Batona Trail

The Batona Trail is a hiking trail through New Jersey's Pine Barrens. The trail is one of the longest in the state, behind the Delaware and Raritan Canal Trail, the section of the Appalachian Trail within the state, the Liberty-Water Gap Trail, and the completed section of the Highlands Trail in the state. The Batona Trail begins in Brendan T. Byrne State Forest (formerly Lebanon State Forest) at the ghost town of Ong's Hat and traverses Franklin Parker Preserve, Wharton State Forest and Bass River State Forest. The trail was built in 1961 by the Batona Hiking Club, which began informally in 1928 when Philadelphians began meeting regularly to hike. It takes about three days to hike the whole trail.
History.
In 1960, Dale Knapschafer suggested a trail be built linking Wharton and Lebanon State Forests. The next year, Batona Hiking Club (Batona being a condensed form of the phrase, "BAck TO NAture") president Morris Bardock contacted the Department of Conservation and Economic Development in New Jersey for permission to construct such a trail. After receiving permission from the state, Morris Bardock and Walter Korszniak made exploratory trips to figure out a route in the winter and spring of 1961 for the future trail. Through the help of volunteers, the first of the trail were completed over the summer, and the final pink blaze was painted on a tree near New Jersey Route 70 in Lebanon State Forest on September 16, 1961. Bardock chose pink blazes for the Batona Trail. The trail originally connected Carpenter Spring in Lebanon State Forest (now Brendan T. Byrne State Forest) and Batsto Village in Wharton State Forest. At this time Batsto ("batstu" meaning "bath place" in Swedish) was being developed by the state and continued to be inhabited by a few people. More recently the trail has been extended
In 2012 the trail was rerouted in two areas. The first was in Bass River State Forest, which is the southernmost part of the trail. The second area is around Chatsworth. Both of the rerouted sections go through quieter areas and bypass paved roads and power lines where the trail originally ran. The Chatsworth section puts the trail through the northern section of the Franklin Parker Preserve. Both of these reroutings have added about to the overall trail length.
Flora and fauna.
Although the Pine Barrens, as the name suggests, are mainly flat pine forests, there is a large variety of plants and animals along the trail. The pines include, primarily, pitch pine ("Pinus rigida"), and shortleaf pine ("Pinus echinata"). White pine ("Pinus strobus") and loblolly pine ("Pinus taeda") typically occur only where deliberately planted, and Virginia pine ("Pinus virginiana") is sporadic, usually in atypical areas. The most common vegetation community type in uplands is Pine/Oak Forest, composed of the typical pines and various oaks ("Quercus" spp.), with an understory of ericacious shrubs, mainly huckleberries ("Gaylussacia" spp.). The wetlands are typically stands of Atlantic white cedar ("Chamaecyparis thyoides"), or mixed hardwood swamps mainly composed of red maple ("Acer rubrum"), black gum ("Nyssa sylvatica"), gray birch ("Betula populifolia"), swamp magnolia ("Magnolia virginiana"), and highbush blueberry ("Vaccinium corymbosum"). Another very common wetland forest is the Pitch Pine Lowland, which is dominated by pitch pine, but may include a wide variety of the other wetland species. Another common tree seen along the trail is the sassafras ("Sassafras albidum").
There are a number of wild edibles, such as berries from bearberry ("Arctostaphylos uva-ursi"), teaberry ("Gaultheria procumbens"), huckleberry ("Gaylussacia" spp.), blackberry ("Rubus" spp.), cranberry ("Vaccinium macrocarpon"), and blueberry ("Vaccinium" spp.); young shoots from briers ("Smilax" spp.); and acorns from oaks. There is a diverse range of other plants, to include a wide variety of shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes, ferns, mosses, and herbaceous wildflowers. Notable plants that may be seen along the trail include wild orchids; carnivorous plants such as the sundews ("Drosera" spp.), the pitcher plant ("Sarracenia purpurea"), and the bladderworts ("Utricularia" spp.); and the prickly pear cactus ("Opuntia humifusa").
39 species of mammals, 229 bird species, 59 reptile and amphibian species, and 91 fish species have been reported within the broad area of the Pinelands National Reserve. The number of native species, however, found in truly characteristic Pine Barrens, is much lower. Possums, chipmunks, squirrels, beavers, muskrats, mice, foxes, raccoons, weasels, mink, river otter, and white-tailed deer are some of the more common mammals seen in the Pinelands. Commonly seen amphibians include the green frog, leopard frog, carpenter frog, and the Fowler's toad. Common reptiles include the northern water snake, pine snake, hognose snake, eastern garter snake, northern fence lizard, eastern painted turtle, red-bellied turtle, spotted turtle, musk turtle, and snapping turtle. The only venomous snake in the New Jersey Pine Barrens is the timber rattlesnake, which is a state-listed endangered species. The Pine Barrens tree frog, a state-listed threatened species, has a population here that is disconnected from other populations in the Carolinas and the Florida Panhandle.
The Pine Barrens location makes it the fringe of both northern and southern species, such as the yellow fringed orchid.
Events.
The Annual Fall Endurance Walk on the Batona Trail is generally held on the first Sunday in November.
Batona Trail Races.
An annual "fat ass" style (no entry fee) ultramarathon event has been held running varying distances of the Batona Trail since 2014. The event became more structured in 2019 when Batona Trail Races began managing the event.
Brendan T. Byrne State Forest.
Byrne State Forest (formerly Lebanon State Forest) has more than of blazed trails, including its section of the Batona Trail. The system of trails includes trails for hiking, cross-country skiing, snow shoeing, mountain biking, and wheelchair accessible trails. The Batona Trail in this park permits hiking, cross-country skiing, and snow shoeing. The Batona Trail intersects with other trails in the park, allowing visitors to create various loops for day hikes. The Batona Trail through Byrne State Forest is maintained by the State Park Service and the Batona Hiking Club.
Wharton State Forest.
The portion of the Batona Trail through Wharton State Forest is maintained by the State Park Service and the Batona (BAck TO NAture) Hiking Club.
Carranza Memorial.
The Batona Trail passes the Carranza Memorial within Wharton State Forest. There is a monument dedicated to Captain Aviator Emilio Carranza, whose plane crashed here on July 13, 1928. Carranza was born in Mexico in 1905 and began flying at a young age, after fighting against the Yaqui in the Yaqui rebellion. At age 22, he made the third longest non-stop flight. Carranza crashed in the pinelands of Tabernacle, New Jersey, along what is now known as Carranza Road, while returning from a good-will flight to the United States from Mexico. Every year a ceremony is held on July 13 to remember Emilio Carranza's life and achievements.
Apple Pie Hill.
Apple Pie Hill is the highest point along the trail at above sea level. The hill sports a fire tower at the summit, providing impressive panoramic views across the region and making it a popular destination.
Bass River State Forest.
There is a system of eight additional trails in the state forest that connect to the Batona Trail. The Batona Trail through Bass River State Forest is maintained by the State Park Service, the Outdoor Club of South Jersey and the Batona Hiking Club.


List of ships of James Cook

Captain James Cook, FRS, RN (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European discovery of eastern Australia, Hawaii and undertook the first circumnavigation of New Zealand.
During his long career he served on a number of British ships.
Early career.
Cook served his early career in the merchant fleet mostly on colliers. he sailed on were:
Royal Navy Career.
In 1755 he joined the Royal Navy, and served on:
Command career.
All four ships were ex-colliers purchased by the Royal Navy as research vessels.


Truck Simulator

Truck Simulator is a vehicle simulation game series created by SCS Software. The first title in the series, "Euro Truck Simulator", was released on 29 August 2008 for Microsoft Windows and OS X and the first European-truck simulation established gameplay. The sequel to "Euro Truck Simulator", "Euro Truck Simulator 2", was released on 19 October 2012 for Microsoft Windows and in 2013 for Linux.
Games.
"Euro Truck Simulator".
The first "Euro Truck Simulator" was released on 29 August 2008 for Microsoft Windows and OS X and the first European-developed truck simulation of the games. Players choose their starting country from Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (versions 1.2 and 1.3 only). Initially, players only have access to their starting country, unless it contains fewer than three cities, in which case one or more adjacent countries will be accessible as well. For example, if players start the game in Italy or Switzerland, they get connection to the other for free. From there, players choose their first truck with a budget of 100 000 €.
After this, players can start taking jobs from various fictitious companies and delivering cargo to various cities in their starting country to earn money. This money can then be spent on a new truck, upgrading the current truck, expanding the business to other countries, and obtaining a license to drive flammables and chemicals.
The game features European truck models with working instruments such as flashing indicators, temperature and low fuel warning lights, wipers, and gauges. The trucks included are fictionalized variants of the Mercedes-Benz Actros (known as Majestic), the Renault Magnum (known as Runner), the Scania R-series (known as Swift), and the Volvo FH16 (known as Valiant).
"Euro Truck Simulator 2".
The direct sequel to the "Euro Truck Simulator", "Euro Truck Simulator 2", was released on 19 October 2012 for Microsoft Windows and in 2013 for Linux. Players choose their starting city from various locations in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary (in the "Going East!" extension), Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
At first, the player can only take what are known as quick jobs. These quick jobs involve the delivery of trailers and goods from one factory (garage) to another (usually involves delivery between different town and states). The quick jobs are offered by logistics and delivery companies in the game and all fuel, servicing, and highway toll fees and costs are paid by the employer (the delivery companies). Therefore, when doing quick jobs, no paying of tolls, fuel, and servicing fees are required. As the player earns money or takes out bank loans, they can eventually afford to buy themselves a truck, which they can buy from truck dealers and truck showrooms (note that the truck dealers and showrooms must be 'discovered' first). With enough money, players can acquire a home garage, and start making more money by delivering cargo using their own truck instead of just being a driver for hire (freight market). Money earned in the game can be spent on upgrading or purchasing new trucks, hiring NPC drivers to take on deliveries (relevant employment agency must be 'discovered' first), buying more garages, and expanding the home garage to accommodate more trucks.
The player gains experience points after each delivery which increases the player's level, and a skill point is awarded after each level-up. Skill points can be used to unlock deliveries that require different ADR classes, longer distance deliveries, special cargo loads, fragile cargo loads, urgent deliveries, and eco-driving. This progression allows the player to take on better-paying jobs.
The game features seventy-seven cities in thirteen countries, over twenty types of cargo, and over fifteen fictional European companies.
The game included two new truck companies, Scania and Renault Trucks, with MAN returning from the original game. DAF, Iveco, Mercedes-Benz, and Volvo trucks were not officially licensed and had their names changed to DAV, Ivedo, Majestic, and Valiant, respectively. Later updates included the official license for DAF, Iveco, and Volvo, and the official branding for the DAF XF, Volvo FH16, and Iveco Stralis. In January 2013 SCS Software announced a downloadable content package called "Going East!", expanding the game map into Eastern Europe. The DLC saw the introduction of thirteen new cities across Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and a new country, Hungary, and was released in September 2013. Unusually, Mercedes-Benz did not want their name to be in "Euro Truck Simulator 2", and were still referred to as "Majestic". The Mercedes-Benz license was added to the game with version 1.18.1.
"American Truck Simulator".
"American Truck Simulator" takes place in North America, and features over 100 cities. The game features American-style conventional trucks, instead of the European cab over trucks found in the previous two games, and was released on 2 February 2016.


