Andalusian horse

The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE (), is a horse breed from the Iberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years. The Andalusian has been recognized as a distinct breed since the 15th century, and its conformation has changed very little over the centuries. Throughout its history, it has been known for its prowess as a war horse, and was prized by the nobility. The breed was used as a tool of diplomacy by the Spanish government, and kings across Europe rode and owned Spanish horses. During the 19th century, warfare, disease and crossbreeding reduced herd numbers dramatically, and despite some recovery in the late 19th century, the trend continued into the early 20th century. Exports of Andalusians from Spain were restricted until the 1960s, but the breed has since spread throughout the world, despite their low population. In 2010, there were more than 185,000 registered Andalusians worldwide.
Strongly built, and compact yet elegant, Andalusians have long, thick manes and tails. Their most common coat color is gray, although they can be found in many other colors. They are known for their intelligence, sensitivity and docility. A sub-strain within the breed known as the Carthusian, is considered by breeders to be the purest strain of Andalusian, though there is no genetic evidence for this claim. The strain is still considered separate from the main breed however, and is preferred by breeders because buyers pay more for horses of Carthusian bloodlines. There are several competing registries keeping records of horses designated as Andalusian or PRE, but they differ on their definition of the Andalusian and PRE, the purity of various strains of the breed, and the legalities of stud book ownership. At least one lawsuit is in progress , to determine the ownership of the Spanish PRE stud book.
The Andalusian is closely related to the Lusitano of Portugal, and has been used to develop many other breeds, especially in Europe and the Americas. Breeds with Andalusian ancestry include many of the warmbloods in Europe as well as western hemisphere breeds such as the Azteca. Over its centuries of development, the Andalusian breed has been selected for athleticism and stamina. The horses were originally used for classical dressage, driving, bullfighting, and as stock horses. Modern Andalusians are used for many equestrian activities, including dressage, show jumping and driving. The breed is also used extensively in movies, especially historical pictures and fantasy epics.
Characteristics.
Andalusians stallions and geldings average at the withers and in weight; mares average and . The Spanish government has set the minimum height for registration in Spain at for males and for mares — this standard is followed by the Association of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain ("Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballo de Pura Raza Española" or ANCCE) and the Andalusian Horse Association of Australasia. The Spanish legislation also requires that in order for animals to be approved as either "qualified" or "élite" breeding stock, stallions must stand at least and mares at least .
Andalusian horses are elegant and strongly built. Members of the breed have heads of medium length, with a straight or slightly convex profile. Ultra convex and concave profiles are discouraged in the breed, and are penalized in breed shows. Necks are long and broad, running to well-defined withers and a massive chest. They have a short back and broad, strong hindquarters with a well-rounded croup. The breed tends to have clean legs, with no propensity for blemishes or injuries, and energetic gaits. The mane and tail are thick and long, but the legs do not have excess feathering. Andalusians tend to be docile, while remaining intelligent and sensitive. When treated with respect they are quick to learn, responsive, and cooperative.
There are two additional characteristics unique to the Carthusian strain, believed to trace back to the strain's foundation stallion Esclavo. The first is warts under the tail, a trait which Esclavo passed to his offspring, and a trait which some breeders felt was necessary to prove that a horse was a member of the Esclavo bloodline. The second characteristic is the occasional presence of "horns", which are frontal bosses, possibly inherited from Asian ancestors. The physical descriptions of the bosses vary, ranging from calcium-like deposits at the temple to small horn-like protuberances near or behind the ear. However, these "horns" are not considered proof of Esclavo descent, unlike the tail warts.
In the past, most coat colors were found, including spotted patterns. Today most Andalusians are gray or bay; in the US, around 80 percent of all Andalusians are gray. Of the remaining horses, approximately 15 percent are bay and 5 percent are black, dun or palomino or chestnut. Other colors, such as buckskin, pearl, and cremello, are rare, but are recognized as allowed colors by registries for the breed.
In the early history of the breed, certain white markings and whorls were considered to be indicators of character and good or bad luck. Horses with white socks on their feet were considered to have good or bad luck, depending on the leg or legs marked. A horse with no white markings at all was considered to be ill-tempered and vice-ridden, while certain facial markings were considered representative of honesty, loyalty and endurance. Similarly, hair whorls in various places were considered to show good or bad luck, with the most unlucky being in places where the horse could not see them – for example the temples, cheek, shoulder or heart. Two whorls near the root of the tail were considered a sign of courage and good luck.
The movement of Andalusian horses is extended, elevated, cadenced and harmonious, with a balance of roundness and forward movement. Poor elevation, irregular tempo, and excessive winging (sideways movement of the legs from the knee down) are discouraged by breed registry standards. Andalusians are known for their agility and their ability to learn difficult moves quickly, such as advanced collection and turns on the haunches. A 2001 study compared the kinematic characteristics of Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses while moving at the trot. Andalusians were found to overtrack less (the degree to which the hind foot lands ahead of the front hoof print) but also exhibit greater flexing of both fore and hind joints, movement consistent with the more elevated way of going typically found in this breed. The authors of the study theorized that these characteristics of the breed's trot may contribute to their success as a riding and dressage horse.
A 2008 study found that Andalusians experience ischaemic (reduced blood flow) diseases of the small intestine at a rate significantly higher than other breeds; and stallions had higher numbers of inguinal hernias, with risk for occurrence 30 times greater than other breeds. At the same time, they also showed a lower incidence of large intestinal obstruction. In the course of the study, Andalusians also showed the highest risk of laminitis as a medical complication related to the intestinal issues.
History.
Early development.
The Andalusian horse is descended from the Iberian horses of Spain and Portugal, and derives its name from its place of origin, the Spanish region of Andalusia. Cave paintings show that horses have been present on the Iberian Peninsula as far back as 20,000 to 30,000 BCE. Although Portuguese historian Ruy d'Andrade hypothesized that the ancient Sorraia breed was an ancestor of the Southern Iberian breeds, including the Andalusian, genetic studies using mitochondrial DNA show that the Sorraia is part of a genetic cluster that is largely separated from most Iberian breeds.
Throughout history, the Iberian breeds have been influenced by many different peoples and cultures who occupied Spain, including the Celts, the Carthaginians, the Romans, various Germanic tribes and the Arabs. The Iberian horse was identified as a talented war horse as early as 450 BCE. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the modern Andalusian horse of the Iberian peninsula and Barb horse of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and were used for breeding with each other, influencing one another's bloodlines. Thus, the Andalusian may have been the first European "warmblood", a mixture of heavy European and lighter Oriental horses. Some of the earliest written pedigrees in recorded European history were kept by Carthusian monks, beginning in the 13th century. Because they could read and write, and were thus able to maintain careful records, monastics were given the responsibility for horse breeding by certain members of the nobility, particularly in Spain. Andalusian stud farms for breeding were formed in the late 15th century in Carthusian monasteries in Jerez, Seville and Cazalla.
The Carthusians bred powerful, weight-bearing horses in Andalusia for the Crown of Castile, using the finest Spanish Jennets as foundation bloodstock. These horses were a blend of Jennet and warmblood breeding, taller and more powerfully built than the original Jennet. By the 15th century, the Andalusian had become a distinct breed, and was being used to influence the development of other breeds. They were also noted for their use as cavalry horses. Even though in the 16th and 17th centuries Spanish horses had not reached the final form of the modern Andalusian, by 1667 William Cavendish, the Duke of Newcastle, called the Spanish horse of Andalusia the "princes" of the horse world, and reported that they were "unnervingly intelligent". The Iberian horse became known as the "royal horse of Europe" and was seen at many royal courts and riding academies, including those in Austria, Italy, France and Germany. By the 16th century, during the reigns of Charles V (1500–1558) and Phillip II (1556–1581), Spanish horses were considered the finest in the world. Even in Spain, quality horses were owned mainly by the wealthy. During the 16th century, inflation and an increased demand for harness and cavalry horses drove the price of horses extremely high. The always expensive Andalusian became even more so, and it was often impossible to find a member of the breed to purchase at any price.
Dissemination.
Spanish horses also were spread widely as a tool of diplomacy by the government of Spain, which granted both horses and export rights to favored citizens and to other royalty. As early as the 15th century, the Spanish horse was widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean, and was known in northern European countries, despite being less common and more expensive there. As time went on, kings from across Europe, including every French monarch from Francis I to Louis XVI, had equestrian portraits created showing themselves riding Spanish-type horses. The kings of France, including Louis XIII and Louis XIV, especially preferred the Spanish horse; the head groom to Henri IV, Salomon de la Broue, said in 1600, "Comparing the best horses, I give the Spanish horse first place for its perfection, because it is the most beautiful, noble, graceful and courageous". War horses from Spain and Portugal began to be introduced to England in the 12th century, and importation continued through the 15th century. In the 16th century, Henry VIII received gifts of Spanish horses from Charles V, Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Duke of Savoy and others when he wed Katherine of Aragon. He also purchased additional war and riding horses through agents in Spain. By 1576, Spanish horses made up one third of British royal studs at Malmesbury and Tutbury. The Spanish horse peaked in popularity in Great Britain during the 17th century, when horses were freely imported from Spain and exchanged as gifts between royal families. With the introduction of the Thoroughbred, interest in the Spanish horse faded after the mid-18th century, although they remained popular through the early 19th century. The Conquistadors of the 16th century rode Spanish horses, particularly animals from Andalusia, and the modern Andalusian descended from similar bloodstock. By 1500, Spanish horses were established in studs on Santo Domingo, and Spanish horses made their way into the ancestry of many breeds founded in North and South America. Many Spanish explorers from the 16th century on brought Spanish horses with them for use as war horses and later as breeding stock. By 1642, the Spanish horse had spread to Moldovia, to the stables of Transylvanian prince George Rakoczi.
19th century to present.
Despite their ancient history, all living Andalusians trace to a small number of horses bred by religious orders in the 18th and 19th centuries. An influx of heavy horse blood beginning in the 16th century, resulted in the dilution of many of the bloodlines; only those protected by selective breeding remained intact to become the modern Andalusian. During the 19th century, the Andalusian breed was threatened because many horses were stolen or requisitioned in wartime, including the War of the Oranges, the Peninsular War and the three Carlist Wars. Napoleon's invading army also stole many horses. One herd of Andalusians was hidden from the invaders however, and subsequently used to renew the breed. In 1822, breeders began to add Norman blood into Spanish bloodlines, as well as further infusions of Arabian blood. This was partially because increasing mechanization and changing needs within the military called for horses with more speed in cavalry charges as well as horses with more bulk for pulling gun carriages. In 1832, an epidemic seriously affected Spain's horse population, from which only one small herd survived in a stud at the monastery in Cartuja. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, European breeders, especially the Germans, changed from an emphasis on Andalusian and Neapolitan horses (an emphasis that had been in place since the decline of chivalry), to an emphasis on the breeding of Thoroughbreds and warmbloods, further depleting the stock of Andalusians. Despite this change in focus, Andalusian breeding slowly recovered, and in 1869, the Seville Horse Fair (originally begun by the Romans), played host to between ten and twelve thousand Spanish horses. In the early 20th century, Spanish horse breeding began to focus on other breeds, particularly draft breeds, Arabians, Thoroughbreds and crosses between these breeds, as well as crosses between these breeds and the Andalusian. The purebred Andalusian was not viewed favorably by breeders or the military, and their numbers decreased significantly.
