Bank Nederlandse Gemeenten

BNG Bank N.V. is a Dutch bank specializing in providing financing for (semi-)publicly owned organizations. Ranked by assets alone, it is ranked as the 4th bank in the Netherlands. The Dutch state owns 50% of the company, while the remainder is owned by the municipalities and provinces.
The company was founded in 1914 in The Hague as the Gemeentelijke Credietbank (Municipal Credit Bureau), changed its name to Bank voor Nederlandsche Gemeenten in 1922, before finally changing it to BNG Bank in 2018.
BNG Bank does not provide financing to private customers, but exclusively to (semi-)public organizations, such as municipalities, provinces, public utilities, health care organisations and public housing.
Awards.
The magazine Global Finance rated BNG Bank the third safest bank in the world in its "World’s 50 Safest Banks 2019" rating. The rating is based on long-term foreign currency ratings from Fitch Ratings and Standard and Poor’s and the long-term bank deposit ratings from Moody’s Investors Service.


Kaev Hua II

Preah Keo II (, born Ang Chee (); 1652–1677) also known as Kaev Hua II or Keo Fa II was a Cambodian king from 1673 to 1674. He was the son of Barom Reachea V.
During his reign Preah Keo II came into conflict with Prince Ang Nan. With the help of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, he drove out Ang Nan to Vietnam. Ang Nan sought help from the Vietnamese Nguyễn lord and the Vietnamese army under Nguyễn Dương Lâm and Nguyễn Đình Phái invaded Cambodia, captured Prey Nokor (Saigon), then attacked Phnom Penh. Preah Keo II was defeated, and retreated into forest. There, he continued fighting against the Vietnamese until he was killed in 1677.


Sian MacLeod

Sian Christina MacLeod (born 31 May 1962) is a British diplomat who was formerly head of the UK delegation to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in Vienna.
Career.
MacLeod graduated from the Royal Academy of Music with a BMus degree in 1983. She joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1986 and served in Moscow 1988–92. After the collapse of the Soviet Union she served briefly as deputy head of mission in Vilnius, Lithuania, in 1992. She then returned to the FCO until she was posted to The Hague 1996–2000. She was sent back to Moscow 2004–07, first as political counsellor and then as minister and deputy head of mission. She was ambassador to the Czech Republic 2009–13 and was appointed to be head of the UK delegation to the OSCE in 2015 (with the rank of ambassador). In January 2019 she was appointed to be ambassador to the Republic of Serbia from summer 2019.
MacLeod was appointed OBE in 2002 "in recognition of services in support of operations in Afghanistan during the period 1st October 2001 to 31st March 2002".


Claes Adolph Fleming

Count Claes Adolph Fleming (1771–1831) was a Swedish court official and diplomat, and member of the Swedish Academy. He was the one of very few personal friends and confidants of king Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, and according to Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp he was often courted by petitioners, but normally refused to make use of his influence. He was given numerous diplomatic missions by the king, and accompanied him to Saint Petersburg in 1796.


Fabio Panetta

Fabio Panetta (born 1 August 1959) is an Italian economist, former Director General of Bank of Italy and President of the Institute for the Supervision of Insurance (IVASS). From 1 January 2020, he has served on the Executive Board of the European Central Bank.
Career.
Son of the former mayor of Pescosolido (Frosinone), Paolino Panetta, Fabio Panetta was born in Rome in 1959. After graduating with honours in Economics from LUISS University (Rome) in 1982, he obtained an M.Sc. in Economics from the London School of Economics and a Ph.D in Economics and Finance from the London Business School.
He joined the Bank of Italy's Research Department in 1985, becoming Head of its Monetary and Financial Division in 1999. From 2007 to 2011 he headed the Economic Outlook and Monetary Policy Department. In July 2011 he became Managing Director with the task of coordinating the Bank's activities relating to the Eurosystem.
From 8 October 2010 to 9 May 2012 he served as Deputy Director General of Bank of Italy, and immediately after he became Senior Deputy Governor of Bank of Italy (Presidential Decree of 3 May 2019).
In December 2019 he was awarded the honorary title of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Italy.
From 1 January 2020 onward he is an Executive Board member at the European Central Bank, replacing the French Benoît Cœuré. He is responsible for the directorates dealing with International and European relations, with market infrastructure, payments and banknotes.
Panetta has a reputation among his colleagues for his staunch defense of Italian banking systems and an opponent of bail-in-rules.
Personal life.
Panetta is married and has three children


Ali Ferruh Bey

Ali Ferruh Bey was an Ottoman Empire envoy to the United States. Sinan Kuneralp, author of "Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917," described him as the most well-known Ottoman envoy to the U.S.
The Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs prohibited Muslim employees in the diplomatic service from bringing their families, yet Ali Ferruh brought his wife and her family to the U.S. Kuneralp concluded that he was "obviously a man of resources".
In 1900 he was recalled and replaced by Mustafa Shekib Bey.


