NBA salary cap

The NBA salary cap is the limit to the total amount of money that National Basketball Association teams are allowed to pay their players. Like many professional sports leagues, the NBA has a salary cap to control costs and benefit parity, defined by the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA). This limit is subject to a complex system of rules and exceptions and is calculated as a percentage of the league's revenue from the previous season. Under the CBA ratified in July 2017, the cap will continue to vary in future seasons based on league revenues. For the 2019–20 season, the cap is set at $109.14 million.
The majority of leagues (NFL, NHL, MLS) have hard caps while the NBA has a soft salary cap. Hard salary caps forbid teams from going above the salary cap. Soft salary caps allow teams to go above the salary cap but will subject such teams to reduced privileges in free agency. Teams that go above the luxury tax cap are subject to the luxury tax (a tax on every dollar spent over the luxury tax cap).
History.
The NBA had a salary cap in the mid-1940s, but it was abolished after only one season. The league continued to operate without such a cap until 1984–85 season, when one was instituted in an attempt to level the playing field among all of the NBA's teams and ensure competitive balance for the League in the future. Before the cap was reinstated, teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players, but in the first season under the new cap, they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll.
Under the 2005 CBA, salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball-related income (BRI) and lasted for six years until June 30, 2011. The next CBA, which took effect in 2011, set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011–12, with a 49-to-51 band in subsequent years.
To ensure the players get their share of the BRI, teams are required to spend 90 percent of the salary cap each year. The salary cap for the 2019–20 season is $109.14 million (minimum team salary, which is set at 90 percent of the Salary Cap, is $98.226 million).
In December 2016, the league and the players' union reached a tentative agreement on a new CBA, with both sides ratifying it by the end of that month. The new agreement will run through the 2023–24 season, with either side able to opt out after the 2022–23 season.
NBA Salary Cap in USD
NBA Salary Cap in 2016 USD (Inflation rate through May 2016)
Soft versus hard caps.
Unlike the NFL and NHL, the NBA features a so-called soft cap, meaning that there are several significant exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap to sign players. This is done to allow teams to keep their own players, which, in theory, fosters fan support in each individual city. By contrast, the NFL and NHL salary caps are considered hard, meaning that they offer relatively few (if any) circumstances under which teams can exceed the salary cap. The NBA and MLS version of the "soft" cap does, however, offer less leeway to teams than that of Major League Baseball. MLB allows teams to spend as much as they want on salary, but it penalizes them a percentage of the amount by which they exceed the soft cap. The percentage increases as the number of consecutive years a team exceeds the cap grows, resetting only when a team falls under the cap. Other penalties related to the MLB draft can also apply effective with the 2018 team payrolls.
Luxury tax.
While the soft cap allows teams to exceed the salary cap indefinitely by re-signing their own players using the "Larry Bird" family of exceptions, there are consequences for exceeding the cap by large amounts. A luxury tax payment is required of teams whose payroll exceeds a certain "tax level", determined by a complicated formula, and teams exceeding it are punished by being forced to pay bracket-based amounts for each dollar by which their payroll exceeds the tax level.
While most NBA teams hold contracts valued in excess of the salary cap, few teams have payrolls at luxury tax levels. The tax threshold in 2005–06 was $61.7 million. In 2005–06, the New York Knicks' payroll was $124 million, putting them $74.5 million above the salary cap, and $62.3 million above the tax line, which Knicks owner James Dolan paid to the league. Tax revenues are normally redistributed evenly among non-tax-paying teams, so there is often a several-million-dollar incentive to owners not to pay the luxury tax.
The luxury tax level for the 2008–09 season was $71.15 million. For the 2009–10 season, the luxury tax level was set at $69.92 million. The luxury tax level for the 2010–11 and 2012–13 NBA seasons was $70,307,000.
The 2011 CBA instituted major changes to the luxury tax regime. The previous CBA had a dollar-for-dollar tax provision system, which remained in effect through the 2012–13 season. Teams exceeding the tax level were punished by being forced to pay one dollar to the league for each dollar by which their payroll exceeded the tax level. Starting in 2013–14, the tax changed to an incremental system. Under the current system, tax is assessed at different levels based on the amount that a team is over the luxury tax threshold. The scheme is not cumulative—each level of tax applies only to amounts over that level's threshold. For example, a team that is $8 million over the tax threshold will pay $1.50 for each of its first $5 million over the tax threshold, and $1.75 per dollar for the remaining $3 million. Starting in 2014–15, "repeat offenders", subject to additional penalties, are defined as teams that paid tax in previous seasons. In the first season, repeat offenders from in all previous three seasons paid a stiffer tax rate; from 2015 to 2016 thereafter, teams paying taxes in three out of four years are subject to the higher repeater rate. As in the previous CBA, the tax revenue is divided among teams with lower payrolls. However, under the new scheme, no more than 50% of the total tax revenue can go exclusively to teams that did not go over the cap. Initial reports did not specify the use of the remaining 50% under the 2011 CBA, but it was later confirmed that this amount would be used to fund revenue sharing for the season during which tax was paid.
For the 2013–14 season, the luxury tax threshold was set at $71.748 million. The Brooklyn Nets, whose payroll for that season was projected to be over $100 million, would face a luxury tax bill above $80 million, resulting in a total payroll cost of $186 million.
Exceptions.
Because the NBA's salary cap is a soft one, the NBA allows for several important scenarios in which a team can sign players even if their payroll exceeds the cap. The exceptions are as follows:
Mid-level exception.
Once a year, teams can use a mid-level exception (MLE) to sign a player to a contract for a specified maximum amount. The amount of the MLE and its duration depend on the team's cap status. In the 2017 CBA, the MLE was initially set at $8.406 million in the 2017–18 season for teams that are over the cap either before or after the signing, but under the luxury tax apron, set at $6 million above the tax line. Teams can use this exception to offer contracts of up to four years. Teams above the apron have an MLE initially set at $5.192 million, allowing contracts of up to three years. Teams with cap room, which were ineligible for the MLE before the 2011 CBA, have an MLE initially set at $4.328 million that allows two-year contracts. In subsequent seasons, all MLE amounts will be determined by applying the percentage change of the salary cap to the previous exception amount.
Before the 2011 NBA, the MLE was equal to the average NBA salary for all teams over the cap; teams with cap room were then ineligible for the MLE. The Mid-Level Exception for the 2008–09 NBA season was $5.585 million. The MLE was $5.854 million for the 2009–10 NBA regular season.
Under the 2017 NBA, the apron was initially set at $6 million above the tax line for the 2017–18 season. In a new feature, the apron changes from season to season, with the percentage change (up or down) set at half of the rate of change of the cap for that season.
Bi-annual exception.
The bi-annual exception can currently be used by teams below the apron to sign a free agent to a contract starting at $3.29 million. Like the mid-level exception, the bi-annual exception can also be split among more than one player, and can be used to sign players for up to two years; raises were originally limited to 8% per year, but in the 2017 CBA are limited to 5%. This exception was referred to as the "$1 million exception" in the 1999 CBA, although it was valued at $1 million for only the first year of the agreement.
An example of the bi-annual exception was the Los Angeles Lakers' signing of Karl Malone to a contract before the 2003–04 season.
The exception was eliminated for teams above the tax apron following the 2011 NBA lockout as many high spending teams were using this as a tool to gain top paid players.
A team cannot use this exception in consecutive years; a team that used it in 2016–17 (under the 2011 CBA) could not use it in 2017–18 (under the 2017 CBA). It also cannot be used by a team that has already used an MLE in the same season. Additionally, once a team uses the bi-annual exception, the tax apron becomes a hard salary cap for the remainder of that season.
Rookie exception.
The NBA allows teams to sign their first-round draft choices to rookie "scale" contracts even if their payroll exceeds the cap.
Two-way contracts.
The 2017 CBA introduced two-way contracts between NBA teams and players in the NBA G League (formerly the D-League). Before the 2017 CBA, all D-League players were contracted directly with the league, and all D-League players could be called up by any NBA team, regardless of whether they were affiliated with the player's D-League team. Now, each NBA team can sign two players to contracts that allow them to assign the players to the G League without risk of being "poached" by another NBA team. The players signed to such deals benefit by receiving a considerably higher salary than other G League players while in that league, as well as earning a prorated share of the NBA minimum rookie salary for each day they are with their contracted NBA team. Salaries of two-way players are not included in salary cap calculations. Additionally, a team can convert a two-way contract to a standard NBA contract at any time, with the player's salary becoming the NBA minimum for the player's years of service, prorated from the time of the conversion; a converted contract also does not count in cap calculations.
Exhibit 10.
Related to the two-way contract, and also introduced in the 2017 CBA, is an attachment to the standard NBA contract known as Exhibit 10. A contract that contains this attachment may be converted to a two-way contract at the team's option. Exhibit 10 can be used only in one-year, non-guaranteed contracts for the minimum NBA salary, with no bonuses except for an "Exhibit 10 bonus" of $5,000 to $50,000. The bonus is paid if the player is waived by his NBA team, signs with the G League, is assigned to that NBA team's G League affiliate, and remains with the affiliate at least 60 days. The bonus is not counted against the salary cap, but is counted in overall league salaries. Each NBA team is limited to six active contracts that contain Exhibit 10 at any given time.
Larry Bird exception.
Perhaps the most well-known of the NBA's salary cap exceptions is the Larry Bird exception, so named because the Boston Celtics were the first team permitted to exceed the salary cap to re-sign one of their own players (in that case, Larry Bird). Free agents who qualify for this exception are called "qualifying veteran free agents" or "Bird Free Agents" in the CBA, and this exception falls under the terms of the Veteran Free Agent exception. In essence, the Larry Bird exception allows teams to exceed the salary cap to re-sign their own free agents, at an amount up to the maximum salary. To qualify as a Bird free agent, a player must have played three seasons without being waived or changing teams as a free agent. Players claimed after being amnestied have their Bird rights transferred to their new team. Other players claimed off waivers are not eligible for the full Bird exception, but may qualify for the early Bird exception. Prior to an arbitrator ruling in June 2012, all players that were waived and changed teams lost their Bird rights. This means a player can obtain "Bird rights" by playing under three one-year contracts, a single contract of at least three years, or any combination thereof. It also means that when a player is traded, his Bird rights are traded with him, and his new team can use the Bird exception to re-sign him. Since the 2011 CBA, Bird-exception contracts can be up to five years in length, down from six under the 2005 CBA.
Early Bird exception.
The lesser form of the Larry Bird exception is the "early Bird" exception. Free agents who qualify for this exception are called "early qualifying veteran free agents", and qualify after playing two seasons with the same team. Players that are traded or claimed off waivers have their Bird rights transferred to their new team. Prior to an arbitrator ruling in June 2012, all players that were waived and changed teams lost their Bird rights. Using this exception, a team can re-sign its own free agent for either 175% of his salary the previous season, or the NBA's average salary, whichever is greater. Early Bird contracts must be for at least two seasons, but can last no longer than four seasons. If a team agrees to a trade that would make a player lose his Early Bird Rights, he has the power to veto the trade.
A much-publicized example for this was Devean George, who vetoed his inclusion into a larger trade during the 2007–08 season that would have sent him from the Dallas Mavericks to the New Jersey Nets.
Non-Bird exception.
"Non-qualifying free agents" (those who do not qualify under either the Larry Bird exception or the early Bird exception) are subject to the non-Bird exception. Under this exception, teams can re-sign a player to a contract beginning at either 120% of his salary for the previous season, or 120% of the league's minimum salary, whichever amount is higher. Contracts signed under the Non-Bird exception can last up to four years (down from six under the 2005 CBA).
Minimum Salary Exception.
Teams can sign players for the NBA's minimum salary even if they are over the cap, for up to two years in length. In the case of two-year contracts, the second-season salary is the minimum salary for that season. The contract may not contain a signing bonus. This exception also allows minimum-salary players to be acquired via trade. There is no limit to the number of players that can be signed or acquired using this exception.
Traded Player Exception.
Ordinarily a team cannot engage in a trade which would leave it $100,000 above the salary cap, regardless of whether the trade reduces or increase its overall payroll, and requires exceptions in order to do so. The traded player exception is one of such.
The exception allows a team to trade for any player, or number of players, as long their collective incoming salary does not exceed a set amount, which is based on whether if the team pays the luxury tax after the trade, and the collective outgoing (of the players the team is trading away) salary. Taxpaying teams can absorb up to 125% of the outgoing salary + $100,000, and for non-taxpayers the amount is as follows:
Also, if a team trades away players with higher salary than of the players they acquire in return, the traded player exception allows them acquire players with salaries not exceeding such difference + $100,000, for up to one year after the trade in which they acquired such a credit.