Andalusians only began to be exported from Spain in 1962. The first Andalusians were imported into Australia in 1971, and in 1973 the Andalusian Horse Association of Australasia was formed for the registration of these Andalusians and their offspring. Strict quarantine guidelines prohibited the importation of new Andalusian blood to Australia for many years, but since 1999, regulations have been relaxed and more than half a dozen new horses have been imported. Bloodines in the United States also rely on imported stock, and all American Andalusians can be traced directly to the stud books in Portugal and Spain. There are around 8,500 animals in the United States, where the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association (IALHA) registers around 700 new purebred foals every year. These numbers indicate that the Andalusian is a relatively rare breed in the United States. In 2003, there were 75,389 horses registered in the stud book, and they constituted almost 66 percent of the horses in Spain. Breed numbers have been increasing during the 21st century. At the end of 2010, a total of 185,926 horses were recorded in the database of the Spanish Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino. Of these, 28,801 or about 15% were in other countries of the world; of those in Spain, 65,371 or about 42% were in Andalusia.
Strains and sub-types.
The Carthusian Andalusian or "Cartujano" is generally considered the purest Andalusian strain, and has one of the oldest recorded pedigree lines in the world. The pure sub-type is rare, as only around 12 percent of the Andalusian horses registered between the founding of the stud book in the 19th century and 1998 were considered Carthusians. They made up only 3.6 percent of the overall breeding stock, but 14.2 percent of the stallions used for breeding. In the past, Carthusians were given preference in breeding, leading to a large proportion of the Andalusian population claiming ancestry from a small number of horses and possibly limiting the breed's genetic variability. A 2005 study compared the genetic distance between Carthusian and non-Carthusian horses. They calculated a Fixation index (FST) based on genealogical information and concluded that the distinction between the two is not supported by genetic evidence. However, there are slight physical differences; Carthusians have more "oriental" or concave head shapes and are more often gray in color, while non-Carthusians tend toward convex profiles and more often exhibit other coat colors such as bay.
The Carthusian line was established in the early 18th century when two Spanish brothers, Andrés and Diego Zamora, purchased a stallion named El Soldado and bred him to two mares. The mares were descended from mares purchased by the Spanish king and placed at Aranjuez, one of the oldest horse breeding farms in Spain. One of the offspring of El Soldado, a dark gray colt named Esclavo, became the foundation sire of the Carthusian line. One group of mares sired by Esclavo in about 1736 were given to a group of Carthusian monks to settle a debt. Other animals of these bloodlines were absorbed into the main Andalusian breed; the stock given to the monks was bred into a special line, known as Zamoranos. Throughout the following centuries, the Zamoranos bloodlines were guarded by the Carthusian monks, to the point of defying royal orders to introduce outside blood from the Neapolitan horse and central European breeds. They did, however, introduce Arabian and Barb blood to improve the strain. The original stock of Carthusians was greatly depleted during the Peninsular Wars, and the strain might have become extinct if not for the efforts of the Zapata family. Today, the Carthusian strain is raised in state-owned stud farms around Jerez de la Frontera, Badajoz and Cordoba, and also by several private families. Carthusian horses continue to be in demand in Spain, and buyers pay high prices for members of the strain.
Influence on other breeds.
Spain's worldwide military activities between the 14th and 17th centuries called for large numbers of horses, more than could be supplied by native Spanish mares. Spanish custom also called for mounted troops to ride stallions, never mares or geldings. Due to these factors, Spanish stallions were crossed with local mares in many countries, adding Spanish bloodlines wherever they went, especially to other European breeds.
Because of the influence of the later Habsburg families, who ruled in both Spain and other nations of Europe, the Andalusian was crossbred with horses of Central Europe and the Low Countries and thus was closely related to many breeds that developed, including the Neapolitan horse, Groningen, Lipizzaner and Kladruber. Spanish horses have been used extensively in classical dressage in Germany since the 16th century. They thus influenced many German breeds, including the Hanoverian, Holstein, East Friesian and Oldenburg. Dutch breeds such as the Friesian and Gelderland also contain significant Spanish blood, as do Danish breeds such as the Frederiksborg and Knabstrupper.
Andalusians were a significant influence on the creation of the Alter Real, a strain of the Lusitano, and the Azteca, a Mexican breed created by crossing the Andalusian with American Quarter Horse and Criollo bloodlines. The Spanish jennet ancestors of the Andalusian also developed the Colonial Spanish Horse in America, which became the foundation bloodstock for many North and South American breeds. The Andalusian has also been used to create breeds more recently, with breed associations for both the Warlander (an Andalusian/Friesian cross) and the Spanish-Norman (an Andalusian/Percheron cross) being established in the 1990s.
Naming and registration.
Until modern times, horse breeds throughout Europe were known primarily by the name of the region where they were bred. Thus the original term "Andalusian" simply described the horses of distinct quality that came from Andalusia in Spain. Similarly, the Lusitano, a Portuguese horse very similar to the Andalusian, takes its name from the ancient Roman province of Lusitania, now part of western Spain and most of Portugal.
The Andalusian horse has been known historically as the Iberian Saddle Horse, Iberian War Horse, Spanish Horse, Portuguese, Peninsular, Extremeño, Villanos, Zapata, Zamoranos, Castilian, and Jennet. The Portuguese name refers to what is now the Lusitano, while the Peninsular, Iberian Saddle Horse and Iberian War Horse names refer to horses from the Iberian Peninsula as a whole. The Extremeño name refers to Spanish horses from the Extremadura province of Spain and the Zapata or Zapatero name to horses that come from the Zapata family stud. The Villano name has occasionally been applied to modern Andalusians, but originally referred to heavy, crossbred horses from the mountains north of Jaen. The Carthusian horse, also known as the Carthusian-Andalusian and the Cartujano, is a sub-type of the Andalusian, rather than a distinct breed in itself. A common nickname for the Andalusian is the "Horse of Kings". Some sources state that the Andalusian and the Lusitano are genetically the same, differing only in the country of origin of individual horses.
In many areas today, the breeding, showing, and registration of the Andalusian and Lusitano are controlled by the same registries. One example of this is the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association (IALHA), claimed to have the largest membership of any Andalusian registering organization. Other organizations, such as The Association of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain ( or ANCCE), use the term or PRE to describe the true Spanish horse, and claim sole authority to officially register and issue documentation for PRE Horses, both in Spain and anywhere else in the world. In most of the world the terms "Andalusian" and "PRE" are considered one and the same breed, but the public position of the ANCCE is that terms such as "Andalusian" and "Iberian horse" refer only to crossbreds, which the ANCCE considers to be horses that lack quality and purity, without official documentation or registration from official Spanish Stud Book.
In Australasia, the Australasia Andalusian Association registers Andalusians (which the registry considers an interchangeable term for PRE), Australian Andalusians, and partbred Andalusians. They share responsibility for the Purebred Iberian Horse (an Andalusian/Lusitano cross) with the Lusitano Association of Australasia. In the Australian registry, there are various levels of crossbred horses. A first cross Andalusian is a crossbreed that is 50 percent Andalusian, while a second cross Andalusian is the result of crossing a purebred Andalusian with a first cross – resulting in a horse of 75 percent Andalusian blood. A third cross, also known by the registry as an Australian Andalusian, is when a second cross individual is mated with a foundation Andalusian mare. This sequence is known as a "breeding up" program by the registry.
Pure Spanish Horse (PRE).
The name (PRE), usually rendered in English "Pure Spanish Horse" (not a literal translation) is the term used by the ANCCE, a private organization, and the Ministry of Agriculture of Spain. The ANCCE uses neither the term "Andalusian" nor "Iberian horse", and only registers horses that have certain recognized bloodlines. In addition, all breeding stock must undergo an evaluation process. The ANCCE was founded in 1972. Spain's Ministry of Agriculture recognizes the ANCCE as the representing entity for PRE breeders and owners across the globe, as well as the administrator of the breed stud book. ANCCE functions as the international parent association for all breeders worldwide who record their horses as PRE. For example, the United States PRE association is affiliated with ANCCE, follows ANCCE rules, and has a wholly separate governance system from the IALHA.
A second group, the Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE Mundial, has begun another PRE registry as an alternative to the ANCCE. This new registry claims that all of their registered horses trace back to the original stud book maintained by the "Cria Caballar", which was a branch of the Spanish Ministry of Defense, for 100 years. Thus, the PRE Mundial registry asserts that their registry is the most authentic, purest PRE registry functioning today.
, there is a lawsuit in progress to determine the legal holder of the PRE stud book. The Unión de Criadores de Caballos Españoles (UCCE or Union of Spanish Horse Breeders) has brought a case to the highest European Union courts in Brussels, charging that the Ministry of Spain's transfer of the original PRE Libro de Origen (the official stud book) from the "Cria Caballar" to ANCCE was illegal. In early 2009, the courts decided on behalf of UCCE, explaining that the "Cria Caballar" formed the "Libro de Origin". Because it was formed by a government entity, it is against European Union law for the stud book to be transferred to a private entity, a law that was broken by the transfer of the book to ANCCE, which is a non-governmental organization. The court found that by giving ANCCE sole control of the stud book, Spain's Ministry of Defense was acting in a discriminatory manner. The court held that Spain must give permission to maintain a breed stud book (called a "Libro Genealógico") to any international association or Spanish national association which requests it. Based on the Brussels court decision, an application has been made by the Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse to maintain the United States stud book for the PRE. , Spain has not revoked ANCCE's right to be the sole holder of the PRE stud book, and has instead reaffirmed the organization's status.
Uses.
The Andalusian breed has over the centuries been consistently selected for athleticism. In the 17th century, referring to multi-kilometer races, Cavendish said, "They were so much faster than all other horses known at that time that none was ever seen to come close to them, even in the many remarkable races that were run." In 1831, horses at five years old were expected to be able to gallop, without changing pace, four or five leagues, about . By 1925, the Portuguese military expected horses to "cover 40 km over uneven terrain at a minimum speed of 10 km/h, and to gallop a flat course of 8 km at a minimum speed of 800 metres per minute carrying a weight of at least 70 kg", and the Spanish military had similar standards.
From the beginning of their history, Andalusians have been used for both riding and driving. Among the first horses used for classical dressage, they still compete in international competition in dressage today. At the 2002 World Equestrian Games, two Andalusians were on the bronze medal-winning Spanish dressage team, a team that went on to take the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Today, the breed is increasingly being selectively bred for increased aptitude in classical dressage. Historically, however, they were also used as stock horses, especially suited to working with Iberian bulls, known for their aggressive temperaments. They were, and still are, known for their use in mounted bull fighting. Mares were traditionally used for "la trilla", the Spanish process of threshing grain practiced until the 1960s. Mares, some pregnant or with foals at their side, spent full days trotting over the grain. As well as being a traditional farming practice, it also served as a test of endurance, hardiness and willingness for the maternal Andalusian lines.
Andalusians today are also used for show jumping, western pleasure and other horse show events. The current Traveler, the mascot of the University of Southern California, is an Andalusian. The dramatic appearance of the Andalusian horse, with its arched neck, muscular build and energetic gaits, has made it a popular breed to use in film, particularly in historical and fantasy epics. Andalusians have been present in films ranging from "Gladiator" to "Interview with the Vampire", and ' to "Braveheart". The horses have also been seen in such fantasy epics as "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, "King Arthur", and '. In 2006, a rearing Andalusian stallion, ridden by Spanish conquistador Don Juan de Oñate, was recreated as the largest bronze equine in the world. Measuring high, the statue currently stands in El Paso, Texas.