Mowry City, New Mexico

Mowry City is a ghost town first in Dona Anna County, then Grant County and finally in Luna County, New Mexico, United States, approximately north of Deming. Originally it was the crossing point of Cooke's Wagon Road on the Mimbres River. Mowry City was formerly the location of Rio Mimbres, a stop on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line, and Miembre's River Station, a stagecoach stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail and later stagecoach routes. The town lasted from 1859 until the arrival of the railroad in southern New Mexico in 1881.
History.
Mimbres River Station, a Butterfield Overland Mail relay station, was located 16 miles northeast of Ojo de Vaca Station and 18 miles west of Cooke's Spring Station. Later Mowry City grew up around it.
Mowry City was the result of one of the earliest land scams in the American Southwest. In the late 1850s, three promoters, Samuel J. Jones (a native of Virginia and former sheriff of Douglas County, Kansas), Lewis S. Owings and Robert P. Kelley, resided in the town of Mesilla on the Rio Grande near Las Cruces, New Mexico. They owned a number of businesses in the town and also had interests in mining properties. They realized that the existing population base was too small for them to attain the prosperity they desired, so they concocted a scheme to establish a town site and promote it, to draw settlers into the area.
Kelley had met Sylvester Mowry in 1858, on a stage ride from Arizona to Missouri, from which he learned of Mowry's fame and name recognition among eastern investors. Realizing the recognition value of the Mowry name, these promoters chose Mowry City as the name for their new town.
In 1859, Kelley and his partners published a pamphlet, "Report of the Mowry City Association, Territory of Arizona, for 1859". This painted a picture of Mowry City as the future site of the territorial capital of Arizona (at that time, the name Arizona was applied to the southern half of New Mexico Territory, from the Staked Plains of Texas to the Colorado River border of California), and greatly misrepresented the area's resources and prospects. The report was published in Palmyra, Missouri, where Kelley and his brother-in-law, D. W. Hughes, opened an agency for the "Mowry City Association" and published a newspaper, the "Mesilla Miner". This paper contained fraudulent articles portraying Mowry City and the Mesilla Valley as a thriving, peaceful region. In fact, the area was plagued by hostile Apaches. Years later, a settler who knew Kelley and his partners in the late 1850s reminisced that they printed their newspaper and prospectus in Missouri because those publications were "not intended for the public eye so near home," and that the entire promotion was a "swindle."
In the Spring of 1860, gold was discovered at Pinos Altos, about 40 miles northwest of the new town site, and Mowry City began to establish a population, including Sherod Hunter. However, as a result of the Bascom Affair at the outbreak of the American Civil War, the Apaches began their campaign of attacks on all white settlers, miners, and travelers throughout the region, and this ended the promotion of Mowry City.
The settlement lasted after the Civil War at least into the time of the arrival of the railroad in 1881. Mowry City in 1871 is described by S. M. Ashenfelter in one of his reminiscences contributed to the "Silver City Independent":
At Mowry City, on the Mimbres (now Whitehill's ranch), there was a considerable population. R. V. Newsham and M. St. John had large stocks of general merchandise. A. Voorhces ran a hotel, which afterwards came into the hands of "Old Man" Porter, father of Frank and Harry Porter, well known in later years. Kimberlan & Company had a flouring mill, and Dick Mawson and "Hairtrigger John" Gibson did the blacksmithing for the countryside. The main mail line west from Mesilla to Tucson passed through Mowry City. It was run by J. F. Bennett & Co., the company being Henry Lesinsky and Con Cosgrove. It was the old Southern Overland route, coming up by the way of Rough and Ready, Slocum's ranch, Fort Cummins and Cook's Canyon; and it crossed the Mimbres at Mowry City. In the spring of 1871 the branch line to Fort Bayard, Silver City and Pinos Altos was run by W. H. Wiley & Company. Slocum's was as famous in its day as Fort Cummins, and John D. Slocum was a man of recognized eminence on this frontier.
Another, less complimentary, description of Mowry City from about the same time was given by Loreta Janeta Velazquez:
Striking south-westward from Fort McRae, we came to Rio de los Mimbres, near the head of which is Mowry City, founded by Lieutenant Mowry, who could not have had any very clear ideas as to what he was about when he attempted to make a settlement in such a place. Mowry City has a hotel, one or two stores, and more drinking-saloons than do it any good. That it will ever be much of a place I do not believe. There is not water enough in the river the greater part of the time to float two logs together, and in very dry weather one can step across it without wetting the feet. A sudden shower will, however, convert this puny creek in a short time into a raging river, which carries everything before it, and then it will subside as suddenly as it arose.


