Jesa Farm Dairy Limited

Jesa Farm Dairy Limited, often referred to as Jesa Farm Dairy, is a dairy processing company in Uganda.
Location.
The head office and factory of Jesa Farm Dairy is located along Old Port Bell Road, in the industrial area of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the company headquarters and factory are: 0°19'11.0"N, 32°35'58.0"E (Latitude:0.319724; Longitude:32.599448).
Overview.
Jesa Farm Dairy is an indigenous Ugandan operation, a member of the Mulwana Group of Companies, which include a dairy farm, a plastics manufacturing company, a battery-manufacturing business, a horticultural farm and a real estate development company.
History.
In 1988, the late James Mulwana and his wife Sarah Mulwana established a dairy farm at Mikka Village, in Wakiso District, approximately , by road, northwest of Kampala, along Kampala–Hoima Road. They stocked the firm with 550 Friesian cows and named it Jesa Mixed Farm Limited. In 1994, Jesa Farm Dairy Limited was formed to produce "packed milk, butter, yoghurt and cream".
Ownership.
Jesa Farm Dairy Limited is owned by the estate of its founder, the late James Mulwana (1936–2013).
Products.
The factory manufactures products including fresh milk, ESL milk, yoghurt and cream.


Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli

Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli was a Chilean state-owned company that managed forested lands as well as sawmills in the Valdivian Cordillera from 1971 to 1988. CFMP managed more than in the zones of Panguipulli, Neltume, Liquiñe and Chihuío, and had more than three thousand employees.
Main "fundos" of Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli were, from north to south:
As of 1972 the "fundos" Neltume and Puñire-Releco had the largest numbers of workers with 470 and 270 employees respectively.
History.
In 1971 after several land occupations in the zone of Neltume informally known as "Operación ardillas" (Spanish for Operation Squirrels) the government of the UP expropriated the fundo Carranes from the "Sociaded Agrícola y Maderera de Neltume" creating the Complejo Maderero Panguipulli merging with it other expropriated lands reaching an area of 360.000 ha of wooded terrain. Property in Liquiñe and Chihuío, localities outside the proper Neltume area, were also placed under the "Complejo Maderero Panguipulli". In 1972 president Salvador Allende visited Neltume.
In the mid-1970s Aysén Region's CONAF chief Tomás Monfil was installed as director of the enterprise. He started a policy of sustainable development and responsible forest management avoiding monoculture and substitution of native species. During the military regime, Julio Ponce Lerou, son-in-law of Augusto Pinochet, became president of Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli, a post he held until 1982. He was simultaneously president of CELCO, another forestry company. During its existence Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli faced several problems such as military interventions and participation of its workers in resistance against the Military Regime, as well as the installment of guerrillas in its lands during the years of 1980-1981.
During the later days of the Pinochet Regime the neoliberal policies of the Chicago Boys were applied, substantially reducing state property holdings. CFMP land was divided and sold under obscure circumstances to Chilean billionaires, among them Andrónico Luksic, whose family now owns "Fundo Chanchan" and "Fundo Enco" along the Enco River as well as other properties around Neltume. Another wealthy businessman, Víctor Petermann, took control of Fundo Pilmaiquen and established the Huilo-Huilo Biological Reserve in 1999. It is dedicated to both ecotourism and preservation of biodiversity. Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli effectively ceased to exist in 1988.


Te Mata Estate

Te Mata Estate is an independent, family-owned Hawke's Bay winery and New Zealand's oldest, in continuous operation since 1895. The winery produces everything on-premises at their Havelock Hills site near Havelock North, south of Napier. Established in the late 19th century by the Chambers family, the winery and original vineyards were the first to be heritage-protected, and is one of New Zealand's most highly regarded wineries.
The winery and vineyards are run by the Buck family: John Buck , a former chairman of the Wine Institute of New Zealand and member of the New Zealand Wine Hall of Fame, as well as his three sons Jonathan, Nick and Tobias. Te Mata's flagship "Coleraine" wine is regarded by many as New Zealand's finest red wine, and is named after the Buck family's ancestral hometown in Northern Ireland. Te Mata Estate relies on its long-term senior management staff, a permanent vineyard crew and a team of hand-pickers led by senior viticulturist Larry Morgan, and the winemaking team has been led for over 30 years by Technical Director Peter Cowley.
Te Mata Estate is especially notable because it has hand-harvested grapes from its own vineyards and produced, blended and labelled small-batch premium wines entirely on site in the original winery buildings since 1895. New Zealand's first legally protected wine-growing area, the "Te Mata Special Character Zone" in the Havelock Hills, was established by the Hawke's Bay Regional Council in 1996, recognized and conserved on the basis of its unique wine-growing heritage value.
History.
After returning from France in 1895, the winery and site was established by Bernard Chambers on Te Mata Station, a large area of farmland the Chambers' family had bought in 1854 from Ngāti Kahungunu. Three vineyards were planted in the 1890s with Cabernet, Chardonnay and Pinot and incorporated into this early development, including Eighteen92 on Te Mata Road and the Elston vineyard, which was the earliest Chardonnay planting in New Zealand. These sites extend across the elevated, north-facing slopes of the Havelock Hills at the foot of Te Mata Peak and are all still in use today.
With the help of the Marist brotherhood, and the Beecham family in Central Hawke's Bay, the early vineyards were recognized for their export quality by the government viticulturist Romeo Bragato in 1905. Since then Te Mata wines have been available and won praise in Europe, including a Gold Medal at the Imperial International Exhibition in 1909. In the early twentieth century Te Mata was New Zealand's largest wine producer.
The main cellar was built in the 1870s from local hand-fired brick with a matai and rimu roofing, and extended to add a first-year barrel hall in the 1930s. In 1919 the Chambers family sold the property and Te Mata Vineyards was established. The Buck and Morris families bought the winery in 1974 and began significant modernization and development.
Modern History.
Under the direction of the Buck and Morris families the Te Mata Estate winery complex was modernized and extended in the 1980s by New Zealand architect Sir Ian Athfield. An underground barrel hall, cuverie and office buildings were added in the region's prominent Art Deco and Spanish Mission architecture as deliberate influences. Opposite the winery, the distinctive Coleraine House is a private residence that has gained much recognition as a significant work of New Zealand architecture. In 1997 it appeared on the 80c postage stamp in a series celebrating New Zealand wines.
In addition to the original north-facing vineyards covering in the Havelock Hills surrounding the winery, Te Mata established in the early 1990s the Woodthorpe vineyard covering to the northeast of Havelock North, and two vineyards in the Bridge Pa Triangle west of Hastings, each covering 15 hectares. Since 2001, only half of the fruit grown on these vineyards is made under the Te Mata label.
While Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir have all been planted in Te Mata vineyards since 1892, in 1994 Te Mata Estate introduced Viognier to New Zealand, followed by Gamay Noir, and the second-oldest planting of Syrah in the country.
Te Mata Estate was responsible for founding the New Zealand Poet Laureate award in 1994, with the title in its first decade being the “Te Mata Estate Poet Laureate”. The position is now administered by the National Library of New Zealand. Each New Zealand Poet Laureate still receives support from Te Mata Estate and is inaugurated near the winery at Matahiwi Marae. The first five Poets Laureate received a tokotoko, carved from Te Mata's original wine press by Hawke's Bay artist and sculptor Jacob Scott.
Production.
The Hawke's Bay wine growing region has a wide diversity of soil types and a climate similar to Bordeaux, with dry sunny summers and long autumns. The proximity of the Pacific Ocean makes the region maritime and temperate with a natural rain shadow which can keep soils particularly dry during ripening season. The Te Mata vineyards are on free-draining, silt loam soils, and at Bridge Pa a mixture of red metal soils over river gravel.
In a typical year Te Mata Estate produces 30,000 cases of wine, most of which is sold internationally. Due to production size and reputation their top wines often sell out quickly, with the 2013 Coleraine selling out in 10 days. The use of multiple vineyard sites across Hawke's Bay is crucial to their winemaking style, allowing them to 'parcel-develop' small blocks that reflect differences in aspect, climate and soil type from within the region.
Te Mata Estate is regarded as New Zealand's finest producer of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot blends, and produces a variety of other well-known wines including the "Bullnose" Syrah from the Bridge Pa Triangle, "Awatea" Cabernets/Merlot blend, Estate Vineyards Gamay Noir, the "Zara" Viognier, the "Elston" Chardonnay and "Cape Crest" Sauvignon Blanc - a barrel-fermented sauvignon blend similar in style to a Graves region, or southern Bordeaux white wine.
Recognition.
Described as 'a national treasure' by jancisrobinson.com in 2018, Robert Parkers' "Wine Advocate" listed Te Mata Estate as one of the 5 Icon wineries of New Zealand, awarding it the classification of “Outstanding Producer”.
Both Te Mata Estate Coleraine and Te Mata Estate Bullnose Syrah have been listed by James Suckling in the Top 50 Wines of the World.
The 1998 Te Mata Coleraine was profiled as a “Wine Legend” by Decanter Magazine in 2017, the only New Zealand wine to have done so.
New Zealand's Cuisine Wine Magazine wrote of Te Mata Estate:
Te Mata Estate wines are available in 45 countries, including China, UAE and the United States. They have been served at Noma in Copenhagen, Raffles in Singapore, and the Burj Al Arab in Dubai, and are available in London in Harrods, and in Hong Kong and Japan through Berry Bros & Rudd. They have been presented at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, as gifts by New Zealand Prime Ministers to Queen Elizabeth II, Chinese President Xi Jinping and served at an exclusive dinner in 2018 to former US President Barack Obama.
In their 2016 article on Te Mata Estate, Decanter Magazine described Te Mata Estate as “New Zealand's First Growth” with Coleraine “among the top Bordeaux blends in the world.”
Michael Cooper lists the "Coleraine", "Awatea", "Bullnose" Syrah, and "Elston" Chardonnay in his highest category, “Super Classic”. In 2016 the barrel fermented "Cape Crest" Sauvingnon Blanc received 90+ points and was named “one of the world's best barrel-fermented sauvignon blancs” by Australian wine critic Lester Jesberg.
Chairman John Buck and Technical Director Peter Cowley have an extensive history as critics and judges of wine competitions. Today, with a boutique production schedule and wines created to develop over many years, Te Mata seldom enters wines in competition - though there have been exceptions. In 1991 the International Wine Challenge awarded the 1989 Elston Chardonnay the trophy for 'Best White Wine in Show'.
Only a limited amount of Coleraine is available from each vintage. It is released on March 1 and sells out very quickly, usually within a few days. In 2016 a thirty-year vertical collection of Coleraine sold at auction for over $5,000 NZD. It is the first time any collection of aged New Zealand wine has been sold in this way.


