Michigan Smelter

The Michigan Smelter was a copper smelter located at Cole's Creek on the Keweenaw Waterway north-west of Houghton, Michigan near the old Atlantic mill. The smelter was created in 1903-4 as a joint effort between the Copper Range Company and Stanton group of mines. An Atlantic dam on the site was reused by the smelter as a water source. In 1905, the smelter broke a world record by casting 292,000 pounds of fine copper in seven hours with a single furnace and only ten men. The smelter operated through World War II and stopped all operations in 1948.
The smelter was designed by Frank Klepetko and was the most modern plant in the district. The nearby hillside was used improve its efficiency of its operation. The smelter had a capacity of 90 million pounds annually and was the largest and most efficient on Lake Superior.
Several mills sent material to the Michigan Smelter including the Champion, Trimountain and Baltic mills via the Copper Range Railroad. Product originated from the Atlantic, Baltic, Champion, Trimountain, Michigan, Mohawk, and Wolverine mines. They delivered the mineral in 40-ton bottom-dumping cars and the product from each mine was kept separate from the others.
Smelting process.
The incoming product was sorted, dried and stored in hoppers above the reverberatory furnaces. The site had two melting furnaces and two refining furnaces about seven feet below. Water-tube boilers were heated by the furnace's waste gas which were drawn up through a 150-foot smokestack. Slag was skimmed off into steel molds on cars of an electric locomotive and the copper was then drained into the refining furnaces. The slag accounted for approximately 35 percent of the material they received.
Other buildings on the site included an office and laboratory heated by exhaust steam, a warehouse, two 150 ton railroad track scales.
Today.
The smelter's office still remains on the site and is now a private residence. Foundations and concrete columns are still visible. The property is privately owned.


Edward McGovern Tobacco Warehouse

Edward McGovern Tobacco Warehouse is a historic tobacco warehouse located at Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1880, and is a 2 1/2-story, red brick building. It is six bays by three bays and has a moderate pitched slate covered gable roof with gabled dormers. Additions were made with the building about 1910 and about 1939. The building houses the Lancaster Brewing Company restaurant.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.


Burr-Brown Corporation

The Burr-Brown Corporation was a United States technology company in Tucson, Arizona, which designed, manufactured, and marketed a broad line of proprietary, standard, high-performance, analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs) used in electronic signal processing. The company's products were used in a wide range of applications: industrial process and control, including nuclear power generation, telecommunications, test and measurement, medical and scientific instrumentation, medical imaging, digital audio and video, personal computing and multimedia.
In September 2000, Texas Instruments acquired the company for US$7.6 billion.
History.
The company was incorporated in Tucson, Arizona in 1956 by founders Page Burr (Princeton 1944) and Thomas R. Brown Jr. (BS MIT 1949, MBA Harvard 1952) to commercialize semiconductor transistors; in 1959, the company posted its first profit. Brown eventually bought out Burr's share of the company.
In 1983, the company reincorporated in Delaware, and went public with stock trading on NASDAQ under the symbol BBRC.
The company employed over 1,300 people worldwide with manufacturing and technical facilities located in Tucson, Arizona; Atsugi, Japan; and Livingston, Scotland. Company headquarters was located in Tucson.
Burr-Brown was one of the principal suppliers of precision analog and data acquisition products to the electronic industry. The company pioneered many analog semiconductor products and techniques, such as active laser-trimming.


