.300 AAC Blackout

The .300 AAC Blackout (designated as the 300 BLK by the SAAMI and 300 AAC Blackout by the C.I.P.), also known as 7.62×35mm is an intermediate cartridge developed in the United States by Advanced Armament Corporation (AAC) for use in the M4 carbine. Its purpose is to achieve ballistics similar to the 7.62×39mm cartridge, or even more similarly, the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge in an M4 while using standard M4 magazines at their normal capacities. 300 BLK ammunition cannot be used in a rifle chambered for 7.62×40mm Wilson Tactical. It is mainly derived from the .300 Whisper concept, but differs in having been submitted to the SAAMI.
History.
While 5.56×45mm NATO has enjoyed widespread acceptance in military circles, the nature of the missions encountered by some special operations groups often demand a round that provides better performance than that available in the high-energy, standard velocity rounds, and subsonic performance greater than standard 9mm (the ubiquitous pistol round also commonly used in many SMGs).
To meet this demand, AAC developed the 300 AAC Blackout in cooperation with Remington Defense. The new cartridge was intended to negate many of the perceived drawbacks inherent to other large caliber cartridges used in the M4. Colt Firearms and other arms makers had previously chambered AR-pattern rifles and carbines in various .30 caliber rounds but encountered problems. In the case of the 7.62×39mm, its relatively severe case angle caused feeding issues unless specially modified AK-47 magazines were used, and even then results were unsatisfactory. Modified bolts were also needed owing to its larger case head diameter. Rounds such as the 6.8 SPC and 6.5 Grendel had similar parts-interchangeability issues but did allow for the use of the standard M4/M16 30-round magazine, albeit with a reduced capacity.
Wildcat cartridges such as the .300 Whisper series addressed these issues, but their widespread use in single shot handguns and lack of industry standard cartridge dimension meant that a great number of the popular loads on both the supersonic and subsonic end of the spectrum were less than ideal in the AR pattern weapons. Many of these rounds required an excessively long overall cartridge length that would prohibit feeding in a STANAG magazine while using powder charges that were not compatible with the pressure requirements of the M4 carbine. This was particularly noticeable when using subsonic ammunition in conjunction with a suppressor as short stroking and excessive fouling would occur similar to that which was seen in the earliest variants of the M16 in Vietnam.
By keeping the M4/M16 in mind as the primary host during load development the designers could work up a host of cartridges that not only satisfied the ballistic requirements set forth, but also ensured mechanical reliability with the fewest changes to the weapon itself—with only a simple barrel change necessary for complete conversion.
Robert Silvers, director of research and development for AAC said, "We started development in 2009, but most of the work was done in 2010. A military customer wanted a way to be able to shoot .30-cal. bullets from an M4 platform while using normal bolts and magazines, and without losing the full 30-round capacity of standard magazines. They also wanted a source for ammunition made to their specs. We could not have just used .300-.221 or .300 Whisper because Remington is a SAAMI company, and will only load ammunition that is a SAAMI-standard cartridge. We had to take the .300-221 wildcat concept, determine the final specs for it, and submit it to SAAMI. We did that, and called it the .300 AAC Blackout (.300 BLK)."
300 AAC Blackout was approved by SAAMI on January 17, 2011.
On October 23, 2011, SSG Daniel Horner of the USAMU used 300 AAC Blackout to win his fourth USPSA Multi Gun National Championship.
Military use.
Netherlands.
In July 2015, the Netherlands' Defense Material Organization issued a tender for 195 carbines chambered in 300 BLK on behalf of the Dutch Maritime Special Operations Force (NL-MARSOF). The intention was to purchase ball, subsonic and lead-free frangible cartridges representing the first formal military adoption of the .300 AAC Blackout. In December 2016 the NL-MARSOF acquired 195 integrally suppressed SIG MCX carbines fitted with a new folding stock developed for use with ballistic visor helmets chambered in .300 AAC Blackout becoming the first publicly known military user of the cartridge.
United Kingdom.
On 14 July 2017, the UK Ministry of Defence issued a tender for a five year (plus five years optional) contract to supply .300 Blackout supersonic and subsonic small arms ammunition. Also noted was the fact that the ammunition type had already been in use.
Performance.
Supersonic ammunition muzzle velocities and muzzle energies by barrel length:
The 300 AAC Blackout was designed to achieve energies similar to the 7.62×39mm Soviet in an AR-15 while using standard AR magazines at their full capacity. The 7.62 Soviet's cartridge taper prevented reliable feeding in AR magazines and created wear on the bolt. From the barrel of the M4 Carbine, the M855 5.56×45mm round has an effective point target range of 500 meters. The bullet has significant drop, drift, and energy loss at that distance. From a barrel, a 300 BLK round has a lower velocity and similar bullet drop and drift at shorter distances. However, it has the same amount of energy at 700 meters that the M855 has at 500 meters. In terms of hit probability, the Blackout has an effective range of 460 meters. From a barrel, the 125 gr BLK round has the same muzzle energy as the M855 from the M4, and 5 percent more energy at 440 meters. In comparison with 7.62×39mm rounds, 300 BLK rounds with varying loads have a better ballistic coefficient and more energy out of similar length barrels. 300 BLK rounds like the Barnes TAC 110 grain, have "barrier blind" performance, being capable of penetration through several inches of different hard targets. 300 BLK allows a user to have one firearm with the capability of switching between subsonic, supersonic VMAX or barrier penetrating ammunition all with just the change of a magazine. It is able to replace the H&K MP5 for close quarters, and with just a magazine change, bring the fight to longer distances, outperforming the M4 carbine. The .30 caliber cartridge has an 89.1 percent increase in frontal bullet area over the 5.56×45mm, and so leaves a larger wound cavity in soft targets. It also penetrates deeper and initially yaws faster. 300 BLK rounds are effective out of barrels as short as . Weapons chambered for the round can be as light, compact, and quiet when suppressed as submachine guns like the 9×19mm MP5, 5.7x28mm FN P90, and 4.6×30mm MP7 while having more energy and accuracy at longer range.
Compared to the 6.8×43mm Special Purpose Cartridge, another round made to have increased stopping power over the 5.56 NATO, the 300 Blackout has different capabilities. The 300 BLK was designed with a specific shorter-range focus to have equal or more energy than the 7.62 Soviet and work reliably with suppressors. The earlier 6.8 SPC was simply designed to have more energy at all ranges than the 5.56×45mm. It has a relatively small projectile with a high velocity that maintains performance at range. At , the 300 BLK drops lower than the 6.8 SPC, while it drops lower at . The 6.8-round has a higher muzzle energy of due to its greater velocity, while the 300 BLK round has a muzzle energy of . Both rounds were made to be used in an easily converted AR-15. The 6.8 SPC has a more difficult conversion because it was designed around the obsolete .30 Remington cartridge, requiring a different bolt and decreasing standard magazine capacity. The 300 BLK was made specifically for ease of conversion, so the standard bolt will work and a magazine can be used to its full capacity, so the only change needed is the barrel & gas system.
Potential hazards.
The very advantage of the 300 BLK (its similarity to the popular .223/5.56 caliber) can also be a safety issue if ammunition of the two calibers is mixed. Because of similar chamber dimensions between the two calibers, SAAMI has listed the combination of using a 300 BLK round in a .223 chamber as unsafe. Since the bullet of the 300 BLK is larger than the bore of the .223 caliber, chambering and firing causes excessive pressure to build up since the bullet has nowhere to go, which can cause the rifle to explode resulting in risk of injury or death. Since the mix up can easily be done, some suggest owners of firearms in both calibers carefully separate firearm and ammunition of the two types by, for instance, clearly marking the firearms and magazines, and visually inspect every round while loading magazines. Whether a 300 BLK cartridge actually is able to chamber in a .223 barrel depends on bullet length and shape, bullet seating depth, crimping, and the volume of powder charge. Ideally, cartridges would use one of the longer projectiles, a case-filling powder charge, and have the projectile crimped into place.


Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland

Walter Steward of Dundonald (died 1246) was 3rd hereditary High Steward of Scotland and Justiciar of Scotia.
He was the eldest son of Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland but which wife of Alan's was his mother is not clear. He was the first member of the House of Stuart to use Stewart as a surname, and was designated "of Dundonald".
He witnessed a charter by King Alexander II, under the designation of "Walterus filius Alani, Senescallus, Justiciar Scotiae" and it may be that seal which Nisbet described pertaining to Walter Hereditary High Steward of Scotland. Around the seal it states "Sigill. Walteri filii Allani".
Family.
Walter married Bethóc, daughter of Gille Críst, Earl of Angus by his wife, Marjorie, youngest daughter of Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon and his wife, Ada de Warenne.
They were parents of:


Aunese Simati

Aunese Makoi Simati, born 22 April 1967, is a Tuvaluan diplomat. He was Tuvalu's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 20 December 2012 to July 2017.
He studied at Waikato University (New Zealand), obtaining a Master's degree in social science (economics and geography). He worked as a civil servant in the Tuvaluan Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Industries from 1991 to 2003, in the Department of Planning, rising to the position of Senior Assistant Secretary in that department in 1999. In 2003, he was promoted to the position of Acting Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Communications and Transport, then became Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development in 2005; he returned to the Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Industries, as Permanent Secretary, in 2006.
In 2009, he began a diplomatic career, being appointed Permanent Secretary in the Department of Foreign Affairs, within the Office of the Prime Minister (who at that time was Apisai Ielemia). The following year, he was appointed as Tuvalu's High Commissioner to Fiji. On 20 December 2012, he presented his credentials to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, as Tuvalu's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He simultaneously served as Tuvaluan Ambassador to the United States, having presented his credentials to President Barack Obama on 14 January 2013.