Hurden railway station

Hurden railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Schwyz and municipality of Freienbach. The station is located on the Rapperswil to Pfäffikon line that crosses the Seedamm between the two shores of Lake Zurich. It takes its name from the nearby village of Hurden.
The station is an intermediate stop on Zurich S-Bahn service S40, and were formerly hourly served by the S5 train service.


Semi-trailer

A semi-trailer is a trailer without a front axle. In the United States, the term is also used to refer to the combination of a truck and a semi-trailer; a tractor-trailer.
A large proportion of a semi-trailer's weight is supported by a tractor unit, or a detachable front-axle assembly known as a dolly, or the tail of another trailer. The other portion of the semi-trailer's weight is semi-supported (half-supported) by its own wheels, which only support the rear of the semi-trailer. A semi-trailer is normally equipped with landing gear (legs which can be lowered) to support it when it is uncoupled. Many semi-trailers have wheels that are capable of being totally dismounted and are also relocatable (repositionable) to better distribute load to bearing wheel weight factors. Semi-trailers are more popular for transport than full trailers, which have both front and rear axles. Ease of backing is cited as one of the semi's chief advantages. A road tractor coupled to a semi-trailer is often called a semi-trailer truck or "semi" in North America & Australia, and an articulated lorry or "artic" in the UK.
Semi-trailers with two trailer units are called B-doubles (Australian English) or tandem tractor-trailers, tandem rigs, or doubles (American English). Other terms used are "B-train" or (when there are three or more trailers) "road train". A double-trailer combination is possible with the use of a dolly, or "converter dolly" (Australian and American English), essentially one to three additional axles placed under the front of a second semi-trailer. The first semi-trailer is connected to the power unit using the tractor's fifth wheel coupling while the converter dolly, already attached to the second semi-trailer, is connected to the first semi-trailer with a drawbar. In Australian English, the tractor unit is called a "prime-mover", and the combination of a prime-mover and trailer is known as a "semi-trailer", "semi" or single.
Properties.
Invented by August Fruehauf in 1914
Road tractors and semi-trailers carry a large part of the transport. With 1,170,117 million tonne-kilometers transported this way in the European Union, including the UK, road tractors and semi-trailers are 77.6% of the total tonne-kilometers transported in 2015, according to Eurostat.
In road haulage, semi-trailers predominate over full trailers because of their flexibility. The trailers can be coupled and uncoupled quickly, allowing them to be shunted for loading and to be trucked between depots. If a power unit fails, another tractor can replace it without disturbing the cargo.
Compared with a full trailer, a semi-trailer attached to a tractor unit is easier to reverse, since it has only one turning point (the coupling), whereas a full trailer has two turning points (the coupling and the drawbar attachment). Special tractors are known as shunt trucks or shuttle trucks can easily maneuver semi-trailers at a depot or loading and unloading ferries. These tractors may lift the coupling so the trailer legs clear the ground.
A rigid truck and full trailer are articulated inside the cargo area length, so a semi-trailer can have a longer continuous cargo area. Because of this, a semi-trailer can haul longer objects, (logs, pipe, beams, railway track). This depends on the legislation; in some European countries, a full trailer can be as long as a semi-trailer. However, since a rigid truck is longer than a semi-tractor, this increases the overall length of the combination, making it less maneuverable.
For heavy haulage or for increased manoeuvrability, some semi-trailers are fitted with rear-wheel steering, controlled electro-hydraulically.
The wheels on all or some of the rear axles may be turned through different angles to enable tighter cornering, or through the same angle (so-called 'crab' steering) to move the rear of the trailer laterally.
Couplings.
The two types of couplings are fifth wheel coupling and automatic. In some applications, no separable coupling is fitted, and the trailer is bolted to the tractor unit, using a bearing, and rocker feet as are used under a fifth wheel skid plate.
Fifth wheel coupling.
The towing vehicle has a wide coupling plate known as a fifth wheel coupling bolted onto its chassis on which the semi-trailer rests and pivots. As the tractor reverses under the trailer, a kingpin under the front of the trailer slides into a slot in the skid plate, and the jaws of the fifth wheel close onto it. The driver has to raise the trailer legs manually, and couple the airbrake lines and electrical cables. Some low-set trailers such as lowboys/low-loaders and car transporters have electrically-powered landing gear due to the necessarily low clearance prohibiting conventional landing gear.
Automatic couplings.
Many years ago, automatic couplings predominated, but have not been used now for around 50 years. Automatic couplings were generally used for payloads of or less, e.g. on the Scammell Mechanical Horse.The Scammell coupler was initially very popular and fitted to many other makes of truck
No coupling plate is used on the tractor; a turntable is permanently fixed to the underside of the trailer. This locks to the chassis of the tractor. When the tractor reverses under the trailer, its legs rise and the brake and electrical connections are made automatically. Almost the entire coupling and uncoupling procedure is operated by the driver from inside the cab, except that he or she has to descend to release (or apply) the trailer parking brake.
Types.
Different types of semi-trailers are designed to haul different cargoes.
Common widths are , and . Generally speaking, most North American type trailers use two axles with dual-tire hubs totaling 8 wheels, while most European type trailers use three axles with single-tire hubs totaling 6 wheels, with one of the axles being able to be lifted for lighter loads and saving on tire, brake, and axle wear. Nearly all sufficiently tall modern trailers are equipped with a rear underride guard to prevent cars from passing beyond the rear edge of the trailer, and most also have side underride guards for the same reason. There are also other smaller differences with regards to kingpin depth, lighting, door locks, et cetera, though most purpose-built tractor trucks can carry most types of trailer regardless of which continent it was built on and the differences therein.
Tank trailer.
A tank trailer is a semi-trailer specifically designed to carry liquids, fluids and gases.


Spynie Canal

Spynie Canal is a canal in Moray, Scotland, which lies between Elgin and Lossiemouth. It drains into the River Lossie near its mouth at Lossiemouth.
History.
Spynie Canal was created as the culmination of attempts to drain Loch Spynie (which survives as a small loch) and the low-lying areas between Spynie Palace and Lossiemouth, the surplus water flowing through sluice gates at Lossiemouth. Thomas Telford was consulted in 1808 and the contractor for the work 1808–11 was a Mr Hughes, who had worked on the Caledonian Canal. The unprecedented floods of 1829 caused considerable damage and subsequently dykes were thrown up along the canal's banks.


Rocket Madsen Space Lab

Rocket Madsen Space Lab (often called RML Spacelab) was a laboratory established by engineer and convicted murderer Peter Madsen on 16 July 2014 in Copenhagen, after he left Copenhagen Suborbitals.
Rocket Madsen Space Lab was located in the Horizontal Assembly Building (HAB) of the old B&W shipyard at Refshaleøen in Copenhagen. In this building Peter Madsen researched, developed and built rockets based on H2O2 / polyurethane hybrid engines.
In preparation was "Flight Alpha", which was expected to reach an altitude of 14 km.


Mercury (automobile)

