Rent A Goat

Rent A Goat is a company founded in 2010 by 22-year-old entrepreneur Matthew Richmond, from Chapel Hill, North Carolina, which rents out goat herds for land-clearing purposes. Rent A Goat is part of a larger phenomenon called conservation grazing or targeted grazing whereby goats are used instead of traditional machinery or pesticides in order to curb unwanted invasive plant growth. Goat rental has since become a more publicly acceptable form of weed abatement according to The Street: "Whether you have just enough front or back yard to get overgrown and unwieldy or find yourself overrun with nasty, prickly, invasive plants that just won't go away, nature has already devised the ultimate solution to your problem."
The Maryland State Highway Department has enlisted a herd of 40 goats to graze the grass as an alternative to using lawn mowers.
History.
In 2009, Google rented goats in Mountain View, California to clear overgrown lawns. The "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Service and the city of Seattle have all used goats to manage their property and keep grass, weeds and other plants at bay." California has reportedly used goats to reduce the occurrence of wildfire. In 2013, a (non-ranked) mention was made of Rent A Goat in Entrepreneur Magazine's "Top 100 Brilliant Companies".
Usage.
Nationally, various rent-a-goat companies have cropped up over the last ten years and are used in a wide variety of settings, including: homeowners, large and small properties, companies and commercial entities, universities, municipalities, such as roads and parks, government agencies, including military facilities. As ruminants, goats have a four-chambered stomach which allows them to digest a wide variety of vegetation. Their size and nimbleness makes them the perfect small plant removal system.
Goats are known to eat the following invasive plants:
Constraints.
Businesses akin to Rent A Goat have not yet proven their viability in the landscaping market. Cited difficulties include fencing, water, and the need to provide a place for the animals when not being used for vegetation management. Both research and extension activities are needed to develop and transfer the technology for improving the effectiveness and profitability of goats for vegetation management.
While goats are relatively inexpensive and require only what they eat as fuel, companies may only provide as many as 30 at a time on their own or through farm subcontractors. Goats can be effectively used to manage most types of vegetation, but greater knowledge is required before the full potential of using goats for vegetation management can be realized.
Benefits.
One perceived benefit of using goats to clear invasive weeds is their ability to handle rocky and steep terrain that humans or machines can't normally clear easily. In some situations, their cost is also less, when compared to heavy machinery. Goats are reportedly "an environmentally friendly method for clearing areas containing invasive vegetation... thinning by goats is a natural method resulting in a naturally balanced environment over the long term."
A North Carolina study compared the effectiveness of goats versus chemicals in clearing kudzu from an infested area, and found the goats to be drastically more effective than were the chemicals. Goats can also reduce the threat of forest fires by cleaning up combustible materials without the need for any chemicals or gas-powered machinery.
Media Attention.
The concept has gained surprisingly notoriety since 2010, and has appeared on The Today Show, Regis and Kelly The Colbert Report, in AOL News, TreeHugger, The Wall Street Journal, The Associated Press, and in the book "Mrs. Lizzy is Dizzy!"


Jim Cochran

Jim Cochran is an organic strawberry farmer, who was the first person to grow strawberries organically on a commercial scale in California.
Early life.
Cochran was born in Carlsbad, California in 1947.
Education.
Cochran studied child development and European intellectual history at the University of California, Santa Cruz in the late 1960s, where he became interested in alternative farming methods.
Career.
Cochran began his commercial farming career growing strawberries using conventional methods, but switched to organic farming methods after he was nearly poisoned by pesticides and, as a result of this experience, questioned the effect that the chemicals had on his workers.
In 1983, he started Swanton Berry Farm, located North of Santa Cruz, California, in Davenport, California. In 1987, his farm became the first CCOF-certified organic strawberry farm in the State of California. He subsequently developed a wide range of new methods, which include crop rotations, such as broccoli and brussels sprouts, trap crops such as mustard and alfalfa, and the use of natural predators, to control strawberry specific pests and diseases. His mostly intuitively developed methods were later verified scientifically in a series of studies by University of California, Davis plant pathologist Krishna Subbarao and his collaborators.
Cochran originally found it difficult to get funding for his experiments from the California Strawberry Commission, stating that "The industry blockaded our efforts to get money to research alternatives, and spent a lot of money in Washington making sure our proposals didn't get funded." Cochran's methods have been credited for making a large-scale commercial organic strawberry industry possible in California. Cochran was also the first, and still one of the few, California organic farmers to have a contract with the United Farm Workers.


Abgoosht

Abgoosht ( "Âbgušt", ; literally "meat broth") is an Iranian stew. It is also called dizi (, ), which refers to the traditional stoneware crocks it is served in. Some describe it as a "hearty mutton Persian soup thickened with chickpeas."
Preparation.
Ābgoosht is usually made with lamb, chickpeas, white beans, onion, potatoes, tomatoes, turmeric, and dried lime. Other variations exist in the beans used, such as kidney beans and black-eyed peas. The ingredients are combined together and cooked until done, at which point the dish is strained. The solids are mashed as "gusht kubideh" (, literally "mashed meat") and served with the broth, but in a separate dish, along with flatbread. It is a form of Piti, which encompasses many similar dishes in the region.
Variations.
Assyrian abgoosht.
Assyrians of northwestern Iran, particularly surrounding Urmia, traditionally make abgoosht using beef, lime, kidney beans, and chickpeas, which is served in a lime broth with potatoes and eaten with onions and lavasha (an Assyrian bread) on the side. Assyrians typically make abgoosht in the winter. The regional pronunciation is "abgoosh", without the 't' ().
Armenian abgoosht.
A similar dish in Armenia is also called abgoosht. The difference is that in Armenia beef rather than lamb is used.
Piti (Caucasus and Central Asia).
Piti (or "putuk") is a variation of abgoosht in the cuisines of the Caucasus and Central Asia.


Horse valuation

Horse valuation is the process of assessing the value of a horse in the opinion of a qualified appraiser. There are also online value calculators available, which can be easy-to-use tools when used by an open and objective evaluator. Before using such tools it is important to have a complete understanding of horses and what attributes are important in evaluating horses. A horse is a unique individual and sometimes impossible to value. Horse value is usually used as a pre-qualification pricing factor related to the issuance of equine insurance or purchase.
An objective evaluation of a horse's attributes such as: conformation, disposition, training level, pedigree, intellect and temperament. The health, soundness and bad vices should be considered for overall purpose of the horse. In most cases veterinarians can perform a pre-purchase examine. For a proper horse valuation, a horse breed, color, age, sex and location of horse are also important factors for market demand considerations.


Holyoke Heritage State Park

Holyoke Heritage State Park is history-oriented state park located in the city of Holyoke, Massachusetts. The park opened in 1986 on the site of the William Skinner Silk Mill which was lost to fire in 1980. The park is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.
Activities and amenities.
A visitors center has exhibits about paper manufacturing and Holyoke's industrial and cultural past. The landscaped grounds offer picnicking and views of the city's canals and mill buildings. The Holyoke Merry-Go-Round (PTC #80), the Children's Museum at Holyoke, and the Volleyball Hall of Fame are also located in the park.
The park also features its own rail line, a remnant of the former Holyoke & Westfield Railroad, and one of four tourist railroads in the Commonwealth. From 1988 to 1996 the railroad featured regular scenic tours to points outside of the city, however in 2005 the three Pullman cars were sold to the Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum, which continues to operate them with the state park's livery. Today the Pioneer Valley Railroad provides annual fall foliage passenger rides from the Holyoke Heritage State Park to Westfield, as well as an annual Santa Train.


Shoulder tender


Wilton Mill, Radcliffe

Wilton Mill, Radcliffe was a cotton spinning mill in Radcliffe, Bury, Greater Manchester. It was built in 1907 and was taken over by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in the 1930s and passed to Courtaulds in 1964. Production finished, it was used by the East Lancashire Paper Company but has now been demolished leaving an empty site next to the railways and the River Irwell.
Location.
Radcliffe is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on undulating ground in the Irwell Valley, along the course of the River Irwell, south-west of Bury and north-northwest of Manchester. Radcliffe is contiguous with the town of Whitefield to the south. The Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal served and bisected the town. The town had significant rail connections: the opening of the Manchester, Bury and Rossendale Railway (later known as the East Lancashire Railway (ELR)) in 1846 brought the town a direct connection to Manchester and Bury and Liverpool and Bury Railway (L&BR) opened on 28 November 1848, with a station to the north of the town, on 18 July 1872 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR), which had amalgamated with the ELR some years previously, gained an Act of Parliament to construct a railway between Manchester and Bury, via Whitefield and Prestwich.The underlying coal measures throughout the town were a valuable source of fuel. Radcliffe already had an established textile industry before the arrival of steam power.
Wilton mill was on Rectory Lane, in the centre of the town adjacent to the River Irwell and the railways.
History.
Blessed with coal, and good communications, Radcliffe was at one time home to around 60 textile mills and 15 spinning mills, along with 18 bleachworks of which the Bealey family were prominent owners. However, the textile industry was not the town's major employer; other industries such as mining and paper making were also important sources of employment. The Wilton Mill was a late mill, built in 1907. It had four storeys, it was 36x10 bays with a six bay engine house.
The industry peaked in 1912 when it produced 8 billion yards of cloth. The Great War of 1914–1918 halted the supply of raw cotton, and the British government encouraged its colonies to build mills to spin and weave cotton. The war over, Lancashire never regained its markets. The independent mills were struggling. The Bank of England set up the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in 1929 to attempt to rationalise and save the industry. Wilton Mill, Radcliffe was one of 104 mills bought by the LCC, and one of the 53 mills that survived through to 1950. After Cotton it was used by the East Lancashire Paper Company. It was demolished in the early 21st century, its site remains derelict and is clearly visible on satellite images.
Architecture.
The Wilton Mill was a late mill. It was built as a mule mill, but was converted by the LCC to rings. It had four storeys, it was 36x10 bays with a six bay engine house. The chimney was detached, round on a square plinth. It had an ornate domed water tower, and its name was displayed on a pediment above the rope race.
Power.
Driven by a 1500 hp triple-expansion four-cylinder engine built by W & J Galloway & Sons, of Manchester in 1908. It had a 26 ft flywheel, 37 ropes operating at 63 rpm. The cylinders, 23"HP, 36"IP, two 40"LP had a 5 ft stroke. With Corliss valves on all cylinders it was steamed at 160psi.
Equipment.
Mules then rings.