Pramod Kale

Pramod Kale (born 4 March 1941) is an Indian engineer who has worked for the Indian Space Research Organisation in various leadership roles.
Early life and education.
He was born on 4 March 1941 in Pune, India. Kale completed his matriculation in 1956 from the M.C. High School, Vadodara and went on to study at Fergusson College in Pune. He completed his BSc Physics from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in 1960 and then his MSc (Physics-Electronics) from Gujarat University, Ahmedabad in 1962.
Career.
While studying for his MSc he worked at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad for getting practical experience of Electronics and Space Research. During that time he started work on Satellite tracking. After getting his MSc in 1962, he worked for three years as a research student of Vikram Sarabhai. In 1963 he was selected as a team member for the establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), near Thiruvananthapuram and for that work was deputed to work at Goddard Space Flight Centre, NASA, USA.
Later positions included:
Publications.
Kale has published over twenty-five papers on various subjects from 1964 until 1994.


Carlos da Silva Costa

Carlos da Silva Costa (born November 3, 1949 in Oliveira de Azeméis) is a Portuguese economist who served as Governor of the Bank of Portugal from June 7, 2010 to July 20, 2020, when he was succeeded by Mário Centeno.
Career.
Carlos Costa started his career in 1973 as a lecturer in economics at the University of Porto and graduated there. Following his graduation he continued his studies at Sorbonne and then in 1981 went to the former "Banco Português do Atlântico", now Banco Comercial Português (BCP), research department. As a senior attaché in the Portuguese Permanent Representation to the EU and a member of the EU’s economic policy committee from 1986 to 1992, he was engaged in European integration before becoming chief of staff of the Portuguese European Commissioner João de Deus Pinheiro from 1993 to 1999.
Prior to his appointment to the European Investment Bank, Costa had positions on the board of directors at "Caixa Geral de Aposentações", a bank for pension funds, Banco Nacional Ultramarino and Itaú Unibanco holdings.
European Investment Bank, 2006–2010.
In 2006 Costa became vice president of the European Investment Bank under the leadership of president Philippe Maystadt. He was responsible for the banks' funding financing operations in Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Luxembourg, as well as in Asia and South America. He was also a member of the Committee of European Securities Regulators.
Banco de Portugal, 2010–2020.
On 22 April 2010 Costa was nominated for a five-year-term by the Portuguese government, recommended by the Finance minister Teixeira dos Santos. He replaced Vítor Constâncio, who became vice president of the European Central Bank on June 1, 2010.
In this capacity, Costa also holds the following positions:
Controversy.
In early 2016, Prime Minister António Costa caused controversy by attacking Costa and the central bank for being “irresponsible” by “dragging out” a decision over compensation claimed by commercial paper investors hit by the collapse in 2014 of Banco Espírito Santo (BES). The Left Bloc (BE) and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) openly called for Costa to resign. The attacks triggered a political storm over what the centre-right opposition described as a “shameful” attempt to interfere in the regulator’s independence.


Monetary transmission mechanism

The monetary transmission mechanism is the process by which asset prices and general economic conditions are affected as a result of monetary policy decisions. Such decisions are intended to influence the aggregate demand, interest rates, and amounts of money and credit in order to affect overall economic performance. The traditional monetary transmission mechanism occurs through interest rate channels, which affect interest rates, costs of borrowing, levels of physical investment, and aggregate demand. Additionally, aggregate demand can be affected through friction in the credit markets, known as the credit view. In short, the monetary transmission mechanism can be defined as the link between monetary policy and aggregate demand.
Traditional interest rate channels.
An interest rate channel may be categorized as traditional, which means monetary policy affects real (rather than nominal) interest rates, which influence investment, spending on new housing, consumer spending, and aggregate demand. An easing of monetary policy in the traditional view leads to a decrease in real interest rates, which lowers the cost of borrowing resulting in greater investment spending, which results in an overall increase in aggregate demand.
Credit view.
Apart from the traditional channel which focuses on effects as a result of changes to the interest rate, additional methods exist to allow monetary policy to achieve the desired economic results and changes in aggregate demand, but through different channels categorized as the credit view. The credit view argues that financial friction in the credit markets creates additional channels that lead to changes in aggregate demand. These channels operate through effects on bank lending, as well as the effects on the balance sheet of a given firm or household.
Monetary policy affects bank deposits, leading to changes in the amount of bank loans and investment in residential housing.
Monetary policy affects stock prices, leading to moral hazard and adverse selection, which leads to changes in lending activity and investment
Monetary policy leads to changes in nominal interest rates, which affects cash flow, leading to moral hazard, adverse selection, and changes in lending activity and investment
Monetary policy can lead to unanticipated price level changes, resulting in moral hazard, adverse selection, and changes in lending activity and investment
Monetary policy affects stock prices, leading to changes in financial wealth and the probability of financial distress, which affects residential housing and consumer spending
Other asset price effects.
Finally, other asset price effects have separate channels which allow monetary policy to affect aggregate demand:
Monetary policy affects real interest rates and the exchange rate, leading to changes in net exports
Monetary policy affects stock prices, leading to changes in Tobin's q (the market value of firms divided by the replacement cost of capital) and investment
Monetary policy affects stock prices, which affects financial wealth and consumption (consumer spending on nondurable goods and services)


Roger Simons

Roger Simons (1927 – 12 July 2020) was a Belgian journalist, reporter and correspondent.
Based in London, Simons was the correspondent of the BRT, (later named BRTN and VRT) between 1961 and 2002. After 2002 he was the correspondent by reporting on the marriage between Prince Charles and Camilla.
Simons contributed to radio and television programs; including the radio program "". He was also the correspondent for the Dutch newspaper "Leidsche Courant". He also wrote several books, including "Vanuit Londen" (from London).
He retired in 1992, but continued to work for the VRT. He became an Officer of the Order of Leopold II after his retirement in 1992.
Simons died in London on 12 July 2020, aged 93.


Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy

Around the world, there were shocked reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the President of the United States, on Friday, November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.
There was great confusion in the hour between Kennedy's shooting and the announcement of his death. Taking place during the Cold War, it was at first unclear whether the shooting might be part of a larger attack upon the U.S., and whether Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had been riding two cars behind in the motorcade, was safe.
The news shocked the nation. Many people wept openly. Crowds gathered in public places to watch the television coverage. Traffic in some areas came to a halt as the news spread from car to car, even gathering around cars to listen to radio reports. Schools across the U.S. dismissed their students early. Misplaced anger against Texas and Texans was reported from some individuals. Various Cleveland Browns fans, for example, carried signs at the next Sunday's home game against the Dallas Cowboys decrying the city of Dallas as having "killed the president."
However, there were also instances of Kennedy's opponents cheering the assassination. A journalist reported rejoicing in the streets of Amarillo, with a woman crying out, "Hey, great, JFK’s croaked!"
The event left a lasting impression on many worldwide. As with the preceding attack on Pearl Harbor of December 7, 1941, and the subsequent September 11 attacks, asking "Where were you when you heard about President Kennedy's assassination?" would become a common topic of discussion.
Reaction.
In the United States, Kennedy's assassination dissolved differences among many people as they were brought together in one common theme: shock and sorrow after the assassination. It was seen in statements by the former presidents and members of Congress, etc. The news was so shocking and hit with such impact; according to the Nielsen Audimeter Service, within 40 minutes of the first reporting of the assassination, the television audience doubled, by early evening, 70% were at their television sets.
CBS Washington correspondent Roger Mudd summed it up: "It was a death that touched everyone instantly and directly; rare was the person who did not cry that long weekend. In our home, as my wife (E.J.) watched the television, her tears caused our five-year-old son, Daniel, to go quietly and switch off of what he thought was the cause of his mother's weeping."
Financial.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average had been up 3.31 points (0.5%) for the day, at the moment shots were fired at Kennedy. Forty minutes later, as news of Kennedy's death was breaking, it had already plunged 21.16 points (-2.8%), on very heavy trading volume. With the stock exchange already running 20 minutes behind floor transactions, the Board of Governors of the NYSE announced that they had closed orders for the day. AMEX and commodities exchanges quickly followed. The new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, telephoned NYSE President G. Keith Funston and commended him for closing the exchange upon hearing the news of the assassination. Funston told LBJ in the phone conversation: "Thanks, Mr. President. Nobody has complimented the stock exchange for anything in a long time."
The first trading day after the assassination, November 26, market averages rebounded sharply, recording the largest gains for any single day in history, and the fourth highest single day trading volume in NYSE history to that point.
Foreign.
After Kennedy's assassination, many world leaders expressed shock and sorrow, some going on television and radio to address their nations. In countries around the world, state premiers and governors and mayors also issued messages expressing shock over the assassination. Many of them wondered if Johnson would carry on many of Kennedy's policies. LBJ and the world would sympathize from the "concern etched on Mr. Johnson's face."
In many countries, radio and television networks, after breaking the news, either went off the air except for funeral music or broke schedules to carry uninterrupted news of the assassination, and if Kennedy had made a visit to that country, recalled that visit in detail. For example, in London, there were reports that the BBC Television Service and the Independent Television Authority in London suspended their regular programs upon breaking the news. In several nations, monarchs ordered the royal family into days of mourning. Fidel Castro announced Cuba mourned Kennedy.
At U.S. embassies and consulates around the world, switchboards lit up and were flooded with phone calls. At many of them, shocked personnel let telephones go unanswered. They later opened up condolence books for people to sign. In Europe, the assassination tempered Cold War sentiment, as people on both sides expressed shock and sorrow.
News of Kennedy's assassination reached Asia during the early morning hours of November 23, 1963, because of the time difference. In Japan, the news became the first television broadcast from the United States to Japan via the Relay 1 satellite, instead of a prerecorded message from Kennedy to the Japanese people. (Back in the U.S. where it was still November 22, the cancelled broadcast of Kennedy's message was shown on NBC-TV's "Huntley-Brinkley Report").
Hostile.
Hostile reactions to the late President Kennedy were registered from far right elements.
In the South, where Kennedy wasn't popular because of his position on civil rights, some isolated incidents occurred, where some expressed joy to the death of Kennedy: schools in Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama and suburbs of Dallas itself.
President of the Memphis Citizens Council Richard Ely told the Nashville White Citizens Council that "I firmly believe Mr. Kennedy died a tyrant's death. He did not set back communism. He encouraged integration, which has the support of communism. He was a tyrant", causing half of the room, some were Peabody College professors, to leave after they unsuccessfully demanded Ely to provide evidence for his claims. In Biloxi, Mississippi, student Thomas Hansen was thrown across the front glass door after protesting against the banners of celebration of the local section of the John Birch Society before being hit with ultimately abandoned charges of vandalism.
As written by William Manchester in "Death of a President":
An Oklahoma City physician beamed at a grief-stricken visitor and said, "Good, I hope they got Jackie." In a small Connecticut city a doctor called ecstatically across Main Street — to an internist who worshiped Kennedy — "The joy ride's over. This is one deal Papa Joe can't fix." A woman visiting Amarillo, the second most radical city in Texas, was lunching in the restaurant adjacent to her motel when a score of rejoicing students burst in from a high school directly across the street. "Hey, great, JFK's croaked!" one shouted with flagrant delight, and the woman, leaving as rapidly as she could, noticed that several diners were smiling back at the boy. In Dallas itself a man whooped and tossed his expensive Stetson in the air, and it was in a wealthy Dallas suburb that the pupils of a fourth-grade class, told that the President of the United States had been murdered in their city, burst into spontaneous applause.
On December 1, after Malcolm X made a speech, reporters asked him for a comment about the assassination of President Kennedy. The spokesman for the Nation of Islam said that it was a case of "chickens coming home to roost" and added that "chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they've always made me glad." "The New York Times" wrote, "in further criticism of Mr. Kennedy, the Muslim leader cited the murders of Patrice Lumumba, Congo leader, of Medgar Evers, civil rights leader, and of the Negro girls bombed earlier this year in a Birmingham church. These, he said, were instances of other 'chickens coming home to roost'." The newspaper noted that his comments were greeted by "loud applause and laughter" from the all-black audience, although it quoted an unnamed audience member who told a reporter he applauded Malcolm X's remarks "more for the fact that he had the nerve to say it than that I really approved of it".
Unofficial mourning.
Hastily organized memorial services for Kennedy were held throughout the world, allowing many to express their grief. Governments ordered flags to half-staff and days of mourning. A day of national mourning and sorrow was declared in the U.S. for Monday, November 25, the day of the state funeral. Several other countries such as Ireland did the same. Throughout the United States, many states declared the day of the funeral a legal holiday.
Not all recreational and sporting events scheduled for November 22 and during the weekend after were canceled. Those that went on shared the sentiment NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle expressed in deciding to play NFL games that weekend: "It has been traditional...to perform in times of great personal tragedy." After their win over the Philadelphia Eagles in Philadelphia, players on the Washington Redskins asked Coach Bill McPeak to send the game ball to the White House, thanking Rozelle for allowing the games to be played that weekend, saying that they were "playing...for President Kennedy and in his memory."
Mourning during the funeral.
On the day of Kennedy's funeral, November 25, 1963, people around the world attended memorial services. This was a day of national mourning in the United States and in many countries around the world. Events were called off because of the mourning. Town streets were deserted while services were held. Everyone who could followed the proceedings on television. Others heeded the call for the day of national mourning by going to their place of worship for a memorial service. Around the world, footage of the funeral procession was sent abroad via satellite. Many schools, offices, stores, and factories in the U.S. were closed. Those that were open scheduled a minute of silence. Others permitted employees time off to attend memorial services. During memorial services, church bells tolled. In some cities police officers attached black mourning bands to their badges.
In many states, governors declared the day of national mourning a legal holiday, allowing banks to close. There was silence across the United States at 12:00 EST (17:00 UTC) for five minutes to mark the start of the funeral.
Early example of breaking news.
The somber mood across the U.S. during the weekend following Kennedy's death was evident on the broadcast airwaves. The assassination of President Kennedy was the longest uninterrupted news event in the history of American television until the September 11 attacks. By 3 p.m. (EST) on November 22, nearly every television station canceled their commercial schedules to stay with around-the-clock news coverage provided by the three U.S. television networks in 1963: ABC, CBS, and NBC. From 3 p.m. that day until November 26, all network entertainment and commercial programming ceased on U.S. television, and as such, this coverage was one of the earliest examples of what modern television viewers commonly known as a "breaking news" event. Overnights included taped footage of earlier news mixed with a few breaking news items. On Sunday night, NBC broadcast continuous live coverage of mourners passing the flag-draped bier in the Capitol rotunda as an estimated 250,000 people filed by. On November 24, a concert performance of Gustav Mahler's "Symphony No. 2", with Leonard Bernstein conducting, was telecast by CBS. Near the end of NBC's coverage of the assassination and funeral, which ended past 1:00 a.m. ET, November 26, the network broadcast a live special post-midnight concert by the National Symphony Orchestra, conducted by the director, Dr. Howard Mitchell, at Constitution Hall.
Many radio stations – even many Top 40 rock and roll outlets – also went commercial-free, with many non-network stations playing nothing but classical and/or easy listening instrumental selections interspersed with news bulletins. (It has been reported, though, that some stations, such as WAPE in Jacksonville, Florida, and other stations in parts of the country where Kennedy was unpopular carried on with their normal programming as usual.) Most stations did return to normal programming on the day after the funeral.
Tributes.
Tributes to Kennedy abounded in the months following his assassination, particularly in the world of recordings. Many individual radio stations released album compilations of their news coverage of the president's murder; ABC News released a two-LP set of its radio news coverage. Major record labels also released tribute albums; at one point there were at least six Kennedy tribute albums available for purchase in record stores, with the most popular being Dickie Goodman's "John Fitzgerald Kennedy: The Presidential Years 1960–1963" (20th Century 3127), which climbed to number eight on the Billboard album chart and stood as the biggest-selling tribute album of all time until the double-CD tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales thirty-four years later.
Two days after the assassination (and one day before the funeral), a special live television program titled "A Tribute to John F. Kennedy from the Arts" was broadcast by ABC on network television. The program featured dramatic readings from such actors as Christopher Plummer, Sidney Blackmer, Florence Eldridge, Albert Finney, and Charlton Heston, as well as musical selections performed by such artists as Marian Anderson. Actor Fredric March (Eldridge's real-life husband) hosted the program. Plummer and Finney performed Hamlet's dying speech ("I am dead, Horatio") with Finney taking the role of Horatio. The program has never been repeated, nor has it ever been released on video in any form.
Perhaps the most successful Kennedy tribute song released in the months after his assassination (although later hit songs such as "Abraham, Martin and John" and "We Didn't Start the Fire" also referenced the tragedy) was the controversial "In the Summer of His Years", introduced by British singer Millicent Martin on a special edition of the BBC-TV comedy series "That Was the Week That Was", conceived as a somber and respectful tribute to Kennedy. Martin recorded the song soon afterward, and though it was not deemed suitable for single release in the U.K., it was released in the U.S. and "Bubbled Under" the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart at No. 104. A cover version by Connie Francis climbed the Hot 100 chart to number 46 in early 1964 despite being banned by a number of major-market radio stations who felt that capitalizing on a national tragedy was in poor taste. Other versions of the song were recorded by Toni Arden, Kate Smith, Bobby Rydell, and gospel legend Mahalia Jackson.
Phil Spector's Christmas album, "A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector", was pulled from store shelves at Spector's request, having sold terribly since the public was not in the mood for cheery holiday music; it was put back for sale for the 1964 season but did not chart until 1972.
The highly successful comedy album "The First Family" that parodied the Kennedys was quickly pulled from circulation which remained that way for many years.
Also in Britain (where the publishers of "In the Summer of His Years" refused to allow the song a single release by any British artist), Joe Meek, composer of The Tornado(e)s' hit "Telstar", released an instrumental titled "The Kennedy March" on Decca Records, with royalties marked to be sent to Jacqueline Kennedy for her to donate to charity. The Briarwood Singers "Bubbled Under" the "Billboard" singles chart in December 1963 with a recording of the traditional folk song "He Was a Friend of Mine", which was later recorded (with new lyrics written specially by Jim McGuinn) in 1965 by the popular American band, The Byrds, on their second album, "Turn! Turn! Turn!". In 1964, songwriter William Spivery penned "Mr. John," which became popular in the midwestern United States. Topical folksinger Phil Ochs paid tribute to Kennedy in his song, "That Was the President", written shortly after the assassination, and again two years later in his masterpiece "Crucifixion", connecting Kennedy and Christ.