Disabled Player Exception.
Allows a team that is over the cap to acquire a replacement for a disabled player who will be out for either the remainder of that season (for in-season injuries/deaths) or the next season (if the disability occurs during the offseason). The maximum salary of the replacement player is either 50% of the injured player's salary, or the mid-level exception for a non-taxpaying team, whichever is less. This exception requires an NBA-designated doctor to verify the extent of the injury. Under the 2005 CBA, a team could sign a player under this exception for five years; since the 2011 CBA, it has been allowed only for one year.
Note that while teams can often use one exception to sign multiple players, they cannot use a combination of exceptions to sign a single player.
Reinstatement.
A player banned from the league for a drug-related offense who is reinstated may be re-signed by his prior team for a salary up to his previous salary.
Individual contracts under the CBA.
The maximum amount of money a player can sign for is based on the number of years that player has played and the total of the salary cap. The maximum salary of a player with 6 or fewer years of experience is either $25,500,000 or 25% of the total salary cap (projected for 2017–18), whichever is greater. For a player with 7–9 years of experience, the maximum is $30,600,000 or 30% of the cap, and for a player with 10+ years of experience, the maximum is $35,700,000 or 35% of the cap. There is an exception to this rule: a player is able to sign a contract for 105% of his previous contract, even if the new contract is higher than the league limit.
The 2017 CBA made a subtle change to the determination of maximum salaries. Under the 2011 CBA, the salary cap was based on players receiving 44.74% of the league's basketball-related income (BRI), while the calculation of maximum salaries used a lower figure of 42.14% of BRI. This difference was eliminated in the 2017 CBA, with the same 44.74% of BRI used for both cap and maximum salary calculations.
Rookie scale salary.
First-round draft choices are assigned salaries according to their draft position. The first overall pick receives more than the second pick, the second more than the third, and so on. Each contract is for two years, with a team option for the third and fourth seasons (CBAs before 2011 provided for three-year contracts with an option for the fourth season), with built-in raises every year to compensate for increases in the average salary. A team may elect to exceed rookie scale for a drafted player that was unsigned for which they retained his draft rights three seasons after the draft. The contract would be for at least three seasons, with a maximum value up to the team's available cap room.
In 2017, the scale for lottery picks was as follows:
Second-round picks are not subject to a scale, and technically can be paid anywhere from the minimum to the maximum contract amount. In practice, they rarely receive more than the minimum.
Prior to the 2017 CBA, the rookie scales for each season were negotiated into the agreement. For the current agreement, only the rookie scales for the 2017–18 season were determined in advance. In subsequent seasons, the percentage change in the salary cap will be applied to all dollar amounts in the previous season's scale. Amounts that are expressed as a percentage of salary, such as the allowable salary change from the third to the fourth season of the rookie contract, remain the same from season to season.
Designated Player.
Since the 2011 CBA, each NBA team has been able to nominate a player on his rookie contract to receive a "Designated Player" contract extension. A Designated Player is eligible for a 5-year contract extension, instead of being held to the standard 4-year restriction. From 2011 through the 2016–17 season, a team could only allocate a single Designated Player contract at any one time (if a team had already extended a rookie contract by using the Designated Player extension, they could not create a second Designated Player contract until the current contract expired, or until the player moved to a different team); however the 2011 CBA allowed teams to sign a second Designated Player from another team in addition to the one they already had. All teams were limited to having a maximum of two Designated Players contracted on their roster at any time (one which they had created from one of their own rookie contracts, and one acquired from another team).
Under the 2017 CBA, the "Designated Player" limit remains at two, but in a new feature, teams are now able to create Designated Player contracts from their own veteran contracts. In addition, teams may now use their Designated Player slots on any combination of their own rookie contracts, their own veteran contracts, or players acquired in trades.
"Derrick Rose" Rule.
A Designated Player coming off his rookie contract may be eligible to earn 30% of the salary cap (rather than the standard 25%) if he passes certain criteria. Through the 2017–18 season, in order to be eligible, the player must be voted to start in two All-Star Games, or be named to an All-NBA Team twice (at any level), or be named MVP. Officially titled the "5th Year 30% Max Criteria", it has been dubbed (and is more commonly known as) the "Derrick Rose Rule" after the 2011 MVP, due to the fact that when the criteria were introduced, Rose was the only player in the NBA eligible to sign the maximum extension (due to his MVP award). The reasoning for the rule is to suitably reward players being extended off of their rookie contract who are considered to be of a higher "caliber" than their peers, without restricting them to the lower (25%) salary level. A player may sign a "5th Year, 30% Max" contract before the final year of his rookie contract and before fulfilling the criteria needed to receive the 30% salary grade. Should the player fail to fulfill the criteria before the start of his Designated Player contract, he will receive the standard five-year, 25% Designated Player contract. James Harden of the Brooklyn Nets and Anthony Davis of the Los Angeles Lakers had such a clause in their contract extensions, but both failed to meet the criteria. The only player in the NBA who was attempting to qualify for a full 30% contract in 2013–14 was Paul George, who signed a provisional 30%/5 year contract in September 2013. George, who had made the All-NBA third team in 2012–13, qualified by again making the All-NBA third team.
The 2017 CBA changed the qualification criteria for "5th Year, 30% Max" contracts. Players who come off rookie contracts at the end of the 2017–18 season, or later, must meet any of the following criteria to qualify:
These criteria are identical to those for the veteran player extensions introduced in the 2017 CBA. Had these criteria been part of the 2011 CBA, Rose would still have qualified for a 30% contract, as he was in his third NBA season when he was named MVP.
5/30% Contracts.
The following players have signed 5 year/30% contracts:
5/25% Contracts.
In addition the following players are known to have signed 5 year/25% contracts:
Kevin Love was eligible for a designated player contract, but the Minnesota Timberwolves opted for a 4-year contract (with a player option year included, potentially allowing him to become an unrestricted free agent) instead. During Kevin Durant's final five seasons with the Oklahoma City Thunder (2011–2016), he received a Designated Player level salary. His contract was initially drawn up before the lockout—during which the Derrick Rose Rule was implemented—but was officially approved under the provisions of the 2005 CBA by the NBA after the lockout. This led some people to question whether the Thunder had (with NBA approval) effectively signed two players as their Designated Player, as both were contracted for 5 years.
"Supermax" Rule.
The provision in the 2017 CBA that allows teams to create Designated Player contracts for their own veteran players, officially known as the "Designated Veteran Player Extension" (DVPE), came to be called the "Kevin Durant Rule" because it was seen as a reaction to a wave of veteran superstars leaving their teams in free agency, capped off by Durant's departure from the Thunder to the Golden State Warriors in the 2016 offseason. The contract is also commonly called "The Supermax". The 2011 CBA allowed all of the teams that were trying to lure Durant to offer him the same initial salary of $26.5 million.
For a veteran player to qualify for such an extension, he must be entering his eighth or ninth season in the NBA, and have either:
Additionally, the team offering the extension must have originally drafted the player, or obtained him in a trade while he was on his rookie contract.
Players who qualify can be offered contracts with a starting salary between 30 and 35% of the salary cap. The extension cannot last more than five years after the expiration of the player's current contract (or five years for a player who is a free agent when signed), but can be negotiated and signed one year before the current contract expires. The extension can be offered to a team's own free agent as well as a player with time left on his contract. Additionally, once a player signs a DVPE, he cannot be traded for one year.
Ironically, while the rule was intended to encourage star players to stay with their current teams, the first major move by an NBA team involving a player eligible for the DVPE was the Sacramento Kings' trade of DeMarcus Cousins to the New Orleans Pelicans during the 2017 All-Star break. Cousins' contract with the Kings was not set to expire until 2018, but he was eligible to sign a DVPE after the 2016–17 season for up to $209 million over five years, a financial commitment that the Kings were apparently unwilling to make.
By the end of the 2018–19 season, "Sports Illustrated" writer Andrew Sharp began a story on the supermax rule with the following sentence: "If you've been paying attention to the NBA for the past two years, it goes without saying that the NBA's "supermax" contracts have been a failure." First, he noted that supermax money was not enough to discourage superstars on small-market teams from seeking to join title contenders, even for noticeably less money. Sharp argued that the rule in fact created more problems than it solved:Teams who develop and retain homegrown superstars will find themselves rewarded with uniquely-bloated salary caps and stiff luxury tax payments. Meanwhile, superstars who decide to stay loyal will be asked to spend their prime with shorthanded rosters and handicapped front offices.
Sharp's colleague Rohan Nadkarni questioned the DVPE eligibility criteria, as key players like Klay Thompson and Karl-Anthony Towns are not eligible despite their excellent performances.
Players eligible for the supermax.
Following the announcement of the 2016–17 All-NBA team, four players were eligible to sign DVPE contracts during the 2017 offseason. All four were named to one of the three All-NBA teams for that season; two were already eligible under the new criteria.
Harden and Westbrook would not have qualified under the standard DVPE criteria because both signed extensions to their contracts in the 2016 offseason, Harden for two years and Westbrook for one. The players' union and owners negotiated a special dispensation allowing them to sign DVPE contracts should they otherwise qualify.
The next player to qualify for a supermax contract was Anthony Davis, who at the time had played his entire NBA career with the New Orleans Pelicans. He qualified by being named to the All-NBA first team in , enabling the Pelicans to offer him a five-year extension worth up to $230 million, effective with the 2019–20 season. Davis also became the first player to publicly turn down a supermax offer, notifying the Pelicans during the 2018–19 season that he would not accept a supermax deal and also requesting a trade. Davis would ultimately be traded to the Los Angeles Lakers after the 2018–19 season.
During the 2019 season, four further players qualified for supermax deals. Damian Lillard and Kemba Walker both qualified to immediately sign supermax deals by making a 2018–19 All-NBA Team. While Giannis Antetokounmpo would not have become a free agent until the 2021 offseason, he became eligible to sign a supermax deal in 2020 by making All-NBA Teams in both 2017–18 and 2018–19; he would later meet another supermax criterion by being named the 2019 MVP. Rudy Gobert became eligible by claiming Defensive Player of the Year honors for the second straight season. The Charlotte Hornets did not offer Walker a supermax deal, instead sending him to the Boston Celtics in a sign-and-trade deal in the 2019 offseason. Gobert signed a five-year extension with the Utah Jazz in the 2020 offseason, but chose not to take the full supermax of $228 million, instead opting for $205 million to give the team more cap room.
Supermax contracts.
The first player to sign a supermax contract was Stephen Curry, who agreed to a new five-year DVPE deal with the Warriors, worth $201 million, that runs through the 2021–22 season. Curry signed the contract once the NBA's free agency moratorium ended on July 6, 2017.
Shortly thereafter, James Harden agreed on a DVPE with the Rockets. At the time of signing, his current contract had two years remaining with total pay of $59 million; the extension added another $170 million over four seasons, ending in 2022–23.
The next supermax signing was that of John Wall, who agreed later in July to a four-year, $170 million extension that began in 2019–20. In late September, Russell Westbrook became the fourth and final supermax signing of the 2017 offseason, signing a five-year, $205 million extension that started in 2018–19.
Damian Lillard agreed to a four-year, $196 million extension with the Portland Trail Blazers during the 2019 offseason. The extension starts in 2021–22 and includes a player option for 2024–25.
The most recent supermax signing was that of Giannis Antetokounmpo, who agreed to a five-year, $228 million extension with the Milwaukee Bucks during the 2020 offseason. The extension starts in 2021–22 and includes a player option for 2025–26.
Over-38 rule.
The cap also includes a provision to close a potential loophole that would provide incentives for teams to skirt the cap by signing an older player to a long-term deal that would not end until after the team expects the player to retire. Cap analyst Larry Coon outlined how this potential loophole would work:For example, suppose the Non-Taxpayer Mid-Level exception is $9 million. With 5% raises, a three-year contract would total $28.35 million. But if they added a fourth year to the contract, the salary would total $38.7 million. If the player retires after three seasons and continues drawing his salary for the additional season, then he effectively will be paid $38.7 million for three years' work. In essence, they are giving the player a three-year contract with additional deferred compensation.
To address this issue, CBAs since at least the 1990s have included what is now called the "over-38 rule", under which certain contracts that extend past the player's 38th birthday are presumed to cover seasons following the player's expected retirement. The age threshold that triggered this rule was originally set at 35, changed to 36 in the 1999 CBA, and changed again to 38 in the 2017 CBA. The salary for any years that come after the player's 38th birthday is presumed to be deferred compensation, and is shifted for cap purposes to the under-38 seasons of the deal, with the over-38 year(s) being referred to as "zero years" in the CBA. If the player continues to play under the deal (proving the presumption of retirement wrong), the salary that had originally been treated as deferred is distributed evenly over the remaining years of the contract, starting with the second season before the zero years. This rule had been a larger issue before the 2011 CBA, which limited the maximum contract length to 5 years.
