Kerry Bog Pony

The Kerry Bog Pony is a mountain and moorland breed of pony that originated in Ireland. Possibly descended from the Irish Hobby horse, it originally lived a mainly feral existence in the peat bogs of what is now County Kerry in southwestern Ireland. Local inhabitants used the ponies as pack and cart horses for transporting peat and kelp to the villages. The breed developed physical characteristics including a low weight-to-height ratio and an unusual footfall pattern, which helped it move on soft ground such as peat bogs. The ponies were known for hardiness and an ability to survive in harsh conditions.
War, increasing mechanisation and declines in the local small-farm population almost resulted in the breed's extinction. In 1994, a local man found and genetically tested a herd of 20 ponies he used as the foundation stock for rebuilding of the breed. In the early 2000s, the breed was recognised by the Irish Department of Agriculture and Food and the European Commission; equine passports began to be issued for members of the breed, and small numbers of ponies were exported to the United States. At the same time, Irish and American breed registries were formed. As of 2011, the registered population is more than 300 ponies.
Characteristics.
Kerry Bog Ponies generally stand high. The Irish breed standard calls for mares to stand 10–11 hands and stallions and geldings to stand 11–12 hands. Their low weight-to-height ratio enables them to walk on wet ground. Their hind feet tend to track outside their front feet, allowing better progress on soft ground. They exhibit a relatively upright pastern and steep hoof angle compared to other breeds, possibly another characteristic that aids their movement in peat bogs. Kerry Bog Ponies are easy keepers, and when feral they lived on low-nutrient heather, sphagnum moss and possibly kelp from the shoreline. Overall, they are muscular and strong and their heads have concave profiles, small ears and large eyes. Their winter coat is long and dense, serving as protection from harsh weather. All solid coat colours are found, including dilute colours such as palomino, and white markings are common. Pinto-coloured animals are not accepted by the Irish registry. The breed is known by enthusiasts for strength, intelligence and athleticism, and generally used for driving, as companion animals and for therapeutic riding programs.
Kerry Bog Ponies were historically known in Ireland as "hobbies", possibly derived from the Gaelic practice of "obaireacht", or the calling out of "Hup, Hup" to attract a pony back to the farmyard. It is considered one of the mountain and moorland pony breeds from Britain and Ireland. A 2006 study using mitochondrial DNA found that the Kerry Bog Pony is not closely related to the other two native Irish breeds, the Irish Draught and the Connemara pony. It has a rare haplogroup more closely related to other small horse breeds found in western Europe, including the Shetland pony and Icelandic horse. A 2012 study found relationships between the Kerry Bog Pony and the Dartmoor Pony and Exmoor Pony breeds, and a lack of common ancestry with the Welsh Pony, as well as reinforcing the lack of relationship to the Connemara. The study also suggested that the Kerry Bog Pony population had some amount of crossbreeding with other mountain and moorland breeds as part of the initial attempts to increase the population in the 1990s. The Kerry Bog Pony may have been one of several breeds that contributed to the development of the Gypsy Vanner horse (also known as the Irish Cob).
History.
The original ancestry of the Kerry Bog Pony is unknown, but there were horses living a feral existence in peat bogs in what is now County Kerry in southwestern Ireland since at least the 1600s. Some enthusiasts claim that the breed is a descendant of the ancient Irish Hobby. In a 1617 book illustration, the horses pictured resemble both the Kerry Bog Pony of today and the original Irish Hobby, showing the two breeds' similar morphology. Originally, Kerry Bog Ponies were used to transport peat and kelp. They were known for their ability to navigate through the bogs, around soft spots and over rocks often in wet and windy weather, and for their strength relative to their small size. Some were trained to work in harness and used to pull carts. The ponies were turned loose into the peat bogs when they were not needed, then later re-caught for work. Few if any breeding programs existed; instead, they were left to reproduce in their feral setting. In 1720, Isaac Ware travelled to County Kerry and observed that the horses resembled Asturcón ponies from Spain.
The British cavalry became aware of the ponies in 1804, during the Peninsular War, and used them as pack animals during the conflict; most did not return to Ireland. The famine of 1845–1852 furthered their decline, as farmers who previously utilised them died or emigrated. In addition, Spanish donkeys were brought to the island to replace the ponies, and when peat declined as a fuel source, pack animals were no longer needed. In the 1850s, farms began to be consolidated, and more machinery and large draft horses were employed, further reducing the number of ponies needed. Consequently, the ponies were left to run feral, mostly ignored and sometimes shot at by locals.
Re-emergence.
In 1994, John Mulvihill, who operated the Red Fox Inn at the Kerry Bog Village in Glenbeigh, County Kerry, began a search for remnants of the Kerry Bog Pony population, despite reports that the breed was extinct. He eventually found 20 ponies that resembled those he remembered from his childhood, and removed them from the bog to his stables. In 1995, he had blood typing performed on the ponies by Weatherby's Ireland, which identified their DNA markers. Subsequent DNA testing showed them to be a unique breed that formed a separate population from other local ponies and from other breeds in Ireland and Great Britain. Of these 20 ponies, only one was a stallion, named Flashy Fox. Between 1995 and 2012, he sired more than 140 foals, and played a significant role in repopulating the breed.
Mulvihill continued breeding and promoting the ponies, and in 2002, the breed was recognised by the Irish Government as the Irish Heritage Pony. The same year, the Kerry Bog Pony Society was formed. Also in 2002, Americans became interested in the breed, and the first ponies were exported from Ireland to the US in 2003, to a farm in Ohio. In 2005, the American Kerry Bog Pony Society was founded, with 11 initial registrants. Also in 2005, the Irish Department of Agriculture and Food and the European Commission recognised the Kerry Bog Pony as an official breed; the following year, the Irish Horse Board issued the first equine passports for members of the breed. Until 2009, there was an exception in place that allowed unrelated ponies that met the physical breed standards to be bred as Kerry Bog Ponies, with the offspring being registered and given passports certifying them as purebred Kerry Bog Ponies. This was in part due to a concern of inbreeding among the small number of ponies initially registered. Kerry Bog Ponies were also part of the Irish Rural Environment Protection Scheme (closed to new applicants in 2009), which financially rewarded farmers for using environmentally-friendly methods. The Kerry Bog Village, an open-air museum on the Ring of Kerry is one location that breeds and houses part of the existing Kerry Bog Pony population.
As of 2011, there were 335 mares and 51 stallions registered with the Irish registry, which included 59 new foals that year. Herd numbers have steadily increased since registrations began in 2005. These numbers make the Kerry Bog Pony third in population numbers among Irish breeds, behind the Connemara pony and the Irish Draught. Despite the increasing numbers, the breed is still considered to be critically endangered by the Equus Survival Trust. The horses are administered by the Kerry Bog Pony Co-Operative Society of Ireland (formerly the Kerry Bog Pony Society), which is based in Ireland with a branch in Great Britain. Inspections are required before ponies are allowed into the studbook. The book is divided into four classes: Class 1 ponies meet all requirements, Class 2 ponies do not meet the height requirement, Class 3 ponies do not meet the color requirements, and Class 4 ponies have yet to submit to an official inspection. The breed association has hosted an annual breed show and sale in Glenbeigh, County Kerry since 2007.
The first two ponies exported from Ireland went to a farm in Austria in August 2016. The International Kerry Bog Pony Association was formed around the same time in 2016 by a group of breeders from a small group of countries to create a registry to accommodate pony owners spanning multiple countries.


Farmers Market (York, Pennsylvania)

Farmers Market, more commonly called Penn Market and also known as York Farmers' Market or Market & Penn Street Farmers' Market, is a historic public market located in York, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1876 and expanded about 1890. The original section is a simple 60 feet wide and 80 feet long gable roofed brick building. A 40 foot wide rectangular section was added in the expansion and the two sections were joined under a single, moderately pitched gable roof. With the expansion, a five bay wide false front was added to unify the building. The front facade features two ornamental circular windows. Attached to the main building are three auxiliary buildings including a Queen Anne style stable.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.


List of Spanish chicken breeds

This is a list of some of the chicken breeds considered in Spain to be wholly or partly of Spanish origin. Some may have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively Spanish.


Golla (caste)