Don William Rajapatirana

Don William Rajapathirana, OBE was a Sri Lankan civil servant. He was the Governor of the Central Bank of Ceylon.
Educated at Ananda College, Colombo, he won the entrance scholarship to Ceylon University College in 1923 and in the following year entered the London School of Economics where he Cassel Scholarship which allowed him to study an year at the Columbia Business School. On his return to Ceylon in 1927, he gained appointment as an Assistant Accountant at the Ceylon Government Railways. In 1932 he joined the Income Tax Department, later becoming the Additional Controller of Exchange and thereafter the Commissioner of Income Tax in 1947. A member of the Board of Accountancy in Ceylon, he was appointed Adviser to the Central Bank in 1951 by the Monetary Board. In 1953, he became the Deputy Governor of the Central Bank and was appointed Governor of the Central Bank in July 1959 and served till August 1967. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1951 New Year Honours while serving as Commissioner of Income Tax, Estate Duty and Stamps.


Winthrop Sargent

Winthrop Sargent (May 1, 1753 – June 3, 1820) was a United States patriot, politician, and writer; and a member of the Federalist party.
Early life.
Sargent was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts on May 1, 1753. He was one of eight children born to Winthrop Sargent (1727–1793) and Judith Saunders. His elder sister was Judith Sargent Murray (1751–1820), an essayist, playwright, and poet.
He was the grandson of Colonel Epes Sargent, one of the largest landholders in Gloucester. Sargent was also the nephew of Daniel Sargent Sr. (1730–1806), a prominent merchant, Paul Dudley Sargent (1745–1828), who also served in the Continental Army, and John Sargent (1750–1824), a Loyalist during the Revolution.
He graduated from Harvard College Class of 1771 before the Revolution. He spent some time at sea, as captain of a merchantman owned by his father.
Career.
He enlisted in Gridley's Regiment of Massachusetts Artillery on July 7, 1775 as a lieutenant, and later that year was promoted to captain lieutenant of Knox's Regiment, Continental Artillery, on December 10. He was with his guns at the siege of Boston, as well as the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He was promoted to captain in the 3rd Continental Artillery on January 1, 1777, and brevetted major on August 25, 1783.
In 1786, he helped to survey the Seven Ranges, the first lands laid out under the Land Ordinance of 1785. With inside knowledge of the area, he went on to form the Ohio Company of Associates, was an important shareholder in the Scioto Company, and as of 1787, secretary of the Ohio Company.
Sargent was appointed by the Congress of the Confederation as the first Secretary of the Northwest Territory, a post second in importance only to the governor, Arthur St. Clair. He took up his post in 1788. Like St. Clair, Sargent would function in both civil and military capacities; he served as acting Adjutant General of U.S. Army from September 1791 until he was wounded twice at the Battle of the Wabash, on November 4, 1791. On August 15, 1796, he would, as Acting Governor, proclaim the establishment of Wayne County, the first American government in what is now Michigan.
President John Adams then appointed Sargent the first Governor of the Mississippi Territory, effective from May 7, 1798 to May 25, 1801. His last entry as Northwest Territory's secretary was on May 31, 1798; he arrived at Natchez on August 6, but due to illness was unable to assume his post until August 16.
The subject was a cotton planter, marketing his crop in New York by Gilbert and John Aspinwall, merchants.
Later life.
In 1788, Sargent was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also a member of the American Philosophical Society elected in 1789 and an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati as a delegate from Massachusetts, and published, with Benjamin B. Smith, "Papers Relative to Certain American Antiquities" (Philadelphia, 1796), and "Boston," a poem (Boston, 1803).
Being a Federalist, Sargent was dismissed from his position as territorial governor of Mississippi in 1801 by incoming president Thomas Jefferson. Sargent took up life in the private sector, developing his plantation Gloucester, the earliest such establishment in Natchez. Sargent was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813.
Personal life.
In 1789, he married Roewena Tupper (1766–1790), a daughter of Gen. Benjamin Tupper, at the settlement of Marietta in the first marriage ceremony held under the laws of the Northwest Territory. After her death, he married Hannah Ober of Massachusetts on 13 Feb 1791. They had a daughter, Hannah born 25 August 1791 in Massachusetts, and Hannah Ober died the next day. Then he married Mary McIntosh Williams (1760–1823) shortly after moving to Natchez. They were the parents of:
He died on June 3, 1820 in New Orleans. His grandson was the writer Winthrop Sargent (1825–1870).
Legacy.
Although there are at least two Sargent Townships (in Illinois and Nebraska) and one Sargent County, it is not known if these are named after Winthrop Sargent. However, a former township of the Northwest Territory's Wayne County was designated as Sargent Township or the District of Sargent; this apparently encompassed the settlements downriver from Detroit and at the River Raisin in what is now Monroe County, Michigan. This township apparently ceased to function after the organization of Michigan Territory, being replaced by the District of Erie.
A student dormitory at Ohio University (founded in 1804) in Athens, Ohio, is named Sargent Hall in his honor. This is the first university in the Northwest Territory and the first in Ohio.


Martin v. Massachusetts

Martin v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1 Mass. Reports 348) was an 1805 legal case decided by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, presided over by Francis Dana. It was influential in setting a legal precedent that US married women did not have separate formal political citizenship from their husbands.
Facts of the case.
James Martin was the son of William Martin and Anna Gordon Martin, Loyalists who had fled Massachusetts during the political turmoil of the American Revolution. Anna Gordon Martin had brought significant amounts of real estate into her marriage; through a complicated set of legal arrangements, her husband William had only a life interest in the property. Because the Martins, like other Loyalists, had fled Massachusetts, the post-revolutionary government of Massachusetts had confiscated Anna Gordon Martin's land as state property.
James Martin, as the couple's adult son, argued that his mother had been required to choose between following her husband (as the marital law of coverture required) or staying in Massachusetts (and keeping her land). He argued that his mother had not meant to forfeit her land and that he should be able to claim it back from the state.
Legal issues.
The main issue in this case was whether Anna Gordon Martin had, during her life, possessed the legal ability to choose whether to stay in Massachusetts. Could she, as a married woman, make her own choices about remaining a British citizen or declaring loyalty to the revolutionary government of Massachusetts? Did the law of coverture, which stated that a married man and his wife were the same legal person, mean that women could not be held legally responsible for their own choices?
Impact.
"Martin v. Massachusetts" established the principle in US law that a married woman's citizenship followed that of her husband. This principle became part of statutory law with the Expatriation Act of 1907, and until the passage of the Cable Act in 1922, American citizen women who married noncitizens automatically lost their US citizenship.


