the Order of Bethlehemite Brothers. In 1747, he had initiated procedures for admission in the Third Order of Saint Francis. He and his wife were parents of Mariano Olier, priest in the Cathedral of Buenos Aires.
In 1750 Matheo Olier, led the persecutions against the Portuguese ships, smugglers on the Parana de las Palmas.


List of cultural icons of South Korea

This is a list of cultural icons of South Korea. It contains the most important symbols of South Korea and symbols that represent different aspects of South Korean culture.


Orange County Railroad


Krsto Ungnad

Krsto Ungnad or Kristóf Ungnád was a baron and Croatian "ban", whose father was named Ivan.
In 1557 Ungnad, as a captain in the Croatian army, defeated the Turks in Koprivnica.
Before becoming ban he was mayor of Varaždin. He assumed the role of "ban" in 1578. During his reign he is known to have settled a land dispute in Turopolje. He also lost territory to Ottoman Bosnia and the Croatian border was pushed north from the river Una to the Kupa.
Ungnad was a proponent of the Protestant Reformation and it saw some gains in Croatia during his rule.
He plays a large role in August Šenoa’s peak work "Zlatarevo zlato".


Pidhaitsi

Pidhaitsi (, Pidhajci, ) is a small city in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located "ca." 15.5 mi south of Berezhany, 43.5 mi from Ternopil and "ca." 62 mi south-east of Lviv. In 1939 Pidhaitsi obtained the formal status of a city. It hosts the administration of Pidhaitsi urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population:
Many of the current residents have the surname Koropetskyi/Koropetska, likely attributable to city's proximity to the Koropets River.
History.
According to the sources, Pidhaitsi is one of the oldest settlements in the area. It was established in 1445. The first written records of the town date to 1463, when a Catholic church was built by the regional governor, a member of the Potocki noble family. In 1698, the Battle of Podhajce took place near the town. Because of the Tatar invasions and its precarious location on Poland’s main route to the south, the city was surrounded by series of ramparts and rows with water. Most of the key monuments (churches, synagogue) were all built in impressive defensive style. In its early years, the town was governed according to Ruthenian and Polish law. In 1539 it was granted the right to use Magdeburg law. Here was fought the Battle of Podhajce (1667).
In modern period, Pidhaitsi was among the most important urban centers in western part of Podolia. Its population was almost entirely Jews and Poles. In 1897 an obelisk was erected adjacent to the (Polish) Catholic church to celebrate the 100th birthday of Polish writer Adam Mickiewicz. While the monument is still extant, the church is in desolate condition. In one of Pidhaitsi houses resided famous Polish composer Frédéric Chopin. After the Second World War, Pidhaitsi, along with most of eastern Galicia, was separated from Poland and annexed to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union. Since that time, the population has been almost entirely ethnically Ukrainian.
During Soviet rule (1945–1991) Pidhaitsi was part of Berezhany Raion. After Ukrainian independence, a separated Pidhaitsi Raion was established.
Until 18 July 2020, Pidhaitsi was the administrative center of Pidhaitsi Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three. The area of Pidhaitsi Raion was merged into Ternopil Raion.
Jewish community.
Prior to the Second World War, Pidhaitsi had a significant Jewish community. The population census of 1765 lists 1,370 Jews in the kahal district of Pidhaitsi and 1,079 Jews lived in Pidhaitsi itself. A century late town’s Jewish population significantly increased and numbered "ca." 6,000 Jews in Pidhaitsi and 8,212 Jews in Pidhaitsi district (9.33% of whole population in the area). In the 20th century Pidahytsi's importance declined and the number of the Jews decreased to 2,827 according to the census of 1931. Pidhaitsi Synagogue (between 1621 and 1648), and the local Catholic parish church (1634) are the oldest buildings in the city. The synagogue is closed and in ruined condition. In the post war years, the synagogue territory was turned into a market by the communists.
With the break of the Second World War there was a large influx of Jewish refugees from the west and the number of the Jews in the town at the time of Nazi annihilation was higher than 3,000. Pidhaitsi Judenrat was headed by Leibish Lilienfeld. Due to the refugee and hygienic problems, in the winter of 1941–42 many of town Jews died of hunger and typhus epidemic. In 1942, on September 21 (Yom Kippur – Jewish most revered holiday, the day of atonement from sin) over 1,000 Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp and on October 30, 1,500 more Jews were deported to face death in Belzec extermination camp. Hundreds more were murdered in Pidhaitsi and its environs by Germans and Ukrainian police.
The above memories of his experiences during the liquidation of the ghetto in Pidhaitsi has described by Genia Schwartz.


Miguel Mancera

Miguel Mancera Aguayo (born December 18, 1932) is a Mexican economist. He served as general director of the Bank of Mexico from 1982 until 1998.
Mancera Aguayo was born in Mexico City, and is the son of Rafael Mancera Ortiz and María Luisa Aguayo Cendejas. He received a bachelor's degree in economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a master's degree in economics from Yale University.
Before joining the public sector, Mancera worked at the Bank of Commerce (nowadays "BBVA Bancomer", 1953 – 1955) and taught several courses at the "Escuela Libre de Derecho" (1956 – 1957). He was also a member of the faculty of the ITAM (1958 – 1965) and the Latin American Center of Monetary Studies (CEMLA, 1962 – 1964).
He joined the Mexican central bank (Banxico) in 1957 and 25 years later was appointed general director by President Miguel de la Madrid. During the 1980s, he faced one of the toughest economic crisis in the history of Mexico and in the early 1990s he launched a new national currency, the Mexican "Nuevo Peso".
Mancera is married to Sonia Corcuera Corcuera. He received the Order of Rio Branco (Brazil, 1983) and he is an officer of the French "Légion d'honneur" (1990).


Distinguished Honor Award

The Distinguished Honor Award is an award of the United States Department of State. Similar versions of the same award exist for the former U.S. Information Agency, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and USAID. It is presented to groups or individuals in recognition of exceptionally outstanding service or achievements of marked national or international significance.
The award consists of a gold medal set and a certificate signed by an assistant secretary, an official of equivalent rank or the Chief of Mission. Due to the demanding nature of the criteria, the award is not routinely issued; only three non-Ambassadorial rank Foreign Service Officers have ever received an individual award.
Criteria.
The following criteria are applicable to granting a Distinguished Honor Award:
Nominating and approval procedures.
Nominations for State and USAID employees are submitted on Form JF-66, Nomination for Award, through supervisory channels to the Joint Country Awards Committee for review and recommendation to the Chief of Mission for final action.
Nominations initiated in Washington are submitted to the appropriate area awards committee for final action. For USAID, nominations initiated in Washington are reviewed by the USAID bureau/office with final approval by the appropriate assistant administrator or office head.
Military use.
Upon authorization, members of the U.S. military may wear the medal and ribbon in the appropriate order of precedence as a U.S. non-military personal decoration.