Farouk El Okdah

Farouk Abd El Baky El Okdah (, born August 1946) was the Governor of the Central Bank of Egypt "CBE" from December 2003 to February 2013.
Academic Qualifications.
- B.S. In Commerce Accounting Major from Ain Shams University 1965
- Master of Accounting (with honors) from Cairo University in 1975
- Master of Business Administration (Finance) from The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania in 1981
- PhD. in Business and Applied Economics from The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
Managerial Positions.
- Governor of the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) from December 2003 until February 2013.
- Chairman & Chief Executive Officer of the National Bank of Egypt (NBE) from January 2003 until December 2003 in which he became the Governor of Central Bank of Egypt
- He acquired 19 years of banking experience from 1983 until 2002 working with Irving Trust Company
- New York which was acquired later by Bank of New York; where he has worked as Assistant Vice President for Middle East Division and as Vice President and Africa District Manager
- Dr. El Okdah was the Managing Director of The International Company for Leasing "IncoLease" from 1997 until 2002. He established IncoLease while working for Bank of New York
- In addition Dr. El Okdah worked as an instructor in Accounting and Finance for The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania from 1978 until 1982
- in 1978, he was nominated by The Wharton School to serve as a consultant for The International Finance Corporation (IFC)- The World Bank
- Dr. El Okdah has been a member of the Board of Directors of Egypt Air Holding Co. since 1998
- He served as an advisor to the Governor of the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) from 1998 to 2001 in the time of the Governor Ismail Hassan
- Dr. El Okdah used to be a member of the Board of Directors of the Egyptian Banking Federation
- He used to be a member of the Board of Directors and Treasurer of The Arab Bankers Association North America from 1987 until 1989


First Street Tunnel

The First Street Tunnel is a two-track, soft-earth tunnel built between 1904 and 1906 by the Washington Terminal Company to serve as the southern approach to Union Station in Washington, D.C. Currently owned by Amtrak, it connects to lower-level tracks and platforms at the station, passes under Capitol Hill and connects to the RF&P Subdivision (CSX Transportation) and Long Bridge, offering through railway service to Alexandria, Virginia, and points west and south. Unlike the Northeast Corridor tracks north of Union Station, the tunnel tracks are not electrified, so southbound trains leaving Union Station must switch to diesel locomotives before entering the tunnel. Exiting Union Station, the tunnel runs due south under First Street NE and SE before curving to the southwest under a parking lot near the Capitol South Metro station. Its southern portal is just east of South Capitol Street at the intersection of D Street SE and New Jersey Avenue SE.
The tunnel's height is .


Zorica McCarthy

Zorica McCarthy was the Australian High Commissioner to Pakistan (2004–2006) who was investigated "buying discounted shares in the failed fuel technology company Firepower (and) has been found guilty of breaching the rules but forgiven because the breach was unintentional". McCarthy was accredited as non-resident Ambassador to Afghanistan. McCarthy was also Ambassador to Spain from January 2010 to January 2013.
Firebrand investigation.
McCarthy bought shares in Firebrand 14 days after Firebrand and a Pakistani company signed an agreement at a ceremony she organised and was witnessed by Australia's former prime minister John Howard and Pakistan's former prime minister Shaukat Aziz.
Personal life.
McCarthy has two daughters with ex-husband John McCarthy.


Francisco de Manzanares y Dardos

Francisco de Manzanares y Dardos (born-16th-century) was a Spanish nobleman and politician, who served during the Viceroyalty of Peru, holding honorary functions as alcalde, alguacil, lieutenant governor and regidor of Buenos Aires.
Biography.
He was born in Villa de la Membrilla, La Mancha, the son of Pedro Alonso Dardos and María López de Manzanares, belonging to illustrious Spanish families. He was married in Buenos Aires to Leonor de Aguilar Pérez de Burgos, daughter of Francisco Pérez de Burgos and Juana de Aguilar y Salvatierra, a Creole lady, daughter of Andrés Gil and Leonor de Zamora, natives of Ronda (Spain).
He was elected vice-mayor of Buenos Aires in 1613, and served for several periods as regidor of the Cabildo of Buenos Aires. He participated in the funeral honors performed to Diego Marín de Negrón, governor of Buenos Aires, who died in the city in 1613, and also toke part in the swearing of Francés de Beaumont y Navarra, as the new governor.
Francisco de Manzanares y Dardos held various government positions, including Alguacil Mayor, Procurator General, Fiel ejecutor and Mayordomo of Buenos Aires. He also served as Interin Lieutenant Governor of Buenos Aires in 1600.