Mercury is a defunct division of the American automobile manufacturer Ford Motor Company. Created in 1938 by Edsel Ford, Mercury was marketed as an entry-level premium brand for nearly its entire existence, bridging the price gap between the Ford and Lincoln model lines. Competing against Oldsmobile within General Motors, Mercury also competed most directly against Chrysler's DeSoto, Hudson and Studebaker in the mid-priced field.
From 1945 to its closure, Mercury was half of the Lincoln-Mercury Division of Ford, forming a combined sales network distinct from Ford. Through the use of platform sharing and manufacturing commonality, Mercury vehicles shared manufacturing commonality with Ford or Lincoln (or both concurrently), serving as counterparts for vehicles from both divisions. Lincoln-Mercury also served as the sales network for Continental (1956–1960), Edsel (1958–1960) and Merkur (1985–1989).
In 2010, Ford Motor Company announced the closure of the Mercury brand in an effort to focus on the Ford and Lincoln brands, ending production at the end of 2010. The final Mercury automobile, a 2011 Mercury Grand Marquis, rolled off the assembly line on January 4, 2011. Mercury remains an active, registered trademark of Ford.
History.
During the mid-1930s, Ford Motor Company was again in danger of being left at a competitive disadvantage to both of its largest competitors (despite the continuing success of its new V8-powered product line). In contrast to the comprehensive line of brands from General Motors (seven) and Chrysler Corporation (four), in 1935, Ford offered only its namesake brand and the cars of Lincoln Motor Company. One of the most expensive vehicles built and sold in the United States, the Lincoln Model K was rivaled in price by the Cadillac V-16, the Packard Eight and Duesenberg Model J.
As a solution, Ford launched its own version of the 1920s General Motors Companion Make Program, leading the company to expand from two nameplates to five by the end of the decade. For 1936, Ford introduced the Lincoln-Zephyr sub-marque of Lincoln, giving the line a V12 car to compete against the LaSalle, Chrysler Airstream, and Packard One-Twenty. For 1938, Ford gained a sub-marque of its own with the higher-price De Luxe Ford, a V8 car with model-specific interior and exterior trim.
In 1937, Edsel Ford began work on Mercury as the first completely new Ford Motor Company brand. While the nameplate was briefly used by Chevrolet for 1933 (Chevrolet Mercury), the Roman god name was personally selected from over 100 potential model and marque names.
In November 1938, four Mercury body styles were debuted at the New York Auto Show by Edsel Ford, including a two-door and four-door sedan, along with a two-door convertible and a two-door (trunked) sedan coupe; body design was overseen by E.T. 'Bob' Gregorie. While similar in concept to the modestly restyled De Luxe Ford, the V8 Mercury was an all-new car-sized between Ford and the Lincoln-Zephyr.
1939–1940s.
For the 1939 model year, Mercury made its debut with a namesake vehicle line as a completely new design. Sized between Ford and Lincoln, Mercury adopted a wheelbase ( longer than Ford, shorter than the Lincoln-Zephyr) with a body wider than Ford. To streamline production, Mercury did not use a division-specific engine, offering a version of the Flathead V8 (producing ).
Over 65,800 1939 Mercurys were sold, at a starting price of $916 (approximately $16,090 in 2016 dollars). Following the popularity of Mercury, Ford revised its branding, with De Luxe Ford repackaged as a trim line; following the 1940 discontinuation of the Lincoln Model K, all Lincolns were Lincoln-Zephyrs (including the Continental).
For 1941, as part of its first redesign, the Mercury adopted the Mercury Eight nameplate used in sales literature. To consolidate development and production, the Mercury Eight shared much of its bodyshell with Ford, distinguished by its longer wheelbase. To further separate the two model lines, the Eight was given a model-specific grille, exterior and interior trim, and taillamps. For the first time, the Eight was offered as a wood-bodied station wagon.
For the shortened 1942 model year, 24,704 Mercury vehicles were produced. Before production was suspended, several major changes were introduced. For the first time, the Flathead V8 was offered with in standard form. As part of an interior redesign, the Eight received a dashboard configured similar to the Lincoln Zephyr. To compete with Fluid Drive (Chrysler) and Hydramatic (General Motors), the 1942 Mercury offered Liquamatic, the first semi-automatic transmission offered by Ford Motor Company. Shared with Lincoln, Liquamatic proved complex and unreliable, with many systems replaced by conventional manual transmissions.
Following the rise of Henry Ford II as Ford president, on October 22, 1945, Ford Motor Company merged Mercury and Lincoln Motor Company into a combined Lincoln-Mercury division. In an effort to fully establish a brand structure within Ford Motor Company, Lincoln-Mercury functioned as a combined division while marketing both namesake model lines. While the Lincoln-Zephyr reentered production, the Zephyr nameplate was discontinued (Lincoln discontinued the Continental after 1948).
On November 1, 1945, the first 1946 Mercury Eights rolled off the assembly line. In line with Lincolns, Fords, and virtually all American-manufactured vehicles, 1946 production was functionally unchanged from 1942. The grille underwent a minor redesign, reintroducing vertically-oriented trim. As few were installed before production ended, the unpopular Liquamatic transmission did not return as an option. Through 1947 and 1948, few major changes were made.
In 1949, Ford Motor Company launched its first all-new post-war designs for all three of its model lines. To gain exposure for both Lincoln-Mercury brands, the Lincoln was given the same bodyshell as the 1949 Mercury Eight, largely distinguished by headlight and grille designs; Mercury and Lincoln would feature separately-trimmed interiors. Mechanically, each brand offered its own version of the Ford Flathead V8.
For many years after its production, the 1949–1951 Mercury Eight (most commonly in a two-door form) would develop a following as a street rod, making an appearance in several films.
1950s.
The 1949 redesign of the Mercury model line proved successful, with the division increasing its sales six-fold over 1948, becoming the sixth-most popular brand in the United States. In contrast to medium-price brands from Chrysler and General Motors (or independents such as Nash, Hudson, or Packard), Mercury continued to offer the Eight as its sole model line.
For 1950, the Monterey name made its first appearance, denoting a special edition of two-door coupes (alongside the Lincoln Lido and Ford Crestliner). Intended to compete against the hardtop coupes from General Motors, the Monterey simulated the appearance of a convertible through the use of a canvas or vinyl roof (though with a pillared roofline). During the year, the one-millionth Mercury vehicle was produced. In 1951, Mercury regained an automatic transmission option (for the first time since the 1942 Liquamatic), with the "Merc-O-Matic" 3-speed automatic (a rebranding of Ford Cruise-O-Matic).
For 1952, Mercury redesigned its model line, with two nameplates replacing the Eight. The Monterey returned as a distinct model line, slotted above the base-trim Custom; both shared bodies with Lincoln. In 1953, the expansion of the model line proved successful; after emerging from a war-depressed market, Mercury nearly doubled in sales, ranking eighth. While Mercury would have subsequently higher yearly sales, at 5%, this is the largest market share ever held by the division. For 1954, Ford replaced the long-running Flathead V8 (dating from 1932) with an overhead-valve Y-block V8, with Ford and Mercury receiving their own versions of the engine. As a submodel of the standard Monterey hardtop, the Monterey Sun Valley was introduced, featuring a fixed-panel acrylic glass sunroof. While offering an open-air interior, the Sun Valley was difficult to market in warm-weather climates (as the glass panel warmed the interior to uncomfortable temperatures).
In 1955, Mercury underwent a redesign of its model line. While again sharing much of its bodyshell with Lincoln, the division adopted the three-model range of Ford. As its premium model range, the Montclair was introduced above the Monterey (including the Sun Valley glass-top hardtop, for its final year). The revision proved successful, as Mercury reached its then-highest sales. The divisional structure of Ford was revised; Lincoln-Mercury was split (largely to accommodate the formation of the Continental division) In 1956, Mercury renamed the Custom the Medalist (to avoid confusion with the Ford Custom).
For 1957, Mercury redesigned its model range, with a wheelbase sized between Ford and Lincoln. In a move upmarket, the slow-selling Medalist was discontinued, with the Monterey becoming the standard Mercury line. Previewed by the 1956 XM-800 concept car, the Turnpike Cruiser (the pace car of the 1957 Indianapolis 500) was slotted above the Montclair, distinguished by its quad headlamps and retractable rear window. In line with Ford, Mercury station wagons became a distinct model line, with the Commuter, Voyager, and Colony Park; all Mercury station wagons were hardtops.
In 1958, to accommodate the introduction of Edsel, Ford revised its divisional structure, with Mercury, Edsel, and Lincoln forming a combined division (M-E-L). The Edsel Citation and Edsel Corsair shared their chassis (and roofline) with Mercury, with the entire division overlapping Mercury in price (a key reason behind its failure). The Park Lane was introduced as a flagship model line on a wheelbase (with the Turnpike Cruiser becoming part of the Montclair line). Shared with Lincoln (and the Ford Thunderbird), Mercury introduced a "Marauder" V8; optional on all Mercurys, a "Super Marauder" version became the first mass-produced engine to be rated at .
For 1959, Mercury underwent a revision of its body, expanding to a wheelbase. Coinciding with the discontinuation of the Edsel Corsair and Citation, Mercury produced its own body and chassis (for the first time since 1940). The division pared several slow-selling model lines, including the Turnpike Cruiser and Voyager; the two-door Commuter was in its final year.
As with many medium-price brands, the Mercury brand was hit hard by the economy of the late 1950s. While remaining eighth in sales from 1957 to the end of the decade, Mercury saw a 60 percent drop in sales in 1958, outranked by Rambler in sales. While outselling the heavily-marketed Edsel by over a two-to-one margin; it would take nearly 1958 and 1959 combined to match the 1957 sales total.
1960s.
While affecting the American automotive industry as a whole, the economic recession of the late 1950s had the harshest impact upon medium-priced brands. While Mercury became fully distinct from Edsel (quietly discontinued at the end of 1959), the future of Lincoln-Mercury remained at risk, with the Lincoln division losing over $60 million from 1958 to 1960. In response, several Ford executives (led by Ford President Robert McNamara), proposed ending the losses by streamlining Ford Motor Company down to its namesake division. McNamara (prior to leaving Ford to become Secretary of Defense) allowed the division to remain, under several conditions. Lincoln reduced its model line down to the Lincoln Continental (with a much smaller exterior footprint); to establish model continuity, the division shifted to a nine-year model cycle (the longest for an American brand). To downsize its body and lower production costs, Mercury was to adopt the Ford body (on its own wheelbase). In place of the five divisional bodies produced in 1958 (Ford, Lincoln/Continental, Mercury, large Edsel, small Edsel), Ford trimmed its full-size range to two for 1961 (Ford/Mercury, Lincoln).
For 1960, Mercury entered the compact car segment (a year before Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac) with the introduction of the Mercury Comet. Originally developed for Edsel, the Comet was sold without Mercury divisional badging until 1962 (similar to the original Valiant from Plymouth). The Mercury counterpart of the Ford Falcon (stretched to a wheelbase), the Comet was given four headlights instead of two; the standard engine was a inline-6 (becoming the first Mercury ever sold without a V8 engine).
For 1961, Mercury introduced all-new full-size cars, shifting from a division-exclusive chassis to a wheelbase version of the Ford Galaxie. The Montclair and Park Lane were withdrawn in favor of the Monterey, Commuter, and Colony Park. The Mercury Meteor was introduced as an entry-level full-size range; as with the Comet, the Meteor was originally developed as an Edsel before its closure.
For 1962, Mercury revised its model line, matching it closer to Ford. To eliminate overlap with the Monterey, the Meteor nameplate was adopted for an intermediate, giving Mercury a counterpart of the Ford Fairlane. For non-station wagons, Mercury introduced "S" sub-models to market sportier content; along with higher performance powertrains, the option packages included full-length consoles, floor shifters, and bucket seats with the S-22 (Comet), S-33 (Meteor), and S-55 (Monterey).