Teutoburg Forest

The Teutoburg Forest ( ; , colloquially ) is a range of low, forested hills in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. In this region was the site of a major Roman defeat, the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Until the 19th century, the official name of the hill ridge was Osning.
Geography.
The Teutoburg Forest is a peripheral section in the north of the German Central Uplands, and forms a long narrow range of hills (comprising three ridges) extending from the eastern surroundings of Paderborn in the south to the western surroundings of Osnabrück in the northwest. South of the city centre of Bielefeld, a gap called the Bielefeld Pass bisects the range into the "Northern Teutoburg Forest" (two thirds) and "Southern Teutoburg Forest" (one third). In addition, the northeastern and southwestern ridges are cut by the exits of the longitudinal valleys between the ridges.
The geologically oldest ridge is the northeastern one, which consists of limestone of the Triassic.
Most of the ridges and part of the valley are covered by deciduous forest. Parts of the valley areas are used for agriculture, especially production of cereals.
The highest elevation in the Southern Teutoburg Forest is the Velmerstot () (south of Horn-Bad Meinberg). In the Northern Teutoburg Forest the highest elevation is the Dörenberg () (north of Bad Iburg).
The river Ems has its source at the western base of the southernmost portion of the Teutoburg Forest.
The southern half of the range, situated about southwest of the Weser valley, is part of the watershed between the Ems basin in the west and the Weser basin in the east. The drainage towards the Weser is effected by the Werre river. The northwestern half of the range is drained to the river Ems on both sides.
The neighbouring landscapes are the Westphalian Lowland in the west, Hase valley in the north, the hilly Ravensberg Basin in the northeast, Lippe Uplands in the east, and Egge Range ("Eggegebirge") in the south.
Except for a short area south of Osnabrück, which belongs to the Bundesland of Lower Saxony, the whole forest is part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
A long-distance hiking trail called Hermannsweg runs for along the length of the Teutoberg Forest, from Rheine in Münsterland to Leopoldstal near Horn-Bad Meinberg.
History.
The Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD occurred in or near this region, though the exact location is disputed. The Roman historian Gaius Cornelius Tacitus identified the location of the battle as "saltus Teutoburgiensis" ("saltus" meaning a forest valley in Latin). Recent excavations suggest that at least the final stages of the battle took place further northwest, at Kalkriese, north of Osnabrück.
 the Teutoburg Forest comprises two separate nature parks:
Hermann's Memorial and the renaming of the Osning.
Arminius (a.k.a. Hermann the Cherusker), leader of the Germanic tribes during the battle, became something of a legend for his overwhelming victory over the Romans. During the period of national renaissance in the wake of the Napoleonic wars, German people saw him as an early protagonist of German resistance to foreign rule and a symbol of national unity.
A monumental statue of Arminius commemorating the battle, known as the Hermannsdenkmal (the "Hermann monument"), was erected on the hill of Grotenburg near Detmold, close to the site where the most popular theory of the time placed the battle. Emperor William I, the first "Kaiser" of the unified German Empire, dedicated the monument in 1875. In order to create a national landscape the Osning Hills were given the name "Teutoburg Forest", "see also Teutonic". However, the old name survived among the local population and the part of the ridge around the Ebberg () near Bielefeld is still known as the Osning today.
The composer Johannes Brahms liked to take walks in this forest during his stay in Detmold.


Forests in Odisha

Odisha, one of the 29 States of India,
has two basic kinds of forest: in the northeast region of the state the forest is classified as the tropical-moist-deciduous type, blanketing hills, plateaus and other high-altitude isolated areas; in the southwest the tropical-dry-deciduous variety dominate.
Forests.
Orissa's forests are vast. Out of the total geographical area of 155,707 km2, the State records 52,472 km2 (~33%) as some version of forest. The actual forest cover may be less, according to the Forest Survey of India, rosewood, sal, piasal, teak and haldi. The forest's naturally vigorous growth accounts for a tremendous wealth of biodiversity, filling many catalogues of the wild plant and animal species dwelling within.
The state has declared large parcels of land as protected areas with the purpose being to allow animals and plants who are sensitive to cohabitation with humans places of relative freedom from interference and habitat loss. These protected areas constitute 10.37% of the total forest area and 4.1% of the total geographical area of the state.
Forest flora.
The state is home of ca 3000 plant species including 120 orchid species and 63 varieties of mangrove trees which make the state second largest mangrove ecosystem in India.
A vast variety of other plants are also found in the state, as in the following:
Forest fauna.
The IUCN Red List has recorded a total of 473 species of birds and 86 species of mammals, 19 species of amphibians and 110 species of reptiles including three crocodilian species. Out of these around 54 species are considered endangered. Home to a variety of wild animals, the state has declared considerable tracts of land as areas protected for these animals only. These protected areas constitute 10.37% of the total forest area and 4.1% of the total geographical area of the state. Not only this, the state also has the distinction of possessing three mass nesting beaches of endangered olive ridley sea turtles which makes it the largest nesting ground of the species.
The state has three mass nesting beaches of endangered olive ridley sea turtles which when combined together makes it the world's largest nesting ground for this species.
Indenting Orissa's ocean coast is Chilika lagoon, a semi-saline wetland used by many species of migratory birds, and also which the endangered Irrawaddy dolphin uses as part of its range. In spite of considerable human interactivity here, the rare dolphin survives. The Orissa government is conducting various programs to protect the species.
Other animals that call Orissa home, or part-time home are listed below.


Taiwan Agricultural Research institute

The Taiwan Agricultural Research institute is a research institute in Taiwan under the auspices of the Council of Agriculture.
History.
The Taiwan Agricultural Research institute (TARI) was founded in 1895 by the Japanese colonial powers. It is under the Council of Agriculture.
Research.
Watermelon.
TARI began to study watermelon in the 1950s and has developed numerous varieties.
Pineapple.
TARI has engaged in significant pineapple breeding. The variety Tainung No. 23 (bred from Tainung No. 19 and Tainung No. 21) smells like mangos and is well adapted to Taiwan’s environment.
Green onion.
In 2019 TARI released a heat tolerant green onion variety intended to allow farmers in the south of Taiwan to produce green onions in the summer.
Sweet potato.
Research into the sweet potato at the Chiayi research station began in 1922.


National Academy of Agricultural Research Management

The National Academy of Agricultural Research Management is a national-level Natural Resource Service training institute for ARS cadre located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
History.
It was established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in 1976, to address issues related to agricultural research and education management, in India. In the initial years, the Academy primarily imparted foundation training to the new entrants of the Agricultural Research Service of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Subsequently, its role expanded to include research, capacity building of senior professionals of national and international NARS(National Agricultural Research Station) in agricultural research and education management, and policy and consultancy support to NARS. The Academy also renders services for building IP portfolios like patents and geographical indications to various stakeholders including farmers and scientists.
Functional Areas.
The academy has 6 divisions namely Agribusiness Management, Education Systems Management, Extension Systems Management, Human Resources Management, Information and Communication Management, Research Systems Management.


De Windhond

De Windhond is a windmill in the city of Woerden, Netherlands. The mill was built in 1755 on an artificial hill of in height that was part of the defensive enclosure ("stadswal") of the ancient city. The mill itself is high. The windmill sail spans .
The building is a prominent feature defining the skyline of the town. It is registered as a national monument.
History.
When the mill was built, it replaced an older mill that was on the same location. In 1877 the mill got a steam engine and in 1901 a gas turbine. In 1984 the mill was restructured, to be used as gristmill, and although the gas turbine still works today, the mill is usually operated by wind. The interior of the mill is pretty much in an original state, and until 2011 the miller lived in the house at the foot. The municipality of Woerden has owned the windmill since 1977.


Liu Jiang (politician)

Liu Jiang (; born April 1940) is a retired Chinese politician who served as Minister of Agriculture between 1993 and 1998.
Liu was a member of the 15th CPC Central Committee and 16th Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. He was also a member of the 10th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and a member of the 11th Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Biography.
Liu was born in Beijing in April 1940. In December 1964 he graduated from the College of Agriculture in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (now Shihezi University), where he majored in animal husbandry. After gradation, he was assigned to Tibet Military District, where he worked until August 1972.
In August 1972, Liu became a technician at Beijing Municipal Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, five years later he was promoted to become its deputy director.
Liu was the head of Beijing Red Star Chicken Farm in December 1979, and held that office until July 1982.
In 1982 he was promoted to become director of the Bureau of Animal Industry in Beijing, a position he held until 1986.
In January 1986, he was appointed vice-minister of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, he remained in that position until November 1990, when he appointed deputy director of the State Planning Commission.
He rose to become minister of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China in March 1993, and served until March 1998.
He served as deputy director the National Development and Reform Commission from March 1998 to March 2003, and again from March 2003 to August 2005.
In February 2005 he was appointed deputy director of the Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs, an institution under the jurisdiction of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.


Yisifu Yinusa

Yisifu Yinusa is a Ghanaian politician and member of the first Parliament of the Second Republic of Ghana representing Mion-Nanton constituency in the Northern Region of Ghana under the membership of the National Alliance Liberals (NAL).
Early life and education.
Yisifu was born in 1941 and lived in Yendi, a town in the Northern Region of Ghana. He attended Yendi Middle School and Local Government Training School, where he obtained a Middle School Certificate and General Certificate of Education (G.C.E) Ordinary level respectively in sales promotion and office management and later worked as a farmer before going into Parliament.
Politics.
He began his political career in 1969 when he became the parliamentary candidate to represent his constituency (Mion Nanton) in the Northern Region of Ghana before the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election.
He was sworn into the First Parliament of the Second Republic of Ghana on 1 October 1969, after being pronounced the winner at the 1969 Ghanaian election held on 26 August 1969. His tenure of office ended on 13 January 1972. He was succeeded by Oliver Sigli Mahamudu of the Social Democratic Front elected during the 1979 Ghanaian general election.