Cocking Foundry

Cocking Foundry (also known as Chorley Iron Foundry) is an abandoned iron foundry in the South Downs of England. It was situated to the north of the village of Cocking, West Sussex and was active for most of the 19th century. The foundry's output included wheels for watermills, some of which remain in use.
Location.
The foundry was situated at on Costers Brook, a northward flowing tributary of the River Rother, about north of Cocking and south of Midhurst. The site is now on private property and few traces remain visible.
History.
The earliest known reference to the foundry at Cocking is in the estate account books of Uppark from 1818 which record payments to
Robert Chorley of Cocking Foundry for the repair of the water supply. Chorley subsequently installed a new pump which was gear driven from an overshot metal wheel. There are some remains of the wheel and Chorley's name is cast in the nearby sluice gate.
In December 1838, a lease was drawn up between the Cowdray Estate and "Robert Chorley of Midhurst, millwright" in respect of "two pieces of meadow or pasture land called Upper and Lower Twenty Acres, together with the coppice and pond belonging, in Cocking". The lease permitted the erection of "buildings on the said premises hereby demised for the purposes of his Trade of Millwright" and "one or more water wheels to be driven by the water of the said pond" and the construction of "convenient roads".
On the 1840 tithe map of Cocking, a building marked "Mill" is shown at this location, alongside a representation of a water-wheel. The Ordnance Survey map of 1875 marks the site as "Foundry Pond". This was still referred to as "Foundry Pond" as recently as 1953.
In 1839, Charles "Carlino" Brown (1820–1901), the son of Charles Armitage Brown (close friend and biographer of the poet John Keats), came to Midhurst to visit his Uncle William. While in Midhurst, he met Robert Chorley who agreed to employ and train him as a millwright and engineer. After serving a probationary term, Brown complained to his father that Chorley was no more than a simple millwright and that after his apprenticeship he would have to look for employment elsewhere in order to obtain the knowledge he required. By the end of the following year, the arrangement with Chorley was ended and Brown was engaged on designing a "machine for cutting tobacco". Brown was later to become a senior politician in New Zealand.
The Iron Works stopped working in 1884 when Chorley's business ended in Midhurst.
Products.
The majority of the foundry's output would have been the manufacture of agricultural implements etc. but the foundry also produced wheels for watermills in the vicinity, including the mill at Cocking village. (This was removed for scrap during World War II as the mill had ceased commercial milling in 1918.) In the churchyard at Cocking there are several iron crosses which are also believed to have been manufactured at Cocking Foundry.
The waterwheel at Bex Mill, just downstream from the foundry, is engraved to show that it was cast by "Moaze, Engineer & Millwright, of Midhurst, at Cocking Foundry"; no other references to Moaze have been found.
Two waterwheels manufactured at the foundry remain in use in local museums. The waterwheel on the mill at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum at Singleton was made at the Cocking foundry for Costers Mill at West Lavington. After Costers Mill was closed, the wheel was moved to Lurgashall and installed by millwright James Lee, of Midhurst, to replace the original wooden wheel. The wheel is in diameter and when the mill is grinding it rotates at about 6 r.p.m., with each turn needing about of water; it is an overshot wheel consisting of 40 buckets. The mill was presented to the museum by the Leconfield Estate in 1973 and re-erected on its present site in 1977.
At Coultershaw, where the River Rother is crossed by the A285, are situated the former Coultershaw Mill and the Coultershaw Beam Pump. The original Beam Pump was installed in 1872 on the instructions of the 3rd Earl of Egremont to improve the water supply to Petworth House and the town of Petworth. The pump is driven by an diameter breastshot waterwheel, cast at Cocking Foundry in the mid-19th century.
The foundry today.
There remains very little evidence of the site of the foundry which is in privately owned woodland on the banks of Costers Brook. In October 1988, Sussex Mills Group organised a site visit. They found traces of the dried up pond and evidence of flow-control mechanism with a large quantity of stone debris in the vicinity.


Parichha Thermal Power Station

Parichha Thermal Power Station is located at Parichha in Jhansi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about 25 km from Jhansi on the bank of Betwa river. The power plant is owned and operated by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam which is a state enterprise.
Operations.
The plant has two stages, having 6 units altogether. The machinery is from Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, M/s ABB, M/s Alstom, M/s Yokogawa. The coal to all these units is fed from coal mines of Bharat Coking Coal Limited and Eastern Coalfields Limited via rail.
All the units of this station are coal-fired thermal power plants, having a total generating capacity of 1140 MW and consisting of the following units -
The coal to all these units is fed from coal mines of BCCL, ECL by means of railways.
Capacity.
Parichha Thermal Power Station has a capacity of 1140 MW; 2 units of 110 MW, 2 units of 210 MW and 2 units of 250 MW. Its sixth unit of 250 MW was commissioned in Apr 2013 taking the total installed capacity to 1140 MW. It is connected to the national grid through NRLDC Delhi.