Hannah Simpson Grant

Hannah Simpson Grant (November 23, 1798 – May 11, 1883) was the mother of Ulysses S. Grant, the famous Union general in the American Civil War and the 18th president of the United States. She married Jesse Root Grant in Point Pleasant, Ohio, and was the mother of six children. Little is known about her private life, other than what can be discerned from general and public information. She rarely discussed her son with anyone while he was a general and a president, especially not the press. She was a devoutly religious woman, always reserved and unpretentious in her manner, and she is often considered by historians and others to have had a strong influence on her son Ulysses who shared similar qualities in character.
Ancestry and early life.
Hannah Simpson was born on her parents' farm on November 23, 1798, in Horsham, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, where she grew up. From a family of four siblings, she was the second daughter and third child of John Simpson, Jr. and Rebecca Simpson who came from the Simpson family of Scottish Protestants. Her grandfather came to Philadelphia in 1762 and established a farm not far from the city. He fought with George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. He had a son, Hannah's father, who sold the farm in 1817 and moved to Ohio and bought a farm near the Ohio River, not far from Point Pleasant. Hannah was described by friends as slender, above average height, handsome, but not beautiful, with a serious, reserved and steadfast personality.
Mother of a general and president.
Hannah married Jesse Root Grant on June 25, 1821, and settled into a modest, though attractive, house near the Ohio River in Point Pleasant, Ohio. They were much admired by the townspeople there. Together they had six children – three boys and three girls. She gave birth to the first of her children, Ulysses, on April 27, 1822, about ten months after she was married. As firstborn children were traditionally received with wide family fanfare, deciding a name for her firstborn child became an involved family advent for Hannah. Her husband, Jesse, and other family members all had enthusiastic ideas for a suitable name, and subsequently weeks elapsed before a name was chosen. It was finally decided that a name would be chosen by means of a ballot, i.e.by placing names in a hat, a method that Hannah was not very comfortable with. Realizing, however, that her son would likely return home with out a name otherwise, Hannah acquiesced to the procedure.
Hannah, being a loyal Democrat, suggested the name of "Albert", after Albert Gallatin from her home state of Pennsylvania. Hannah's mother opted for "Ulysses", after an ancient Greek hero, which Jesse seconded. Grant's step-grandmother Sarah Simpson, an educated woman who read French classical literature, also favored the name Ulysses. Finally, at a family gathering, the name "Ulysses", was drawn from ballots placed in a hat. Jesse, wanting to honor his wife's father, declared the name for his son would thus be "Hiram Ulysses", though he would always refer to him as "Ulysses".
When Ulysses was eighteen months old, the family moved to Georgetown, Ohio. Here Hannah gave birth to five more siblings: Simpson, Clara, Orvil, Virginia (known as Jennie), and Mary.
In character, Ulysses was said to have resembled his mother more so than his father, deriving his good nature and calm disposition from her. However, Hannah, though always supportive, was not known as someone for a young boy to turn to for compassionate counsel in times of trouble, usually keeping her affections withdrawn. Hannah and her husband helped to found the Georgetown Methodist Church, which began holding services in 1827. Hannah earnestly had her family attend this church every Sunday. She was never known to argue or boast, and never gossiped about her neighbors or others. Her husband Jesse once bore testimony to her noble-like character, and said of her, "Her steadiness, strength of character have been the stay of the family through life".
During the Civil War her son Ulysses was sometimes criticized for his costly war-time tactics. While her husband Jesse often responded angrily with newspaper editorials, a devoutly religious Hannah remained calm and was confident with the idea that her son was protected by God in the business of saving the Union from what she regarded as a "terrible war".
When Ulysses was elected president in 1868, Hannah, not liking publicity and praise, was not present when Ulysses was sworn in as the 18th President of United States, and never visited the White House during his two terms as president. As she came from a family of Jacksonian Democrats, there was much political speculation about her noted absence. There is only one known interview of her. During the presidency of her son Ulysses, she lived a detached life from him, though she was not estranged from him, as many had assumed.
Hannah's husband, Jesse, died on June 29, 1873, four years after their son Ulysses was sworn in as president in 1869. Often met with inquiries about her famous son, Hannah remained virtually silent about anything to do with Ulysses or the family for the duration of her life.
Final days.
When Hannah's husband, Jesse, died in 1873, she moved in with her daughter, Virginia, wife of Abel Corbin.
There is only one known news interview of Hannah which occurred in Jersey City sometime after President Grant's term in office. In response to an inquiry about when she expected to see her son, Ulysses, again, she replied, "Indeed, the newspapers seem to know more about it than we do; at least, so Mrs. Corbin says. For myself, I never read any paper but the "Christian Advocate", published in Cincinnati."
Some ten years later Hannah died on May 11, 1883, at the age of 84, at 12:30 in the afternoon, at her home at 582 Pavonia Ave in Jersey City. Up until that time she was considered in good health and her death came unexpectedly. On the morning of her death she was going about her usual business around the house, had read the newspaper and had conversations with her daughter, Mrs. Virginia Grant Corbin, the only other person in the house. At about noon, Hannah began to feel weak and faint and retired to her bed for rest. She continued to grow weak at an alarming rate, where her daughter, not knowing the seriousness of Hannah's condition, went for help a block away, and then sent a telegram notifying her sister, in Philadelphia. When she returned to the house, Hannah was incoherent and within minutes had stopped breathing. News of her death was telegraphed to General Grant, who made the necessary arrangements for her funeral. The funeral was held in Hannah's home with the Reverend Richard from the Simpson Methodist Church conducting the service.
At Hannah's funeral, not wanting to overshadow her memory with his fame, Ulysses advised the pastor that he should "speak of her only as a pure-minded simple-hearted, earnest, Methodist Christian ...", asking him to speak of her only, and to make no reference to himself, asserting his request by maintaining that Hannah had gained nothing by any position he had ever held.


Mary Mosiman

Mary Mosiman (born February 13, 1962) is an American politician who served as the 32nd State Auditor of Iowa. A Republican, she was appointed by Governor Terry Branstad to the position of Auditor of State on May 13, 2013, filling a vacancy created when David A. Vaudt resigned. She was elected to a full term of office in 2014. She was defeated by Democrat Rob Sand in 2018.
Previously, she had served as Story County auditor winning election in 2000 and re-election in 2004 and 2008, and as Deputy Iowa Secretary of State from 2010 to 2013.
Mosiman was born and currently resides in Ames, Iowa and grew up in Hubbard, Iowa. She earned her B. A. in Business-Accounting in 1999 and became a Certified Public Accountant in 2003.


Juilliard v. Greenman

Juilliard v. Greenman, 110 U.S. 421 (1884), was a Supreme Court of the United States case in which issuance of greenbacks as legal tender in peacetime was challenged.
The Legal Tender Acts of 1862 and 1863 were upheld.
Augustus D. Juilliard sold and delivered 100 bales of cotton to Thomas S. Greenman for $5,122.90. Greenman tendered $5,100 in United States legal tender notes and the rest in coin, but Juilliard would not accept the U.S. notes. The tendered notes were originally issued under an act of Congress passed on February 25, 1862 and March 3, 1863, during the Civil War. An act of May 31, 1878 provided to "forbid the further retirement of United States legal tender notes."
The decision.
In an 8-1 decision resting largely on prior court cases, particularly the jointly decided cases "Knox v. Lee" and "Parker v. Davis", the power "of making the notes of the United States a legal tender in payment of private debts" was interpreted as "included in the power to borrow money and to provide a national currency."
Dissent.
Justice Field dissented, challenging the court's interpretation of the terms to "borrow" and to "coin" money.
He explained that the term to borrow money was well settled in other instruments, such as municipal and corporate bonds and private contracts, and he contended that allowing the government to make their notes legal tender would interfere with third-party contractual obligations, as third parties would be compelled by law to accept notes instead of coin. He argued that a private corporate bond could not require an amusement park to accept the bond in exchange for entry. To find that the term to borrow money as written in the Constitution, according to him, would allow interference in third-party contracts and would improve the value of the note, but would deviate from the meaning of the term "to borrow money."
He asserted that the meaning of the terms "to coin money" was certain: "It is to mould metallic substances into forms convenient for circulation and to stamp them with the impress of the government." He argued that in the clause authorizing Congress "to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States," a distinction was clearly made between debt and coin.
He also cited many quotes by the founders against paper money, including the following by James Madison: "The pretext for paper currency, and particularly for making the bills a tender either for public or private debts, was cut off."