For 1963, two different rooflines were introduced on the Monterey as an option. Similar to the Turnpike Cruiser and 1958–1960 Continental, Mercury offered a "breezeway" reverse-slant rear window. In stark contrast to the breezeway roofline, Mercury offered the "Marauder" fastback roofline (shared with the Ford Galaxie 500XL); its aerodynamics helped Mercury gain ground in stock-car racing.
By the middle of the decade, the Mercury division had secured its future. No longer entangled with the failure of the Edsel brand, the brand competed closely against Buick, Oldsmobile, the middle of the Chrysler range, and the top of American Motors range. For 1964, the full-size range underwent a revision; the Montclair and Park Lane were reintroduced above the Monterey, with the Meteor and S-models withdrawn. For 1965, the full-size models underwent a redesign; while still sharing the underpinnings of the Ford Galaxie, many styling elements were adopted from Lincoln, with advertising marketing them as "built in the Lincoln tradition".
For 1966, the Comet shifted into the intermediate segment, effectively replacing the Meteor. For full-size Mercurys, multiple rooflines were gradually phased out, with the fastback Marauder roofline discontinued in 1966 and the Breezeway roofline discontinued in 1967. After a two-year hiatus, the S-55 returned for 1966.
In 1967, Mercury introduced its two most successful nameplates, the Cougar and Marquis. Introduced as a counterpart of the Ford Mustang, the Cougar was intended to bridge the gap between the Mustang and Ford Thunderbird; the Cougar would go on to become the counterpart of the Thunderbird for 20 years. The counterpart of the Ford LTD, the Marquis was developed as a competitor of the Chrysler New Yorker, the Oldsmobile Ninety Eight, and Buick Electra. In various forms, the Marquis nameplate would survive until the closure of Mercury in 2011. For 1967 it was available as a formal-roof 2 door hardtop. Mercury's most luxurious 4 door model for 1967 was the Brougham, equipped like the Marquis, and available as a sedan or a hardtop. It featured a "Breezeway" rear window that could be lowered 2 inches, and effectively replaced the blocky Breezeway roofline used on earlier Mercurys.
For 1968, the Mercury model range underwent several revisions. The Mercury Montego replaced the Comet as the intermediate model range (based on the Ford Torino). Introduced in 1964 as a performance-oriented submodel of the Comet, the Mercury Cyclone became a standalone model range slotted above the Cougar; the aerodynamically-optimized Cyclone Spoiler II was homologated as the 1969 Mercury entry for NASCAR.
For 1969, the full-size Mercury line was given an all-new body and chassis. While again shared with Ford, the Mercury model line underwent a major revision, with the Marquis expanded to a full model range (alongside the Ford LTD) and the Colony Park no longer marketed as a separate series; the Park Lane and Montclair were discontinued. Serving as a replacement for the S-55, the Marauder became a standalone full-size model, competing against the Oldsmobile Toronado and Buick Riviera, powered with an available V8. To differentiate the Marquis from the Ford LTD, Mercury introduced hidden headlights for the model line. While still based on the Ford Mustang, the Cougar was available as a pony car or a muscle car, with an "Eliminator" performance package with an available 428 Cobra Jet V8.
1970s.
During the 1970s, the product line of the Mercury division was influenced by several factors that affected all American nameplates. While sporty cars would not disappear from the division, Mercury refocused itself further on building high-content vehicles.
1970 marked the entry of Mercury into the subcompact segment. In place of selling its own version of the Ford Pinto, the division commenced captive imports of the Capri (European Ford Capri) from Cologne, Germany. Slightly larger than the Pinto, the Capri was marketed as a compact sports car rather than an economy car, becoming the first Ford Motor Company car in North America sold with a V6 engine. While sold through Lincoln-Mercury, Capris sold in North America from 1970 to 1978 had no divisional identification.
For 1971, Mercury gradually distanced itself away from performance vehicles. The Marauder and Marquis convertible were discontinued, with the Brougham name making its return. Restyled along with the Mustang, the Cougar was repackaged as a competitor of the A-body coupes (Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Pontiac Grand Prix) of General Motors. Slotted below the Montego, the Comet made its return as a counterpart of the Ford Maverick (sharing much of its chassis underpinnings with the 1960 Comet).
At the other end of the performance spectrum from the Capri, Lincoln-Mercury began imports of the De Tomaso Pantera in 1971. Assembled in Modena, Italy, the Pantera was a two-door, mid-engine coupe powered by a Ford V8.
For 1972, the intermediate Montego line (based on the Ford Gran Torino) was redesigned with a body-on-frame chassis, creeping into full-size dimensions. After years of losing market share to the Cougar, the Cyclone was quietly discontinued.
The 1973 model year brought major functional changes to the Mercury line, the fuel crisis notwithstanding; in various forms, all Mercury cars were given 5-mph bumpers. The Marquis and Monterey were given an exterior update, adopting a "pillared hardtop" roofline (frameless door glass supported by a thin B-pillar). As American manufacturers shifted away from convertibles, the final convertible produced by Ford Motor Company during the 1970s was a 1973 Mercury Cougar.
1974 marked several significant changes throughout the Mercury model range, transitioning towards higher-content model lines. The Cougar underwent a redesign, shifting from the Mustang chassis to the Torino/Montego chassis, becoming the counterpart of the Ford Elite; in what would later set the design precedent for the model line for over two decades, the Cougar was styled as a Mercury version of the Ford Thunderbird. The Montego saw a revision to its model range, as its fastback body style was discontinued.
For 1975, the Mercury model range underwent a series of transitions. Following the discontinuation of the long-running Monterey, the Marquis became the sole full-size Mercury nameplate; to expand the model range, a new Grand Marquis was slotted between the Marquis Brougham and the Lincoln Continental. Intended as the successor for the Comet, the Monarch led to a completely new market segment: the luxury compact car. The model line was met with success, with examples used as personal cars among Ford executives (including Henry Ford II). Following the 1974 discontinuation of its engine, Lincoln-Mercury ended its sales of the DeTomaso Pantera.
1976 saw the expansion of the smallest end of the Mercury model line. Introduced in Canada in 1975, the Bobcat was the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Pinto, sharing its coupe, hatchback, and station wagon body styles. The Capri was restyled with a hatchback and was renamed the Capri II. The Capri II (devoid of any divisional branding) became the second most-imported car in the United States (behind the Volkswagen Beetle).
For 1977, Mercury made significant revisions to improve sales to its intermediate model range (its slowest-selling models). While technically a mid-cycle model update, the Montego was replaced by the Cougar, with the latter offering sedan and station wagon body styles for the first time. The Cougar base coupe, sedan, and wagon were counterparts of the Ford LTD II, with the Cougar XR-7 hardtop becoming a counterpart of the Ford Thunderbird. The revision was well-received, as Cougar sales nearly tripled. In contrast to the downsized model ranges introduced by General Motors, the long Marquis/Grand Marquis was powered by a V8 (the second-largest displacement engine used in an American automobile).
1978 commenced the modernization of the Mercury model range, marked by the introduction of the Zephyr compact, replacing the Comet. The counterpart of the Ford Fairmont, the Zephyr marked the introduction of the Fox platform, a rear-wheel drive chassis architecture that underpinned some compact and mid-size Ford and Lincoln-Mercury vehicles from the 1970s into the early 2000s. After ending the importation of the Capri II in late 1977, leftover examples were sold through the 1978 model year. Of the 580,000 vehicles sold; nearly four out of every ten 1978 Mercurys were Cougars.
For 1979, Mercury continued its modernization; as the division shifted away from performance vehicles at the beginning of the decade, the fuel crises of 1973 and 1979 sparked the decline of the landyacht. Two years after General Motors downsized its full-size model lines, Mercury introduced a downsized Marquis; while nearly matching the Cougar sedan in exterior footprint, the 1979 Marquis gained interior space over its 1978 predecessor. The Capri made its return, shifting from German-produced captive import to counterpart of the Ford Mustang; for the first time, the Capri adopted Mercury divisional branding. Bolstered by the redesign of the Marquis and the popularity of Cougar XR7, the Mercury brand reached its all-time sales peak, with nearly 670,000 vehicles sold.
1980s.
As Lincoln-Mercury entered the 1980s, Mercury continued the modernization of its model line, redesigning its entire lineup between 1978 and 1982. Since the early 1960s, the use of platform sharing had left Ford and Mercury model lines styled virtually the same, differing only by grilles, wheels, badging, and minor trim. Through the decade, designers sought to give Mercury its own brand identity while maximizing production resources. Initially associated with full-size sedans and personal luxury cars, Mercury also diversified its model range.
For 1980, Mercury ended the model overlap between the Marquis and Cougar, as the latter was downsized into the mid-size segment. In another change, the Cougar model range was pared down to the XR7 coupe. A longer-wheelbase version of the Zephyr, the Cougar XR7 was a direct counterpart of the Ford Thunderbird. Poorly received by critics and buyers, sales of the model line collapsed (to less than one-third of 1979 levels). Struggling to compete against newer designs, the aging Bobcat and Monarch were in their final years of production.
1981 saw Mercury revise its model line to combat falling sales. A standard trim of the Cougar replaced the Monarch; a counterpart of the Ford Granada, the Cougar was largely a Zephyr with a formal roofline and Marquis-influenced fascias. As in 1977, the expansion of the model line nearly doubled Cougar sales (though far below its previous rate). Replacing the Bobcat, the Mercury Lynx was introduced as the counterpart of the Ford Escort. The first front-wheel drive vehicle of the brand, the Lynx (as an option) offered the first diesel engine for a Mercury; three and five-door hatchbacks were offered along with a five-door station wagon. For the first time, Mercury used the "GS" and "LS" trim nomenclature; in various forms, it would be used through the 2011 model year.
In 1982, Mercury introduced its first two-seat vehicle; the Mercury LN7 was marketed as a counterpart of the Ford EXP. To distinguish the LN7, the rear hatchback was fitted with a compound-curve rear window. For the first time since 1977, the Cougar was offered as a station wagon (replacing the otherwise identical Zephyr wagon, as Mercury shifted the model line upward in price). While struggling against the Mustang GT in sales, the Capri RS also was given the 5.0L V8.
1983 saw a major model revision within Ford and Mercury, involving full-size and mid-size model lines. Within the context of Mercury, most revisions were centered around the Cougar model range. Reverting to its traditional role of a two-door coupe, the Cougar XR7 underwent a complete exterior redesign; adopting a far more aerodynamic body than its predecessor, the Cougar was styled with a notchback roofline (the Thunderbird, a fastback). Under a mid-cycle model revision (to improve its aerodynamics), the Cougar sedan and wagon took on the Marquis nameplate (Ford renaming the Granada the LTD). As the most popular full-size Mercury since 1979, the Grand Marquis became a distinct model line (alongside the Ford LTD Crown Victoria). The Zephyr was discontinued after 1983 and replaced by the front-wheel drive 1984 Topaz. Selling far under sales projections (less than 5,000 were sold for 1983), the two-seat LN7 was withdrawn in favor of its Ford counterpart. Buoyed by Cougar sales, Mercury was the fifth-highest selling brand in the United States (the highest it would ever finish).
For 1984, the introduction of the front-wheel drive Mercury Topaz further ended model overlap within Mercury. The counterpart of the Ford Tempo, the Topaz replaced the Zephyr while offering a sedan counterpart of the Lynx (in a similar context to the Volkswagen Jetta and Golf). Along with advancing the use of aerodynamic exterior design, the 1984 Topaz became the first Lincoln-Mercury vehicle to offer a driver-side airbag (as an option). The Topaz also marked the first appearance of the Mercury "stacked angle" brand emblem, used through the 2011 model year. The introduction proved successful, with the entire division selling nearly 500,000 vehicles.