William Edmund Willoughby-Tottenham

Major William Edmund Willoughby-Tottenham (died 22 August 1962) was British army major and later a politician in Fiji, where he served as a member of the Legislative Council in two spells between 1922 and 1937.
Biography.
Willoughby-Tottenham fought in both the Second Boer War and World War I. He moved to Fiji after World War I and became a planter in Savusavu. In 1920 he married Mabel Attenborough, who was later awarded an MBE for her work on social services.
After moving to Fiji, Willoughby-Tottenham successfully contested the Vanua Levu & Taveuni seat on the Legislative Council in a 1922 by-election. Although he was defeated by Arthur Hallam Roberts by two votes in the general elections the following year, he returned to the Legislative Council after winning the seat in the 1926 elections. He was subsequently re-elected in 1929 and 1932.
The Legislative Council was reorganised prior to the 1937 elections, with the number of elected European seats reduced from five to three. Willoughby-Tottenham ran in the Eastern constituency, but was defeated by Harold Brockett Gibson. He later unsuccessfully challenged Gibson in the 1940 and 1953 elections.
Outside politics, Willoughby-Tottenham was president of the Fijian St John Ambulance Association and owned the Hot Springs Hotel in Savusavu together with 210 acres of land. He later sold his holdings to Sathi Narain.
He died in Suva on 22 August 1962 at the age of 84.


William Grant (New Zealand)

William Grant (23 September 1843 - 5 November 1910) was a New Zealand shepherd, stock dealer and landowner. He was born in Contin, Ross-shire, Scotland on 23 September 1843.
William Grant was born on Kirkan farm, in the parish of Contin, Ross-shire, Scotland, on 23 September 1843, the son of Ann Tait and her husband, Donald Grant, a shepherd. With an older brother, Andrew, William set out for New Zealand in 1864 on the Eastern Empire, arriving at Lyttelton in January 1865. On the day they arrived Charles Tripp of Orari Gorge station was at the port looking for shepherds for his run in South Canterbury. Observing a fine-looking sheep-dog with the Grant brothers, and assuming that only good shepherds would bring such a dog with them, he hired both men. Andrew was later appointed manager of Orari Gorge.
In addition to wages, William was allowed to run some cattle of his own on part of Orari Gorge. This gave him a start in stock dealing, at which he was to become extremely successful, and he soon progressed into business as a full-time stock dealer. At first he drove cattle to the West Coast to supply beef to goldminers, but he was soon handling large numbers of sheep as well. During the 1870s William made Temuka his headquarters for a stock dealing business which in time extended well beyond Canterbury.
His land transactions were complex. With Andrew he bought a farm at Rangitata in the 1870s, and Richmond station at Lake Tekapo in 1880. A year later William purchased the 1,010-acre Elloughton Grange farm, which lay on the outskirts of Timaru, and lived there for the rest of his life. William and Andrew sold Richmond in 1882, and in the same year William sold his interest in the Rangitata farm. In 1883 he bought the Irishman Creek run in the centre of the Mackenzie Country, which he sold again in 1890. Probably to maintain a base for his stock dealings in that area he bought the Grampians run in 1892, which he owned until 1908. In 1902 he had bought Irishman Creek again, as well as the adjoining run, The Wolds.
Grant married Elizabeth Helen Allan, the daughter of Robert Allan, a Timaru contractor, near Timaru on 30 April 1884. There were to be three sons and two daughters of the marriage. In 1893 he built The Grange, a two-storeyed, 17-roomed mansion, on Elloughton Grange. It was designed by the French-born Timaru architect Maurice Duval.
Grant had new opportunities with the beginning of the frozen-meat trade in the early 1880s. In 1885 the South Canterbury Refrigerating Company, in which Grant had a substantial shareholding, began operating from its Smithfield freezing works at Timaru, a short distance from Elloughton Grange. The company did not buy in stock, but handled consignments on behalf of owners. Filling the need for an on-farm purchaser, Grant was soon buying and supplying large numbers of stock to the works, to the point where he was using its total capacity for four and even five days a week. For a time a substantial part of the frozen meat leaving Timaru, including at least one entire shipload, was owned by William Grant.
In his later years, having largely retired from stock dealing, Grant paid all his attention to his land and financial interests. He was by then a very wealthy man, investing most of his fortune in first mortgages, usually to Scots, and often with a genuine helpfulness.
William Grant died of a heart attack at Elloughton Grange early in the morning of 5 November 1910. He was buried at Timaru on 11 November. His estate was valued at £208,000. Elizabeth Grant continued to live at The Grange until her death in 1942. A plain, unassuming, good-natured man, said to look rather like King Edward VII, William Grant was respected and well liked. His business acumen and remarkable knowledge of stock made him one of New Zealand's most successful meat operators, and for a long time the country's leading buyer and shipper.


Rosengaard

Rosengaard is a manor house and estate in Ringsted Municipality, Denmark.
History.
Early history.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Kværkebygaard was a manor under Ringsted Abbey. Kværkeby was, with its 30 farms, one of the larger villages in the area. Kværkebygaard was from 1340 to 1346 held in fee by Niels Jensen Kværkby. K. Tetz was lensmann from 1414 to 1420. He was in 1436 succeeded by his son, Jens Tetz Rosengaard, and from then on the estate was frequently referred to as Rosengaarden after him.
Ringsted Abbey was confiscated by the Crown during the Reformation in 1536. In 1662, Lellinge was granted to supervisor of the royal kitchen ("køkkenskriver") Hans Olufsen, Abel Cathrine's husband, as payment for an old debt. Two years later his brother, a court butcher, received Ringsted Ladegård. The farms in the villages of Kværkeby, Kongsted and Vigersted were, however, ceded to Hans Olufsen. Rosengaard was then a large farm with 30 "tønder hartkorn" of land.
Olufsen's widow and other heirs sold Rosengaard to Bolle Luxdorph in 1685. Luxdorph expanded the estate to 200 "tønder hartkorn" and in 1693 unsuccessfully tried to convert it into a manor.
Knuth family.
Luddorph's daughter, Hedevig Ulrikke, in 1713 brought Rosengaard into her marriage with Adam Christoffer Knuth. After the death of his first wife, Knuth married a second time to Ide Margrethe Reventlow. Reventlow kept the estate after her husband's death in 1736. In 1743, she converted Rosengaard, Sørupgaard and Sandbygaard into the Barony of Conradsborg for her son Conrad Ditlev Knuth.
Conrad Ditlev Knuth achieved a successful career at the court. In 1784, he ceded the barony to his son Adam Christoffer Knuth. Due to economic difficulties, the barony was converted into a "fideikommis" in 1796.
Later history.
In 1797, Rosengaard was sold at auction to Lars Lassen. In 1806, he sold it to Peter Octavius Andersen. A lieutenant named Pingel acquired it in 1816. He sold it to Frederik Hilarius Kalkau in 1832.
In 1866, Rosengaard was purchased by Johannes Theodor Suhr, a member of the wealthy Suhr family from Copenhagen. After his death in 1888, the estate was passed on to his son by the same name. He was succeeded by his son Erik Suhr who owned the estate until 1968.
Architecture.
The current main building is from 1869. It consists of three single-storey, detached wings. The complex is built in yellow brick and has a half-hipped red tile roof. The central, main wing has a four-bay median risalit. The buildings underwent a comprehensive refurbishment in 1941.
Today.
Rosengaard is now owned by Niels Christian Engelsborg Voss.


Forestry in Chile

Forestry is one of the main economic sectors of Chile, representing 14% of the value of the country's total exports. This places the forestry sector in Chile as the second largest export sector behind copper mining. From 1970 to 2005 planted forest surface in Chile grew from 300,000 ha to more than 2.07 million ha. As of 2006 70% of Chile's forestry production went to export, and the industry employed more than 150,000 workers.
Forestry in Chile is mainly practised in the southern half of the country where mediterranean and temperate climate gives favourable conditions. Forestry areas in south-central and central Chile are mainly distributed on the Chilean Coast Range and the Andean foothills and valleys leaving most of the Chilean Central Valley for other economic activities mainly cattle farming and agriculture. South of Chacao Channel and Reloncaví Fjord forestry is more limited due to dry conditions in transandean portions of Chile, little development of infrastructure and large areas being protected as reserves, national parks and private parks.


Schroeder Lumber Company Bunkhouse

The Schroeder Lumber Company Bunkhouse is the last remaining structure of a logging camp in Schroeder, Minnesota, United States, on the North Shore of Lake Superior. The Schroeder Lumber Company from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, established a camp there in 1895, on the Cross River. The loggers had plenty of white pine, balsam fir, and spruce trees to cut. Loggers also dynamited the top of the Cross River waterfall to widen the river and built a series of dams to hold water in reserve. This enabled the loggers to move the logs down the river and into Lake Superior, where they were collected into a "holding boom" that kept the logs from floating away. The camp operated until 1905, when crews left to log the Apostle Islands.
The camp had a reputation for good living conditions, fair wages, and good food. Lumberjacks ate a lot, and if the food wasn't to their liking, they would leave and seek employment with a different company. The sleeping accommodations were spartan, with rows of wooden bunk beds topped with mattresses stuffed with straw, hay, or evergreen boughs, along with pillows stuffed with grain and straw. Author Cathy Wurzer speculates that the smell in the bunkhouse was rather "ripe", given the smell of wet woolen clothes being hung up to dry and the housing of sweaty workers living in close quarters.
For a time, the Schroeder Lumber Company was one of the largest lumber retailers in the United States. The company owned and operated every step in the lumber supply chain, from cutting down trees to shipping the logs to milling and manufacturing wood products. Its owner, John Schroeder, had logging operations in Lake County and Cook County in Minnesota, as well as northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Owner John Schroeder died in 1905, and although his sons ran the firm for several decades afterward, the company went out of business in 1939 and the Milwaukee lumberyard was closed.