Limoneira

Limoneira is a public limited agribusiness and real estate development company based in Santa Paula, California, United States. The Company's operations mainly consist of production, sales and marketing of citrus and avocados They have three business segments which are agribusiness, rental operations and real estate development. The company received the IPM Innovator Award at California Legislature Assembly Resolution.
It has repeatedly been called one of the largest lemon producers in the state and world including "one of the oldest citrus growing organizations of the West Coast", "the oldest ongoing citrus operation in California"
History.
Limoneira was founded in 1893 at Union Oil Company Building in Santa Paula, California by Nathan Blanchard, Sr., one of the founders of Santa Paula, and Wallace Hardison. They started with of land which over time would increase as the company grew. The Portuguese "Limoneira" means lemon grove or lemon farm which was their principal crop. The year 1895 was a milestone for the company when it planted 690 orange trees, its first non-lemon product. By 1898 the company had nearly 50,000 trees, consisting of: 32,000 lemon trees, 3,000 grapefruit trees and 12,000 orange trees. This year, Blanchard also retired and appointed Charles Collins Teague as his successor.
The Limoneira plantation also had its own fire department, which still exists today and is one of the oldest continuously operating fire departments in Ventura County. In 1901, Limoneira achieved its first net profit and paid its first dividend to stockholders the following year. In 1907, Limoneira purchased the 2,300 acre Olivelands Tract, acquiring 1,000 of agriculture for walnuts, olives, beans, corn and hay and, because it converted 1,300 to livestock grazing, the company also purchased the Santa Paula and Horse and Feed Company the next year. In January 1908, the newspaper "Ventura Free Press" ran a story for Limoneira called "Greatest Lemon Ranch in the World", saying ""A further increase in the size of the largest lemon plantation in the world...will be the result of planting this season at the Limoneira Ranch. There are now...27,000 bearing lemon trees on the property, and this year trees will be on 300 acres more. The crop last year was the largest since the planting has begun..Bigness is not the chief end kept in view the management of the ranch. The growth of the enterprise, in fact, has come from never flagging efforts to maintain and improve the quality of the product. In addition to lemons, the ranch has 500 acres of walnuts".
By 1913, the company's growth was evident and the "Santa Paula Chronicle" said ""The Lemoneira (sic) Company has demonstrated the wisdom of ample frost protection. The company will ship more than 450 cars of lemons this year, approximately one-third of the entire amount to the be shipped from this State". By 1916, the company was battling Sunkist as both of them had nationally recognized products and Limoneira refused to exclusively brand their oranges as "Sunkist" but later reluctantly agreed.
By the 1920s, the company’s acreage under cultivation had quadrupled in less than 30 years and numerous building and expansion projects were underway. It was the solid base created in the previous 30 years that pulled the company through the Depression and the challenges of the 1940s. In 1900, with Teague as the manager, he built the company into the state's largest citrus holding and the world's largest acreage. The company also joined the Southern California Fruit Exchange before pulling out a few years later and joining again in 1911.
The company also once set the record for deepest oil well in Ventura County before abandoning the well in 1949. The well like many others were in search of oil but oil was never found on Limoneira properties despite several companies participating in drilling, including Superior Oil Company, Richfield Oil Corporation, Humble Oil, Unocal Corporation and Standard Oil. Throughout its history, it has employed foreign labor including Japanese and Mexicans. In 1924, after the Immigration Act of 1924 which barred Japanese immigration, it particularly focused on Mexican labor. Since the 1970s, Limoneira has also been a leading lemon supplier to Japan and also distributes to Korea, China, Philippines and Thailand. In 1985, Limoneira partnered with Samuel Edwards Associates to become Limoneira Associates until Limoneira become one company again in 1990.
In 2005, Limoneira made a cross-equity agreement with Calavo Growers where Limoneira got a 6.9 stake of Calavo while Calavo got a 15.1 stake in Limoneira. In 2013, Limoneira acquired Associated Citrus Packers, Inc. of Yuma, Arizona for $18.6 million. In 2014, it acquired Marlin Ranching Company for $1.4 million.
Overview.
Limoneira Company operates as an agribusiness and real estate development company and is one of the largest growers and marketers of lemons in the U.S. and the largest grower of avocados in the U.S. The Company has 10,600 acres of agriculture and real estate property and significant water rights. Operations are in California, Arizona and Chile operates in Agribusiness, Rental Operations, and Real Estate Development.
Agribusiness.
The Agribusiness segment grows lemons, avocados, oranges, and various specialty citrus fruits and other crops, such as Satsuma mandarin oranges, Moro blood oranges, Cara Cara oranges, Minneola tangelos, Star Ruby grapefruit, pummelos, pistachios, and olives, as well as pack and sell lemons grown by others. This segment sells and markets lemons directly to food service, wholesale, and retail customers. It has 3,900 acres of lemons; approximately 1,200 acres of avocados; approximately 1,500 acres of oranges; and approximately 800 acres of specialty citrus and other crops in Ventura and Tulare counties, California, and Yuma County in Arizona. The Company also has a 35% interest in Rosales S.A., a citrus packing, marketing and sales operation in La Serena, Chile. Limoneira owns two packing facilities-one in Santa Paula, California and the other in Yuma, Arizona.
Rental Operations.
The Rental Operations segment rents residential and commercial properties, such as office buildings and a multi-use facility consisting of a retail convenience store, gas station, car wash, and quick-serve restaurant. The Company also owns and rents 267 work force housing units and leases approximately 610 acres of land to third party agricultural tenants.
Real Estate Development.
The Company is one of the largest land owners in Ventura County, California. The real estate development segment develops land parcels, multi-family housing, and single-family homes. The Company is developing East Area I and II in Santa Paula, a 550-acre master planned community with 1500 residential units, 500,000sf of commercial space and 150,000sf of light industrial space. Limoneira owns Windfall Farms in Creston California (San Luis Obispo County), a 720-acre, subdividable (76-10 acre Vineyard estate parcels) which has been planted with 100 acres of Cabernet Sauvignon wine grapes. The company owns three commercial parcels in Santa Maria, California with rights to develop 450 residential units.
Sustainability.
Limoneira employs sustainable practices in virtually each aspect of its day-to-day business and has made strategic investments in solar, water, soil and IPM (Integrated Pest management).
Solar.
In 2008, Limoneira completed two state-of-the-art solar projects. The first, at company headquarters in Santa Paula, is a 5.5-acre photovoltaic orchard that generates a full megawatt of electricity. Representing one-third of the Company’s total use. Solar energy powers Limoneira’s lemon-packing house and storage facility.
In the Tulare County town of Ducor, about north of Santa Paula, Limoneira installed four smaller solar arrays that together generate another full megawatt of electricity to power 250-horsepower motors that pump deep well water into reservoirs for the irrigation of 1,000 agricultural acres. It is estimated that, over their expected 25-year lifespan, Limoneira’s solar generation of 84 million kilowatt hours will save at least 64,000 tons of greenhouse gases that would have otherwise been emitted by an ordinary oil- or coal-firing power plant.
Water Rights.
Through Limoneira’s land position, historic water use, sustainable land use practices and by making investments in infrastructure, The Company has developed long-term, firm and reliable rights to water sufficient to meet any of The Company’s land use objectives.
Organic Recycling.
In 2004, Limoneira Company partnered with Agromin to create an innovative organic recycling program. Agromin is a manufacturer of premium soil products and the green waste recycler for more than 50 communities cities in Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties. Limoneira and Agromin developed a 10-acre facility on Limoneira land to receive green materials (lawn clipping, leaves, bark, plant materials) from throughout Ventura County. The material is converted into mulch that is spread in Limoneira orchards to curb erosion, improve water efficiency, reduce weeds and moderate soil temperatures.
Integrated Pest Management.
Limoneira was one of the founders of Associates Insectary. This grower-owned cooperative was formed in 1928 and provides pest control services to commercial citrus and avocado farmers. Beneficial insects are bred to control destructive agricultural pests. Limoneira maintains a complete Integrated Pest Management system to bring our sustainably-grown products to market.


