Hyeong

The Korean terms hyeong, pumsae, and teul (meaning "form" or "pattern") are all used to refer to martial arts forms that are typically used in Korean martial arts such as Taekwondo and Tang Soo Do.
A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon. In traditional dojangs (training halls), hyeong are used primarily as a form of interval training that is useful in developing mushin, proper kinetics and mental and physical fortitude. Hyeong may resemble combat, but are artistically non-combative and woven together so as to be an effective conditioning tool. One's aptitude for a particular hyeong may be evaluated in competition. In such competitions, hyeong are evaluated by a panel of judges who base the score on many factors including energy, precision, speed, and control. In western competitions, there are two general classes of hyeong: creative and standard. Creative hyeong are created by the performer and are generally more acrobatic in nature and do not necessarily reflect the kinetic principles intrinsic in any martial system.
Taekwondo forms.
Traditional taekwondo forms.
Beginning in 1946, shortly after the conclusion of the Japanese occupation of Korea, new martial arts schools called kwans were opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists who had studied primarily in Okinawa and China during the Japanese occupation. Accordingly, the martial arts practiced in the kwans was heavily influenced by shotokan karate and Chinese martial arts, though elements of taekkyeon and gwonbeop were also incorporated.
Five of these kwans were established during the interval between World War II and the Korean War. During the Korean War, establishment of new schools was halted; at the conclusion of the war four new schools were established by students from the five original kwans. Collectively, these schools are referred to as the nine original kwans of taekwondo. Each kwan practiced its own style of martial art (the term "taekwondo" had not yet been coined) and employed their own set of forms. The majority of the forms used, however, derived from Shotokan karate. In many cases they were given new names. These forms are still used today in martial arts style such as Tang Soo Do, Soo Bahk Do, Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo, and Chun Kuk Do. The article Karate kata lists many of the forms used in traditional taekwondo:
In addition to these Shotokan forms, Tang Soo Do and other traditional styles incorporate additional forms as well, many developed by Hwang Kee.
WTF/Kukkiwon Pumsae.
Kukkiwon-style taekwondo (and thus the World Taekwondo Federation) uses the word "pumsae" for form.
Prior to 1971, Kukkiwon-style taekwondo used a series of eight forms called the "palgwae" forms for color-belt forms. The term "pal-gwae" refers to the eight trigrams associated with the I Ching hexagrams. Symbolically, each form in the palgwae series corresponds to one trigram. Subsequent to 1971, the palgwae forms were deprecated in favor of eight "taegeuk" forms. The term "taegeuk" refers to the principle of the "unity of opposites". Though the movements in the taegeuk forms are different from those of the palgwae forms, each taegeuk form is likewise associated with a corresponding I Ching trigram.
Kukkiwon-style taekwondo uses a series of nine forms for dan-level black belts; this series is called the "yudanja" series. The first form in the series, Koryo, was replaced by a new form of the same name in 1971, as part of the transition from the palgwae to taegeuk forms.
Color Belt forms.
 The general meaning of this form and associated trigram is Yang, which represents Heaven and Light. Also, this trigram has a relationship to South and Father. The first Taegeuk/Palgwe form is the beginning of all "pumsae"s, the "birth" of the martial artist into Taekwondo. This "pumsae" should be performed with the greatness of Heaven.
 The associated trigram of this "pumsae" represents the Lake(joy, a calm sturdy spirit:). Also, related to the symbol is South East and the relationship of the youngest daughter. The movements of this Taegeuk/Palgwe are aimed to be performed believing that man has limitations, but that we can overcome these limitations. The Lake and its water symbolize the flowing and calm nature of the martial artist. This form is to reflect those attributes.
 This trigram represents Fire. Related to this symbol is also East and the relationship of the Second Daughter. Fire contains a lot of energy. The symbol behind the fire is similar to the symbolism of the water in that both can aid and both can destroy. This form is intended to be performed rhythmically, with some outbursts of energy to reflect fire's rhythmic and energetic dualism.
This trigram represents Thunder. Also, the trigram is strongly connected to northeast and the relationship of the Eldest son. Thunder comes from the sky and is absorbed by the earth, thus, according to the beliefs of the I Ching, thunder is one of the most powerful natural forces. This "pumsae" is associated with power and the connection between the heavens and earth. This "pumsae" is intended to be performed with power resembling the Thunder for which it is named.
The trigram associated with this "pumsae" represents Wind. The trigram is also related to southwest and the relationship with an eldest daughter. The I Ching promotes that wind is a gentle force, but can sometimes be furious, destroying everything in its path. As such, it is intended that this "pumsae" is performed like the wind: gently, but knowing the ability of mass destruction with a single movement. The performer and audience should be aware of the duality of the form.
The trigram associated with this "pumsae" represents Water. Also, there is a relation to West and the relationship with a Second son. The movements of this "pumsae" are intended to be performed like water; flowing, powerful and cleansing. Sometimes standing still like water in a lake, sometimes thriving as a river, sometimes powerful like a waterfall. The water is to symbolize calm and cleansing, while also possessing the attribute of being violent and destructive.
The trigram associated with this "pumsae" represents a Mountain. Also, it represents the northwest and youngest son. The symbolism behind the mountain is the indomitable and majestic nature that all mountains possess. This "pumsae" is intended to be performed with the feeling that all movements are this majestic due to their unconquerable nature.
The trigram associated with this "pumsae" represents the Earth. Also, there is a representation of North and Mother. The associated trigram of this "pumsae" is Yin. Yin, here, represents the end of the beginning, the evil part of all that is good. This being the last of the "pumsae" Taegeuk, it represents the end of the circle and the cyclic nature of the Earth.
ITF "Ch'ang Hon" forms.
Schools that follow the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) tradition typically use the Chang Hon 창헌 (also called Chang Hun, Chang 'On or Chon-Ji) forms that were developed by Choi Hong Hi, Nam Tae Hi, Han Cha Kyo, Choi Chang Keun, Park Won Ha, Woo Jae Lim, Kim Bok Man and Cho Sang Min, and have their roots in the Oh Do Kwan. In addition, Kim J.C., Park Jong Soo, and Lee Byung Moo are thought to have developed four of the Ch'ang Hon patterns (Eui-Am, Moon-Moo, Yong-Gae & So-San) in 1968. Park Jung Tae, likely assisted by Choi Jung Hwa (General Choi's son), Michael McCormack (General Choi's son-in-law) and Lim Won Sup, is credited with developing the Juche pattern. Kong Young Il may have helped develop the Ch'ang Hon patterns as well. With the Oh Do Kwan in charge of the taekwondo training in the Korean military, the "Chang Hon hyeong" set of forms spread widely, and they are seen in many taekwondo organizations, including ITF-offshoots such as the Global Taekwondo Federation.
The pattern names below are shown with Revised Romanization spellings; however, the traditional spellings are shown in parentheses if they vary from the modern standard, since those patterns have long been known with those spellings.
Color Belt forms.
천지 / 天地 – 19 movements
Literally, Cheon-Ji (or Chon-Ji) means "heaven and earth" and refers to the creation of the world or the beginning of human history, and thus is the initial pattern learned by the beginner. It consists of forearm low blocks and punches in the first part to represent earth, and inner forearm middle blocks and punches in the second part to denote heaven. It does not use any kicks. The cross shaped diagram represents the four elements of the universe : fire, water, air and earth.
단군 / 檀君 – 21 movements
Dan-Gun is named after the holy Dangun, the legendary founder of Korea in 2333 BC. Unusually for a "teul", all the punches in Dan-Gun are high section (at eye level), symbolizing Dangun scaling a mountain.
도산 / 島山 – 24 movements
Do-San is a pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Chang-ho (1878–1938). The 24 movements represent his entire life, which he devoted to furthering education in Korea and the Korean independence movement.
원효 / 元曉 – 28 movements
This pattern is named after the noted monk Wonhyo who introduced Buddhism to the Silla Dynasty in the year 686 AD.
율곡 / 栗谷 – 38 movements
Yul-Gok is a pseudonym of a great philosopher and scholar Yi I (1536–1584) nicknamed the "Confucius of Korea". The 38 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on 38-degree latitude and the diagram of the pattern represents scholar.
중근 / 重根 – 32 movements
Jung-Geun (or Joong-Gun) is named after the patriot Ahn Joong-Gun who assassinated Itō Hirobumi, the first Japanese governor-general of Korea, known as the man who played the leading part in the Korea-Japan merger. There are 32 movements in this pattern to represent Mr Ahn's age when he was executed at Lui-Shung Prison in 1910.
"Note: Ahn Jung-Geun was born on 16 July 1879 and was executed on 26 March 1910, so was in fact 30 years old at his death. (or 31 by Korean counting since in Korea newborns are considered to be 1 year old)"
퇴계 / 退溪 – 37 movements
Toi-Gye is the pen name of the noted scholar Yi Hwang (16th century), an authority on neo-Confucianism. The 37 movements of the pattern refer to his birthplace on 37-degree latitude, the diagram represents "scholar" as in the Yul-Gok hyeong.
화랑 / 花郎 – 29 movements
Hwa-Rang is named after the Hwarang youth group that originated under the Silla Dynasty roughly 1350 years ago. The group eventually became the driving force for the unification of the three Kingdoms of Korea. The 29 movements refer to the 29th infantry Division, where Taekwondo developed into maturity.
충무 / 忠武 – 30 movements
Chung-Mu (or Choong-Moo) was the name given to the great Admiral Yi Sun-sin of the Yi Dynasty. He was reputed to have invented the first armored battleship (kobukson) in 1592, which is said to be the precursor of the present day submarine. The reason this pattern ends with a left hand attack is to symbolize his regrettable death having no chance to show his unrestrained potentiality checked by the forced reservation of his loyalty to the King.
Black Belt forms.
광개 / 廣開 – 39 movements
Gwang-Gae (or Kwang-Gae) is named after the famous Kwang-Gae-Toh-Wang, the 19th king of the Goguryeo Dynasty, who achieved the greatest territorial expansion including the greater part of Manchuria. The diagram of the form represents the expansion and recovery of lost territory. The 39 movements refer to the first two figures of 391AD, the year he came to the throne.
포은 / 圃隱 – 36 movements
Po Eun is the pseudonym of a loyal subject Jeong Mongju who was a distinguished scholar of neo-Confucianism during the Goryeo Dynasty. His poem "I would not serve a second master though I might be crucified a hundred times" is known to every Korean people. The diagram, which is simply a straight line represents his unerring loyalty to the king and his country.
계백 / 階伯 – 44 movements
The Gye-Baek (or Gae-Baek) hyeong has 44 Movements. Gae-Baek is named after Gyebaek, a great general in the Baekje Dynasty. The diagram represents his severe and strict military discipline.
의암 / 義菴 – 45 movements
Eui-Am is the pseudonym of Son Byong Hi, leader of the Korean independence movement on 1 March 1919. The 45 movements refer to his age when he changed the name of his religion from Dong Hak (oriental learning) to Chondogyo (Heavenly Way Religion) in 1905. The diagram represents his indomitable spirit, displayed while dedicating himself to the prosperity of his nation.
충장 / 忠壯 – 52 movements
Chung-Jang (or Choong-Jang) is the pseudonym given to General Kim Duk Ryang who lived during the Yi Dynasty, 14th century. This pattern ends with a left hand attack to symbolize the tragedy of his death at 27 in prison before he was able to reach full maturity.