Vital Tomosi Dairy Limited

Vital Tomosi Dairy Limited is a dairy processing company in Uganda. The company is a joint venture between "Vital Capital Fund", "an impact investing fund primarily focused on Sub-Saharan Africa", and "Tomosi Dairy Farms, a Ugandan producer of dairy products".
Location.
The main office and factory of the company are located in the town of Rushere, Kiruhura District, in the Ankole sub-region of Uganda's Western Region. Rushere is approximately , southwest of Kampala, the capital and largest city in that country. The geographical coordinates of the factory and company are: 0°12'38.0"S, 30°56'24.0"E (Latitude:-0.210556; Longitude:30.940000).
Overview.
The company and its factory were set up over a four-year period. As of June 2017, the factory processes 50,000 liters of milk daily, on two production lines, one for yogurt and the other for UHT milk.
The factory, which cost $13 million (about USh46.8 billion, at that time) to build, is jointly owned by Vital Capital Fund, an Israel-based private equity firm and Tomosi Dairy Farms of Uganda. The processing plant was commissioned in November 2016 and produces yoghurt and UHT milk under the "Milkman" brand.
A new production line was commissioned on 29 January 2019 by Yoweri Museveni, Uganda's president. With the new production line, capacity at the factory increased to daily.
Tomosi's Dairy Farm was established in 1964, by the founders, Mr. and Mrs. Tomosi Rwabwogo. The second generation, Mr Odrek Rwabwogo, began to expand the farm from the original , to , as of April 2020. Production from this farm is supplemented with production from the community, to supply the factory's fresh milk requirements.


Jujuy Province

Jujuy () is a province of Argentina, located in the extreme northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia. The only neighbouring Argentine province is Salta to the east and south.
Geography and climate.
There are three main areas in Jujuy; the Altiplano, a plateau 3,500 meters high with peaks of 5,000 meters, covers most of the province. The Río Grande of Jujuy cuts through the Quebrada de Humahuaca canyon, of heights between 1,000 and 3,500 meters. To the southeast, the sierras descends to the Gran Chaco region.
The vast difference in height and climate produces desert areas such as the Salinas Grandes salt mines, and subtropical Yungas jungle.
The terrain of the province is mainly arid and semi-desertic across the different areas, except for the "El Ramal" valley of the San Francisco River. Temperature difference between day and night is wider in higher lands, and precipitation is scarce outside the temperate area of the San Francisco River.
The Grande River and the San Francisco River flow to the Bermejo River. The San Juan, La Quiaca, Yavi and Sansana Rivers flow to the Pilcomayo River.
History.
Pre-Columbian inhabitants known as the Omaguacas and Ocloyas practiced agriculture and domesticated the guanaco. They had huts made of mud, and erected stone fortresses to protect their villages. An example of such fortresses is Pucará de Tilcara, Pucará meaning "fortress" (word also used for the Argentine combat aircraft Pucara). Omaguacas and Ocloyas were later conquered by the Incas during their expansion period.
In 1593, a small settlement was erected in the Jujuy valley by the effort of Francisco de Argañaraz y Murguía. Despite resistance by the indigenous Calchaquíes and Omaguacas, the European population and activity of the village consolidated and grew.
At the end of the 17th century, the customs to the Viceroyalty of Peru was transferred from Córdoba to Jujuy.
With the separation from Peru and the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, Jujuy lost its importance and its population started to diminish.
During the May Revolution and the battles for the independence of the "United provinces of the South", many confrontations took place in Jujuy because the Spanish concentrated their forces in Peru. The people of Jujuy had to endure the Jujuy Exodus, a massive evacuation with a scorched earth policy, led by General Manuel Belgrano. Eventually the Spanish surrendered, but the war had seriously affected the economy of the area.
After a series of internal conflicts, the province declared its autonomy from Tucumán and Salta Provinces on November 18, 1834. Jujuy started a gradual process of economic and social improvement, and at the end of the 19th century the sugarcane industry arose. At the beginning of the 20th century, the railway connected the province with Buenos Aires, and La Paz, Bolivia.
In 1945, heavy industry first arrived in Jujuy at the hand of General Manuel Savio, a presidential economic advisor who, had Argentina's first modern steel mill installed in Jujuy. In 1969, Jujuy joined oil-rich neighboring Salta Province with the discovery of petroleum by the state-owned YPF.
The Gobernador Horacio Guzmán International Airport has operated since 1967.
Indigenous people.
The Colla people are indigenous people who have been living in Jujuy for centuries, practising subsistent living and farming with llamas and goats. A group of small producers from Suqueños have been fighting in defense of Pachamama and their rights as members of Atacama people. Thirty-three villages have united to oppose the lithium extraction as it requires much water which the region has very little of. As of 2019, at a single salt lake 10 billion liters of water were being pumped up from 450 meter depth into solar ponds. They also claim that lithium operations have contaminated the air with residuals of chemicals used to extract lithium like lye, hydrated sodium carbonate and others. The dust irritates the eyes of llamas and can cause blindness.
Economy.
Jujuy's economy is moderately underdeveloped, yet very diversified. Its 2006 economy was an estimated US$2.998 billion, or, US$4,899 per capita (over 40% below the national average).
Agriculture.
Jujuy is, despite its rural profile, not particularly agrarian. Agriculture contributes about 10% to output and the main agricultural activity is sugarcane. Its processing represents more than half of the province's gross production, and 30% of the national sugar production. The second agricultural activity is tobacco, cultivated in the Southeastern valley, as a major national producer.
Other crops include beans, citrus and tomatoes, and other vegetables for local consumption. Cattle and goats are raised on a small scale, mainly for local dairies, and llamas, vicuñas and guanacos are raised in significant numbers for wool.
Manufacturing is more prominent in Jujuy than in some neighboring provinces, adding 15% to its economy. Jujuy is the second largest Argentine producer of iron, used by the "Altos Hornos Zapla" steel mill.
Mining.
Other industrial activities include mining for construction material, petroleum extraction at "Caimancito", salt production from "Salinas Grandes" salt basin, and paper production fed by the Jujuy's forests with 20% of the industrial product of the province.
Argentina is the world's second largest lithium brine producer which is located in Jujuy. The so-called Lithium Triangle, consisting of NW Argentina, Bolivia and NE Chile holds more than half the world's supply.
Tourism.
An important and still growing activity, tourism in the area brings a number of Argentine tourists (80%), tourists from other South American countries (12%) and Europeans (7%). Most tourists head for San Salvador de Jujuy to start their exploration of the province. The Horacio Guzmán International Airport, 34 km from San Salvador, connects the province with Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and some destinations in Bolivia.
Apart from the fantastic contrast of land colours and formations, tourists are attracted also by the strong aboriginal roots in the culture of Jujuy. Aymará and Quechua cultures coexist in the area, and ruins of the Incas are well conserved.
Tourists who come to Jujuy visit the area of the Quebrada de Humahuaca and its Cerro de los Siete Colores, Pucará de Tilcara, "Salinas Grandes" and many small towns. Other less frequent destinations include the Calilegua National Park in the Yungas jungle, La Quiaca, "Laguna de Pozuelos", and "Laguna Guayatayoc".
Government.
The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.
The Constitution of Jujuy Province forms the formal law of the province.
In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Jujuy Provincial Police.
Departments.
The province is divided into 16 departments (in the Spanish language, "departamentos").
Department (Capital):


Agricultural cooperatives in Norway

The agricultural cooperatives in Norway () consists of 13 companies, each organised as independent farmer owned cooperatives. They cover four different areas for the farmers: refining and sale of produce, financial services, breeding and insemination, and retail of agricultural equipment. All the cooperatives cooperate through the company Norsk Landbrukssamvirke. In total the companies have a revenue of NOK 58 billion and have 18,000 employees. TINE and Nortura are each responsible for about a quarter of the revenue each. Though none of the cooperatives hold any monopolies, their dominant position periodical causes debate about the structure of the agricultural processing industry.


Express Dairies

Express Dairies is a former brand of Dairy Crest, that specialised almost entirely in home deliveries of milk, and other dairy products.
History.
The company was founded by George Barham in 1864 as the 'Express County Milk Supply Company,' so named as they only used express trains to get their milk to London. The major creamery and milk bottling plant was located just south of South Acton railway station on the North London Line. This gave easy and equal access for milk trains from both the Great Western Railway and the Southern Railway.
The company was purchased by Grand Metropolitan in 1969, and sold in November 1991 to Northern Foods. It was demerged from Northern Foods in 1998, and purchased a 51% controlling stake in Claymore Dairies Ltd of Scotland, for £2.2 million.
Express Dairies acquired Star Dairies Food Service Ltd. and certain assets of Star Dairies International Ltd for £3.5 million in February 1999. In June 1999, the liquid milk operations of the United Kingdom of Glanbia plc were acquired for £100 million, and the share capital of Blakes Chilled Distribution Ltd. was purchased in August for £3 million.
Express Dairies announced a joint venture in Northern Ireland with Golden Vale plc in November 2000, that created Dale Farm Dairies Ltd, although that was sold in October 2001. Express Dairies disposed of its UHT business and Frome creamery in July 2002.
Following a period of poor profitability, the business was acquired in March 2003 by Arla Foods, who in turn sold it on to Dairy Crest in July 2006. Dairy Crest sold its deliveries business to Creamline Dairies in July 2013, and its milk processing business to Germany's Müller in December 2015.
Premier Supermarkets.
Post war, Britain was changing. The chairman's new son in law, American citizen and ex sailor of the US Navy, Patrick Galvani, had been studying retailing before coming to the United Kingdom, particularly supermarkets. Galvani made a pitch to the board, which resulted in Britain's first supermarket opening in Streatham, South London in 1951 under the Premier Supermarket brand.
In 1960, in an attempt to expand nationwide, Galvani made a pitch to the board to buy Irwin's 212 stores, but they refused to back him; Jack Cohen of Tesco subsequently bought the chain. In 1964, the chain was sold to Unilever's Mac Fisheries chain for £1million. The cash income allowed Express to develop and launch marketing for long-life milk.