The Gollas are a Telugu-speaking pastoral community, who are populated in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. They represent 13.4% of the total population of Andhra Pradesh state. Gollas are traditionally cowherds, but they engage in both sheep/goat and cattle pastoralism, in that they either herd exclusively sheep, or a mixed herd of sheep and goats, or cattle.
Etymology.
The Gollas are called Gawalis. One etymology for their name comes from the Sanskrit "Gopala" which in North India passed through Prakrit "Goala", other variants also occur in South India, in such forms as Gollavaru, Godlavaru etc. There are many synonyms by which they are referred to within their community, namely, Kadugolla, Oorugolla, Adivigolla, Handigolla and Gopala. Others refer to them only as Golla or Gollaru.
The Gollas also call themselves Yadava. In the early 1920s, castes such as Ahir, Gavli, Golla, Gopa and Goala, which were traditionally engaged in cattle-related occupations, started referring to themselves as Yadav/Yadava. They claimed that they are related to the Abhiras and Yadavas of the Puranas, which were held to be synonymous and associated with Lord Krishna, a cowherd.
Sub-castes.
The community, due to its size, has a great number of sub-castes namely: Yerra, Mushti, Karine, Pakinati, Puja, Modateetta, Nallasadana, Gujarathi, Gampa, Peyya, Veyya and Sidda. In the early 20th century, the Yerra Gollas dominated the Golla community in Hyderabad state. A small population of the community lived in Karnataka who spoke Kannada. Widow Remarriage is allowed in certain subdivisions of the caste.
Assimilation into Yadav community.
In 1923, leaders from North Indian Ahir and Maharashtraian Gavli community formed All India Yadav Mahasabha (AIYM) to promote Yadava identity amongst regional castes whose occupation was associated with cattle, i.e, cowherds, herdsmen, milksellers. They claimed that they are related to the Yadu dynasty of the Puranas, hence the term "Yadav", through the Abhira tribe. Lord Krishna, a cowherd, was the hero-god of Abhiras. The AIYM insisted that all these regional castes known by different names, call themselves Yadav/Yadava and that each person have Yadav as his last name, and this was enthusiastically followed by various communities who were traditionally involved in cattle related occupations. The Gollas of Hyderabad state, under the leadership of their regional association, the Hyderabad Rashtra Yadava Mahajana Samajam, requested to the Census Commissioner for a change in their caste names Golla, Gawli, Gollawar and Ahir to Yadava. Similarly, in 1930, the government of Madras state directed the adoption of the term "Yadava", in place of Golla, Idaiyan, Gopa, Gopi or Gowla, in all official documents. This was in response to an appeal made by the Yadukula Maha Sangham of east Godavari District.
Religion.
Gollas are both Vaishnavites and Saivites. They put on a vertical yellow or red streak on their forehead, indicating Vaishnavism, and worship a deity Mallanna, who is a form of Shiva. The Yerra or Kilari Gollas regard themselves superior to other Gollas and put on a sacred thread during marriages.
Social status.
The social status of Gollas was fairly high and they were treated equally with the agricultural peasants like Kapu, Kamma, and Balija castes and also they were allowed to mix freely among them.
Some sources suggest that they might have immigrated from North India.
The Gollas are classified as Other Backward Class in the Indian system of reservation.
Titles of Golla.
The Titles which are used by Golla community peoples are:


Texas rice production

Rice production in Texas began in 1853 in southeast Texas. By 1903, the acres of cultivated rice in Texas was second only to Louisiana and together accounted for 99 percent of rice production in America. While other states have surpassed Texas in rice production, it remains a significant Texas crop into the foreseeable future.
Early cultivation.
The first large acreage cultivation of rice in Texas was in 1853 by William Goyens. David French was growing in such quantity by 1863 that he is considered to be the first to operate a major rice farm in Beaumont, Texas. By the 1880s, commercial rice production spread from southwest Louisiana and into southeast Texas. Transportation infrastructure fostered the growth of modern commercial rice production in Texas, primarily due to the full operation of the southern transcontinental railroad and its acquisition two years later by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Furthermore, readily available land at cheap prices and the construction of modern rice mills provided further encouragement for rice growing. Pumps and irrigation systems provided further means of expanded production as farmers cultivated rice by using water from the Colorado River, 4 decades before the chain of Texas Highland Lakes were created beginning in 1938.
Twentieth-century cultivation.
By 1903, Texas cultivated 234,000 acres of rice. This was second to only Louisiana in rice cultivation which produced 376,000 acres of this crop. At this point, the two states accounted for 99 percent of the rice grown in the United States. Farmers in Arkansas, during 1904, began that state's moved toward major efforts in rice growing. California followed suit in 1912. Arkansas and California eventually became the two largest growers of rice in the nation.
Texas rice industry on the Gulf Coast was originally established in 1904 when seed was imported from Japan. Japanese farmers were invited to the region by the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Houston Chamber of Commerce. There they acted as consultants, advising the local farmers on rice cultivation. Seito Saibara, accompanied by his family and thirty Japanese colonists, oversaw the rice production which originated in Harris County at Webster. Their influence was such that the Saibara family was eventually credited with establishing the rice industry on the Texas Gulf Coast. In the first three years, the harvest averaged 34 barrels per acre of rice from Japanese seed, surpassing the average of 18 to 20 barrels per acre produced from the typical Texas seed.
World War I and the Great Depression resulted in a collapse of rice prices and brought hardship to Texas rice farmers. This resulted in the New Deal program, the Agricultural Adjustment Act which established price and production controls which still influence the rice industry today.
Like other rice producing states, Texas rice farming depends on international markets. This along with increased rice consumption by the American public and an opening in new overseas markets indicate that the Texas rice market should remain strong into the foreseeable future.


Shane Ardern

Philip Shane Ardern (born 26 January 1960) is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the National Party and represented the electorate of Taranaki-King Country from 1998 to 2014.
Early years.
Ardern is the son of Noel and Olive Ardern. He was born and raised in Opunake, and attended Opunake High School. Before entering politics, he was a dairy farmer, and many of his political activities have been on behalf of the farming community. He is a cousin of New Zealand Prime Minister and Labour MP Jacinda Ardern.
Member of Parliament.
Ardern first became a member of parliament due to the Taranaki-King Country by-election of 1998, which resulted from the retirement from politics of former Prime Minister Jim Bolger. He held that seat from 1998 to 2014.
Ardern became one of the driving forces behind the legislation that enabled the setting up of the dairy company Fonterra in 2001. He came to nationwide attention in late 2003 when he drove a tractor up the front steps of Parliament House as part of a protest against a proposed agricultural emissions research levy, nicknamed the "flatulence" or "fart tax"; the police investigated him for dangerous conduct and charged him with disorderly conduct. From 2008 until his retirement from parliament in 2014 he served as chairman of the parliamentary Primary Production Select Committee. In late 2013 bloggers and media speculatively named Ardern as one of the National Party MPs likely to retire due to a perceived need for rejuvenation of the National Party parliamentary caucus.
Retirement.
Ardern announced he was stepping down from his seat in December 2013 and that he would remain an MP until the end of the 50th New Zealand Parliament. Since retiring from Parliament, Ardern has returned to his Central North Island farms, having been succeeded in the Taranki-King Country seat by Barbara Kuriger. Ardern has also begun advocating again at the grassroots levels for the Taranaki farming communities that supply Fonterra having been noted at several post-election forums held by the dairy industry.


Pineywoods cattle

Pineywoods cattle are a rare breed landrace of cattle introduced to the southeastern United States in the early 16th century by Spanish explorers.


Kadaiyar

Kadaiyar (also spelled "Kadayar") is a subcaste of Devendrakula Velalar an agricultural community found in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. They are also known as "Kadaisiyar".
Etymology.
Kadaiyar is derived from the Tamil word "kaṭai" meaning "low" or "least" and the honorific suffix -"yar" denoting people. The name might also be derived from "kaṭai" meaning "to mash" or "to grind" in reference to their traditional occupation as lime burners. In colonial records are they known as "Kaddeas", a corruption of Kadaiyars.
History.
The Kadaiyars belong traditionally to the "Marutham" Sangam landscape"." They are mentioned in Puram as involved in agriculture.
They were one of the earliest Tamils to convert to Roman Catholicism along with the Paravars under Francis Xavier.
, the Kadaiyar were a listed as a Scheduled Caste in Tamil Nadu under India's system of positive discrimination.


E. L. Senanayake

Deshamanya Edward Lionel Senanayake (known commonly as E.L Senanayake) (8 August 1920 – 29 January 2000) was a Sri Lankan politician belonging to the United National Party. He was the 12th Speaker of the Sri Lankan Parliament. Senanayake was the Governor of North Central Province and Central Province of Sri Lanka. He was elected to the Sri Lankan Parliament from Mahanuwara in Kandy.
He was the son of Gate Mudaliyar James Senanayake and was educated at Trinity College, Kandy and at the University College, Colombo graduating with an honours degree in Economics. Having entered politics at the age of 23 after being elected to the Kandy Municipal Council, he went on to serve as Mayor before being elected to Parliament in .
Early life and education.
Born at Milton House, Castle Street, Kandy to Wasala Mudaliyar James Senanayake; he was educated at Trinity College, Kandy and at the University College, Colombo graduating with an honours degree in Economics.
Political career.
He was elected to the Kandy Municipal Council in 1943. In 1946 he was elected as the Deputy Mayor of Kandy and was elected Mayor of Kandy in 1950 as the youngest mayor. During his tenor the new Kandy Central Market was constructed, the Kandy water supply scheme at Getambe, the D.S. Senanayake Public Library, the E.L. Senanayake Children's Library, the Auditorium and the E. L. Senanayake Children's Park at Ampitiya.
He was elected to parliament from the 1953 general election from the United National Party. He lost his seat in the 1956 general election, but was re-elected in the March 1960 general election and retained his seat in the next consecutive elections and remained member of parliament till 1988. He served as Health Minister and Minister of Agriculture and Lands, before being elected Speaker of the Parliament. Following his retirement politics he was appointed Governor of the North Central Province and thereafter Governor of Sabaragamuwa. He was awarded the title of Desamanya by the President of Sri Lanka.
Family.
His brother Dr James Senanayake was a member of the Senate of Ceylon and his younger brother Earnest Senanayake served as a Member of the Kandy Municipal Council. He was married to Seetha Senanayake, who served as his private secretary. Two of their sons Dhathusena and Rajasinghe served as Members of the Kandy Municipal Council, while another son Kesera served as a diplomat and was a member of the Central Provincial Council. His family donated the Miltion Senanayake Memorial Library at Trinity College Kandy, a ward at the Mahaiyawa Home for Elders, contributions towards the Pothgul Viharaya at Malabar Street Kandy and the YMCA building at Sangaraja Mawatha Kandy.