주체 / 主體 – 45 movements
The Juche hyeong has 45 movements. Juche is a philosophical idea that man is the master of everything and decides everything. In other words, the idea that man is that master of the world and his own destiny. It is said that this idea was rooted in Baekdu Mountain, which symbolize the spirit of the Korean people. The diagram represents Baekdu Mountain, which is the highest mountain in Korea.
고당/古堂 – 39 movements
Go-Dang (or Ko-Dang) was one of the original 24 patterns created by General Choi. In the early 1980s, however, Kodang was removed from the official syllabus by General Choi and replaced by a new pattern which he named Juche. Go-Dang was a famous South Korean anti-communist, and when Choi began to spread his art throughout the world, and to North Korea in particular, he removed this pattern so as not to offend anyone. Although no longer part of official ITF Taekwondo, Kodang is still included in the syllabi of many Taekwondo organisations. In those organisations where it is still taught, it is generally taught to students at the level of second dan black belt. It consists of a sequence of 39 individual techniques. Although some sources lead to the deduction that Kodang is exactly the same pattern as Juche, they are in fact two completely different patterns. The confusion arose when one of the ITF Taekwondo groups changed the name of the pattern Juche to Kodang in 2008, because the word "Juche" is associated with North Korea's communist ideology.
삼일 / 三一 – 33 movements
Sam-Il name refers to the historic March 1st Movement, the biggest nationwide Korean independence movement against the imperial Japan in 1919. The 33 movements in the pattern represent for the 33 patriots who planned the movement.
유신 / 庾信 – 68 movements
Yu-Sin (or Yoo-Sin) is named after General Kim Yu-Sin, a commanding general during the Silla Dynasty who played an important role in the merger of Goguryeo and Baekje by Silla. The 68 movements refer to the last two figures of 668 AD the year the three kingdoms were unified. The ready posture signifies a sword drawn to the right rather than the left side, symbolizing Yoo Sin's mistake of following his king's orders to fight with foreign forces (Tang Dynasty of China) against his own people (Goguryeo and Baik-je).
최영 / 崔榮 – 45 movements
Choe-Yeong (or Choi-Yong) is named after General Choe Yong, Premier and Commander-in Chief of the armed forces during the 14th century Goryeo Dynasty. Choi Yong was greatly respected for his loyalty, patriotism, and humility. He was executed by subordinate commanders headed by General Yi Seonggye, who later became the first king of the Joseon Dynasty.
연개 / 淵蓋 – 49 movements
Yeon-Gae (or Yon-Gae) is named after the famous general Yon Gae Somoon during the Goguryeo Dynasty. He defended Goguryeo from the aggression of the Tang Dynasty by destroying nearly 300,000 of their troops at Ansi Sung. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Se-Jong)
을지 / 乙支 – 42 movements
Eul-Ji (or Ul-Ji) is named after general Eulji Mundeok who successfully defended Goguryeo against a Sui invasion force of over one million soldiers led by Yang Je in 612AD. By employing hit and run guerilla tactics, he was able to destroy the majority of the force. The diagram of the hyeong represents his surname. The 42 movements represent the author's age when he designed the pattern.
문무 / 文武 – 61 movements
Mun-Mu (or Moon-Moo) honors King Munmu, the 30th king of the Silla Dynasty, who completed the unification of the three kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baik-je, Silla). His body was buried near Dae Wang Am (Great King's Rock). According to his will, the body was placed in the sea "Where my soul shall forever defend my land against the Japanese". The 61 movements in this pattern symbolize the last two figures of 661 AD when Munmu came to the throne. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Sea-Jong)
서산 / 西山 – 72 movements
Seo-San (or So-San) is the pseudonym of the great monk Choi Hyon Ung during the Joseon Dynasty. The 72 movements refer to his age when he organized a corps of monk soldiers with the assistance of his pupil Sa Myung Dang. The monk soldiers helped repulse the Japanese who overran most of the Korean peninsula in 1592 during the Imjin War. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Sea-Jong) Seo-San is the longest of all Taekwon-do patterns.
세종 / 世宗 – 24 movements
This pattern is named after Se-Jong who was the 4th King of the Yi Dynasty. He was known for his many great achievements in domestic and foreign affairs, diplomacy, scientific advancements, defense matters and culture. His most remarkable achievement was his invention of "Hangeul", the Korean Alphabet. The 24 movements of this pattern represent the 24 letters of the "Hangeul".
통일 / 統一 – 56 movements
Tong-Il means "unification" which is the ultimate goal of all Koreans. Korea used to be one country, but was divided into North and South Korea in 1945 by the ideological conflict between the USSR and the USA after World War II. Yon Mu Sun, the diagram of this pattern symbolizes the North and South becoming one.
GTF forms.
The Global Taekwondo Federation (GTF) is an offshoot of the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF). It was founded by Park Jung Tae in 1990. The GTF practices Choi's ITF Patterns, but in addition Park added six new patterns. GTF uses the original ITF form Ko-Dang, but never its replacement, Juche.
Jhoon Rhee forms.
Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo or Jhoon Rhee's Martial Arts Ballet is the style of taekwondo developed by taekwondo pioneer Jhoon Rhee and overseen by the organization Jhoon Rhee International. The Jhoon Rhee-style of taekwondo originally used traditional taekwondo forms, then switched to ITF-style forms, then switched again to a set of forms developed by Jhoon Rhee. As a lover of dance and music, and someone who believed that the human form is the greatest of all works of art, Rhee wondered what it would be like to add music to the choreographed body movements of Tae Kwon Do, similar to the way that music is used in Olympic skating, ballroom dancing, and gymnastic floor exercise routines. Rhee choreographed several dances in ballet style, based on Tae Kwon Do moves, and set them to classical music, including Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and the theme from Exodus. The result of Rhee's invention—martial arts ballet—became the foundation for the musical forms competitions that are now popular at many martial arts tournaments in the U.S. The new art form has also found its way to Europe and Russia.
Black Belt forms.
Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo uses ITF forms as its higher dan-level (Black Belt) forms
ATA "Songahm" forms.
The American Taekwondo Association (ATA) was founded in 1969 in Omaha, Nebraska by Haeng Ung Lee, a former Traditional Taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military. Songahm taekwondo is the style of martial arts practiced at ATA affiliated schools. Songahm means "Pine Tree and Rock." According to the ATA, the term Songahm itself represents "Evergreen strength the year round, long life and a symbol of unchanging human loyalty" as represented by the pine tree and the rock.
Tang Soo Do forms.
There are several different Tang Soo Do organizations around the world, but they generally follow a similar course with regard to hyeong. Most Tang Soo Do hyeong are related by borrowing from Japanese/Okinawan kata, with the names often directly translated from the Japanese.
Gicho/Kicho.
Some schools teach new students the gicho/kicho, "basic," hyeong:
The Kicho hyeong are extremely similar to the Taikyoku kata developed by Yoshitaka Funakoshi (son of the Japanese karate master Gichin Funakoshi). The embusen used are the same, the stances are the Tang Soo Do equivalent, and the blocks and strikes are virtually identical. There is great reason to believe that Hwang Kee based his Korean Kicho hyeong on the Japanese Taikyoku kata.
The Kicho hyeong were developed as a basic, simple form for beginners. The symbol used in Tang Soo Do for the Kicho hyeong is a human baby learning to walk. The pattern is also visible in the increasingly complex forms that follow. Hwang Kee used these forms to teach applications of basic moves and techniques. These forms are also influenced by the Wa Ka Ryu style of southern China. These and the Pyung Ahn forms to follow are characterized by speed, aggressiveness, dynamic action, and quick reaction.
In the 1970s, Chuck Norris added new versions of the Giecho Hyung to his American Tang Soo Do system. Giecho Hyung Il Bu still resembles the original Korean/Japanese version, but Yi (Ee) Bu and Sahm Bu have been modified. Norris created advanced versions of Il Bu and Yi Bu, by adding kicks, reverse punches and switching between forward and back stances.
Sae Kye.
The World Tang Soo Do Association has modified the Kicho Hyeong, adding some kicks to it: These are the very first forms you learn if you are a part of World Tang Soo Do Association,(WTSDA).
Pyong Ahn.
The Pyong Ahn hyung are a series of five forms cognate in many ways to the pinan kata series of karate. They were reorganized by Master Itosu, an Okinawan practitioner of Tote and mentor of Funakoshi Gichin. They were originally a single form called Jae Nam (Channan). To make them easier to learn and safer for younger practitioners, the form was divided, and the more dangerous and lethal techniques were removed. These newly organized hyung were designed as training forms to prepare for Kong Sang Koon (Kusanku). For a more comprehensive description of these hyung see Pinan Kata.
The phrase "pyong ahn" is often translated as "balance and security." These forms are usually taught after the gicho hyung. These forms were reorganized from their original form(called "Jae-Nam") in approximately 1870. In their original state they are run in sequence starting with the second form Pyong Ahn Ee Dan, to Pyong Ahn Cho Dan, and then to Pyong Ahn Sam Dan, Pyong Ahn Sa Dan, and Pyong Ahn O Dan, an order different from the order they are learned. Though designed as open hand forms (weaponless), their versatility allows weapon application very easily. Common adaptations include the sai, chool bong (nunchaku), and chung bong (middle staff). These forms show the influence of the southern China martial art style.
The Pyung Ahn hyung can be represented by the tortoise. The tortoise is well balanced, calm, and peaceful (pyung) and it carries its "home" on its back in the form of its shell. These forms are meant as a means of defense and should promote security (ahn). Also like the tortoise, they are meant to inspire longevity through both balance and security.
Naihanchi/Naebojin/Keema.
The Keema hyeong series are borrowed from the naihanchi series of karate, and in fact some schools use the name Naihanchi for these forms. The level at which they are taught varies, but their difficulty and technicality means that they are most often reserved for red/black belts, though not always directly after each other. Hwang Kee assigned the Horse to represent the form. They are:
Bassai/Passai/Palche/Bal Sak.
The "Bassai" pattern, meaning "to penetrate a fortress," has cognates in both Chinese, Japanese and Korean martial arts. Moreover, there are many variations upon the two Bassai hyeong present in Tang Soo Do, Bassai(Palche) So and Bassai(Palche) Deh. Some schools only practice Palche De, the "greater" of the two forms. These are usually higher-belt forms. The animal these forms represent is the snake.
Sip Soo/Ship Soo.
Meaning "Ten Hands," Ship Soo (or Sip Soo, depending on the Romanization) is cognate to the karate kata Jitte, though there are differences. Traditionally, this hyeong contains only hand techniques (its name can be taken to mean "all hands"), but some styles of Tang Soo Do do include kicking techniques. Its variations are many, and depend on the school, as with all hyeong. This form supposedly represents the bear.
Chinto/Jindo/Jinte.
Jinte is a typically high-rank hyeong, whose hanja can be read as "Battle East". The hyeong requires balance with one legged techniques, and is often seen at tournament hyeong competitions.
ITF Tang Soo Do refers to the form as Jintae, instead of Chinto or Jindo.
Chil Sung and Yuk Ro.
These two series of hyeong were created by Hwang Kee, who founded the Moo Duk Kwan organization. Chil Sung literally means "Seven Stars" in Korean. These are presumably represented by the seven forms of the series. "Yuk" meaning "six" and "Ro" means "Path". These forms represent the "six paths" taken in connecting the Physical, Mental, and Spiritual in Tang Soo Do/ Soo Bahk Do.
Chil Sung series:
Yuk Ro series:


Premio Faenza

The Premio Faenza is an international prize for contemporary ceramic art. It is awarded by the Museo Internazionale delle Ceramiche in Faenza, in Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, and is the principal Italian prize of its kind.
History.
The prize was established in 1931. In 1938 it became an annual national award and was named "Premio Faenza". The first recipient of the Premio Faenza was , who also won it in the following year. The award was not made in some years of the Second World War, and recommenced in 1946. In 1963 it became international in scope – although several foreign artists had already been invited to participate in earlier editions – and from 1989 it became a biennial award.
Recipients.
Among the recipients of the award are the sculptors Angelo Biancini (1946, 1957), Leoncillo Leonardi (1954, 1964) and (1953, 1958 and 1962), and the ceramic artists Sueharu Fukami (1985) and Ken Eastman (1995).


Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag

Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag (trans: Princess Dollie and her magic bag) is an Indian teen fantasy adventure television series produced by Sagar Films (Pvt.Ltd.) for Star Plus channel.
The show initially started as teen drama "Hello Dollie" starring Karishma Randhawa and Mayank Anand in the lead.


Elmer Lucille Allen

Elmer Lucille Allen (born in Louisville, Kentucky, 1931) is a ceramic artist and chemist who graduated from Nazareth College (now Spalding University) in 1953. She became the first African-American chemist at Brown-Forman in 1966.
Early life.
Allen was born in the Depression era in Louisville, Kentucky, at a time when it was still a segregated city. She took her first art class, a sewing class, in seventh grade at Madison Street Junior High School. She stated in an interview that the first artist she identified with was her teacher, Ms. Hattie Figg, who taught painting at the junior high. She learned many functional crafts in junior high, such as shoe repair, printing, sewing, and carpentry. She also learned various crafts at the Plymouth Settlement House and Presbyterian Community Center. She was also a Girl Scout, and this activity fostered her interest in art. She graduated from Central High School in 1949, at a time when African-American women had very few opportunities available to them.
Later career.
Allen retired from Brown-Forman in 1997, after which she devoted more time to her art. Starting in 1981 she began to study art at the University of Louisville, receiving her Masters of Creative Arts with a focus in ceramics and fiber in 2002. Allen's textile work incorporates shibori dyeing techniques.
Speaking of her ceramics, Allen states, "I make the things that I want, and I have always liked teapots." She enjoys the fact that if she made something she did not like, she could simply start over again. Her platters are typically dark and molten, while her teapots are colorful and graphic. She states, "When I rented my first studio in 2005 at Mellwood, I knew that I was truly an artist."
In 2011 Allen's work was included in the show "Powering Creativity: Air, Fuel, Heat" at the Carnegie Center for Art and History in New Albany, Indiana.
Allen's work was part of the "2016 Women's Artist Exhibition: The African Heritage Experience" at the Kentucky Center for African American Heritage.


Drive Letter Access

Drive Letter Access (DLA) is a discontinued commercial packet writing application for the Microsoft Windows operating system that allows optical disc data storage devices to be used in a manner similar to floppy disks. DLA is a packet writing technology for CD and DVD media that uses the UDF file system.
DLA is not compatible with Windows Vista and newer, although a patch exists to fix this issue under Windows Vista.
Roxio Burn was introduced on April 30, 2009. As a replacement for DLA, it remedies compatibility issues Internet Explorer 8.
History.
DLA was originally developed by VERITAS Software and later sold to Sonic Solutions in 2002. It was common as it was shipped with a majority of CD and DVD recording drives, where DLA came as a custom OEM version for the branded drive. Also, most PC systems from Dell, HP, IBM, Sony and Toshiba came with DLA pre-installed. An OEM version was often available for download for the specific computer system.
With Windows Vista support for DLA was either dropped or it was replaced by a similar product, like Drag-to-Disc.
Technology.
To use an optical medium such as a CD-R, CD-RW, DVD±R or DVD±RW just like a floppy drive it is necessary to utilize a technique called packet writing. After formatting the optical media it is then possible to write data in small packets, hence the name “packet writing.” The optical drive unit has to support the ability to write in small units, which all modern CD and DVD recording drives do. This way it is possible to save files onto optical media, as well as change, rename or delete them, or copy files separately onto the media.
Without packet writing, optical media like the above-mentioned would have to be written on in one big block, like Disc At Once (DAO), Session At Once (SAO) and Track At Once (TAO), because these media types normally do not support sectors. After formatting with packet writing the medium is sectored in blocks that can be written to individually. The preferred file system is the Universal Disk Format (UDF) in versions from 1.50 onward, which is also used by DLA.
Packet writing is not required for writing DVD-RAM. DVD-RAM media are already sectored (which can be seen when looking at the surface of an empty DVD-RAM disc) and the hardware logic of DVD-RAM capable drives supports sectored read/write operations as required by the DVD-RAM standard. However, for Windows up to 2000, DLA will also add support for DVD-RAM together with the UDF file system, for Windows XP DLA will only add the UDF support.
DLA also supports the Mount Rainier standard with MRW capable drives. For Windows up to XP DLA will provide this functionality as well as the UDF support.
Windows XP is the first Windows operating system to support DVD-RAM. Windows Vista is the first Windows operating system to support full UDF functionality (UDF up to version 2.50, full support meaning read and write operations) and Mount Rainier.
Versions.
DLA is available only for Microsoft Windows operating systems and only in the English language.
"Note:" Most OEM versions officially support only Windows 2000 and XP; however, DLA itself also runs on older versions of Windows, like Windows 98 Second Edition and Windows Me, as well as Windows NT 4.0.
A patch is required for Windows Vista compatibility, but it only works on the retail or trial version. The one exception is the Dell OEM version, but instead of patching DLA it will simply install Drag-to-Disc as a replacement.
See also.
Techniques used by DLA:
Competing applications:


Shakespeare by the Sea, Newfoundland

The Shakespeare by the Sea Festival is an annual event that runs throughout the months of July and August in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada that presents outdoor productions of the plays of William Shakespeare, as well as pieces related to the province and culture.
The Festival is under the governance of Shakespeare by the Sea Festival Inc., a community-based, charitable organization that produces and promotes artistic works with a focus on William Shakespeare.
The company mounts site-specific productions in a variety of venues that may change from season to season.
Shakespeare by the Sea, Newfoundland is listed as a Major Festival in the book "Shakespeare Festivals Around the World" by Marcus D. Gregio (Editor), 2004.
History.
The company was founded in 1993 by Aiden Flynn and Danielle Irvine, and was under the artistic direction of Jennifer (Jenn) Deon from 1995–2014. Ian Campbell served as Artistic Director from 2015–2017. Paul Rowe took up the Artistic Director role in 2018 and the festival instituted a General Manager role for the first time. The General Manager position is currently filled by Sandra Mills.
The Shakespeare by the Sea Festival is the longest running outdoor summer theatre event in the St. John's area and celebrated its 25th season in 2017. Since 1993, the Festival has been performing the works of Shakespeare all around the St. John's area. In addition to works by the Bard, the festival also strives to produce works that highlight the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. An original piece, "The Curious Case in the Colony" was written by local playwright Chris Hibbs, and sees Sherlock Holmes and John Watson visit the once British colony to solve a mystery. Celebrated storyteller and musician Kelly Russell (musician) also performs a one-man show in partnership with the festival. In 2020, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the festival instituted their first "virtual" festival, consisting of a virtual reading of 'Pericles: Prince of Tyre', and a series of recorded short scenes called 'Shakespeare Shorts'.
Shakespeare by the Sea Festival Inc. is a registered charity (No. 891781841RR0001) with the Canada Revenue Agency and is a member of the Shakespeare Theatre Association and the Institute of Outdoor Drama.
Past productions.
1993 The Tempest
1994 King Lear
1995 Twelfth Night
1996 Macbeth and Romeo & Juliet
1997 Macbeth, Hamlet, I Hate Hamlet and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead
1998 A Midsummer Night's Dream
1999 Much Ado About Nothing and Richard III
2000 The Mousetrap, Julius Caesar (play), Love's Labour's Lost
2001 Dial M for Murder, Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Merchant of Venice and A Streetcar Named Desire (play)
2002 The Tempest and Twelfth Night
2003 The Importance of Being Earnest, Othello, Romeo & Juliet, The Cask of Amontillado and The Compleat Works of Wllm Shkspr (Abridged)
2004 As You Like It and The Winter's Tale
2005 Henry V (play)
2006 The Two Noble Kinsmen, A Midsummer Night's Dream and "Dear Brutus"
2007 Macbeth, The Comedy of Errors and The Rats in the Walls / The Cask of Amontillado
2008 Macbeth
2008 Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado About Nothing, Anthony and Cleopatra, and The Rats in the Walls / The Cask of Amontillado
2009 The Tempest, Romeo & Juliet, The Tell-Tale Heart / The Cask of Amontillado / The Signal-Man, "The Tunes and Tales of Newfoundland", and "Fairy Tale Mix-Up"
2010 Love's Labour's Lost, Troilus & Cressida, The Compleat Works of Wllm Shkspr (Abridged), "Fairy Tale Mix-Up", "The Tunes and Tales of Newfoundland", and The Rats in the Walls / The Signal-Man, The Cask of Amontillado
2011 Hamlet, Twelfth Night, "Above and Below", "The Curious Case of the Colony: A Sherlock Holmes Adventure", and "The Tunes and Tales of Newfoundland"
2012 King Lear, A Midsummer Night's Dream, "The Curious Case of the Colony: A Sherlock Holmes Adventure", and "Above and Below".
2013 Harvey, Julius Caesar, Cymbeline,"The Curious Case of the Colony: A Sherlock Holmes Adventure", "Shake It Up!", "Tunes and Tales with Kelly Russell"
2014 The Taming of the Shrew, All's Well that Ends Well, "The Curious Case of the Colony: A Sherlock Holmes Adventure", "Shake It Up!", "Tunes and Tales with Kelly Russell", "Shylock"
2015 The Comedy of Errors, Two "Great Shakespearean Walking Tours" - "Scenes from Britain", and "The Course of True Love", "The Curious Case of the Colony: A Sherlock Holmes Adventure", "Shake It Up!", "Tunes and Tales with Kelly Russell"
2016 Richard III, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Salt Water Moon, "Shake It Up!", "Tunes and Tales with Kelly Russell"
2017 The Tempest, Timon of Athens, Soldier's Heart (play), "Shake It Up!", "Tunes and Tales with Kelly Russell"
2018 As You Like It, "Shake It Up!", "Tunes and Tales with Kelly Russell"
2019 Macbeth, The Comedy of Errors, "Tunes and Tales with Kelly Russell"
2020 Pericles, Prince of Tyre (virtual presentation), "Shakespeare Shorts"


Osamu Suzuki (ceramist)

 is a Japanese ceramist. He was named a Living National Treasure in 1994.
He comes from Toki, Gifu.