Anthony Worth

Anthony James Longmore Worth (23 February 1940 – 8 November 2017), also known as Tony Worth, was an English farmer and the former Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire.
Origins and education.
Worth was born in 1940, the son of George Arthur Worth and Janet, the daughter of Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Longmore. The Worth family have long been established as farmers and landowners in the vicinity of Holbeach in Lincolnshire.
Worth was educated at Marlborough College, Iowa State University and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
Career.
Having worked as a farm labourer in Iowa, a waiter and a London tour guide, Worth spent three years as a farm management consultant in Victoria (Australia) before returning to England in 1968 to manage his family’s farming company in Holbeach Marsh, which now farms some 4,500 acres of silt land and produces entirely arable crops.
Worth served as Chairman of South Holland Internal Drainage Board, as a member of the Executive Committee of The Association of Drainage Authorities, as a member of the Anglian Region Flood Defence Committee and as Chairman of the Welland & Nene Local Defence Committee of the Environment Agency.
He was a former President of the Lincolnshire Agricultural Society and was also a member of the National Executive Committee and Board of the Country Land and Business Association, a member of the Board of Governors of the University of Lincoln and Chairman of the Lincolnshire Probation Board from 1999 to 2001. He was also for five years Chairman of the European Initiative for the Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture (EISA).
What defined the last years of his life was realising his vision to create a lasting memorial to RAF Bomber Command in Lincolnshire. What started for him as a county memorial grew into something international in every way, emphasising the shared sacrifice and suffering of the bombing war, 1939–1945. The International Bomber Command Centre in Lincoln is his lasting legacy.
Honours.
Worth was appointed High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1990 and Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire on 30 October 2008.
In 2005 he received an honorary degree from the University of Lincoln.
He was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2015 New Year Honours.
Private life.
Worth married his wife Jenny in 1964; they had four children.


Jemin Gjana

Jemin Gjana (Born May 5, 1950) is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.


John Hassett

John Joseph Hassett (died 24 November 1955) was an Irish politician. A farmer, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary constituency at the June 1927 general election. He was re-elected at the September 1927 and 1932 general elections. He did not contest the 1933 general election.


Hector Kobbekaduwa

Hector Senarath Rajakaruna Bandara Kobbekaduwa (29 August 1916 – 17 September 1983) was a Sri Lankan politician and lawyer. He was the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate in the 1982 Sri Lankan presidential election and the Minister for Agriculture and Lands from 1970 to 1977. He is remembered for nationalizing privately owned land and restricting the ownership of private land to 20 hectares for the purpose of giving land to landless peasants. He created collectively owned settlement programs called Janawasas in some of the land that was acquired. He contested the 1982 presidential election and lost. The campaign of the SLFP led by him advocated for restoring previous Sri Lanka Freedom Party policies. His opponents ran an effective campaign criticising the closed economy & socialist policies of his Sri Lanka Freedom Party – led regime from 1970-1977, they blamed the SLFP policies for creating scarcities of essential goods and unemployment. Although the SLFP led by him lost the 1982 Sri Lankan presidential election, he managed to gain a significant number of votes in Tamil speaking areas like Point Pedro defeating Tamil nationalist parties.
Early life and education.
Born to a prominent family from Yatinuwara, his father was Dr Tikiri Banda Kobbekaduwa, the first British qualified physician from Kandy and his mother was Sangamitta Dullewe Kumarihamy from Matale. Educated at Trinity College, Kandy, he studied law at the Ceylon Law College, taking oaths as an Advocate in 1942. He started his legal practice in Kandy.
Political career.
Entering politics in 1947, Kobbekaduwa joined the Mahanuwara Samajawadi Peramuna founded by Herbert Sri Nissanka, QC and T. B. Ilangaratne. He became a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), when it was formed in 1952. In 1954, he contested the Ampitiya Ward and was elected as a member of the Kandy Municipal Council, where he served until 1960. He was appointed by the Mahajana Eksath Party which was led by S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike to a fact-finding mission to formulate what was to become the Paddy Lands Act. In 1960, he was appointed as Chairman of the Public Services Commission by Sirimavo Bandaranaike.
Minister for Agriculture and Lands.
In the 1970 general elections, he was elected as a Member of Parliament from the Yatinuwara electorate, and was appointed Minister for Agriculture and Lands by Sirimavo Bandaranaike. During his tenure he introduced the Land Reforms Act which nationalized private land and limited private holdings to 50 acres. From the nationalized lands he initiated the Janawasas scheme which gave land to the landless. He initiated the Agrarian Research and Training Centre (ARTI) in 1972 as well as the Land Reforms Commission and the State Plantations Corporation. He established Agricultural Productivity Centres at the village level. His tenure was marked with a major food shortage in the country, which resulted in the defeated of his party 1977 general elections in which he lost his seat in parliament.
Presidential candidate.
When presidential elections were called in 1982, the leader of the SLFP Sirimavo Bandaranaike could not contest as she had had her civic rights suspended by parliament in 1980 for seven years. Therefore, the SLFP nominated Kobbekaduwa as its candidate. He gained 39.07% of the votes against the incumbent J. R. Jayewardene who gained 52.91%.
Legacy.
The Land Reforms Act resulted in a major social change in the country as the old landed gentry lost their primary source of wealth and reduced their political influence. The Agrarian Research and Training Centre was renamed as the Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute in his memory.


List of land-grant universities

This is a list of land-grant colleges and universities in the United States of America and its associated territories.
Land-grant institutions are often categorized as 1862, 1890, and 1994 institutions, based on the date of the legislation that designated most of them with land-grant status. For a map and list of all 76 land-grant institutions, see the State Partners page hosted by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (formerly the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service).
Of the 106 land-grant institutions, all but two (the Community College of Micronesia and Northern Marianas College) are members of the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (formerly the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges).
Note: "Historically black colleges or universities on this list are listed in italics".
Native American.
The 31 tribal colleges of 1994 are represented as a system by the single membership of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC).
The AIHEC has its headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia for the benefits of ready access to the federal government in Washington, D.C.. None of its member schools are located in Virginia. They are located from Michigan westward to Arizona, California and Alaska.
By state.
Alabama.
Though Alabama A&M is Alabama's official 1890 Morrill Act institution, the mission and unique history of Tuskegee are so similar to those of the 1890 institutions that it functions as a "de facto" land-grant university and is almost universally regarded as one of them. Tuskegee is a land-grant member of APLU, as are Alabama A&M and Auburn. However, only Alabama A&M and Auburn formally participate in the now-combined Alabama Cooperative Extension System, with Tuskegee listed as a "cooperating partner" in ACES. Tuskegee has also received Smith-Lever Act funds since 1972 to operate its own Cooperative Extension program. Tuskegee is also explicitly granted the same status as the 1890 land-grant institutions in a number of Federal laws.
Connecticut.
Originally, in 1863, the Sheffield Scientific School, part of Yale University, was designated as the state's land-grant college. Despite the fact that Yale's agricultural efforts and education were lauded by state officials and others (with 50 to 60 students graduating annually from its tuition-free agricultural program within the "Sheff"), the Connecticut State Grange felt farmers were not receiving the full benefits of the Morrill Act due to Yale's high admissions standards; thus, in 1893, they persuaded the Connecticut General Assembly to establish Storrs Agricultural College (now called the University of Connecticut) and make it the state's sole land-grant institution (thereby removing Yale University's designation). In compensation, the General Assembly awarded Yale University $155,000.
Indiana.
Indiana accepted the provisions of the Morrill Act on March 6, 1865.
Iowa.
On September 11, 1862, Iowa became the first state in the nation to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act.
Kansas.
Kansas State was the first land-grant college created as a result of the Morrill Act.
Maryland.
The State of Maryland, in operating its land-grant program at the Maryland Agricultural College at College Park, which did not admit African American students, sought to provide a land-grant program for African Americans. In 1919 the state of Maryland assumed control of the Delaware Conference Academy (of the Delaware Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church) and changed its name to Eastern Shore Branch of the Maryland Agricultural College.
Michigan.
Founded in 1855 by the State of Michigan, and known as the "Agricultural College of the State of Michigan" with its own state grants of land, the Michigan State model provided a precedent for the federal Morrill Act of 1862. In 1955, Michigan State University and Pennsylvania State University were included on a US postage stamp commemorating MSU and PSU as the "First of the Land Grant Colleges."
Minnesota.
The 1862 land grant was originally provided in 1865 to a fledgling state agricultural college in Glencoe, Minnesota, but was re-appropriated to the University of Minnesota by an act of the Legislature on February 18, 1868.
Mississippi.
The State of Mississippi granted Alcorn three-fifths of the proceeds earned from the sale of thirty thousand acres of land scrip for agricultural colleges. From its beginning, it was a land grant college, and the money from the sale of the land scrip of the Morrill Act was used solely for the agricultural and mechanical components of this college.
Missouri.
Founded in 1866 as the Lincoln Institute by members of the 62nd and 65th United States Colored Infantry, under the Morrill Act of 1890, Lincoln was designated by Missouri as a land-grant university for black students. It integrated in 1956.
Nevada.
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas, is technically considered a land-grant university according to the attorney-general of Nevada, but has received minuscule land-grant benefits as compared to the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), and does not have an agricultural program. However, Governor Brian Sandoval, a UNR graduate and the current president of UNR, opposes that interpretation and views UNR as the sole land grant institution in the state.
Ohio.
Central State University was given status as an 1890 land-grant institution in 2014. Unlike the other states with historically black land-grant colleges, Ohio did not segregate its public universities, and African-American students have been admitted to The Ohio State University since 1889.
Rhode Island.
Originally, in January 1863, Brown University was designated as the state's land-grant college. Soon though, in the state's opinion, Brown University provided inadequate agricultural education, which was, in part, due to the fact that it could not afford to hire a specific professor or faculty of agricultural sciences and also, in part, due to the fact that Rhode Island's method for allocating land-grant scholarships favored urbanites and effectively produced few to no farmers. The curator of the University's museum of natural history had been reluctantly recruited to give series of lectures on agricultural topics, which included visits to local farms. When the Hatch Act of 1887 was passed, the Grange had made sure it was stated therein that funds did not need to be applied to current colleges and could be used for agricultural experiment stations not connected with them, so the Rhode Island General Assembly, having grown disenchanted with Brown's lackluster performance, established an agricultural school at Kingston and applied the Hatch Act's funds to it. Eventually, in 1890, Brown felt it drew no benefit from being the state's land-grant university, so it offered to return the Morrill trust to the state and withdraw as the land-grant institution. Shortly thereafter, Congress passed the second Morrill Act to increase funding to land-grant universities, and, following a controversy as to which school should benefit decided in Brown's favor by the Rhode Island Supreme Court, Brown promptly withdrew its offer. On May 19, 1892, after growing increasingly displeased with Brown's agricultural program, the General Assembly decided to restructure the Kingston school as the Rhode Island College for the Agricultural and Mechanical Arts (now called the University of Rhode Island) and to designate it as the state's only land-grant institution (thereby removing Brown from that status). The university protested by suing the state and the case was transferred to the US District Court for Rhode Island, which decided against Brown, which then appealed to the United States Supreme Court. When the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case, Brown conceded defeat such that, in 1894, the state, as related by Encyclopedia Brunoniana, "approved an agreement in which Brown would repay the $50,000 received from the sale of the land in Kansas and assume the expense of educating the present holders of the state scholarships, and in return [Brown] would receive $40,000 in compensation for the education of earlier state scholars and would be relieved of the responsibility for agricultural education assumed in connection with the Morrill Act of 1863."
Tennessee.
TSU is the only state-funded historically black university in Tennessee. It was founded in 1909 as the Agricultural and Industrial State Normal School and became the Agricultural and Industrial State Normal College two years later.
Texas.
Founded in 1876, Prairie View is the second oldest state-sponsored institution of higher education in Texas (after Texas A&M). Consistent with terms of the federal Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, which provided public lands for the establishment of colleges, the State of Texas authorized an "Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Benefit of Colored Youth" as part of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University) System.
Virginia.
Virginia State University was founded in 1882, as the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute. In 1902, the legislature revised the school's charter and renamed it the "Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute". In 1923, this college was renamed "Virginia State College for Negroes". It was designated one of Virginia's land grant colleges in response to the Amendments to the Morrill Act in 1890, which required that the states either open their land-grant colleges to all races, or else establish separate land-grant schools for African-Americans.
West Virginia.
After the desegregation of West Virginia schools in the 1950s, the state board of education voted to terminate West Virginia State University's land-grant funding structure. West Virginia State University was restored to land-grant status in 2001.