Industrija Motora Rakovica

Industrija Motora Rakovica (; abbr. IMR) was a tractor manufacturer based in Rakovica, Belgrade, Serbia, formerly Yugoslavia. Originally founded in 1927 as Zadrugar, they build tractors and engines. The engines are based on originally licensed Perkins engine models. Some of the tractors were based on Landini and Massey Ferguson models, originally licensed.
In 2009, IMR formed a partnership or joint venture with IMT, also of Serbia. In 2011, IMR began sending CKD tractors to Ethiopia for assembly. They are also sold in Egypt as EAMCO tractors. IMR shut down in 2015 along with IMT but with no plans for bringing it back.
Rakovica model names indicate their horsepower and most of the models had the DV (meaning 4x4, Serbian:Dupla Vuča )option. The most popular model is the 65, but the model range included:
60,65,76, Super series with redesigned bodies (47,65,76),120/135 (which had ZF transmissions), limited production 65 12 BS and 75 12 BS tractors.
Over the years they also made some concept tractors which included:
Rakovica 50 DV (Re-styled Goldoni tractor), Rakovica Transporter (also a re-styled Goldoni vehicle) and Rakovica R110 Turbo.


Hidden Lake Winery

Hidden Lake Winery is one of the largest wineries in Southern Illinois and was opened to the public in 2005. It stretches across 92 acres of forest.
Hidden Lake Winery is located in Aviston, Illinois, although its address can be entered as any of three towns: Aviston, Germantown, or Trenton. It is one of the largest wineries in the state, both in area and in the number of people visiting. It is a major employer for the people of the local area, and is also a large source of commerce for the town.
Parts of the Winery.
Hidden Lake Winery is home to a small vineyard, a winery, two lakes, a banquet hall, a wine tasting room, a restaurant, ten cabins, a pavilion, a sculpture garden, and a forest. The cabins are listed as a "Bed and Breakfast," and include 8 deluxe cabins, and 2 honeymoon cabins.
History.
Pre-2004.
The area that the winery is built on, called "Silent Forest," is known by a popular story that a bootlegger produced whiskey in the area in the early 1900s. It is also known by local people as a good hunting area, for both game and mushrooms. It is illegal to hunt on private property without express permission of the owner.
2004-2005.
Dale Holbrook, the winery's founder, purchased 92 acres of forest, on which was built a private residence and a small warehouse. Dale purchased an alcohol distribution license, and started Hidden Lake Winery in mid-2004, making wine out of his warehouse. It was during this time that he also began building onto the warehouse. The winery was added onto it on June 1, 2005, and ever since it has been adding onto itself.
When the winery opened on June 1, 2005, it began with 82 acres of land, and the two-story cedar building along with the original lake were already on the property. Within a month, over 40 weddings were already booked at the sprouting business. However, the winery still had to import grapes, as its vineyards were not mature enough to produce them on their own. Dale was very nervous about the winery's opening year, being an experienced entrepreneur. "If it doesn't work out, this building will make a great church," he said, quite tongue-in-cheek. "There's plenty of wine right downstairs."
2006-2007.
In 2007, Hidden Lake Winery participated in the ART in the Park Festival in Belleville, IL.
In 2007, many wineries in Southern Illinois formed a "wine trail," (a group of wineries working together and advertising for each other in order to promote business for the area) called the Heartland Rivers Wine Trail. Hidden Lake Winery joined the wine trail that same year. "It's good for the local economy," said Holbrook, who added that other businesses are welcome to join the wine trail as associate members. In late August of that year, Hidden Lake Winery hosted the first Illinois Wine Festival. The two-day-long event featured vendors from businesses across the area, such as wineries, photographers and musicians. The event was a success, as the winery continued it, and it is now an annual event, although the winery is no longer a member of the trail.


Sandy Greiner

Sandra H. "Sandy" Greiner (born October 26, 1945) is Iowa state senator for District 45. She was the Iowa State Representative from the 89th District, first elected in 1992. She served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1993 until 2001, then served briefly in the Iowa Senate, until she decided to return to her House seat in 2003. She continued to serve in the House until her retirement in 2009.
Greiner served on several committees in the Iowa House - the Agriculture committee; the Environmental Protection; and the State Government committee. Her political experience includes serving with the Washington County Republican Central Committee.
Greiner was re-elected in 2006 with 5,756 votes (55%), defeating Democratic opponent Mark Nolte. After announcing her retirement in 2008, Greiner endorsed Jarad Klein to replace her. However, his campaign fell 157 votes short. In the summer of 2008, Greiner ran unsuccessfully for National Committeewoman for the Republican Party of Iowa
Greiner has served as President of the Board for the American Future Fund since July 2009.
Greiner also founded the Draft Terry Branstad PAC with the intention of convincing former Iowa Governor Terry Branstad to run for his old office. In October 2009, Branstad announced that he would in fact run for Governor. Greiner transformed the PAC into the NextGen PAC.
Comeback.
On March 6, 2010, Greiner announced at the Washington County GOP Convention that she would challenge State Senator Becky Schmitz for Iowa Senate District 45. Greiner had previously passed on a run, but then reconsidered. Her candidacy comprises one of the top recruitments for the Republican Senate leadership, and turns the Republican-leaning district into a strong pickup opportunity for Senate Republicans. She was elected.
In 2011, she expressed very strong reservations about a proposal to establish a policy institute at Iowa State University named for a sitting elected official, U.S. Senator Tom Harkin. First, she objected to its lack of transparency; the Iowa regents publicly proposed a plan that they had been working on without notice to the public or to legislators. Second, she objected that it would confer undue political advantage to the elected official for whom it was named. Third, the private donations to pay for would in some cases amount to bribes paid by private interests before Senator Harkin. The Harkin Institute officially opened that November.


Processed cheese

Processed cheese (also known as prepared cheese, cheese product, plastic cheese or cheese singles) is a food product made from cheese and other unfermented dairy ingredients mixed with emulsifiers. Additional ingredients, such as vegetable oils, salt, food coloring, or sugar may be included. As a result, many flavors, colors, and textures of processed cheese exist. Processed cheese typically contains around 50-60% traditional cheese.
Its origins are in the U.S., when in 1916, Canadian-American businessman James L. Kraft applied for the first U.S. patent covering a new method of processing cheese, which halted the maturation process.
Advantages.
Processed cheese has several technical advantages over natural cheese, including a far longer shelf life, resistance to separating when cooked (meltability), and a uniform look and physical behavior. Its mass-produced nature provides arguably its greatest advantage over natural cheese: a dramatically lower cost — to producers and consumers alike — than conventional cheesemaking. This, in turn, enables industrial-scale production volumes, lower distribution costs, a steadier supply, and much faster production time compared to traditional cheeses.
The use of emulsifiers in processed cheese results in a product that melts without separating when cooked; with prolonged heating, some traditional cheeses (especially cheddar and mozzarella) separate into a lumpy, molten protein gel and liquid fat combination. The emulsifiers (typically sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, tartrate, or citrate) reduce the tendency for tiny fat globules in the cheese to coalesce and pool on the surface.
Because processed cheese does not separate when melted, it is used as an ingredient in a variety of dishes. Unlike some unprocessed cheeses, heating does not alter its taste or texture.
Sale and labeling.
Processed cheese is often sold in blocks, pressurized cans, and packs of individual slices, often separated by wax paper, or with each slice individually wrapped by machine.
United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom, processed cheese is typically sold in individually wrapped slices, often referred to as "singles", or in foil-wrapped portions. Dairylea and The Laughing Cow are leading brands.
United States.
In 1916, Canadian James L. Kraft applied for the first U.S. patent for a method of making processed cheese. Kraft Foods Inc. developed the first commercially available, shelf-stable, sliced processed cheese; it was introduced in 1950. The first commercially available individually wrapped cheese slices were introduced in the U.S. by Clearfield Cheese Co. in 1956. These forms of processed cheese have become ubiquitous in U.S. households ever since, most notably used for cheeseburgers and grilled cheese sandwiches because of its ability to cook evenly, distribute/stretch smoothly, and resist congealing, unlike traditional cheddar cheeses. Competitors lobbied unsuccessfully to require processed cheese be labeled "embalmed cheese".
The best known processed cheese in the United States is marketed as American cheese by Kraft Foods, Borden, and other companies. It is yellow or off-white, mild, has a medium consistency and melts easily. It is typically made from a blend of cheeses, most often Colby and cheddar. Another type of processed cheese created in the United States is Provel pizza cheese, which uses cheddar, Swiss, and provolone cheeses as flavorants. Provel cheese is commonly used in St. Louis-style pizza.
Legal definitions.
Owing to its highly mechanized (i.e., assembly line) methods of production, and additive ingredients (e.g., oils, salts, or colors), some softer varieties of processed cheese cannot legally be labeled as actual "cheese" in many countries, even those in which slightly harder varieties can be. Such products tend to be classified as "cheese food", "cheese spread", or "cheese product" (depending primarily on the amount of cheese, moisture, and milkfat present in the final product).
United States.
In the United States, processed cheese is defined, categorized, and regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Section 133 ("Cheeses and Cheese-Related Products"). Pasteurized process cheese can be made from a single cheese, or a blend of several cheeses. Cream, milk fat, water, salt, color, and spices may also be added. The mixture is heated with an emulsifier, poured into a mold, and allowed to cool. The definitions include:
The FDA does not maintain a standard of identity for either "pasteurized prepared cheese product", a designation which particularly appears on many Kraft products, or "pasteurized process cheese product", a designation which appears particularly on many American store- and generic-branded singles. Products labeled as such may use milk protein concentrate (MPC) in the formulation, which is not listed in the permitted optional dairy ingredients. The desire to use inexpensive imported milk protein concentrate is noted as motivation for the introduction of these and similar terms, and for the relabeling of some products. After an FDA Warning Letter protesting Kraft's use of MPC in late 2002, some varieties of Kraft Singles formerly labeled "pasteurized process cheese food" became "pasteurized prepared cheese product", Velveeta was relabeled from "pasteurized process cheese spread" to "pasteurized prepared cheese product", and Easy Cheese from "pasteurized process cheese spread" to "pasteurized cheese snack".