Soyuzmultfilm

Soyuzmultfilm ( , "Union Cartoon") is a Russian animation studio based in Moscow. Launched in 1936, the studio has produced more than 1,500 cartoons. Soyuzmultfilm specializes in the creation of animated TV series, feature films and short films. The studio has made animated films in a wide variety of genres and art techniques, including stop motion, hand-drawn, 2D and 3D techniques.
The "Golden Collection" of Soyuzmultfilm, produced from the beginning of the 1950s and to the end of the 1980s, is considered to be the classics of the animation genre and the best works of world-renowned directors, production designers and animators. Among the studio's best-known films are "Hedgehog in the Fog" (1975), the "Cheburashka" series (1969–1983), the "Well, Just You Wait!" series (since 1969), "Karlsson-on-the-Roof" (1968) and others. Many of the films rank among the classics of world animation, garnered a multitude of international and Russian awards and prizes, and became an integral part of Russian and global culture.
In 2018, the studio released the feature film "Hoffmaniada," which is a masterpiece of stop motion puppet animation, based on the tales of E.T.A. Hoffmann. The 3D full-length animated historical epic "Suvorov" is currently in production.
The studio has released 7 series projects since 2017. One of them is a sequel of the well-known "Prostokvashino" trilogy "" based on the aesthetics of the original. Six other series, with new original scripts, are "Orange Moo-cow", which is co-produced with Cyber Group Studios, "Squared Zebra", "Claymotions", "The Adventures of Peter & Wolf", "Captain Kraken and His Crew", "Pirate School." The series "Mr. Theo, Cat and Dog" and "Orange Moo-cow" ranked in the top 5 among the cartoons shown on Russian television in 2019, according to Mediascope research company. Several other series are in production and expected to be released in the second half of 2020.
The shorts produced by the studio participate in prestigious festivals and receive international prizes. Among the recent award-winning shorts are: "Vivat Musketeers!" (2019), "Good Heart" (2018), "Coco's Day" (2017), "The Sled" (2016), "Two Trams" (2016), "Moroshka" (2015), "Pik Pik Pik" (2015) and others.
In addition to the production of animation, the studio launched many educational activities. Soyuzmultfilm conducts advanced training programmes for animators and script-writers. In 2018, it opened a development center for children Soyuzmultclub with animation workshops, interactive programs, regular animation courses for children, the museum. In 2020, the first indoor recreational multimedia park Soyuzmultfilm will be opened at the VDNKH exhibition center. A Technopark, which is to become the largest animation production centre in Russia, is being created on the basis of the studio.
History.
Early years.
The film studio was founded on 10 June 1936, by order of the Chief Directorate of the Film and Photo Industry (GUKF) of the State Committee on the Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Two of the animated groups that existed in Moscow at that time were merged into a single film studio under the name Soyuzdetmultfilm, which was changed to Soyuzmultfilm in 1937. The studio was located at Novinsky Boulevard, 22.
The creative staff included already well-known masters of hand-drawn animation – Ivan Ivanov-Vano, Olga Khodataeva, Valentina and Zinaida Brumberg, Vladimir Suteev, , and others.
Three-months retraining courses were organized by the studio for all creative artists. The masters taught young animators the basics of professional skills. The studio turned into the main production base of Soviet animation and became a creative centre for animation of the USSR. In the early years, Soyuzmultfilm embraced the cel technique – the so-called Disney's conveyor method, which was convenient for mass production of hand-drawn animation. Contour with a drawing pen and an exposure sheet borrowed from the Disney became essential elements of production. In the late 1930s, the studio began actively using the Eclair method (or rotoscoping), developed by the American animators Fleisher Brothers and Charles Mintz Studio. The reason was the reorientation of the studio to current topics and the need to create not only grotesque, but also heroic characters. From the very beginning, the studio took as a basis for production the principle of division of work into separate specialties (in-betweeners, ink artists, paint artists), which accelerated the process of production and made it cheaper.
For several years Soyuzmultfilm focused mainly on the creation of entertaining shorts for children with animal characters depicted in a Disney manner. One of the first cartoons created at the studio was the black-and-white "" (1936) by . That was the first experience of the famous children's poet Sergei Mikhalkov in animation as a screenwriter.
Despite the chosen direction, many animators developed their own styles – in particular, Vladimir Suteev (' (1937) and ' (1938).
Since 1937, the studio started to produce colour films. The first experience was "" by . Many cartoons of 1938–1945 were made both in colour and black-and-white.
If in 1936–1937 the animation was limited to the children's themes within the genres of fables and fairy tales, then in 1938 it was ordered to direct Soviet cinema to contemporary issues. The studio's repertoire policy was changed, it again began to produce political films in the genres of the Soviet "political fairy tale", political cartoons and agitprop posters. The possibility of portraying a person as a positive Soviet hero in animation was discussed. At that time, the films (' (1938) by , ' (1939) by were produced.
In the late 1930s – early 1940s, was a shift in priorities from quantity to quality indicators. Animator courses were resumed. Films created between 1939 and 1941 were subsequently included in the "gold fund" of world cinema: ' (1939) and ' (1941) by Leonid Amalrik and , ' (1939) by Ivan Ivanov-Vano, "Uncle Styopa" (1939) and ' (1941) by Vladimir Suteev. These cartoons defined the original "Soviet style" of animation.
War period.
In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, all creative groups switched to producing anti-fascist propaganda posters. Many employees went to the front. In October, the part of the studio was evacuated to Samarkand, where the directors Mikhail Tsekhanovsky and joined the team evacuated from the besieged Leningrad. They formed part of the Central United Film Studios team as a specialised division, independent from its leadership and keeping the brand. In Samarkand the studio worked in the strictest economy of materials and electricity. Scenarios were revised in order to simplify the production, which was extremely slow because of lack of materials and staff.
In 1943, Soyuzmultfilm returned to Moscow. In early 1944, the studio organized the first Arts Council. By the end of the 1940s, Korney Chukovsky, Samuil Marshak, Evgeny Schwartz, Sergey Bolotin, , Mikhail Volpin, Nikolai Erdman, Valentin Kataev, Yury Olesha, , Lev Kassil, Vladimir Suteev, , , , were invited to cooperate with the studio.
Under difficult working conditions, several outstanding films were created:
In 1945, the studio produced its first feature film "A Disappeared Diploma" by Valentina and Zinaida Brumberg, based on the story with the same name by Nikolai Gogol.
The golden age.
Soon after the end of the war, in 1946, Soyuzmultfilm moved its offices to the building at Kalyaevskaya street (now ), 23A (the former , previously occupied by the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism).
In the post-war years, the studio stopped the direct lifts of American animation techniques, and the original aesthetic "canon" of the children's Soviet cartoon was determined.
The best Soviet cartoons of the second half of the 1940s were distinguished by impressive plasticity and facial expressions, harmony of word and movement. A lot of new names appeared among the directors and artists of the studio: Lev Atamanov, Yevgeny Migunov, Leonid Shvartsman, and others. One of the main fundamental components of the Soviet cartoon school was continuity, when beginning animators gained professional experience from prominent artists and directors.
The most striking works of Soyuzmultfilm in the late 1940s were the animated films ' (1948) by Mikhail Tsekhanovsky, ' (1948) by the Brumberg sisters, "" (1948) by Leonid Amalrik and .
In 1947, Soyuzmultfilm received the first international award – "" (1946) by was awarded the bronze medal at the Venice Film Festival for the Best Animated Film.
In 1951, the film "The Humpbacked Horse" (1947) by Ivan Ivanov-Vano received the Special Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival.
In the first half of the 1950s, the studio released popular films, many of which were based on the use of the Eclair method:
In 1953, the studio began the production of puppet films. One of the first stop motion animated films were ' (1954) by and "Two Greedy Bear Cubs" (1954) by . The first major success of the puppet production was the directorial debut of Yevgeny Migunov ' (1954), in which several technological innovations of making and shooting puppets were applied. Many employees of the under the direction of Sergey Obraztsov joined the staff of the studio's puppet association.
In 1956, having changed several addresses, the three-dimensional puppet film workshop received a permanent area in (the building of the ).
In 1959, the well-known motion picture "" by Roman Kachanov and was released, combining stop motion, traditional and cutout animation, and won a number of prestigious awards at international festivals, including the prize of the International Film Press Federation (FIPRESCI).
In the middle 1950s, the studio began to abandon the naturalistic representation of hand-drawn films, prioritizing more conventional forms. The volume of filmmaking increased (at the peak of production by the beginning of the 1970s, the studio released more than 30 films a year), including annual production of feature films.
In 1957, Lev Atamanov put into practice the technique of assigning individual animators to specific characters (e.g. the role of Ole Lukøje was completely "played" by Fyodor Khitruk in the film "The Snow Queen").
Among the most famous feature films of the studio of the second half of the 1950s:
The studio also created cartoons for an adult audience:
"Familiar Pictures" was shot entirely in an innovative for that time conventional manner.
Aesthetic switch.
On the cusp of the 1960s, a crucial moment in the history of Russian animation occurred. The so-called "aesthetic switch" began with a whole galaxy of films:
Since the 1960s, the range of stylistic, genre and technological searches and solutions had been continuously expanded and developed. The old production system prevented art from moving forward, and Fyodor Khitruk introduced a "team method" of working, in which animators were involved in film production from the very beginning.
In the 1960s, Soyuzmultfilm was also actively developing puppet animation. Colour, decoration, texture of the material were applied in a new way. Semi-dimensional, bas-relief, including paper dolls began to be used. A new breakthrough in children's puppet animation began with the famous films "A Little Frog Is looking for His Father" (1964) and "The Mitten" (1967) by Roman Kachanov, ' (1962) and ' (1968) by .
During these years, many new animators joined the studio's puppet division: and (' (1965)), (' (1966), ' (1967), ' (1967)), Nikolay Serebryakov (' (1966), "Happiness Is Not in the Hat" (1968), ' (1968)).
In the 1960s, the production of satirical cartoons increased. Animation began to raise acute social and philosophical topics. Especially famous were
The most famous works of the Soyuzmultfilm of the 1960s:
and sports animation films ' (1963), ' (1964), ' (1968) and ' (1970) by Boris Dyozhkin.
In 1968, Yuri Norstein and made a directorial debut with an unscheduled film "".
In 1969, the animated anthology series "Happy Merry-Go-Round" was founded. The first release was produced under the direction of Roman Kachanov by the beginning directors Anatoly Petrov, Gennady Sokolsky, , and , the world-recognised masters of animation today. The famous to this day "" and the first artistic presentation of "Well, Just You Wait!", which was soon turned into a popular series of its own, were released exactly in the first run of "Happy Merry-Go-Round". Experimental technologies, audacious concepts and innovation solutions were often used in the production of the shorts.
The period from the beginning of the 1970s to the middle 1980s is called the halcyon days of Soyuzmultfilm. At that time, it became the largest animation studio in Europe, that employed more than 500 people and released more than 1000 films.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the most popular cartoons appeared:
Recognized masters of hand-drawn animation continued to work at the studio: Boris Stepantsev ("The Nutcracker" (1973)), Ivan Ivanov-Vano ("The Humpbacked Horse" (1975)), Lev Atamanov (' (1974)), a series of cartoons ' (1976–1982)), Lev Milchin ("The Steadfast Tin Soldier" (1976)), Fyodor Khitruk (' (1976)), Andrei Khrzhanovsky (' (1976), "I Fly to You Like a Memory" (1977), "And I Am with You Again" (1980), ' (1982)), Vladimir Popov (' (1977), the trilogy – "Three from Prostokvashino" (1978)), ' (1980), ' (1984)), Yefim Gamburg ("Robbery, ... Style" (1978)).
At that period were released:
The cartoons ' (1973) and ' (1974) by Fyodor Khitruk were awarded at the Cannes Film Festival short films competition.
The new generation of directors actively produced films, among them:
Anatoly Petrov, using traditional animation materials, invented the technique of photographics and created films in hyperrealism aesthetics ("And Mother Will Forgive Me" (1975), "Polygon" (1977).
Over the years many talented Soviet composers performed in the animation: Isaak Dunayevsky, Nikita Bogoslovsky, Alexander Varlamov, Karen Khachaturyan, Alfred Schnittke, Gennady Gladkov, Alexander Zatsepin, Yevgeny Krylatov, Vladimir Shainsky, Alexey Rybnikov, Maksim Dunayevsky, , Sofia Gubaidulina and others.
Alongside famous composers, musicians and sound engineers, prominent theatre and cinema actors worked at the studio, voicing popular characters: Yevgeny Leonov (Winnie-the-Pooh), Anatoli Papanov (Wolf in the series "Well, Just You Wait!"), Vasily Livanov (Karlsson-on-the-Roof and Gena the Crocodile), Klara Rumyanova (Lillebror from "Karlsson-on-the-Roof", Cheburashka, Hare from "Well, Just You Wait!"), Maria Vinogradova (Hedgehog from "Hedgehog in the Fog", Uncle Fyodor from "Three from Prostokvashino"). "The Bremen Town Musicians" are singing with the voices of Oleg Anofriyev and Muslim Magomayev, Faina Ranevskaya even finished the dialogue of the housekeeper Fröken Bock.
Many series characters became cult figures for several generations of viewers (the main heroes from "Winnie-the-Pooh", "Cheburashka", "Karlsson-on-the-Roof", "Well, Just You Wait!", "Three from Prostokvashino").
Masters of the puppet association created popular films:
During that period the films ' (1972) and ' (1975) by , ' (1977) and "Balagan" (1981) by , ' (1977) and "Black and White Cinema" (1984) by Stanislav Sokolov were released.
Yuri Norstein continued directing – he developed a new technological direction ("multiplane cut-out animation") to give his animation a three-dimensional look and introduced a number of innovative techniques together with the cinematographer Aleksandr Zhukovskiy. His films "" (1973), "The Heron and the Crane" (1974), "Tale of Tales" (1979) received worldwide recognition. The cartoon "Hedgehog in the Fog" (1975) won more than 35 international and All-Union awards, and in 2003, it was recognized as the best animated film of all time according to a survey of 140 film critics and animators from different countries. By the early 1980s, Soyuzmultfilm's works won a total of more than 150 prizes and diplomas at international and domestic festivals.
The studio significantly expanded its thematic boundaries. The repertoire "grew up", a number of large-scale projects were launched: "The Overcoat" (begun in 1981, but not completed) by Yuri Norstein, "" (1986) by Anatoly Petrov and others.
Soyuzmultfilm released a series of sports themed cartoons dedicated to the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics. The main character of most of the films was the mascot of the Olympics – the bear cub Misha:
By the beginning of the 1980s, viewers became aware of the new names of the directors – Eduard Nazarov (' (1977), "Once Upon a Dog" (1982), ' (1983)) and Garri Bardin, experimenting with unconventional textures and materials ("" (1983)). In 2012, the film "Once Upon a Dog" was recognized as the best Russian film in 100 years at the Open Russian Festival of Animated Film in Suzdal.
 explored the Russian North folklore with a series of films based on the stories by Boris Shergin and Stepan Pisakhov: "If you don't like it – don't listen" (1977), "" (1979), "Arkhangelsk Novels" (1986).
The domestic animation became a multigenre form of national cinema – the studio actively produced philosophical parables, extended social metaphors, tragicomedies, satirical short films, poetry films, romantic ballads.
Reformation period.
Among the best films made at the studio in 1984–1990:
The short film "" was awarded the Short Film Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1988.
In the late 1980s, gifted masters of stop motion animation appeared in the studio's team – (' (1984), ' (1986)), ("The Crow of an Amorous Disposition" (1988), "Ancient Lyrics" (1989)), ("How Ninochka became a Princess" (1990), "" (1992)).
Throughout its history, Soyuzmultfilm collaborated on a number of various projects with film and animation studios of Europe and Asia. In 1981, the musical feature film "Maria, Mirabela", in which Lev Milchin and Victor Dudkin appeared as production designers, was released together with the Romanian studio Casa de Filme 5 and Moldova-Film.
In 1987, the animated trilogy "The Adventures of Lolo the Penguin", directed by Gennady Sokolsky and Kenji Yoshida, was released jointly with the Japan's Lifework Corporation.