Weanling

A weanling is an animal that has just been weaned. The term is usually used to refer to a type of young horse, a foal that has been weaned, usually between six months and a year. Once it is a year old, the horse is referred to as a yearling.
The word is also sometimes used to describe young cattle and pigs, but "weaner" is more common in the United States.


Sipper water bottle

A sipper water bottle is a type of bottle used to dispense water for certain pets including rabbits, ferrets, hamsters, chinchillas, gerbils, and other small animals. Typically a sipper bottle consists of a plastic portion used to contain the water, a plastic cap, and a metal tube with a ball bearing inside.
The vacuum formed by the presence of the ball bearing keeps water from flowing out of the bottle. An animal can interrupt this vacuum by pressing against the ball bearing and forcing it slightly up the tube—thus an animal can drink from the bottle by licking the metal ball bearing.
A water bottle can be affixed to the side of an animal's cage from the outside (using the wire that normally comes with the bottle) or from the inside (using a separate water bottle holder utilizing a suction cup or a metal support, both of which can be purchased at most pet stores).
Though water bottles are most commonly used for pocket pets such as rodents, rabbits, and ferrets, any mammal can be trained to use a water bottle large enough for it.


Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly

Lorillard v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525 (2001), was a 2001 case brought by Lorillard Tobacco Company when Massachusetts instituted a ban on tobacco ads and sales of tobacco within 1,000 feet (300 m) of schools and playgrounds. Lorillard argued that this was an infringement on its First Amendment rights and that the regulation was more extensive than necessary. Applying the "Central Hudson" Test, the U.S. Supreme Court held that Massachusetts' ban on advertising and tobacco sales was overbroad. The Supreme Court also held that the Massachusetts regulation was preempted by federal law.


Partner (cigarette)

Partner was a Macedonian brand of cigarettes that was owned and manufactured by "Makedonija Tabak".
History.
The brand was founded after the end of World War II in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia and was one of the few Yugoslavian brands that were sold outside of Yugoslavia, which were the Soviet Union, Poland, Finland and Japan. While Partner wasn't as known or popular as Drina, Jadran or Lovćen, it still sold well within socialist Macedonia. However, during the breakup of Yugoslavia, the company suffered and eventually the brand ceased to exist after Macedonia became its own country. Due to the fact that this brand looked and sounded foreign compared to similar brands sold in Yugoslavia, it was always seen as the "odd" and "foreign" brand on the market.
Packaging.
The pack has a white-blue pattern, with two horses holding a coat of arms with two flower-like symbols. Underneath, the words "Partner Filter" is written in white, surrounded with a red banner. Above and underneath it, the words "king size" and "20 cigarettes" are written in white letters.
Markets.
Partner was mainly sold in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, but also was or still is sold in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Republic of Macedonia, Poland, Hungarian People's Republic, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia.


CT Woodie


Center for Tropical Forest Science

The Center for Tropical Forest Science, or CTFS, is a consortium of forest researchers who pursue long-term research on tree populations using comparable census method. The work developed out of a study of 50 hectares of forest on Barro Colorado Island in Panama begun in 1981. All individual trees larger than 1 centimeter in stem diameter were measured, mapped, and identified, which included 300 different species. This census has been repeated every five years since, most recently in 2010.
A total of 30 research institutions have now carried out parallel censuses of large forest plots. There are four such large-scale census projects in Africa, nine in Latin America, and 25 in Asia. Moreover, the census program has been expanded to include temperate and subtropical forests in China. Approximately 4.5 million individual trees of 8500 species are being monitored. Numerous scientific research reports on tree species diversity, distribution, life span, and growth rates have been published based on these plots.
CTFS is directed out of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama City, Panama. Researchers and institutions in 14 other countries participate in the network.
The forest plots include the following:


Apicystis bombi

Apicystis bombi is a species of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. It infects bees, especially bumblebees. It is believed to have a cosmopolitan distribution in bumblebees and a sporadic occurrence in honey bees, and causes disease symptoms in nonresistant bee species.
Taxonomy.
This protozoan was first described by Liu in 1974 as "Mattesia bombi". In 1996, Lipa and Triggiani transferred it to the new genus "Apicystis" on the basis of morphology and life cycle.
Distribution.
This protozoan was found in Canada in overwintering queens and in males of various species of "Bombus", with the half-black bumblebee ("Bombus vagans") at 8% being the most heavily infected species. It was later identified in "Bombus" species in France, and also in Switzerland, where infection rates varied between 4 and 7%. The oocysts were found in Italy in the garden bumblebee ("B. hortorum") and the buff-tailed bumblebee ("B. terrestris") and in 1990, in Finland, were found in a single specimen of the honey bee ("Apis mellifera"). Further finds were made in Italy over the next few years with the level of infection in "Bombus" species being considered low and that in "A. mellifera" sporadic. With specimens being found in Canada, France, Italy, Finland and Switzerland, it is likely that the parasite is cosmopolitan in distribution and will be identified in other countries.
In 2013 the parasite was identified in Patagonia in "A. mellifera," "B. terrestris", and "B. ruderatus", only the second occasion on which it had been found in a honeybee. However extensive sampling in the Pampas, the most productive honey-producing region of Argentina, failed to detect it there. It is thought that the parasite was introduced in 1998 with commercially reared "B. terrestris" being imported into Chile for their use as pollinators. "Apicystis bombi" appears to have no adverse effects on "B. terrestris". The introduction of "B.terrestris" into certain regions of Patagonia and southern South America (starting around the 1980s) have led to the rapid decline of "Bombus dahlbomii" populations in the area. A large part of this decline can be attributed to "Apicystis bombi" pathogen spillover. Unlike "B. terretstris", "B.dahlbomii" does not have a natural resistance of "A.bombi". "A.bombi" infection prevents "B.dahlbomii" from completing proper foraging behaviors by inducing a plethora of behavioral and physiological impairments. Although transmission is not well understood, "Bombus affinis" has also been adversely affected by the "A. bombi". Incidence of infection has been observed in about 3% of all "B. affinis", and has become particularly prevalent in northern Ontario. This parasite causes increased worker death and prevention of new colony formation.
In 2013 the parasite was identified, along with several others, to be infecting bumblebees imported into the UK and potentially in bumblebees imported around Europe. In 2014 the parasite was identified to be present in a large numbers of bumblebees in England. This prevalence was greatest in bumblebees which foraged close to farms using commercial (imported) bumblebees. Whilst it's not clear if this pattern is a result of parasite spillover, it is clear that the prevalence in England is far greater than previously detected.
Life cycle.
Oocysts are ingested by the bee and sporozoites develop from these in the intestine. They migrate through the wall of the gut before taking up residence in the fat body cells, where they develop and multiply. The presence of the pathogen gives the fat tissue a white appearance but microscopic examination of the tissue is required to confirm the presence of oocysts.
Effects.
The effects of "Apicystis bombi" differ between host species. Heavily infected bees are rare, but this may be due to high pathogenicity of the neogregarine. Infected workers have increased mortality, reduced fatbody and increased sensitivity to sucrose. Infected queen bumblebees are unlikely to survive hibernation which is thought to be due to the reduced fatbody of infected queens. There is also some evidence that Deformed wing virus may reduce some of the negative effects of "Apicystis bombi".


Lao silk

Lao silk is produced in Laos with ancient weaving techniques that produce high quality silk. This woven cloth has traditionally been used for a wide range of purposes, including religious, ritual, and everyday uses. It is used for garments and home decorations by both upper class and rural individuals. Traditional patterns use bold color combinations, such as red and yellow.


Piet de Jong (dendrologist)

Petrus Cornelis (Piet) de Jong (born 24 March 1938 in Hazerswoude) is a Dutch dendrologist.
He was the scientific director of the Utrecht University Botanic Gardens and worked as a researcher at the Station for Nursery Stock at Boskoop. He is considered one of the world authorities on "Acer", the maples.
Biography.
Piet de Jong was born in Bent, a hamlet halfway between Hazerswoude and Zoeterwoude. He was a farmer's son, the oldest in a family of six children. When he was seven he started growing plants. He visited the primary school at Hazerswoude. After that he went to the gymnasium in Leiden.
1960 he started his studies at Wageningen University and Research Centre - which was called 'Landbouwhogeschool' (Agricultural College) in those days. He got a degree in horticultural plant breeding, with optional courses in (botanical) systematics and phytogeography, plant anatomy and virology. Afterwards he did biosystematic research on "Acer" in the Laboratory of botanical systematics and phytogeography. He had been involved in research on the flowering of maples before he got his degree. The maples have always been his great passion.
In 1971 he became researcher at the Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding (Instituut voor de Veredeling van Tuinbouwgewassen - IVT) in Wageningen. He worked on taxonomic problems in plant breeding research and biosystematic research of lilies.
In 1976 he got his PhD with a study on maples.
In 1977 De Jong became scientific director of Utrecht University Botanic Gardens. The Von Gimborn Arboretum was part of the gardens in those days.
From 1988 to 1997 Piet de Jong was in charge of the practical research on tree growing at the 'Proefstation voor de Boomkwekerij' (Trial station for tree nursery) in Boskoop.
After his retirement De Jong is still actively involved with the Von Gimborn Arboretum.
Bibliography.
Some publications by P.C. de Jong are:


Tarpan

The tarpan ("Equus ferus ferus"), also known as the Eurasian wild horse, is an extinct subspecies of wild horse. The last individual believed to be of this subspecies died in captivity in the Russian Empire during 1909, although some sources claim that it was not a genuine wild horse due to its resemblance to domesticated horses.
Beginning in the 1930s, several attempts were made to develop horses that looked like tarpans through selective breeding, called "breeding back" by advocates. The breeds that resulted included the Heck horse, the Hegardt or Stroebel's horse, and a derivation of the Konik breed, all of which have a primitive appearance, particularly in having the grullo coat colour. Some of these horses are now commercially promoted as "tarpans". However, those who study the history of the ancient wild horse consider the word "tarpan" to describe only the true wild horse.
Name and etymology.
The name "tarpan" or "tarpani" derives from a Turkic language (Kazakh or Kyrgyz) name meaning "wild horse". The Tatars and the Cossacks distinguished the wild horse from the feral horse; the latter was called "Takja" or "Muzin".
In modern use, the term has been loosely used to refer to the predomesticated ancestor of the modern horse, "Equus ferus," to the predomestic subspecies believed to have lived into the historic era, "Equus ferus ferus," and to all European primitive or "wild" horses in general. The modern "bred-back" breeds are also referred to as "tarpan" by their supporters, although they derive predominantly from domestic stock.
Taxonomy.
The tarpan was first described by Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin in 1771; he had seen the animals in 1769 in the district of Bobrov, near Voronezh. In 1784 Pieter Boddaert named the species "Equus ferus", referring to Gmelin's description. Unaware of Boddaert's name, Otto Antonius published the name "Equus gmelini" in 1912, again referring to Gmelin's description. Since Antonius' name refers to the same description as Boddaert's it is a junior objective synonym. It is now thought that the domesticated horse, named "Equus caballus" by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, is descended from the tarpan; indeed, many taxonomists consider them to belong to the same species. By a strict application of the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the tarpan ought to be named "E. caballus", or if considered a subspecies, "E. caballus ferus". However, biologists have generally ignored the letter of the rule and used "E. ferus" for the tarpan to avoid confusion with the domesticated subspecies.
It is debated if the small, free-roaming horses seen in the forests of Europe during 18th and 19th centuries and called "tarpan" were indeed wild, never-domesticated horses, hybrids of the Przewalski's horse and local domestic animals, or simply feral horses. Most studies have been based on only two preserved specimens and research to date has not positively linked the tarpan to Pleistocene or Holocene-era animals.
In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming "E. ferus" for the tarpan. Taxonomists who consider the domestic horse a subspecies of the wild tarpan should use "Equus ferus caballus"; the name "Equus caballus" remains available for the domestic horse where it is considered to be a separate species.
Appearance.
Traditionally, two tarpan subtypes have been proposed, the forest tarpan and steppe tarpan, although there seem to be only minor differences in type. The general view is that there was only one subspecies, the tarpan, "Equus ferus ferus". The last individual, which died in captivity in 1909, was between tall at the shoulders, or about 14 hands, and had a thick, falling mane, a grullo coat colour, dark legs, and primitive markings, including a dorsal stripe and shoulder stripes.
A number of coat color genotypes have been identified within European wild horses from the Pleistocene and Holocene: those creating bay, black and leopard complex are known from the wild horse population in Europe and were depicted in cave paintings of wild horses during the Pleistocene. The dun gene, a dilution gene seen in Przewalski's horse that also creates the grullo or "blue dun" coat seen in the Konik, has not yet been studied in European wild horses. It is likely that at least some wild horses had a dun coat.
Some theorize that the tarpan had a standing mane because all other extant wild equines display this feature, and falling manes are considered an indication of domestication. However, historical accounts do not unambiguously describe a standing mane in European wild horses, and it is likely that they had a short, falling mane. This feature is advantageous in regions with much rainfall because it diverts rain and snow from the neck and face and prevents a loss of heat, as much as a bushy tail. Mummified Siberian wild horses display a hanging mane as well.
The appearance of European wild horses may be reconstructed with genetic, osteologic and historic data. One genetic study suggests that bay was the predominant color in European wild horses. During the Mesolithic, a gene coding a black coat color appeared on the Iberian peninsula. This color spread east but was less common than bay in the investigated sample and never reached Siberia. Bay in combination with dun results in the "bay dun" color seen in Przewalski's horses; black with dun creates the grullo coat. A loss of the dun dilution may have been advantageous in more forested western European landscapes, as dark colors were a better camouflage in forests. Pangaré or "mealy" coloration, a characteristic of other wild equines, might have been present in at least some tarpans, as historic accounts report a light belly. It is also likely that European wild horses had primitive markings, consisting of stripes on the shoulders, legs and spine.
History.
Wild horses have been present in Europe since the Pleistocene and ranged from southern France and Spain east to central Russia. There are cave drawings of primitive predomestication horses at Lascaux, France and in Cave of Altamira, Spain, as well as artifacts believed to show the species in southern Russia, where a horse of this type was domesticated around 3000 BCE. "Equus ferus" had a continuous range from western Europe to Alaska; historic material suggests wild horses lived in most parts of Holocene continental Europe and the Eurasian steppe, except for parts of Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland.
Forest tarpan.
The "forest horse" or "forest tarpan" was a hypothesis of various 19th-century natural scientists, including Tadeusz Vetulani, who suggested that the continuous forestation of Europe after the last ice age created forest-adapted subtype of the wild horse, which he named "Equus sylvestris." However, historic references do not describe any major difference between the populations, and therefore most authors assume there was only one subspecies of western Eurasian wild horse, "Equus ferus ferus."
Nevertheless, a stocky type of horse living in forests and highlands was described during the 19th century in Spain, the Pyrenees, the Camargue, the Ardennes, Great Britain, and the southern Swedish upland.
They had a robust head and strong body, and a long frizzy mane. The color was described as faint brown or yellowish brown with eel stripe and leg stripes, or wholly black legs. The flanks and shoulders were spotted, some of them tended to an ashy colour. They dwelled in rocky habitats and showed intelligent and fierce behaviour.
Black wild horses were found in Dutch swamps, with a large skull, small eyes, and a bristly muzzle. Their mane was full, with broad hooves, and curly hair. However, it is possible that these were feral and not wild horses.
Herodotus described light-coloured wild horses in an area now part of Ukraine in the 5th century BCE. In the 12th century, Albertus Magnus states that mouse-coloured wild horses with a dark eel stripe lived in the German territory, and in Denmark, large herds were hunted.
16th century tarpans.
Wild horses still were common in the east of Prussia during the 15th and early 16th centuries. During the 16th century, wild horses disappeared from most of the mainland of western Europe and became less common in eastern Europe as well. Belsazar Hacquet saw wild horses in the Polish zoo in Zamość during the Seven Years' War. According to him, those wild horses were of small body size, had a blackish brown colour, a large and thick head, short dark manes and tail hair, and a “beard”. They were absolutely untameable and defended themselves harshly against predators.
Kajetan Kozmian visited the population at Zamość as well and reported that they were small and strong, had robust limbs and a consistently dark mouse colour. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin witnessed herds in Voronezh in 1768. Those wild horses were described as very fast and shy, fleeing at any noise, and as small, with small, pinned ears and a short frizzly mane. The tail was shorter than in domestic horses. They were typically mouse-colored with a light belly and legs becoming black, although gray and white horses were mentioned as well. The coat was long and dense.
Peter Simon Pallas witnessed possible wild tarpans in the same year in southern Russia. He thought they were feral animals that escaped during the confusions of wars. These herds were important game of the Tatars and numbered between 5 and 20 animals. The horses he described had a small body, large and thick heads, short frizzly manes and short tail hair, as well as pinned ears. The colour was described as faint brownish, sometimes brown or black. He also reported of obvious domestic hybrids with light-colored legs or gray coats.
The last tarpans of 18th century Europe.
"The Natural History of Horses" by 19th-century author Charles Hamilton Smith also described tarpans. According to Smith, the herds of wild horses numbered from a few to hundred individuals. They often were mixed with domestic horses, and alongside pure herds there were herds of feral horses or hybrids. The color of pure tarpans was described as consistently brown, cream-colored or mouse-colored. The short frizzy mane was reported to be black, as were the tail and legs. The ears were of varying size, but set high on the skull. The eyes were small.
According to Smith, tarpans made stronger sounds than domestic horses and the overall appearance of these wild horses was mule-like. A tarpan herd survived in the zoo of Zamość until 1806, when the reserve had to sell them because of economic problems. They were dispersed onto the local farms at the Biłgoraj region, tamed, and bred to domestic horses. According to Kozmian, wild horses had been exterminated in the Polish wilderness shortly before, because they damaged hay collected for livestock.
Extinction.
The human-caused extinction of the tarpan began in Southern Europe, possibly in antiquity. While humans had been hunting wild horses since the Paleolithic, during historic times horse meat was an important source of protein for many cultures. As large herbivores, the range of the tarpan was continuously decreased by the increasing human population of the Eurasian landmass. Wild horses were further persecuted because they caused damage to hay stores and often took domestic mares from pastures. Furthermore, interbreeding with wild horses was an economic loss for farmers since the foals of such matings were intractable. Tarpans survived the longest in the southern parts of the Russian steppe. By 1880, when most "tarpans" may have become hybrids, wild horses became very rare. In 1879 the last scientifically confirmed individual was killed. After that, only dubious sightings were documented. As the tarpan horse died out in the wild between 1875 and 1890, the last mare considered wild was accidentally killed during an attempt at capture. The last captive tarpan died in 1909 in a Russian zoo.
An early 19th-century attempt was made by the Polish government to save the tarpan type by establishing a preserve for animals descended from the tarpan in a forested area in Białowieża. In 1780, a wildlife park was established protecting a population of tarpans until the beginning of the 19th century. When the preserve had to close down in 1806, the last remaining tarpans were donated to local farmers and it is claimed that they survived through crossbreeding with domestic horses. The Konik is claimed to descend from these hybrid horses. Recent research has highlighted a significant degree of anatomic difference between free-roaming Konik in the Netherlands and other modern domesticated horses.
Tarpans interbreeding with domestic horses.
The oldest archaeological evidence for domesticated horses is from Kazakhstan and Ukraine between 6,000 and 5,500 YBP (years before present). The diverse mitochondrial DNA of domestic horses contrasts sharply with the very low diversity of the Y chromosome; that suggests that many mares but only a few stallions were used, and local use of wild mares or even secondary sites of domestication are likely. Therefore, the European tarpan may well have contributed to the domestic horse.
Wild horses vs. feral horses.
Some researchers consider the tarpans of the last two centuries of their existence to be mixed wild and feral population or completely feral horses. Few consider the more recent animals historically called "tarpans" to be genuine wild horses without domestic influence. Historic references to "wild horses" may actually refer to feral domestic horses or hybrids.
Some 19th century authors wrote that local "wild" horses had hoof problems that led to crippled legs; therefore, they assumed these were feral horses. Other contemporary authors claimed all "wild" horses between the Volga River and the Ural were actually feral. However, others thought that this was too speculative and assumed that wild, undomesticated horses still lived into the 19th century. Domestic horses used in warfare often were turned loose when they were not needed. Also, remaining wild stallions could steal domestic mares. There are some accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries of wild herds with typical wild horse features such as large heads, pinned ears, short frizzy mane and tail, but mentioned animals with domestic influence as well.
The only known individual to be photographed was the so-called Cherson tarpan, which was caught as a foal near Novovorontsovka in 1866. It died in 1887 in the Moscow Zoo. The nature of this horse was dubious in its lifetime, because it showed almost none of the wild horse features described in the historic sources. Today it is assumed this individual either was a hybrid or a feral domestic horse.
Breeding back wild horses.
Three attempts have been made to use selective breeding to create a type of horse that resembles the tarpan phenotype, though recreating an extinct subspecies is not genetically possible with current technology. In 1936, Polish university professor Tadeusz Vetulani selected Polish farm horses that were formerly known as Panje horses (now called Konik) and that he believed resembled the historic tarpan and started a selective breeding program. Although his breeding attempt is well-known, it made only a minor contribution to the modern Konik stock, which clusters genetically with other domestic horse breeds, including those as diverse as the Mongolian horse and the Thoroughbred.
In the early 1930s, Berlin Zoo Director Lutz Heck and Heinz Heck of the Munich Zoo began a program crossbreeding Koniks with Przewalski horses, Gotland ponies, and Icelandic horses. By the 1960s they produced the Heck horse. In the mid-1960s, Harry Hegard started a similar program in the United States using mustangs and local working ranch horses that has resulted in the Hegardt or Stroebel's horse.
Assessment.
While all three breeds have a primitive look that resembles the wild type tarpan in some respects, they are not genetically tarpans and the wild, predomestic European horse remains extinct. However, this does not prevent some modern breeders from marketing horses with these features as a "tarpan".
In spite of sharing primitive external features, the Konik and Hucul horses have markedly different conformation with differently proportioned body measurements, thought in part to be linked to living in different habitats.
Other breeds sometimes alleged to be surviving tarpans include the Exmoor pony and the Dülmen pony. However, genetic studies do not set any of these breeds apart from other domestic horses. On the other hand, there has not yet been a study comparing domestic breeds directly with the European wild horse.