Henry Street, Dublin

Henry Street () is located on Dublin's Northside and is one of the two principal shopping streets of Dublin (the other being Grafton Street), running from the Spire of Dublin and the General Post Office on O'Connell Street in the east to Liffey Street in the west. At Liffey Street, the street becomes Mary Street, which continues the shopping street until it ends at crossing Capel Street, and Henry Street and Mary Street are often considered as one (and in fact form a single shopping area with their eastward continuations, beyond the Spire, North Earl Street and Talbot Street).
The street was developed by Henry Moore, 1st Earl of Drogheda whose estate lands and developments are reflected in the street names bearing his name, Henry Street, Moore Street, Earl Street, and Drogheda Street. Most of those names still survive, but what was Drogheda Street is now O'Connell Street, Dublin's main street. Between the late 1700s and 1924, it was known as Sackville Street.
Buskers, including musicians, poets and mime artists, commonly perform to the shopping crowds.


Hebrew riddles

Riddles in Hebrew are referred to as חידות "ḥidot" (singular חִידָה "ḥidah"). They have at times been a major and distinctive part of literature in Hebrew and closely related languages. At times they have a complex relationship with proverbs.
In the Bible.
Riddles are not common in the Bible, nor in Midrashic literature, though other tests of verbal wit are. The most prominent riddle in the Bible is Samson's riddle: Samson outwitted the Philistines by posing a riddle about the lion and the beehive until they learned the answer from his Philistine bride, costing Samson 30 suits of clothes (Judges 14:5-18). However, some passages in the Book of Proverbs in which sets of three or four objects are mentioned (e.g. 30:15 "et seq.") were likely originally in the form of riddles, while Ezekiel 17:1-10 is also a riddle of sorts.
In post-Biblical and rabbinic literature.
Sirach mentions riddles as a popular dinner pastime.
The Talmud contains several riddles, such as this one from the end of Kinnim: 'What animal has one voice living and seven voices dead?' ('The ibis, from whose carcass seven different musical instruments are made').
The Aramaic "Story of Ahikar" contains a long section of proverbial wisdom that in some versions also contains riddles.
Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.
The Bible describes how the Queen of Sheba tests Solomon with riddles, but without giving any hint as to what they were. On this basis, riddles were ascribed to the Queen in later writings. Four riddles are ascribed to her in the tenth- or eleventh-century "Midrash Proverbs", including the following: 'She said to him: "Seven exit and nine enter, two pour and one drinks". He said to her: "Surely, seven days of menstruation exit and nine months of pregnancy enter, two breasts pour and the baby drinks".’ These plus another fourteen or fifteen tests of wisdom, some of which are riddles, appear in the "Midrash ha-Ḥefez" (1430 CE), for example:
The early medieval Aramaic "Targum Sheni" also contains three riddles posed by the Queen to Solomon.
In the Middle Ages.
Under the influence of Arabic literature in medieval al-Andalus, there was a flourishing of literary Hebrew riddles in verse during the Middle Ages. Dunash ben Labrat (920-990), credited with transposing Arabic metres into Hebrew, composed a number of riddles, firmly rooted, like folk-riddles, in describing everyday, physical objects. His "diwan" includes a twenty-line poem comprising ten riddles, one of which runs:
Subsequent exponents included Samuel ibn Naghrillah (born 993), the sixth section of whose philosophical verse collection "Ben Mishlei" (literally 'son of Proverbs', but more idiomatically 'after Proverbs') presents a series of philosophically inclined riddles. The subjects of his riddles generally remained concrete — examples include the moon, pen and ink, a boat or fountain — but he began to introduce riddles on abstract themes such as God, wisdom, joy, and folly, with a didactic purpose.
Frequently, the word representing the solution was integrated into the end-rhyme of the poem, making the solution to the riddle the completion of a verse.
Samuel was followed by Moses ibn Ezra (born c. 1055×60), Judah Halevi (born c. 1075), Abraham ibn Ezra (born 1089×92) and Yehuda Alharizi (born 1165).
Judah is noted as the most prolific Hebrew riddler of his time, with a corpus of at least sixty-seven riddles, some of which survive in his own hand, and even in draft form. These are mostly short, monorhyme compositions on concrete subjects such as everyday artefacts, animals and plants, or a name or word. For example, he wrote:
(The answer is 'hand-mirror'.) However, his riddles also include a piece as long as 36 verses, to be solved both as 'pomegranate' and 'Granada'.
Meanwhile, Abraham is noted for maximising the use of riddles as a meditation on knowledge and the divine.
The Andalusian tradition extended to Italy from the twelfth century, beginning with the work of Yerahmiel Bar Shlomo. Immanuel the Roman wrote riddles, as did Israel Onceneyra.
Post-medieval.
In Hebrew-speaking Spain and Italy during around 1650-1850, a baroque sub-genre of the literary riddle called "ḥiddat hatsurah vehalo‘ez" (literally 'riddles of an emblem with foreign-language passages', known in English simply as 'emblem riddles') flourished. The genre was characterised by alluding to words in languages other than Hebrew ("lo‘ez") in order to provide clues to the solution. For example, one riddle includes the Hebrew phrase "Eh ko nistarti" ('I am hidden somewhere here'). The first two of these words sound the same as the Italian/Spanish word "eco" ('echo'), and 'echo' (Hebrew "hed") is indeed the solution to the poem. Each riddle would include an 'emblem' ("tsurah") near the opening in the form of an allusive picture, poem, or phrase, or a combination of these, after which the riddle proper would commence. Poems in this genre were occasional, composed in celebration of specific high-society events such as weddings and circumcisions. The topic of the riddle would often reflect the occasion and audience (with solutions such as 'wisdom' for a gathering of scholars, or 'love' at a wedding), and the riddle might make use of information about the people at the gathering in ways which would make little sense to a wider audience.
At the end of the Haggadah, there is also the Echad Mi Yodea, characterised by Joseph Jacobs as 'a curious riddle'.