Since 1989, in collaboration with S4C (UK) television channel the series of the anthology "", based on the plays of William Shakespeare, began. The series was co-directed by several Russian animators – Stanislav Sokolov, , Nikolay Serebryakov, Yefim Gamburg and . The premiere took place in 1992 on BBC2. The show was highly praised by viewers and critics and won three Emmy Awards.
In the second half of the 1980s, the work of the studio was reorganized. In 1988, five creative associations were formed within Soyuzmultfilm: Search (art director Andrei Khrzhanovsky), Comics (art director Vladimir Tarasov), Tradition (art director Anatoly Petrov), Children's film (art director Vyacheslav Kotyonochkin), 3D stop motion (art director ), as well as the stand-alone workshop by Yuri Norstein. That lasted until 1990, when the studio's division into Creative Production Association for stop motion and hand-drawn films was returned.
Post-Soviet era.
In the early 1990s, new economic realities made it impossible for the government to support the studio any longer, and cartoon production decreased dramatically. Soyuzmultfilm was experiencing several crises at once – production and creativity, a number of talented employees left the studio. The production mechanism became impaired, there was a shortage of animators and workshop personnel, and the creative atmosphere was drying up. The studio lost its leading position in the system of Soviet film studios producing animated films. Production volumes were falling gradually. The USSR State Committee for Cinematography began to reduce the amount of funding for the studio.
In 1989–1999, Soyuzmultfilm was made into a leased enterprise – the staff members leased their own studio from the state in order to continue producing films.
In 1993–1995, the studio lost its puppet division building, which was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church.
In 1990s, Soyuzmultfilm became a production base for independent private studios as well (, Argus International, School-Studio SHAR, Renaissance, Studio 13, Chris, Polinkevich and others). Film production almost completely ceased.
In 1999, pursuant to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin, a new structure was established – the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) "Soyuzmultfilm Film Studio", which was given the premises, production facilities and film rights.
In 2004, it was decided to establish the FSUE "Soyuzmultfilm Film Fund", which was supposed to manage the film rights and headed by Ernest Rakhimov, and the FSUE Creative Production Association "Soyuzmultfilm Film Studio", headed by Akop Kirakosyan, and which mission was to create new films.
In 2008–2009, the FSUE "Soyuzmultfilm Film Fund" was transformed into the "United State Film Collection".
Gradually there was a technical re-equipment of the studio. Directors Sergey Kositsyn, , , Galina Shakitskaya, Natalya Ryss, and others collaborated with Soyuzmultfilm.
In 2005, Stanislav Sokolov began the production of the stop motion feature film "Hoffmaniada." In 2008, the post of artistic director was introduced at the studio. It was occupied by (until 2010) and Stanislav Sokolov (in 2011–2013).
Studio today.
In 2011, Vladimir Putin, at the meeting with animation directors, decided to abolish the "United State Film Collection" and transfer the films to the studio. He also promised to significantly increase funding for domestic animation and children's cinema.
From that moment, with the support of the state represented by the Ministry of Culture, the studio got out of crisis and the revival of Soyuzmultfilm began.
From 2013 to 2016, the artistic director of the studio was .
At the time, the production was activated, many new films were made, new directors were involved in the process.
In 2015, the Experimental Youth Association was established, under the special programme "Production and Training", which is designed for directors and animators who want to develop and improve their professional skills.
In 2016, the Soyuzmultfilm film studio celebrated its 80th anniversary.
As of today, Soyuzmultfilm received about 90% of the film rights to its collection.
In terms of the number of projects and the volume of created content, Soyuzmultfilm has reached the level of a major film studio and presents its projects again at international film and television markets.
New headquarters.
In 2017, Soyuzmultfilm moved to a new building on Akademika Korolyova Street, with almost 6000 square meters of floor space. There are about 300 employees in the studio today, 250 of them are engaged in the projects production process. Up-and-coming talents work under the guidance of experienced masters of animation.
Top management.
In 2017, by order of the Ministry of Culture a new collegial-advisory body – the board – was established at the studio. Since February, 2017, Yuliana Slashcheva has been managing the Soyuzmultfilm studio as the chairman of the board. Her past experience includes a position of chief executive officer of the leading Russian independent broadcasting holding CTC Media. Yuliana has several significant rewards in the Media Business category – in 2007, she was included in the ranking of the Most Influential Business Women in Russia, prepared by "", and became the winner of the annual national award Media Manager of Russia 2007 in the nomination "Public Relations", in 2015, Yuliana appeared on the list of The 20 Most Powerful Women in Global TV 2015, prepared by "The Hollywood Reporter."
In July, 2017, Boris Mashkovtsev became the director of the Soyuzmultfilm film studio. Before that he was heading Airplane Studio LLC, bringing with him over a decade of experience in animation production. Boris is also a member of the management board of the Russian Animated Films Association. Boris is one of the key experts in the animation industry in Russia, he is a co-author and the chief scholarly editor of "A Dictionary of Modern Animation Terminology" and co-author of the textbook "Producing Animated Films."
Since June, 2019, Julia Osetinskaya became the general producer of the studio. She was the executive producer in Riki Group and the head of Riki Development Fund, where she developed and produced several successful new animated brands and projects of the group.
Art techniques.
The studio today is equipped with the most modern facilities and presents a wide variety of animation techniques: hand-drawn animation, 2D animation, stop motion animation and the most modern 3D animation, using CGI graphics. Despite the digitization, the studio tries to preserve the aesthetics as much as possible.
Recently, Soyuzmultfilm has developed, ready to introduce into production and is already patenting several unique technological solutions.
The studio keeps producing and developing clay and puppet stop motion animation as this is an incredible legacy of Russia, with professional specialists using unique techniques. The initial task, according to the new management, is to develop all existing animation techniques under the studio's roof.
TV series.
Today the studio is actively engaged in the development of series production with a focus on international markets. Soyuzmultfilm actively develops co-production and creates projects with other well-known studios.
Nowadays Soyuzmultfilm has seven released projects. Several other series are in production and expected to be released in the second half of 2020.
The main direction of the studio is the creation of completely new, original images and characters. Six projects have original scripts and heroes. The animated series are intent on not only at entertaining children, but also at education and personal development through visualization in a funny way without strict edification. Most of the series are created with the participation of professional media psychologists.
Together with Channel One Soyuzmultfilm is creating the educational mini-series aimed at the very youngest audience segment "Claymotions" (2+) (since 2018), made in authentic clay-motion technique and teaching kids through games. The musical comedy "Orange Moo-cow" (3+) (since 2019), co-produced with Cyber Group Studios, forms important value orientations among children. The adventure comedy for family viewing "Squared Zebra" (3+) (since 2020) approaches to the topic of tolerance. The adventure story "Captain Kraken and His Crew" (4+) (since 2017), co-produced with Rocket Fox Animation Studio, shows children how to act in various life situations. The adventure social comedy "Pirate School" (8+) (since 2018) was the only Russian series project that entered the competition program of the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, in 2018, and became a winner at the Open Russian Festival of Animated Film in Suzdal as Best Series, in 2020. The series for a teenage audience "The Adventures of Peter & Wolf" (12+) (since 2020), in which the real world and the magical world collide, is full of funny adventures and many unexpected events. The series develops ability to think out of the box and find a way out of any situation with the help of knowledge and ingenuity.
At the same time, Soyuzmultfilm preserves the continuity of the classic legacy and keeps the atmosphere of the original cartoons with a focus on modern audience. One of the most popular series – the adventure family sitcom ' (6+) (since 2018) which is a sequel of the famous Russian trilogy "Prostokvashino" based on the book by Eduard Uspensky. It is produced in the traditional technique of complex hand-drawn animation, where each scene is sketched manually, but today it is made with a stylus on the touchpad so that it looks modern. The mission of ' is to develop kids’ imagination and sense of humor, using exciting and entertaining stories with a strong comic element in them, and to encourage independence and nurture critical thinking of children. The premiere of the series became the record breaker for the number of views on the air of the Carousel Russian television channel and collected more than 1 million views in just 2,5 hours on social networks.
The series "Orange Moo-cow" and "" took 2nd and 4th places, respectively, among the animated series shown on Russian TV in 2019, according to the 4-17-year-old audience rating of the most-watched television programme which lasts more than 5 minutes, Mediascope research company indicates.
Feature films.
One of the main directions that the studio is developing today is a production of feature films.
In 2018, the studio released the stop motion puppet animated fantasy "Hoffmaniada" directed by Stanislav Sokolov, which was being produced for 17 years. The film conceptualized the struggles of an animtation studio and its revival through its historic production cycle.
The film is about the life and work of renowned German writer Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann. The screenplay incorporates storylines and characters from his tales "The Golden Pot", "The Sandman", and "Klein Zaches genannt Zinnober".
"Hoffmaniada" premiered on June 11, 2018, at the Annecy International Animation Film Festival in official selection Out of Competition. The film released in Russia on 11 October 2018 and later in Japan in 2019. The feature received positive reviews from critics who remarked the film is at the same level as contemporary legends of stop motion films succeeding in reviving 19th century Romanticism literature in animation format. It won awards at the Golden Eagle Award as Best Animated Film, the Icarus, the Brazil Stop Motion International Film Festival award, and was nominated at the Asia-Pacific Screen Awards as Best Animated Film.
A new animated feature for family viewing "Suvorov", co-produced by Gorky Film Studio, is currently in production. It is a historical fiction, which combines several genres: adventure, military historical and biographical. "Suvorov" is made in CGI graphics and 3D with motion capture technology. This entertaining and educational story promotes traditional values of loyalty, courage and self-realization, filled with the spirit of adventure, subtle humor and romance.
Animated shorts.
This is the direction that Soyuzmultfilm has been engaged in for the past 20 years, preserving the traditional school of the studio – hand-drawn animation. "Original author animation is a mandatory area for development, it moves the industry forward from an artistic point of view, invents new techniques and stories", says Julia Osetinskaya. "This is our workshop of ideas. Our task now is to continue to develop and maintain this course of production, and to find the most talented directors, artists and animators", made it clear Yuliana Slashcheva. "This comes up with not only producing of high-quality short author films, but also with potential ideas for further use in series and feature films".
As of 2019, the studio produced more than 80 new short animated films, and keeps producing approximately 10–15 short films a year.
The shorts produced by the studio regularly participate in prestigious international festivals. Among the recent award-winning shorts are:
and others.
Among the studio's production are new programmes of the legendary compilation of animated shorts for children "Happy Merry-Go-Round", first released in 1969. The collection includes unique works in gouache and sand techniques. The production of animated shorts at the studio is supervised by the masters of animation – artistic directors and creative producers and Igor Kovalyov. Both of them, in 2019, became the members of the Oscars, selected nominees and chose winners at the ceremony. In 2017, Soyuzmultfilm released the new "Bicycle" almanac, which was created by students of animation colleges and up-and-coming directors.
New start of the Golden collection.
Soyuzmultfilm is in the process of restoring classic tapes – the cartoons are digitized, color-corrected and given a modern surround sound. The first to be digitized and shown at cinemas are the most popular cartoons among viewers: "The Twelve months" (1956), "The Snow Queen" (1957), "The Adventures of Buratino" (1959), "The Nutcracker" (1973), "The Mystery of the Third Planet" (1981), "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" (1984).
According to surveys of kids, the heroes of the "Golden collection" are among the most popular and favorite children's characters. The studio decided to create a continuation of these cartoons. "We selected the ten most popular characters from the old collection and are ready to give a new lease of life to them. Our task is to pack the new product with respect to the continuity of the animation traditions, using a modern language and a visual range that is understandable to modern children", Yuliana Slashcheva says. In 2018, Soyuzmultfilm announced about a release of the continuation of the cult cartoons: "Well, Just You Wait!", "Adventures of Mowgli", "Umka", "The Bremen Town Musicians", "Cheburashka" and some others. In 2020, the second re-release of the Golden Collection commenced on 19 December 2020. The High Definition film restoration materials for the films were released. The film stock were renewed with all the film grain and extra flickering dots removed ensuring the stability of the films for the foreseeable future. Distributed by United Network "Cinema Park", the HD version of the classics are screened in many of the major cities in Russia.
Films by Jove controversy.
In 1992, the studio signed a deal with the American company Films by Jove, owned by Russian immigrant actor Oleg Vidov and his American wife Joan Borsten. It was the first international offer that the studio had received. The deal stipulated that Films by Jove would be granted the rights to 547 of the most popular classic studio films for a period of 10 years in all territories except the CIS; as part of the return, Soyuzmultfilm would receive 37% of the net profits. Films by Jove restored many of the films and released many of them on television, video and DVD in the United States and Europe, albeit usually with dubbed voices and changed music.
According to current director Akop Kirakosyan, the original deal seemed promising at the time but turned out to be "deadly" for the studio. The expected payouts never materialized because Films by Jove never posted any net profits; all of the money officially went to things such as new soundtracks, lawsuits and copy protection measures.
Whether either deal was legal was debated in court, with the Soyuzmultfilm Film Fund (see section below) claiming that because the company's lease on its possessions would have expired in 1999 (at which time ownership would have automatically reverted to the government if no new lease were signed), Soyuzmultfilm had no authority to issue rights that lasted beyond that timeframe. Joan Borsten presented a different story. In the end, the Russian courts sided with Soyuzmultfilm and the American courts sided with Films by Jove.
U.S. Federal Court found that the Russian government has twice tried to invalidate Judge Trager's August 2001 summary judgment decision in favor of Films By Jove and transfer the copyrights to a library of 1,500 animated films, which Films by Jove licensed from Soyuzmultfilm Studios in 1992 to a new state-owned company. The judge found evidence of "continued actions being taken by the Russian government and judiciary to influence the outcome of this United States litigation with the purpose of depriving plaintiff Films by Jove of its right to distribute the animated films in the United States and elsewhere outside the former Soviet Union." The voulminous and very thorough decision further noted that, "In the case at bar, expropriation of the property of an American company by an act of a foreign sovereign is unquestionably against the public policy of the United States."
On 11 April 2007, Russian businessman Alisher Usmanov announced that he was in the final stages of negotiating a price with Films by Jove to buy back the collection. A source close to Usmanov said that Films by Jove's initial price was $10 million, while Usmanov is willing to pay "several times less", as he considers that the rights already belong to Soyuzmultfilm and that he himself is only buying the physical film prints. In September 2007, the deal was finalized, and Usmanov handed everything over to Russian state children's TV channel Bibigon.
Notable artists.
Animators & directors
Actors