Steven C. Parrish

Steven C. Parrish (born April 13, 1950) is a C-Suite executive consultant, American lawyer, Chair Safe Horizon, and community volunteer. Until 2008, he was an executive for Altria Group Inc. (formerly Philip Morris Companies, Inc.) where he was a Senior Vice President for Corporate Affairs.
For more than a decade, Steve Parrish supported proposals to grant the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authority to regulate the tobacco industry. His efforts were documented in network news broadcasts and national publications, including ABC's "Peter Jennings Reporting from the Tobacco File," a "New York Times Magazine" cover story "If It's Good for Philip Morris, Can It Also Be Good for Public Health?" and the national best-seller, "A Question of Intent" by former FDA Chairman Dr. David Kessler. After the passage of the landmark bill granting FDA regulatory authority over the tobacco industry, a 2009 "New York Times" article quoted Parrish as congratulating Dr. Kessler. "Congratulations on the Senate vote today," he wrote. Truly historic and it WILL save lives. You were a pioneer; I only wish I had been there with you in the beginning. Better late than never, I guess." To which Dr. Kessler replied, "Congratulations to you - you were key."
From 1994 to 2008, Parrish led Altria's government relations, communications issues management, corporate philanthropy and corporate compliance. As senior vice president of Altria, Parrish headed the corporation's communications with a range of stakeholders, including public health organizations, civic groups, the media and government. He addressed organizations, including the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, The Conference Board and World Presidents Organization. He has appeared on numerous news programs such as "Face the Nation," "Meet the Press", "Nightline", and "The News Hour" on PBS.
Prior to joining Philip Morris in 1990 as Vice President and General Counsel, Philip Morris USA, Parrish was a partner at the law firm of Shook, Hardy and Bacon in Kansas City, MO.
Current.
After his retirement from Altria in 2008, Parrish founded Steve Parrish Consulting Group, LLC specializing in crisis management, corporate social responsibility, public affairs and communication for senior executives of corporations, law firms, and nonprofit organizations. He has also served as is Board Chair of Safe Horizon, the nation's leading provider of support for victims of crime and abuse, particularly domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse and human trafficking. In 2018, Spectrum News NY1 named Parrish “New Yorker of the Week” for his efforts to assist victims of domestic violence. He also serves on the boards of the Stamford Symphony, Tony La Russa's Animal Rescue Foundation, Carleton College Board of Trustees and the League of American Orchestras.


Freshpet

Freshpet is an American pet food company. Its cat food and dog food products are marketed as fresh, and need to be kept refrigerated at the point of sale. Brands include Freshpet Select, Dog Joy, Vital, Nature's Fresh and Dognation. It is listed on the Nasdaq exchange with the ticker symbol FRPT.
History.
Freshpet was founded in Secaucus, New Jersey in 2006 by Scott Morris, Cathal Walsh and John Phelps, former pet food executives. It opened a factory in Quakertown, Pennsylvania in 2006; and another in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in 2013. In February 2020 the company was offered a grant of $2.1 million from the Texas Enterprise Fund to build a plant in Ennis, Texas.


Silas C. Overpack

Silas C. Overpack (March 20, 1841 – March 2, 1927) was a blacksmith, wheelwright, and businessman. He owned a shop (around 1868) in downtown Manistee, Michigan, at 87 Pine Street, called "S.C. Overpack Wagon, Carriage and Blacksmith Shop" and is associated with the invention of Michigan logging wheels. These unusually large wagon wheels (10 feet in diameter) were used in the timber industry for hauling logs in difficult terrain.
Early childhood.
Silas Overpack was born in Chemung, Pennsylvania, on March 20, 1841. He was the sixth of ten children. He spent his childhood there where he received his public schooling. His parents were George and Remercy (Chidester) Overpack. They left Pennsylvania around 1850 and ultimately settled in Springfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan, where George rests in the Andersonville Cemetery, Andersonville, Michigan. Remercy and a number of her descendants are interred in the Oak Grove Cemetery, Manistee, Michigan.
Career.
Shortly after arriving in Michigan, Overpack entered into apprenticeship of learning the wagon-making trade. In 1868 he moved to Manistee and set up a blacksmith and wagon making business downtown. There he made wagons and sleighs for the thriving lumber industry of northern Michigan. He also sold salt, mill carts, blankets, harnesses, whips, and ropes. He usually employed anywhere from twelve to fifteen people at any one time.
In 1875, he began making special pairs of extra-large wagon wheels that were in diameter called "logging wheels" or "big wheels". They were double the size of ordinary wooden wagon wheels and were for hauling logs from forests that had wet terrain in the summer and heavy snows in the winter. Where he lived fit those criteria as did the Upper Peninsula and other northern states. He sold and shipped his "logging wheels" all over the United States and Canada.
Overpack used an image of a wooden wagon wheel with spokes as a log mark as required by the 1842 Michigan law for anyone in the timber business.
Marriage and children.
In 1871 Overpack married Manistee native Millie Magoon (1858–1932). They had three children: Roy M. (1879–1964), Nellie May (1885– ), and Stella Rae (1891–1962). Roy M. graduated from University of Michigan of Ann Arbor in 1903 in Liberal Arts and received a law degree in 1905. He worked at his father's business. In 1940 Roy was the Secretary for Chamber of Commerce, in Manistee. Nellie May went to Benton Harbor College – she was a music vocal teacher and a singer. Stella Rae attended Oakwood School where Nellie May taught. They both became talented musicians.
Other.
Overpack was a member of the board of supervisors of Manistee and also served on the city council. He belonged to the Masonic order and York Rite Masonry as commandery No. 32 and associated with the Knights Templar. He was also affiliated with the Knights of Pythias. His religion was associated with the Unitarian church, although he attended Congregational services. Overpack was a Republican.