1985 saw few revisions to the Mercury model line, largely in preparation for 1986. For the first time since 1980, the Cougar received a complete redesign of its interior, including an (optional) electronic instrument panel. As a 1985½ model, the Lynx underwent a mid-cycle update, adopting flush headlamps and a black-painted grille (in line with the Topaz). Intending to repeat the success of the 1970s Capri, Lincoln-Mercury began sales of the Merkur (see below), a captive import from West Germany aimed at European entry-level luxury cars.
In 1986, Mercury made a substantial change to its mid-size line as the Mercury Sable was introduced to replace the Marquis. Along with a transition to front-wheel drive, the conservative design of the Marquis was to be replaced by one of the most aerodynamic sedans in the world (at the time). While sharing most of its body with the Taurus (including its doors, roof, hood, and front fenders), the two sedans were externally distinguished by differently-styled C-pillars, taillamps, and the introduction of a low-wattage "lightbar" grille, which would become adopted by several Mercury car lines in the late 1980s. To match the Sable, the Topaz underwent a minor exterior update, receiving composite headlamps and a lightbar grille. Lincoln-Mercury continued sales of the Marquis alongside its successor through the end of the model year (retiring the Brougham trim).
1987 saw Mercury revise its model lines in a move upmarket. The Cougar underwent an extensive mid-cycle revision (sharing only the doors with the 1986 body). To distinguish itself from the Ford Thunderbird Turbo Coupe, the Cougar XR7 adopted a 5.0L V8 engine. More popular than the Cougar in 1980, the Capri was discontinued for 1987 (after being outsold nearly 10 to one by the Mustang). For the last time, Mercury offered the Lynx and the Grand Marquis two-door sedan.
For 1988, Mercury underwent multiple product revisions and updates. For the first time since 1979, the Grand Marquis underwent an externally substantial update (to slightly improve its aerodynamics); the rarely-produced two-door sedan was withdrawn. The Topaz sedan was redesigned, adopting a more "notchback" rear roofline than the Tempo; a grille (initially) replaced the lightbar. Taking the role of the Lynx, the Mercury Tracer was the first Mercury car since 1960 with no US-market Ford equivalent. The first Mercury assembled outside of North America, the Tracer was derived from the Mazda-designed Ford Laser (derived from the Mazda 323); American production was sourced from Japan and Mexico while Canadian production was imported from Taiwan.
1989 saw the 50th anniversary of the Mercury division, producing various commemorative editions of the Cougar, Sable, and Grand Marquis. For the third time since 1980, the Cougar underwent a ground-up redesign, adopting a completely new chassis alongside the Thunderbird (keeping its notchback roofline). Growing significantly in wheelbase (to improve interior room and handling), the Cougar was benchmarked in design against European premium luxury coupes. For the first time, the Sable saw an exterior update (a revision to the lightbar to aid grille ventilation). Far under sales projections, Lincoln-Mercury ended sales of the Merkur brand (see below).
During the 1980s, Mercury had largely succeeded in modernizing its model line and gradually separating its brand identity between Ford and Lincoln. While Mercury was among the last brands to downsize and would have disastrous results downsizing its mid-size model lines (with the 1980-1982 Cougar), Mercury was among the first brands to integrate aerodynamic body design into its model lines and downsized its compact model lines (replacing the Zephyr with the Topaz). In contrast to other American automobile manufacturers, as the 1980s progressed, elements of Mercury design shifted further from divisional (Ford) counterparts. Originally intended for replacement, the Grand Marquis (the most profitable model line) saw little change in contrast to its smaller counterparts.
Merkur.
For the 1985 model year, Ford chose to revisit the success of the 1970s Mercury Capri, with participating Lincoln-Mercury dealers launching the Merkur brand. Drawing its name from the German word of Mercury, Merkur sold German-produced captive imports designed by Ford of Europe, competing against European executive cars sold in North America from Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Saab, and Volvo (along with the launch of Acura).
At its launch, Merkur introduced the Merkur XR4Ti sports coupe, a federalized version of the Ford Sierra XR4i (renamed in deference to General Motors). For the 1988 model year, the Merkur Scorpio was introduced, bringing the Ford Scorpio flagship sedan of Ford of Europe to North America.
Following the 1989 model year, Merkur was discontinued as a result of several factors. The combined model line fell below sales projections, partially due to an unstable exchange rate between the US dollar and the West German mark; at US$25,000 (approximately $ in current dollars), the Scorpio rivaled the Town Car in price, yet bore a close resemblance to the Taurus and Sable. Merkur remains one of the shortest-lived brands in the modern American automotive industry.
1990s.
As Ford ended the Merkur division in 1989, the Mercury division itself began a major transition during the 1990s. As distinguishing itself from counterpart Ford (and Lincoln) models was a key factor, renewing the model line was imperative. During the 1990s, the division would see major redesigns of its best-selling model lines and would diversify its product line by introducing its first minivan and SUV product lines.
While remaining a counterpart of the Ford Thunderbird, the Cougar underwent a complete redesign for 1989. While remaining the only rear-wheel drive vehicle in its segment (alongside the Thunderbird), its all-new chassis was benchmarked against premium European luxury coupes, allowing for major upgrades to its handling; a much longer wheelbase increased its interior room (inside a slightly smaller body). For the first time, no V8 engine was offered for the Cougar (returning for 1991). At the other end of the size scale, the Mercury Capri was revived (for the second time) as an imported four-seat convertible produced by Ford of Australia. Developed as a competitor to the Mazda MX-5, the Capri was mechanically derived from the Mazda 323 (although the Capri and MX-5 were unrelated to each other).
After a two-year hiatus, the Mercury Tracer returned for 1991 as the smallest Mercury model line. A successor to the previous generation, the Tracer was now a clone of the Ford Escort, as both model lines became near-twins of the Mazda Protegé. The hatchbacks were discontinued, now offered only as a four-door sedan and a five-door station wagon. After 12 years nearly unchanged, the Colony Park wood-trim station wagon was discontinued after a short 1991 model year, losing ground to minivans, full-size vans, and large SUVs.
For 1992, the Mercury model line would undergo an extensive update, introducing new generations of its best-selling model lines. While adopting the style of the successful previous generation (and its chassis), the Sable carried over only its doors and roof. After 12 years nearly unchanged, the Grand Marquis underwent a larger-scale redesign, sharing no body commonality with the previous generation. While the chassis was carried over, it underwent major handling upgrades, marking the introduction of the first overhead-cam V8 engine in an American-brand car. Far more aerodynamic than its predecessor, the exterior of the Grand Marquis was better-received by the marketplace than that of the Chevrolet Caprice and Buick Roadmaster (and the Ford Crown Victoria); sales of the model line doubled from 1991 to 1992, leading it to become the best-selling Mercury sedan through much of the 1990s.
The product of a joint venture with Nissan, the Mercury Villager was launched as a 1993 model as the first Lincoln-Mercury minivan (Mercury never marketed the Ford Aerostar). Deriving its name from Mercury wood-trim station wagons, the Villager was produced by Ford alongside Nissan Quest; both vehicles shared a chassis and engine with the Nissan Maxima. Intended as a competitor to the Chrysler Town & Country and Oldsmobile Silhouette, the Villager was sized between the two sizes of Chrysler minivans. Mercury sales rebounded in 1993 to over 480,000, their highest level since the 1978 all-time high. In the mid-1990s the brand received some free advertising when country music star Alan Jackson scored a hit with a 1993 cover of K. C. Douglas' "Mercury Blues", a song which heaped praise on their vehicles. Ford later used a different version of the song in its truck advertising. It was also this year that television star Kate Jackson came on board as a regional spokeswoman for the Lincoln-Mercury sales division, promoting the Mercury models through the 1997 model year.
As the 1990s progressed, several product changes were less well-received by buyers. Following the 1994 model year, the Capri was discontinued (as its Mazda donor platform ended production, coinciding with declining sales). For 1995, the Topaz was replaced by the Mystique, offered only as a four-door sedan. Derived from the Ford Mondeo "world car", the compact Mystique was developed as a mid-size car outside of North America but was criticized for the small interiors (in comparison to competitive vehicles). For 1996, the Sable underwent a second redesign, with Ford stylists further distinguishing the Sable and Taurus from one another. The redesign was poorly received by critics and buyers, leading to sales to fall by one-third from 1996 to 2000. For 1997, the Tracer was redesigned alongside the Ford Escort; in contrast to the redesign of the Sable, the Tracer differed from the Escort in its grille and badging.
Following the introduction of the Oldsmobile Bravada and the Acura SLX, Mercury introduced the Mercury Mountaineer for 1997, entering the mid-size luxury SUV segment. Derived from the Ford Explorer (itself derived from the Ford Ranger at the time), the Mountaineer differed from the Explorer in its fitment all-wheel drive (rather than four-wheel drive); a V8 engine was standard (initially). The Mountaineer introduced the silver "waterfall grille", a styling theme adopted on nearly all succeeding Mercury vehicles. After overall market demand shifted away from large two-door coupes, 1997 was the final model year for the Mercury Cougar (alongside the Ford Thunderbird).
The discontinuation of the full-size Buick Roadmaster and Chevrolet Caprice by General Motors after 1996 led to an increase in sales of the Grand Marquis, rising nearly 20 percent from 1996 to 1997. For 1998, the model line underwent a mid-cycle redesign; in a more visible update, to appeal to retail buyers, the Ford Crown Victoria adopted the more formal roofline of the Grand Marquis.
1999 marked multiple changes to the Mercury line. After skipping the 1998 model year, the Cougar made its return, becoming its own model line. A second generation of the Villager was introduced; alongside the Nissan Quest, the model line adopted a driver-side sliding door. The sedan line was faced with reduction, as both the Tracer and Mystique were in their final model year.
2000–2011.
By the beginning of the 2000s, the Mercury division began to struggle in efforts to modernize its brand image. While sales of the Grand Marquis were highly profitable (then its best-selling model line), the mid-60s average buyers' age was nearly two decades higher than what Lincoln-Mercury dealers sought to attract into showrooms. Through the 2000s, multiple efforts were made to attract younger buyers to the brand, involving product changes and replacements.
Following the withdrawal of the Tracer and Mystique after the end of 1999, Mercury was left with the Sable and Grand Marquis. For 1999, the Cougar made its return under a completely new model identity, becoming a compact sports coupe. Beginning life as the third-generation Ford Probe, the new Cougar adopted the chassis of the Mystique (becoming front-wheel drive for the first time). In a first for the nameplate, the Cougar was marketed with no Ford equivalent (though badged as a Ford Cougar in export markets). After meeting with initial success (outselling its previous-generation namesake for 1999 and 2000), sales declined; the Cougar was discontinued a final time after 2002 (as Ford shifted to a new generation of the Mondeo).
After the discontinuation of the Cougar, Mercury began a series of model introductions to further expand its model line. After a hiatus of over three decades, the Mercury Marauder made its return, developed as a 2000s competitor to the 1994–1996 Chevrolet Impala SS. Derived from the Grand Marquis, the Marauder was designed with higher-performance suspension and powertrain upgrades (sharing its engine with the Ford Mustang Mach 1). As with the Impala SS, the Marauder was styled with a nearly monochromatic exterior (with most examples produced in black). Due to lack of marketing, the Marauder was discontinued after 2004.
After 2002, Ford ended its joint venture with Nissan to produce the Villager, leaving the division out of the minivan segment. For 2004, the Villager was replaced by a revived Mercury Monterey; a direct counterpart of the Ford Freestar. Introduced as a direct counterpart of the Chrysler Town & Country, the Monterey struggled to establish market sales as the minivan segment in North America declined as a whole; after 2007, the Monterey was discontinued alongside the Freestar.