Cypress dome

A cypress dome is a type of freshwater forested wetland, or a swamp, found in the southeastern part of the United States. They are dominated by the "Taxodium spp"., either the bald cypress ("Taxodium distichum"), or pond cypress ("Taxodium ascendens"). The name comes from the dome-like shape of treetops, formed by smaller trees growing on the edge where the water is shallow while taller trees grow at the center in deeper water. They usually appear as circular, but if the center is too deep, they form a “doughnut” shape when viewed from above. Cypress domes are characteristically small compared to other swamps, however they can occur at a range of sizes, dependent on the depth.
Cypress domes form when pond cypress grow in shallow standing water. The ground level in the center of the dome may be several inches to a few feet lower than at the edge of the dome, but tree growth is more vigorous at the center of the dome. Thus, the treetops are higher at the center than at the edge of the dome.
Range.
Cypress domes are found in the southeastern region of the United States. They form in flatland depressions in the Gulf coastal plain and southern Atlantic coastal plain, in the states of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Southern coastal plain nonriverine cypress domes are found throughout the southern coastal plains.
Cypress domes are the most common swamp habitat in Florida. Most abundant in Central Florida, they also occur in other areas of Florida north of the Florida Keys. South Florida cypress domes are found in southern Florida, in particular in and around the Everglades and the Big Cypress National Preserve. They are distinguished from southern coastal plain cypress domes by the presence of tropical understory species.
Hydrology.
The water levels of dome swamps are naturally fluctuating and dependent on seasonal rainfall. Dome swamps derive most of their water through runoff from surrounding uplands. They also may be influenced by groundwater when they are directly connected to the aquifer. Groundwater particularly impacts the hydrology during periods of drought. Dome swamps can recharge the aquifers, acting as reservoirs. The average hydroperiod for a dome swamp is approximately 180 to 270 days per year. The water is deepest and remains the longest in the center of the dome. Prolonged dry and wet periods have a huge effect on cypress regeneration. Adult cypress trees are tolerant to extended periods of inundation, however their seeds cannot germinate under water and may not survive.
Fire dependency.
Cypress swamps occur in fire maintained communities. Fire is essential for maintaining the structure and species composition in these communities. Without periodic fires, cypress may become less dominant. Cypress are tolerant to light surface fires, due to their thick, fire-resistant bark. Surface fires act as a mechanism to remove potential competitors without tolerance and resilience to fires. However, catastrophic fires that burn into the peat can be detrimental to cypress trees, especially when there has been a long period with no fires. Catastrophic wildfires can alter the ground surface and transform a dome swamp into other types of wetlands, such as a wet prairie or shrub bog. Fire frequency is greatest along the edge of the dome and least moving inwards. Along the edge, the normal fire period may be three to five years, whereas the center may be as long as 100 to 150 years. Due to cypress domes having a more variable hydroperiod, cypress domes tend to have more natural fires than larger cypress forests. Fire patterns impact the quality of ecological services provided by cypress domes, for example carbon storage and hydrologic storage.
List of species.
Flora.
Plant species that occur in cypress domes include:
Fauna.
Dome swamps provide breeding habitat for rare animals such as flatwoods salamanders ("Ambystoma" spp.), white ibis ("Eudocimus albus"), and wood storks ("Mycteria americana"). Other species include:
Threats.
The major threat to cypress swamps are humans. Anthropogenic alterations have negative impacts including hydrological modifications, logging, increased nutrients, pollution from agricultural runoff, and invasion of exotic species. Conversion of surrounding lands to urban development, pastures, and agriculture can impede natural fires and changes the hydrology. Changing the hydroperiods of cypress domes may limit reproduction of natural species and increase likelihood of invasive species. Invasive species threaten native species through competition for light, nutrients, and space.
Dome swamps have been used as a timber resource since the late 19th century. The rapid harvesting of cypress trees has made it difficult for them to regenerate and made them especially vulnerable.
In addition, dome swamps are used as areas to treat wastewater. This can cause increased nutrients, organic matter, and minerals to enter the swamp. This can increase aquatic plants, decrease oxygen in the water, and cause declines in native populations. Dome swamps treated with sewage may have higher water levels and litter production.