Historic Mill of Sanssouci

The Historic Mill of Sanssouci is a mill in Potsdam, Germany. Thanks to the legend of "The Miller of Sanssouci" (), the Mill ("Historische Mühle") became famous, particularly due to its association with Frederick the Great and his summer palace of Sanssouci.
History of the Mill.
In 1736 the soldier king, Frederick William I of Prussia, gave permission for the construction of a windmill, which was started in 1737. This first windmill, completed in 1738, was a post mill, whose entire superstructure, supported on a wooden post, was turned "into the wind" depending on the wind direction. The first mill and actual Historic Mill was thus older than the nearby summer palace, built in the years 1745 to 1747 for Frederick the Great.
A half-century later the, by now dilapidated, post mill had to be demolished. The construction of a new mill, between 1787 and 1791, was financed by Frederick William II, because the mill had become famous far beyond the city of Potsdam as the result of a legend. The task was given to the master builder, Cornelius Wilhelm van der Bosch, who erected a bigger smock mill based on the Dutch prototype in place of the post mill.
Following the accession of Frederick William IV in 1840, the landscape architect, Peter Joseph Lenné, smartened up the area around the mill. In connexion with this, a triumphal way was planned by the king, in honour of Frederick the Great, but it was only partially realised. It was intended to incorporate the Historic Mill into this project as the road was to run from the Gate of Triumph, east of Sanssouci Park, and run past the newly built Orangery Palace to the Belvedere on the Klausberg. The March Revolution of 1848 and a lack of finance, however, meant that this grand project came to nothing.
In 1858 the last miller finished his tenancy. Because the king refused to allow other applicants to run the mill, the building became open to visitors in 1861.
At the end of the Second World War, on 27 April 1945, a Soviet tank was hit by a "panzerfaust" between the mill and the drive up to Sanssouci Palace. In the battle that followed the mill and the Swiss house at its foot were set ablaze. Both buildings were destroyed, but the Swiss house ("Schweizerhaus") was not rebuilt.
Reconstruction of the Historic Mill.
In 1983 the Potsdam Chamber of Commerce began the restoration of the stone base. This work had to be stopped in 1990 due to financial difficulties. At the end of 1991, the rebuilding work was able to start again thanks to donations from the state of Brandenburg, the North Rhine-Westphalia Foundation and the then Potsdam-Sanssouci Foundation of Prussian Palaces and Gardens.
The present smock mill is a replica of the one built from 1787 to 1791 and the third so-called Historic Mill. It had to be planned from photographs and measurements of the mill foundations, because the construction drawings by Cornelius Wilhelm van der Bosch were no longer available.
The mill is owned by the Berlin-Brandenburg Foundation for Prussian Palaces and Gardens ("Stiftung Preußische Schlösser and Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg"). It has been operated since 1995 by the Berlin-Brandenburg Mill Association, founded in 1990.
Since 1984 a replica of the Historic Mill of Sanssouci in Potsdam has stood in the open land of the Gifhorn Mill Museum.
Technical data.
The design reflects construction methods around the year 1800, its technical equipment in part that of the turn of the 19th century.
Mill design:
Octagonal post, mill cap, mill technical features like the 5.5 metre long sail axle.
The mill has a height of 25.78 metres and, up to the upper edge of the sail, 35.45 metres.
Breakdown:
Legend.
The legend of the "Miller of Sanssouci" first appeared in 1787 in a French book about the life of Frederick the Great ("Vie de Frédéric II" by an anonymous author) and in a watered-down form one year later in Germany.
The legend goes that Frederick the Great was being disturbed by the clatter of the mill sails and offered to buy the mill from its miller, Johann William Grävenitz. When he refused, the king is supposed to have threatened: "Does he not know that I can take the mill away from him by virtue of my royal power without paying one groschen for it?" Whereupon the miller is supposed to have replied: "Of course, your majesty, your majesty could easily do that, if – begging your pardon – it were not for the Supreme Court in Berlin."
This is only a legend. According to Frederick the Great the mill underscored the rural character of his summer palace and said "that, ... the mill is an ornament for the palace." The miller was reportedly a difficult man, who cheated the local farmers over their flour and constantly pestered the king with petitions. At least one of these petitions was heard by Frederick II. Grävenitz pointed to the fact that, as a result of the construction of the palace, the post mill no longer stood in the open, but was partly shielded from the wind. So he demanded that the king let him build the mill in another site and to pay him for it. Frederick II acceded to this, with the result that, shortly thereafter, the wily Grävenitz was the proud possessor of two mills thanks to the king's grace, until he eventually resold the old mill.
In 1768 there was a legal dispute at another location over water rights and the remaining lease between Christian Arnold, the tenant of a mill in Pommerzig in the Neumark, and his landlord, the Count of Schmettau. After the miller was found guilty on two accounts, he appealed to Frederick the Great, who intervened in the ongoing proceedings in favour of the miller. Wrongly, as it turned out later. The king referred the case to the Berlin Court of Appeal, who once again ruled against the miller. Frederick the Great, then demanded a condemnation of the judges and their imprisonment in Spandau Citadel for their unjust judgments and thus precipitated an abuse of his name.
This legal battle and the story of the Sanssouci miller were woven together in the legend and were intended to emphasize the king's justice towards all his subjects. After the death of Frederick the Great, the case was reopened. His nephew and successor, Frederick William II decided in a compromise that "... the Miller Arnold case ... should be viewed as the consequence of a mistake, whereby the praiseworthy judicial zeal of our royal uncle, who rests in God, was misled by incomplete, inadequate reporting of the true situation by badly informed and preoccupied [biased] people."
In the years that followed there continued to be disputes between the reigning kings and the millers for different reasons.


Lawrence Kirk

Lawrence Eldred Kirk, (27 May 1886 – 27 November 1969) was a Canadian agronomist best known for introducing crested wheatgrass to Canada and helping to control the Dust Bowl in the 1930s.
Born in Bracebridge, Ontario, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1916, a Bachelor of Science degree in 1917, and a Master of Science in agriculture in 1922 from the University of Saskatchewan. In 1927, he received a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Minnesota.
From 1917 to 1919, he was an instructor in agronomy at the University of Saskatchewan. From 1919 to 1920, he taught agriculture at Moose Jaw Collegiate. From 1920 to 1931, he was a Professor of Field Husbandry at University of Saskatchewan. In 1931, he was appointed Dominion Astrologist and Head of the Division of Forage Crops of the Experimental Farms Service in Ottawa, Ontario. In 1937, he was appointed Dean of the College of Agriculture at the University of Saskatchewan. In 1947, he became Chief of the Plant Industry Branch in the Agricultural Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome. He retired in 1955.
In 1968, he was awarded the Medal of Service (S.M.) of the Order of Canada (which later became the Officer level) "for his service in various branches of agriculture at home and abroad". In 1949, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan.


Randy Ryan

Randy Ryan is an American actor, known for his role in "Public Enemies", "Salvation Boulevard", "Joshua", "The Forgotten", "20th Century Women", and "The Things We've Seen". His television roles include "Sex and the City", "Law & Order", "", "Third Watch" and "Medical Investigation".