Chien Bateke


Driving (horse)

Driving, when applied to horses, ponies, mules, or donkeys, is a broad term for hitching equines to a wagon, carriage, cart, sleigh, or other horse-drawn vehicle by means of a harness and working them in this way. It encompasses a wide range of activities from pleasure driving, to harness racing, to farm work, horse shows, and even international combined driving.
Styles.
For horse training purposes, "driving" may also include the practice of "long-lining" ("long reining"), wherein a horse is driven without a cart by a handler walking behind or behind and to the side of the animal. This technique is used in the early stages of training horses for riding as well as for driving.
Horses, mules and donkeys are driven in harness in many different ways. For working purposes, they can pull a plow or other farm equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many parts of the world they still pull carts, wagons, horse-drawn boats or logs for basic hauling and transportation. They may draw carriages at ceremonies, such as when the British monarch is Trooping the Colour, as well as in parades or for tourist rides.
Horses can race in harness, pulling a very lightweight one-person cart known as a sulky. At the other end of the spectrum, some draft horses compete in horse pulling competitions, where single or teams of horses and their drivers vie to determine who can pull the most weight for a short distance.
In horse show competition, the following general categories of competition are seen:
Teams.
A "team" is more than one animal used together for draft. The animals may be arranged in various ways. While a single animal is usually placed between two shafts, a "pair" (two animals) is usually hitched side by side with a single pole between them. A "troika" is a team hitched in a single row of three: the center horse in shafts and each of the other two hitched on either side. A "tandem" hitch has one rear animal in shafts, then one or more others hitched ahead of the first in single file.
Larger teams are usually in pairs, with four, six or even more animals overall; driving these is known as driving "four-in-hand", "six-in-hand" etc. Sometimes other arrangements are used, such as the "unicorn" (one animal in front of a pair), and the "pickaxe" (three animals in front of a pair). Teams larger than six are generally limited to situations where large loads must be hauled over difficult ground. For example, eight-ox plowing teams were once common on the heavy soils of southern England, as were very large ox teams used in 19th century South Africa (see ox-wagon). Twenty-mule teams were used in the mid-19th century for hauling ore in California, and large teams of horses were often needed to pull the heaviest types of horse artillery.
The animals in a large team have different tasks. The "wheelers" are the pair (or in tandem, the single animal) closest to the vehicle. They provide the main braking effort, slowing the vehicle and controlling it downhill by pulling back on the pole or shafts. The strength of the wheelers is often the limiting factor in determining the maximum safe load for a vehicle – while all the animals can pull uphill, only the wheelers can hold the vehicle downhill. For this reason, the strongest pair in a team may be chosen as the wheelers. Wheelers also steer the vehicle by turning the pole or shafts.
The "leaders" are all the animals in front of the wheelers. As they are also in front of the pole or shafts they cannot provide any braking effort.
Wheelers and leaders in a team usually have somewhat different harness: wheelers usually have breeching so they can pull back on the shafts or pole; leaders do not need breeching, and nor do animals pulling a dragged load such as a plow (where all the animals are effectively leaders). Wheelers may not need breeching in very light vehicles, or those with efficient brakes.
Historically, very heavy loads were sometimes controlled downhill by additional pairs hitched behind the vehicle. Such additional pairs were often hired to passing vehicles to help them either up or down a particularly steep hill.
A particular pair of horses are often worked together all the time. They also may often be hitched the same way as well – each animal always placed on the right-hand or left-hand side. Traditionally, pairs are often given paired names, as in the well-known example of the names of Santa Claus's reindeer: Dasher and Dancer, Prancer and Vixen, Comet and Cupid, Donner and Blitzen.
History.
While there is some anthropological evidence that horses were ridden before they were driven, the most unequivocal evidence of domestication and use of the horse as a driving animal are the Sintashta chariot burials in the southern Urals, circa 2000 BC. However, shortly thereafter, the expansion of the domestic horse throughout Europe was little short of explosive. In the space of possibly 500 years, there is evidence of horse-drawn chariots in Greece, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. By another 500 years, the horse-drawn chariot had spread to China.
Horses may have been driven even earlier. The Standard of Ur, in ancient Sumer, c. 2500 BC, shows horses or some type of onager or donkey hitched to wheeled carts with a yoke around their necks, in a manner similar to that of oxen.
By the time of the Hyksos invasions of Egypt, c. 1600 BC, horses were pulling chariots with an improved harness design that made use of a breast collar and breeching, which allowed a horse to move faster and pull more weight. The breastcollar style harness is still used today for pulling lightweight vehicles.
Even after the chariot had become obsolete as a tool of war, there still was a need for technological innovations in pulling technologies as larger horses were needed to pull heavier loads of both supplies and weapons. The invention of the horse collar in China during the 5th century (Southern and Northern Dynasties) allowed horses to pull greater weight than they could when hitched to a vehicle by means of the ox yokes or breast collars used in earlier times. The horse collar arrived in Europe during the 9th century, and became widespread throughout Europe by the 12th century.
With the invention of the automobile, the tractor and other internal combustion vehicles, the need for driving horses diminished, beginning with the end of World War I and to an even greater degree after World War II. However, interest in driving competition for horses continued, with the horse show and harness racing worlds keeping interest alive, and the development of the sport of combined driving continued to refine the art of proper training and driving techniques. In addition, many third world nations retain a need for driving horses for basic farm work and transportation.


Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth

Gerard Vernon Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth (16 May 1898 – 28 September 1984), styled Viscount Lymington from 1925 until 1943, was a British landowner, writer on agricultural topics, and politician involved in right-wing groups.
Early life.
Gerard was born in Chicago, the eldest son of Oliver Henry Wallop and Marguerite Walker. His father moved to Wyoming, where he was a rancher and served in the Wyoming State Legislature. After the deaths of his two older brothers without sons, Oliver succeeded as 8th Earl of Portsmouth, and renounced his American citizenship to serve in the House of Lords. Gerard was brought up near Sheridan, Wyoming in the United States, where his parents farmed. He was educated in England, at Farnborough, at Winchester College and at Balliol College, Oxford. He then farmed at Farleigh Wallop in Hampshire. Wallop was commissioned a temporary second lieutenant (probationary) in the Reserve Regiment, 2nd Life Guards on 19 January 1917, was transferred to the Guards Machine Gun Regiment on 10 May 1918, and commissioned a temporary lieutenant on 19 July 1918.
Conservative Party politics.
Lord Lymington was Conservative Member of Parliament for the Basingstoke constituency from 1929 to 1934. He stepped down and caused a by-election in March 1934 (Henry Maxence Cavendish Drummond Wolff was elected). At this point he was in the India Defence League, an imperialist group of Conservatives around Winston Churchill, and undertook a research mission in India for them.
He attended the second "Convegno Volta" in 1932, with Christopher Dawson, Lord Rennell of Rodd, Charles Petrie and Paul Einzig making up the British representatives. It was on the theme "L'Europa".
His exit from party politics was apparently caused by a measure of disillusion, and frustrated ambition.
Newton papers.
In 1936, he sent for auction at Sotheby's the major collection of unpublished papers of Isaac Newton, known as the Portsmouth Papers. These had been in the family for around two centuries, since an earlier Viscount Lymington had married Newton's great-niece.
The sale was the occasion on which Newton's religious and alchemical interests became generally known. Broken into a large number of separate lots, running into several hundred, they became dispersed. John Maynard Keynes purchased many significant lots. Theological works were bought in large numbers by Abraham Yahuda. Another purchaser was Emmanuel Fabius, a dealer in Paris.
Right-wing groups.
Wallop was a member of and important influence on the English Mistery, a society promoted by William Sanderson and founded in 1929 or 1930. This was a conservative group, with views in tune with his own monarchist and ruralist opinions.
A split in the Mistery left Wallop leading a successor, the English Array. It was active from 1936 to the early months of World War II, and advocated "back to the land". Its membership included A. K. Chesterton, J. F. C. Fuller, Rolf Gardiner, Hon. Richard de Grey, Hardwicke Holderness, Anthony Ludovici, John de Rutzen, and Reginald Dorman-Smith. It has been described as "more specifically pro-Nazi" than the Mistery; "Famine in England" (1938) by Lymington was an agricultural manifesto, but traded on racial overtones of urban immigration. Lymington's use of Parliamentary questions has been blamed for British government reluctance to admit refugees.
He edited "New Pioneer" magazine from 1938 to 1940, collaborating with John Warburton Beckett and A. K. Chesterton. The gathering European war saw him found the "British Council Against European Commitments" in 1938, with William Joyce. He joined the British People's Party in 1943. The English Array was not shut down, as other organisations of the right were in the war years, but was under official suspicion and saw little activity.
Organic movement.
Wallop was an early advocate of organic farming in Britain. He has been described as a "central figure in the organic movement’s coalescence during the 1930s and ’40s."
He founded the Kinship in Husbandry with Rolf Gardiner, a precursor of the Soil Association. It recruited Edmund Blunden, Arthur Bryant, H. J. Massingham, Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne, Adrian Bell, and Philip Mairet.
Family and personal life.
He was married twice and had five children.
On 31 July 1920, he married Mary Lawrence Post (divorced 1936), daughter of Waldren Kintzing Post, of Bayport, Long Island. They had two children:
In 1954, he married secondly, Bridget Cory Crohan, only daughter of Capt. Patrick Bermingham Crohan by (Edith) Barbara Cory (later Bray), of Owlpen Manor, Gloucestershire. They had three children:
Gerard Wallop succeeded to the title of Earl of Portsmouth in 1943, on the death of his father Oliver.
After the war he moved to Kenya, where he lived for nearly 30 years. His seat at Farleigh House was let as a preparatory school from 1953.
The Earl's elder son, Oliver, predeceased him; on his death in 1984, the title passed to his grandson Quentin.


Tithe Barn, Pilton

The Tithe Barn at Cumhill Farm in Pilton, Somerset, England, was built in the 14th century as a tithe barn to hold produce for Glastonbury Abbey. It is a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument.
The barn, of coursed and squared rubble, was originally built in the 14th and 15th centuries to hold the produce from farms in the area who paid one tenth of their produce to Glastonbury Abbey as the landowner. It is one of four surviving monastic barns built by the Abbey, the others being the Tithe Barn, Manor Farm, Doulting, the West Pennard Court Barn and the Glastonbury tithe barn, now the Somerset Rural Life Museum.
Restoration.
On 9 June 1963 lightning set fire to the thatched roof and it remained a wreck until Michael Eavis, organiser of the Glastonbury Festival, bought it in 1995, and presented the barn to the Pilton Barn Trust.
The project was made possible with a grant of £400,000 from English Heritage. The Glastonbury festival contributed a further £100,000.
A new roof, replicating the original, using a combination of traditional carpentry techniques and modern technology, has been built, by Peter McCurdy using skills used when recreating the Globe theatre in London, from English oak which came from Northumberland. The roof frame consists of cruck construction which sits high in the walls with an arcade plate then carrying the apex of the roof above.
McCurdy was also assisted by a local team run by Jon Maine who designed and erected the complex scaffolding both internally and externally and then using 8000 36" long oak hand split (riven) battens tiled the roof using over 30,000 hand made plain tiles.
In addition to the new roof a new floor was laid, including a wide strip in Blue Lias Stone and 44 cubic meters of lime concrete used to fill the expanses either side. It is said to be the largest expanse of lime concrete flooring anywhere in Europe.
The restoration was nominated for the annual Wood Awards, which recognise and encourage outstanding design, craftmanship and installation in joinery and structures in wood. It was awarded the prize as the Best Use of British Timber Award and Structural Timber Award in 2005. It also received the Royal Institute of British Architects Town and Country Design Award in the same year.
It was officially opened on Friday 1 April 2005 by local historian Sir John Keegan and is now used for public events such as medieval fairs, dances, weddings, parties, Somerset Arts Week and village events.


Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog

The Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog is a breed of bulldog from the United States, and it is predominantly used as a guard dog. It is a very powerful, muscular breed with large head and brachycephalic muzzle. The hair coat is short, typically colored white with black, blue, buff or brown patches, and its tail is kept un-docked. Sexual dimorphism is common in the breed, with larger dogs typically twice the weight of smaller bitches.
History.
The Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog is a rare breed that is believed to be descended from Old English Bulldogs that were brought to the Americas in the 18th century where they were used in the blood sports of bull baiting and bear baiting; they were later used as cattle and pig herders. For multiple generations, the breed was bred solely by the Lane family of Rebecca, Georgia. They eventually started a breed registry with a dog called Otto, the foundation dog of the family's breeding operation. The dog's name has occasionally been used as a nickname for the breed. In the early 21st century, there were an estimated 120 to 150 extant Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldogs.


Alvin S. Trow

Alvin S. Trow (15 September 1838 – 9 September 1909) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly for a term.
Biography.
Trow was born on September 15, 1838 in what would become Walworth, Wisconsin. Pursuits he followed include steamboat, lumber and flour mercantile businesses, along with dairy and cranberry farming. On January 22, 1865, Trow married Sarah J. Knapp. He died on September 9, 1909 in Battle Creek, Michigan. Trow, Wisconsin was named after him.
Political career.
Trow lived in Merrillan and was elected to the Assembly from the 7th District of Jackson County, Wisconsin in 1880. Additionally, he chaired the county board of Winnebago County, Wisconsin.


Century Mill, Farnworth

Century Mill, Farnworth is a former cotton spinning mill in Farnworth, Bolton, Greater Manchester, England which was built in the early 20th century for ring spinning. It was taken over by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in the 1930s and passed to Courtaulds in 1964. The building is still in use for various other purposes in 2016.
History.
Century mill was built early in the 20th century, spinning 40's counts on ring frames for general-purpose work.
The cotton industry peaked in 1912 when it produced 8 billion yards of cloth. The Great War of 1914–1918 halted the supply of raw cotton, and the British government encouraged its colonies to build mills to spin and weave cotton. The war over, Lancashire never regained its markets and the independent mills were struggling. The Bank of England set up the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in 1929 to attempt to rationalise and save the industry. Century Mill, Farnworth was one of 104 mills bought by the LCC, and one of the 53 mills that survived through to 1950. In 2016 it was still standing and in use for non-textile purposes.
Architecture.
Power.
The mill had a 1500 hp cross compound engine by Hick, Hargreaves & Co. Ltd. built in 1902 which operated at 190psi. The cylinders were 26"HP, 54"LP on a stroke. The flywheel drove 45 ropes at 59rpm.


Delta Junction, Alaska

Delta Junction () is a city in the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 958, up from 840 in 2000. The 2018 estimate was down to 931. The city is located a short distance south of the confluence of the Delta River with the Tanana River, which is at Big Delta. It is about south of Fairbanks. Native inhabitants are Tanana Athabaskans.
History.
For at least 10,000 years, Athabascan Indians have inhabited portions of the interior of Alaska. Early inhabitants survived by hunting and fishing.
The early history of non-native settlement in the area occurred at the river crossing at Big Delta and is found at the entry, Big Delta, Alaska. In 1904, the town first served as a telegraph station. In 1928, a herd of 23 bison were brought from the National Bison Range in Montana to an area south of Big Delta to provide an additional game species for hunters. Buffalo Center, a small community near the center of present-day Delta Junction, was named because of their presence, especially during the winter months. The huge animals were troublesome, and sometimes made landings dangerous at nearby Allen Army Airfield.
The herd is now kept at several hundred animals by the annual issuance of hunting permits. In the early 1980s, the Delta Junction Bison Range, south of the Alaska Highway and between Ft. Greely and the Little Gerstle River was established; the range is now managed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to provide fall habitat for bison to reduce farm depredations and to provide habitat for other wildlife.
During World War II, the United States aided the Soviet Union against Germany by sending airplanes and supplies authorized by the Lend-lease Act to the Soviet Union through Alaska into the Russian Far East. The Alaska Highway was built to connect an existing road in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada, with the Richardson Highway in Alaska, a distance of .
The Alaska Highway met the Richardson Highway at a point south along the Delta River from Big Delta. The place where the highways met became known as Delta Junction. Allen Army Airfield was constructed south of Delta Junction for use in sending supplies to Russia. The Glenn Highway was built from Anchorage to what is now Glennallen, where it met the Richardson Highway. This connection created a motor route between Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska.
After World War II, a U.S. army base, Fort Greely, was built next to the air field. The base, and a huge tract of land around it, was used for training soldiers for cold weather combat during the Cold War with the former Soviet Union.
In 1957, the Richardson Highway was paved. About this time, portions of the Alaska Highway were also paved. The army base and tourism brought on the highways, caused a boom in the area's economy and the commercial center of the area moved from Big Delta to Delta Junction. After World War II, some people also began farming and raising livestock in the Delta Junction area. This farming required new techniques to accommodate the short growing season and the cold and dark winters of interior Alaska.
Delta Junction was incorporated as a municipality in 1960. Oil was discovered in the North Slope of Alaska in 1968. In 1974, construction began on the pipeline to transport the oil from the North Slope to Valdez. The pipeline construction also aided the economy of the area. Delta Junction experienced a temporary boom, similar to the gold rush, that resulted in a wave of new residents and businesses in the community. Cost of living during this period was well above the national average due to transportation costs, as well as gouging. Prostitution and bars flourished — as did churches and religious communes.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Tanana Valley was designated as a potential agricultural area for Alaska. The state of Alaska then made large tracts of land available to future farmers for purchase. Significant was establishment of the "Barley Project" east of the city. Plans were made to grow barley, ship it to Valdez via a future rail terminal, and from there ship it overseas to Asia. Though farms were established and a storage facility constructed in Valdez, the railroad never came, essentially resulting in the failure of the project. Political pressure and growing costs resulted in the project being defunded upon change in governors. Today, these original farms are primarily used as pasture or for hay production though barley, potatoes, carrots, and even wheat are still grown with limited commercial success. With the availability of a nearby meat processing facility (Delta Meat and Sausage Company), many farmers turned to cattle with limited success. In addition, the area is now known for production of exotic meats such as yak, bison, and elk.
In 1971, the George Parks Highway between Anchorage and Fairbanks was completed. This highway followed the railroad route and was a shorter route for motorists traveling between Anchorage and Fairbanks than the Glenn and Richardson Highway route. Many travelers used the new highway, bypassing Delta Junction. In 1977, pipeline construction ended. The Cold War also ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. These events caused a decline in the economy of Delta Junction.
During the 1990s and 2000s, immigrants from the former Soviet republics came to the area, significantly changing the makeup of the local population.
Fort Greely was included on the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) list in 1995. From 1995 to 2002, Fort Greely was gradually re-aligned through a gradual drawdown in both military and civilian personnel. Once BRAC was complete in 2002, Fort Greely remained open but was staffed with less than 100 military and civilian personnel. During this time the remaining workers were either associated with public works functions or the Cold Regions Test Center, which continued testing on the installation. Headquarters for both the Cold Regions Test Center and the Northern Warfare Training Center moved to Fort Wainwright in Fairbanks in 2002. Base housing and numerous surplus buildings remained vacant, though the Army continued heating and maintaining them.
Re-alignment of Fort Greely resulted in heated discussion throughout the Delta Junction community over a proposal to site a privately operated state prison within surplus buildings on Fort Greely. Eventually, the city of Delta Junction entered into a contract with Allvest Corporation to operate this prison. Plans for the prison eventually fell through. Allvest Corporation subsequently sued Delta Junction for $1 million for breach of contract.
Shortly after BRAC was complete, the United States government announced plans to build a missile defense installation at Ft. Greely. The installation was then divided into two parts operated by two different commands — U.S. Army Garrison Alaska and Space and Missile Defense Command. The main post retained the name Fort Greely and is operated by the Space and Missile Defense Command. Outlying range, training and impact areas were absorbed by Fort Wainwright and were renamed Donnelly Training Area.
From 2002 to 2005, Delta Junction experienced an economic boom similar to the pipeline days as Fort Greely became fully operational again and the missile test bed was constructed. National firms such as Boeing, Bechtel, and Brown and Root, as well as regional firms including Chugach opened up offices on the installation, under contract to the government. Construction of the Pogo Gold Mine just north of Delta Junction, near the Goodpaster River, also contributed significantly to the economic fortune of the city. Mineral deposits near Tangle Lakes, south of Delta Junction, will likely result in additional development of mining in the area.
Geography.
Delta Junction is located at (64.047669, −145.718655).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
"Big Delta" lies at the intersection of the Delta River and the Tanana River. The city of Delta Junction sits on the Delta River at the intersection of the Richardson Highway and the famed Alaska Highway (actually, the end of the Alaska Highway). The city and Delta community lie within the fertile Tanana River valley. Three mountain ranges—the White Mountains to the north, the Granite Mountains to the southeast, and the Alaska Range to the southwest—and the Delta River to the west surround the city.
Once overlain by glaciers, the geology is marked by glacial moraines as well as alluvial deposits from the Delta and Tanana Rivers. Numerous mineral deposits are found in the vicinity of Delta Junction ranging from gold to molybdenum to coal. A prominent natural feature on the landscape is Donnelly Dome, located within the Donnelly Training Area of Fort Wainwright (formerly a part of nearby Fort Greely until 2001), to the south of Delta Junction. This dome was formed as a glacier coming from the Alaska Range split in two, carving away sides of a former mountain.
Climate.
As is typical of the Alaska Interior, Delta Junction has a subarctic climate (Köppen "Dwc"). The average high temperature is below freezing from mid-October thru late March, and during the height of winter cold, as the town is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 2a, the coldest conditions of the year typically bottom out in the range, with sub- highs a common occurrence. Precipitation averages at only annually, and over half of this total occurs from June to August. Snow, which typically falls from October to April and sometimes May and September, is generally not heavy due to the dry climate, and averages per season. Extreme temperatures have ranged from on January 30, 1947 up to on June 15, 1969.
Delta Junction was known as the "Windy City" and "Little Chicago" by many soldiers on Fort Greely. In Delta Junction itself, but not in the nearby areas, wind blows many days from the south down the Delta River from the Gulf of Alaska, bringing river silt in the summer and snowdrifts in the winter. There are usually several days in the winter when the temperature is in the range of −40 °F/°C when a wind (known as a Chinook wind) begins to blow. A few minutes later, the temperature climbs to above the freezing mark. When the wind stops, the temperature returns to colder ranges.
Delta Junction's prevailing winds are from the east.
Demographics.
Delta Junction first appeared on the 1970 U.S. Census as an incorporated city (despite having been incorporated in 1960).
Race and ethnicity.
As of the census of 2000, there were 840 people, 312 households, and 208 families residing in the city. The population density was 48.7 people per square mile (18.8/km2). There were 422 housing units at an average density of 24.4 per square mile (9.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.43% White, 1.07% Black or African American, 4.05% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 2.38% from two or more races. 0.83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Delta Junction has the highest percentage of Ukrainian people in the United States, with 16.4% of residents having been born in Ukraine and an even higher total number having Ukrainian ancestry. According to the 2000 Census, 19.64% of the general population and 31.10% of those aged 5–17 used either Russian or Ukrainian as home language.
Age and gender.
Of the 312 households, 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.32.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 32.6% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.6 males.
Income.
The median income for a household in the city was $43,500, and the median income for a family was $58,250. Males had a median income of $50,469 versus $25,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,171. About 12.3% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.
Economy.
Construction and maintenance of the military facilities, mining, agriculture, tourism and their support industries form the backbone of the area economy.
A railroad spur from Fairbanks to Delta Junction has been proposed to transport material to the missile defense site. This should spur other types of industry in Delta Junction, as the railroad could transport agricultural products out of the area as well as promote tourist travel into the area by rail.
Many people in Delta Junction supplement their food supply by hunting the moose, caribou, Dall sheep and bison in the area, as well as fishing. A few operate small gold mines or hunt or trap fur-bearing animals for extra income.
Delta Junction, like most Alaskan communities, has a small airstrip where charter flights are available for sightseeing, hunting and fishing.
Due to limited shopping availability, many residents travel to Fairbanks via the Richardson Highway to purchase goods and services. Though Delta has a clinic, primary medical care is also in Fairbanks.
Area parks.
The area around Delta Junction is home to a number of parks. Just north of the city is the Quartz Lake State Recreation Area. South of the city is the Clearwater State recreation Site, a park with a campground and access to the Delta Clearwater River. Further south is the Delta State Recreation Site, a park directly across from the Delta River. It has a campground, a nearby airstrip, and views of the Alaska Range. The Donnelly Creek State Recreation Site is an isolated park in an alpine environment. The park has a campground and is considered a prime spot for wildlife viewing and is adjacent to the calving grounds for the bison herd.
Education.
Public education in Delta Junction is provided by the Delta-Greely School District, which combines the city with neighboring communities such as Big Delta, Deltana, Fort Greely Gerstle River School, and Healy Lake.
In 2007, Delta Junction Elementary School was named a National Blue Ribbon School.