BuildDirect

BuildDirect is a technology company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is an online marketplace for heavyweight home improvement products. The company was founded in 1999 by Jeff Booth and Rob Banks, and connects buyers (consumers and contractors) with sellers (suppliers and manufacturers). Categories include, but are not limited to, flooring, tile, decking, building materials, outdoor, kitchen & bath, molding & accessories and doors.
History.
Prior to co-founding BuildDirect, Jeff Booth was a home builder. After experiencing "complexities and inefficiencies", Booth founded BuildDirect in October 1999 with friend Rob Banks. Their goal was to simplify the home improvement industry. The first years focused on shipping heavyweight home improvement materials. In 2002 they launched www.Builddirect.com, an e-commerce site for home improvement products and building materials. The company grew quickly, doubling in size from 2002 to 2004.
During the financial crisis in 2008, the company nearly went out of business but survived by changing their business model to include suppliers lending their product on consignment to BuildDirect warehouses. In 2010, the company built a supply chain for shipping heavy goods "anywhere to anywhere", and in 2016, they launched the BuildDirect Home Marketplace. The company initially sold home building materials but has since diversified to include other products such as furniture, home decor, lighting, and outdoor living items.
On June 10, 2015, Builddirect acquired DraftingSpace, a software company based in Waterloo.
Heavyweight Supply Chain.
The average weight of a BuildDirect product order is 1,500 pounds. To ship these heavy materials, BuildDirect built a new system. The company utilizes an existing network of primary transporters including freight, rail, and truck to import products to North America, move them to warehouses, and deliver them to customers. BuildDirect also uses technology and a competitive bidding process to calculate delivery methods.
Gateway Supply Chain.
In February 2017, BuildDirect opened its global supply chain platform for heavyweight goods. The BuildDirect Gateway provides any third party access to BuildDirect's network of warehousing services, ground and ocean logistics for any part of the shipping process, from point of manufacture through last-mile delivery.
Business.
BuildDirect has built its own proprietary analytics and forecasting tools; BuildDirect Demand Rank, BuildDirect Product Rank, and BuildDirect Inventory Rank. These tools are used to analyze product specific data relating to consumer interest, market competitiveness, and geographic performance. This demand data is also available to suppliers, which provides opportunities for them to manage their own inventory planning, production and shipping.
In February 2016, BuildDirect launched the BuildDirect Home Marketplace; an online platform that connects consumers with home improvement products. The platform also offers a self-service model for sellers to onboard their products.
Locations.
BuildDirect has many distribution points across North America, with 6 super warehouses in Vancouver B.C., Los Angeles, Dallas, Atlanta, Chicago, and New Jersey. The company headquarters is located in Vancouver, B.C.


Ferrandaise

The Ferrandaise () is an endangered French breed of domestic cattle from the département of Puy-de-Dôme, in the Massif Central mountains of Auvergne, in central France. It is named for the city and commune of Clermont-Ferrand, the capital of Puy-de-Dôme.
History.
Although cattle of the Ferrandaise type had long been known in the northern part of the region of Auvergne (now part of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes), the name "Ferrandaise" only came into use in the second half of the nineteenth century; before that, they were known as the "race bigarrée", or roughly "the mottled breed". In the later part of the century the variability of the coat of the Ferrandaise was seen as a defect, and from 1899 the only permitted coat colour was pied red-and-white. A herdbook was established six years later, in 1905. The breed was mainly concentrated in two areas, around Clermont-Ferrand (for which it is named) and around Ambert, both in the département of Puy-de-Dôme, but its range extended into the Loire and the Haute-Loire to the south and east, and into the Corrèze to the west.
In the first quarter of the twentieth century the Ferrandaise numbered some 200 000 head. Numbers fell in the years following the Second World War, both because of the mechanisation of agriculture, which meant that there was decreased demand for draught cattle, and because of the official policy of reduction of the number of French minority breeds established in 1960 by Edmond Quittet, the . From around 1960 the Ferrandaise was cross-bred to some extent with Montbéliarde and Salers cattle. By 1962 the population had fallen to 42 000, and fifteen years later, in 1977, fewer than 170 remained. In that year a breeders' association, the Association pour la Sauvegarde de la Race Bovine Ferrandaise, was formed, and with the help of the and the , a recovery project was launched. By 2001 numbers had increased to some 500 registered females, with frozen semen held from about 26 bulls. The Ferrandaise was listed by the FAO as "endangered-maintained" in 2007; in that year there were 1236 cows and about 50 bulls in 186 farms, with about 30 other bulls available for artificial insemination. In 2014 the total population was reported to be 1939.
Characteristics.
The Ferrandaise is large, solid and robust. It is docile, long-lived, frugal and resistant, and calves easily. It is well adapted to rough and poor terrain, and in particular to the soil and climatic conditions of the mountains of its native area.
The coat is normally red-and-white, or occasionally black-and-white. Three coat patterns are detailed in the breed standard: "barrée", pied, with patches of white on a coloured ground; "poudrée", white speckled with colour on the head and flanks; and "bregniée", colour-sided. The muzzle and mucosa are pale, the horns lyre-shaped.
Use.
The Ferrandaise was traditionally a triple-purpose breed, kept for its milk, for its meat, and for draught work. The milk was formerly much used in regional Auvergnois cheeses such as , Fourme d'Ambert, Fourme de Montbrison, and – together with milk from Salers cows – Saint-Nectaire.
The Ferrandaise is now raised as a dual-purpose breed, for milk and meat. Milk production is around or per lactation, with 3.8% fat and 3.2% protein.


Werner Hosewinckel Christie (agronomist)

Werner Hosewinkel Christie (20 December 1877 – 29 April 1927) was a Norwegian agricultural researcher.
Personal life.
He was born in Hommelvik as a son of engineer Johan Koren Christie (1827–1907) and Catherine Frederike Blom. He was a grandnephew of Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie and Edvard Eilert Christie and a nephew of politician Hans Langsted Christie and architect Christian Christie. His first cousin Anna Christie married Jens Zetlitz Monrad Kielland, and bore the children Jacob Christie Kielland and Else Christie Kielland.
In July 1907 in Stange he married Karen Amalie Wedel-Jarlsberg. They had several notable children: pianist Amalie Christie, Johan Koren Christie and Werner Hosewinckel Christie. Through Johan he was a grandfather of politician Werner Christie.
Career.
Christie took his examen artium in Skien in 1896, and took further education until graduating from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen in 1901. He worked in Statistics Norway with agricultural statistics, and in 1902 he was hired in the Ministry of Agriculture. From 1905 he worked at a research station in Hedmark, and in 1918 he returned to the Ministry of Agriculture. He had taken the dr.philos. degree in 1915 with the thesis "Undersøkelser over norsk graaert samt nogen krydsninger mellem former av den og pisum sativum", and in 1919 he was appointed as a professor at the Norwegian College of Agriculture. He retired in 1921, and settled at a farm in Hedmark. He was also involved in Royal Norwegian Society of Development. He died in 1927.


Haggis pakora

Haggis pakora is a Scottish snack food that combines traditional Scottish haggis ingredients with the spices, batter and preparation method of Indian pakoras. It has become a popular food in Indian restaurants in Scotland, and is also available in prepared form in supermarkets.
Origins.
Haggis pakora has been described as a "highly improbable Indo-Caledonian alliance making use of the Scots' most potent culinary weapons: sheep pluck (heart, liver and lungs) and deep-fat frying" It has more fondly been called "an inspired example of Indo-Gael fusion". Haggis pakoras are just one of the many haggis fusion foods that have arisen in recent years. Others include haggis samosas, haggis spring rolls, haggis lasagne and haggis quesadillas. Often these use vegetarian haggis rather than the traditional haggis made from a sheep's stomach stuffed with the chopped up lung, heart and liver of the sheep mixed with oatmeal.
The dish appears to have been the creation of the Sikh community during a Scottish Mela held at the SEC in 1992-3, where with collaboration with the Exec. Chef at the time Bill McMeekin, he was asked for ideas on how to combine Scottish produce and Indian culinary influences. During some practical experiments, it was found that haggis could be used in the same way as other pakora ingredients. Haggis pakoras have become popular appetizers in Indian restaurants in Scotland, where they appeal to the national predilection for deep-fried food. In 2013 it was reported that a Greenock meat products company had launched prepared haggis pakoras. The product had won the Best Innovative Product prize at the BPEX Foodservice Awards 2013. The Scottish celebrity chef Tony Singh served haggis pakora at a pop-up restaurant during the 2015 Edinburgh Festival.
Preparation.
The haggis is cooked in its skin in the normal way. The skin is discarded and the contents (meat, oats, etc.) broken up with a fork.
The mixture may be spiced with ginger, cumin seeds, coriander seeds, turmeric and garam masala.
A thick batter is made of gram flour, chili powder, cumin, salt, yogurt and lemon juice.
The meat is shaped into balls, coated with the batter and then deep fried in oil.
The pakora is fried for 3–4 minutes, and is ready when the batter is crisp and golden.
Haggis pakoras may be served with a dipping sauce made of chopped tomatoes, ketchup, cayenne, paprika, chili sauce, lemon juice and beef stock.
They may also be served with a creamy yogurt sauce.
Haggis pakoras may also be made from vegetarian haggis, and may be served with mango chutney in place of the dipping sauce.
Another variant places vegetarian haggis inside mushroom caps, which are then battered and fried as before.