Capodimonte porcelain

Capodimonte porcelain (sometimes "Capo di Monte") is porcelain created by the Capodimonte porcelain manufactory ("Real Fabbrica di Capodimonte"), which operated in Naples, Italy, between 1743 and 1759. Capodimonte is the most outstanding factory for early Italian porcelain, the Doccia porcelain of Florence being the other main Italian factory. Capodimonte is most famous for its moulded figurines.
The porcelain of Capodimonte, and later Naples, was a "superb" translucent soft-paste, "more beautiful" but much harder to fire than the German hard-pastes, or "a particularly clear, warm, white, covered with a mildly lustrous glaze". The Capodimonte mark was a fleur-de-lys in blue, or impressed in relief inside a circle.
The entire Capodimonte factory was moved to Madrid (and became the "Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro") after its founder, King Charles, inherited the Spanish throne from his brother in 1759. Strictly speaking, this was the end of "Capodimonte porcelain", but the reputation of the factory's products was so high that the name is often claimed and used for porcelain made in other factories in or around Naples.
The first of these was the new royal factory established by Charles' son Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, which manufactured from 1771 until 1806. This is generally known as Naples porcelain, officially the "Naples Royal Porcelain Manufactory" ("Real fabbrica delle porcellane di Napoli") or "Real Fabbrica Ferdinandea". Since the 19th century, a number of other factories have used the name, for a wide variety of wares, with a great range of quality.
History.
In 1743, the newly arrived Bourbon King Charles and his wife Queen Maria Amalia of Saxony, founded the factory in the grounds of the Palace of Capodimonte on the outskirts of Naples (now a museum). The queen's grandfather, Augustus II the Strong, Elector of Saxony, had founded the Meissen porcelain factory which led European porcelain, and her dowry is said to have included 17 Meissen table services. They recruited the Flemish chemist Livio Ottavio Schepers, whose son also joined, and the painter Giovanni Caselli (1698–1752), later followed by his niece Maria. The Florentine sculptor Giuseppe Gricci (c. 1700–1770), already working for the Neapolitan crown since 1738, joined as chief modeller; by 1755 he had five other modellers working for him, creating the moulds used for the pieces.
The kingdom's diplomatic network around Europe was ordered to seek out experienced workers and trade secrets, paying generously, and internally a successful organized search was made for sources of the correct minerals, with local authorities sending samples to the capital.
Charles also founded royal factories for making tapestries and "pietre dure". Naples already had many factories making maiolica and other wares, often as a sideline from bricks, but the recruiters for Capodimonte rather looked down on the "maiolica" workers, and the main roles were given to imported workers. The local market developed strongly over this period, helped by a fashion for drinking chocolate, but Capodimonte faced competition from imported porcelain, both Chinese and German, at the top end of the market, and English and local glazed earthenware (creamware and the Italian version called "terraglia") in the middle and lower parts of the market.
When Charles became King of Spain in 1759 he took the equipment and about 40 key workers, including Gricci, with him, to found the Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro in Madrid. Since they took nearly five tons of paste, the main artists, and continued to use the fleur-de-lys mark, distinguishing between the products of the two factories from the years around the move can be very difficult. Although the Capodimonte structures and equipment such as kilns and moulds that were not taken to Spain were destroyed, many of the remaining workers were hired by the new Giustiniani factory, which attempted to find a formula for porcelain but failed, instead making fine earthenware similar to Wedgwood.
When porcelain production resumed after fifteen years, the new Naples factory was completely rebuilt in a different location, initially at Portici, but inherited some workers from the Capodimonte factory, and used a similar soft-paste body. It was notable for Neoclassical subjects and styles, and figures in unglazed biscuit porcelain. By 1806, Napoleon had invaded the Kingdom of Naples and the Bourbons fled to Sicily, protected by the British Navy; production was discontinued at the factory. Naples porcelain had the usual mark of a crown over a blue "N", though this mark has been, and continues to be, used by many imitations of greatly varying quality.
Following a trend in the later years of the Naples porcelain factory, after it closed, Neapolitan potteries continued to make creamware, fine glazed earthenware, similar to English Wedgwood. During the second half of the 19th century, the first private porcelain factories in Naples were created, eventually including Majello (1867), Mollica, Cacciapuoti, Visconti, and many others. Copies and forgeries of the early Capodimonte pieces were made by many factories, apparently the largest in being at Rudolfstadt, then in Germany and now in the Czech Republic. With little or no control over the use of the brand name, many cheap earthenware pieces carry it. "Capo di Monte" was also used in the 19th century, for example by Royal Worcester in England, to refer to styles of figurines, that are in fact little related to the 18th-century Neapolitan products.
Characteristics.
Capodimonte, 1743–1759.
The true Capodimonte wares of the short period between 1743 and 1759 included tableware of the usual types, figures, and the Porcelain boudoir of Maria Amalia of Saxony entirely made of porcelain panels in a "chinoiserie" style, originally made for the Palace of Portici (1757–59), but now moved to the Capodimonte Palace. The same team later made the rooms in Spain at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez (1763–65) and the main "Palacio real" in Madrid (1770s). As with other factories of the period, Meissen porcelain was taken as the main model.
There are good records from the 1740s, but after that little documentation survives. The shell-shaped snuffbox, modelled in low relief with further small shells and seaweed, was a Gricci design introduced in the first year which remained popular. The inside of the lid was painted with a portrait or other subject, and a goldsmith added mounts and a hinge.
The popular figures of ordinary people were introduced early, and there are large numbers of models; since Buen Retiro concentrated on these, the difficulties in telling Neapolitan and Madrid pieces apart mostly affect these. Figures tend to have "exceptionally small heads, wide hands and feet, and restrained painting of both features and costume. A prevailing sense of worried good humor is conveyed by coal-speck eyes, and short, swiftly-drawn eyebrows". They are modelled "with an unerring eye for pose and gesture". Often colour is only used to define the edges of garments and objects. The soft paste used did not allow as much sharp definition or as thin elements as German hard-paste, and the modellers had to adapt their style accordingly.
The pottery-seller illustrated, adapting a print after a drawing by Annibale Carracci, is one of a series described in the factory records as "figure che rappresentano poveri" ("figures of poor people"), although unlike later so-called "Capodimonte" figures, their clothing is neat and clean. Otherwise such subjects of vendors were called "la voci di Napooli" (street-cries of Naples). An exception to the general good humour of the series is a figure of a mutilated war veteran beggar, with only one of his limbs complete, and one eye. Only a single example of this is known, which sold for £30,000 in 2012. In the same auction a "Mouse-catchers" group sold for £73,250.
In Caselli's style for painted scenes "compositions were built by gradations of very fine stippling in which much use was made of soft grays and browns", as in the jar with Pulcinellas illustrated. The chinoiserie palette, used in the porcelain room and other pieces was much stronger. Apart from the Casellis, G. della Torre was a painter who specialized in landscapes and figures, including battle-scenes. His clouds are often distinctively coloured "in violet and pale orange-red" (see saucer in gallery). Given the scale of production, and the other modellers and painters recorded, curators and scholars are now less certain in attributing particular works to the individual hands of the main designers and painters, although it is clear they established the styles and supervised production closely. Gricci is only known to have signed two large religious figures, and as was normal for the period, painters did not sign their work.
Capodimonte porcelain, 1743 to 1759
Naples, 1771–1806.
The revived Naples factory made a similar range of products to the old Capodimonte factory, with a similar soft-paste, which they had to largely rediscover. They made many genre figures, and table ware. Figures of the old subjects from street life now used more conventional proportions, and were more fully painted. Styles were affected by a general European change of taste towards Neoclassicism, intensified by the local interest as the continuing excavations at Pompeii, Herculaneum and other sites near Naples became well-known. Table services were produced in a variety of revival styles, including Roman, Egyptian and "Etruscan", the last drawing from the imported ancient Greek vases being recovered from Etruscan tombs, and then thought to be Etruscan art. From 1782 the director of the factory was Domenico Venuti, whose father Marcello Venuti was in charge of the royal collection of antiquities, then at the Palace of Portici.
From the 1790s there was also a large production of figures in unglazed biscuit porcelain, which resembled marble. Many of these were rather loose copies of famous ancient sculptures, especially those in the rich royal collections, including portrait busts; the factory was allowed to borrow these to copy. A wall-painting of Achilles being taught to play the lyre by the centaur Chiron, removed from a house in Herculaneum by the 1750s, was becoming famous, and was reproduced both on a painted cup and as a biscuit figure group by the factory (the was in fact a rendering of a sculpture in Rome).
The Chiron and Achilles cup was part of the "Servizio ercolanese" ("Herculaneum Service"), an 88-piece service Ferdinand made to present to his father Charles in Madrid, taking the subjects of the designs from the discoveries at Herculaneum. This was the first of a series of large services made to be diplomatic gifts, and is now widely dispersed. A 25 cm plate sold for £20,000 in 2012. The large "Servizio dell'Oca" with views of the Naples area is on display in the Capodimonte Palace museum. Other biscuit figures were fanciful furry animals such as dogs and bears, showing off the roughened worked biscuit. As at some other factories in these decades, gilding began to be used lavishly.
A high figure of Saint Joseph holding the Infant Christ was previously attributed to the Buen Retiro factory around 1765, until it was realized that it was a porcelain version of a statue by Giuseppe Sanmartino in Taranto Cathedral from 1790–92, thirty years after the Buen Retiro team left Italy. The modelling is now attributed to Gennaro Laudato, a Neapolitan sculptor, and at least one other porcelain group is attributed to him. Though unmarked, it is thought likely that the Naples factory produced them. The body appears to be "terraglia", the Italian version of creamware.
Naples porcelain, 1771 to 1806
Later "Capodimonte".
The various factories whose wares were sold as "Capodimonte" from the early 19th century onwards mostly stuck to Victorianized versions of the 18th-century forms and styles. The Palace of Caserta displays some large and fussy vases, and figurine groups became large and complicated, still often wearing 18th-century costume. Baskets of flowers made in porcelain became popular, as did pieces in openwork "spagetto". In the 20th century a style of "raggedly dressed peasants of Walt Disney cartoon appearance" developed, along with "a sub-class of earthenware pieces, mostly boxes, of appalling quality with brassy gilding" but still with the crowned "N" mark.


Shaabi

Shaabi (" "  ) is an Egyptian musical genre. It is a form of popular working-class music which evolved from baladi in the second half of the 20th century. The musical styles of Algerian chaabi or Moroccan chaabi, sharing the same Arabic name, are very different and older musical genres.
Shaabi means "of the people." It originated in Cairo in the 1970s as a new form of urban music expressing the difficulties and frustrations of modern Egyptian life. Shaabi lyrics can be both intensely political, and filled with humour and double entendre. Because of its nature as street music, and widespread indifference to copyright law among Egyptians, Shaabi today is mainly distributed on pirated tapes and CDs.
The first shaabi singer to rise to stardom was Ahmed Adaweyah, whose first album in 1972 sold a million copies. Like many shaabi singers, Adaweyah was famed for his mawwal. More recently, Shaaban Abdel Rahim rose to fame in 2000 with the controversial "Ana Bakra Israel" ("I hate Israel"), and has remained something of a working-class hero due to a string of populist political hits.
Other well-known singers in the shaabi genre include Saad al-Soghayer, Amina, and Abdelbaset Hamouda. Another notable singer is Hakim, who is from a middle-class background unlike most shaabi singers, and whose commercially successful brand of shaabi-pop is generally cheerful and apolitical.
Mahraganat.
The most recent new development to come out of Cairo's Shaabi scene is 'mahraganat' ('festivals';   ) music, also known as 'electro-shaabi' in the West. However the performers use "mahraganat" (meaning a big, loud, messy event; and a festival) to distinguish themselves from "sha'bi". The best-known artists in this genre are Hamo Bika, Oka Wi Ortega, Sadat, Figo, Alaa 50 Cent, Shahta Karika, and Islam Chipsy.


Mimi Dietrich

Mimi Dietrich is an American quilter, quilting instructor, author of 17 books about quilting and a member of the Quilter's Hall of Fame. A lifelong resident of Maryland, she lives in the Baltimore County community of Catonsville. Her first book, "Happy Endings: Finishing the Edges of Your Quilts", was originally published in 1987. She teaches quilting classes in the Maryland area as well as online at Craftsy. Her books and workshops focus mainly on applique techniques and Baltimore Album Quilts. In total, her books have sold over a half million copies.
In 2013, Mimi was named as Quilt Teacher of the Year by the International Association of Creative Arts Professionals.
Mimi was the 2015 inductee into the Quilter's Hall of Fame. An exhibition of her quilts named "Hometown Girl: Contemporary Quilts of Mimi Dietrich" began in 2019 at the Maryland Historical Society.
A breast cancer survivor, Mimi has identified quilting as a tool for maintaining a positive attitude, aiding in her recovery. This inspired her writing of "Pink Ribbon Quilts", published in 2011.


Spindle whorl

A spindle whorl is a disc or spherical object fitted onto the spindle to increase and maintain the speed of the spin. For ages the whorls have been made of many different materials: amber, antler, bone, ceramic, coral, glass, metal (iron, lead, lead alloy), and wood (oak). Some types of local materials have been also used, such as chalk, limestone, mudstone, sandstone, slate, and soapstone.
One of the most famous spindle whorl artists is Susan Point.