List of cigar brands

This is an alphabetical list of cigar brands. Included is information about the company owning the brand name as well as a column allowing easy viewing of the source of that information.
If a brand name begins with the English word "The" or its Spanish equivalents, "El, La, Los," and "Las", that first word is disregarded. Brands denoted by dual personal names or by personal names preceded by the title, "Don", are alphabetized by the "first" name of the series — thus "Don Pepín Garcia" appears under the letter D, not G. Brand names beginning with "De" or "Del" are listed under D.
Feel free to make additions to this list, but please try to keep new listings in alphabetical order. If you are not comfortable making changes to the table, note your additions to be made on the Talk page.
Raymond Pages


Dairy Shorthorn

The Dairy Shorthorn is a British breed of dairy cattle. It developed from the Shorthorn, which itself came from County Durham, Northumberland and Yorkshire in north eastern England.
The breed is known as the Dairy Shorthorn in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and South Africa, and as the Milking Shorthorn in Canada, New Zealand and the United States. The Illawarra cattle breed of Australia is largely descended from the Dairy Shorthorn. The Swedish Red and Norwegian Red breeds also have some Shorthorn ancestry.
Characteristics.
The Dairy Shorthorn is an average-sized breed, with mature cows averaging tall at the tailhead, and weighing . They are red, red with white markings, white, or roan. Red and white coat colour genes in purebred Milking Shorthorns are co-dominant, resulting in the roan coloration and unique colour patterns seen in the breed. Average milk production for the breed is about in an annual lactation of 305 days, with 3.8% butterfat and 3.3% protein.
Milking/Dairy Shorthorn cattle are also known for high levels of fertility, grazing efficiency, and ease of management that result in the breed being high suitable for low-input dairy operations in various production environments. Milking Shorthorns are known for their durability, longevity, and ease of calving as well as their versatility in a number of production environments.
History.
The breed was established in the 18th century in Northeastern England, in the Valley of the Tees River bordering the counties of Durham, Northumberland and York. Bates and Booth established a "dairy-type" strain of Shorthorns on their farms in the region, and that strain has remained until this day.
Dairy Shorthorn cattle, known at one time as Durhams, were among the first cattle to be imported into Australia.
The first importation of Shorthorns to the United States was to Maryland and Virginia in 1783. With further imports through the 1800s the breed spread across the whole country.
One of the first official demonstrations of the production ability of Milking Shorthorns was made at the World's Exposition in Chicago in 1893 where two of the leading cows of the test were Kitty Clay 3rd and Kitty Clay 4th, the latter standing third in net profit over all breeds. These sister cows became the foundation for the Clay cow family of Milking Shorthorns, developed at Glenside Farm, Granville Center, Pennsylvania.
The first dairy cows imported into New Zealand were Shorthorns, when in 1814, they were shipped from New South Wales. Shorthorns were used as draught animals in bullock teams, were good milkers and provided good meat. Shorthorn herds were established by the early 1840s, and for a long time Shorthorns were New Zealand's most popular cattle breed.
The breed has served as part of the foundation for other red dairy breeds, including Swedish Red cattle, Angeln cattle and Illawarra cattle in Australia (with some Ayrshire ancestry). The Ayrshire cattle breed was originally formed from dairy-type Shorthorn cattle in Scotland.
Genetic expansion.
The Milking Shorthorn breed has largely embraced a form of genetic expansion in populations around the world, in an effort to continue genetic improvement while avoiding the inbreeding concerns that can arise in a small population. As a result, the breed has seen dramatic improvement in both production and dairy conformation in the past 30 years while retaining a breed identity. Genetic expansion programs vary by population, but all populations have incorporated some level of outside genetics. Red Holstein genetics have been used in all populations to some degree. In Canada, selected Swedish Red genetics have been entered into the herdbook at 75% purity, while these genetics have 50% purity standing in the United States. Illawarra genetics from Australia are also largely incorporated by all Shorthorn herdbooks as 100%, minus any non-Illawarra/Shorthorn genetics (i.e. Red Holstein). As a result, the Milking Shorthorn breed in Canada has the lowest average inbreeding percentage of any dairy breed, despite having a relatively small population size.
While these genetic expansion programs have been embraced, national breed associations have been instrumental in ensuring that the breed works to retain the characteristics that make it an efficient alternative in the dairy industry. Some national breed associations have been active in either approving sires for use or directly selling semen on a range of sires of varying purity percentages. All countries have different herd book mechanisms for tracking the percentage of purity of each registered animal but some are more rigorous than others. The breed has largely ensured that breeders are able to follow whatever breeding program suits their needs, resulting in both herds of "blended" Shorthorns with many animals at less than 50% purity, as well as herds in several countries were most animals are purebred.
Original strains.
There are small groups of Milking/Dairy Shorthorns that have not incorporated outside genetics and remain true to the conformation and production levels of Shorthorns from the earlier part of the 20th century. The Dairy Shorthorn population in Australia, as well as the Native Milking Shorthorns of the United States are examples of such groups. In some countries, these animals may be known as Dual Purpose Shorthorns, as they tend to have higher fleshing capabilities than traditional dairy cattle.
Current status.
The Milking/Dairy Shorthorn breed has seen population growth in several countries in the past decade after many years of population decline. The Canadian Milking Shorthorn Society had their highest registration and membership totals in over 25 years in 2012. All major populations have seen an increase in interest in Milking Shorthorns by dairy producers, artificial insemination organisations, and crossbreeders.
Breed societies.
The Milking/Dairy Shorthorn breed was initially founded on the Coates Herd Book, widely thought to be the first pedigree herd book for cattle in the world. This herdbook includes both beef and dairy animals but the herdbook is divided between the two sections. Herdbooks in Canada and the United States were also combined until formation of independent breed societies in these countries.
The American Milking Shorthorn Society is the largest Milking Shorthorn population, registering in excess of 3000 animals per year. They are closely followed by the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland. New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Australia and South Africa have registered populations of Milking/Dairy Shorthorns. The Illawarra Cattle Society of Australia has the largest population of Milking Shorthorn-type cattle.