Ladbroke Grove Power Station

Ladbroke Grove Power Station is a gas-fired power station in the locality of Monbulla near Penola in the Limestone Coast region of South Australia. It was built by Boral Limited in 2000. It is now owned by Origin Energy.
The power station was originally built with a generating capacity of 40 MW, and now has a generating capacity of 80 MW. It is used as a peaking power plant.
Ladbroke Grove power station was built next to the Katnook gas processing plant, which processed gas extracted from the Katnook Gas Field in the western Otway Basin. Originally, Ladbroke Grove used gas processed next door. When the wells in the field were becoming depleted, a branch from the SEAGas pipeline was built to the Katnook plant, and gas from that pipeline, drawn from further east in the Otway Basin, now fuels the power station.


James H. Miller Jr. Electric Generating Plant

James H. Miller Jr. Electric Generating Plant, also known as Miller Steam Plant or Plant Miller, is a coal-fired electrical generation facility sitting on approximately 800 acres in West Jefferson, Alabama.
The plant has four units, the first of which opened in 1978. Additional units commenced operation in 1985, 1989, and 1991, respectively. Each unit has a capacity of 705.5 MWe (660 MWe net). The plant contains two natural draft cooling towers.
The James H. Miller Jr. Plant was cited by The Weather Channel and the Environmental Protection Agency in 2017 as the largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the United States.