During 2005 and 2006, three new vehicles were added to the Mercury model line. To bring Lincoln-Mercury its first compact SUV, the Mercury Mariner was introduced as a counterpart of the Ford Escape/Mazda Tribute. The sedan line underwent a major revision, as Mercury replaced the Sable with two different vehicles. The larger sedan, the 2005 Mercury Montego, was a full-size sedan (a counterpart of the Ford Five Hundred); while close in exterior footprint to the Sable, the interior packaging of the Montego more closely matched the Grand Marquis. The smaller sedan, the Mercury Milan (a counterpart of the Ford Fusion) was sized closely to the first-generation 1986 Sable.
Following the discontinuation of the Lincoln Aviator, many of its features were adopted by the Mountaineer SUV as part of its 2006 redesign to further distinguish it from the Ford Explorer.
While the introduction of "F" nameplates by Ford was met with controversy in the mid-2000s, the reaction to "M" nameplates by Mercury for its product range was much less extreme. Before the 1980s, the division had used the practice for many of its product lines; several recognized nameplates were revived by the brand (Marauder, Montego, Monterey). While the Milan was outsold by its Ford Fusion counterpart (by a significant margin), the product line met with relative success, overtaking the Grand Marquis as the best-selling Mercury sedan in 2008. The Montego struggled to gain market share against competitive sedans, partly due to model overlap with the Grand Marquis (in contrast, Ford had long ended marketing for the Crown Victoria and ended retail of the model line after 2007).
In 2008, Ford introduced an advertising campaign starring actress Jill Wagner that focused exclusively on attracting female drivers to the Mercury brand in hopes of making it more relevant and profitable (standing in stark contrast to its late 1960s "The Man's Car" ad slogan). The campaign was a failure, narrowing the brand image and buyer appeal of the division even deeper, and sales continued to fall. Outsold by the Grand Marquis by nearly five-to-one for 2007, the Montego was renamed the Sable for 2008. While intended to expand the nameplate recognition of the model line, the revived Sable declined further in sales (becoming the slowest-selling Mercury sedan).
Discontinuation.
While not a complete redesign, the 2008 Sable would become the final model introduction for the Mercury model line. Through the mid-2000s, Ford began to pare down the Mercury model line, ending the development of direct counterparts of new Ford model lines. Alongside the lack of a Mercury version of the Ford Focus in 2000, no version of the Ford Edge, Freestyle/Taurus X, or Flex entered production (the Edge and Flex were offered by Lincoln as the MKX and MKT, respectively). Except for the Grand Marquis (which had overtaken and replaced the Ford Crown Victoria in retail sales), following the Cougar, each Mercury sedan and SUV was produced with a direct Ford divisional counterpart.
On June 2, 2010, Ford announced the closure of the Mercury line, effective at the end of the year as the company concentrated its marketing and engineering efforts on the Ford and Lincoln model lines. In terms of overall sales in North America, the Mercury brand held a 1 percent share (compared to the 16 percent share of Ford). After selling under 93,000 vehicles for 2009, Mercury had sold fewer vehicles than either Oldsmobile or Plymouth prior to their discontinuation. At the time, Mercury vehicles were sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Middle East. For 2010, 93,165 Mercury vehicles were sold, nearly 265,000 fewer than in 2000.
For its two slowest-selling model lines, Mercury ended the Sable and the Mountaineer after the 2009 and 2010 model years; the two vehicles completed their model cycles without replacement. The Mariner, Milan, and Grand Marquis were produced through the end of 2010 for a shortened 2011 model year. On January 4, 2011, the final Grand Marquis was produced by Ford of Canada as the final Mercury-brand vehicle. As Ford announced the closure of the Mercury brand, signage related to the brand began to disappear from Lincoln-Mercury dealers. To reflect the change completely, the Lincoln division renamed the Lincoln Motor Company (its name before World War II) in December 2012.
Mercury in Canada.
During the middle of the 20th century, the small dealership network of Ford Motor Company in Canada necessitated some branding changes to attract buyers into showrooms. This was especially the case in smaller, rural communities in need of trucks, as these areas were served by either a Ford or a Lincoln-Mercury dealer, but rarely both. Mirroring General Motors in Canada, Monarch competed against Oldsmobile while Meteor competed against Pontiac; Mercury trucks competed against GMC.
Following the demise of Edsel and its effects on the Lincoln-Mercury division, Ford largely integrated its model lines across the United States and Canada by the end of the 1960s.
Monarch.
From 1946 to 1957, to attract buyers of medium-price vehicles, Ford of Canada marketed the Monarch brand in their dealership network. Using much of the body and trim of the Mercury, Monarch was a three-model line with the Richelieu, Lucerne and Sceptre matching the Mercury Monterey, Montclair, and Park Lane, respectively.
Ford of Canada replaced Monarch with the Edsel brand for 1958; a poor reception to Edsel in Canada led to the return of Monarch for 1959. The same year, the Ford Galaxie was introduced, shifting the Ford brand upward in price and content; fearing brand overlap with the Galaxie, Ford of Canada ended the Monarch brand after the 1961 model year.
In 1975, the Monarch nameplate would again become associated with Mercury (in both the United States and Canada), becoming the counterpart of the Ford Granada.
Meteor.
From 1949 to 1976, Lincoln-Mercury of Canada marketed the Meteor nameplate as its lowest-price brand to compete in lower-price markets (most closely against Pontiac). In contrast to the Mercury (and the Monarch) of the 1950s, which was derived its body from Lincoln, the Meteor combined a Ford body with a Mercury grille and trim. The brand was marketed as a four-model counterpart of the Ford line (Meteor, Niagara, Rideau; Montcalm was added in 1959 to match the Galaxie).
For 1962 and 1963, Lincoln-Mercury of Canada dropped the Meteor brand, coinciding with the introduction of the namesake Mercury product line and as Mercury distanced itself from Lincoln in price at the beginning of the 1960s. In 1964, Meteor was revived in Canada (replacing the Mercury Monterey in the same market). In 1965, Meteor returned the Rideau and Montcalm names, using a Ford Galaxie body with a Mercury grille. For 1967, its equivalent of the LTD was named the Montego, renamed the LeMoyne for 1968 (as Mercury adopted the Montego name).
In 1968, Lincoln-Mercury of Canada added Mercury badging to Meteor vehicles, gradually beginning to integrate Meteor into its model line. After 1976, the Rideau and Montcalm were discontinued, combined as a base Meteor trim level for the Mercury Marquis in Canada; Lincoln-Mercury of Canada dropped the Marquis Meteor after the 1981 model year.
Trucks.
To increase the availability of its truck lineup in Canada, Ford introduced Mercury-badged trucks in Lincoln-Mercury dealerships in 1946. Initially rebadging the Ford F-Series light trucks as the Mercury M-series, the product range was expanded to include Mercury-badged versions of the medium-duty Ford F-series (and its school bus chassis variant), the C-Series COE truck, and a Mercury version of the Econoline. Sharing nearly identical bodywork with Ford trucks, Mercury-badged trucks were largely distinguished by a division-specific grille and exterior trim and badging.
Sold only in Canada, Ford ended sales of Mercury-badged trucks after 1968 (sales of the Mercury version of the C-Series COE continued through 1972); during the 1960s, the M-series shifted closer in appearance to its Ford counterpart. Following the withdrawal of the M-series, Mercury permanently ended pickup truck production, not marketing another light truck until the 1993 Villager minivan.
Brand identity.
Logo.
The first logo of the Mercury brand was its namesake, the Roman god Mercury. Towards the early years of the brand, Mercury used its Roman namesake in a silhouette profile (with signature bowl hat with wings, as shown in the image). This logo was briefly revived for 2003–2004, used in the alloy wheel centers of the Mercury Marauder.
In the mid-1950s, Mercury introduced "The Big M", the namesake letter with horizontal extensions at its bottom; at the time, Mercury was a prime sponsor of "The Ed Sullivan Show." After 1959, the "Big M" was replaced by a crest emblem. In various forms, Mercury would use a crest emblem on its vehicles through the end of the 1980s. While upper-trim models (such as the Grand Monarch Ghia or Marquis) would feature a crest on the hood or grille, lower-trim models (such as the Monterey or Montego) featured a crest in places such as the wheels. For a time, the Marquis (later Grand Marquis) used a modified version of the Lincoln star emblem.
Following the 1967 introduction of the Mercury Cougar, the branding of Mercury vehicles changed; similar to the Ford Mustang pony emblem, the Cougar adopted its own "prowling cat" logo. During the 1970s, the Cougar became the most popular Mercury vehicle, with a "Sign of the Cat" advertising campaign launched by the division. For 1977, the Cougar logo was revised from a "prowling cat" to a "cat-head" emblem, later adapted by the Mercury Lynx, Mercury LN7 and the Mercury Capri.
In 1984, Mercury introduced what would become its final brand emblem (pictured in the article information box). Centered in the grille, the silver Mercury emblem is a set of three stacked obtuse angles (also in silver). Introduced with the Mercury Topaz, the emblem was adopted by the Lynx and Sable, with the Grand Marquis/Colony Park adopting it in 1988 (on hood ornaments and wheels). In 1999, the emblem saw a minor revision, with the word "Mercury" added to the top half of the emblem. The emblem became the final design featured for a hood ornament of an American-brand automobile, offered as an option for the Grand Marquis for 2005 (for a single year).
Grille design.
The Mercury styling of the brand is most commonly associated with a waterfall-style grille. First making an appearance in the 1946 Mercury Eight, the design was revived in the 1961–1964 Monterey/Colony Park. The design would reappear in the debut of the Mercury Cougar, as designers sought to differentiate the model from the Ford Mustang. During the 1970s, the vertical waterfall grille design was adapted by nearly all Mercury vehicles (except for the Capri and Comet).
In 1986, as part of the introduction of the Mercury Sable and a revision of the Mercury Topaz, the division introduced a "lightbar" front grille. Using low-power light bulbs, the grille between the headlights was illuminated. By 1992, the feature was adapted by all Mercury vehicles (except for the Cougar and Grand Marquis).
In 1997, as part of the introduction of the Mercury Mountaineer SUV, Mercury reintroduced the chrome vertical "waterfall" grille. In place of the radiator-style grille of Lincoln, several grille shapes were initially used, before the division adapted a rectangular grille opening in the mid-2000s.
"Breezeway" roof.
In 1957, Mercury introduced the Mercury Turnpike Cruiser, featuring a roofline with a retractable rear window. From 1958 to 1960, the feature made its return on the Continental Mark-series line, with a reverse-slant rear window (on both hardtops and convertibles). For 1963, Mercury reintroduced the feature as an option for the Monterey; to streamline production, elements of the window design were shared with Ford station wagons. From 1963 to 1966, the optional reverse-slant roofline with retracting rear window was unique to Mercury, featured by no other American brand.
Branding.
Following the replacement of the Mercury Eight by the Mercury Monterey in 1952, the division adopted a nameplate nomenclature for its model lines. For the next six decades, the later Montclair, Medalist, Meteor, Marauder, Montego, (Grand) Marquis, Monarch, Mystique, Mountaineer, Milan, and Mariner all used nameplates starting with ""M"." Beginning the 1967 debut of the Mercury Cougar, several nameplates were derived from big cats, including the Bobcat and Lynx (with the Sable also adopting an animal name).
Mercury woodgrain-trim station wagons used the "Villager" nameplate, in line with the Ford "Squire" name. Reviving a nameplate used by Edsel wagons, Mercury used the nameplate for all station wagons from the 1960s to the 1980s (except for the Colony Park). After becoming dormant in the early 1980s, the Villager name returned in 1993 (as the Mercury Villager minivan).
From the 1980s to the 2000s, Mercury adopted a common trim nomenclature across its model lines, with "GS" standing for a base-trim model and "LS" as a high-trim version. For performance-oriented trims, XR was used (Cougar XR7, Topaz XR5, and Capri XR3). From the mid to late-2000s, Mercury shifted its trim nomenclature in line with Lincoln, with full words replacing letter-based designations.