While the threshold age was changed in the 2017 CBA, the mechanics of the rule remained the same. Notably, several members of the union's executive committee at the time the 2017 CBA was negotiated were older players who were seen as potential major beneficiaries of a change to an over-38 rule. For example, the change to an over-38 rule gave union president Chris Paul, scheduled to become a free agent after the 2016–17 season, a potential gain of nearly $50 million over the life of his next contract. Similarly, executive committee members LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony, who could opt out of their current contracts after the same season, had the potential for similar gains with this change.
Options.
Many NBA contracts are structured with options for either the player or the team. An option simply gives the party that controls the option the right to extend the contract for one more season at a salary no less than the prior year's amount.
Free agency.
There are two types of free agency under the NBA's Collective Bargaining Agreement: Unrestricted and Restricted. Rather than spending salaries on teams like the MLB, the NBA has a policy that strictly prohibits it using the salary cap in that fashion.
Unrestricted free agent.
An unrestricted free agent is free to sign with any team that they choose to.
Restricted free agent.
A restricted free agent is subject to his current team's Right of First Refusal, meaning that the player can be signed to an offer sheet by another team, but his current club reserves the right to match the offer and keep the player. An offer sheet is a contract offer of at least two years made by another team to a restricted free agent. The player's current club has three days to match the offer or they lose the player to the new team; the CBA prior to 2011 allowed seven days.
For first-round draft picks, restricted free agency is only allowed after a team exercises its option for a fourth year, and the team makes a Qualifying Offer at the Rookie-scale amount after the fourth year is completed. For any other player to be a restricted free agent, he must be at most a three-year NBA veteran, and his team must have made a Qualifying Offer for either 125% of his previous season's salary or the minimum salary plus $200,000, whichever offer is higher.
Teams are limited in what they can offer an unrestricted free agent with two years or less experience. The maximum first-year salary in an offer sheet is the mid-level exception. The second-year salary can be raised a maximum of 4.5%. The third year salary is limited to the maximum a team has available in their salary cap. The salary in the fourth season may increase (or decrease) by up to 4.1% of the salary in the third season. The offer sheet can only increase in the third season if it provides the highest salary allowed in the first two seasons, the contract is fully guaranteed, and it contains no bonuses. A player's original team can use the Early Bird exception or their Mid-Level exception to re-sign the player.
If the raise in the third season is greater than 4.5% of the first year, the offering team must be able to fit the average of the entire contract under their cap. Through the 2016–17 season, the accounting was different for the player's original team, where the player's salary for a given year—not the contract's average—was counted against the cap. In some cases, the offering team could exploit a loophole to create what is referred to as a "poison pill" for the player's original team, potentially forcing the original team to pay the luxury tax by the third season, as the Houston Rockets did in order to sign Jeremy Lin and Ömer Aşık away from the New York Knicks and Chicago Bulls, respectively. This could discourage them from matching the offer sheet.
The 2017 CBA changed the accounting rules for the player's original team in this scenario. If the original team matches, and has enough cap space to absorb the average annual salary of the offer, it can choose to take cap hits of either the actual contract payouts or the average of the contract in each season.
Before the 2005 CBA, the original team could only use an exception to re-sign a player who had been drafted in the first round. The 2005 CBA allowed teams to use exceptions on non-first-round picks, with the extension named the "Gilbert Arenas Rule". In 2003, Gilbert Arenas, who had been a second-round pick in 2001, signed a six-year, $60 million contract with the Washington Wizards after his original team, the Golden State Warriors, were unable to match the offer since they were over the salary cap.
July moratorium.
Players on a team's season-ending roster remain under contract with their respective team until the start of the new league year on July 1. From 6 pm Eastern Time on June 30 and through the first few days of July, teams may begin negotiating with free agents, but trades cannot be made and most free agents cannot be signed; this is known as the "moratorium period". Contracts that are allowed during this period are limited to:
During the moratorium, teams are restricted from commenting on deals. Teams and players can reach verbal agreements, but they are not binding. Contracts can be signed once the moratorium ends. In 2015, DeAndre Jordan had reached a verbal agreement to sign with the Dallas Mavericks, but changed his mind at the end of the moratorium and re-signed with the Los Angeles Clippers. A year later, the moratorium period was shortened from 10 to 5 days in what was unofficially called the "DeAndre Jordan Rule". The change was intended to discourage parties from backing out of their agreements.
Cap holds.
The end of a free agent's contract does not remove him from a team's cap calculations. During the free agency period (from July 1 until the player signs with a team, or the free agent's former team renounces its rights), each free agent carries a specified salary cap charge for his last team, most often called a "cap hold". Normally, the cap hold can be no more than a player's maximum salary, or less than his minimum salary, based on years of service. The only exception is for free agents who made the minimum salary in the previous season; if the league reimbursed the team for a portion of his salary in the last season of his contract, the reimbursement is not counted in the cap hold. Apart from these restrictions, the cap hold varies based on the status of the free agent and his salary in the previous season:
The 2017 CBA increases some cap holds from those found in the 2011 CBA as follows:
Sign and trade agreements.
When a team is willing to sign an upcoming free agent, but the player's current team wants something in return, it might be in the best interest of both clubs to execute a sign-and-trade deal. This occurs when one team signs one of its free agents and immediately trades that player to another team. A sign-and-trade is beneficial to both the player and the teams; the player receives a bigger contract than he might ordinarily get from a team that he would like to play for, while the trading club gets something in return for a free agent, and the recipient of the trade gets the player they desire. Sign-and-trades are a reality in the NBA because of the CBA's rules: unlike baseball, where teams losing free agents are compensated with draft picks or cash, NBA teams that lose free agents receive no compensation.
When a team initiates a sign-and-trade agreement, it "must" trade the signed player immediately; teams cannot renege on the arrangement and keep the player for themselves, using the other team's financial situation to leverage the signee into a more favorable deal for themselves. Also, the contract signed before the trade must be for at least 3 years, with the first year guaranteed. Because of the contract length requirement, the signing team cannot use an exception that cannot be used to offer a contract of 3 or more years.
Since the 2011 CBA, the signed player must have been on the roster of his previous team at the end of the last regular season. Previous agreements allowed teams to sign-and-trade any player to whom they held Bird rights, which do not automatically disappear with a player's retirement—for example, in July 2012, the Los Angeles Lakers still held Bird rights to John Salley, who had not played since . In the , two teams used sign-and-trades on players who had been out of the league. The Dallas Mavericks signed Keith Van Horn out of retirement as part of a package to acquire Jason Kidd, and the Lakers did the same with Aaron McKie to facilitate their deal for Pau Gasol.
The 2011 CBA put further restrictions on sign-and-trades, with these restrictions maintained in the 2017 CBA. Since the 2013–14 season, the payroll of the receiving team cannot exceed the so-called "apron" (as of 2017–18 set at $6 million above the tax line) as a result of the trade, and a team that has used the taxpayers' MLE cannot receive a player in a sign-and-trade in that season. Additionally, the apron becomes a hard salary cap for the first season after the signing. Teams above the apron before the trade cannot receive a player unless the trade leaves the team below the apron.
Trading and the salary cap.
The tight salary-matching rules of the 2005 CBA often required what NBA cap analyst Larry Coon called "trade ballast"—extra players added to a deal solely for salary matching, who would typically be waived by their new teams. Under that CBA, such players were restricted from rejoining their original teams for 30 days during the season or 20 days in the offseason. This led to what Coon called "wink-wink deals where players are traded with the full expectation of returning later." A notable example of such a deal occurred in the 2009–10 season, in which the Cleveland Cavaliers included Zydrunas Ilgauskas in their trade with the Washington Wizards for Antawn Jamison. Ilgauskas was waived a week later without ever appearing in a game for the Wizards, and re-signed with Cleveland after the 30-day waiting period passed. Since the 2011 CBA, a player acquired in a trade and waived by his new team cannot re-sign with his original team until one year after the trade or July 1 after the expiration of his contract, whichever is sooner.
Base year compensation.
Certain players in the first few months of a new contract are subject to base year compensation (BYC). The intent of BYC is to prevent teams from re-signing players to salaries specifically targeted to match other salaries in a trade (in other words, salary should be based on basketball value, not trade value). A BYC player's trade value as outgoing salary is 50% of his new salary, or his previous salary, whichever is greater. BYC applies only to players who re-sign with their previous team and receive a raise greater than 20%. It also applies only when (and as long as) the team is over the salary cap. Since the 2011 CBA, players subject to BYC cannot be traded before January 15 except in a sign-and-trade, and BYC is only applied to outgoing salary in sign-and-trade deals.
Waivers.
NBA teams can release a player to the waiver wire, where he can stay for 48 hours (during the regular season). While he is on waivers, other teams may claim him, for his existing salary. If he is not claimed, he is said to have "cleared waivers", and is treated like any free agent, able to sign with any team (with the special restriction noted above for players who were traded and then waived).
Players waived after March 1 are not eligible to be on a team's playoff roster. The deadline was March 23 during the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season.
Released players.
Released/waived players with guaranteed contracts continue to be included in their former team's payroll. Players whose contracts are guaranteed are included in team salary in the amount they made while they were with the team. Players on non-guaranteed "summer contracts" are not included in team salary unless they make the regular season roster.
If another team signs a released player who had a guaranteed contract (as long as the player has cleared waivers), the player's original team is allowed to reduce the amount of money they still owe the player (and lower their team payroll) by the right of set-off. This is true if the player signs with any professional team—it does not even have to be an NBA team. The amount the original team gets to set off is limited to one-half the difference between the player's new salary and a pro-rated share of the minimum salary for a one-year veteran (if the player is a rookie, then the rookie minimum is used instead).
Stretch provision.
Both the 2005 and 2011 CBAs contained a so-called "stretch" provision regarding payment of guaranteed money to waived players and its effect on the salary cap; the 2011 provisions were kept in the 2017 CBA.
Under the 2005 CBA, players and teams could alter the schedule of payments to waived players by mutual agreement. The remaining guaranteed salary was equally spread across the remaining years of the player's contract.
The 2011 CBA dramatically changed this regime. While contracts signed under the 2005 CBA remained under the original scheme, different rules apply to contracts signed since the 2011 CBA went into effect. Today, when a team waives a player, it can spread the remaining guaranteed salary (and its accompanying cap hit) over twice the remaining length of the contract, plus one year. According to Coon, "if a team has an underperforming player with one season remaining at $12 million, the team can waive him and stretch his salary across three seasons at $4 million per season."
Amnesty clause.
The NBA Amnesty Clause provided franchises a means of escaping a contractual obligation to a player whose performance falls far short of the extremely large salary they initially agreed to pay him.
Under the 2005 CBA, one player could be waived prior to the start of the 2005–06 season and not count toward the luxury tax. Unlike the 2011 CBA, the player still counted under the salary cap. The 2005 amnesty provision was derisively named the "Allan Houston Rule", but his team, the New York Knicks, did not actually use the measure on Houston—they instead applied it to Jerome Williams because Allan Houston later retired for medical reasons the same season. Jerome Williams would retire from the NBA just two days after being waived under the amnesty clause for the Knicks that season.
Under the 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), each franchise is allowed to waive one player prior to the start of any season between the 2011–12 and 2015–16 seasons. The remaining salary still contractually owed will "not" be included in the salary cap or luxury tax totals of the team terminating his employment. Only players signed "prior" to the 2011–12 season can be "amnestied." The clause can be exercised during the seven days following the NBA's July moratorium period on player transactions. The clause's provisions allow a rival team to claim an amnestied player at a significantly (often, dramatically) reduced salary; the waiving team only has to pay the player the remaining balance. The team with the highest bid acquires the player. If unclaimed, the player becomes a free agent. Teams over the salary cap can only acquire an amnestied player if he becomes a free agent and the offer would be limited to the veteran's minimum contract.