Generalized Social Contribution

In France, the generalized social contribution ( or CSG) is a tax created on to fund the social protection system (namely health insurance and family benefits) and, since 2018, unemployment benefits.
The CSG aims to diversify the financing of social protection, based mainly on social contributions. The traditional system had become questionable because social contributions used to be a burden for employers, for contributions are levied on earnings, i.e. they are part of the labor costs. In addition, only incomes from work used to contribute.
The CSG enabled easing the burden of social security contributions on wages, to promote a way of funding consistent with the widespread use of Social Security benefits, and to force all household incomes to contribute (e.g. income from work but also property), contrary to social contributions. The revenues are significant (75 billion euros) and represent almost two-thirds of taxes allocated to social protection (65%). The CSG is currently the second most important tax in France, after the VAT.
Functioning.
The CSG payable by all residents in France, except (for earned & retirement income) those who are not members of any French compulsory medical insurance scheme. It is levied at source on most income, excluding benefits and family. Its rate, modified in 2018, amounts to 9.2% for most categories of income, of which 2.4% is treated as taxable income for income tax. There are reduced rates for income from benefits (pensions, unemployment benefits).
The CSG tax base is reduced by 1.75% of the first of earned income (that is 4 times the Social Security threshold (), a parameter fixed on a yearly basis by the government).
History.
The CSG was created by the Second Rocard government () to diversify the financing sources of the French social protection system. The tax, created by the 1990 Finance Act, entered effect on at a time of relatively high economic growth and buoyant tax revenues.
Starting on , the CSG rate was set at 1.1% to finance family benefits, replacing employer contributions to the family benefits regime.
On the CSG rate was bumped to 2.4% to finance the newly created Retirement Solidarity Fund () ("Fonds de solidarité vieillesse" or FSV), which started operating in . The FSV is a non-contributory retirement regime which is tasked with providing universal retirement benefits to low-income retirees.
On the CSG rate was increased to 3.4% to finance the public health insurance regime and lottery winnings are from then on subjected to the CSG at the same rate. That increase is offset by a reduction of the employee contribution to the health insurance regime.
Until the CSG rate was identical for all types of income. From until 2018, specific rates exist for some types of income:


Abdul Qadir Fitrat

Abdul Qadir Fitrat () was governor of Da Afghanistan Bank from 2007 to 2011. He fled to the United States and is now wanted by the Afghani government. He is currently residing among the large Afghan-American community in Northern Virginia.
Fitrat was born in Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, he belongs to the Tajik ethnic group. He attended primary school in his native province and secondary school in Kabul. He then moved to Pakistan and received a degree in economics from the International Islamic University. He immigrated to the United States and earned a masters from Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. By the late 1990s he began working for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in Washington. Between 2000 and 2001, he worked for First Union National Bank in Northern Virginia and later for the World Bank. During the Karzai administration, he was appointed as the governor of Afghanistan's central bank.
Kabul Bank scandal and fleeing the country.
Fitrat became one of the main figures after the 2010 Kabul Bank scandal, when its chairman Sherkhan Farnood and other insiders were spending the bank's $1 billion for their own personal lavish style living as well as lending money under the table to family, relatives and friends. In June 2011, the Afghan government issued an arrest warrant for Fitrat. In October 2012, Afghan President Hamid Karzai ordered Fitrat to return from the U.S. to Afghanistan.


Nanjing Iron and Steel Group

Nanjing Iron and Steel Group Corp., Ltd. is a Chinese conglomerate company based in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. It was a state-owned enterprise, but now it is a joint venture of Nanjing Iron and Steel Venture Investment (, about 36.07% owned by the worker union of Nanjing Iron and Steel Group) and state-owned enterprise Nanjing New Industrialization Investment Group in a 51–49 ratio. Nanjing Iron and Steel Group formed another joint venture with Fosun International as an intermediate holding company of Nanjing Iron and Steel Company, in a 60–40 ratio. On 31 December 2015 Fosun International appointed Nanjing Iron and Steel Group as a proxy for 1/6 of their voting rights, making the voting rights were equally shared between Nanjing Iron and Steel Group and Fosun International after 31 December 2015.
History.
The predecessor of Nanjing Iron and Steel Group was founded in 1958 as a steel plant. It was one of the 18 small-sized steel plants established in 18 provinces of China. In 1996 the plant was incorporated as Nanjing Iron and Steel Group Corp., Ltd.. It was one of the 512 important state-owned enterprises in 1997. (1 of 47 iron and steel industry) In 1999, the major assets of the group was reincorporated as Nanjing Iron and Steel Company (NISCO), which was listed to Shanghai Stock Exchange in 2000. The group retained some assets such as logistic company and hospital. In 2003, Nanjing Iron and Steel Group injected the stake of NISCO to a new intermediate holding company formed with the consortium of Fosun High Technology and its parent company Guangxin Technology (). Nanjing Iron and Steel Group owned 40% stake of the new intermediate holding company, Nanjing Nangang Iron & Steel United in exchange.
In 2000 Nanjing Iron and Steel Group acquired the controlling interests in Huaigang Group. After capital increase, it was diluted to 26.15%. The stake was transferred back to Huai'an Municipal People's Government in 2005. A investment by Nanjing Iron and Steel Group on Huaigang Group was also refurbished by Huai'an Government to Nanjing Government in the same year.
In 2010, the residual unlisted steel manufacturing assets of Nanjing Nangang Iron & Steel United was injected to the listed company Nanjing Iron and Steel Company.
In 2014, Nanjing Iron and Steel Group made a public offer to sell 100% stake of its subsidiary Nanjing Sanjin Real Estate Development () for . However, no firm willing to buy the subsidiary. In 2016, another subsidiary Xinlei () was sold to Modern Land (China) () for .
On 31 December 2015, Nanjing Iron and Steel Group regained 10% voting rights on the joint venture by signing an agreement to act as a proxy for a subsidiary of Fosun International. (, Fosun Intl. itself was a new intermediate holding company for the owners of Guangxin Technology)
Equity investments.
As at 30 June 2016, Nanjing Iron and Steel Group also owned 12.05% shares of ().


Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg

The Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg are a pair of passenger trains operated by Amtrak operating along a route between Chicago and Quincy, Illinois. The trains are a part of the "Illinois Service" rail network and are partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Between Chicago and Galesburg, Illinois, the services share the BNSF, (ex-CB&Q main line) with the "California Zephyr" and "Southwest Chief". The Galesburg to Quincy section (ex-CB&Q Quincy/Hannibal branch) is only served by the "Illinois Zephyr" and the "Carl Sandburg". Started in November 1971, the "Illinois Zephyr" is the "longest continuously operated state-sponsored train." The "Carl Sandburg" was added as a second daily round trip in 2006.
During fiscal year 2015, both the "Illinois Zephyr" and "Carl Sandburg" carried a combined 208,961 passengers, a 2.8% decrease over fiscal year 2014. The two trains had a total revenue of $5,287,029 in fiscal year 2015, a 4.2% decrease over fiscal year 2014.
History.
The "Illinois Zephyr" is a descendant of the "Kansas City Zephyr" and "American Royal Zephyr" passenger train routes operated by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad from 1953 until 1968 and 1971, respectively. The state of Illinois intervened in 1971 at the request of Quincy College (now Quincy University), Western Illinois University, and residents of western Illinois. This became part of the "Illinois Service" initiative in 1971 and is partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Service on the "Illinois Zephyr" began on November 14, 1971, between Chicago and West Quincy, Missouri. The name "Zephyr" is preserved in the current name of the line. Today the "Illinois Zephyr" enjoys strong support from the communities it passes through, and is one of the most successful Amtrak routes.
Service to Plano began on April 30, 1972. Service to Quincy proper began on April 24, 1983 in response to the West Quincy station being frequently cut off by flooding. The suburban stop at Aurora, was discontinued on April 28, 1985, in favor of Naperville. Passenger service was cut back to Quincy on May 1, 1994, after a major flood in 1993 destroyed the original station at West Quincy. The "Illinois Zephyr" and the "Carl Sandburg" trainsets continue to cross the Mississippi River to layover at the BNSF West Quincy railyard for servicing between runs.
On October 30, 2006, a second round trip, the "Carl Sandburg" was added as part of the Midwest Regional Rail Initiative. The train's name honors Carl Sandburg, whose birthplace in Galesburg, Illinois lies just a few hundred feet from this train's route. The morning westbound/evening eastbound schedule complements the opposite morning eastbound/evening westbound schedule of the "Illinois Zephyr".
During 2010, Amtrak contacted officials from communities in northeastern Missouri and western Illinois regarding the feasibility of extending the "Illinois Zephyr", plus "Carl Sandburg", southwards to Hannibal, Missouri and St. Louis. While a study for the expansion was not conducted, the project could be funded with a mix of both federal and state money.
Consist.
Today, a normal Amtrak "Illinois Zephyr" or "Carl Sandburg" consists of:


Peter Georg Bang

Peter Georg Bang (7 October 1797 – 2 April 1861) was a Danish politician and jurist. He served as the Prime Minister of Denmark 1854–1856.
Biography.
Bang was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. His parents were Jacob Hansen Bang (1770-1841) and Anna Cathrine Sophie Østrup (1779-1820).
He became a student at Frederiksborg Latin School in 1813, took lic.jur. in 1816 and obtained Dr. Jur. in 1820.
He was a professor of Roman law at the University of Copenhagen and from 1836 to 1845 he was director of Danmarks Nationalbank.
In 1845 when he was appointed Deputy in National Treasury ("Rentekammeret").
His daughter, Ville Bang (1848–1932), became a recognized painter and art teacher.
Bang became Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1847 and was awarded the Grand Cross in 1854. He died in 1861 and is buried in Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.


Young African Leaders Initiative

The Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI) is an initiative of the United States Department of State. It was begun in 2010 by President Barack Obama. YALI is a programme aimed at educating and networking young African leaders with activities including the Mandela Washington Fellowship which brings them to study in the United States for six weeks, with follow-up resources, and student exchange programs. In 2014, the program was expanded to include four regional "leadership centers" in Ghana, Kenya, Senegal and South Africa.
500 participants in the Mandela Washington Fellowship arrived in the United States on June 16, 2014. In 2019 there were 700 fellows.
YALI Regional Leadership Center.
As part of efforts to decentralize and to reach a lot of young leaders, the Young African Leaders Initiative program created regional leadership centers across Africa known as the YALI Regional Leadership Center (RLC). Participants of the Regional Leadership Centers go through online and in-person training and are provided with professional development opportunities in these three track areas; Business and Entrepreneurship, Civil Society Management and Public Policy and Management.
The Regional Leadership Center can be located in West Africa with centers in Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), Accra, Ghana and Centre Africain d’Etudes Supérieures en Gestion (CESAG), Dakar, Senegal the Accra Center has a satellite campus at the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON), near Lagos, Nigeria. The one at Dakar, Senegal is for French speaking West Africans.
There is a YALI Regional Leadership Center for East Africans, it is located at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya it serves citizens of the following countries: Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.
The Southern African Regional Leadership Center is at University of South Africa (UNISA) School of Business Leadership (SBL), near Pretoria, South Africa with a satellite campus at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique for Portuguese speakers.


Edward Wemple

Edward Wemple (October 23, 1843 in Fultonville, Montgomery County, New York – December 18, 1920 in Fultonville, Montgomery County, New York) was an American businessman and U.S. Representative from New York.
Life.
Wemple attended the public schools in Fultonville and Ashland Academy, and graduated from Union College in 1866. Then he studied law for a time and engaged in the foundry business in partnership with his two brothers. In 1868 he married Adelaide F. Groat (1844-1895), and the couple had six children.
He was President of the Village of Fultonville in 1873, and Supervisor of the Town of Glen from 1874 to 1876. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Montgomery Co.) in 1877 and 1878.
Wemple was elected as a Democrat to the 48th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1885. In Congress he worked to secure funding for the Saratoga Monument commemorating the Battles of Saratoga.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (18th D.) in 1886 and 1887. He was New York State Comptroller from 1888 to 1891, elected at the New York state election, 1887 and the New York state election, 1889.
On November 13, 1895, he was arrested on charges of arson. He had burned down his own foundry, after it had been sold at an assignee's sale, and several other buildings in and around Fultonville. On December 2, he was pronounced insane, taken to the Utica Insane Asylum, and later transferred to the Middletown State Hospital. On August 13, 1909, he was released from Middletown Asylum, and taken home to Fultonville.
He died on December 18, 1920; and was buried at the Maple Avenue Cemetery in Fultonville.


Dionis de Lys

Dionis de Lys or Lis (born-16th century) was a Flemish conquistador in the service of the Spanish monarchy. He attended the first foundation of Buenos Aires by Pedro de Mendoza.
Biography.
Dionis was born in Lys, County of Flanders, the son of Johannes de Lys and Barboxa de Leys. He had arrived to the Río de la Plata in the expedition of Pedro de Mendoza, together with a contingents of Flemish adventurers.
Lys traveled to Asuncion, where he formed a family, a daughter Catalina de Lys was married to Luis Alegre, also born in Flanders.


Tax incentives in Malaysia

Malaysia has enacted a number of tax incentives to encourage particular forms of economic activity. Many tax incentives simply remove part or of the burden of the tax from business transactions. In Malaysia, the corporate tax rate is now capped at 25%. Nevertheless, a company eligible for a certain tax incentive might only pay an average effective tax rate of 7.5%, with only 30% of the company's profit being subjected to tax. This is a good example of how the companies benefit through the incentives provided by the Malaysian Government.
There are a number of tax incentives given to entrepreneurs to encourage business growth and development. Therefore, many businesses have taken advantage of the various tax incentives available for their benefit. Good knowledge of these tax incentives has provided them ideas to effectively plan their business and investment strategies. As such companies have to seek expert opinions on all available tax incentives before they make their move to invest, because the incentives vary according to the business' structure. As an example, certain incentives are only available to private limited companies (Sdn. Bhd.) or public listed companies in Malaysia.
Specific incentives.
Pioneer Status (PS).
This is a tax usually a partial exemption on tax payment for a period of five years. As a pioneer status incentive the tax holder is exempted up to 70 percent tax ofits statutory income therefore only 7.2 percent is being paid. The incentive is available to companies engaging in business activities or in the production of promoted products and the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) determines the promoted product or activity.
Investment Tax Allowance (ITA).
This is another investment eligible to production of promoted products. This tax is specifically suitable for companies with large capital investment but cannot generate returns over a short time. It is provided for plant and equipment acquired by the company during the tax relief period, usually from 5 to 10 years. The normal rate of allowance is 60 per cent on the qualifying capital expenditure. ITA can be offset against 70 per cent of companies' statutory incomes.
Reinvestment Allowance (RA).
According to the Income Tax Act 1967 Schedule 7A- Reinvestment Allowance Subject to this Schedule, where a company which is resident in Malaysia has been in operation for not less than twelve months; and has incurred in the basis period for a year of assessment capital expenditure on a factory, plant or machinery used in Malaysia for the purposes of a qualifying project there shall be given to the company for that year of assessment a reinvestment allowance of an amount equal to sixty per cent of that expenditure:Provided that such expenditure shall not include capital expenditure incurred on plant or machinery which is provided wholly or partly for the use of a director, or an individual who is a member of the management, or administrative or clerical staff.
Modes.
In Malaysia there are a variety of tax incentives to encourage investments whether by foreign direct investors or domestic investors. There are four modes of incentives to be discussed vividly.


Jaeger City, California

Jaeger City, or Jaegerville, was a former settlement in what is now Imperial County, California, at Jaeger's Ferry on the Colorado River a mile downstream from Fort Yuma. It was named for L. J. F. Jaeger who ran the ferry there from 1851.
History.
Jaeger City, then in San Diego County, California was the first and largest settlement near the fort until 1862. It began as a stockade for defense of the ferry and its operators against the Quechan, and a collection of tents. It was a station of the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line from 1857 to 1860. At its height it consisted of the Fort Yuma Station of the Butterfield Overland Mail and its local office, a hotel, two blacksmiths, two stores and other dwellings. Colorado City begun in 1853 lay across the river and Arizona City lay a mile above it across from Fort Yuma.
Jaeger City was destroyed, along with Colorado City across the river, in the Great Flood of 1862. Jaeger City was never rebuilt. Jaeger's Ferry was rebuilt and Colorado City also, on higher ground as part of Arizona City, later renamed Yuma, Arizona in 1873, and the ferry relocated there across from the fort.
The site today.
The site is located southeast of Winterhaven, California. All trace of the settlement has been washed away by the flooding of the river since 1862.


Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (admiral)

Prince Mikhail Mikhailovitch Golitsyn or Galitzin ( (1 November 1684–25 March 1764) was a Russian admiral and diplomat.
Biography.
Born in Moscow, he was the youngest son of Mikhail Andreyevich Golitsyn and his wife Prascovia Nikitichna Kaftyriova.
In 1703 he began a career in the Imperial Russian Navy. From 1708 to 1717 he studied seamanship in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In 1717 he returned to Russia and participated in the Great Northern War, during which he distinguished himself in the Battle of Grengam, commanding a detachment of rowing fleet that defeated a Swedish squadron.
In 1726 he became an advisor to the Board of Admiralty and was made a Lieutenant commander. In 1728 he became privy councilor and senator, and in 1727 he was named president of the College of Justice. Together with his brother, also Mikhail Mikhailovitch, he participated in the events surrounding the coronation of Empress Anna Ivanovna.
In 1732 he returned to the navy with the rank of vice admiral but in 1741 Empress Elizabeth came to the throne and he was recalled to politics, again becoming a privy councilor in 1745. He was appointed ambassador to Persia from 1745 to 1748, and brought peach trees back to his greenhouse, resulting in the first crop of peaches harvested in Russia.
In 1746 he was promoted to the rank of admiral, from 1748 he was commander of the Russian Navy, and in 1750 he was appointed Chairman of the Board of Admiralty. He is one of the admirals credited for the development of the Russian art of naval warfare. In December 1752, he was appointed supreme commander of Saint Petersburg, a post he held until May 1754.
In 1756, Golitsyn was elevated to the rank of admiral-general, He was the third person to hold this position, and the last one who was not a member of the royal family.
He retired in 1762 and died on March 25 1764 in Moscow. He was buried there in the Epiphany Monastery.
Marriages.
First marriage.
His first wife was Maria Dmitrievna Golovina (d. 1721). They had no children.
Second marriage.
On January 22, 1722, he married Tatiana Kirillovna Naryshkyna (1704–1757), daughter of the governor of Moscow, Kirill Alekseyevich Naryshkin. They had eight children:


John C. Kelton

John Cunningham Kelton (June 24, 1828 – July 15, 1893) was an officer in the United States Army who served as Adjutant General of the U.S. Army from 1889 to 1892.
Biography.
Kelton was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1851. He was appointed to the 6th Infantry and stationed at the northwestern frontier. In 1855, he was transferred to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, where he was made 1st lieutenant. He was appointed assistant instructor of infantry tactics at West Point in 1857 and again in 1859. When the American Civil War began, Kelton was made Chief Purchasing Commissary at St. Louis for supplying troops in the West. He then served as Assistant Adjutant General of the Department of the West with the rank of captain. In the fall of 1861, Kelton was commissioned Colonel of the 9th Missouri Volunteers. He resigned his volunteer commission on March 12, 1862 and in turn served as Assistant Adjutant General of the Department of Mississippi in 1862. Here he served on the field during the Siege of Corinth. Kelton was promoted to brevet colonel and again to brevet brigadier for his valuable services during the war.
Kelton was appointed to the Adjutant General's Department in April 1865 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1866. He was appointed as adjutant general of the Division of the Pacific in July 1870, where he remained until September 1885, earning a promotion to colonel in June 1880. In October 1885 he returned to the Adjutant General's Department in Washington, and he was appointed Adjutant General of the U. S. Army with the rank of brigadier general in June 1889. He retired in June 1892.
After retirement, he was appointed as governor of the Soldier's Home in Washington, where he served until his death in July 1893. He is buried in the cemetery there, now known as the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery.


Adelbert Waldron

Adelbert F. "Bert" Waldron III (March 14, 1933 – October 18, 1995) was a United States Army sniper who served during the Vietnam War with the 9th Infantry Division. Until 2011, Waldron held the record for most confirmed kills by any American sniper (109 confirmed kills).
Early life.
Adelbert was born 14 March 1933 to Adeline Baxter Waldron and Adelbert F. Waldron, a parking lot operator, detective agency employee, fireman and school bus driver in Syracuse, New York. He had two sisters.
Career.
Prior to his time in the Army, Waldron spent 12 years in the US Navy. As a member of the 9th Infantry Division, he was assigned to PBR boats patrolling the Mekong Delta, at one point making a confirmed kill from a moving boat at 900 yards. He set his record of 109 kills in just 8 months. After leaving Vietnam he was assigned as a marksmanship instructor at Ft. Benning, GA but left the Army in 1970.
Waldron was one of the few two-time recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross, both awarded for separate actions in 1969. In addition to these he was awarded a Silver Star, multiple Bronze Stars, and a Presidential Unit Citation.
Waldron is buried in Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California.


List of Royal Warrant holders of the British royal family

This is a list of present and past Royal Warrant holders of the British Royal Family.
British Royal Warrants are currently granted by Queen Elizabeth II and Charles, Prince of Wales to companies or tradespeople who supply goods and services. The warrant enables the supplier to advertise the fact that they supply to the royal family. Royal Warrants are only awarded to tradesmen. The professions, employment agencies, party planners, the media, government departments, and "places of refreshment or entertainment" (such as pubs and theatres) do not qualify. The Merchandise Marks Act 1887 makes it illegal for companies to falsely claim that they have a Royal Warrant.
Grantors.
The Royal Warrant Holders Association has a searchable directory.
Partial table of current warrants.
 Date of first Royal Warrant if multiple warrants awarded
Partial table of past warrants.
 Date of first Royal Warrant if multiple warrants awarded


Foreign Service Specialist

Foreign Service Specialists are direct-hire career employees of the United States Department of State and other foreign affairs agencies. They are members of the United States Foreign Service who provide important technical, support or administrative services in 19 career categories, including Diplomatic Security Agents, Doctors and Physician Assistants, Information Management Specialists, Office Management Specialists, Human Resource Specialists. They serve in over 290 Embassies or Consulates abroad, Washington, D.C. or other locations in the continental United States.
Differences between Officer and Specialist.
Officers hold Article II commissions from the President and are the diplomats of the United States while Specialists perform the essential functions that enable the conduct of diplomacy. Employment benefits for Specialists and Officers are generally the same. All serve in a series of overseas assignments at U.S. embassies and consulates around the world for much of their careers, with some domestic postings in Washington, D.C. or other locations in the continental United States.
The selection processes for Specialists and Officers differ, although all include an Oral Assessment, medical and security clearances and a suitability review. Additionally, Specialists may be expected to serve within their functional area throughout their careers, while Officers typically will have some assignments over the course of a career that are inter-functional or in a different career track. For example, whatever the career track, entry-level Officers usually serve in one consular or management assignment during the first two tours.
Career tracks.
In extremely rare cases when no Foreign Service specialists are available, non-career appointees can be considered for entry as FS specialists, providing they meet rigorous standards expected of career members of the Service. Limited Noncareer appointees are not officially part of the Foreign Service and must leave anytime a career person becomes available for their positions. This is a legal requirement negotiated with various labor organizations.
Allowances and benefits.
(1) Foreign Travel Per Diem Allowances: The foreign travel per diem allowances provide for lodging, meals, and incidental expenses when an employee is on temporary duty overseas. While the Office of Allowances is responsible for setting foreign per diem rates, per diem travel policy, both foreign and domestic, is governed by the Federal Travel Regulation (FTR) and not by the DSSR. Employees should check their individual agency’s implementing regulations also. The FTR can be found on the General Services Administration’s website at http://www.gsa.gov/perdiemrates.
(2) Cost-of-Living Allowances: The cost-of-living allowances are those allowances that are designed to reimburse employees for certain excess costs that they incur as a result of their employment overseas. This group includes the Post Allowance (more commonly referred to as the COLA), Foreign Transfer Allowance, Home Service Transfer Allowance, Separate Maintenance Allowance, Education Allowance, and Educational Travel. Cost-of-living allowances are not considered a part of taxable income.
(3) Recruitment and Retention Incentives: These allowances are designed to recruit employees to posts where living conditions may be difficult or dangerous. Post Hardship Differential, Danger Pay, and Difficult-to-Staff Incentive Differential (also known as Service-Needs Differential) are all considered recruitment and retention allowances. They are included in taxable income. Eligibility for full retirement benefits with 20 years of service if age 50 or older. Foreign Service pension equal to 1.7% high three years average salary times the number of years served up to 20 years, 1% for each year above 20.
(4) Quarters Allowances: Quarters Allowances, which include the Living Quarters Allowance, Temporary Quarters Subsistence Allowance, and Extraordinary Quarters Allowance, are intended to reimburse employees for substantially all housing costs, either temporary or permanent, at overseas posts where government housing is not provided. These allowances are not included in taxable income.
(5) Other Allowances: Other allowances include ORE (Official Residence Expense), Representation Allowance, evacuation-related payments, and Advance of Pay.