Punti Kayu LRT station

Punti Kayu Station () is a station of the Palembang LRT Line 1. The station is located between station and station.
The station was opened on 24 September 2018, after the 2018 Asian Games had concluded.


Greenham Lock

Greenham Lock is a lock on the Kennet and Avon Canal, at Newbury, Berkshire, England.
Greenham Lock was built between 1718 and 1723 under the supervision of the engineer John Hore of Newbury. The canal is administered by the Canal & River Trust. The lock has a rise/fall of 8 ft 11 in (2.72 m).


Mankki railway station

Mankki railway station (, ) was a station on the VR commuter rail network located in Espoo, Finland, between the stations of Kauklahti and Luoma. The station had two tracks, with track one serving trains towards Kirkkonummi and the other towards Helsinki. The platform in the direction of Helsinki is a very rare wooden platform. Mankki was the least used station in the Espoo area, with only 60-100 passengers per day before its closure. Because of the very low number of passengers, the station was closed on 27th of March 2016.
Connections.
Only the U and early morning/late night L trains between Kirkkonummi and Helsinki stopped at Mankki giving approximately an hourly service, but the faster S trains did not stop. The regional Y trains between Karis and Helsinki also passed through the station without stopping.


Gogoro

Gogoro is a Taiwanese company that developed a battery swapping refueling platform for urban electric two-wheel scooters, mopeds and motorcycles. It also develops its own line of electric Smartscooters and offers its own vehicle innovations to vehicle maker partners like Hero, Yamaha, Aeonmotor, PGO, eReady and eMOVING.
On April 21, 2021, Gogoro announced a strategic partnership with the world's top two-wheel vehicle maker, Hero MotoCorp, to rollout its Gogoro Network battery swapping in India.
In December 2020, analyst firm Frost & Sullivan recognized Gogoro as the, '2020 Global Company of the Year Award for the Swappable Battery Electric Scooter Market.'
Gogoro was founded in 2011 by Horace Luke and Matt Taylor. In its year of inception, Gogoro secured $50 million in seed funding from Dr. Samuel Yin of Ruentex Group and Cher Wang. In October 2014, Gogoro raised an additional $100 million in Series B funding from a collection of investors. In November 2015, Gogoro announced a $30 million round of investment from Panasonic and Taiwan's National Development Fund. In September 2017, Gogoro announced a $300 million Series C round of investment from Singapore's Temasek, Generation Investment Management, co-founded by Al Gore, Japan's Sumitomo Corporation, and French utility Engie, increasing the Smartscooter innovator's capital up to US $480 million.
Gogoro Smartscooter, the first consumer product from Gogoro, was revealed at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas in January 2015. Along with the scooter, Gogoro announced a battery-swapping network under the name Gogoro Energy Network.
Gogoro Network.
The Gogoro Network is a modular battery swapping infrastructure designed to be deployed in cities for electric refueling of two wheel vehicles like scooters, mopeds and motorcycles. Riders would be able to swap out depleted batteries at a network of kiosks called GoStations for a monthly subscription fee. According to Gogoro, as of April 2021 in its pilot market of Taiwan, Gogoro Network had 370,000 riders and managed more than 175 million battery swaps, 265,000 per day, through its 2,000 GoStations.
The Gogoro Smartscooter was the first vehicle to be integrated into the Gogoro Network in 2015.
The network also includes the Powered by Gogoro Network program through which other manufacturers of electric motor scooters can build scooters which utilize the Gogoro Network infrastructure. As of April 2021, Gogoro has seven vehicle maker partners including Hero, Yamaha, Aeonmotor, PGO, eReady, eMOVING and Gogoro.
Israel is one of the first markets outside of Taiwan which Gogoro has explored.
Gogoro Network in Taiwan.
In July 2015, Gogoro Smartscooter was launched in Taiwan, a country with the highest scooter density in the world. By the end of the same year, more than 4,000 Smartscooters were sold and its market share in Taiwan's electric scooter market hit 33.94%. According to Gogoro, in 2016 the company had a GoStation less than every 1.3 kilometers in Taipei.
In February 2021 the network consisted of 1,959 GoStations and more than 764,000 battery packs. 66 of the GoStations in 2021 were Super GoStations which were larger than regular GoStations with the ability to service up to 1,000 riders a day.
Products.
Gogoro 1 Smartscooter.
Released in 2015. The Gogoro Smartscooter is an electric scooter designed for urban transportation. It's powered by an electric motor developed by Gogoro, which is marketed as the G1 Aluminum Liquid Cooled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. Instead of plugging into an outlet to recharge, the Smartscooter runs on swappable Panasonic lithium ion 18650 batteries.
Gogoro 2 Smartscooter.
Released in 2017. The second model of Gogoro.
The company states the following figures for the Smartscooter based on internal testing:
The Smartscooter's sensors collect information such as speed, battery level, consumption rate, system failures, and scooter falls. This information is presented to riders via Gogoro mobile apps.
Gogoro Viva.
In September 2019, Gogoro unveiled the Viva Smartscooter, a smaller electric scooter that provided a smaller option for customers.
Partners.
Gogoro has announced the following strategic partnerships:


Japan National Route 35

 is a national highway connecting Takeo and Sasebo in Japan.


Holon Junction railway station

Holon Junction railway station is a railway station on the Rosh HaAyin–Beersheba line. The station is located at the Holon Interchange (the intersection of the South Ayalon Highway and Highway 44) which separates Tel Aviv-Yafo from its southern suburb Holon.
With 629,715 passengers recorded in 2019, it was the least-used station in the Tel Aviv District.
Train service.
All trains serving the Rosh HaAyin–Beersheba line stop at this station, as well as at all stations of the line.
On most weekday hours there is a train every 30 minutes each direction. On rush hours there is a train every 15 minutes each direction. Some of the southbound trains terminate at Rishon LeZion Moshe Dayan or Ashkelon and do not continue to Be'er Sheva.
Public transport connections.
Local service.
From Holon.
From Holon there are serval bus routes in high frequency. The routes stop at Levi Eshkol blvd, except routes 189/289 at their northbound direction that stop at Ben Tzvi Road.
From Bat Yam.
From Bat Yam the station is served by bus route 26.
Regional and intercity bus service.
On highway 44 there is a big number of regional bus routes and intercity bus routes but most of them are regular buses and some of them have low frequency.


Automotive industry in Taiwan

Automotive industry in Taiwan refers to the automotive industry in Taiwan.
Manufacturers.
In total, there are around 3,000 automotive-related companies in Taiwan. Hotai Motor accounted for 28.8% of the total cars sold in Taiwan, followed by China Motor Corporation (10.9%), Yulon Nissan Motor Corporation (9.6%) and Honda Taiwan (7.7%).
Exports and imports.
Around 41.7% of vehicles sold in Taiwan were imported. In 2016, around 75% of automotive parts and components produced in Taiwan were exported, mainly to United States (43%, valued at NT$67.8 billion), Japan (6%, valued at NT$9.5 billion), Mainland China (5%, valued at NT$8.2 billion) and United Kingdom (4%, valued at NT$5.6 billion).
Economy.
Annually, there are 400,000 cars sold in Taiwan. In total, the output of the entire automotive industries in Taiwan accounted for almost 3% of Taiwan's gross domestic product. In 2016, the output of automotive industry in Taiwan amounted US$20 billion, which was divided into parts and components manufacturing (US$7 billion), domestic car production (US$6.5 billion) and vehicle electronics (US$6 billion). In 2013, the automotive industry output accounted for 2.7% of Taiwan's total manufacturing output.
Taiwanese firms increasingly invested in automotive electrification, 75% of Tesla, Inc.’s suppliers are Taiwanese. Taiwan is one of the few places in the world with a comprehensive EV supply chain and Taiwan is an integral part of global EV supply chains.
Research.
Automotive-related research institutes in Taiwan are Automotive Research & Testing Center and Industrial Technology Research Institute.


Ford Land Rover


Bodegraven railway station

Bodegraven is a railway station in Bodegraven, Netherlands. The railway station was opened in 1878, when the rail connection between Leiden and Utrecht was opened. The first station building had to be demolished in 1894 as a result of subsidence. The second building was destroyed in a fire in 1911. The current station was built in 1913.
The train service at this station received modern double decker units in 2007, previously being Old stock from the 1960s.
Train services.
The following services call at Bodegraven:


Kranji Expressway

The Kranji Expressway (Abbreviation: KJE) in Singapore connects from the BKE in Bukit Panjang and travels south-west to join with the PIE in Jurong West. Construction of the expressway started in 1990 and was completed in 1994. The expressway is also the second shortest of all the expressways at about .
History.
The new expressway was announced in 1990 because it probably pass through the estates in Jurong, Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Panjang, called Kranji Expressway.
It was completed in six stages. One of the most difficult jobs in laying the expressway was the clearing of large granite for which 300 kg of explosives were used. It had five different construction contracts. The entire network of linking roads came about by the construction of a highway connecting PIE at Hong Kah and BKE at Zhenghua. It was inaugurated on 4 March 1995 by Lim Hng Kiang.
It replaces some roads - Hong Kah Road, Hong Kah Lane, Jalan Beka, Jalan Pelawan, Jalan Jelawi, Jalan Dedali, Lorong Merawan, Lorong Kerubut, Jalan Beras, Jalan Bungar, Jalan Buey, part of Jalan Sabit, Lorong Puyu, Lorong Dengkes, Jalan Ara, Jalan Chapa, Lorong Jelubu and Kadlin Lane.