Chalosse

Chalosse () is a wine-growing area in Gascony, in south-west France. It lies in the "departement" of Landes and is centred on the town of Dax.
Chalosse also gives its name to "coteaux de Chalosse", the wine of the area, and is used to describe both the Ondenc and the Graisse varieties of grape.
Location.
Chalosse is located in the foothills of the Pyrenees, around the valleys of the river Louts and the river Luy, both left tributaries of the river Adour.
The region is bounded by the Adour and the Pays de Marsan to the north, the river Gabas and the Tursan to the east and by the region of Béarn to the south.
The neighbouring "terroirs" are L'Orient (west), Pays de Marsan (north), Tursan (east), and Bearn (south).
The main town is Dax, to the west of the region. Other important towns are Pomarez and Montfort-en-Chalosse.
Viticulture.
Chalosse is a wine-growing region, and it gives its name to a number of grape varieties.
Ondenc and Graisse are both known as Chalosse; it is also used as a synonym for Claverie (Chalosse blanche), Fer (Chalosse noir) and Meslier-Saint-François (Chalosse de Bordeaux). Chalosse Noire can also refer to a number of black grape varieties.


Batakrushna Sahoo

Batakrushna Sahoo is an Indian farmer from Odisha. He was conferred with Padma Shri in 2020 for his contribution in animal husbandry.
Biography.
A farmer from Sarkana village of Khordha district, Sahoo started pisciculture in 1986. He trained many farmers in spawn production through traditional breeding methods. He did not get any financial help from the government. He also trained students of several colleges in Odisha.
Sahoo was conferred with Padma Shri in 2020 for his contribution in animal husbandry.


Veridian Credit Union

Veridian Credit Union is a credit union in the state of Iowa, USA, with assets over 2.76 billion USD and a member base of over 190,000. In December 2014, Veridian was the largest credit union in Iowa and the 59th largest credit union in the United States.
Its field of membership consists of:
Veridian was started in 1934 as John Deere Employees Credit Union in Waterloo, Iowa. In 1984, it became the John Deere Community Credit Union of Waterloo when the local community were allowed to join. In 1986, nearby residents in Cedar Falls also became eligible and it became the John Deere Community Credit Union.
In 2004, Deere & Company asked the credit union not to use "John Deere" in its name to avoid trademark and company confusion because it was no longer affiliated with the company. Members voted to approve changing the name to Veridian Credit Union on August 21, 2005, with official use beginning in January 2006. Its name is derived from the words "verdant" meaning green and growing, and "veritas" which is Latin for truth.
As of the end of 2018, its current CEO and president is Monte Berg.


John Dinneen

John Dinneen (23 March 1867 – 1 January 1942) was an Irish Farmers' Party politician. A farmer by profession, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1922 general election as a Farmers' Party Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork East and North East constituency. He was re-elected at the 1923 general election for the Cork East constituency. He lost his seat at the June 1927 general election.
His nephew Liam Ahern served as a Fianna Fáil Senator and TD from 1957–74 and his grand-nephew Michael Ahern, son of Liam Ahern, has been a Fianna Fáil TD for Cork East since 1982.
In June 1922 the Bishop of Cloyne Robert Browne, contributed £20 each to the election funds of Michael Hennessy and Dinneen, Commercial and Farmer pro-Treaty candidates respectively for the Cork East and North East constituency.


Animal People

Animal People, Inc. is a non-profit animal rights charity dedicated to generating knowledge and raising public awareness of animal sentience and suffering. Animal People was founded in 1992 with the mission of "exposing the existence of cruelty to animals and educating the public of the need to prevent and eliminate such cruelty; conducting or sponsoring animal care projects, both to directly alleviate animal suffering and to demonstrate humane methods of handling and responding to animal-related dilemmas; and studying animal-related issues via research, surveys, and investigative reports." From 1992 until 2013, the organization's main project was publishing the newspaper "Animal People News", which covered current events related to animal issues worldwide. The newspaper was retired in 2014 following a split within the board of directors, and in 2015 Animal People launched a new project, the Animal People Forum, an online magazine and social networking site for people interested in animal rights, welfare, and conservation.
History.
Kim Bartlett was hired as editor of "The Animals' Agenda" news magazine in August 1986, where Patrice Greanville was already associate editor. Merritt Clifton had been freelancing for "The Animals' Agenda", and was hired by Bartlett and Greanville as the feature writer in November 1986.
In mid-1988, several of the staff at "The Animals' Agenda" left to form "E: The Environmental Magazine" and Bartlett hired Clifton as news editor. In May 1992, shortly after the second annual "Where the Money Goes" report was published, Clifton was fired by "The Animals' Agenda" board. Bartlett resigned in protest and on the following day, Bartlett and Clifton incorporated "Animal People." The board of directors was later expanded to four members.
In 2014, Merritt Clifton resigned to start his own online publication, Animals 24-7 as editor with his wife Beth as social media editor and photographer. As of 2016, Animal People's staff consists of president Kim Bartlett, executive director Wolf Gordon Clifton, publisher Patrice Greanville, archivist and photo editor Dylan Forest, and social media coordinator Anita Mayangpuspa.
Programs.
Domestic.
The "Animal People" founders initiated neuter/return trials for feral cat population control in 1991, and in 1992, the program expanded to eight sites. In mid-1992 Bartlett and Clifton presented their findings at a conference sponsored by the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University. This was among the several developments which established trap–neuter–return in the U.S. as a viable approach. The findings were later reported in the November 1992 issue of "Animal People."
"Animal People" has subsequently engaged in many other hands-on research projects, particularly in the areas of improved housing for shelter animals, disease control, living in harmony with wildlife, and censusing street dogs and feral cats.
International.
Animal People increased their emphasis on international coverage beginning in 1997, and in 1998, began relaying funding from U.S. donors to selected overseas projects. This program quadrupled in size after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, when "Animal People" funded and mobilized 12 animal disaster relief teams, working in India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand (and later in Indonesia). These were the first international animal welfare charities to respond after the tsunami.
From 2000 to 2010, "Animal People" directly sponsored several start-up African animal charities. Youth for Conservation, and the African Network for Animal Welfare, both of Kenya, have grown and developed considerable influence. Another, the Homeless Animals Protection Society of Ethiopia, did pioneering work in the Gobe and Addis Ababa regions but has since disbanded.
In 2014, Animal People provided financial support to local activists in Nepal for public awareness work against animal sacrifice at the Gadhimai festival, and sponsored the Blue Cross of India's deployment of patrol teams along the border of India and Nepal to enforce an Indian court order banning transport of animals for sacrifice at Gadhimai.
"Animal People" has co-sponsored the Asia for Animals conference series since 2001, the Middle East Network for Animal Welfare conference held in 2007, and the Africa Animal Welfare Action conference, first held in 2010.
Publications.
From 1992 until 2013, Animal People, Inc. published the newspaper "Animal People News," as well as a stand-alone supplemental report, the annual Watchdog Report on Animal Protection Charities, which provided information on the leading animal-related charities. Both were retired in 2014. Since 2015, Animal People publishes articles and media submitted by users on the Animal People Forum. It also hosts the online exhibit "Beyond Human: Animals, Aliens, & Artificial Intelligence", which explores current scientific evidence for animal intelligence and consciousness, ongoing efforts to discover extraterrestrial life and develop artificial intelligence, and the ethical implications of sentience in non-human beings.
Awards and recognition.
Kim Bartlett has received awards for leadership in disaster relief from the Asia for Animals conference, and for leadership in humane work in the Middle East from the Middle East Network for Animal Welfare.
In 2010, Merritt Clifton received the 15th annual ProMED-mail Anniversary Award, presented by the International Society for Infectious Diseases for contributions to the identification and control of emerging disease. Clifton was honored for contributions that led to identifying fruit bats as the host species for Nipah virus in April 1999; helping to identify the roles of cockfighting and falconing in the migration of H5N1; identifying aspects of halal slaughter as the probable source of outbreaks of the tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever among Central Asian meat industry workers in 2009-2010; and especially, said ProMed-mail editor Larry Madoff, for contributions to epidemiological understanding of the cultural factors involved in the spread and control of canine rabies in India, China, Indonesia, and Vietnam.


Agricultural University of Hebei

Agricultural University of Hebei () . It is a public comprehensive university with the focus on areas of agriculture and forestry, engineering and life sciences. It was jointly established by the province and the ministry in Baoding, Hebei Province, the People's Republic of China.