Frascati DOC

Frascati is an Italian white wine named after the town of Frascati, located 25 km southeast of Rome, in Lazio, Italy. Archeological discoveries from the ancient town of Tusculum, now Frascati, demonstrate the cultivation of grapes for wine since the 5th century BC. It was one of the preferred wines of Ancient Rome, Renaissance Popes, poets and artists visiting in the Grand Tour 1700s and 1800s, and of the "La Dolce Vita" generation in the 1960s. Made from Malvasia di Candia, Malvasia del Lazio, Grechetto, Bombino bianco, and Trebbiano grapes, Frascati gained Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) status in 1966 and DOCG status in 2011, making it one of Italy's first DOC wines. The Frascati DOC/DOCG area is located in the heart of the Castelli Romani, Tusculum and Albani Hills south of Rome, and north of Lake Albano. The vineyards range from 200 to 1,000 feet in altitude. The soils are well drained and volcanic. The DOC allows for a minimum of 70% Malvasia (Bianca di Candia) and/or Malvasia del Lazio (aka Bombino) and a 30% maximum of Trebbiano and/or Greco and a maximum of 10% other white grapes. Many of the vineyards' cellars have ancient Roman caves. Modern cellars and techniques are now leading the way to an ever growing reputation of a fine quality wine, with many award winning labels. Frascati wine is also an ingredient in the Frascati Frizz aperitif.
Two Frascati wines qualified on Sep 20th 2011 for the higher DOCG recognition:


Sheffield Farms Stable

Sheffield Farms Stable was a historic stable located in Manhattanville, New York, New York. Designed by Frank A. Rooke, it was a six-story, light colored brick building with terracotta ornament. It was originally built in 1903 as a two-story stable building for the Sheffield Farms dairy, then expanded to its present size in 1909. It housed horses used for the delivery of pasteurized milk until July 1938. It was sold in 1942, after which it housed a real estate company, insurance company, and warehouse.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
The site is now part of Columbia University's new Manhattanville Campus. In 2009, Columbia contracted with the building's owner, who ran a moving and storage business in it, to build her a new building at 51 Audubon Avenue, incorporating the stable's façade. The façade was dismantled in 2009, and reïnstalled in the new building in 2012.
Today the entire blockfront is occupied by the university's Greene Science Center, which is expected to open in the fall of 2016.


Elmer B. Elliott

Elmer B. Elliott (March 13, 1902 - September 22, 1960) was Speaker of the Florida House in 1951 and 1952. and served in the Florida House of Representatives for 10 years from 1945 until 1955.
He was born in Belfalls, Texas, on March 13, 1902, and moved to Florida in 1921.
He was an automobile dealer and rancher in Pahokee, Florida, and served on the city commission.
He represented Palm Beach County in the House from 1945 until the 1953 term.
The Florida archives have a photo of him and his sons from 1959 on the occasion of his Florida House portrait unveiling. The archives also have a 1957 photo of him by Charles Lee Barron (1917 - 1997) addressing the House.
He died September 22, 1960, in Lake Worth hospital, leaving behind his wife Velva, a daughter, and three sons, one also called Elmer B. Elliott.


Kilted sausages


Alfred Youl

Alfred Youl (23 August 1849 – 3 February 1921) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Longford from 1903 to 1909 and a member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council for Macquarie from 1909 to 1920.
Youl was born into a prominent Tasmanian family at the family home, Symmons Plains Estate, near Perth. His family moved to Surrey in England in 1854, and he was educated at St Aubin's School in Jersey and Uppingham School in Leicestershire. He married Margaret Mansell in 1875, after which they returned to Tasmania and acquired the notable Leighlands property, near Perth. Youl thereafter became a grazier and prominent community figure, serving as a member (1884-1898) and five-time Warden of the Evandale Municipal Council, member (1898-1916) and Warden of the Longford Municipal Council, a member of the Perth Road Trust for over three decades, including a stint as trust chairman, chairman of the Longford Court of Petty Sessions, a justice of the peace, special magistrate for old age pensions and a member of the licensing bench and local board of health. Margaret Youl died in 1888, and he married Annette Francis Wigan in 1891.
He was elected to the House of Assembly in 1903 and re-elected in 1906. His House of Assembly seat was abolished from the 1909 election, and he contested and won the Legislative Council seat of Macquarie instead. He served until his defeat by George Pitt in 1920.
He died at Leighlands, in 1921, and was buried in Perth.


List of native Philippine chicken breeds

The domestic chicken breeds native to the Philippine islands include:


Dairy Campus

The Dairy Campus in the Netherlands is a test farm and centre for scientific research and practical training in the field of dairy farming, located, the capital of the province of Friesland. The decision to launch this centre was made in 2011, and it was opened in 2016. The Campus traces its roots to the test farm Bosma Zathe, founded in Ureterp in 1944; its building complex was formerly called Nij Bosma Zathe ("nij" means "new" in the West Frisian language). Today, the Dairy Campus is part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR). All activities in the centre are focused on the development of sustainable methods for the production and processing of dairy products.
History.
In May 1944, the "Centraal Instituut voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek" ("Central Institute for Agricultural Research", CILO), based in Wageningen, leased the dairy farm Bosma Zathe in the Frisian village of Ureterp for agronomic research. In 1956 this test farm was taken over by the (Frisian provincial) "Christelijke Boeren en Tuinders Bond" ("Christian Farmers' and Horticulturalists' Association", CBTB), which ran it for the following sixteen years. During a reorganisation in 1972, Bosma Zathe was transformed into a regional research centre (ROC). As such it became, from 1974 onwards, a collaboriation between the CBTB, the "Friese Maatschappij van Landbouw" ("Frisian Society of Agriculture") and interest groups of farmers and horticulturalists from the neighbouring Province of Groningen. Through a merger in 1995, the test farm became part of a national "Stichting Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden" ("Foundation for Practical Research into Husbandry of Cattle, Sheep and Horses"). From that point, the research which took place there was coordinated from Lelystad, in the central Dutch province of Flevoland.
In 2000, the test farm Bosma Zathe was moved from Ureterp to the Boksumerpolder, near the Frisian capital of Leeuwarden, where it took the name of Nij Bosma Zathe ("nij" means "new" in the West Frisian language). The building complex in that location was newly built in 1999. Nij Bosma Zathe was officially opened by the Queen's Commissioner in the Province of Friesland Ed Nijpels on 6 December 2000. The entire moving operation cost in excess of 17 million Dutch guilders. Afterwards, Nij Bosma Zatha, together with the other five Dutch regional research centres in the field of dairy farming (Cranendonck, De Vlierd, Zegveld, Aver Heino and Waiboerhoeve), became part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR). Nij Bosma Zathe's function was that of centre for practical research for the dairy farming area of the northern Netherlands region . In 2001 the test farm was grouped with the "Praktijkonderzoek Veehouderij" ("Practical Research Animal Husbandry"), an independently operating part of WUR. At that time Nij Bosma Zathe was made up of two residential dwellings, a (traditional) barn, a dairy barn with room for 184 cows, a barn for young cattle with facilities for calving, and a shed for agricultural machinery.
Because of the discontinuance of the "Landbouwschap", an organisation which had imposed a collective tax on Dutch farmers from which practical research was paid, budget cuts to the test farms became inevitable. In 2008-2009 all parties involved came to the agreement that the test farms for dairy farming would by brought together in one location. The intention was to establish a single national knowledge centre for innovation, scientific research, education and practical learning in the field of dairy farming and the production and processing of dairy products, named 'Dairy Campus'. Leeuwarden was named as the location of the newly centralised test farm, but that plan ran into opposition from the Animal Science Group of Wageningen University, . who considered that a concentration of the test farms for dairy farming at Waiboerhoeve, near Lelystad, the largest test farm in the Netherlands, was a more central location.
In the end the decision that the Dairy Campus would be located at Nij Bosma Zathe was taken in 2011 on the basis that Friesland is pre-eminently a dairy farming province, with a large number of organisations in the sphere of agriculture. Behind the scenes the Province of Friesland and the Municipality of Leeuwarden did some hard lobbying to get the Dairy Campus in Leeuwarden, among other things by promising €20 million in subsidies, a third of that for establishing the infrastructure and the rest for the curriculum and scientific research. Of that €20 million, €2.5 million came from the provincial government, another €2.5 million from the municipal government, and the remaining €15 million from the Frisian part of the "Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland" ("Northern Netherlands Regional Cooperation", SNN).
At the end of the summer of 2014, the expansion of Nij Bosma Zathe was supposed to begin with the construction of four new dairy barns and a new reception facility. However, the plans were delayed because of new budget cuts. In the end it was not until February 2015 before the expansion could begin. Overall it would cost €9 million. It had been intended that Nij Bosma Zathe would be the only Dutch test farm for dairy farming from 2015 on, but in the event the Dairy Campus was divided between two locations until the beginning of 2016, namely Nij Bosma Zathe and Waiboerhoeve, near Lelystad. Only after the construction work at Nij Bosma Zathe was completed, were all activities centralised in Leeuwarden. The Dairy Campus was formally opened by State Secretary for Economic Affairs Martijn van Dam, on 26 May 2016. In August 2018 Prime Minister Mark Rutte visited the Dairy Campus. From 2016 onwards, over a period of ten years, €40 million were invested in the Dairy Campus, of which €1 million became available for innovation projects on a yearly basis. Half of that money was made up of subsidies by the Province of Friesland and the Municipality of Leeuwarden, while the remaining half was provided by Wageningen University and partners in the private sector.
The Dairy Campus today.
In 2019 the Dairy Campus consists of a reception and presentation building, conference rooms, training areas, manure facilities, ponds to purify effluent a rotary milking parlor, and six dairy barns, each with its own function, such as raising young cattle, the processing of manure, and research into the accumulation of ammonia, life expectancy, grazing systems, and feedstuffs and efficient feeding. The test farm has 18 permanent employees (more than half in farming positions and the remainder in the office) and 550 milch cows (not counting a couple of hundreds heads of young cattle). Furthermore, it also includes 300 hectares of pasture. More than thirty research and innovation projects are being conducted at any time. Apart from its status as a knowledge and research centre, the Dairy Campus is also an enterprise, which has to pay for itself. Half of all proceeds comes from supplying milk to FrieslandCampina, and the other half is derived from sponsoring of scientific research.[source needed] Installment of a new gas installation, in December 2018, made the biogas from the biofermenter, which had been placed in the Dairy Campus by Biogas B.V., suitable to supply to the public gas net.
Activities.
The Dairy Campus is the (only remaining) centre for scientific research and practical training in the field of dairy farming in the Netherlands. The test farm is used to gather data which can be employed to invent new, innovative ways of running a farm and processing dairy products. As a subdivision of Wageningen University, the Dairy Campus focuses on achieving and promoting close cooperation between the scientific community, education and the agricultural sector. Students from "middelbaar beroepsonderwijs" (job-oriented secondary education), "hoger beroepsonderwijs" (job-oriented higher education) as well as universities can perform the practical stages of their education at the Dairy Campus or take classes in practical training there. It is also possible for them to get busy exploring scientists' ideas in provisional research projects. And companies can pay to have their products tested in the suitable environment of the Dairy Campus.
The test farm sees itself as a(n) "(inter)nationally leading centre where research, innovation, education, practical training and the dissemination of knowledge of the entire dairy production and processing chain are brought together." The intention of the institute is to raise dairy farming to a higher level vis-à-vis economic profitability, environmental concerns, animal welfare and social acceptance. The Dairy Campus wants to become the most important centre for innovation in the Netherlands, thereby evolving into "the Silicon Valley of and for the entire dairy farming sector." All activities in the centre are focused on the development of durable methods for the production and processing of dairy products.
Cooperation.
The Dairy Campus is cooperating closely with a large number of companies, research centres, educational institutes, government agencies and interest groups. Among those are of course other subdivisions of Wageningen University, but also Nordwin College , Van Hall Larenstein University, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, campus Friesland, LTO Nederland , FrieslandCampina, the Municipality of Leeuwarden, the Province of Friesland and several educational institutes abroad. In 2013 practical training centre PTC+ in Oentsjerk joined the Dairy Campus under its new name Dairy Training Centre (DTC), after an earlier attempt at collaboration fell through at the start of 2011. Until it went bankrupt in December 2017, the DTC provided training for domestic and foreign groups at the Dairy Campus, concerning dairy farming and milk processing. This training program included contributions from agricultural employment agency AB Vakwerk as well as consultancy bureau The Friesian.