George Trenholm

George Alfred Trenholm (February 25, 1807 – December 9, 1876) was a South Carolina businessman, financier, politician, and slaveholding planter who owned several plantations and strongly supported the Confederate States of America. He was appointed as its Secretary of the Treasury during the final year of the American Civil War.
His merchant firm was estimated to have made $9 million by blockade running with its 60 ships during the war. Although he was imprisoned briefly after the war and suffered some economic setbacks, Trenholm continued to prosper. In the postwar years, Trenholm acted as a major philanthropist, aiding both blacks and whites in South Carolina. He also served on railroad and bank boards, and was elected to state office again in 1874 and died in office.
Early and family life.
George Alfred Trenholm was born on February 25, 1807 in Charleston, South Carolina to Elizabeth Irene (de Greffin) Trenholm and her merchant husband William Trenholm. His maternal grandfather, Comte de Greffin, was a major plantation owner in Saint Domingue (before the slave revolution; it is now Haiti). His paternal grandfather, William Trenholm (1737-1822), was born in Yorkshire, England, but lived and worked in Charleston most of his adult life. He was forced to leave during the American Revolutionary War due to his Loyalist sympathies and business associations. He lived in New York, the Netherlands, and Santo Domingo, but returned to Charleston in 1785 shortly after the end of the war, and lived there for another 37 years. He introduced his son William (1772-1824) into the family business. When his father died, George Trenholm left school and went into business.
At age 21, George Alfred Trenholm married Anna Helen Holmes on April 3, 1828. Her father John Holmes owned a plantation on Johns Island, South Carolina outside Charleston. The couple had thirteen children; five (including their first four) died in infancy. In 1860, their daughters Emily (b. 1839), Anna (b. 1842), Eliza (b. 1848), Christiana (b. 1851) and sons Alfred (b. 1844), Frances (b. 1846), Edwin (b. 1850) were still living with their parents. Also in the household were their married eldest son William Trenholm (b. 1846), his wife, and their young sons; and Anna's mother.
Career.
At the age of 16, George Trenholm had begun working for a major cotton broker, John Fraser and Company in Charleston. He rose to become a partner, and by 1853, when he was 46, he led the company. Fraser died in 1854 and it became Fraser and Trenholm. By 1860 Trenholm had become one of the wealthiest men in the South (if not the United States), owning real estate worth $90,000 and personal property (including slaves) valued at about $35,000. His financial investments included steamships, hotels, wharves, cotton and plantations. About 39 enslaved persons lived with Trenholm's family as domestic staff in Charleston. Trenholm was also director of the Bank of Charleston and of a South Carolina railroad.
A member of the Democratic Party, Trenholm was elected to the South Carolina legislature in 1852 and served until 1856. After President Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, Trenholm strongly supported secession of the South, which was led by South Carolina among the top six of the major slaveholding states.
American Civil War.
When the Civil War broke out, Trenholm immediately moved his company's head office from New York to the Bahamas and Bermuda. He was appointed to South Carolina's State Marine Battery Commission, where he oversaw construction of the Confederate ironclad "Chicora". Trenholm personally financed construction of a twelve-vessel flotilla for Charleston’s defense.
Trenholm's wealth increased as his 60 commercial ships ran the Union blockade. The ships carried cotton, tobacco and turpentine to England, and brought back coal, iron, salt, guns and ammunition. Josiah Gorgas, the Confederate chief of ordnance, estimated that by March 1863, Trenholm's company had made $9,000,000 by blockade running. His company - now called Fraser, Trenholm and Company - became the Confederate government's overseas banker. The office in Liverpool arranged cotton sales and financed its own fleet. The U.S. consul in Liverpool, Thomas Dudley, estimated Trenholm's fleet imported $4.5 million of cotton into Great Britain, although Confederate President Jefferson Davis vetoed Trenholm's suggestion that the Confederacy buy decommissioned British East India Company ships for $10 million.
Trenholm and his Liverpool-based partner Charles K. Prioleau (son of a Charleston lawyer) worked with fellow American James Dunwoody Bulloch as Confederate foreign agents in Britain to manage their arrangements, especially shipping munitions home. Britain depended on the South's cotton exports. Continuing cotton exports to Britain helped the Confederacy not only financially, but also shaped British public opinion toward the Confederate cause.
Trenholm served again in the South Carolina legislature from 1860-1863. In 1863 he purchased the Annandale Plantation from Andrew Johnstone; located south of Georgetown, it was a highly successful rice operation that had worked 230 slaves in the 1850s.
In January 1864, Trenholm's daughter Emily married William Miles Hazzard, a Confederate scout . Trenholm deeded the Annandale and Beneventum plantations to Hazzard shortly after the war's end, trying to protect them from potential confiscation by the United States government.