Tankmar Horn

Tankmar Horn (16 August 1924 – 16 March 2018) was a Finnish diplomat, economist, and businessman.
Due to his father's position as army officer, Horn lived in different places in his youth. During the Second World War he studied in Berlin and Hungary. After the war end he completed his studies in economics and subsequently he started working for the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Horn spent a couple of year long periods of secondment in a number of countries. He ended up negotiating trade agreements with EEC and he also took part in Nordek negotiations which eventually failed.
In 1969 Horn got managerial position in multi industrial company Wärtsilä and in the beginning of 1971 he became the managing director. During Horn's era the company internationalised through acquisitions and opening sales offices in many countries. The most significant investment was building entirely new Perno shipyard in Turku. After stepping aside from the company leadership Horn continued as board member. A dramatic event during his membership was the bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine, that took place in 1989.
Early years and studies.
Horn's parents were officer Walter Horn and Zelia née Buttenhof. He was born and lived his childhood in Viipuri, where his father was positioned. The family followed Walter Horn when he was later ordered to Helsinki and for period 1940–1944 to Berlin as military attaché. Horn did his matriculation exam in 1943 and in 1943–1944 he studied in Hungary. For 1944–1945 he got an office job in the Finnish embassy in Stockholm. In 1947 Horn studied in Spain and in the following year he got his diploma in economics. In the same year he first worked as secretary in the Finnish Foreign Trade Federation until he got a position in the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Beside his work, Horn continued his studies and in 1951 he graduated Bachelor of Economics, and in 1953 he did his master's degree.
Career as official.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent him to Warsaw for 1953–1955 and to Washington, D.C. for 1955–1957. In 1957–1960 Horn was department secretary and acting department manager. During 1960–1961 Horn was positioned in Buenos Aires and in 1961–1963 in Geneva. Horn worked as department deputy director in 1963–1965 and ministerial adviser in 1966. He was the trade political department manager in 1967–1969.
As a high-profile department manager, Horn could act relatively independently reporting directly to Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahti Karjalainen and President Urho Kekkonen. Horn had a role at building relationships with OECD and EEC; in the meantime he had to maintain relationships with Soviet Union, which observed suspicious Finland establishing connections to West-European market. Horn had his hand in negotiations for significant contracts for electric locomotives and nuclear power plants with Soviet Union.
Horn also took part in planning Nordek, a joint Nordic project for an own economic community, which eventually failed. Prime Minister Mauno Koivisto led the negotiations, and during the process there came dissensions between him and Horn; this had a long-term effect on their mutual relationships.
Wärtsilä.
Already during the Nordek negotiations, Horn was recruited to a leading position in the multi industrial company Oy Wärtsilä Ab. At first he worked as deputy director in 1969–1970, and in the beginning of year 1971 he followed Bertel Långhjelm as managing director.
Back then, the company structure was such as its long-term manager Wilhelm Wahlforss had built it: the key sites were shipyards in Turku and Helsinki, and in addition, the company produced locks, paper machines, agricultural machinery and dishware from glass and porcelain. The old industrial giant faced pressures to modernise itself.
Wärtsilä had opened a new facility for paper machine production in Järvenpää in 1970 and moving of operations was on-going when Horn started his directorship.
When Horn started as manager, a previously prepared plan of building a new shipyard in Turku was launched as a project. Construction of Perno shipyard was started on 16 May 1974. The first stage of construction comprised dry dock, 600-tonne bridge crane, workshops and other buildings. Operation were gradually moved from the old Turku yard to the new facility and the yard reached full production ability in 1979.
During Horn's era Wärtsilä started to internationalise increasingly. Wärtsilä-owned porcelain producer Arabia merged with the Swedish Rörstrand, after which Wärtsilä took control of the entire share capital. Wärtsilä also acquired the Swedish sanitary porcelain producer IDO and diesel engine business from NOHAB. The company built a diesel engine factory in Singapore and opened many branches in a number of countries. By gaining ownership of Appleton works in the United States in 1983, Wärtsilä got a foothold in the North American paper machine business. Wärtsilä became enlisted on Stockholm and London stock exchange markets.
The company structure was changed in small steps during Horn's leadership. His previous experience in foreign affairs proved useful when Wärtsilä negotiated about icebreaker deliveries to Soviet Union. In 1978 Wärtsilä changed to system of two managers; Horn focused high-level management and public relations, and the operative management was given to Tor Stolpe. The arrangement worked well in Wärtsilä and was kept until Horn's retirement in 1987.
Shortly before leaving his post, Horn participated in a large-scale ownership arrangement between Wärtsilä and Valmet. Wärtsilä sold its paper machine production to Valmet, and shipyards of both companies were put under one company, Wärtsilä Marine, from which Wärtsilä's share was 70%. Wärtsilä Marine fell in a scandalous bankruptcy in 1989. Horn was chairman of board in Wärtsilä until it merged with Oy Lohja Ab. He continued still for a few years as board member of the succeeding Metra company.
During his Wärtsilä leadership Horn held positions of trust in employers' associations. His strength was a good relationship with president Urho Kekkonen, whom he consulted in trade political questions. Due to his statements regarding oil crisis, he went to disputes with the Neste manager Uolevi Raade. Horn took part in forming Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA and in the 1980s he was member of board also in other Finnish industrial companies.


Athlone Power Station

Athlone Power Station was a coal-fired power station in Athlone, Cape Town, South Africa. The site stopped generating power in 2003 and is in the process of being decommissioned.
Athlone Power Station was situated on the N2 freeway into the city, consisted of a large brick generation building, two 99m brick chimneys, and two cooling towers, fed by reclaimed water from a nearby sewage plant. It was commissioned in 1962 with 6 turbines with a nominal capacity of 180 megawatts, and operated by the City of Cape Town. Between 1985 and 1994 the station was held on standby, but it resumed generating in 1995 with a reduced capacity of 120 MW. Between 1995 and 2003 it was mainly used to generate power in peak demand periods and during power failures of the national grid. In 2003, significant investment was required due to the age of the power station, and generation was stopped.
Decommissioning.
Athlone was the last coal-fired power station operating in Cape Town; the others, in the city centre and Salt River, were demolished in the 1980s and 1990s. The cost of transport means that coal costs three to five times more in Cape Town than it does near the mines inland, making it more economical to transmit power from there to Cape Town than to generate power in Cape Town from transported coal.
The lifespan of the station's two cooling towers had been extended in 1993 through the addition of reinforcing bands, but on 14 February 2010, the bands on one tower collapsed, leading the city to announce that the towers would be demolished by the end of April 2010 to prevent their collapse; the demolition was postponed to 22 August 2010 when they were finally demolished.
The power station building and two 99m high chimneys are still standing while the city decides on the future of the site.