Fengshui woodland

Fengshui woodland or Fungshui woodland, also known as Chinese geomantic woodland, is a region of vegetation near a village. The plants in the woodland can either be natural or planted. In most cases, they are planted, because people consider the Fengshui woodland as man-made geographical environment to adjust to the changing Fengshui of some specific buildings or village. Fengshui woodlands are widely located in Southeast Asia, while few can be found in western civilization.
In addition, fengshui woodland are related to many Chinese culture concepts, including funerals, the city gods, redecorating the temple, the eight diagrams. Only important individual objects are described.
History.
The first record of the concept of fengshui woodland can be dated to The Three Kingdoms period, proposed by Cao Pi (c. 187–226), who is the son of Cao Cao (c. 155 – 15 March 220), and recorded in the "Records of the Three Kingdoms". In ancient times, a reference to this record is made for the benefits of subsequent funeral services. Usually after a king dies, the same kind of trees (pines and cypresses) would be planted next to his grave and other unnecessary trees removed—this was the earliest style of recorded fengshui woodland. With the evolution of dynasties and cultures, the types of fengshui woodland also became diversified from single ones for funerals funeral to multiple purposes. The use were no longer limited to royal family but was also spread to the common people, even foreigners. Fengshui woodland had been found in Korea during the Goryeo (918–1392) dynasties.
Fengshui woodlands have been proved has 57 in different villages in China since the 1990s. Faced with industrial pollution, urbanization and other problems, some of the existing fengshui woodlands are under great threat.
Etymology.
The term Fungshui woodland and Fengshui woodland can all be traced back to Chinese language system, the former comes from Cantonese, the latter is in Mandarin. The two languages share close correlation, which means their pronunciations are similar. What's more, the concept of fengshui woodland is also used in Korea and Japan. Given different language system, this word has correspondingly different rules of pronunciation and writing (Pibo in Korea, Ho:go in Japan).
Geographical distribution.
Mainland China.
Fengshui woodlands in the mainland are mainly located in the southern cities, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Anhui provinces, to name a few. There are six in Jiangxi, one in Anhui, eight in Fujian, fifteen in Guangdong, four in Hunan and two in Yunnan. Shandong is the only province in the north of China that has one fengshui woodland. The examples above are typical ones, with such a broad territory, some fengshui woodlands are too small to be included. Unfortunately, due to the high degree of destruction and degradation in Fujian and Guangzhou provinces, the two paradigms of fengshui woodlands are lower than other woodlands.
Hong Kong.
Large fengshui woodlands are found mainly near the New Territories the northeastern border of which is a remote place. Thanks to the environment there, the large fengshui woodlands have avoided destruction and thus remained intact. Typical fengshui woodland also exist in Shatin, Tai Po and the junction of Lantau and the northwestern New Territories. However, the fengshui woodlands there have smaller size under the influence of human activities. Going south, there is one fengshui woodland in Hong Kong Island in Nam Feng Road.
Korea.
According to the Korean historical documents, there was one fengshui woodland during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). Based on the existing studies, some pines and small stone piles still can be found in the current location. One Korean official record indicates there were two artificial hills that were built within the city walls of Seoul. However, most of them disappeared in the wave of urbanization.
Ryukyu.
Ho:go, the pronunciation of Fengshui in Ryukyu, also means Qi and fengshui woodland. Approximately, 180 such woodlands are confirmed. There are many fengshui woodlands in Ryukyu because people always arrange Fengshui woodland in their traditional village. Therefore, fengshui woodland exist on almost every island in Ryukyu, including Okinawa, Miyako, Minna, Ishigaki and Tarama .
Purpose.
The main purpose of Fengshui woodland is to change the fengshui of the area. Fengshui woodland is regarded as a single plant area with special purpose aiming to change the fengshui of the whole area to some extent. To put it simple, appropriate fengshui can brings luck to the surrounding, including people. Vice versa, inappropriate fengshui can have negative effects. From an in-depth perspective, Chinese geomantic culture does not emphasize the concept that god bless you, but it values the use of human factors, namely to change the environment to achieve physical health, career success, even family reproduction.
The concept of the fengshui woodland does not only exist in China, but also in Korea and Ryukyu. The cultures of both countries elaborate on the word “Qi” holding that Qi is flowing energy. Fengshui woodland can add up to the energy of people. Furthermore, Qi is a concept in Fengshui study, in which Qi is divided into two types, one is Negative Wind, the other is the air we breathe in (xie qi). In English, xie qi means the undesirable wind, including six subtypes, wind, coolness, dryness, dampness, fieriness and hotness. These negative winds may make us vulnerable to diseases. The other kind of qi is the opposite of negative qi. It can shield us from negative qi brought by six negative winds. To avoid these winds, people built fengshui woodland to increase the qi we breathe in so that neutralizing the negative qi.
Fengshui woodland also has another description—the eight diagrams. In Chinese eight diagrams, every diagram has unique meaning. 乾Qian, 兌 Duì,離 Lí, 震 Zhèn, 巽 Xùn, 坎 Kǎn, 艮 Gèn, 坤 Kūn. In English, the eight diagrams separately has the nature Heaven/Firmament, Lake/Marsh, Heart of Fire, Thunder, Wind, Water, Mountain and Ground. Chinese believe that the eight diagrams are three-dimensional, with a certain position at the center of eight of them, the positions of them are fixed. Fengshui woodland exerts effects on wind, water, mountain and ground. Therefore, people built fengshui woodland to gain a better eight diagrams.
However, no scientific study can prove the existence of fengshui and whether fengshui can indeed change the prosperity and development of the region.
Function.
Because of its significant cultural and ecological value, local people in Hong Kong believe that fengshui woodland offers a great sense of security. Also, fengshui woodland is also beneficial to the microclimate. For examples, in winter, fengshui woodland can keep the dry chilly north wind at bay. It also protects village from mountain torrents and sliding mud in the event of landslide. In summer, the destructive effects of typhoons can be greatly mitigated by fengshui woodland, providing cool shade and reduce local temperatures for villagers. From economical perspective, fruit trees in fengshui woodland create extra income to villagers.
Typology.
Fengshui woodland is divided into three types according to the location, namely funeral fengshui woodland, village fengshui woodland, and temple fengshui woodland.
Funeral fengshui woodland.
On the one hand as the earliest type of fengshui woodland, its content and form did not gone through radical changes. People plant is mainly planted with willow or pine trees as fengshui woodland next to the cemetery. On the other hand, this kind of fengshui woodland also can be applied to such a wide range of the areas from Guangdong Province in China to Korea. However, compared with the other two, it is one of the least used. According to research data, its ratio is 1.2 percent out of all fengshui woodlands.
Village fengshui woodland.
The number of subtypes of Fengshui woodland in the village is more than the other two in which 6 subtypes are included. The first is Back mountain fengshui woodland, the type of fengshui woodland that is often found near ancestral temples (note: ancestral temple is different from ordinary temple in that ordinary temple is where gods are enshrined while ancestral temple is built in name of ancestors). The second is Shan’ao fengshui woodland, also called the Mountain gap fengshui woodland, which is commonly located in depression on the side of a ridge. The third, Water gate fengshui woodland, has two subtypes, including Water head/village head, Water/village mouth. Head and mouth only differ in geographical position. Head usually refers to the entrance of a village. Correspondingly, mouth refers to exit of a village. The two subtypes of fengshui woodland can be concluded as the type of Water gate because water gate in Jiangxi province is called shui kou. The meaning of Shui kou in Chinese is equivalent to that of water gate in English. It can refers to water/ river in entrance or exit simultaneously. The fourth is Paintbrush holder (Bi jia) fengshui woodland. The name of this type is narrow woodland on the edge of a village. The fifth is homestead fengshui woodland, which has two sub types. One is named wind break fengshui woodland, the other is named footstone fengshui woodland. These two kinds of fengshui woodland are basically built around houses.
Temple fengshui woodland.
This type of fengshui woodland includes three subtypes. First is Buddhist and Daoist temple fengshui woodland. Second is Earth god shrine fengshui woodland. Because there is no definition of Earth god in Wikipedia currently, westerners may be confused of it. But unlike the situation in the west, Earth god in China is a god of an area, not the entire Earth. Therefore, there are many Earth gods who are responsible for the peace of their own area in Chinese mythology. The last Bridge temple fengshui woodland. Its name and structure could be different because of the attribute of the temple.
Botany.
Vegetation structure and species diversity are the main target of many botanic studies of fengshui woodland. One scholar team compared 138 field samples with samples from large nature reserves after collection. The ecological information about the whole fengshui woodland which covers the ranges community structure, species richness, and average plot abundance can be obtained from the sample analysis. The sample analysis provides a statistical understanding of fengshui woodland. It indicated that fengshui woodland has much higher species diversity then the other types of woodlands and plantations. There are approximately 700 species in 30 samples of fengshui woodland in the Pearl River Delta. From vegetation structure perspective, fengshui woodland is climax vegetation structure of native woodland. The type of structure can effectively provide data of local species.
As for species in fengshui woodland, many plant species of fengshui woodland in the Pearl River Delta are not in all the cases, fengshui woodland with few plant species also exists. In Korean records, the Goryeo dynasty, fengshui woodland within Seoul city wall is mainly pines. One of other contemporaneous fengshui woodlands was formed by willows. The situation is also different from study in Ryukyu, in which among the five surveyed plots in Tarama woodland of Ryukyu fengshui woodland, there are 5 species on average. Calophyllum inophyllum constitutes the largest proportion.
In a floral survey, Hong Kong Fisheries and Conservation Department found 116 local plants in fengshui woodland, among which most of them belong to families of Lauraceae, Moraceae and Euphorbiaceae. In Hong Kong fengshui woodland, Sterculia lanceolate, Aporosa dioica, Aquilaria sinensis and Ardisia quinquegona are the most typical plants. Besides, fruit trees like Longan, Lychee, Wampi, Banana, Pummelo, Mandarin, Rose Apple, Guava and Papaya also grow in the woodland.