Sonisphere Festival

The Sonisphere Festival was a touring rock music festival which took place across Europe between the months of June and August. The festival was owned by John Jackson and Kilimanjaro Live. It was jointly promoted by K2 and Kilimanjaro Live. It hosted heavy metal bands such as Iron Maiden, Metallica, Mötley Crüe, Slayer, Judas Priest, Megadeth and Avenged Sevenfold.
The festival has not taken place in the UK since 2014. Stuart Galbraith, CEO of Kilimanjaro Live, revealed in 2018 that Sonisphere will not return to the UK, due to financial issues.
Event history.
The idea for Sonisphere was first conceived by John Jackson in the late 90s. Jackson chose the name Sonisphere, from a combination of Sonic and Sphere. In 2008 Stuart Galbraith had formed business partnership with AEG Live called Kilimanjaro Live. John Jackson approached Stuart Galbraith with the idea of a pan-world touring festival that aligned with Kilimanjaro Live's plan for a UK festival. John Jackson is the Creator and Director of Sonisphere and Galbraith the Producer.
The first run of festivals ran throughout the summer of 2009 at six venues, returning in 2010 and 2011 with 11 venues.
Plans for future festivals consist of increasing the number of festivals, making the event global rather than local to Europe, expanding the UK event into a 3-day festival, and increasing the UK capacity from 40,000 to 60,000 attendees.
Sonisphere 2009.
The 2009 Sonisphere festival tour was made up of six one-day festivals across Europe with a seventh festival in England spanning two days. The festival had a core group of bands that played each of the six dates with numerous extra bands added to each date individually. The locations for the 2009 festivals include Goffert Park, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Hockenheimring, Germany; The Forum, Barcelona, Spain; Folkets Park, Hultsfred, Sweden; Kirjurinluoto, Pori, Finland; and Knebworth House, Knebworth, England. Metallica were the main headliners for each of the 2009 Sonisphere Festivals.
Netherlands.
The Dutch edition of the Sonisphere Festival took place on Saturday 20 June 2009 at Goffertpark in Nijmegen.
Mastodon could not make it to Sonisphere due to scheduling issues. This was announced at Sonisphere itself, although some heard the news whilst traveling.
The Sword cancelled their show a few days before Sonisphere began.
Germany.
The German edition of the Sonisphere Festival took place on Saturday 4 July 2009 at Hockenheimring with Metallica as headliners.
Spain.
The Spanish edition of the Sonisphere Festival took place on Saturday 11 July 2009 at The Forum, Barcelona with headliners Metallica.
Sweden.
The Swedish edition of the Sonisphere Festival took place on Saturday 18 July 2009 at Folkets Park, Hultsfred with Metallica as headliners.
Finland.
The Finnish edition of the Sonisphere Festival took place on Saturday 25 July 2009 at Kirjurinluoto Arena, Pori with Metallica as headliners.
Machine Head were forced to cut their set short, due to lead guitarist Phil Demmel collapsing on stage.
England.
The British edition of the Sonisphere Festival took place over two days, on Saturday 1 and Sunday 2 August 2009, at Knebworth House, Knebworth with headliners Linkin Park ("Saturday") and Metallica ("Sunday"). The festival featured four stages of music over the weekend, with the main two being staggered staging, the others being within the Bohemia village. The Bohemia stage (the third of four stages) was an undercover stage and was able to continue past the sound curfews placed upon the main stages. This was The Rev's final live performance as Avenged Sevenfold's drummer before his death in December 2009. It was also the last European appearance of Ronnie James Dio before he died of stomach cancer in May 2010.
Sonisphere 2010.
The Sonisphere 2010 tour visited eleven locations around Europe between 16 June and 8 August 2010. The locations for Sonisphere 2010 were Poland, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Spain, United Kingdom, Sweden and Finland. Unlike in 2009, there was not a core group of headliners performing all dates. The headliners for 2010 were Iron Maiden, Metallica and Rammstein.
Poland.
Warsaw, Poland was the host city for the first of the 2010 festivals; that was first announced on 9 December 2009. The 2010 Sonisphere in Poland took place on 16 June 2010. Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax, bands which make up the "big four of thrash metal", for the first time.
Switzerland.
Switzerland was the second nation to host the Sonisphere festival in 2010 with the event taking place at Degenaupark in Jonschwil on 18 June 2010.
Czech Republic.
Czech Republic hosted the festival in Milovice on 19 June 2010; this was also a one-day festival. Metallica headlined this event.
Bulgaria.
Bulgaria held its first Sonisphere over two days in Sofia on 22 and 23 June 2010. The venue was the Vasil Levski National Stadium.
Day 1 – Tuesday 22 June
Day 2 – Wednesday 23 June
This concert was also broadcast live around the world in movie theaters as part of the Big Four Tour. This was the first time in their history that all four bands played together on one stage, performing the Diamond Head song "Am I Evil?".
Greece.
The Sonisphere festival in Greece was held on 24 June 2010 at Terra Vibe Park in Athens in front of 30,000 people.
Romania.
Romania held the Sonisphere festival from 25 to 27 June 2010 in Bucharest at Romexpo.
Day 1 – Friday 25 June
Day 2 – Saturday 26 June
Day 3 – Sunday 27 June
Turkey.
Turkey held the Sonisphere festival at the same time as Romania: 25 to 27 June 2010. This part of Sonisphere was at the BJK İnönü Stadium in Istanbul. Akbank sponsored the event.
Day 1 – Friday 25 June
Day 2 – Saturday 26 June
Day 3 – Sunday 27 June
The Big Four were on the stage one after another, but did not play altogether.
This was the first time Rammstein and Anthrax came to Turkey.
The bass player of Manowar, Joey DeMaio, made a speech to the audience in Turkish.
Spain.
Spain hosted Sonisphere on 9 and 10 July 2010, at Getafe Open Air in Madrid.
Day 1 – Friday 9 July
Day 2 – Saturday 10 July
United Kingdom.
Sonisphere arrived in the UK for a three-day festival, taking place at Knebworth House between Friday 30 July – Sunday 1 August. Music included a 'Rocky Horror Show" theme with Alice Cooper, and headliners Iron Maiden and Rammstein.
Day 1 – Friday 30 July
Day 2 – Saturday 31 July
Day 3 – Sunday 1 August
Sweden.
Sweden hosted Sonisphere in Stockholm on 7 August 2010 for a one-day festival. Iron Maiden announced via their official website that the band would headline the Swedish event. The following bands performed at the event. Heaven & Hell cancelled due to Ronnie James Dio's illness and later death.
Finland.
Sonisphere finished its tour in Finland, where tickets sold out in 2009. It was held on 7 and 8 August 2010, at Kirjurinluoto Arena Pori. Iron Maiden and HIM headlined the event.
A freak storm hit Sonisphere in Finland on Sunday 8 August 2010, causing severe damage to the second stage, rendering the stage unsafe and unusable. Two people were seriously injured and one died in hospital. The Heaven & Hell show was cancelled before the beginning of the festival due to Ronnie James Dio's health issues. He died on 16 May 2010.
Day 1 – Saturday 7 August
Day 2 – Sunday 8 August
Sonisphere 2011.
Sonisphere returned in 2011 with new venues in India, France and Italy but did not return to Romania. It also marked the first time that Metallica played in India. The first headliner announced for Knebworth, England was Slipknot.
UK.
Sonisphere Knebworth took place from 8 to 10 July 2011. On 3 December 2010, it was announced that the American band Slipknot would headline Sonisphere 2011. Soon afterward, on 6 December it was announced that Scottish rock band Biffy Clyro would be headlining the Saturday night, in the band's first major festival headlining performance.
On 13 December 2010, it was announced that Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax would headline the Friday of the Knebworth event. This will be the first time that The Big Four perform together in the UK.
On 17 January 2011, it was announced that Motörhead, Mastodon, In Flames and Parkway Drive will be playing the UK leg of Sonisphere. On 31 January 2011, it was announced that Weezer, Airbourne, Architects and Diamond Head will be playing Sonisphere. On 28 February You Me at Six, All Time Low, Sum 41, House of Pain, Arch Enemy, Grinspoon, Fozzy and Periphery were added to the lineup. On 28 March Bill Bailey, Jarred Christmas, Jason John Whitehead, Jim Breuer, and Steve-O were added to the lineup. According to the official site, during all three days of event, nearly 190,000 people were present. Cancer Bats performed a Black Sabbath tribute show. Motörhead dedicated their set to their former guitarist Würzel who died just the day before. The Saturday July 9 show opened at 11:30AM with a performance by Richard Cheese & Lounge Against The Machine.
Sweden.
Sonisphere in Sweden returned to Stockholm, but it was held at "Globen Open Air" on Saturday 9 July 2011. Slipknot headlined the event, with In Flames, Mastodon, Mustasch and Dead by April also playing at the festival. Only 16,000 fans came to see the bands this time.
Finland.
Sonisphere in Finland took place at Kalasatama, Helsinki on 2 July 2011. Slipknot headlined the bill with the other bands performing included: In Flames, Opeth, Sonata Arctica, HammerFall, Mastodon and more. As opposed to past two years, the 2011 Sonisphere was less well attended, with attendance of only 12,000 fans.
Poland.
Sonisphere Poland returned to Bemowo Airport, Warsaw on Friday 10 June 2011. Iron Maiden announced on their website that they would headline the event in Poland in 2011. Motörhead was confirmed as the second headliner of the festival. Other bands announced were Mastodon, Volbeat, Killing Joke, Devin Townsend, Hunter and Made of Hate. Iron Maiden played to the crowd of over 40,000 people who attended the event.
Greece.
Sonisphere in Greece returned to Athens and it took place in Terra Vibe Park, Malakassa on Friday 17 June 2011. Iron Maiden headlined the event, and Slipknot were special guests, playing live for the first time since Paul Gray's death. Mastodon, Gojira and Virus were the supporting acts. On 6 May it was announced that Nightfall, Moonspell, Need and Total Riot would play on 17 June 2011. Rotting Christ were the headliners of the second stage of the Greek leg of Sonisphere Festival. More than 25,000 fans attended the event.
Italy.
Sonisphere 2011 took place on Italian soil for the first time. More than 40,000 people were present during two days of festival. The two-day event was booked at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, on 25 and 26 June 2011. Iron Maiden were the headliners on the first evening, and the band performed to nearly 30,000 fans. Next day's headliners were Linkin Park with 13,000 in attendance. The other bands on the bill were: Slipknot, My Chemical Romance, Sum 41, Alter Bridge, The Cult, Mastodon, Motörhead, Guano Apes, Funeral for a Friend, Papa Roach, Rob Zombie, Apocalyptica and many others.
France.
Slipknot and The Big Four confirmed that they would be headlining the French Sonisphere event, which took place on 8 and 9 July 2011. Other bands announced were Dream Theater, Airbourne, Mastodon, Gojira, Loudblast, Tarja, Volbeat, Diamond Head, Mass Hysteria, Rise To Remain, Symphonia, Bring Me the Horizon and Papa Roach. The two nights attracted 76,000 people.
Metallica performed Helpless from Diamond Head, with Diamond Head and Anhrax members on stage, but without Slayer and Megadeth
India.
On 1 May 2011, Metallica confirmed on their official website that they would headline the Indian edition of Sonisphere, which took place in Bangalore on 30 October at the Palace Grounds.
Spain.
The third Spanish Sonisphere Festival took place on 15 and 16 July 2011, at Getafe Open Air in Madrid. The main headliner was Iron Maiden with The Darkness and Slash headlining the night before. Sonsphere Spain included around 70,000 attendees. Iron Maiden played to a full house venue with nearly 45,000 fans.
Turkey.
Iron Maiden headlined the second Turkish Sonisphere show, which took place on 19 June 2011, at Maçka Küçükçiftlik Park, Istanbul. Other bands that played included Slipknot, Alice Cooper, Mastodon and In Flames. Tickets were sold to approximately 25,000 people.
Bulgaria.
A Sonisphere event was scheduled to happen this year in Bulgaria but according to local promoter Marcel Avram and Balkan Entertainment the event was cancelled due to logistical and other problems that could not be rectified. The promoters also said that these problems were out of their control and that full refunds for tickets would begin on 15 June and continue to 15 July.
Switzerland.
Sonisphere returned to Switzerland for the second time. The event took place at St. Jakob on 23 and 24 June in Basel. Over two evenings more than 35,000 people attended the headlining shows. 23 June headliner was Judas Priest with the Epitaph World Tour at the St. Jakobshalle; the next evening's headliner was Iron Maiden, who performed to almost 25,000 fans gathered at Leichtathletik Stadion. The other bands were: Whitesnake, Alice Cooper, Slipknot, Limp Bizkit, In Extremo, In Flames, Papa Roach, Kreator, Mr. Big, Hatebreed, HammerFall, Alter Bridge, Gojira, Gwar, Skindred and many more.
Czech Republic.
For the second time, Sonisphere took place in Czech Republic. The 2011 event was originally scheduled for Milovice Airport, but after a few months was changed to Praha's Výstaviště Park. Nearly 30,000 people from Czech Republic and many other countries (Poland, Germany, Austria) attended the headlining gig of Iron Maiden on 11 June 2011. Other bands on the bill included The Sisters of Mercy, Kreator, Korn, Mastodon, Cavalera Conspiracy and many others.
Sonisphere 2012.
UK.
Sonisphere Knebworth was scheduled to take place from 6 to 8 July 2012. On 20 February 2012, the headliners were announced as Kiss (Friday), Queen + Adam Lambert (Saturday) and Faith No More (Sunday). Several bands were set to play an album in its entirety, including Mastodon performing "The Hunter", Glassjaw performing "Worship and Tribute" and Hundred Reasons performing "Ideas Above Our Station". On 29 March the festival was cancelled with the organisers stating that co-ordinating the festival to an appropriate standard this year had proved more difficult than expected.
Poland.
Poland hosted Sonisphere on 10 May 2012, at Bemowo Airport.
Spain.
Spain hosted Sonisphere on 25 and 26 May 2012, at Getafe Open Air.
Day 1 – Friday 25 May
Day 2 – Saturday 26 May
Switzerland.
Switzerland held Sonisphere on 30 May 2012, at Yverdon-les-Bains.
Finland.
Finland held Sonisphere on 4 June 2012, at Kalasatama.
France.
France held Sonisphere on 7 and 8 July 2012, at Amneville.
Sonisphere 2013.
UK.
In December 2012, organisers announced the festival would make a return after cancelling that year's edition in Knebworth. However, on 21 December it was confirmed the event would be cancelled for the second year in succession. Citing a struggle to secure a strong lineup for the festival.
Sonisphere 2014.
UK.
It was announced on 12 November 2013, that Sonisphere would return to Knebworth, UK, from 4 to 6 July 2014. The festival would celebrate 40 years of Rock Music at Knebworth Park. Sonisphere would come to Hamburg, Germany on 4 June 2014.
On 2 December Iron Maiden (Saturday) and Metallica (Sunday) were announced as the first two headliners of the UK edition of Sonisphere. This would be Iron Maiden's final show of their highly successful Maiden England World Tour. It was also revealed when Metallica were announced, that fans booking weekend tickets would be eligible to vote for 17 of the 18 songs in Metallica's setlist (The 18th to be one of their new songs). On 11 December The Prodigy were announced to be headlining the Friday slot. On 6 January, Slayer, Mastodon, Alice in Chains, Ghost, Karnivool, Gojira and Airbourne were added to the lineup as undercard bookings. Then on 21 January, Limp Bizkit were revealed to be the special guests for The Prodigy on the Friday, with Dropkick Murphys, The Sisters Of Mercy, Anthrax, Chas & Dave, The Devin Townsend Project, Carniflex, Silverstein, The Virgin Marys & Voodoo Six also appearing across the weekend.
For the first time at a UK festival, the pro wrestling company Progress Wrestling held three shows at The Satellite Stage on all three days. The shows were well received and considered on many music sites "Best at Sonisphere 2014", especially after a "Lego Deathmatch" was held on the final night.
Sonisphere also later revealed on their official Facebook page, that they plan to continue their tradition of having no stage clashes between the two main stages (Apollo & Saturn stages), but the other stages would run as normal. Babymetal would make their first ever UK appearance on the Apollo Stage on Saturday 5 July 2014.
The capacity of the 2014 UK festival was 60,000.
Sonisphere 2015.
Italy.
Italy held Sonisphere on 2 June 2015, at Assago Summer Arena.
Switzerland.
Switzerland held Sonisphere on 6 June 2015, at ExpoPark Nidau-Biel.
UK.
Sonisphere UK 2015 was cancelled in January 2015 after the organisers stated they couldn't get a line-up together they deemed suitable for the event.
Sonisphere 2016.
Switzerland.
Switzerland held Sonisphere on 3 and 4 June 2016, at Allmend in Lucerne.
Day 1 – Friday 3 June
Day 2 – Saturday 4 June
UK.
On 8 January the official Sonisphere Facebook page replied to a user, on a picture that they shared, stating: "We don't have a festival that I am aware of". Sonisphere did not take place in Knebworth despite organisers stating a desire to return.