National Academy of Agricultural Sciences

The National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) is a Government of India funded agency, established in 1990, is a research platform in the fields of crop husbandry, animal husbandry, fisheries and agro-forestry. It acts as a research base for agro-scientists to formulate their advice to the policy makers in discussion with the agricultural and agro industrial communities. The Academy is located at the National Agricultural Science Centre Complex, Pusa, in New Delhi, India.
Profile.
The National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) owes it origin to the vision of the late Dr. B. P. Pal, noted Indian agricultural scientist, who first put forth the idea of setting up a back-end chat room for assisting the decision makers on policies aimed at the development of agriculture in India. Tailing his advice, the Academy was formed in 1990 to assist research in agricultural and related sciences, to provide a forum for agricultural scientists for deliberations, and to organize seminars, congresses and conferences for the propagation of the philosophy of agriculture, which it has been carrying out since inception. It also maintains a "Corporate Membership" scheme for the corporate sector.
Projects.
The Academy undertakes several projects, planned in advance, every year. The major projects selected for research for the year 2014 are:
Regional chapters.
NAAS spreads its activities across the country through fifteen regional chapters, located at various agriculturally important places in India. The regional offices are mandated to create public awareness through lectures, seminars, conferences and workshops, publish magazines, journals and other print media methods and prepare databases of agricultural scientists region wise and generate interest among aspiring scientists. The regional offices are located at Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Imphal, Jodhpur, Karnal, Kochi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Mumbai, Nagpur and Patna.
Awards.
NAAS encourages research in Agricultural, environmental and nutrition Sciences, by way of awards and medals bi-annually.
Further, the Academy has put in place five research fellowships of three-year tenure, "NAAS –TATA Young Scientists’ Research Fellowship", aimed at supporting young scientists working in various research centres, State agricultural universities and other Indian Council of Agricultural Research organizations. The fellowships are funded by Sir Dorabji Tata Trust.
Journal Scoring.
The academy for assessing the quality of the published work of the fellow nominees had developed a 'Score' with which it rates various journals. It has two categories with two different criteria. For the journals which has the Thomson Reuters' Impact Factor (Journal Citation Reports) it assigns a score of 6.00 plus the journal’s Impact Factor with capping on 20.00. And for others which does have any Impact Factor, it uses various measures like frequency of publication, editorial board constitution, article contributions from overseas, citation analysis of articles etc. The year 2016 scored/rated journals are found here.
Publications.
NAAS has published several books, journals and reports, of which some of the notable ones are:
In addition, the Institute has been publishing "NAS Year Book'' since 1994, "NAAS News", a quarterly journal, "Agricultural News", a journal based on agricultural news on dailies, Policy Papers and Year Planners.


Dominio del Plata Winery

Dominio del Plata is a medium-sized winery located in the Lujan de Cuyo region of Mendoza Argentina. It was founded in 1999 by enologist and entrepreneur Susana Balbo.
History.
After twenty years of working as a consultant winemaker both in Argentina and around the world, Susana Balbo decided to open her own winery. In 1999, Susana rented a small winery and began her first batches of wine. Initially the production was quite small. The first batches of the Susana Balbo and Ben Marco lines were released in August 2000.
The period between 2001–2009 was a time of both internal and external expansion for the company. The groundbreaking for the current winery occurred in 2001. During the same year, the proprietary vineyard was planted. Over the next eight years, the winery had several renovations. A barrel room was added in addition to an on-site bottling and storage plant. With each renovation the winery capacity grew significantly. At the same time, the portfolio of the winery was completed.
From 2010 through the present, the winery has undergone significant internal organizational changes. During this time both of Susana’s children decided to join the family business. Her son Jose received his enology degree from UC Davis and works as both the winemaker and the export manager. Ana, her daughter, has a degree in Business Administration from Universidad de San Andres and is the manager of the marketing department. In 2013, Edgardo del Popolo was appointed CEO of Dominio del Plata.
Also in 2013, the restaurant Osadia de Crear opened at the winery. This project was spearheaded by Ana and Chef Jose Cacciavillani. The restaurant offers fusion dishes of Mediterranean and Argentine inspiration, as well as deli sandwiches and salads.
Susana Balbo.
Susana Balbo was born in Mendoza, Argentina to a traditional Italian family. Wine was always a big part of her life as she was growing up “My first memory is not actually mine, it’s told to me by my parents. In my childhood, the beverage for kids was water with a drop of wine to taint the color. So my parents gave me a full glass of water with a few drops of wine, and it seems I liked it as a 3-year old. They say they looked to the side, and I was taking the bottle to pour a full glass of wine!” She opted to become a wine maker and graduated from Don Bosco University in 1981 with a degree in enology. Upon graduating, Susana became the first female enologist in the history of Argentine winemaking.
Susana’s first job as a winemaker was at Michel Torino winery in the Salta province. At Michel Torino, Susana was put in charge of further developing the Torrontes varietal, which is native to Argentina. She stylized the wine so that it showed a very floral nose, with a refreshing citrus taste. To this day, she is credited with being the creator of this distinctive and popular style earning her the nickname “Queen of Torrontes.”
After working in Salta, Susana returned to Mendoza to work in wineries including Bodega Martins and Bodega Catena Zapata. She founded Dominio del Plata in 1999 in Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza. Even though she started her own winery, Susana maintains her presence in the global wine community. She served as president of Wines of Argentina twice, and still works as a consultant for many wineries around the world.
Winery.
In its current phase, the winery has an approximate area of 7,000 square meters. Dominio del Plata mainly uses stainless steel fermentation tanks. The winery ferments in concrete tanks and oak barrels, but on a smaller scale. The approximate yearly output of the winery is 2,000,000 liters.
Dominio del Plata is environmentally friendly, and employs practices such as water recycling and reduced packaging weight to minimize its carbon footprint. The winery has received ISO 22000 certification, which provides consumers with transparency throughout the winemaking and shipping processes.
Wines.
Dominio del Plata currently exports to 36 Countries. The biggest markets are the United States, Canada, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Japan. There are four major brands produced by Dominio del Plata: Crios, BenMarco, Susana Balbo, and Nosotros.
Crios.
This is a line of young, fresh, and very fruit forward wines. Crios means “offspring” in Argentine slang.
BenMarco.
The BenMarco wines are the most traditional Argentine style wines produced by Dominio del Plata. They display strong concentration and focus on primary fruit aromas.
Susana Balbo Signature.
Susana created this line of wines to fit her own personal tastes. Susana selects the barrels that display great complexity and concentration, and then blends them to produce the final product.
Nosotros.
The Nosotros Malbec pays homage to all of the efforts of the Dominio del Plata team. The best 40 barrels are selected by the enologists each year, and are then left to age for 18 months in new French oak. In Spanish, Nosotros means “us”. This wine is dedicated to all of the people who work to produce it.
Awards.
Sources.


Romano cheese

Romano cheese is a term used in the United States and Canada for a class of hard, salty cheeses suitable primarily for grating similar to Pecorino Romano, from which the name is derived. In spite of the name, it should not be confused with genuine Pecorino Romano which is an Italian product recognized and protected by the laws of the European Community, though United States law allows Romano produced entirely from sheep's milk to be called "Pecorino Romano".
Per U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations, Romano cheese can be made from cow, goat, and/or sheep's milk. It must contain less than 34% water and at least 38% milkfat. Cream, skim milk and/or dry milk and water can be added or removed to create the correct level of milkfat. Milk can be bleached with benzoyl peroxide or a mixture of benzoyl peroxide with potassium alum, calcium sulfate, and magnesium carbonate but, in that case, vitamin A must be added after treatment. Safe artificial blue or green coloring may be added only to counter any yellow coloring of the milk. Rennet does not need to be used and any "suitable milk-clotting enzyme that produces equivalent curd formation" may be used. Curd must be broken up to the size of corn kernels, stirred and heated to . The curd is drained, pressed into forms and the cheese is then soaked in brine for 24 hours. After brining, it is rubbed with salt and washed several times. Next it is dry-cured. It is occasionally turned and scraped, and may be coated with vegetable oil. Romano must be aged at least five months.
Romano cheeses are often grated over pasta, often in combination with Parmesan.