Confederate Treasury Secretary Christopher Memminger, a fellow Charlestonian and friend, used Trenholm as an unofficial adviser for almost four years. When Memminger resigned on July 1, 1864 (due to public outcry after he issued millions of Confederate bank notes at one-third the value of the old ones), and moved back to North Carolina, Trenholm succeeded him. He was formally appointed on July 18, 1864. Trenholm was a more charismatic figure than his predecessor. Together with his constant published updates he had better press relations and contact with the Confederate Congress. Trenholm had a "never give up the ship" personality, but could do little to stop the financial havoc as the rebel government grew insolvent and printing money caused inflation. Trenholm advocated direct taxation, reducing the circulation of paper currency, further public subscriptions for war bonds, and purchasing blockade runners (rather than continuing to rely on private shippers), but the Confederate Congress refused to pass those measures.
He signed off on payments for Southern spies, including operations in Canada and Washington, D.C., as well as for the defense of Richmond, Virginia. He moved to the Confederate capital after severing ties with his businesses in Charleston. Trenholm arranged for a large loan to the Confederate government from a French consortium, but the proceeds arrived too late to assist their war effort.
Trenholm's lavish entertaining in Richmond (at the house that later became the Valentine Museum), and paying for a massive Christmas dinner (postponed until New Year's Day 1865) endeared him to Richmond's elite. On February 6, 1865, the Confederate Congress proposed to President Jefferson Davis that he fire his entire cabinet except for Trenholm. Davis declined, but Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned and was replaced by General John C. Breckinridge.
Flight from Richmond.
During the war's final days, Trenholm arranged for the Confederate treasury, archives, and bullion owned by it and Richmond banks, to be transported from the imperiled capital into North Carolina by a train guarded by Captain William Howard Parker and Confederate naval midshipmen. The bullion and specie was later estimated to be worth between a quarter to a half million dollars. The last published account of it reported $86,000 in specie hidden in the false bottom of a carriage and entrusted to James A. Semple, a Naval paymaster and son-in-law of ex-President John Tyler. He was supposed to take it to Liverpool to pay Confederate accounts. Secretary of State Judah Benjamin used a $1,500 gold warrant signed by Trenholm to secure his passage on a boat to Britain.
Other accounts trace $40,000 used by Major Raphael J. Moses (General Longstreet's commissary officer) to assist Confederate veterans struggling to return to their homes. Some believe Trenholm ordered the bullion dumped off railroad bridges on the journey described below (noting his son William patented a hydroscope for finding lost items in the water after the war), or had money smuggled to England by Sylvester Mumford (who later returned to Georgia, where it became an endowment to educate orphans), or taken to Canada.
Trenholm sent his daughters out of Richmond on Friday, April 3, 1865, with First Lady Varina Davis by train, escorted by midshipman James Morris Morgan (who would later marry one of the Trenholm daughters). The women rode to Charlotte, North Carolina and then reached a rented house in Abbeville, South Carolina, where they met their brother William Trenholm and his family. Though ill, George Trenholm (with his wife as his nurse, the only woman among 30 male officials) evacuated Richmond on Sunday night, April 5, 1865, bound for Danville, Virginia, on the same train as the rest of the Confederate government. He was said to have self-medicated with peach brandy, shared with fellow travelers, and morphine.
Days later, Trenholm was transported by ambulance to another train, which carried the Confederate government into North Carolina, where they learned President Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated on April 14. Eventually, the Confederate government, including Trenholm, reached Fort Mill, South Carolina. Upon hearing of General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, Virginia on April 9, the local commander in Charlotte, North Carolina, General John Echols, had offered his troops the choice of surrendering or continuing to fight. Half his cavalry and almost all infantry left for home, with only 1,000 men following General Echols to meet with President Jefferson Davis and the remaining Confederate cabinet members in Fort Mill. Trenholm asked President Davis to accept his resignation, citing his ill health, and Davis accepted with his thanks on April 27, 1865.
Imprisonment and parole.
Trenholm had six rice plantations to manage in Georgetown County, South Carolina alone, having bought many in 1863 before assuming his public role. He traveled from Abbeville to South Carolina College in Columbia, South Carolina for the wedding on June 1, 1865 of his son Frank to Mary Elizabeth Burroughs in the house of the college president. Trenholm, his wife and daughters moved into their newly purchased estate, now named "DeGreffin", near Columbia, South Carolina. Union troops had burned it in a raid. They left the Abbeville house to William and his family.