Allen Bathurst, Lord Apsley

Allen Algernon Bathurst, Lord Apsley, DSO, MC, TD, DL (3 August 1895 – 17 December 1942) was a British Army officer and Conservative Party politician.
Early life.
Apsley was the eldest son of Seymour Bathurst, 7th Earl Bathurst and his wife Lilias Margaret Frances "née" Borthwick, daughter of Algernon Borthwick, 1st Baron Glenesk. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating BA hons.
Military career.
During World War I, he served overseas with the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars. He was promoted to temporary lieutenant in April 1916, acting captain in June 1917, receiving a substantive promotion to lieutenant from the same date, and to substantive captain in 1918. He was awarded the Military Cross (MC) and Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his actions in Egypt:
Political and business career.
He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Southampton in 1922, holding the seat until 1929. He then stood for Bristol Central in 1931, and held the seat until his death in 1942. In 1923 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for the "County of Gloucester, and of the City and County of the City of Gloucester, and the City and County of the City of Bristol."
During this time, he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to: the Under-Secretary of State for the Overseas Trade Department 1922–24, the Minister of Transport 1925-29 and the Minister for Co-ordination Defence 1936. He had also been President of the UK Pilot's Association in 1925 and sometime chairman of Western Airways, Western Air Transport Company and a director of Morning Post. Lord and Lady Apsley published a book called "The Amateur Settlers" in 1929 recounting their escapades and adventures travelling through in the Northern Territory of Australia. They had many encounters, including with local aborigines, in which detailed descriptions reveal their social attitudes and behaviour.
He remained a member of the Territorial Army between the wars, and was awarded the Territorial Decoration (TD) in 1929, promoted to brevet major in 1930, and promoted to substantive major in 1938. During World War II, he served overseas again, with the Arab Legion (1941–42).
Marriage.
On 27 February 1924, Lord Apsley had married Viola Meeking (who succeeded him as MP for Bristol Central) and they had two sons: Henry Allen John (1927–2011) and George Bertram (1929–2010). As Lord Apsley predeceased his father, the latter's earldom later passed to Lord Apsley's eldest son, Henry.
Death.
Lord Apsley was a passenger on a Handley Page Halifax of No. 138 Squadron RAF when it crashed on take-off from Malta, killing all on board. Apsley was buried with the other victims at Kalkara Naval Cemetery in Kalkara.