Monument to the Five Senses

Monument to the Five Senses () is a 1991 metal sculpture by Lubo Kristek, installed outside the Neues Stadtmuseum, Landsberg am Lech, Germany in 1992. This tribute to human senses is made using repoussé and chasing technique, and is composed of welded sheets of metal.
History and description.
The piece depicts five human senses that conjoin in a face-like shape and resemble a growing plant. Kristek executed the sculpture in one of his typical techniques – from welded sheets of metal. The Czech art historian Barbora Putova noted:
Kristek addressed senses and perception in his sculptural works. In some of his performance art pieces, he studied perception and behaviour of crowd. His ideas evolved in his theory of holographic perception – that various types of stimuli entangle and excite a holographic image in the mind of the spectator. In 2008, Thomas Goppel wrote a foreword for the publication about Lubo Kristek issued by the Neues Stadtmuseum and noted that this sculpture is a reminder that "art should be perceived by all the senses."
The piece was commissioned by Beatrix und Erich Matthees (the Lechstadt Hausbau company) and donated to the museum. In November 1992, it was inaugurated in the museum’s garden as an introduction to Kristek’s solo retrospective exhibition in the Neues Stadtmuseum starting on 12 December.
In 2015, the sculpture was included in the selection of 40 collection pieces owned by the Neues Stadtmuseum described in the publication "Schätze aus den städtischen Sammlungen des Neuen Stadtmuseums Landsberg am Lech" (Treasures of the Municipal Collection in the Neues Stadtmuseum Landsberg am Lech).


Gwendolyn Ann Magee

Gwendolyn (Gwen) Ann Magee (August 31, 1943 – April 27, 2011) was an African-American fiber artist. Learning to quilt in the middle of her life, Magee quickly became known in the world of fiber art for her abstract and narrative quilts depicting the African-American experience. Her work can be found in the permanent collections of the Mississippi Museum of Art, the Museum of Mississippi History, the Michigan State University Museum, and the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Museum of American Art, and has been exhibited internationally.
Biography.
Magee was born Gwendolyn (Gwen) Ann Jones in 1943 in High Point, North Carolina. As a child she was exposed to art, craft and museums by her adoptive mother, a schoolteacher named Annie Lee Jones. Her parents subscribed to the 24-volume The Metropolitan Seminars in Art series by John Canaday and the 90-volume "Art Treasures of the World", published by Harry N. Abrams, and Magee was drawn to the volumes featuring Van Gogh and Gauguin because of the artists' vibrant use of color. Graduating in 1959 from William Penn High School in High Point, she entered the Woman's College of the University of North Carolina (UNC) in nearby Greensboro. UNC was in its fourth year of desegregation, and Magee was one of five African Americans in her class. During her time at UNC, Greensboro was a center of civil rights activities, and Magee became active in local demonstrations against segregation in the community, an experience that would later influence her artistic work.
Following her graduation in 1963 with a B.A. in sociology, Jones continued graduate study in social science at Kent State and Washington universities, working as an assistant with various research projects. She never earned a graduate degree, but did assist with many fieldwork studies. It was during one of these studies in Mound Bayou, Mississippi, that she met Dr. D. E. Magee, an ophthalmologist. The two married in 1969, and after Dr. Magee completed his residency in Philadelphia, the couple moved to Jackson, Mississippi, where they established careers and raised their two daughters, Kamili and Aliya.
Magee died in Jackson in 2011 after battling a long-term illness. She was 67 years old.
Art career.
Wanting to make quilts for her daughters to take to college, Magee enrolled in a quilting class in 1989. After completing classes at Joy's Craft Shop in Jackson and Anne's Quilt Shop in Clinton, Magee learned about the Jackson Quilters and the Mississippi Quilt Association, where she was the only African American member of the groups at that time. Looking back at that time, Magee recounted, "After I really became interested in quilting, I started looking for information about other African American quilters, and at first, the only references I could find highlighted us from the 'folk art' or 'outside artist' perspectives, and put forth all kinds of theories that stopped just barely short of saying that we were not capable of matching points and putting together intricate and 'well-made' quilts. This was one factor in my determination that no one would ever be able to say that my workmanship was shoddy." She quickly excelled at her craft and transitioned from traditional block patterns to more ambitious abstract and narrative designs recounting African-American history and culture. Magee also drew influence from her childhood in a creative home, education in the social sciences, participation in the civil rights movement, careers in social work and business, and her experiences as a wife, mother, and grandmother.
Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Magee used her quilts to bring attention to racial injustices of the past and the present. Many of her quilts, including "When Hope Unborn Had Died", narrate the impact of slavery in the United States. From 2000 to 2004, Magee worked on a series of twelve quilts inspired by the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing" by James Weldon Johnson. Through her textile art, Magee has also responded to contemporary events. In response to the state of Mississippi voting to keep the Confederate battle cross in their state flag, she created "Southern Heritage/Southern Shame" in 2001, with layered images of the Confederate flag, bodies hanging from nooses, and the hood of a Ku Klux Klan robe. Her quilt, "Requiem", depicts the loss of African-American culture when Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans.
Magee's work is in the permanent collections of the Mississippi Museum of Art, the Museum of Mississippi History (Department of Archives and History), the Michigan State University Museum, and the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Museum of American Art. Magee's work also has been exhibited in the Museum of Arts and Design, the Atlanta History Museum, the National Art Gallery of Namibia, the Val d'Argent Expo in Alsace, France, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and at numerous other national and international galleries. She has received numerous awards and fellowships, including the Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters' Visual Artist of the Year (2003), a United States Artists' Ford Fellow (2007), and a Governor's award for excellence in visual arts (2011), among others.


The Baltimore Shakespeare Festival

The Baltimore Shakespeare Festival was a small nonprofit theatre that produced plays by or about Shakespeare in Baltimore, Maryland. It also had an educational program that introduced school children to Shakespeare. The company existed, in different forms, from 1994 to 2010.
History.
The first production of BSF was "A Midsummer Night's Dream" which was performed at The Cloisters in Lutherville, Maryland in 1994. The company was founded by Kelley Dunn-Feliz and Richard Feliz that same year. In its early years, the Festival often faced financial instability, scaled back on its productions and went through several management changes.
In 2003, the festival moved to a permanent indoor space within the St Mary's Community Center in the Hampden neighborhood of North Baltimore.
The Baltimore Shakespeare Festival closed its doors for good in 2011. The Board of Trustees made a simple public pronouncement of the difficulty of producing live theater and announced it was closing its doors due to economic challenges. The company did not maintain any archives.