Jagat Singh II

Jagat Singh II (17 September 1709 – 5 June 1751), was the Maharana of Mewar Kingdom (r. 1734 – 1751). He succeeded his father Sangram Singh II.
He spent the fortunes of his kingdom while trying to place his nephew, Madho Singh I on the throne of Jaipur, he was defeated at the Battle of Rajamahal and forced to pay heavy tributes to Jaipur. He was also unable to pay his mercenaries who ravaged his country.


West Shore Railroad (Pennsylvania)


Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida

Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case which held that Article One of the U.S. Constitution did not give the United States Congress the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states that is further protected under the Eleventh Amendment. Such abrogation is permitted where it is necessary to enforce the rights of citizens guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment as per "Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer". The case also held that the doctrine of "Ex parte Young", which allows state officials to be sued in their official capacity for prospective injunctive relief, was inapplicable under these circumstances, because any remedy was limited to the one that Congress had provided.
Background.
Indian gaming history.
The Seminole Tribe of Florida owned property in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, seven miles southwest of downtown, and in the late 1970s, built a large bingo facility on that land. As this was before the enactment of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, the tribe then sued the Broward County Sheriff in federal court to prevent him from enforcing state law on tribal land. The Southern District of Florida heard the case and issued a preliminary injunction in favor of the tribe in 1979 and a permanent injunction the following year. The sheriff appealed, and the Fifth Circuit affirmed the lower courts decision.
That court decision opened the floodgates for Indian gaming, which had been shut down in 1949 by a decision in Wisconsin that Indians could not use slot machines or other gambling instruments on their reservations. Since bingo did not use those prohibited instruments, the tribes were free to open bingo halls. By 1983, about 180 bingo halls were being operated by tribes on reservations across the nation. This prompted a flood of litigation as the individual States attempted to shut down Indian gaming by either civil or criminal cases, efforts which typically failed, as in California.
As the various Indian tribes sought to obtain a steady source of revenue through gaming, some tribes went further than others. While abiding with the federal prohibition on gambling machines and instruments, the Puyallaup Indian tribe, on their reservation, opened casinos that offered blackjack, poker, and craps. Federal law enforcement authorities arrested the tribal members operating the casino and charged them with violating the Organized Crime Control Act. Similar results occurred in Michigan with the Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians.
Legislation.
Beginning in 1984, Congress began to hold hearings on Indian gaming. Based on the Supreme Court decision in "Cabazon" that basically prohibited state regulation while allowing federal enforcement, Congress had to take some type of action. The Department of Justice (DOJ) took the position that it would be unable to prevent organized crime from being involved in Indian gaming operations. At the same time, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) called for preemptive legislation allowing tribal control and prohibiting state interference. States and non-tribal gaming interests opposed any tribal gaming.
In 1988 Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA). The final result was a compromise between the competing interests, and established three classes of gaming: Class I, traditional, low value gaming, often for ceremonial purposes; Class II, bingo and like games such as pull-tabs, and punchboards; and Class III, which included all other gaming, such as slot machines, craps, poker, and so on. Tribes are allowed to regulate all Class I/II Indian gaming, and the act set requirements for regulating Class III gaming, which was regulated by compacts between the tribes and the states, and overseen by the NIGC.
Many of the American Indian tribes were opposed to the legislation and the Mescalero Apache and Red Lake Band of Chippewa sued in an attempt to declare the law unconstitutional. The lawsuit was the first major attempt by an Indian Tribe to reverse the federal policy announced in "Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock", which allowed Congress to exercise plenary power over the tribes, to include reneging on treaties. The attempt was unsuccessful, with the D.C. District Court holding that existing precedent allowed Congress to regulate actions of the tribes.
The IGRA required the states to negotiate with Indian tribes to create compacts governing Indian gaming. The statute provided that if a state failed to enter into such negotiations, or to negotiate in good faith, the Tribes could sue the state in federal court in order to compel the states to negotiate. If the states still refused, the statute provided that the matter would ultimately be referred to the Secretary of the Interior. Congress had asserted its power under the part of the Commerce Clause relating to commerce with Indians to pass such a statute, abrogating the immunity of states pursuant to its express powers.
Case history.
Facts of the case.
The Seminole Tribe of Florida requested that the state enter into such a negotiation. When the state refused, the Tribe filed suit, as allowed by the statute, against both the state of Florida and the governor, Lawton Chiles. The District Court declined to dismiss the case, but the Eleventh Circuit reversed, holding that the Eleventh Amendment barred the suit, and that the doctrine of "Ex parte Young" could not be used to force good faith negotiation. The tribe then filed a petition for "certiorari" to the Supreme Court, which granted the petition and docketed the case. While Florida prepared to argue the case, thirty-one additional states filed "amicus" briefs supporting Florida's position.
A little less than two decades earlier, in "Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer", the Court had held that Congress can abrogate state sovereign immunity pursuant to its powers under the Fourteenth Amendment, which clearly contemplates limiting the power of the states. In "Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co.", the Court had held that Congress could also abrogate sovereign immunity under the Commerce Clause – but there was no majority in that decision. Justice Brennan was joined by three other justices in asserting that the Eleventh Amendment was nothing more than a reflection of common law sovereignty that could be swept aside by Congress; Justice Scalia was also joined by three other justices in taking the opposite view; and Justice Byron White wrote a separate opinion holding that Congress had such power, but stating his disagreement with Brennan's opinion (but not his own rationale).
Now, the Supreme Court was once again presented with the question of whether Congress has the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states, pursuant to the powers granted to it in Article One.
Supreme Court.
Opinion of the Court.
The Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, struck down this abrogation as unconstitutional and further held that the doctrine of "Ex parte Young" does not apply in this situation.
The Court began by repudiating the precedential value of "Union Gas", noting that there was no single majority rationale, and characterizing it as a major departure from the 19th century case of "Hans v. Louisiana", which had established the modern doctrine of sovereign immunity. The Court suggested that allowing Congress to abrogate sovereign immunity improperly expanded the jurisdiction of the federal courts beyond what Article Three of the U.S. Constitution permitted. The Eleventh Amendment, it contended, had further protected the states' sovereign immunity; the Fourteenth Amendment placed limitations on the Eleventh Amendment, but only with respect to the rights guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment.
The Court also found that the doctrine of "Ex parte Young" did not apply, invoking the rationale of an earlier case, "Schweiker v. Chilicky", for the proposition that where Congress had provided a remedial scheme, the Courts would not imply the existence of additional remedies.
Dissenting Opinions.
Justice Souter wrote a lengthy dissent in which he was joined by Justices Ginsburg and Breyer. Souter's dissent focuses on the language of the Eleventh Amendment, which only appears to eliminate diversity jurisdiction between states and citizens of "other" states. He rejects the "critical errors" in "Hans", which had read common law sovereign immunity to extend the jurisdictional bar of the Eleventh Amendment to suits between states and their "own" citizens. Souter discounts the importance of the common law in interpreting the Constitution because the Constitution itself was such a new and unprecedented device at the time of its creation that it was clearly intended as a rejection of the common law that came before it. As support for this contention, Souter notes that the framers of the U.S. Constitution did not include language adopting the common law that had already been adopted by many of the states in their own constitutions. Souter also notes that Congress had rejected proposed language for the Eleventh Amendment which would clearly have barred suits between states and their own citizens, and which would clearly have prevented Congress from abrogating this bar.
Souter also disagrees with the Court's rejection of "Ex parte Young", noting that where "Chilicky" was a rejection of the extra-statutory remedy proposed, "Young" was merely a jurisdictional device. Souter found it implausible that Congress would wish to see their statute made "completely" unenforceable simply because they had included a remedy for those injured by the failure of states to abide by it.
Justice Stevens dissented separately, agreeing with the points raised in Souter's dissent, but adding some additional observations. In particular, Stevens noted that neither Justice Iredell's dissent in "Chisholm v. Georgia", nor the majority opinion in "Hans" had addressed situations in which Congress had specifically authorized a lawsuit against a state and suggested that both opinions had in fact presumed that such a suit was possible.
Subsequent developments.
The decision in "Seminole Tribe" was described as having "exemplified the Court's increasingly adamant refusal to countenance the headlong expansion of Congress's regulatory power under the Constitution's Commerce Clause". In "Alden v. Maine" (1999), the Court clarified:
In "Central Virginia Community College v. Katz" (2006), the Court narrowed the scope of its ruling in "Seminole Tribe v. Florida". It held the Bankruptcy Clause of Article I abrogated state sovereign immunity.