E-Mentor Corps

E-Mentor Corps is a project of the US State Department that will allow entrepreneurs seeking advice to access mentors on-line. The E-Mentor Corps will call on business leaders and proven entrepreneurs in the United States and overseas to serve as E-Mentors to aspiring and emerging entrepreneurs around the world.
Collaboration and support.
E-Mentor Corps is sponsored by leading organisations such as Intel and Ernst & Young.
Guidance.
E-Mentors will commit to provide guidance, insights and support to mentees for at least several hours per month for at least 3 months - via e-mail, telephone, video conference and other means of communication. It is hoped that many of these connections will spawn longer-term collaborations.
Platforms.
The Department of State will encourage mentors and mentees to connect through any number of channels and mechanisms. To facilitate connection, the Department of State has partnered with three platforms which will serve as options for mentor and mentee connection: ImagineNations Group (imagine-network.org), Ning and LinkedIn.


Charles Rouse-Boughton

Sir Charles William Rouse Boughton (December 1747 – 26 February 1821) was an administrator in India with the East India Company and subsequently a member of the British House of Commons representing first Evesham and then Bramber.
Biography.
Early life.
Charles was the second son of Shuckburgh Boughton of Poston Court Hereford and Mary Greville (20 December 1713 – 1 March 1786), daughter of Hon. Algernon Greville, and Hon. Mary Somerset, daughter of Lord Arthur Somerset (1671–1743), son of Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort. He went to India as a writer in 1765 and held several judicial and administrative offices in the service of the East India Company. He was at various times a Persian interpreter and senior merchant and judge. During his time in India, he inherited an estate at Rouse Lench, Worcestershire by the will of Thomas Phillips Rouse.
He left the East India Company and after returning to England in 1778, stood for Parliament at Evesham in 1780, where he was elected as one of the members after a hard-fought battle. His main interest in politics was India, and the speeches which he made between 1780 and 1790 all dealt with Indian affairs. In 1784 he was appointed Secretary to the Board of Control for India and held the post until 1791. He opposed the impeachment of Warren Hastings.
Later life.
Charles did not contest the 1790 election and left Parliament. He assumed the name of Rouse by Royal Licence in 1791 and was created 1st Baronet Boughton Rouse. In 1794 he inherited the title 9th Baronet of Langford and changed his surname to Rouse Boughton.
At the general election in 1796 he was returned unopposed at Bramber, a notorious Rotten borough, where an agreement had operated since 1774, by which the two owners of the `miserable thatched cottages' who had the right to vote at Bramber returned a member each. In the new Parliament, he spoke several times on Indian affairs. He vacated his seat in 1800 when he was appointed an Audit Commissioner, a post he held until his death in 1821.
Family.
He married Catherine Pearce Hall, the daughter of William Pearce Hall and his wife Catherine Comyn, in 1781. Catherine was the heiress of the Downton estates near Ludlow, including Downton Hall. This was fortunate for Charles since his brother Edward had bequeathed the Boughton estates to Elisabeth Davis, his natural daughter by a serving maid, who later married baronet George Braithwaite. Catherine enhanced the estate at Downton, planting High Grove, or Catherine's Grove, and her portrait was painted by Romney in 1785. Charles was interested in agriculture and was renowned for his remarkable pig. In London, he lived at Corney House Chiswick.
Charles' son William inherited the baronetcy and his daughter Louise (1785 – 9 July 1860) married firstly St Andrew St John, 14th Baron St John of Bletso and secondly Sir John Vaughan.
In the programme Who Do You Think You Are? (transmitted on BBC2 on 23 August 2010), comedian Alexander Armstrong discovered that his mother is a descendant through Louise's first marriage to Baron St John.


S660A

In its United Kingdom Tax Bulletin 64 (April 2003), the Inland Revenue (now HM Revenue and Customs) announced new guidance on the "settlements legislation". This is a body of law which seeks to prevent someone (known as the "settlor") from avoiding tax by reclassifying income as belonging to someone else (known as the beneficiary). The income is then taxed at the beneficiary’s lower rate although the settlor continues to benefit from it. The legislation targets spouses and also parents seeking to divert income via their minor children.
The section of the legislation is 660A of the UK Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988. Using the revised (April 2003) interpretation of s.660A, UK HMRC have been targeting businesses set up by spouses where they are aware that income is split between the spouses, and only one of them directly generates that income. In theory s.660A can apply to partnerships as well as limited companies, this has yet to be tested in the UK courts. In 2007 the interpretation was finally rejected by the Law Lords, resulting in the government proposing new leglisation to tackle the perceived abuse.
In the December 2008 pre-budget report, the Chancellor of the Exchequer said he was deferring the introduction of the legislation, and giving no date for its introduction.


Frederick Lamb, 3rd Viscount Melbourne

Frederick James Lamb, 3rd Viscount Melbourne, (17 April 1782 – 29 January 1853), known as The Lord Beauvale from 1839 to 1848, was a British diplomat.
Family and education.
Lamb was a younger son of Peniston Lamb, 1st Viscount Melbourne, and his wife Elizabeth Milbanke, and the younger brother of Prime Minister William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. Since his mother had numerous lovers, his real paternity is a matter of conjecture.
Lamb was educated at Eton College; the University of Glasgow (1799–1801, studying with Professor John Millar alongside his older brother William); and Trinity College Cambridge (admitted 1801, graduated M.A. 1803).
He married Alexandrina Julia Theresa Wilhelmina Sophia Gräfin von Maltzan, daughter of Joachim Charles Leslie Mortimer, Graf von Maltzan. It was generally considered to be a love marriage: even though Alexandrina was more than thirty years her husband's junior, he was described as being "as handsome and debonair at sixty as he had been at twenty-five." William, Frederick and their sister Emily Lamb, Countess Cowper remained close all their lives, although Frederick and Emily disliked William's wife Lady Caroline Lamb, whom they called "the little beast".
Career.
He served as British Ambassador to Vienna ending in 1841. He was invested as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath and admitted to the Privy Council in 1822. In 1839 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Beauvale, of Beauvale in the County of Nottingham. In 1848 he succeeded his elder brother as third Viscount Melbourne.
Despite a certain personal distance between them, Lord Palmerston, as Foreign Secretary placed great confidence in Lamb, wrote to him in a courteous style very different from his usual brusque manner, and left the running of the Vienna Embassy almost entirely in his hands. The coolness was due to Palmerston's decades-long affair with Lamb's sister Emily, Lady Cowper; Lamb disapproved of the affair and disapproved equally of their eventual marriage, although this proved to be very happy. Palmerston's biographer notes that the marriage coincided with the early stages of the Oriental Crisis of 1840, and that the two men, although they were then personally barely on speaking terms, co-operated in an entirely professional way to resolve it. Palmerston, in addition to his real respect for Lamb, was anxious not to quarrel with him for Emily's sake: as Charles Greville remarked: "the Chief (Palmerston) is devoted to the sister and the sister to the brother". Relations between the two men became friendlier in later years, partly because both Palmerston and Emily were fond of Frederick's wife Alexandrina.
Death.
Lord Melbourne died childless in January 1853, aged 70, and all his titles became extinct. The family seat of Melbourne Hall passed to his sister Emily. His widow remarried in 1856 to John Weld-Forester, 2nd Baron Forester, was widowed again in 1873, and died in 1894. There is a memorial to him in St Paul's Cathedral.


Governor of the Bank of Uganda

The Governor of the Bank of Uganda is chief executive officer and the chairman of the board of directors of the Bank of Uganda. The current governor is Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, who was first appointed to this position on 1 January 2001, and was re-appointed for a second five-year term on 1 January 2006. In November 2010, he was re-appointed for a third five-year term, effective 12 January 2011. In December 2015, he was re-appointed for a fourth five-year term, effective 12 January 2016.
Appointment.
The Bank of Uganda Act stipulates that the Governor and Deputy Governor of the Bank of Uganda shall be appointed by the President of Uganda with the consent of the Cabinet. The governor and deputy governor shall be appointed for a period of five years and shall be eligible for reappointment. The act further stipulates that the governor and deputy governor shall not, while in office, take up any other office or employment, whether paid or unpaid. It is a requirement, that both the governor and deputy governor, shall be individuals with recognised financial or banking experience.
Responsibilities.
The responsibilities of the Governor of the Bank of Uganda include the following:
Governors of the Bank of Uganda.
The following individuals have served as "Governor of the Bank of Uganda", since the institution was founded in 1966.