Marbach Stud

The Marbach Stud, , is Germany's oldest state stud farm for horse breeding, has a history that dates back over 500 years. It is located in southwest Germany near Gomadingen in the Reutlingen district of Baden-Württemberg. The annual stallion parade is an internationally known attraction, and the stud hosts over 500,000 visitors per year. The stud also offers courses for those wishing to learn to ride or drive, as well as an instructor training program. Marbach is known for producing athletic horses with good temperaments, and has careful management practices, including that of allowing young, untrained horses the opportunity to grow in a natural setting conducive to their mental as well as their physical development.
Marbach was originally significant for its development of the ancestral bloodstock of several warmblood horse breeds, and today continues to produce the Württemberger. However, it is probably best known as the home stud of the Weil-Marbach Arabians. The majority of Arabian horses bred at Marbach are sold to private owners as personal riding horses, though some are also used in the sport of endurance riding. In addition to breeding Arabian and Württembergers, Marbach also stands stallions of the Black Forest Horse breed as well as a few Thoroughbreds, Haflingers and other heavy warmblood stallions. Horses bred at Marbach are performance tested before being allowed reproduce and are branded with a brand symbol called the "Hirschgeweih."
History.
Marbach was first established as a private stud between 1477 and 1480 by Graf Eberhard V. Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (r. 1550-1568) expanded the stud and in 1573 it was named a court and state stud, after the ruling Dukes realized a need for improvement in local horse breeds. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Marbach used Mecklenburger, Holstein, and English and Norman-bred horses to improve quality in local horses, while heavier breeds such as the Cleveland Bay, Yorkshire Coach Horse and Clydesdale were used to make a larger, more solid horse. Following World War II and the recognition that there was less need for work horses and a greater future in developing sport horses and general light riding animals, the stud added additional lines such as the Thoroughbred and Trakehner, with the Marbach stallion Julmond (1938–1965) a significant contributor of traits that transformed the Württemberger from a work horse into a sport horse.
Weil.
The Weil stud was founded in 1817 at Esslingen by King Wilhelm I of Württemberg for the purpose of breeding Arabian horses. Among the foundation horses was the mare Murana I 1808, whose dam line still continues at Marbach today. The stallions Bairactar, imported directly from the Arabian desert and his son Amurath I 1829 played a significant part in the development of the Arabian breed at Weil, and made major contributions to the breed throughout Europe, particularly on Arabian horses bred in Poland.
Weil-Marbach transition.
While this establishment thrived though the 19th century, from 1890 on, it went into considerable decline and by the time the Weil herd was transferred from Princess Pauline zu Wied of Württemberg to the Marbach State Stud in 1932, only 17 purebred Arabians remained. To expand the breeding pool, Arabian horses from Poland were used, particularly those of the Ofir line such as the Witez II son Wisznu and the stallion Abu Afas. In 1955, the Arabian stallion Hadban Enzahi was imported from Egypt, along with some other breeding stock, and this infusion of new blood added to the foundation animals established the Weil-Marbach line of Arabians. Since the importation of Hadban Enzahi, the focus of Marbach shifted to Arabian breeding of strongly Egyptian bloodlines, though the older lines are also preserved.


Grove Mill

Grove Mill winery was established in 1988 in the Marlborough wine region of New Zealand, and is now owned by California-based Foley Wines.
The winery was founded by group of local grape growers and wine enthusiasts who purchased the Malt house (The Mill), a historic landmark in Grovetown, Blenheim, and transformed it into a 150 tonne winery. By 1993, demand for their wine outgrew production capacity and Grove Mill underwent expansion. 18 hectares of land was purchased west of Blenheim, giving the winery the capability of producing nearly 70,000 cases of wine per year. Although it can produce 70,000 cases per year, normal production is around 60,000.
In 2006, Grove Mill became the world's first carbon neutral winery.


Pet Social Worker / Tails of Hope Rescue

Pet Social Worker / Tails of Hope is an animal rescue group based in Maricopa, Arizona. Pet Social Worker (PSW) is a nonprofit organization that is a 501(c)3 exempt entity.
PetSocialWorker.org offers a free online database of stray, rescued, lost and found pets in the Maricopa area. In addition, they offer tips, instructions and links to the local Pinal County Animal Care and Control forms needed to report a lost or found pet.
Pet Social Worker/Tails of Hope started in 2004. The website, PetSocialWorker.org began in 2007 as a place for animals available for adoption in Maricopa to be posted by rescue organizations and individuals helping to find forever homes for these pets. To consolidate information and offer local Maricopa area residents a place to go to find information if they have lost or found an animal, the rescue added the lost and found service to PetSocialWorker.org in December 2008.
Pet Social Worker has collaborated with Maricopa Wells Veterinary Hospital and the Maricopa Animal Hospital, Pinal County, Arizona Animal Care and Control, as well as the City of Maricopa, Arizona and local websites and newspapers on an incentive basis. If a report of a lost or found pet comes into either Vet or through contact with the staff of Pet Social Worker / Tails of Hope Rescue, the information is posted on PetSocialWorker.org and posted via news feeds on the other websites.
Grants.
In 2009, Pet Social Worker was awarded a $100 grant from the Build-A-Bear Foundation. This grant helped fund the Pet Social Worker SNAP, the low and no-cost Spay And Neuter Program in Maricopa, Arizona.
In 2011 Pet Social Worker was awarded a $100 grant from the Allstate Insurance / Allstate Foundation to continue rescue efforts in the City of Maricopa, Arizona.


Pernambuco interior forests

The "Pernambuco" interior forests (in reality Paraiba and Pernambuco forest/states and not only "Pernambuco") is an ecoregion of the Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Biome, and the South American Atlantic Forest biome. It lies in eastern Brazil between the coastal Pernambuco coastal forests and the dry Caatinga shrublands of Brazil's interior.
Setting.
The Pernambuco interior forests cover an area of , extending across portions of Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Alagoas states. They extend from the Curimataú River in the north to the São Francisco River in the south.
The Pernambuco interior forests lie inland from the Pernambuco coastal forests, extending from sedimentary plateaus near the coast up the eastern slopes of the Borborema Plateau. In the northern portion of the ecoregion, the interior forests lie close to the coast, just behind the coastal Rio Piranhas mangroves and Atlantic coast restingas.
Climate.
The climate is tropical. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,250 to 1,750 mm, with a dry season from October to March.
Flora.
The predominant forest type is the four-tiered (emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor) Atlantic semi-deciduous forest, with emergent trees reaching up to . Many trees shed their leaves during the October to March dry season.
Characteristic emergent and canopy trees include "Astronium fraxinifolium" (family Anacardiaceae), "Enterolobium contortisiliquum" (Leguminosae), "Cordia trichotoma" (Boraginaceae), and "Tabebuia chrysotricha" (Bignoniaceae). The Pernambuco interior forests are home to the largest remaining populations of Brazilwood or Pau-Brasil, "(Caesalphinia echinata)"
Fauna.
Many species are endemic to the Pernambuco interior and coastal forests. Bird species include the buff-breasted tody-tyrant "(Hemitriccus mirandae)", white-winged cotinga "(Xipholena atropurpurea)", seven-colored tanager "(Tangara fastuosa)", and yellow-faced siskin "(Carduelis yarrellii)".
Conservation and threats.
Only 5% of the original forest remains; the rest has been cleared for timber and fuel wood, agriculture, or cattle ranching. Most of the remaining forest remnants are small (1-10 hectares) and species-impoverished.
As of 1997, only three protected areas covered portions of the ecoregion, protecting an area of 90 square kilometers of forest. The Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve, in Quebrangulo, Alagoas, is an important refuge for the endangered and threatened birds of the ecoregion.


Blasted Church Vineyards

Blasted Church Vineyards, located in Okanagan Falls, British Columbia is a Canadian Winery. Situated in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, Blasted Church produces over 25,000 cases of wine per year.
History.
In 2002, Proprietors Evelyn & Chris Campbell bought the 2 year old 17-hectare Prpich Hills Winery on the road between Okanagan Falls and Penticton. The property once housed a wooden church. In 1929, the church was dismantled, via a controlled dynamite explosion which loosened the nails, and reassembled in the center of Okanagan Falls where it now stands. The transformation of Prpich Hills to Blasted Church started with creative label redesigns by Vancouver designer Bernie Hadley-Beauregard.
In 2004, Blasted Church became the first Okanagan vintners to produce all of their wines with screw-top bottle caps.
In 2018, Blasted Church introduced new labels inspired by Renaissance era masterworks where figures from classical paintings are plucked from their holy surroundings and placed into modern-day scenarios.
Winemaker.
Blasted Church's first winemaker, Frank Supernak, died unexpectedly during the first harvest, prompting many other local vintners to assist the Campbell family in completing the production of finished wine. The images of these winemakers now adorn the bottle labels at Blasted Church. Since 2014, the winemaker has been Evan Saunders.


Espinelves

Espinelves is a municipality in the "comarca" of Osona in
Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the Guilleries in the east of the "comarca". Forestry is the
main economic activity of the municipality, particularly the cultivation of the local species "Abies masjoanensis"
for Christmas trees. The Romanesque church of Sant Vincenç d'Espinelves dates from the 11th and 12th centuries. The village is linked to Arbúcies and to
Vic by the GI-543 road.


Forestry in Gabon

Gabon’s forests, which cover an estimated 77% of its land surface, have always supplied many of the necessities of life, especially fuel and shelter. The forests contain over 400 species of trees, with about 100 species suitable for industrial use. Commercial exploitation began as early as 1892, but only in 1913 was Okoumé, Gabon’s most valuable wood, introduced to the international market.
Forestry was the primary source of economic activity in the country until 1968, when the industry was supplanted by crude oil as an earner of foreign exchange. Gabon is the largest exporter of raw wood in the region, and its sales represent 20% of Africa’s raw wood exports. Forestry is second only to the petroleum sector in export earnings, at $319.4 million in 2003. Gabon’s reserves of exploitable timber include: okoumé, 100 million cubic meters; ozigo, 25–35 million cubic meters; ilomba, 20–30 million cubic meters; azobé, 15–25 million cubic meters; and padouk, 10–20 million cubic meters.
Gabon supplies 90% of the world’s okoumé, which makes excellent plywood, and also produces hardwoods, such as mahogany, kevazingo, and ebony. Other woods are dibetou (tigerwood or African walnut), movingui (Nigerian satinwood), and zingana (zebrano or zebrawood). Roundwood removals were estimated at 4 million cubic meters in 2004, with 13% used as fuel wood.
Exploitation had been hampered, to some extent, by the inadequacy of transportation infrastructure, a deficiency now alleviated by the Trans-Gabon Railway and Ndjole-Bitam highway. Reforestation has been continuously promoted, and selective thinning and clearing have prevented the okoumé from being forced out by other species. Over 50 firms are engaged in exploitation of Gabon’s forests. Logging concessions covering about have been granted by the government, with the development of the least accessible areas largely carried out by foreign firms. Traditional demand in Europe for African lumber products has declined in recent years; during the 1980s, European demand for okoumé dropped by almost one-third. Markets in Japan, Morocco, and Israel, however, have become more receptive to African imports.