Inverway Station

Inverway Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Northern Territory.
Location.
Situated approximately north west of Lajamanu and south west of Daguragu in the Victoria River district. The property was originally much larger until it was carved up into Inverway, Bunda and Riveren Stations. Inverway is bounded by Bunda to the west, Riveren to the east, Limbunya to the north and Birrindudu Station to the south.
Description.
The property currently occupies an area of and is stocked with a herd of 17,000 cattle. The country is a mix of black soil plains covered with pastures of Mitchell grass, Queensland Blue and silky brown top grasses. The red dirt country supports stands of spinifex.
History.
The area was originally scouted by Nat Buchanan and his son Gordon. The three Farquharson brothers; Archie, Harry and Hugh acquired the lease to the holding in 1894. The men stocked the property by overlanding cattle from Inverell. By 1905 the property was struck by drought and in 1909 the dry had still not lifted. Cool weather helped the men make the decision over drove the cattle over the dry Murranji Track despite there being no water along the way. Over 1,000 cattle were taken and the only five were lost on the journey that took five days.
The Farquharsons remained at the property until the 1940s. Archie was the sole remaining owner in 1946 when he sold a large portion of the station. He remained on the property living in the log homestead he had built with his brothers until his death in 1950. He is buried at Inverway along with one of his brothers.
The Westaway family bought the property in 1956 and placed on the market in 2007. The Underwood family acquired the property later the same year at auction for 17.65 million.
Mick and Georgia Underwood sold the property in a private sale along with Riveren Station in 2013 to the Indonesian company, Japfa Santori for an estimated 35 million. The decision came following live export ban on livestock by the Gillard government in 2011. The station had been passed in at auction in 2012 for 15 million.


Solomon W. Downs

Solomon Weathersbee Downs (1801August 14, 1854) was an American attorney and politician from Louisiana. A Democrat, he was most notable for his service as a United States Senator from 1847 to 1853.
Early life.
Downs was born in Montgomery County, Tennessee in 1801, the illegitimate son of William Weathersbee and Rebecca Downs. His family later moved to Louisiana, and sent Downs back to Tennessee to study under tutor Thomas B. Craighead. He then attended Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1823. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1826 and commenced practice in Bayou Sara, Louisiana. He later moved to Ouachita, where he practiced law and owned and operated a plantation.
Career.
A Democrat, he became active in politics as a campaign speaker on behalf of Andrew Jackson in 1828. In 1838, he won election to the Louisiana State Senate from Catahoula, Ouachita and Union Parishes, and he was reelected in 1842.
A longtime member of the Louisiana Militia, in 1842 Downs was appointed brigadier general of the organization's 6th Division.
In 1844 he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention. Also in 1844, he agreed to run for presidential elector as a supporter of Martin Van Buren. When Van Buren came out against annexing Texas, Downs resigned, but he agreed to run again after James K. Polk was nominated. Polk won the election and carried Louisiana, and Downs cast his ballot for the ticket of Polk for president and George M. Dallas for vice president.
Downs moved to New Orleans in 1845. He served as United States Attorney for the district of Louisiana from 1845 to 1846 and a member of the State constitutional convention.
He was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1847 to March 3, 1853. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills (Thirtieth Congress) and the Committee on Private Land Claims (Thirtieth through Thirty-second Congresses).
He was appointed by President Franklin Pierce as United States Collector of Customs for the District of Orleans in 1853 and he served until his death.
Death and burial.
Downs died in Crab Orchard Springs, Lincoln County, Kentucky on August 14, 1854 and was buried on his family's plantation in Kentucky. He was later reburied at Riverview Sanitarium in Monroe, Louisiana, and the burial ground there became Riverview Cemetery. Under the terms of his will, Downs freed a slave, Richard Barrington, who had been taught to read and write while living on Downs' plantation. Barrington later became a successful barber in New Orleans, and learned that Downs' grave had not been marked, so Barrington paid for a headstone. Downs' grave was later lost, and was uncovered again in 1937. After being moved to a spot near the cemetery entrance, the grave was forgotten about a second time. It was rediscovered in 2000, and is marked by the broken pieces of the headstone originally purchased by Barrington.
Family.
In 1830, Downs married Ann Marie McCaleb (d. 1857). They were the parents of two children, Samuel Alfred Downs and Sarah Mary Downs.


Ur-Krostitzer

Ur-Krostitzer is a brand of beer from Krostitz near Leipzig, Germany.
Their trademark is a portrait of the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf, who supposedly in 1632 during the Thirty Years' War stopped by the village Krostitz on his way to Leipzig. According to legend he there ordered the local master brewer to bring him a refreshing draught. As a sign of his highest esteem, the king allegedly gave the master brewer a golden ring.
History.
Their brewing privilege was granted in 1534 by Duke Georg von Sachsen to Hans Wahl on the Crostitz manor. In 1738 the brewery sold barley beer (Braunbier). In 1803 malt liquor (Doppelbier) and Kovent (a low-alcohol beer made from leftover wort) were also being brewed there. From 1867 to 1876 both brewery and malt house were completely rebuilt, and another remodeling happened between 1894 and 1899.
The sales figures of beer increased steadily and amounted to 1899 ; at that time a staff of 200 was employed in the brewery. In Leipzig 84 restaurants and 110 beer stores sourced "Crostitzer Lagerbier", "Dunkel", "Bohemian style" and according to season "Bock" or "Märzenbier".
In 1904 the term Ur-Krostitzer was used for the first time.
After the brewery was communized during the GDR period of governance, it became part of the Radeberg Group in 1990, since then there were numerous new constructions and conversions.
Today the brewery produces Schwarzbier according to a recipe from an old brewing manual of the brewery and an off-dry Pilsner.
In celebration of the 470 year anniversary, the Ur-Krostitzer Jahresring is given as an award to amateur historians, who concern themselves with the history of the regions Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia, since 2004.
In 2006 the brewery employed a staff of 112 people, it produced around 374.000 hectoliters of beer and supplied roughly 2600 gastronomical institutions.
Corporate names
Beers.
additionally a diverse range of brands belonging to the Radeberg Group is bottled there.
Further reading.
Ulla Heise: Ur-Krostitzer - Chronik einer Brauerei in Mitteldeutschland. Leipzig 2006, , and revised republished edition, Leipzig 2014,


Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos

Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos, (14 September 1916 – 22 February 2001) was a Welsh Labour politician, usually associated with the moderate wing of the party. He was also regarded, particularly in later years, as a non-political figure of stature in Wales having held posts of importance in bodies such as the University of Wales.
Early life.
Cledwyn Hughes was born at 13 Plashyfryd Terrace, Holyhead, the elder son of Henry David Hughes and Emma Davies (née Hughes), who was a young widow with a son, Emlyn, when she remarried in 1915.
His father, widely known as Harri Hughes, had left school at the age of twelve to work in the Dinorwic quarry, as several generations of his family had done. Aged 21, he resumed his education and entered the Calvinistic Methodist ministry, serving as the minister of Disgwylfa Chapel in Holyhead from 1915 until his death in 1947.
In turn his son regularly preached on Sundays in Anglesey's chapels, even when serving as a cabinet minister.
David Hughes was a prominent local Liberal and a strong supporter of Lady Megan Lloyd George, who served as the Liberal MP for Anglesey from 1929. Hughes was educated at the Holyhead Grammar School and at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, where he studied Law and became president of the Liberal Society.
After graduating in 1937, he returned to Holyhead, and was articled to a local solicitor. As local unemployment deepened, and the Czechoslovak crisis intensified, he listened to local Independent Labour Party speakers, and joined the Labour party in 1938.
Hughes qualified as a solicitor in 1940. During the Second World War, Hughes served in the RAFVR in an administrative role, achieving the rank of Flight Lieutenant.
Early political career.
In 1944, local Labour activists urged him to stand in the post-war general election against Lady Megan Lloyd George, who had served as Liberal MP for the Anglesey constituency since 1929. Despite the resistance of his father, Hughes fought the 1945 election with very little organisational support. He made 50 speeches - 45 of them in Welsh, and came within 1,081 votes of victory.
Following demobilisation in 1946, Hughes returned to Holyhead to practise as a solicitor and was appointed acting clerk to Holyhead District Council. In 1946, he became the youngest member of Anglesey County Council when he was elected to represent the Kingsland Ward in Holyhead. He remained a county councillor until 1953 and maintained good relations with the County Council throughout his time as a Member of Parliament, and had some success in bringing employment to the island.
In 1950, he challenged Lady Megan again, but she beat him by 2,000 votes. This was partly because, although a Liberal, she had identified with Labour. In 1951 general election, however, when Labour lost ground nationally, he ousted her by 595 votes.
Early parliamentary career.
In his maiden speech on 8 November 1951, Hughes addressed a number of issues that would recur during his parliamentary career, including the deficiencies of housing on Anglesey, the case for devolution in Wales, and his concerns about the future of the Welsh language.
In his first term as MP for Anglesey, Hughes placed considerable emphasis on attracting new jobs to the island. He was acutely aware that a large proportion of the young people were obliged to leave Anglesey to look for work, and Hughes was active in the process of securing the Wylfa nuclear power station and later an aluminium smelter project to be located on the island. Such efforts contributed to an increase in his majority to 4,568 at the 1955 General Election.
During his early parliamentary career, Hughes concentrated on Welsh issues. Together with a number of other Welsh-speaking Labour MPs, he supported the Parliament for Wales Campaign. In 1955, he seconded a bill proposed by S.O. Davies in favour of such a parliament but it was supported by only fourteen members of the Commons. A national petition was launched in 1956, which resulted in his being reported to the Labour national executive by the south-Wales-dominated Welsh Council of Labour. Following the failure of this campaign, Hughes supported efforts to secure a Secretary of State for Wales and this became Labour's official policy by the 1959 General Election.
In 1957 he was appointed to the Public Accounts Committee. In the following year he conducted a month-long visit to St Helena on behalf of the Labour Party. Hughes was the first MP to visit the island since it was ceded to the British Government by the East India Company in 1843. Hughes submitted a highly critical report describing the "appalling poverty" of the island's inhabitants and assisted with the establishment of the island's first trade union. This visit established Hughes's reputation as a politician actively involved with the affairs of the Commonwealth.
In 1959, Hugh Gaitskell appointed Hughes as a shadow spokesman on housing and local government.
When Labour came to power in 1964, Hughes was appointed Minister of State for Commonwealth Relations and this turned out to be an inspired appointment which Harold Wilson considered to be "one of the Government's outstanding successes". During his two years in post Hughes was heavily involved with decolonization and represented the British Government at the independence celebrations of Malta, Kenya and the Gambia. His negotiating skills were tested by conflicts within the Commonwealth, notably in Cyprus, Malaysia and the Indian sub-continent where Hughes negotiated a cease-fire between India and Pakistan following a military conflict in the Rann of Kutch during June 1965. Hughes was also involved in the negotiations to avert a unilateral declaration of independence in Southern Rhodesia. In July 1965, he visited Salisbury for talks with Ian Smith, but these were unsuccessful and Smith declared UDI the following November.
Secretary of State for Wales.
In 1966, Wilson made him Secretary of State for Wales in succession to Jim Griffiths. Hughes was supported as Minister of State by George Thomas until 1967 and then by Eirene White who spoke warmly of his support and encouragement in that he allowed her to carry out her duties without undue interference.
His first months at the Welsh Office were difficult despite the fact that Labour had won 32 of the 36 Welsh constituencies. On 14 July 1966, Gwynfor Evans won the Carmarthen by-election to become the first Plaid Cymru MP leading to an upsurge in support for political nationalism, which was also reflected in the Welsh Language Society's active campaign for bilingual road tax licences. Within the Labour Party a minority of Welsh MPs and activists supported some form of devolution reminiscent of the campaign which Hughes had supported in the 1950s. At the same time many of Hughes's Labour colleagues, particularly veteran MPs in the industrial south, were fiercely opposed to any form of devolution. Hughes ended up caught between these two wings, and disappointed those who had anticipated a greater move towards devolution. In 1968 Hughes was succeeded as Secretary of State by George Thomas, whose views on the subject were fundamentally opposed to those of his predecessor.
Hughes's term of office was also deeply affected by the tragedy at Aberfan in October 1966, when a colliery spoil heap engulfed the primary school, leaving 144 dead, the vast majority of them children. Hughes immediately flew to the scene, and helped direct the rescue effort and ensure the well-being of survivors. An inquiry was set up under Lord Justice Edmund-Davies which, amongst its conclusions, stated that Lord Robens, the National Coal Board chairman, had misled Hughes in claiming that all tips were regularly inspected. Hughes described the Aberfan disaster as the darkest days of his life.
He spent much of his time developing the nascent Welsh Office, creating a new civil service structure in Wales and seeking to build the economic base. This included the opening of the Anglesey Aluminium smelter at Holyhead in his constituency. In 1967, Hughes was successful in securing that the Royal Mint be located at Llantrisant in south Wales rather than in Scotland or Durham, as argued by his cabinet colleagues William Ross and Anthony Greenwood respectively. The episode was regarded as enhancing the stature of the relatively new Welsh Office, as well as strengthening Hughes's position in the Cabinet.
Minister for Agriculture.
In 1968 Wilson moved Hughes to become Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Hughes was disappointed to leave the Welsh Office, not least because he had done much preparatory work for the investiture of the Prince of Wales scheduled for 1969. This included sending a monthly letter on Welsh affairs to the Prince, then at Cambridge.
At Agriculture, Hughes replaced Fred Peart, who was strongly opposed to the Common Market. In contrast, Hughes was a supporter, and a great admirer of Roy Jenkins. Despite an early gaffe when he told Danish bacon producers that their product was "the choice of the British housewife", Hughes fared better than most Labour incumbents in this post, and set out to boost home food production with incentives for producers of cereals and red meat. He also dealt effectively with the consequences of a severe outbreak of foot and mouth disease by ensuring that the recommendations of an enquiry chaired by the Duke of Northumberland were implemented. This action prevented another major occurrence of the disease for many years. During his time as Secretary of State for Wales, Hughes had favoured extending the nascent department's powers over agriculture and health; as Minister of Agriculture, he transferred powers over agriculture in Wales to the Welsh Office.
Later Commons career.
The 1970 General Election in Anglesey was a difficult one for Hughes, who was heavily criticized by Plaid Cymru supporters. At the count there were unpleasant scenes.
Following Labour's defeat, Hughes was not elected to the Shadow Cabinet but kept the Agriculture portfolio. However, in 1972 he was dismissed by Wilson for voting in favour of entry into the Common Market. He remained a strong pro-European and was a vice-president of the umbrella group Britain in Europe during the 1975 referendum.
On return to office in 1974, Hughes was disappointed not to be offered a ministerial post. However he successfully challenged Ian Mikardo for the chairmanship of the Parliamentary Labour Party, and held the post throughout the parliament. His ability to nudge people into loyalty were in great demand in view of the Government's small majority.
In 1976, Wilson resigned suddenly and Hughes was tasked as chairman of the PLP with organizing the election of a successor. Hughes was close politically not only to Roy Jenkins but also to James Callaghan who he had first met in 1949 at the home of Glenys Kinnock's parents in Holyhead. Upon his election, James Callaghan recommended the appointment of Hughes as a Companion of Honour.
In March 1977, Hughes was actively involved in the negotiations that led to the Lib-Lab pact. In the autumn of the following year, when the Callaghan government did not have a majority in the Commons, Hughes persuaded the three Plaid Cymru members to support the government in return for a commitment to legislate for compensation to workers suffering from silicosis as a result of working in the slate quarrying industry.
In late 1978 he was once again despatched as an envoy to Rhodesia, seeking to accelerate the handover of power to the majority population, but as in 1965, he made little headway in persuading Ian Smith to co-operate. Hughes also failed to persuade Joshua Nkomo to give up the armed struggle.
In 1979 was hugely disappointed by the decisive referendum vote against devolution for Wales held on 1 March 1979. He did eventually participate in the 1997 campaign that led to a narrow vote in favour.
Weeks later, he stood down from his Anglesey seat and was succeeded as Labour candidate by his close ally, Elystan Morgan. However, the seat was surprisingly lost to the Conservative candidate Keith Best with a substantial swing. The result underlined the extent to which Hughes had built up a personal vote during his 29 years as MP for the constituency. Labour did not recapture the seat until 2001.
House of Lords.
On 16 July 1979 he was made a life peer as Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos, "of Holyhead in the Isle of Anglesey". After the death of Lord Goronwy-Roberts in July 1981, Cledwyn became Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords. In November 1982 he challenged Fred Peart for the role of Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords, following dissatisfaction among leading Labour peers towards Peart's leadership. For the next decade he proved highly skilled in organizing the resources at his disposal to keep the government under scrutiny. There were only around 120 Labour peers, and a third of them were too unwell or elderly to regularly participate in debates. During this time the debates in the Lords were televised (at a time when those in the Commons were not) and this gave significant prominence to the Labour opposition in the Lords.
For most of his decade as Labour leader and, as such, a member of the Shadow Cabinet, Neil Kinnock was the leader of the Labour Party and they formed a strong working relationship. Had Labour won the 1992 General Election, Kinnock would have appointed Lord Cledwyn to a Cabinet post. Labour's defeat was a great disappointment to him, as he was unable to implement his proposals to reform the institution. The leadership passed to another Welshman, Lord Richard of Ammanford.
Later life.
During his later years, Lord Cledwyn took on a number of roles in Welsh public life. From 1976 until 1985 he was President of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. He has a building named after him at Aberystwyth, which is home to the School of Business and Management. He relinquished this post in 1985 on being appointed Pro-Chancellor of the University of Wales. Over the next decade he devoted much of his time to the University's various problems, including financial challenges. In particular, he was successful in obtaining funding from the Conservative government to allow the merger of the University College at Cardiff with the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology to form what became Cardiff University. In 1995 he became President of the University College of North Wales, Bangor.
Another of his great interests was his involvement in campaigns for recognition of the Welsh language. Most notably, in 1980, he played a leading part in persuading William Whitelaw to change government policy and to establish a Welsh language television service. He was thus instrumental in persuading Gwynfor Evans to abandon his intention to begin a hunger strike. The new channel was launched as S4C in 1982. Most of his contributions in the House of Lords during the last decade of his life were on Welsh subjects.
Family.
In 1949 he married Jean Beatrice, daughter of Captain Jesse Hughes, of Holyhead. She shared both his religion and politics.
Cledwyn and Jean Hughes had two children, a daughter, Ann and son, Harri. From 1955 until 1959 the family lived in London, but in 1959 decided that they move back to Anglesey where the children could be brought up in a Welsh speaking community.
Lord Cledwyn died, aged 84, at Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan on 22 February 2001. Following a public funeral service at Disgwylfa Chapel on 27 February, he was buried at Maeshyfryd Cemetery, Holyhead.
Tributes and assessment.
On learning of his death, former Prime Minister James Callaghan said that Cledwyn Hughes 'was an unfailing counsellor to me throughout my political life, and especially during my time as prime minister. Wales has lost a great man, and I mourn a true friend.'
Cledwyn Hughes was regarded primarily as an efficient administrator, but also as a person of great warmth and humour, with a considerable talent for storytelling. During the 1960s and 1970s his florid complexion was a familiar sight in the news. In Wales and beyond, he was known simply as Cledwyn.


John George Jenkins

John George Jenkins CBE (26 August 1919 – 19 July 2007), was a Scottish farmers leader, TV presenter and a Liberal Party politician.
Background.
He was the son of George John Jenkins, OBE, FRCS and Alice Maud Jenkins, MBE. He was educated at Winchester College and Edinburgh University. In 1948 he married Chloe Kenward. They had one son and three daughters. In 1971 he was appointed a CBE.
Professional career.
From 1939 he farmed in Annan, Dumfriesshire. He was a director of agricultural companies and of the Dumfriesshire Cattle Breeders' Association. He was Director SW Farmers Co-operative Trading society Ltd. He was Director of first Artificial Insemination Centre in Scotland. In 1957 he expanded his farming interests to Cambridgeshire, becoming Director of Childerley Estates Ltd. In 1968 he became Director of Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Ltd. In 1963 he became Compère of the Anglia Television programme 'Farming Diary'. In 1984 he became Chairman of United Oilseeds Ltd.
Political career.
Jenkins was chairman of the Dumfriesshire branch of the National Farmers Union of Scotland. He was a Member of the Area Executive Committee of the NFU of Scotland. He was an executive committee member of the Scottish Association of Young Farmers' Clubs. In April 1949 he was selected as Liberal prospective parliamentary candidate for the newly created Angus South division of Scotland for the 1950 General Election. The 1950 elections were difficult for Liberal candidates and Jenkins was only able to poll 20% of the vote;
He did not stand for parliament again. From 1960-1961 he served as President of the NFU of Scotland. In 1967 he became Chairman of the Agricultural Marketing Development Executive Committee, serving for 6 years.