Marcel Kolaja

Marcel Kolaja (born 29 June 1980 in Moravská Třebová) is a Czech software engineer, activist and a Czech Pirate Party politician who serves as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and a Vice-President of the European Parliament since the 2019 election. He is a member of the Greens–European Free Alliance parliamentary group along with three other European Pirate Party MEPs.
His political agenda focuses on technological competitiveness of the EU on the world market, corporate lobbying in the EU and corporate tax avoidance, digital rights, censorship, environmental protection and consumer protection. As an activist he has also promoted free software and copyright reform.
Activism and Czech Pirate Party beginnings (2003–2018).
Kolaja worked as an activist against the adoption of software patent legislation in the European Union (EU) from 2003 and joined the Czech Pirate Party in 2010. Kolaja acted as a co-chairman of the Pirate Parties International (PPI) from March to November 2011.
Kolaja was the second candidate of the Czech Pirate Party in the 2014 European Parliament election but was not elected. Kolaja has worked as a technical product manager in Red Hat Czech, a research and development arm of Red Hat, Inc., which itself became a subsidiary of IBM on 9 July 2019.
European Parliament (2019–present).
Election.
Kolaja was the party's leading candidate for the 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic and was elected MEP along with Markéta Gregorová and Mikuláš Peksa. His political agenda focuses on digital rights and prevention of increasing Internet censorship; environmental protection such as fossil fuel phase-out and minimizing waste pollution; consumer protection, addressing technological competitiveness of the EU on the world market and limiting corporate lobbying in the EU. Among his priorities is also addressing tax avoidance by multinational corporations that offshore profits via tax havens.
Tenure.
In June, Kolaja joined the Greens–European Free Alliance political group of the European Parliament along with three other European Pirate Party MEPs.
On 3 July, he was elected one of fourteen Vice-Presidents of the European Parliament. Kolaja also serves as a vice-chair of the parliamentary Working Group on ICT Innovation Strategy, as a member of the Bureau of the European Parliament and the European Parliament Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection.
Committee assignments.
As a Vice-President of the European Parliament, Kolaja is responsible for:
Kolaja is a member of the follwing Committees of the European Parliament:


Hugues Lepic

Hugues Bernard Charles Lepic (born c. 1965) is a private equity professional and investor who is the founder and chief executive officer of Aleph Capital Partners. He previously spent 22 years with Goldman Sachs.
Education.
Lepic holds an M.Sc. from the École Polytechnique in France and an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Career.
Lepic is the founder and chief executive officer of Aleph Capital Partners. He founded Aleph in 2013 after 22 years as a private equity professional with Goldman Sachs in New York. He was a partner there for 12 years.
Appointments.
Lepic has been a director of Eutelsat Communications SA, Prysmian Spa, Groupe Eurotunnel SA, Iliad SA, Neuf Cegetel SA, PagesJaunes Groupe, and Technicolor SA.
Property dispute.
In 2004, Lepic bought a home in Cheyne Walk in London and acquired the freehold of an adjacent property with a sitting tenant at the same time. In 2015, a dispute between Lepic and his tenants reached the courts in London when Lepic successfully argued that he was entitled to possession of the house.


Eef Kamerbeek

Evert "Eef" Kamerbeek (17 March 1934 – 26 August 2008) was one of the best Dutch decathletes of all time. Between 1954 and 1964, he won 11 national decathlon titles, as well as seven titles in the 110 m hurdles and four titles in the 200 m hurdles, discus throw and javelin throw; he also occasionally competed in weight lifting. He missed the 1956 Summer Olympics due to their boycott by the Netherlands; at the 1960 Summer Olympics he finished fifth, while he failed to reach the final at the 1964 Games due to a back injury. At European championships, Kamerbeek finished in sixth and fourth place in 1958 and 1962, respectively.
Kamerbeek was selected as the Dutch Sportsman of the year 1960.
His father Henk was an Olympic hammer thrower and chairman of the athletics section of the Philips Sports Club (PSV). After retiring from competitions, Evert worked for Philips in various functions and succeeded his father as chairman of the athletics section of PSV.


John Hubbard (physicist)

John Hubbard (27 October 1931 – 27 November 1980) was a British physicist, best known for the Hubbard model for interacting electrons, the Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation, and the Hubbard approximations. He graduated from Imperial College London, receiving a B.Sc. (1955) and a Ph.D. degree (1958).
He was the Head of the Solid State Theory Group at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell (England), and worked at the IBM Research Laboratory in San Jose, California (1976–1980).


Emmanuel Mogenet

Emmanuel Mogenet (born 1967) is a software engineer, one of the investors and advisors behind Daedalean AI, a company dedicated to artificial intelligence for safety critical aviation applications.
Mogenet was a former senior engineering director at Google Inc. and, until May 2018, lead Google Research Europe, Google's Zürich-based Machine Intelligence Research Center. Before that, he was head of Google's Zürich Search Team.
Born and raised in France, Mogenet received an engineering degree with a specialization in computer science from École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne and an M.S. degree from Jean Monnet University, both in 1990.
Mogenet started his career in the field of computer graphics and special effects. He worked in France, Singapore, Japan and the United States for various companies, including Thomson-CSF, Silicon Graphics, Sony Picture Imageworks, Nothing Real and Apple.
In 1996, with a group of friends from Sony Pictures Imageworks, he co-founded Nothing Real, a software company that produced the digital compositing application "Shake". Nothing Real was acquired in 2002 by Apple
In 2006, he left Apple to join Google to work on the core search engine.He was with Google until May 2018, where he worked as senior engineering director, leading the Google European Research center in Zürich, Switzerland. with a strong focus on artificial intelligence and machine learning.


Food Technology (magazine)

Food Technology is a monthly food science and technology magazine published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) in Chicago, Illinois. The magazine addresses current issues related to food science and technology, including research, education, food engineering, food packaging, nutraceuticals, laboratory issues, and other items related to IFT. The magazine is free to IFT members as part of their annual dues.
History.
Early history.
Before 1946, IFT would publish occasional newsletters and proceedings of papers presented at the annual IFT Meetings from 1940 to 1945. By 1946, the IFT Council (its governing body) decided to publish a monthly journal on the proceedings of the 1946 Annual Meeting. The first issue of "Food Technology" magazine was published in January 1947 with C. Olin Ball as its editor-in-chief. This journal published both information regarding the food industry along with research papers. The journal would become a monthly publication beginning in 1949, carrying magazine advertisements for the first time. Ball would remain as editor-in-chief until June 1950.
Scientific journal in the 1950s.
Zoltan I. Kertesz would succeed Ball as editor-in-chief in 1950 and hold that position until July 1952. While Kertesz served as editor, IFT would purchase "Food Research" in 1951 from Garand Press. Martin S. Peterson would succeed Kertesz as editor-in-chief that year and continue in that position until December 1960. During Peterson's tenure, "Food Technology" would undergo two new logo and cover designs, occurring in June 1953 and August 1957, respectively. During this time, both Kertesz and Peterson would also be Editor-In-Chief of "Food Research."
Transition to scientific magazine.
George F. Stewart succeeded Peterson as editor of "Food Technology" in January 1961. It was also the time that Calvert L. Willey took over as Executive Secretary of IFT. During this time, Stewart and Willey worked together to shift the basic research to the "Journal of Food Science" (changed from "Food Research" in 1961). The formatting of "Food Technology" was changed to publish more feature articles, news, and applied research. Stewart would remain as Executive Editor until July 1966. By this time, Willey had centralized the publications office in Chicago, establishing a Director of Publications with Karl O. Herz. Stewart would be succeeded by Walter M. Urbain as Scientific Editor of "Food Technology" in May 1966. The magazine would also have a new logo and cover design in June 1969. The final transitions would occur in 1970 and 1971 when John B. Klis succeeded Herz as Publications Director and Editor of "Food Technology" in April 1970, and when Ernest J. Briskey succeeded Urbain as Scientific Editor in June 1970. Applied research of food science would transfer fully from "Food Technology" to the "Journal of Food Science" in January 1971 where they have remained ever since. During this time, Stewart, Urbain, and Briskey would also remain as Editor-In-Chief of the "Journal of Food Science" as well until 1971.
Klis' editorial service.
Klis saw the magazine's greatest change from 1971 until he stepped down in March 1996. During this time, "Food Technology" would change its logo and cover design twice, first in January 1977 and then in June 1985. The 1977 change would also show an overview being introduced that highlighted outstanding symposia in food science and technology from the IFT Annual Meeting, a trend that would continue until 1997. Klis would serve until 1996 and would be succeeded by Frances R. Katz in September of that year.
"Food Technology" today.
Katz would serve as editor from September 1996 to March 2001 when she was succeeded by Neil H. Mermelstein, a member of the "Food Technology" staff from 1971 to 2007. The magazine has since undergone two changes in its publishing logo and format, the first in June 1997 and the most recent change occurring in July 2005, winning awards for the redesign. Today the magazine presents two to three featured articles, including education, foodservice, product development, and pet food in the most recent issues, and standard articles on laboratory, ingredients, nutraceuticals, food processing, food packaging, and items related to IFT.
Topics covered over the years.
Such topics covered by "Food Technology" since 1947 include quality, food safety, regulation, food law, sensory analysis, food chemistry, food microbiology, food additive, food allergy, education, food labeling regulations, bioterrorism, and obesity.


Caroline Smith (scientist)

Caroline Smith is the Head of Earth Sciences Collections and Principal Curator of Meteorites at the Natural History Museum in London, UK. She specializes in geochemistry, meteorites, microscopy, mineralogy, and public outreach.
Career.
Smith earned her BSc (Hons) in Geology from the University of St Andrews, United Kingdom (1998) and her PhD from The Open University, United Kingdom, in 2002. In 2012, she was named an Honorary Research Fellow of The University of Glasgow, School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, United Kingdom.
Smith has participated in numerous international science working groups. In 2014, she was chosen to be the UK representative to the International Mars Exploration Working Group and the co-chair of the International Mars Architecture for the Return of Samples (iMARS) Working Group Science Team, which assessed programmatic considerations relating to Mars Sample Return.
In addition to science investigations, Smith is responsible for acquiring meteorites and samples for the Natural History Museum's scientific and public collections. In 2012, she carried the museum's largest Martian meteorite sample—a piece of the Tissint meteorite—in her carry-on luggage. She provided a small piece of Zagami, a Martian meteorite, for calibration and testing of the Mars 2020 SHERLOC instrument. Part of the meteorite will be mounted on the rover and sent back to Mars.
Smith has appeared in numerous television documentaries discussing the importance of meteorites. She is the co-author of "Meteorites", a Natural History Museum publication, which provides a detailed introduction to these space objects.