Har Amasa

Har Amasa (, "lit." Mount Amasa) is a Moshav shitufi in the south of Israel. Located near the Yatir Forest 20 kilometres south of Hebron and 14 km northwest of Arad, it is the only member of the Tamar Regional Council to be located in the highlands outside the Jordan Rift Valley. In it had a population of .
It was named after the nearby Mount Amasa (859 m), which was in turn named after Amasa son of Ithra the Israelite (2 Samuel 17:25).
History.
The village was initially founded as a Gush Emunim settlement, from a government decision made on September 14, 1980. It was handed over to the kibbutz of the United Kibbutz Movement on June 30, 1983. It gradually changed its operations over the next 20 years. In 2003, it was transferred to the authority of the Agricultural Union movement, and it was preparing to expand to include many new residents in a less formal framework, while still preserving its social fabric.
In 2006, Ynet reported that the kibbutz was undergoing a religious conversion through Chabad. According to certain members of the kibbutz, the reason was that they were abandoned by the Kibbutz Movement that purposely kept their status as a "kibbutz under construction" in order to receive its funding. The movement denied the allegations and stated that the religious converts were new residents. In 2006, the kibbutz members sent a petition to the High Court of Justice to transfer the village's administration to them and remove the "under construction" status, instead of being administered by the Kibbutz Movement.
Climate.
Har Amasa has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: "BSk"). The average annual temperature is , and around of precipitation falls annually.


Torres Vedras DOC

Torres Vedras is a Portuguese wine region centered on the town of Torres Vedras in the Lisboa wine region. The region is designated as "Denominação de Origem Controlada" (DOC) after it was promoted from its former "Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada" (IPR) status. The high yields produced in this region have historically be used by bulk wine producers for inexpensive "vindo de mesa" wines. The area was known by the shorthand "Torres" until Spanish wine producer Miguel A. Torres objected to the association with the region.
Grapes.
The principle grapes of the Torres Vedras region include Arinto, Camarate, Fernão Pires, Graciano, Jampal, Mortágua, Periquita, Rabo de Ovelha, Seara Nova and Vital.


Thomas William Adams

Alfred Albert Thomas William Adams (24 June 1842 – 1 June 1919), known as Thomas William Adams, was a New Zealand farmer, forester, churchman and educationalist.
He was born in Graveley, Cambridgeshire, England on 24 June 1842. In 1862 he emigrated to New Zealand on the "African". He bought of virgin tussock land at Greendale in Canterbury in 1865 and converted them to farmland. The area prospered over the next few years as more farmers developed land.
Adams married Lucy Pannett in 1867 and they had a daughter the following year. Lucy drowned in 1869. Adams married her sister Harriet in 1872, and they had five sons and three daughters together.
Adams was a pioneer in planting trials, obtaining seeds from correspondents around the world, keeping records and publishing the results. He started planting trees in 1868 for shelter and fuel, and by 1908 had created an arboretum of 800 species. His recommendation of "Pinus radiata" and other pines influenced early New Zealand forestry. In 1913 he was a member of the Royal Commission on Forestry, and in 1918 he became a lifetime member of the New Zealand Forestry League.
For 40 years, Adams taught Sunday school at Greendale, which began by teaching local children to read. He was instrumental in the formation of the Greendale day school in 1872, and served on the North Canterbury Education Board from 1892 to 1918, serving as chairman from 1897 to 1905. He was also a governor of Canterbury College (now University of Canterbury) from 1897 until his death.
He was the first secretary of the Canterbury Baptist Association, and later its president.
Adams died at Greendale on 1 June 1919 and was buried there. His will left £2000 and of land to Canterbury College to be used for a school of forestry. Harriet died 15 January 1934 and was buried with him. The school of forestry opened in 1924, and about 1975 a T.W. Adams Scholarship was set up to support postgraduate forestry students.


Egil Robert Orskov

Egil Robert Ørskov, OBE FRSE is a Danish born Scottish agricultural scientist and development scholar. He is particularly known for research on the nutrition of farm animals.


Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University

Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University (SKNAU) is an agricultural university situated in Jobner, Rajasthan, India. It was established in 2013 by the Government of Rajasthan under "Agriculture University, Jobner Act, 2013". Its jurisdiction covers eight districts, namely Ajmer, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dausa, Dholpur, Jaipur, Sikar and Tonk.
Constituent colleges.
The university has the following Constituent colleges:


Timber Trades Journal

Timber Trades Journal is a UK trade magazine for the timber industry, published by Progressive Media Publishing. It was first published in 1873 and has been recognised as the leading journal for the timber industry.
"Timber Trades Journal's" annual TTJ Awards have been running for 13 years, and are held in association with UK timber industry trade association TRADA.


Johann Leopold Zillmann

Johann Leopold Zillmann (1813–1892) was a German missionary to Australia. Born in Neu-Ulm, and a blacksmith by trade, he joined Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and Christopher Eipper at the Zion Hill Mission in what is now the Brisbane suburb of Nundah in Queensland. After the mission closed, Zillmann stayed in the area and turned to farming.
Life.
"On 31 May 1858, John Leopold Zillman purchased Portion 162, consisting of 29 acres 3 roods in area on Sandgate Road. He also purchased the adjoining portion 161 of 35 acres. In 1864 the land was bought by Thomas Ward, William Clayton and George Paddle."
On 18 June 1861 J. L. Zillman, Esq. was a witness at the Select Committee on the Native Police Force, at which he supported the work of the Native Police. He discussed the perceived successes and failures of the Mission in regard to Aboriginal people, and gave his opinion on the causes of frontier conflict. He said:- "I have found the blacks to be much the same as our own race."
Legacy.
The suburb of Zillmere is named for Zillmann, as are the Zillman Waterholes and Zillman Road in Brisbane.


Marjorie Maynard

Marjorie Josephine Maynard (23 January 1891 – 23 October 1975), also known as Mrs. C. C. Garbett and later Lady C. C. Garbett, was a British artist and farmer, and designed some of the first set of postage stamps issued in Iraq. In later life, she brought and lost a high-profile court case after being evicted from a farmhouse and farm which she owned.
Early life.
Maynard was born on 23 January 1891.
Her poem "Laverstock Downs", and one of her cartoons, were published in "Indian Ink" in 1917, in aid of the Imperial Indian War Fund. The cartoon, depicting Belgium as a widow whose children have been killed by Germany, was praised by Pothan Joseph in an article in "East And West" magazine.
Stamp designs.
With Edith Cheesman, Maynard was the designer of the first postage stamps issued by Iraq (then known as the Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, as established in 1921), depicting historic Iraqi art and architecture. Her designs were signed "MJM 1921", although the stamps were not issued until 1923. The definitive stamps were denominated in the currency of the Administration, the Indian anna and rupee, and Maynard designed four of them: the 1½A (depicting a winged figure), 2A (a Babylonian wall-sculpture), 3A (ruins of the Kasra arch in Ctesiphon) and 1R (an allegory of the date palm, "Phoenix dactylifera") values. They were inscribed "IRAQ" and "POSTAGE & REVENUE" in English and Arabic. The 1 rupee stamp was withdrawn on 1 June 1927 and replaced by one showing a portrait of King Faisal I, but the rest remained on sale until the introduction of a new set on 17 February 1931, and were still used postally after that.
Both Cheesman and Maynard appear to have been amateur artists.
Farming career.
Maynard purchased the Horeham Manor Farm and its farmhouse, an Elizabethan manor house, at Horam in East Sussex, in 1949, for £12,500. She worked the farm under her maiden name, with her daughter, Susan, attempting to do so despite having limited experience, and using hired contractors, with no manager to oversee them. The resultant poor farming standards led to multiple interventions by her local County Agricultural Executive Committee, starting in 1950, culminating with the farm being taken into government control in February 1956 through a "dispossession order" under powers conferred by the 1947 Agriculture Act. In order to allow a tenant to be appointed and to then move in and run the farm, the pair were evicted from the farmhouse in May 1956. This eviction was subsequently the subject of questions in Parliament from several MPs, put to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Derick Heathcoat-Amory, as well as television coverage. Her High Court case, before the Lord Chief Justice (Lord Goddard), Mr Justice Cassells and Mr Justice Lynskey, attempting to have the dispossession declared illegal, was dismissed on 30 January 1957, and she sold the farm at auction in July that year.
Personal life.
Maynard married Colin Campbell Garbett, CIE, a widower, in the Bengal Presidency on 20 January 1919. He was then in the Colonial Civil Service in India and from 1920 to 1922 worked as Secretary to the High Commissioner of Iraq, then as Deputy commissioner and later Commissioner. His appointment in the 1941 Birthday Honours as a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire entitled her to use the title "Lady". They were later estranged.
She died on 23 October 1975.


Fedrigoni

Fedrigoni is a large manufacturer of paper in Italy which owns 5 paper mills in Verona, Arco di Trento, Riva del Garda, Fabriano and Pioraco with a total capacity of 350,000 tonnes per year.


Pseudotsuga sinensis

Pseudotsuga sinensis (Chinese Douglas-fir; in Chinese 黃杉, pinyin romanization: huáng shān) is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It is a tree up to 50 metres tall. It is found in China (in Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang provinces) and Taiwan as well as in northernmost parts of Vietnam.
The timber is used for construction, bridge building, furniture, and wood fiber.
"Pseudotsuga sinensis" var. "wilsoniana", Taiwan Douglas-fir, is sometimes treated as its own species, "Pseudotsuga wilsoniana". This variety is geographically isolated (being restricted to Taiwan) but is not markedly distinct morphologically from var. "sinensis" of China.