Vaterland Bridge

Vaterland Bridge () is a bridge that crosses the Aker River in the city center of Oslo, Norway.
History.
The bridge is located on the street Brugata, and connects the neighborhoods of Vaterland and Grønland. The bridge was originally built in 1654 and rebuilt during the 1830s. Vaterland bridge was the main entrance to the city from the north and east until the construction of Nybrua in 1827.


International Cruise Terminal Station, Mumbai

International Cruise Terminal Station Mumbai, a new international cruise terminal with a capacity to handle 500 passengers at a time, will be ready at the Mumbai Port by June 2019.


Sorgenfri station

Sorgenfri station is a station on the Hillerød radial of the S-train network in Copenhagen, Denmark. It serves Sorgenfri and the southern part of Virum. It is located at Hummeltoftevej 51 and is named for the nearby Sorgenfri palace.
History.
The station was established in 1936 in connection with the conversion of Nordbanen into an S-train line. The station opened on 15 May 1936. It was then located at present-day Lottenborgvej which was then called Hummeltoftevej and crossed the railway on a bridge.
The station was moved to the northwest in connection with the construction of the Lyngby Bypass in 1955. Hummeltoftevej was also moved north and the old road was renamed Lottenborgvej after the property Lottenborg.
Service.
Sorgenfri Station is served by B trains.


Albert premetro station

The Albert premetro station is an underground tram station located on the border between the municipalities of Saint-Gilles and Forest in Brussels, Belgium. The station is at the crossroad between the "Avenue Albert/Albertlaan" on the greater ring road and the "Chaussée d'Alsemberg/Alsembergsesteenweg" between the Forest park and the Saint-Gilles prison. The station is the last stop south of the North-South Axis, a tram tunnel crossing Brussels city center from Albert to the Brussels-North railway station. It is on tram routes 3 and 4 and evening route 33. There is a connection at ground level with tram route 51 as well as bus routes 48 and 54.


Ponte de Mem Gutierres

Ponte de Mem Gutierres is a Romanesque bridge in Portugal, located in the civil parish of Esperança e Brunhais, in the municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso. Crossing the river Ave in the district of Braga, the bridge connects either margin lined with picturesque houses.
History.
Limited by the Serra do Carvalho, Serra da Cabreira and Serra do Gerês, the bridge is situated in a cross-roads territory that links Braga with Chaves, across the Serra do Gerês, and between Braga and Guimarães. Its central location was important in groups that lived between this region, in particular during the Iron Age and Roman period of occupation. Many of the buildings that surround margins attest to the age associated with these periods.
Among many of the medieval structures, the "Ponte de Mem Gutierres" or "Ponte de Esperança" (as it is also known) was probably built between 14th and 15th century.
Due to its age and regional importance, it was included in the first Portuguese document to classify old structures as "National Monuments" in 1910.
In 1976, there was work to repair the pavement and reinforcements, with a project in 1977 to conserve and consolidate the arch.
Architecture.
The structure is a single arch bridge, consisting a vaulted arc, reinforced on either side of the margin. It has very narrow, long staves with irregular extrados, and reinforced with rectangular abutments. Constructed in granite stonework, the pavement was asphalted.


SP-77

The SP-77 is a highway in the southeastern part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The highway is known as Nilo Maximo for its entire length and begins within Jacareí, runs through Santa Branca and ends in Salesópolis.


Ringley Old Bridge

Ringley Old Bridge is an ancient stone bridge in Kearsley near Bolton, England which crosses the River Irwell, linking Ringley with Stoneclough. It has two large semi-circular arches, and a third smaller arch, for the tow path. It is a Grade II* structure, listed on 19 August 1986.
It was built in 1677, at a cost of £500. It replaced a wooden bridge, swept away by flood in 1673.


Laoag Airport Road

The Laoag Airport Road, also known as Airport Avenue, Airport Access Road, and Airport Road, is a national secondary road that connects the Manila North Road, referring to both MacArthur Highway and Pan-Philippine Highway, to Laoag International Airport.
The entire road is designated as National Route 100 (N100) of the Philippine highway network.


Sematan Airport

Sematan Airport is located in Sematan, Malaysia. There are no scheduled flights at this airport.


2K6 Luna

The 2K6 "Luna" (; ) is a Soviet short-range artillery rocket complex. Luna rockets are solid-fuel, unguided and spin-stabilized. "2K6" is its GRAU designation. Its NATO reporting names are FROG-3 (with 3R9 missile) and FROG-5 (with 3R10 missile). From 1965, the 2K6 Luna was replaced by the far more successful 9K52 Luna-M, which was known in the West as the FROG-7.
Design history.
The "Luna" system was developed in NII-1 from 1953, under the supervision of N. P. Mazurov. Luna followed the earlier designs 2K1 "Mars" and 2K4 "Filin". While NII-1 was responsible for the rocket, the launch and transporter-loader vehicles were designed by TsNII-58. The initial system name was S-125A "Pion". In 1957 the prototypes of the launch vehicle (SPU S-123A on "Ob'yekt 160" chassis), the transloader (TZM S-124A on "Ob'yekt 161" chassis) and the 3R5 rocket were ready for evaluations. These were carried out in 1958 in Kapustin Yar and in 1959 in the Transbaikal Military District. As a result of these evaluations, it was decided to abandon the TZM, to improve the SPU and to redesign the rocket. This led to the development of the 3R9 and 3R10 rockets. The decision to start series production was taken on 29 December 1959. The first five systems were ready in January 1960 after which the state acceptance trials were carried out until March of that same year. In 1960 the Luna system entered service with the Soviet Army where it remained until 1982. From 1960 till 1964, a total of 432 SPU 2P16s were produced. In the first year alone, 80 launch vehicles and 365 rockets were finished.
System description.
The missile complex consisted of
There have been a couple of variants of the launch vehicle, for example the 2P21, also known as Br-226-II, on ZiL-134 8x8 truck, but these never entered service.
The FROG-6 is, according to Western sources the NATO designator for the truck-based training system PV-65. Russian sources however claim that this system is the prototype of the Br-226-I launch vehicle on KrAZ-214.
Operational history.
Luna entered service in 1960 and remained in service with the Soviet Army until 1982. Each Motorised Rifle and Tank Division had one Rocket Battalion with two batteries, each with two 2P16s. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, 36 2K6 missiles (24 with conventional warheads, 12 with two-kiloton nuclear warheads) with six launchers were located in Cuba. Although some authorities dispute whether local commanders had authority to use nuclear weapons, they were present and it is argued that if pressured, Soviet soldiers might have used them.


Davos Platz railway station

Davos Platz railway station is a railway station in the municipality of Davos in the district of Prattigau/Davos in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.
It is the terminus of the Landquart–Davos Platz railway and the Davos Platz–Filisur railway. Northbound, there is an hourly service towards Landquart. Southbound, there is an hourly service to Filisur. The station also serves as a hub for local bus services. Davos Dorf station is located about 2.5 km northeast of Davos Platz.
RE2 runs express services along the Landquart-Davos line. R21 runs stopping services along the same line replacing RE2 services during early mornings and late evenings.
The station currently has three platforms in use.
Services.
The following services stop at Davos Platz:


Budapest (film)

Budapest is a 2018 French comedy directed by Xavier Gens. Two best friends with MBAs are bored in their jobs and start a travel business for bachelor parties in Budapest.
Plot.
Two best friends stuck in boring jobs become bachelor party planners in Budapest.
Release.
Film was released by Netflix on March 1, 2019.
Reception.
"TV Guide" reviewer Jordan Hoffman sees the French "Budapest" similar to the American "The Hangover" films only the party moves to Budapest. He writes: "The idea is to organize 'stag parties' for French bros who don't want to plan anything." The critic continues: "There's a little bit of realism and warmth in this dopey comedy." but "..."Budapest" is light fare. It goes down easy but also isn't too memorable."
Another reviewer wants to warn the viewer to know "The movie revels in raunchy out-of-control behavior, with lots of partying, nudity, sex ,,". Adult viewers may find the French comedy humorous but it may be over the head of a younger viewer.


Shahid Javan Station (Mashhad Metro)

Salamat Metro Station is a station of Mashhad Metro Line 2. The station is currently under construction.
References.
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Bob Twiggs

Robert J. "Bob" Twiggs is a Professor of Astronautics and Space Science at Morehead State University. He is responsible, along with Jordi Puig-Suari of California Polytechnic State University, for co-inventing the CubeSat reference design for miniaturized satellites which became an Industry Standard for design and deployment of the satellites.
More recently (2019?) he designed a smaller, simpler form factor called thinsat enabling high school students to design and build satellites. http://thinsat.org/
Education.
Twiggs earned a Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the University of Idaho in 1961 and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering with a concentration in microwave devices from Stanford University in 1964.
Career.
From 1985 to 1994, Twiggs was the director of the Weber State University Center for Aerospace Technology. He served as a consulting professor in the Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics from 1994 to 2008. At Stanford, he established the Space Systems Development Laboratory. Bob Twiggs became a professor at Morehead State University in 2009 in an effort to push the PocketQube standard leveraging the University's large aperture (21m) space tracking system, and to help develop a space economy in the state of Kentucky.


Gulf of Paria crossing

The Gulf of Paria crossing is a hypothetical bridge or tunnel spanning the Gulf of Paria that would connect the island of Trinidad and South America.
Background.
Trinidad was connected to Venezuela (as also with Tobago) during the last ice age by natural "land bridges" between them. Trinidad and Tobago are part of the continental shelf of South America, and Trinidad is, at its closest, only about from the South American mainland. A mere short distance, and visible across the Gulf of Paria on a clear day. At various stages of Trinidad's post independent history, members with the government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago have spoken of constructing a physical link between the islands of Trinidad and Tobago to physically unify the country. As public discussion and commentary ensued over feasibility and cost, an alternative proposal was made of constructing a shorter connection which would connect Trinidad and Venezuela.


Panormou metro station

Panormou is an Athens Metro Line 3 station, located at Panormou Ave., near Ambelokipi, Greece. It is also quite close to Kifissias Ave.
Cultural works.
Mihalis Katzourakis's "Mazareko" is at the station's concourse and platforms, consisting of coloured neon lights.


Cashelnagore railway station

Cashelnagore railway station served the village of Cashelnagore in County Donegal, Ireland.
The station opened on 9 March 1903 when the Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway opened their Letterkenny and Burtonport Extension Railway, from Letterkenny to Burtonport. It closed on 3 June 1940 when the LLSR closed the line from Tooban Junction to Burtonport in an effort to save money.