Around June 12, a Union officer asked Trenholm to come to them in Charleston to answer questions. Escorted by his future son-in-law James M. Morgan (or by his son William, under alternate accounts) and carrying a bag of gold pieces, Trenholm drove to Orangeburg, South Carolina. He took the train to Charleston, where he was arrested at the depot and escorted to jail by United States Colored Troops on June 13. He was accused by the federal government of making off with millions in Confederate assets. He was soon joined in jail by Theodore Dehon Wagner, the manager of Trenholm, Fraser & Co.
Trenholm was briefly imprisoned at Hilton Head, South Carolina, but General Quincy Gillmore, who knew him and of his kindnesses toward Union prisoners during the war, and recognizing his physical disability, issued him a written parole on June 25 to allow him to return to his home and the corporate limits of Columbia, South Carolina. In July Gillmore was relieved of his command, and Trenholm was arrested again on July 12. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton suspected him of involvement in President Lincoln's assassination.
Blockade runners Theodore Jervey and A.S. Johnson were also arrested in July. Trenholm was imprisoned at Fort Pulaski near Savannah, Georgia. He was allowed guests, who came to include many former high Confederate officials. Fellow prisoners included James A. Seddon, David Yulee, R.M.T. Hunter, former Florida governor A. K. Allison, Charles Clark of Mississippi, A. G. Magrath, and assistant Secretary of War, James A. Campbell--all of whom were allowed liberty around the island after giving their parole of honor on August 21.
Postwar business, charity and politics.
Pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and ordered released on October 11, 1865 (along with Clark, Campbell, Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens, and Postmaster John H. Reagan of Texas), Trenholm returned to his business. Manager James Welsman had been pardoned in August and on September 29, President Johnson had ordered property returned to Charleston firms, including Trenholm's, over the objection of Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs. U.S. lawyers filed suit in Britain against the firm's assets in order to recover funds, and against several principals, including T.D. Wagner and Charles Prioleau. The Federal Government sued Canada for reparations for damages caused by British firms acting on behalf of the Confederacy, but settled claims including $3 million for damages to U.S. shipping by the British-built "CSS Alabama".
Trenholm's son Fred sailed home from England to attend his sister Helen's wedding to James Morris Morgan. Trenholm also created trusts and deeded plantations to his children and their spouses. The federal government ultimately confiscated some of these properties based on the failure of the Trenholm firm to pay customs duties on the many items imported by blockade runners during the war.
Trenholm's cotton brokerage firm went bankrupt in 1867. It successfully reorganized as George A. Trenholm & Son, and shifted to take advantage of the state’s postwar phosphate mining boom. Trenhom was elected as a director of the Blue Ridge Railroad in 1868; the railroad was planned to link Charleston and the American Midwest, but it reportedly went bankrupt due to embezzlement by an official who escaped to the North. It was also likely to have been mismanaged, as the southern railroads were over-capitalized in this period.
In the postwar period, Trenholm became known for his philanthropy in the South Carolina Low County, to blacks as well as whites. He wrote in 1865 that emancipation of blacks was necessary, and argued for their uplift. Many South Carolinians were unhappy with Congressional Reconstruction and governor Robert Kingston Scott. He led an effort to invest in public welfare and infrastructure, which resulted in a trebling of the state debt as there had been little public investment before the war. He survived an impeachment vote. Voters elected Trenholm to the South Carolina legislature in 1874, and he died in office.
The 1874 campaign season for governor was filled with violence as white Democrats worked to suppress the black Republican vote. The paramilitary group Red Shirts were armed and rode openly in groups; they were particularly militant and succeeded in intimidating many black voters. Despite the black Republican majority, Democrat Wade Hampton, a former Confederate General, was elected governor, and white Democrats retained control of the state legislature for most of the following century.
Death and legacy.
Trenholm died in Charleston on December 9, 1876, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery. The Library of Congress holds the Confederate Treasury's records, many created by Trenholm.
North Carolina erected a historical highway marker near his estate "Solitude", where he and Memminger spent summers during his final years. Trenholm is the great-great-grandfather of Virginia politician Charles S. "Chuck" Robb.
"Gone with the Wind".
Popular legend suggests that Trenholm and his exploits inspired Margaret Mitchell's character of Rhett Butler in her Civil War novel, "Gone with the Wind".


Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration

The Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration was a royal commission created in 1975 to study corporate concentration in Canada.
History.
The commission was created by the Canadian federal government under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau through Part I of the Inquiries Act by
Order in Council of 1 May 1975, P.C. 1975-999, to study corporate concentration in Canada. The commission, which was chaired by retired clerk of the Privy Council of Canada Robert Broughton Bryce of Ottawa and completed by tele-journalist Pierre Nadeau of Montreal, and lawyer Robert Warren Vincent Dickerson of Vancouver, was tasked with studying the nature and effect of corporate concentration, its economic and social implications, and whether any safeguards were required to protect the public interest; Dickerson had been in 1971 the lead co-author of "Proposals for a New Business Corporations Law for Canada". The commission was created in the wake of a failed attempt by Power Corporation of Canada to gain control over Argus Corporation. The commission presented its final report in 1978. The report made a number of recommendation, but also concluded that no "radical changes" in laws governing corporate activity were required at the time.
Influence.
In 1986, the federal government of Brian Mulroney introduced the Competition Act, to change Canada's competition laws.


Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion

The Diocese of Sion (, , ) is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. It is the oldest bishopric in the country and one of the oldest north of the Alps. The history of the Bishops of Sion, of the Abbey of St. Maurice of Valais as a whole are inextricably intertwined.
History.
Early history.
The see was established at Octodurum, now called Martigny, the capital of the Roman province of Alpes Poeninae.
The first authentically historical bishop was Saint Theodore/Theodolus (died in 391), who was present at the Council of Aquileia in 381. He founded the Abbey of Saint-Maurice, with a small church in honor of Saint Maurice, martyred there c. 300, when he united the local hermits in a common life, thus beginning the Abbey of Saint-Maurice, the oldest north of the Alps. Theodore rebuilt the church at Sion, which had been destroyed by Emperor Maximinus at the beginning of the 4th century. At first the new diocese was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Vienne; later it became suffragan of Tarentaise.
In 589 the bishop, St. Heliodorus, transferred the see to Sion, leaving the low-lying, flood-prone site of Octodurum, where the Drance joins the Rhone. Though frequently the early bishops were also abbots of Saint-Maurice, the monastic community was jealously watchful that the bishops should not extend their jurisdiction over the abbey. Several of the bishops united both offices: Wilcharius (764-780), previously Archbishop of Vienne, whence he had been driven by the Moors; St. Alteus, who received from the pope a bull of exemption in favor of the monastery (780); Aimo II, son of Count Humbert I of Savoy, who entertained Leo IX at Saint-Maurice in 1049.
The prince-bishops.
About 999, the last king of Upper Burgundy, Rudolph III, granted the Countship of Valais to Bishop Hugo (998-1017); this union of the spiritual and secular powers made the prince-bishop the most powerful ruler in the valley of the Upper Rhone, the region called the Valais. Taking this donation as a basis, the bishops of Sion extended their secular power, and the religious metropolis of the valley became also the political centre. However, the union of the two powers was the cause of violent disputes in the following centuries. For, while the spiritual jurisdiction of the bishop, as Bishop of Sion, extended over the whole valley of the Rhone above Lake Geneva, the Countship of Valais included only the upper part of the valley, reaching to the confluence of the Trient and the Rhone. The attempts of the bishops of Sion to carry their secular power farther down the Rhone were bitterly and successfully opposed by the abbots of Saint-Maurice, who had obtained large possessions in Lower Valais.
The medieval bishops of Sion were generally appointed from the younger sons of noble families of Savoy and Valais and often drew the resources of the see into the feuds of these families. Moreover, the bishops were vigorously opposed, as a matter of principle, by the petty feudal nobles of Valais, each in their fortified castle on rocky heights, seeking to evade the supremacy of the bishop who was at the same time count and prefect of the Holy Roman Empire. Especially in the 14th and 15th centuries, the benefactors in these traditional struggles were often the rich peasant communities of Upper Valais, which were called later the "Sieben Zehnden" (the "seven tithings"), who exacted increasing political rights as the price of support, beginning with the success of the rebellion of 1415–1420.
Bishop William IV of Raron (1437-1457) was obliged to relinquish civil and criminal jurisdiction over the "sieben Zehnten" by the Treaty of Naters in 1446, while a revolt of his subjects compelled Bishop Jost of Silinen (1482-1496) to flee from the diocese. In 1428-1447, the Valais witch trials raged through the area.
The bishops of Sion minted their own money from earliest times, possibly from as early as the Carolingian era, and certainly from the 11th century. In the early 17th century, the Seven Tithings began to mint their own coin, which was vigorously opposed by the bishops until they finally had to cede temporal power to the Republic in 1634.