Mateus (wine)

Mateus is a brand of medium-sweet frizzante rosé wine produced in Portugal.
History.
The Mateus brand was created in 1945, and production began at the end of World War II. The wine was especially styled to appeal to the rapidly developing North American and northern European markets.
An early admirer was Sacheverell Sitwell:Among the delights of Portugal are the unfamiliar wines upon the wine lists... there is one wine that is altogether exceptional, and that comes from the remote northern Province of Tras-os-Montes. This is the most delicious "vin rosé" that I have ever tasted. It is called Mateus, and it may be that the view of the lovely villa of that name, near Vila Real, which is upon the label, makes the wine taste even better. For the villa has a façade of granite and white stucco, with many urns and statues. But what is unique in this wine is that it is the colour of orangeade, and slightly "pétillant". Let no one despise it for its colour! Mateus is delicious beyond words; and since I am told that it will travel and is exported to Brazil, it is a pity that one cannot buy it here in England.
Production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and by the late 1980s, supplemented with a white version, it accounted for almost 40% of Portugal's total export of table wine. At that time, worldwide sales were 3.25 million cases per year.
Roger Scruton recorded the social impact which the wine had in England:
My two sisters and I were raised in the shelter of penury and puritanical restraint. And maybe we would have retained the meek decencies of our childhood, had it noe been for the great transformation that our generation underwent when the Portuguese brand called Mateus Rosé burst on the scene, along with other breaches of English decorum around 1963...
Producer.
Sogrape, the family company which owns the brand and which is the largest wine producer in Portugal, has more recently diversified into other areas of the Portuguese wine industry, as the popularity of its Mateus brand has declined. In the UK in 2002, the wine was re-packaged and relaunched in a deliberate effort to capitalise on 1970s nostalgia, although the wine itself had already been made less sweet and slightly more sparkling, in response to modern popular preference for slightly drier wine. The wine continues to be sold, however, in its distinctive narrow-necked, flask-shaped bottle, with unique "baroque historic mansion" label (Mateus Palace in Vila Real, Portugal) and real cork stopper, but also comes with a screw top from some distributors in Northern European countries and the U.K. market.
Varieties.
More recently, a new variety of the wine has been marketed as "Mateus Rosé Tempranillo" produced in Spain, a deeper shade of pink than the original, but in a clear bottle with a silver foil, aimed at wine drinkers in their twenties, especially young women.
In 2014 the company launched its "Expressions" range, comprising three rosé wines – Baga and Shiraz, Baga and Muscat, and Aragonez and Zinfandel – and one white wine – a Maria Gomes and Chardonnay blend.


Peterson Goodwyn

Peterson Goodwyn (1745February 21, 1818) was an American planter, lawyer, soldier and politician from Virginia. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1803 until his death in 1818.
Early and family life.
Born at his father's plantation "Martins" near Petersburg in the Colony of Virginia to Joseph Goodwyn (1720-1799) and his wife the former Martha Thweatt, Goodwyn had at least 11 siblings, including a brother Joseph Goodwyn Jr. who also served in the American Revolutionary War and Dr. William Boswell Goodwyn who practiced in Southampton and whose son and grandson (both William S. Goodwyn) would serve as the Commonwealth attorney and later judge of Greensville County (on a railroad line linking Petersburg with North Carolina). Educated by private tutors as a child, Peterson Goodwyn later read law. He married Elizabeth Peterson Goodwyn (1757-1817) who bore at least three sons and four daughters.
Career.
Goodwyn became a planter and named his plantation "Sweden". He also was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1776, and began his legal practice in Petersburg and surrounding areas.
Military service.
During the Revolutionary War, Goodwyn equipped his own company of Virginia militia and rose through the ranks from captain to major. He was promoted to colonel for gallantry at the Battles of Smithfield and Great Bridge, both in Virginia. After the war, he joined the Society of the Cincinnati.
Political career.
Voters in Dinwiddie County elected him multiple times as one of their two representatives in of the Virginia House of Delegates (a part-time position). Goodwyn served from 1789 to 1802, except in the 1795-1796 session, when Drury Jones and Alexander McRae, both of whom he had served alongside, became the county's two representatives.
Voters elected Goodwyn as a Democratic-Republican to the United States House of Representatives in 1802. Re-elected numerous times, he served in the 8th through 15th congresses (1803-1818) and died in office. During the War of 1812, his son Edward Osborne Goodwyn (1776-1841) served as a Captain. His district was originally Virginia's 18th congressional district and after the 1810 census became Virginia's 19th congressional district, although neither district has existed since the 1840s due to Virginia's relative decline as the western states grew.
Death and legacy.
On February 21, 1818, a year after the death of his wife Elizabeth, Peterson Goodwyn died at his estate "Sweden" in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. He was interred in the family cemetery on the estate. Goodwyn also has a cenotaph at Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C..
In the 1830 U.S. Federal Census, his son Peterson Goodwyn (1802-1838) had a household which included 6 additional white persons and owned 63 enslaved persons; the county at the time included 1048 free white males, 2372 male slaves and 2309 female slaves, as well as 332 free colored persons. In the 1860 U.S. Federal Census his grandson Dr. John P. Goodwyn owned 15 enslaved persons; his holdings in 1850 are listed on a Virginia census not available online. In 1850 Edward "A." Goodwyn owned 20 enslaved persons, and William H. Goodwyn considerably more
By 1835, a post office on the stage road in southern Dinwiddie County was called Goodwynsville, which still existed in 1892. A descendant of the same name, Peterson M. Goodwyn, served in the 12th Virginia Infantry during the American Civil War. However, even the tavern which once stood at Goodwynsville has disappeared; after the Civil War, a railroad linked Petersburg to North Carolina through Dinwiddie County, which led to the development of McKinney, Virginia but Goodwynsville languished. The wooden plantation house that Goodwyn called "Sweden" was near collapse by 1900. The nearest town is Sutherland, Virginia, which was the site of a Confederate defeat on April 2, 1865 which led to disruption of the South Side Railroad, the last Confederate supply line in the closing days of the Appomattox Campaign that ended the American Civil War. A chimney, stone foundation and graveyard existed about a mile past the intersection of county roads 613 and 631. Patrick Magruder (1768-1819) who married Goodwyn's daughter Martha (-1816) and served one term in Congress from Maryland (1805-1807) before becoming both clerk of the House of Representatives and the Second Librarian of Congress until retiring for health reasons in 1815 is also buried in the family graveyard.


Capt. Jack C. Hardy House

The Capt. Jack C. Hardy House is a historic house on a former stud farm in Brookhaven, Mississippi. It was designed in the Italianate architectural style, and built with red bricks by Captain J. A. Hoskins in 1877. Both Hardy and Hoskins were veterans of the American Civil War of 1861–1865. Hardy lived here with his wife, née Ellen Hooker, their six children (Will, Charles, Brooks, Monita, Ethel, and Annie), and his wife's two sisters, Bettie Hooker Brooks (including her daughter Zula) and Martha Louise Hooker Ragsdale Atkins (including her three daughters Lulah, Nell and Florence. Lulah Ragsdale became a poet, novelist, and actress. Captain Hardy bred race horses on the property; he died in 1889. The house belonged to his great-great grandson, Thomas Hardy Little, from 1995 to 2005; he was found dead in Jackson, Mississippi in 2016. Meanwhile, the house was sold multiple times. In 2017, the new homeowners began restoring it and found old poker chips that may have belonged to Captain Hardy. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since February 1, 2007.


Industria Cartaria Pieretti

Industria Cartaria Pieretti (icP) is an Italian company which produces cardboard for industrial use, made starting from waste paper. Its headquarters are in Marlia, inside the Lucca paper district.
History.
In 1924 Giuseppe Pieretti founds in Marlia the "F.lli Pieretti" company (Pieretti Brothers), which starts producing straw paper. From 1935 to 1938 the company activities are expanded; they come to include the management of some more paper mills all around Italy. During the 1950s, Giuseppe's sons (Adriano, Graziano and Luisiano) take over the control of the whole company.
With the second generation in control, icP's core business shifts to packaging paper, completely made of waste paper. The 1970s mark the beginning of the corrugated cardboard production (1978). Two years later, the activities focus on stripe-cut board, so that it can be used in the production of tissue rolls cores or industrial tubes.
Products.
Every year approximately 120,000 tons of board are produced, with a gross income of more than 40 million euros. 60% of icP's total production is sold in Italy; the left part is exported throughout the world.
icP produces four kinds of paperboard: 50% of the production is used in the tissue cores market; 30% in the corrugated paperboard market; the remaining 20% is used for industrial tubes. The weight stays between 140 and 420 g/m2.


North Pacific Group

North Pacific Group (NOR PAC), founded in 1948 as "North Pacific Lumber Company", headquartered in Portland, Oregon, was a major wholesaler and distributor of wood products, building materials, steel and agriculture commodities in the United States.
Annual sales exceeded $1.2 billion. The company had 800 employees located in 28 offices and 150 inventory locations in the United States and abroad.
In August 2010, North Pacific announced that it had agreed to sell all of its stock to an unidentified “nationally-recognized private equity firm.”