Lady Jane Ruthven

Lady Jane Ruthven or Lady Jean Ruthven, (died 1668), of noble Scottish descent, was a lady-in-waiting at the court of Queen Christina of Sweden. She served as "hovfröken" (maid of honour) to the queen.
Ruthven was a daughter of the Scottish general Patrick Ruthven, 1st Earl of Forth, who was in Swedish service from 1609 to 1637, and Jane Henderson. She was also the maternal niece of General John Henderson. Her father and uncle were both in Swedish service, and she kept in contact with the latter after he left Sweden. She had Roman Catholic sympathies through her mother and uncle.
With some exceptions, such as Ebba Sparre, Jane Ruthven and Louise van der Nooth, Queen Christina showed little interest in her female courtiers, and mentions them only to express contempt over their femininity and portray herself as more masculine than them. In 1639 she mentions her attitude toward her ladies in waiting in regard to Beata Oxenstierna and her daughter, maid of honor Märta Ulfsparre: "The Mistress of the Robes Lady Beata Oxenstierna and her daughter arrived just now. The more of them that comes here the worse it is".
Ruthven belonged to a small circle of female favorites. It is known that the English ambassador Bulstrode Whitelocke cultivated her company because of her influence at the Swedish court.
Before July 1661, she married James Forrester, 2nd Lord Forrester of Corstorphine.


European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism

The European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM) is an emergency funding programme reliant upon funds raised on the financial markets and guaranteed by the European Commission using the budget of the European Union as collateral. It runs under the supervision of the Commission and aims at preserving financial stability in Europe by providing financial assistance to member states of the European Union in economic difficulty.
The Commission fund, backed by all 28 European Union members, has the authority to raise up to €60 billion. The EFSM is rated AAA by Fitch, Moody's and Standard & Poor's.
The EFSM has been operational since 10 May 2010.
Programmes.
Irish programme.
Under the programme agreed between the Eurozone and the government of Ireland, the EFSM wil provide loans of 22.4 billion euros between 2010 and 2013. As of January 2012 the EFSM had provided 15.4 bn. Further funds have also been provided through the EFSF
Portuguese programme.
Under the programme agreed between the Eurozone and the government of Portugal, the EFSM will provide loans of 26 billion euros between 2011 and 2014. As of January 2012 the EFSM had provided 15.6 bn. Further funds have also been provided through the EFSF
Greece.
In July 2015 the European Commission proposed to re-activate the EFSM to provide financing for a bridging loan to the government of Greece, in order to meet its immediate commitments including loan repayments to the IMF and ECB. In August, the loan of around €7 billion was fully repaid by Greece.
Operations.
2011 inaugural issuance.
On 5 January 2011, the European Union, under the European Financial Stabilization Mechanism, successfully placed in the capital markets a €5 billion issue of bonds as part of the financial support package agreed for Ireland. The issuance spread was fixed at mid swap plus 12 basis points. This implies borrowing costs for EFSM of 2.59%.


Organization for Collection and Sale of State-owned Properties of Iran

Organization for Collection and Sale of State-owned Properties of Iran (OCSSPI) (), founded in 2001, is affiliated to the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance of Iran. Its main purpose is to focus all matters relating to the collection, storage, management and sale of properties that by law are under the ownership, possession, custody or management of the government of Iran.


Osborn v. Bank of the United States

Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738 (1824), was a case set in the Banking Crisis of 1819, when many banks, including the Second Bank of the United States, demanded repayment for loans that they had issued on credit that they did not have. This led to an economic downturn and a shortage of money. In 1819, Ohio passed a law that put a tax on the Bank of the United States on the theory that taxing a bank would allow the state government to receive and distribute the scarce money.
On September 17, 1819, Ohio Auditor Ralph Osborn was given permission to seize $100,000 from a branch of the Bank of the United States. However, his agents mistakenly took $120,000 although the extra $20,000 was promptly returned. The bank chose to sue Osborn for the return of the additional $100,000, and a federal court ruled that Osborn violated a court order, prohibiting the taxing of the bank.
Osborn argued that he had never been properly served with the order but still had to return the money. A problem arose when Osborn could pay back only $98,000, as the other $2,000 had been used to pay the salary of Osborn's tax agents.
In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Bank of the United States, ordering the return of the disputed $2,000.


Blas de Peralta

Blas de Peralta (1534–1592) was a Spanish nobleman, military man and conquistador of the Córdoba del Tucuman. He was the founder of the Porcel de Peralta family in Argentina, whose descendants had an outstanding political participation during the colonial and post colonial period.
Biography.
Peralta was born 1534 in Granada, Spain, the son of Pedro Fernández de Peralta y Porcel and Úrsula de Arteaga, belonging to a family of noble lineage. He arrived in the San Miguel de Tucumán in the expedition of Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, then attended to the foundation of Córdoba,
Blas de Peralta held various positions of high rank during the first colonial period in Argentina, serving as Alcalde of San Clemente de la Nueva Sevilla, alderman three time 1581,1583 and 1585. His highest position was as Mayor and Attorney general of the Province of Córdoba.