Ravachol Parrot

The Ravachol parrot lived in Pontevedra, Spain, between 1891 and 1913. It was the pet of the pharmacist Perfecto Feijoo. It became one of the symbols of the city.
The burial of the Ravachol Parrot is commemorated every year during the carnival of the city of Pontevedra.
Origin of the name.
There is no evidence that the parrot had a specific name during its first months in Pontevedra, but before a year had passed since its arrival in the city, all the neighbours knew it by the name of a famous French revolutionary. François Ravachol was an anarchist who, as well as being a troublemaker, was known for his terrorist attacks with dynamite.
It was his owner Don Perfecto Feijoo himself who named the parrot Ravachol, because of its unruly and untamable character.
History.
The owner.
The pharmacist from Pontevedra Perfecto Feijoo (1858-1935) graduated from the University of Santiago de Compostela. Since 1880 he ran the pharmacy located in the Plaza de la Peregrina, next to the Church of the Pilgrim Virgin on the corner of Oliva Street. He had a pleasant and friendly character and gathered the cream of Pontevedra's society in his pharmacy. Personalities from politics, the arts and sciences came to his pharmacy to participate in the most lively meetings. He was undoubtedly one of the most charismatic personalities in Galicia at that time.
Origins of the parrot.
In 1702, the Spanish fleet, together with the French fleet, tried to land goods brought from America. The Spanish fleet, together with the French fleet, tried to land goods brought from America. The ships were attacked by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, which led to the Battle of Rande. Among the goods from the new continent was a cargo of exotic birds. After the ships sank, a large number of parrots managed to survive. They spread around and were captured by the villagers.
The date of birth of the Ravachol Parrot is unknown, but it was in 1891 that Martin Fayes, a music teacher and director of the military band of Tui, a friend of D. Perfecto, gave it to him. The young parrot would stay in Pontevedra for 22 years.
Arrival in Pontevedra of the Parrot Ravachol.
It took some time for the parrot to adapt to his new home but he soon showed his restless and irreverent nature. His ability to speak was mixed with a vulgar vocabulary, said to have come from the soldiers in the barracks where his former owner Martin Fayes worked. Depending on the time of year and the time of day, the parrot's cage was located in the pharmacy, in the back of the pharmacy or outside the pharmacy next to a stone bench. It was in the latter location that the parrot was most comfortable enjoying the liveliness of passers-by.
Death and burial.
On 26 January 1913, the Parrot died. It is said that the cause of his death was over-consumption of biscuits soaked in wine or poisoning. The society of Pontevedra was plunged into a sad sense of mourning and organised itself to bid farewell to the most emblematic reference of the city. The corpse was embalmed and displayed in the pharmacy.
The Society of Craftsmen organised the funeral and set up a burial chamber in the pharmacy. They set the date of the funeral for 5 February 1913. Famous people from Pontevedra took part in the funeral, which was a farewell to the beloved parrot Ravachol. The mortal remains of the parrot were buried in the estate that D. Perfecto owned in Mourente.
Description.
Personality.
The parrot's temperament was very peculiar, its verbosity and ease of expression made it a singular attraction. Many customers gave sweets to the parrot, as those who did not did so received a good reprimand from Ravachol.
Curiosities and sentences.
The life of the parrot was marked by a large number of anecdotes linked to its ease of expression and its particular sarcasm. The most surprising thing is that his mastery of the language was coupled with an intelligence that allowed him to hold small conversations. He also identified certain situations to apply his sentences, almost always in Galician, which soon became popular and were later used in the everyday language of the people of Pontevedra. For example, Ravachol could say the threatening words "se collo a vara..." ("if I take the stick...") to address those who bothered him. If no one was looking after the customers and a customer came into the pharmacy, he would shout "Don Perfecto" ("there are people in the shop"). If the customer looked bad, he would shout: "We don't trust you here". On the other hand, when a priest arrived, he would imitate a crow. To the president of the Spanish government, Eugenio Montero Ríos, and to the writer Emilia Pardo Bazán he dedicated insults that would be condemned at the time. Another example of his intelligence is that sometimes he would shout "Don Perfecto a despachar" ("Don Perfecto, go and take care of the customers") and when the pharmacist approached him he would say "engañeiche! "(I fooled you!).
The Ravachol parrot in popular culture.
Modern burial.
In 1985, a group of Pontevedrians, in collaboration with the municipal festivities committee, decided to recreate the wake and burial of the Ravachol Parrot during the city's carnival. The success of this first recreation was such that within a few years the burial of the Parrot Ravachol became one of the most popular events of the Galician carnival. The celebration closes the carnival week in Pontevedra. It is customary for Ravachol to appear on Carnival Monday in a costume that changes every year depending on the current events. Initially, the funeral was held on Friday, but was moved to Saturday after Ash Wednesday to facilitate the participation of thousands of people in the funeral procession.
Relevance.
There are many examples of recognition for this figure of the Pontevedra carnival. He has been the subject of television reports, journalistic columns, historical studies and literary inspiration. It also has its own "saeta", "rumba", "tanguillos" and "coplas murgueras", badge and various merchandising items. The parrot has had a monument since 23 February 2006 at the very spot in the city where his picturesque exploits took place. It is precisely there that the pharmacy is rebuilt every year and the famous gatherings are recreated.
The parrot also has a dedicated figurine in the famous Galician pottery of Sargadelos.


Baird Brothers Fine Hardwoods

Baird Brothers Fine Hardwoods is a privately held manufacturer and retailer of interior hardwood products. It has been family owned and operated since 1960. The company is headquartered in Canfield, Ohio.
Baird Brothers manufactures and retails interior hardwood products. The company produces products as simple as dimensional lumber and hardwood flooring, to custom doors, mouldings, and other products.
History.
Baird Brothers Fine Hardwoods, also known by its incorporated name, Baird Brothers Sawmill, was founded in 1960.
President Paul Baird, the last surviving founder, but the company still remains a family owned and operated business. Now into their second generation, the family business is conducted by Scott Baird, Mark Baird, Matt Baird, Lori Baird, Terry Baird, and Tim Baird.
Currently the company operates all of its business through its headquarters in Canfield, Ohio, doing most of its business through online and phone sales. Baird Brothers has an annual festival named the "Red White & True Fall Festival". The company has evolved from a small operation to a nationwide corporation housing their finished product in warehouses spanning more than 200 yards.


Forestry Science and Technology Institute, Chittagong

Forestry Science and Technology Institute () is a Bangladesh government owned forestry educational institute in Chittagong. It is the only institute in Bangladesh that offers a four-year diploma in forestry.
History.
Forestry Science and Technology Institute was established in 1994 in Chittagong with financial support from World Bank and United Nations Development Programme. It was originally called Bangladesh Forest College. it is under the Bangladesh Technical Education Board and run by Bangladesh Forest Department. It is a residential institute. The institute had 10 teachers at the beginning but the number was reduced to three after funding shortages. The institute takes in 50 students per year.
On 13 March 2020, a video was leaked showing two teachers of the institute demanding money from students for good grades. One teacher, Amal Krisno Mandal, said that the student would be held back one year if he did not pay the money demanded. The other teacher was Delwar Hossain who allegedly prevented the installations of CCTV cameras in exam halls.
On 13 August 2020, a 14th batch student of the college, Yosuf Ali, was killed while serving in the Forest Department. He was killed while trying prevent illegal land grabbing and logging.
There are two other forestry institutes in Bangladesh, Forestry Science and Technology Institute, Rajshahi and Forestry Science and Technology Institute, Sylhet.


Gaines-Burgers

Gaines-Burgers was a brand of dog food that was introduced in 1961 by General Foods, and production ceased in the 1990s. The product consisted of individually wrapped patties of moisturized dog food that resembled a hamburger. Unlike hamburgers, the Gaines-Burgers could be stored at room temperature for long periods of time. The technique was later used for human foods.
History.
Gaines-Burgers was named after the former Gaines Food Company of Sherburne, New York, a major pet food company acquired by General Foods in 1943. In November 1982, General Foods introduced "Improved Gaines-Burgers Cheese", advertised as made with cheddar cheese. The "improved" reference relates to an earlier version of the product "with cheese" marketed in the early 1970s.
In 1984, General Foods sold Gaines to Anderson, Clayton and Company. In 1986, Quaker Oats Company bought Anderson, Clayton to acquire Gaines for its pet food division; Quaker sold the remainder of Anderson, Clayton to Kraft.
Present day.
As of 2017, the trademark for North America belongs to dVour Brands Corporation based in Chicago Ill. Limited edition premium brand offerings of small batch fresh, slow cooked USDA-approved meat protein patties form were offered in 2020. The product was made available for consumers in limited batches in February 2020
In popular culture.
In 1972, "National Lampoon"'s "Deteriorata" (a spoof of "Desiderata", then enjoying a measure of popular attention thanks to a spoken word recording) singled out Gaines-Burgers "with cheese" in order to poke fun at modern product advertising using the line ""Take heart amid the deepening gloom that your dog is finally getting enough cheese"."


Che (cigarette)

Che (In Chile known as El Che) is a Luxembourgish brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by "Landewyck Tobacco". The cigarettes are named after the popular Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.
History.
Che was introduced in 2000 and has become a popular brand since its introduction. The cigarettes consist out of Burley, Virginia and oriental type tobaccos, and the tobacco itself is additive free. In France, it is mandatory to mention the amount of tobacco, cigarette paper and additives that are used to produce a cigarette on the pack, and the Che brand has 95% tobacco, 5% tobacco paper and 0% additives.
Controversy.
In 2012, Polish conservative parliament member Stanisław Pięta of the Law and Justice party announced he would file a lawsuit against Landewyck Tobacco for selling Che cigarettes in Poland. He said the Che cigarettes were "propaganda which is spreading a totalitarian ideology" and that "Polish law prohibits the propaganda of totalitarian ideologies, whether that be Fascist or Communist". For Stanisław Pięta it is inadmissible to turn "Communist assassins into pop culture icons." It would be something like "the marketing of tobacco packs with the effigies of Hermann Göring or Joseph Goebbels.", which were two of the main leaders of the Nazi Germany regime.
Rona Pologne, the company responsible for the marketing of the brand in Poland, defended itself in a statement in which it claims that the brand was sold more than 20 years ago in several European countries, and that its distribution is governed by the laws in force in each country where it is present.
Markets.
Che cigarettes were or still are sold in the following countries: Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, Poland, Slovenia, Russia, Japan, Chile, Brazil and Romania.