Mihai Popovici

Mihai Popovici (21 October 1879 – 7 May 1966) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician.
Born in Brașov, he studied at the local Romanian high school and then at the universities of Budapest and Vienna, earning an undergraduate degree in philosophy and a doctorate in law. He belonged to the Romanian National Party (PNR) and was active as an opinion journalist. After the PNR merged with the Peasants' Party in 1926 to form the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ), he became vice president of the new organization.
In 1916, when the Romanian Old Kingdom entered World War I, he enlisted in the Romanian Army and helped organize the Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia. He belonged to the national committee of Romanian emigrants from Austria-Hungary, set up at Odessa in January 1918. That December, he took part in the assembly at Alba Iulia that approved the union of Transylvania with Romania. Popovici was subsequently elected to the temporary ruling authority in the province, the Directing Council. In 1919, he was elected to the Assembly of Deputies, in the first parliament of Greater Romania.
During the following decade, he held two ministerial posts: Public Works (December 1919-March 1920) and Finance (January 1927, November 1928-October 1929). He was among the PNȚ supporters of bringing Prince Carol, who had renounced his succession rights, to the Romanian throne. In 1926-1927, together with other prominent politicians, he visited Carol in Paris, urging him to take the throne. Popovici served as Interior Minister from 7 to 8 June 1930, in the cabinet of Gheorghe Mironescu that was charged by the regency acting on behalf of the minor King Michael with overseeing Carol's assumption of power. He subsequently held two more portfolios: Finance (June–October 1930, October 1930-April 1931) and Justice (October 1931-January 1933, January–November 1933).
Popovici remained close to the king as the latter became increasingly authoritarian, and during the National Renaissance Front regime promised him the PNȚ would not stand in his way. He took part in the 29–30 August 1940 session of the Crown Council that approved the cession of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. PNȚ leader Iuliu Maniu proposed Popovici as a minister in the subsequent government of Ion Antonescu, which the latter declined. In August 1947, in the wake of the Tămădău Affair and shortly before the establishment of a communist regime, he was arrested and incarcerated at Sighet prison. Released in July 1955, he died in Bucharest in 1966.


Tangiwai

Tangiwai is a census area and a small rural community in the Ruapehu District of the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located east of Ohakune and Rangataua and west of Waiouru on State Highway 49. In 2018 37.5% of the area's 1,281 residents worked in agriculture, forestry and fishing and 7.1% in manufacturing.
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "weeping water" for .
New Zealand's worst rail accident, the Tangiwai disaster, occurred near Tangiwai on 24 December 1953. The Whangaehu River rail bridge collapsed beneath a Wellington-to-Auckland express passenger train. The locomotive and first six carriages derailed into the river, killing 151 people. The subsequent Board of Inquiry found that the accident was caused by the collapse of the tephra dam holding back nearby Mount Ruapehu's crater lake, creating a large lahar in the Whangaehu River, which destroyed one of the bridge piers at Tangiwai only minutes before the train reached the bridge. A memorial has been built at the accident site.
Tirorangi Marae and Rangiteauria meeting house is located in the Tangiwai area. It is a traditional meeting ground of the Ngāti Rangi hapū of Ngāti Rangihaereroa, Ngāti Rangiteauria and Ngāti Tongaiti.
Demographics.
The Tangiwai statistical area, which includes Rangataua and which surrounds Raetihi, Ohakune and Waiouru but does not include them, had a population of 1,281 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 54 people (4.4%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 87 people (-6.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 492 households. There were 675 males and 606 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.11 males per female. The median age was 40 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 279 people (21.8%) aged under 15 years, 210 (16.4%) aged 15 to 29, 642 (50.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 150 (11.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 78.2% European/Pākehā, 34.0% Māori, 2.6% Pacific peoples, 2.6% Asian, and 1.2% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).
The proportion of people born overseas was 10.1%, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people objected to giving their religion, 55.0% had no religion, 31.9% were Christian, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.2% were Buddhist and 5.6% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 126 (12.6%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 198 (19.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 606 (60.5%) people were employed full-time, 144 (14.4%) were part-time, and 39 (3.9%) were unemployed.
Timber.
George Syme & Co ran a saw mill to cut totara, rimu, matai and kahikatea, linked to the station by a tramway from 1908 until 1930. The mill burnt down in 1926.
Karioi state forest was set up in November 1926, with set aside for forestry, and taken on by New Zealand Forest Service from 31 March 1927. It stretches about north east from Tangiwai onto the southern slopes of Ruapehu. By March 1931, over 10.7m trees had been planted on , for £56,524, 15s 10d. Most of the planting was on land with cobalt deficiency and therefore considered unsuitable for farming, though it also included at least of flax. Trees have been harvested since the late 1960s. Winstone Pulp International (WPI) bought of Waimarino Forest in 1989 and cutting rights to of Karioi Forest in 1990.
Sawmill.
To cut the timber, MSD Spiers built Tangiwai Sawmill beside the railway station in 1966. It was bought by nearby pulp mill owner, Winstone Pulp International Ltd (WPI), in 1993 and upgraded to mill over a year, using of logs, a planer, optimiser, dry-sheds, kilns and a wood waste heat plant, added in 2001. In April 2008, Ernslaw One Ltd purchased WPI. Ernslaw One owned by the Malaysian Tiong Family, bought WPI for $117,293,314. WPI employed about 300 staff. At 30 September 2006, its forest crop was valued at $83m and its fixed assets at $38.7m. It earned $131m, but lost $10.1m. Ernslaw One also has forests and mills in Gisborne, Naseby and Tapanui.
Pulp mill.
A further use for the timber was the pulp mill, though it had a troubled beginning. It produces a year when running a single-shift. It is mainly used for newsprint and paperboard, much of it exported through New Plymouth, then Centreport and now Napier. A bark furnace and a heat exchanger recover of heat from steam for drying the pulp, electricity and LPG supplying the other energy. Excess heat is used to dry timber from the sawmill. In 2004 the mill had 145 staff.
In 1976 Winstone and Chonju Paper Manufacturing, a Samsung subsidiary, built a thermo-mechanical pulp mill, almost north of the sawmill. In 1978 the first load of logs was delivered to the mill. At least 70% of the pulp was to go to Chonju, but, when the mill came on stream in 1979, prices for pulp and newspaper had fallen and the pulp was of variable quality. In 1981 the mill was caught up in the Think Big debate, when the government took $10m in preference shares and made a $5m loan. Losses that year were $7.133m and rose to $11m. Later in 1981 H.W. Smith Ltd, a company linked with Brierley Investments Ltd, increased its 10% holding in Winstone to 24.9% and to 27% in 1983. Brierley gained full control of Winstone when the government sold its interests. The last remaining director from the Winstone family, Donald, retired. In early 1988, Fletcher Challenge bought Winstone for $444m. Karioi was sold within months to a Hong Kong investment company. The current name of Winstone Pulp International Ltd was adopted. WPI was sold to Ernslaw One group in 2008.


Shoumei tea

Shoumei (; Standard Chinese pronunciation ) is a white tea that is produced from naturally withered upper leaf and tips, with a stronger flavor reminiscent of lighter oolong teas. It is mostly grown in Fujian Province and Guangxi Province in China. Because it is plucked later than Bai Mudan, the tea may be darker in color, but it should still have a proportionate green color. Some lower grades of Shou Mei may be golden in color with many black and red leaves, making a darker brew with more depth.
Technically this tea, being a fourth-grade tea, is a by-product of Baihao Yinzhen tea production and uses "Da Bai" or Large White leaves.
Tasting and brewing.
The tea can be brewed very differently and there are many combinations that yield interesting results, but it is important to use good mineral water to bring out the sweetness and aroma of the tea and not to over brew or make a bitter and very strong brew.
Typically, white teas are brewed at a lower temperature than black teas. Often temperatures such as 70 degrees Celsius is all that is required. Different steep times and different temperatures have a remarkably different effect on the outcome of the final brew, but two to five minutes is ideal. This is correct for western style brewing when one is making the tea in a mug or western teapot, but when a gaiwan or yixing teapot is used in the gong fu style of brewing where larger quantities of leaf and smaller quantities of water are used and shared amongst the tea drinkers, steep times of less than a minute and measured in seconds would be preferred.


Kimberley Downs

Kimberley Downs Station, commonly referred to as Kimberley Downs, is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in Western Australia.
Location.
Kimberley Downs is situated about east of Derby and northwest of Junjuwa community. It is accessed via the Gibb River Road.
The Lennard River flows through the property, and a neighbouring property is Meda Station.
The land is a mix of black soil plains with a high cracking black clay content. These areas are grassed with bundle bundle grass, ribbon grass, Flinders grass and feathertop wiregrass. There is also a large area of open woodland.
History.
The property was established in the early 1880s. In 1900 M. C. Davies, who owned neighbouring Balmaningarra Station, also acquired Lennard River Station and a portion of Lillimilura Station, forming Kimberley Downs Station. Davies later owned and managed both Kimberley Downs and Napier Downs Stations.
In 1910 Kimberley Downs occupied an area of and was carrying 30,000 sheep. Eight white men were employed permanently on the property with the bulk of the work being carried out by Aboriginal workers.
The entire flock was sold off from the property in 1916. 11,400 ewes, 4,400 wethers and 340 rams were sold in one lot, thought to be the largest sale of sheep in one line at the time in Western Australia. The property was stocked with cattle and soon after the cattle tick first appeared in the West Kimberley regions. Kimberley Downs, Yeeda and Obagama were all affected by the ticks.
In 1931 80 head of cattle were found to have pleuropneumonia in one muster. The disease meant cattle had to be quarantined.
In 1976 the property, along with neighbouring Napier Downs, was owned by the Australian Land and Cattle Company and being managed by Bob and Sheryl McCorry. The properties had a combined area of and were stocked with approximately 20,000 head of cattle.


Bunso Arboretum

Bunso Arboretum is a botanical garden located at Bunso in the East Akim District of the Eastern Region in Ghana.
Location.
The arboretum is situated off the Bunso junction on the Accra–Kumasi highway.
Facilities.
The arboretum contains different species of flowers and trees. It has a butterfly sanctuary and a canopy walkway, the second to be built in Ghana.