Danmark Har Talent (season 3)

The third season of Demark har talent aired on TV2 on 7 January 2017 and finished on 8 April 2017. The series will be again host by Christopher Læssø and Felix Schmidt. On the judging panel Jarl Friis-Mikkelsen, Cecilie Lassen, Nabiha and Peter Frödin will return while. Once again in this season the golden buzzer is available for each judge—and for the hosts for the first time—to press once the whole season to put one act straight through to the live shows. The competition was won by Drummer Johanne Astrid while Mind Reader Mads Fencker came Second and Acrobats Rasta Mizizi Acrobats came third.
Semi-finals.
The semi finals began on 4 March 2017. 7 acts will perform every week. 1 act will advanced from the public vote 1 act will advanced from the judges vote


Gabardine

Gabardine is a tough, tightly woven fabric used to make suits, overcoats, trousers, uniforms, windbreakers and other garments.
History.
The word gaberdine or gabardine has been used to refer to a particular item of clothing, a sort of long cassock but often open at the front, since at least the 15th century, in the 16th becoming used for outer garments of the poor, and later signifying a rain cloak or protective smock-frock.
The modern use of the term for a fabric rather than a garment dates to Thomas Burberry, founder of the Burberry fashion house in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, who invented the fabric and revived the name in 1879, and patented it in 1888.
Production.
The original fabric was worsted wool, sometimes in combination with cotton, and was waterproofed using lanolin before weaving. The fibre may also be pure cotton, texturised polyester, or a blend.
Gabardine is woven as a warp-faced steep or regular twill, with a prominent diagonal rib on the face and smooth surface on the back. Gabardine always has many more warp than weft yarns.
Gabardine is tightly woven and water-repellent but more comfortable than rubberised fabrics.
Applications.
Burberry clothing of gabardine was worn by polar explorers, including Roald Amundsen, the first man to reach the South Pole, in 1911 and Ernest Shackleton, who led a 1914 expedition to cross Antarctica. A jacket made of this material was worn by George Mallory on his ill-fated attempt on Mount Everest in 1924.
Gabardine was also used widely in the 1950s to produce colourful patterned casual jackets, trousers and suits. Companies like J. C. Penney, Sport Chief, Campus, Four Star and California Trends were all producing short-waisted jackets, sometimes reversible, commonly known as weekender jackets.
Cotton gabardine is often used by bespoke tailors to make pocket linings for business suits, where the pockets' contents would quickly wear holes in flimsy pocket lining material.
Clothing made from gabardine is generally labelled as being suitable for dry cleaning only, as is typical for wool textiles.


Gloria Hoppins

Gloria Hoppins (born 1955) is an American artist associated with the Gee's Bend group of quilters.
Her work is included in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum.
Life.
Born in Gee's Bend, Hoppins' parents were Linda and Richard Pettway. Hoppins comes from a rich lineage of quilt-makers, such as her grandmother, Virginia Pettway, her mother, Linda Pettway, and her sister Lucy L. Witherspoon. She remains active in her community, singing in the gospel choir group "Ye Shall Know the Truth".


Pufnstuf (film)

Pufnstuf (sometimes referred to as Pufnstuf Zaps the World) is a 1970 American comedy fantasy musical film produced by Sid and Marty Krofft Enterprises and released by Universal Pictures. It is based on the children's television series "H.R. Pufnstuf," a show that features a cast of puppets on a "living island".
Plot.
After Jimmy (Jack Wild) gets kicked out of the school band for tripping and breaking a drum kit, he then ventures on a journey with his newly magical talking flute Freddy. Orchestrated by Witchiepoo (Billie Hayes), he ends up on an evil boat which takes him to Living Island, an island where everything is alive. Once there, he befriends many of the island's inhabitants led by Mayor H.R. Pufnstuf (voiced by Al Melvin), but the evil Witchiepoo is determined to steal Freddy the Flute away from him in order to impress the visiting Witches' Council and the Boss Witch (Martha Raye) enough to win the Witch of the Year Award.
The witch steals the flute by disguising herself as a pretty dance instructor. Jimmy and his new friends get the flute back by having Gopher dig a tunnel to Witchiepoo's castle and faking a fire. Witchiepoo retaliates by bombing and destroying Pufnstuf's town. During the bombing she is blown away by a cowboy head which destroys her flying vehicle.
Jimmy feels bad for endangering the Living Island inhabitants and decides to leave with his flute without telling them, to keep them from further danger. Witchiepoo returns to Pufnstuf's town and shrinks all the inhabitants to put them in her castle dungeon as prisoners. Jimmy finds this out and decides to try to save them.
Witchiepoo invites the Witches' Council for a convention and prepares Pufnstuf to be the main meal. Jimmy disguises himself as a witch to enter with the other witches. Jimmy gets found out while trying to save Pufnstuf and is put in the dungeon with the others.
Mole digs into the dungeon to save them, all except Pufnstuf who will soon be cooked. Once back at the town they plan a rescue. A book tells them the only thing that scares witches is a good fairy angel. They all dress up as white good fairy angels, raid the castle, scare off the Witches Council, and save Pufnstuf.
Once they are gone Witchiepoo is the only witch to find out they were faking, she flies to try to catch up and tell the other witches to come back. En route, her minion sees the good guys at the town; she orders him to use her doomsday bomb on them but also says to take the wheel. Her minion accidentally drops the bomb inside the vehicle while literally taking the wheel, blowing themselves up in a large explosion.
The film ends with a musical number and Pufnstuf saying, 'when good friends pull together, they can do anything'.
Production.
Hot on the heels of the "H.R. Pufnstuf" television series, this film was rushed into production for theatrical distribution, with filming beginning in January 1970. The movie was financed by Universal Pictures and Kellogg's Cereal, the latter of which was a sponsor of the television show.
Sid Krofft cast his next door neighbor, singer Cass Elliot, as Witchiepoo's frenemy and bitter rival Witch Hazel. According to actress Joy Campbell McKenzie, Cass Elliot was "very distant. Not rude or arrogant but she just didn't mingle, which most people were surprised about."
Martha Raye was cast as Boss Witch. The cast and crew expected Raye to behave like a diva, but she instead befriended everyone behind the scenes, even inviting them to dinner. However Jack Wild did not like her at all, and referred to Raye as "a right old cow". Raye's involvement in "Pufnstuf" led to her being cast as Benita Bizarre in the Kroffts' upcoming television show "The Bugaloos".
Album.
A soundtrack album was released on LP, cassette and 8-track in 1970 (Capitol/EMI Records SW-542), featuring the songs and the score by Charles Fox. A bootleg version of the LP was re-released on CD in 2006 by El Records (ACMEM65CD). While the pressing is from a legitimate European company, the source tape is an unauthorized bootleg—noticeable for several loops added to various tracks.
Home media.
"Pufnstuf" was released to DVD on May 19, 2009. It includes the original trailer of the film, and it is presented in its original widescreen presentation. The film is also available in Digital media format at iTunes Store.


Pet Shop (film)

Pet Shop is a 1994 science fantasy children's film by Moonbeam Entertainment. The film's plot involves an alien couple that comes to Earth in disguise.
Plot.
An alien couple comes to Earth disguised as a cowboy and cowgirl and buy a pet shop from its owner in an attempt to kidnap the children for sale as pets to fellow aliens in their own pet shop. They look like normal people aside from the fact that they have a third eye on their foreheads which they cover with their hats. One by one they give some pets to random kids free of charge. The pets at first seem normal, until they change into their alien forms. The kids meet when they return to the pet shop because their pets stop eating and need some type of "vitamins" that the aliens feed them.
Release.
Originally intended for a release in the summer of 1994, the film ended up being released on videocassette on March 28, 1995, though it did get released on video in Australia in December 1994. Full Moon released new remastered Blu-Ray on December 11, 2018.


Munchie

Munchie is a 1992 comedy film directed by Jim Wynorski and is a sequel to the 1987 film, Munchies. The film stars Andrew Stevens and Loni Anderson and Jennifer Love Hewitt, in her film debut. The film was released in Tennessee on May 15, 1992.
Plot.
Gage Dobson is a young boy dealing with various problems in his life. He is constantly bullied at school (by his fellow students AND the teachers), his widowed mother, Cathy, is dating the "creep" Dr. Elliot Carlisle, with whom Gage has a mutual hatred, and the girl he adores, Andrea, doesn't seem to know he exists. Gage's only friend is Professor Cruikshank, whom everyone considers a crackpot. After wandering into an abandoned mine, Gage finds a creature that calls itself Munchie. Gage runs home, frightened by the creature, only to find that Munchie has followed him home. Munchie explains to his new "pal" that he has magical powers and can help him out with the problems in his life.
Munchie's "help," however, only causes Gage more trouble. Munchie helps him get revenge on the school bullies (one is continually humiliated during a performance of Romeo & Juliet, the other is beaten up in the wash room) but he also helps to embarrass the school principal, who threatens Gage with expulsion. Fed up with Munchie's machinations, Gage takes him to Cruikshank, who reveals that Munchie is an eternal creature that has been in every major civilization since time began. Gage leaves Munchie with Cruikshank, only to have Munchie return to his house and put together a huge party while Cathy and Dr. Carlisle are on a date. The party is a big hit; Gage's principal, who attends, tells him he won't have to worry about expulsion, and Andrea and Gage finally get a chance to talk and they hit it off well.
While Cathy and Carlisle are on their date, Carlisle manages to disgust her with his misogynistic attitudes ("thirty something divorcees with children are a glut on today's market") and she demands he take her home early. They arrive and find the party in full swing. Cathy is furious with Gage, but when Carlisle finds a sleeping Munchie, he kidnaps him to take him to his office for experiments. With the help of Andrea and Cruikshank, Gage manages to get Munchie back and a chase ensues, culminating with Carlisle crashing into a donut shop and getting arrested by nearby cops.
Munchie leaves to join Cruikshank on a foreign expedition, promising Gage that they'll see each other again someday.
Production.
"Munchie" had a 18-day shooting schedule. Director Jim Wynorski spoke about working with actress Jennifer Love Hewitt, that working with her led to him writing "Little Miss Millions", specifically for Hewitt who made her debut role in this film.
Release.
"Munchie" received a theatrical release in Tennessee at Bell Forge 10 cinema on May 15, 1992. It was released on home video in June. The film was released on Blu-ray in January 2019.
Reception.
From contemporary reviews, Lawrence Cohn of "Variety" stated that the film was poor in comparison to its influence ("Gremlins") as well that films imitators ("Critters" and "Ghoulies") but that "Wynorski's pacy direction and frequent sight gags keep things moving in entertaining fashion." In the "1993 Motion Picture Guide Annual", Charles Cassidy Jr. described the film as a "Disney "manque"" that was "inoffensive as far as it goes, but hardly worth the talent involved". The review noted that Wynorski and R.J. Robertson "often season their celluloid junk food with warped humor" and happen to "give Gage some funny day dream fantasies, but those abruptly cease." and that Chuck Cirino's music theme "is a pleasant little tune that's the nearest to magic this production ever gets."