Weehawken Branch (Conrail)


Mesopotamia, Antioquia

Mesopotamia is a district of the municipality of La Unión in the department of Antioquia in Colombia.
Mesopotamia was formed on the site where an inn was established for the muleteers, on the old road that led from Sonsón to La Ceja. It was founded as a fraction in 1865 and belonged to La Ceja. In 1871 it was created as a vice-parish, it was elevated to the category of fraction, it was part of the Department of the South, whose capital was Salamis . This fraction did not come into operation and in 1873, it was created as a Police inspection, later suppressed and re-established in 1881. In 1878, it had been erected as a district of La Ceja. For 1884, Manuel Uribe Ángel describes it like this: "On the back of a hill, between the waters of the Ox and San Miguel rivers, is the hamlet head of the Mesopotamia Fraction".
In 1911, when the Municipality of La Unión was created, it was annexed.
General.
It has a police station, a chapel and a house of culture.
It is located approximately 25 kilometers from the main park of the municipality of La Unión, and 2 hours by car from the city of Medellín; the road is very good and paved in its entirety, several waterfalls on the edge of the road are the prelude to reach the beautiful township with a biblical name.
It has 4 sidewalks Cardal, Minitas, El Buey, San Miguel Abajo and the populated center.
Vereda Cardal: 22 km from the municipal capital, the road is paved, its terrain is undulating, the predominant economy is potatoes and blackberry crops. It has a school and tourist sites such as the natural baths of the Cardal River.
Vereda Minitas: 18 km from the municipal seat, the road is in solid material or 21 km paved, its land is steep, the potato is the predominant economy.
Vereda San Miguel Abajo: 16 km from the municipal seat, the road is in solid material, its terrain is undulating and steep, the economy predominantly potato and cape gooseberry. It has a school, community booth and chapel under construction.
Communication routes.
It is communicated by paved road with the municipalities of La Unión and Sonsón .
And by uncovered road with the municipalities of Abejorral (by 2 routes), with the municipality of La Ceja, the municipality of La Unión and with the township of San José and the hamlet of La Honda.
Climate.
Mesopotamia has a relatively cold subtropical highland climate (Cfb). It has very heavy rainfall year-round.


Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse

Louis II of Hesse () (7 September 1438 – 8 November 1471), called Louis the Frank, was the Landgrave of Lower Hesse from 1458 - 1471.
He was the son of Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse and Anna of Saxony. He married Mechthild, daughter of Ludwig I, Count of Württemberg-Urach in 1454. Their children were:
He also had seven (known) illegitimate children by his mistress, Margarethe von Holzheim (born about 1443 - died after 1515):
The Landgraviate of Hesse had been divided by his father Louis I between Louis II and his brother Henry III into Hesse-Kassel (Lower Hesse) and Hesse-Marburg (Upper Hesse). The brothers fought about the exact demarcation of the realm until May 1470.


Hermann Karl von Keyserling

Count Hermann Karl von Keyserling (1697–1764) was a Russian diplomat from the Keyserlingk family of Baltic German nobility based in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia.
Life.
In 1733, the nobility of Courland sent Keyserling to Saint Petersburg in order to inform Ernst Johann von Biron that he had been elected Duke of Courland. Biron was so pleased with the news that he had Keyserlingk appointed President of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
A year later, Keyserling was appointed Ambassador of the Russian Empire at the court of August III in Dresden and Warsaw. He kept this position until his death. As the Russian ambassador to the imperial court in Vienna he was made an imperial count in 1744.
Johann Sebastian Bach, a noted composer, is thought to have composed the Goldberg Variations for Count Keyserling as a sleep aid. The work takes its name from Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, a musician in the service of Count Keyserling.
His son Heinrich Christian von Keyserling was the wealthiest aristocrat of Königsberg, was frequented by the likes of Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottfried Herder. His marriage to Caroline von Keyserling was childless.
Hermann Karl's daughter Anna von Medem was the great-grandmother of geologist Alexander Keyserling.


Everett H. Brant

Everett Hall Brant (February 17, 1885 – November 3, 1954) was a North Dakota Republican Party politician who served as a North Dakota Public Service Commissioner from 1951 to his death in 1954.
Biography.
Everett H. Brant was born in Dakota Territory in 1885. He farmed in Emmons County, North Dakota for many years, and was married in 1913. He had two children, Scott Brant and Mrs. Loma Boyd, both moved to Oakland, California. He was elected as Emmons County Commissioner in 1910 and 1914, and as Emmons County Auditor in 1916, 1918, 1920, and 1922. He served in the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1924 to 1925, and in the North Dakota Senate from 1926 to 1929. Brant served as the Emmons County Treasurer from 1932 to 1935, and then again in the state Senate from 1938 to 1949. He was elected to the North Dakota Public Service Commission in 1950, and served for three years before his death on November 3, 1954 at the age of 69.


Battle of Limanowa

The Battle of Limanowa-Łapanów took place from 1 December to 13 December 1914, between the Austro-Hungarian Army and the Russian Army near the town of Limanowa ( south-east of Kraków).
The Austro-Hungarian high command had assumed that the German success would weaken Russian forces in the north and that the Galician front would remain quiet. Both these assumptions were incorrect.
Though the Habsburg 2nd army offensive opened on 16 November and met early success, the Russians proved stronger than expected and their 4th Army yielded little ground. Meanwhile, further south the Russian 2nd Army advanced across the San river and moved into the Tarnów area by 20 November. Further north, the Habsburg 4th Army, supported by the 47th German Reserve Division, moved onto the offensive in the last days of November.
In fierce battles around the towns of Łapanów and Limanowa, the Russian 3rd Army was beaten and forced to retreat east, ending its opportunity to reach Kraków. To avoid being surrounded, the Russian 8th Army also had to retreat, stopping its advance toward the Hungarian plains.
The confrontation was one of the final battles won unilaterally by the Austro-Hungarian Army. Most of its later victories during the war were dependent on German assistance, and it ceased to exist with the disestablishment of Austria-Hungary at the end of the war.
Background.
As Dimitriev's Russian Third Army advance towards Krakow stalled, Conrad prepared to turn its southern flank. Accordingly, Roth's Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army's XIV Corps, combined with the German 47 Reserve Infantry Division, was ordered to assemble at Chabówka. Simultaneously, Boroević's Austro-Hungarian Third Army was to take Bartfeld and Neu Sandez. By 3 December, Roth was ready to advance towards Limanowa.
Battle.
After Roth reached Limanowa on 3 December, he sent his three divisions, the 13th Rifle Division, the 3rd infantry Division, and the 8th infantry Division, north towards Neu-Sandez. In response, the Russians sent their IX and XI Corps reserves to bolster their threatened southern flank. In addition, Brusilov's Russian VIII and XXIV Corps were sent to Neu-Sandez. By 5 December, the Austro-Hungarian advance had halted, and the Russian X and XXI Corps were moving from north of the Vistula to Dimitriev's southern flank. In response, Conrad sent the Krakow garrison's Austro-Hungarian 45th Rifle Division east of Limanowa, supported by the 39th "Honvéd" Infantry division, and command elements of the VI Corps. Dimitriev then ordered his two corps facing Krakow, the Russian IX and XI Corps, to begin a retreat to the east, in an effort to reduce the risk to his southern flank.
On 7 December, the Russian VIII Corps attacked from Neu-Sandez, but Roth's Austro-Hungarians halted their advance in defensive positions prepared earlier. One of the units facing the Russian VIII Corps was Józef Piłsudski's 1st Brigade, Polish Legions. Fighting continued through 10 December, with little movement along a line from Limanowa in the south to Łapanów in the north. By 10 December, the lead elements of Boroević's Austro-Hungarian army, led by Szurmay's 38th "Honvéd" Infantry Division, had reached Nawojowa, south of Neu-Sandez. With the arrival of the Austro-Hungarian IX Corps from Bartfeld, the Russian XXIV Corps could no longer support the VIII Corps, and the Russian position in Neu-Sandez became untenable. Ivanov then ordered the Russian VIII Corps to retreat towards Zakliczyn, enabling Szurmay's Austro-Hungarians to capture Neu-Sandez on 12 December.
Aftermath.
The Russian threat to Krakow was eliminated and the Russians were pushed back across the Carpathians. The Austrian-Hungary forces claimed the battle as a victory.
Roth was awarded the Knight's Cross to the Military Order of Maria Theresa and given the honorific 'von Limanowa-Łapanów'.
Order of battle.
Russian forces.
Russian Southwestern Front, Commander-in-chief – Nikolai Ivanov
Austro-Hungarian Forces.
Commander-in-chief – Conrad von Hötzendorf