Sion and the district of the Valais were constantly drawn into wider struggles. Walter II of Supersaxo (1457-1482) had taken part in the battles of the Swiss against Charles the Bold of Burgundy and his ally, the Duke of Savoy, and in 1475 they drove the House of Savoy from Lower Valais.
Linked to the Old Swiss Confederacy since the 15th century, the Valais region was for long divided between the French party (typified by Georg of Supersaxo) and the Burgundian-Milanese alliance, to which a powerful personage, Cardinal Matthaeus Schiner (1465-1522), bishop of Sion, had thrown his support.
Schiner feared French supremacy enough to place the military force of the diocese at the disposal of the pope and in 1510 brought about an alliance for five years between the Swiss Confederacy and the Roman Church, only to end up as one of the biggest losers in the Swiss defeat at Marignano in 1515, in which the bishop fought himself. In return for his support, Julius II made Schiner a cardinal and in 1513 accepted direct control of the see, which gave the Bishops of Sion much of the authority of an archbishop. The defeat at Marignano and the arbitrary rule of his brothers led to a revolt of Schiner's subjects; in 1518 he was obliged to flee the diocese.
The Reformation.
The new doctrines of the Reformation found little acceptance in Valais, although preachers were sent into the canton from Bern, Zurich, and Basel. In 1529 Bishop Adrian I of Riedmatten (1529-1548), the cathedral chapter, and the "sieben Zehnten" formed an alliance with the Catholic cantons of the Confederation, to maintain and protect the Catholic faith against the efforts of the Reformed cantons. On account of this alliance Valais aided in gaining the victory of the Catholics over the followers of Zwingli at Kappel am Albis in 1531; this victory saved the remaining possessions of the Roman Catholic Church in Switzerland. The abbots of Saint-Maurice opposed all religious innovations as energetically as did Bishops Adrian I of Riedmatten, Hildebrand of Riedmatten (1565-1604), and Adrian II of Riedmatten (1604-1613), so that the whole of Valais remained ostensibly Catholic. Both Adrian II and his successor Hildebrand Jost (1613-1638) were again involved in disputes with the "sieben Zehnten" in regard to the exercise of the rights of secular supremacy, which were finally settled in 1630, when the Bishops relinquished their territorial rule.
The impact of the French Revolution.
The secular power of the bishops was brought to an end by the French Revolution. In 1798 Valais, after an heroic struggle against the supremacy of France, was incorporated into the Helvetic Republic, and Prince-bishop Joseph Anton Blatter (1745-1807) went into exile in Novara. During the sway of Napoleon the Valais was separated from Switzerland in 1802 as the Rhodanic Republic, and in 1810 was annexed by France.
The diocese in the 19th century.
In 1814 Valais threw off French supremacy, when the Allies entered the territory; in 1815 it joined Switzerland as one of the cantons. As partial compensation for the loss of his secular power, the bishop received a post of honour in the Diet of the canton and the right to four votes. Disputes often arose as the Constitution of 1815 of the canton gave Upper Valais political predominance in the cantonal government, notwithstanding the fact that its population was smaller than that of Lower Valais. This led in 1840 to a civil war with Lower Valais, where the "Young Swiss" party, hostile to the Church, were in control. The party friendly to the Church conquered, it is true, and the influence of the Church over teaching was, at first, preserved, but on account of the defeat of the Sonderbund, with which Valais had united, a radical Government gained control in 1847. The new administration at once showed itself unfriendly to the Church, secularized many church landed properties, and wrung large sums of money from the bishop and monasteries. When in 1856 the moderate party gained the cantonal election, negotiations were begun with Bishop Peter Joseph von Preux (1843-1875), and friendly relations were restored between the diocese and the canton. In 1880 the two powers came to an agreement as to the lands taken from the Church in 1848; these, so far as they had not been sold, were given back for their original uses.
Recent history.
In modern times the bishop and the government have been on friendly terms, under the Constitution of 1907 that, while it declared the Catholic religion to be the religion of the canton, forbade any union of spiritual and secular functions.
The library of the cathedral chapter.
The library of Sion is known above all for its 120 Medieval codices, dating from the mid-9th century to the late 15th century, some richly illuminated, published by Josef Leisibach and Albert Jörger. The library was in the care of the sacristan of the cathedral chapter of canons. He also was responsible for the security of the treasury. From the 12th century, the chapter was responsible for the Bishop's chancelry and kept the archives; doubtless there was a modest scriptorium. The library was enriched by donations from canons and in the 15th century from bishops: Guillaume VI de Rarogne (1437-1451), Jost de Silenen (1482-1496) and above all Walter Supersaxo (1457-1482) who possessed a rich library of canon law .