Alfred James Wilmott

Alfred James Wilmott (1888–1950) was primarily an English botanist and museum curator. His author standard form is Wilmott and his area of interest was spermatophytes.
His father was an academic who taught at Homerton Training College. Wilmott entered St John's College, Cambridge and graduated from University in 1910. His mentor was Charles Edward Moss. Wilmott had an interest in "Salicornia" and did much work for the Natural History Museum. Although botany and museum work was his career he also played table tennis receiving the title for the Veteran Singles Champion in 1934-1935. In table tennis he also introduced a method for testing table tennis balls.


Bishop (surname)

Bishop is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:


Collective Defined Contribution

Collective Defined Contribution pension schemes (CDCs) enable savers to pool their money into a single fund to share investment risk and longevity risk. Such schemes became popular in the Netherlands in the early 2000s. CDCs tend to have lower operating costs than smaller individual schemes.
The CDC fund pays a monthly or annual pension income. Pension incomes vary depending on the funding level of the CDC.
Advantages.
Following a lengthy public consultation involving 70 contributors from the pension & insurance industry around the world, the United Kingdom Department for Work and Pensions concluded that CDCs offer the following advantages for consumers:
Disadvantages.
The key risk facing CDCs is Intergenerational risk transfer where older members are paid too much relative to younger members or vice versa. Whilst many solutions have been proposed for managing this risk, a simple to understand and actuarially fair method to eliminate this risk is to segregate separate age group cohorts into mini-CDCs and to manage these groups as a Tontine.


Dennis Woodside

Dennis Woodside (born 1969) has been President of Impossible Foods since March 2019. He previously served as the chief operating officer of Dropbox from April 2014 until September 2018. He served as an advisor to Dropbox from September through December 2018. Before Dropbox, Woodside was the chief executive officer of Motorola Mobility from its acquisition by Google, Inc. in May 2012 until April 2014. He was the successor to Sanjay Jha. Dennis Woodside joined Google in 2003 and was responsible for leading sales operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Woodside, before becoming the CEO of Motorola Mobility, was the Senior Vice President of Google's America Operations. On February 12, 2014 it was reported he joined cloud storage company Dropbox as COO. This move came after Google announced the sale of Motorola Mobility to Lenovo in January 2014.
Woodside graduated from Cornell University in 1991 where he rowed and earned two varsity letters. He then went to Stanford Law School, graduating in 1995, after which he was selected for a clerkship on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit for Judge Dennis Jacobs. After his clerkship, he worked at the law firm of Munger, Tolles & Olson from 1996 until 1998. In July 1998, Woodside joined the Los Angeles office of McKinsey & Company, where he led strategy, technology, and media projects with Shona Brown, Michael Wolf, and Byron Auguste. He left McKinsey in 2003 to join Google.
Woodside currently serves on the boards of ServiceNow and the American Red Cross. On March 18, 2019, Woodside became President of Impossible Foods.
Personal life.
Woodside is a triathlon enthusiast and 14-time Ironman Triathlon finisher, with personal best of 9:22 at the Arizona Ironman in 2016. He got 2nd place in his age group, which qualified him for the Ironman World Championship in Kona, Hawaii in October 2017. Woodside met his wife when they attended Stanford Law School together. They have two children and two cats named Pumpkin and Skittles. Woodside currently resides in the San Francisco Bay area.


Brandon Tory

Brandon Tory is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, software engineer and entrepreneur.
Early life.
He was born In the Boston area and raised in Brockton, Massachusetts. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst to study electrical engineering. As a kid, Tory dreamed of becoming a hacker and taught himself to code at age 14.
Career.
Tory worked as a senior software architect at Apple in Cupertino, but later transitioned to Google to work on artificial intelligence in Los Angeles.
Before moving to California to work on his debut mixtape "SHINE", Tory spent several years living in Atlanta where he wrote songs that would later earn him the recognition and mentorship of producer Timbaland.
Recognition.
He won first place in the Microsoft and Lenovo Team Up With Timbaland national music competition in 2014, beating out over 6000 contestants. In 2018, after revealing his secret life as both a musician and senior Google engineer in a music video titled "Seriously", The Wall Street Journal featured Brandon on the cover of their Business section in an article titled "When Your Day Job Isn’t Enough; A Computer Nerd Who Raps". CNBC featured Brandon in their "Young Success" section with an article titled “From growing up homeless to coding at Apple and Google — all while rapping for Timbaland”. "Forbes" featured Brandon in an article titled "Google A.I. Engineer/Rapper Wants Kids To Know It's Cool To Be A Genius".
Brandon Tory has received acclaim for opening up publicly about his dichotomy story of balancing music and technology, and overcoming his related self-doubt.


Stephen Peel

Stephen Mark Peel (born 29 December 1965) is a British businessman, private equity investor, and Olympic athlete who, until 2014, was a senior partner at the global private equity firm TPG Capital. In 2017, Peel, together with Stefan Kowski and Bastian Lueken co-founded a new private equity firm, Novalpina Capital, which focuses on control-orientated equity investments in European middle market businesses. He is the founder of SMP Policy Innovation Ltd, a not-for-profit policy organisation aiming to promote, design and assist government policy.
Early life.
Peel was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, on 29 December 1965. He was educated at King's School, Chester. He has a degree in land economy from Downing College, Cambridge in 1987, and is now a Wilkins Fellow. In 2015, he completed a Master of Applied Statistics degree at the Jackson Institute of Global Affairs at Yale University.
Rowing career.
Peel represented Great Britain in coxless fours rowing at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. He represented England and won a silver medal in the eight, at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Career.
Peel worked at Goldman Sachs from 1989, founded TPG's European operations in 1997, ran their Russian and Eastern European operations from 2006 and co-headed the Asia operations from 2009 to 2013. In 2014, Peel left TPG Capital.
From 2016 to 2017, Peel served as a visiting fellow of practice at the Blavatnik School of Government at Oxford University. He is on the advisory council of the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs at Yale University.
In 2016, Peel established Novalpina Capital, which is currently most notable for its majority stake in Israeli surveillance technology firm NSO Group, acquired in February 2019. NSO has come under scrutiny, and has been the target of lawsuits, for developing remote-exploit software that can take over targeted mobile phones for covert surveillance and tracking purposes. Peel has communicated regularly with Amnesty International and other human-rights organisations to respond to their concerns about the use of NSO's software, saying that "every business in which we invest – including NSO – can and should be operated in accordance with all aspects of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights," and that "highly targeted interception technologies play a critical role in protecting the public."
Personal life.
He is married to Yana Peel, businesswoman, philanthropist and arts patron, most recently CEO of London's Serpentine Galleries, and they have two children. They married in 1999, and live in Bayswater, London.


Secretary General of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

Secretary-General of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, is head of a SAARC Secretariat, which is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal. SAARC is an economic and geopolitical union between the eight South Asian member nations, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Secretary-General is appointed for a three-year term by election by a council of Ministers from member states. Secretary-General is assisted by eight deputies, one from each nation, who also reside in Kathmandu. SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 by Bangladeshi diplomat Abul Ahsan, who was its first Secretary-General, and was inaugurated by King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal. Since its creation, its member nations have contributed to a total of fourteenth General Secretaries. Sri Lanka's diplomat Esala Weerakoon is the current Secretary-General, having assumed charge on 1 March 2020.
Overview.
Residence.
SAARC Secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. It coordinates and monitors the implementation of activities, hosts meetings, and serves as a channel of communication between the Association and its member states as well as other regional organizations.
Secretary-General is assisted by eight Directors on deputation from the member states, and SAARC Secretariat includes officials from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Regional Centres.
SAARC Secretariat is supported by following regional centers established in member states to promote regional co-operation. These centers are managed by governing boards composed of representatives from all the member states, the SAARC Secretariat and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Host Government. The Director of the Center acts as Member Secretary to the Governing Board which reports to the Programming Committee.
History.
There have been 12 democratically elected holders of the office of Secretary-General of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Bangladesh held the first summit in Dhaka, where the Bangladeshi diplomat, Abul Ahsan was elected its first Secretary-General. Since then, 11 more General Secretaries have been selected from each member nation, so far with the exception of Afghanistan.
Secretaries General of the SAARC.
List of appointees to Secretary-General of the SAARC


Charbonnier

Charbonnier is a surname, meaning "someone who sales or makes charcoal"", and may refer to;


Minister for Industrial Relations (Australia)

The Minister for Industrial Relations is Senator Michaelia Cash since 30 March 2021.
In the Government of Australia, the minister administers this portfolio through the Attorney-General's Department.
Portfolio scope.
Other bodies in these portfolios include,:
List of Ministers for Industrial Relations.
The following individuals have been appointed as the Minister for Industrial Relations, or any of its precedent titles:
Notes
List of Assistant Ministers for Science, Jobs and Innovation.
The following individuals have been appointed as Assistant Minister for Science, Jobs and Innovation, or any of its precedent titles:
List of Ministers for Industrial Relations.
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Industrial Relations, or any of its subsequent titles:


Michael Lenson

Michael Lenson (February 21, 1903 – June 9, 1971) has gained widespread recognition as one of America's most important realist painters. "Who Was Who in American Art" called him "New Jersey's most important muralist." He is valued for his skill as a draftsman and the technique he achieved by close study of the Old Masters.
Biography.
Michael Lenson was born as Michael Levenson in Galich, Russia, on February 21, 1903, and emigrated to the United States in 1911. He studied at the National Academy of Design, where he won the $10,000 Chalonier Paris Prize in 1928, which supported four years of additional studies in Europe: at the Slade School of Art in London, the Academie des Beaux Arts in Paris, and in the Netherlands.
He returned from Europe to face an inhospitable art market during the Great Depression. He told an interviewer years later: "I was no more a conquering hero, I came back to nothing." He applied for work with the New York chapter of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), but was rejected because he exceeded the income requirement since one of his brothers was a doctor and the family owned a dry cleaning business. In 1936 he reapplied successfully in New Jersey by not admitting to any family sources of support. He rose to become assistant state supervisor of mural projects for the WPA in New Jersey. He completed several major murals and he supervised a dozen more by other artists. He stayed with the WPA until the program ended in 1943.
His surviving murals, all in Newark, include: "History of the Enlightenment of Man" at Weequahic High School; "History of Newark" in the council chambers at Newark City Hall; and "The Four Freedoms", at the Fourteenth Avenue School. Another mural, "Mining", is in a post office in Mount Hope, West Virginia. Three others were destroyed: "The History of New Jersey", a 16-by-75-foot mural at the Essex Mountain Sanatorium in Verona, was destroyed during renovations; murals for the New Jersey Pavilion of the 1939 World's Fair and for the Charlton Street School in Newark were lost to demolition.
In 1941 he bought a home in Nutley, New Jersey, and in 1945 he married June Rollar.
Lenson exhibited at several New York City galleries, including Bonestell Gallery in 1947, Kende Gallery in 1951, and Cober Gallery in 1962. A "New York Times" review said:
He painted in oil after 1950, adapting his earlier surrealist elements to the socialist realism of his younger years. "Where Are We Now?" (1955) protested against nuclear proliferation in a way both emotional and political. One critic described his later works as "sometimes difficult to read because they're so visually intricate" but are still perfect representatives of the politically engaged art of the Cold War years.
He painted and exhibited extensively until his death in 1971.
Lenson wrote a weekly column for the "Newark Sunday News", "The Realm of Art," from 1956 to 1971. It made him, according to art historian William Gerdts, "New Jersey's most distinguished art critic". He taught at the Rutgers Extension School and Montclair Art Museum, which acquired many of his works upon his death. He testified before a government committee in 1969 to urge increased funding for public libraries in a room decorated with his own murals.
The Montclair Art Museum mounted a retrospective of his career in 1970. Still a resident of Nutley, Lenson died in Orange, New Jersey, on June 9, 1971, at the age of 68.
His works are in the collections of the RISD Museum, the Maier Museum of Art, the Johnson Museum at Cornell, the Newark Museum, the Montclair Art Museum, the Wolfsonian Collection, and many others.
TheButler Institute of American Art in Ohio presented a one-man retrospective exhibition of paintings and drawings by Lenson, "Time, Place and Substance", in 2012–2013.
One of his brothers was the humorist Sam Levenson. His son is David Lenson, a professor in the Comparative Literature department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and the author of On Drugs.


Ron Ellis

Ronald John Edward Ellis (born January 8, 1945) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Ellis played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Ellis won the Stanley Cup in 1967, and took part in the famed 1972 Summit Series against the Russian National team. After playing, Ellis went into business, and later joined the staff of the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Playing career.
Ellis was signed by the Leafs and played junior hockey with the Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association from 1961–1964. He played on the team that won the Memorial Cup in 1964. Ellis became a full-time Leaf in 1964–65 and played 11 seasons to 1974–75, winning the Stanley Cup in 1967. He was also a member of Team Canada at the 1972 Summit Series. Ellis retired at age 30 during training camp in 1975, coming off the most productive season of his career with 61 points. He said he no longer had the desire to play and denied that his decision had anything to do with being passed over as team captain in favour of Darryl Sittler a month earlier. In 1977, Ellis came out of retirement to play for Canada at the world hockey championships and then decided to resume his NHL career with the Leafs in 1977–78.
Punch Imlach was hired to run the Leafs for the 1979–80 season and didn't feel that Ellis was worth the money he was being paid. He offered to buy out Ellis's contract at the end of the season, but the two couldn't reach an agreement. Despite objections from new coach Mike Nykoluk, Imlach put Ellis on waivers during the 1980–81 season and gave him an ultimatum: retire or be sent to the minor leagues. The 36-year-old Ellis chose to retire. He had played 1,034 career NHL games scoring 332 goals and 308 assists for 640 points.
After his life in hockey, worked as a teacher and in insurance. For six years, Ellis ran his own sporting goods store. In 1993, he joined the Hockey Hall of Fame as a director of public affairs and assistant to the president. , Ellis is still director of public affairs for the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto.
The stresses of life after hockey took its toll. In 1986 a bout with clinical depression began. He would later go public with his story by writing a book with Kevin Shea titled "Over The Boards: The Ron Ellis Story", published in 2002. Today, he is a speaker on the importance of diagnosing and treating clinical depression.
On October 17, 2016, Ellis was part of a healthy class inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame at the Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel, where he thanked Jim Gregory as his mentor and coach.
Awards and achievements.
Ellis earned an unusual tribute in 1968 when former Leafs star Ace Bailey—then working as a timekeeper at Maple Leaf Gardens—declared that he admired Ellis so much, he wanted the team to give his retired #6 to Ellis. Bailey's number had been retired following his career-ending injury in 1933. Ellis, who had been wearing #8, changed to #6 for the rest of his career, after which the number was re-retired.


Ben Darnell

Ben Darnell is an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, and business executive. He is the chief technology officer for Cockroach Labs, a company he co-founded in 2015. Prior to his work at Cockroach Labs, he worked for tech companies that include FriendFeed, Facebook, Brizzly, Dropbox, Viewfinder, and Square, Inc.
Early life and education.
Darnell entered North Carolina State University in 1998. He graduated in 2002 with a degree in computer science.
Career.
Darnell was an early employee of Google and was part of its Google Reader team. He worked with Thing Labs founders Jason Shellen and Chris Wetherell, two colleagues that he would later work with as part of Brizzly. He worked a total of seven years for Google and attributes it as being the foundation for his career as an engineer.
Darnell left Google to join FriendFeed. He joined Kevin Fox whom he also worked with at Google. Darnell began working at FriendFeed in July 2009. The company was purchased the following month by Facebook who incorporated Darnell into its team. A few months later, he left to work for startup Brizzly, a third-party interface for Twitter and Facebook that was later purchased by AOL. During his time at Brizzly, Darnell took over Tornado, an open source real-time web framework based on FriendFeed.
Darnell joined Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis at Viewfinder in 2012. He met them in San Francisco when they showed him a sample of their work. He joined the team and worked primarily on the company's iPhone client app. Darnell joined the team at Square, Inc. after its purchase of Viewfinder in 2013.
Darnell helped launch CockroachDB in 2014 along with Kimball and Mattis. They later formed the company Cockroach Labs after launching the software as an open source project on GitHub. Darnell serves as the company's chief technology officer and also contributes to the source code development of CockroachDB.


Annie Lorrain Smith

Annie Lorrain Smith (23 October 1854 – 7 September 1937) was a British lichenologist whose "Lichens" (1921) was an essential textbook for several decades. She was also a mycologist and founder member of the British Mycological Society, where she served as president for two terms.
Early life and education.
Though born in Liverpool, her family lived in rural Dumfriessshire where her father Walter was Free Church of Scotland minister in Half Morton parish a few miles north of Gretna Green. Her mother was Annie Lorrain née Brown. She had several talented siblings, including the pathologist, Professor James Lorrain Smith.
After school in Edinburgh she went abroad to study French and German, and then worked as a governess. She moved to London, started studying botany in about 1878 went to classes at the Royal College of Science taught by D. H. Scott.
Career.
Scott found work for Lorrain-Smith at the British Museum to curate Anton de Bary's collection of slides of microscopical fungi, but she had to be paid from a special fund because women could not officially be employed there. She soon was responsible for identifying most of the fungi which arrived to the museum. She identified and reported on newly collected fungi, arriving from abroad as well as from the UK, and in total worked in the museum's cryptogamic herbarium from 1892 until 1933. She published various papers from 1895 to 1920.
Smith led a lichen survey of Clare Island, which was outside Clew Bay in Ireland, in 1910 and 1911. The Clare Island Survey involved not only Irish but also several European scientists who were all looking at different aspects of the island's natural history. The team were credited with the first project aimed at characterising a particular biogeographic area. In 1921 Smith wrote the illustrated "Handbook of British Lichens" which was a key to all known British lichens. In the same year "Lichens" was published and was quickly established as a classic text.
Honours.
In December 1904 she was elected one of the first women Fellows of the Linnaean Society (others included Ethel Sargant and Margaret Jane Benson) after a change in the society's bye-laws. She was later a member of their council (1918 -1921). She was a founding member of the British Mycological Society and was the president twice (1907, 1917). In 1931, when she was nearly seventy-seven, she was awarded a civil list pension "in recognition of her services to botanical science" and she retired the following year. In 1934 came an OBE: "Miss Annie Lorrain-Smith, F. L. S. for contributions to mycology and lichenology."
Other information.
She was committed to the cause of women's suffrage and women's rights and enjoyed foreign travel. She lived with her older sister for 50 years and was affected by her death in 1933. Lorrain Smith retired in 1934 and died in London in 1937.
Eponymous taxa.
The lichenised fungus "Verrucaria lorrain-smithiae" was named after her by Matilda Cullen Knowles.