John C. Calhoun II

John Caldwell Calhoun II (1843–1918) was an American planter and businessman. He was a large landowner in Chicot County, Arkansas and a Director of railroad companies. He was a prominent financier and developer of the "New South".
Early life.
He was born on July 9, 1843 in Demopolis, Alabama. His father, Andrew Pickens Calhoun, was a planter. He had a brother, Patrick Calhoun. His paternal grandfather, John C. Calhoun, served as the Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832.
He was educated in Demopolis, Alabama. He graduated from South Carolina College in 1863.
During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, he served in the Confederate States Army (CSA).
Career.
In 1866, Calhoun entered in a partnership with James R. Powell, a businessman from Montgomery, Alabama, whereby he moved freedmen from the Southeast to Yazoo County, Mississippi, where they worked on new plantations. A year later, he decided to do this on his own, and on a larger scale. Over the years, he moved over 5,000 freedmen from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama to the Yazoo Valley of Mississippi.
By 1869, Calhoun moved to the Florence Plantation in Chicot County, Arkansas, which was inherited by his wife through her mother. By 1881–1882, he acquired a few more plantations in Chicot County: Harwood, Hebron, Luna, Fawnwood, Patria, Hyner's, and Latrobe. He also acquired the Sunnyside Plantation from the Starling family for US$90,000. He also acquired the Lakeport Plantation from his mother-in-law. He established the Calhoun Land Company, the Florence Planting Company, and the Chicot Planting Company. He teamed up with investors J. Baxter Upham of Boston and Austin Corbin of New York City. However, due to heavy debt, by 1885, he let his brother divest of their Arkansas landholdings.
Meanwhile, Calhoun moved to New York City, where he invested in the construction of Southern railways. He served as on the Board of Directors of railroad companies. He became the majority proprietor of the Baltimore Coal Mining and Railway Company. He sued the United States Shipbuilding Company.
Personal life.
He married Linnie Adams on December 8, 1870 in Marengo County, Alabama. She was the daughter of Betsy Johnson and grandniece of Richard Johnson, who served as the Vice President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. They had three sons and one daughter.
Death.
He died on December 18, 1918 at his home 200 West Fifty-eighth Street, in Manhattan. He was buried at the Saint Philips Episcopal Church Cemetery in Charleston, South Carolina.


Bridgeview Vineyard and Winery

Bridgeview Vineyard and Winery is one of the largest wineries in Oregon. Located in Cave Junction, Oregon, Bridgeview is noted for their chardonnay, pinot gris and pinot noir. Its estate in the Illinois Valley is planted in the European style of dense six-foot row and four-foot vine spacing. Bridgeview also has an vineyard in the Applegate Valley.
History.
Bridgeview produces midmarket wines in the varietals of Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Muscat, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, and Riesling. Bridgeview is most famous for their line of "Blue Moon" Riesling, Chardonnay and Pinot noir. Other lines include Black Beauty Merlot and a Premium line that includes Reserve Pinot gris and Reserve Pinot noir.
Bob and Lelo Kerivan have remained as the head of what is still very much a family business. Staying true to what has made them successful and a neverending passion for something they enjoy turns the chores of wine making to more than a profession, but for them a way of living. Lelo has been quoted as saying; "If I saw this as work, I wouldn't do it!"
Bridgeview introduced blue bottles for their "Blue Moon" Riesling and "Blue Moon" Chardonnay, and by using colored, recyclable synthetic corks in some of their bottles.
Blue Moon Riesling.
Brideviews Blue Moon Riesling comes in a cobalt blue bottle, that according to Frank J. Prial of "The New York Times" is an instant attention grabber. The cork is made from the same material used in artificial heart valves, has a brandname of Supremecorq, and is also cobalt blue. Wine Enthusiast Magazine noted the "edgieness" of the bottle while recommending Bridgeview's 2002 Blue Moon Riesling, giving it a score of 87.


Anthony Lawlor

Anthony Lawlor (born 13 June 1959) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician who served as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 2018 to 2020. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kildare North constituency from 2011 to 2016.
Early life.
A son of Tony and Patsy Lawlor, he was educated at Multyfarnham Agricultural College, University College Dublin and National University of Ireland, Maynooth.
He was co-opted to Kildare County Council in 1998, following the death of his mother Patsy. He was elected in 1999 as an Independent Councillor for the Naas local electoral area. He did not stand for election in 2004. In 2009, he was re-elected as a Councillor, this time as a member of Fine Gael.
Politics.
Lawlor was elected as a Fine Gael TD for the Kildare North constituency at the 2011 general election.
On 11 December 2012, Lawlor introduced a bill in the Oireachtas intended to outlaw the clocking of vehicle odometers, which is not currently illegal in Ireland.
He lost his seat at the 2016 general election. He subsequently failed to get elected to Seanad Éireann in April 2016.
He was elected to 25th Seanad on the Agricultural Panel in a by-election on 27 April 2018. The vacancy was caused by the resignation of Senator Trevor Ó Clochartaigh. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Kildare North at the 2020 general election. He did not contest the 2020 Seanad election.


Asgaard (brewery)

Asgaard is a beer brand of the Schleswig brewery, founded in 1994 in Schleswig-Holstein on the grounds of an old freight depot by Master Brewer Ronald T. Carius, who also opened it up with a gastro-pub named 'Luzifer'. The brewery is marketed and named after the Norse gods of Asgard, the Æsir, worshiped by the Viking Norse settlers in the Haithabu area during the Viking Age, and plays on the legend of the Æsir as heavy beer consumers. Unlike the honey beer of the Vikings however, Asgaard brews dark wheat beer that is treated with biological enzymes.


Green Oasis Community Garden

Green Oasis Community Garden & Gilbert's Sculpture Garden, also known as Green Oasis Community Garden, is a 17,787 square foot community garden and sculpture garden at 372 East 8th Street, located in the East Village, New York City.
History.
Green Oasis Community Garden was founded in 1981. With the neighborhood experiencing crime and decay in the preceding decades, the garden opened, alongside Gilbert’s Sculpture Garden, aiming to provide a safe, green space for all people, especially children. In addition, the garden created space for the community, offering a space to perform theater, poetry, and enjoy nature. Green Oasis Community Garden, founded by Norman Valee and Reinaldo Aranas, was created from five abandoned lots located on East 8th St between Avenues C & D. With the help of the community, the lots were cleared of rubble, dumped cars, and garbage to prepare for the garden.
The Green Oasis Community Garden had fight for its survival when the local Community Board did not back its application to be spared from development. In response, the gardener's organized, eventually prevailing with community support.
A community volunteer organization hosts monthly clean-ups at the Green Oasis Community Garden.
Trees and amenities.
The garden's tree specimens include a giant Blue Atlas Cedar, cherry and mulberry trees, and crepe myrtles. In addition, Green Oasis has bee hives and a koi pond.
In 1987, the movie "Batteries Not Included" was filmed across the street from the garden. The garden space was used as a staging area. At the conclusion of the movie, the people in the community used the money gained from the rental to purchase the gazebo that still stands there today.
Gilbert’s Sculpture Garden.
John Gilbert Ingram Sr., the superintendent of the building across from Valle and Arenas, created a sculpture garden, seeing the open lot as an ideal spot to fulfill his lifelong interest in sculpting. Gilbert’s Sculpture Garden merged in the 1990s with its neighbor, Green Oasis, to create one of the most child-friendly gardens in NYC.


Arthur Rodgers

Arthur Stanislaus Rodgers (20 March 1876 – 4 October 1936) was an Australian politician. He served in the House of Representatives (1913–1922, 1925–1929) as a Liberal and Nationalist, representing the Victorian seat of Wannon. He was Minister for Trade and Customs in the Hughes Government from 1921 to 1923.
Early life.
Rodgers was born on 20 March 1876 in Geelong, Victoria. He was the son of Irish immigrant parents Margaret (née Byrne) and Patrick Rodgers; his father was a farmer. From 1889 to 1890 he attended Xavier College, Melbourne, on a government scholarship, returning home after his father's death.
In about 1894, Rodgers acquired land near Horsham, eventually expanding to . He engaged in mixed farming, growing wheat, raising sheep, and breeding horses, both draught and Thoroughbreds. He also worked briefly in the office of a local solicitor and as a manager for Young Bros., a stock and station agency. He married Eileen Eleanor Young in 1905, with whom he had a son and three daughters.
Politics.
In 1910, Rodgers was involved in the formation of the People's Party, serving as an inaugural vice-president and assisting in drafting the party manifesto. In the lead-up to the 1913 federal election he was endorsed as the Liberal candidate for the seat of Wannon. He campaigned on a platform that included increased migration, a national insurance scheme, sharefarming, and opposition to a land tax. At the election he defeated the incumbent Australian Labor Party (ALP) member, John Keith McDougall.
During World War I, Rodgers organised a fund for returned soldiers titled "Rodgers' Repatriation Scheme", which raised $100,000 for soldier settlement in his electorate. In July 1920 he was appointed as an honorary minister in the Fourth Hughes Ministry, having joined the Nationalist Party in 1917 with the other Liberals. It was initially announced that he would act as assistant treasurer to Joseph Cook. He later acted as Minister for Repatriation in the absence of Edward Millen.
In December 1921, Rodgers was appointed Minister for Trade and Customs in place of Walter Massy-Greene. Due to a miscommunication, he was also under the mistaken impression that he would administer the Department of Health as Massy-Greene had done. As minister, Rodgers organised the creation of advisory bodies to improve the standard of exported produce. In June 1922, he stated the government was considering anti-dumping legislation to prevent the Australian market from being flooded with cheap German goods. He was in favour of a "national brand for all export goods made in Australia", and announced that the government would preference other British Empire countries in negotiating reciprocal trade agreements. He also stated support for greater trade with Asia, qualifying that "the business men could look after the business end of the stick and the Government could help on the financial side".
Rodgers lost his seat to the ALP candidate John McNeill at the 1922 federal election, one of five ministers to be defeated. He remained active in public life, writing to the new prime minister S. M. Bruce to request a royal commission into the War Service Homes Commission. Rodgers re-contested Wannon at the 1925 election and defeated McNeill. He was re-elected in 1928 but lost his seat again to McNeill in 1929. At the 1931 election he stood as a candidate of the Country Party, but both he and McNeill were unsuccessful with the seat being won by Thomas Scholfield of the United Australia Party (UAP).
Personal life.
In addition to his farm near Horsham, Rodgers owned a grazing property in Bringenbrong, New South Wales, on the Murray River. In 1932 he co-founded the Primary Producers' Restoration League with barrister Eugene Gorman, to seek debt adjustment for farmers. He was also general manager of Western and Wimmera Land and Pasture Development.
Rodgers suffered from diabetes and died suddenly of coronary vascular disease in Melbourne in 1936. He was buried at Springvale Botanical Cemetery.