Robert Hormats

Robert D. "Bob" Hormats (born April 13, 1943, in Baltimore, Maryland) is Vice Chairman of Kissinger Associates. Immediately prior he served as Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment (at the time, entitled Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs) from 2009 to 2013. Hormats was formerly Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (International), which he joined in 1982. He served as Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary, from 1977 to 1979, and Assistant Secretary of State, from 1981 to 1982, at the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (formerly Bureau of Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs). He was Ambassador and Deputy U.S. Trade Representative from 1979 to 1981. He served as a senior staff member for International Economic Affairs on the United States National Security Council from 1969 to 1977, where he was senior economic adviser to Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Zbigniew Brzezinski. He helped to manage the Nixon administration's opening of diplomatic relations with China's communist government. He was a recipient of the French Legion of Honor in 1982 and the Arthur S. Flemming Award in 1974.
Hormats has been a visiting lecturer at Princeton University and served on the Board of Visitors of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and the Dean’s Council of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
Hormats is also a member of the Atlantic Council' s Board of Directors.
Publications.
His publications include "The Price of Liberty: Paying for America's Wars from the Revolution to the War on Terror"; "Abraham Lincoln and the Global Economy"; "American Albatross: The Foreign Debt Dilemma"; and "Reforming the International Monetary System". Other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, American Banker and The Financial Times.
Education.
Hormats graduated from Baltimore City College, class of 1961. He earned a BA with a concentration in economics and political science from Tufts University in 1965. He earned an M.A. (1966), an M.A.L.D., and a PhD in International Economics in 1970 from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
Memberships.
Hormats is an honorary trustee of the Institute for Education (IFE). He played a role in the founding of the Center for International Education (CIE) at the Washington International School.
He is a member of Securing America's Future Energy (SAFE), the Economic Club of New York, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Irvington Institute for Immunological Research, Engelhard Corporation, and a former member of the Rockefeller Center Club, the Pacific Council on Foreign Policy, and Freedom House. Hormats is also a member of board of directors of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) Hormats has been a guest scholar at the Brookings Institution and a visiting lecturer at Princeton University. He is a member of the Trilateral Commission and is on the board of directors of the Hungarian-American Enterprise Fund, and the Council on Foreign Relations, as well as being on the board of overseers of Tufts University.
Personal life.
Hormats is Jewish. On November 16, 2009, Hormats received the Executive Leadership Award from the Aish Center. Hormats was married in 2015 to Catherine Azmoodeh.
Points of view.
Hormats has been a supporter of legislation that would increase investments in infrastructure in America through a national bank that would develop public-private partnerships for large transportation projects. "It's a high national priority," Hormats told Congressional Quarterly in March 2008. "Public-private cooperation is a really critical part. The needs are urgent." He and others argue that U.S. transportation infrastructure has lagged behind foreign competitors. Unless the country picks up the pace, it will not be able to support its growing trade and population.
He is an advocate of enhancing intelligence capabilities, modernizing military equipment and spending more money on preparing first-responders like firemen and emergency medical technicians for crises. He worries that future presidential administrations will spend less than they should on homeland security because to do so will require raising taxes or cutting non-defense programs. He also worries that the unpopularity of the Iraq war will cause the country to reduce its military presence overseas.
Hormats has argued that China and America are financially intertwined. It would not be in China’s financial interest, he argued, to destabilize the dollar by recalling the country’s vast loans to the U.S. Doing so would result in a shrunken export market for China. Hormats calls this MAD—mutually assured depression. In 2004, the government fined Goldman Sachs $2 million for illegally and selectively promoting the stock of four Asian companies that were about to go public. According to the Securities and Exchange Commission, Hormats and others "made illegal offerings of securities to select customers in 1999 and 2000 and made inappropriate statements to the press." Hormats told four media outlets that PetroChina, a Chinese-based oil producer, was not invested in Darfur. The disclosure was illegal under SEC rules, because the company had not yet gone public, and Hormats would not have been allowed to comment until it had done so.


Anthony Chan (economist)

Anthony Chan (born c. 1957) is Managing Director, Chief Economist at JPMorgan Chase & Co. in New York City. He appears several times per month on CNBC, and is often featured in other media outlets such as Fox Business News, CNN, Reuters, "Squawk Box", Bloomberg Television and public television's "Nightly Business Report".
Chan, a Puerto Rican-Chinese-American, earned his B.B.A. in Finance and Investments degree from Baruch College in 1979, and his master's (1983) and doctorate (1986) from the University of Maryland. He has worked as a professor at the University of Dayton, and was an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank and at Barclays. He has been with JPMorgan Chase since 1994. From 1985 to 1986, Chan was a Doctoral fellow at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve in Washington, D.C.


Rich Riley

Rich Riley (born August 17, 1973) is an American businessman and entrepreneur. Currently, he is co-CEO of Origin Materials, a chemicals and materials company. He was formerly the Chief Executive Officer of Shazam. He was an executive at Yahoo! from 1999 to 2013.
Early life and education.
Riley grew up in Austin, Texas, and attended Westlake High School. He earned a Bachelor of Science in economics with concentrations in finance and entrepreneurial management from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Career.
Log-Me-On.com.
Riley was co-founder and managing member of Log-Me-On.com when he was 25. The company developed and patented what is today the Yahoo! Toolbar; Yahoo! bought Log-Me-On in 1999.
Yahoo!
After the sale of Log-Me-On, Riley started at Yahoo! as a manager in Corporate Development and became a director of Business Development, senior vice president of the Small & Medium Business Division, managing director and senior vice president of the EMEA Region, and finally executive vice president of the Americas, during which he reported to the CEO and was a member of Yahoo’s Executive Management team.
Shazam.
In 2013, Riley became CEO of Shazam, replacing Andrew Fisher, who now serves as Executive Chairman. Shazam was acquired by Apple in 2017. Riley is an executive producer of the Fox TV series Beat Shazam, based on the app and hosted by Jamie Foxx, also an executive producer.
Origin Materials.
Riley is currently co-CEO of Origin Materials, a chemicals and materials company.
Personal life.
Riley serves on the Wharton School Entrepreneurial Advisory Board and is a member of the Young Presidents' Organization. He is married to Michelle Leone Riley; in 2005 he and his wife established a scholarship to assist a needy undergraduate attending the University of Pennsylvania. They live in New Canaan, Connecticut, and have four children.


Neil Konzen

Neil Konzen is a computer programmer who formerly worked for Microsoft as one of its earliest employees. He was the systems programmer of Microsoft's Macintosh programs projects, including MultiPlan and Word for the Mac in 1984. He was later tasked with leading the team that created the second version of Windows at Microsoft, after the failure of the original version.
Konzen is also known for creating, with Bill Gates, the DONKEY.BAS game for the IBM PC.
Not working for Microsoft, but still in Washington, he currently resides in Bellevue, Washington.


Australian Association of Graduate Employers

The Australian Association of Graduate Employers (AAGE) is a non-profit industry body representing organisations that recruit and develop Australian graduates.
The AAGE was incorporated in 1988 and is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia.
Board of directors.
The AAGE is led by a board of volunteer directors.
Members.
The AAGE has over 340 member organisations from large, medium and small employers in both the public and private sector including:
Airlines.
Qantas, Virgin Australia
Banking.
ANZ Bank, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Macquarie Bank, National Australia Bank, UBS AG, Westpac.
Consulting.
Accenture, The Boston Consulting Group, L.E.K. Consulting.
Consumer goods.
Coca-Cola Amatil, Lion, L'Oréal, Mars, Procter & Gamble, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever.
Energy, mining and resources.
BHP, BP, Esso, Newcrest Mining, Rio Tinto, Shell, Woodside Petroleum.
Engineering.
GHD Group, Hatch, Calibre Group, Jacobs Engineering Group.
Federal Government.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Taxation Office, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia), Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (Australia), Department of Defence (Australia), Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia).
Information technology and telecommunications.
Accenture, Apple, Google, IBM, Optus, Telstra.
Legal.
Allens, Ashurst, Baker McKenzie, Clayton Utz, Herbert Smith Freehills, MinterEllison.
Manufacturing.
Arrium.
Non-profit.
Teach For Australia.
Professional services.
Deloitte, Ernst & Young, Grant Thornton International, KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers.


List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate

This is list of European countries by unemployment and employment rate.


Tien Tzuo

Tien Tzuo is a Taiwanese-born American tech entrepreneur. He is the founder, chairman, and CEO of Zuora, and prior to that was chief strategy officer of Salesforce.
Early life.
Tzuo was born in Taiwan, and when he was 3 years old his family moved to the Flatbush section of Brooklyn. His parents were psychology professors, and his father also worked as an importer-exporter and in real estate.
Education.
Tzuo earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering at Cornell University, worked at Oracle Corporation in Manhattan for six years, and then earned his MBA from Stanford University Graduate School Of Business.
Salesforce.
He worked for about a year at enterprise software company CrossWorlds. In 1999, he was hired at cloud computing company Salesforce as its eleventh employee. He worked there for nine years and would become Salesforce's first chief marketing officer and then chief strategy officer.
Zuora.
In 2007, Tzuo left Salesforce to launch Zuora as its founding CEO. The California-based enterprise software company creates and provides subscription management software to help other companies with their subscription-based services. Within a few weeks of its initial public offering on April 12, 2018, Zuora was valued at over $2 billion, and Tzuo's 10% stake in the company was worth an estimated $193 million.
Tzuo's book "Subscribed: Why the Subscription Model Will Be Your Company's Future - and What to Do About It", written with Gabe Weisert, was published by Portfolio on June 5, 2018.