Wanakbori Thermal Power Station

Wanakbori Thermal Power Station is a coal-fired power station in Gujarat, India. It is located on the bank of Mahi river in Kheda district. There are eight units at this location, sevenof each 210 MW and one of 800 MW capacity.
GSECL had recently entrusted BHEL with an order for setting up an 800-MW supercritical coal-based project at Wanakbori in Gujarat on EPC basis. BHEL has completed the construction activities and the 800MW was declared as commercially operational on 12.10.2019 at 1400 Hrs.


FTDI

Future Technology Devices International Limited, commonly known by its acronym FTDI, is a Scottish privately held semiconductor device company, specialising in Universal Serial Bus (USB) technology.
It develops, manufactures, and supports devices and their related cables and software drivers for converting RS-232 or TTL serial transmissions to and from USB signals, in order to provide support for legacy devices with modern computers.
The company also provides application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design services, and consultancy services for product design, specifically in the realm of electronic devices.
History.
FTDI was founded on 13 March 1992 by its current CEO, Fred Dart. The company is an indirect descendant of Computer Design Concepts Ltd, a former semiconductor technology startup also founded by Dart.
FTDI's initial products were chipsets for personal computer motherboards, the primary customer of which was IBM, which used them in its AMBRA and PS/1 personal computers. It later expanded its product line to include interface translators, such as the MM232R and the USB-COM232-PLUS1, along with other devices for converting between USB and other communication protocols.
The headquarters of FTDI is in Glasgow, Scotland. It has offices in Singapore, Taipei (Taiwan), and Portland, Oregon, and a subsidiary in China. The company's manufacturing is handled by subcontractors in the Asia-Pacific region.
Driver controversy.
On 29 September 2014, FTDI released an updated version of their USB-to-Serial driver for Windows on their website. Users who manually downloaded the new drivers reported problems. After Windows drivers became available on 14 October ("Patch Tuesday") via Windows Update, it was reported by users of hardware enthusiast forums and websites that the drivers could soft-brick counterfeit and software-compatible clones of the chips by changing their USB "Product ID" to "0000". The change prevents the chip from being recognised by drivers of any OS, effectively making them inoperable unless the product ID is changed back. The behaviour was supported by a notice in the drivers' end user license agreement, which warned that use of the drivers with non-genuine FTDI products would "irretrievably damage" them. Critics felt that FTDI's actions were unethical, considering that users may be unaware that their chips were counterfeit, or that Windows had automatically installed a driver meant to disable them. On 22 October 2014, an emergency patch was made to the FTDI drivers in the Linux kernel to recognise devices with the "0000" ID.
On 24 October 2014, in response to the criticism, FTDI withdrew the driver and admitted that the measure was intended to protect its intellectual property and encourage users to purchase genuine FTDI products. The company also stated that it was working to create an updated driver which would notify users of non-genuine FTDI products in a "non-invasive" manner.
In February 2016, it was reported that FTDI had published another driver on Windows Update with DRM components intended to block non-genuine products. This time, the driver will communicate with affected devices, but all transmitted and received data is replaced with the looped ASCII string "NON GENUINE DEVICE FOUND!", which could cause irregular interactions with devices.
Distribution.
FTDI sells its products through major distributors around the world.


Saint-Robert-Bellarmin Wind Project

The Saint-Robert-Bellarmin Wind Project is a wind farm in the municipality of Saint-Robert-Bellarmin, Quebec in Canada. It has been in commercial operation since October 16, 2012. It has 40 wind turbines, each of 2 MW power, for a total capacity of 80 MW. It delivers energy to Hydro-Québec.
The wind project was developed and is owned by EDF EN Canada Inc. It is operated and maintained by REpower Systems Inc. and EDF Renewable Services Inc.


K-Electric Bin Qasim Power Station

K-Electric Bin Qasim Power Station (BQPS) is a thermal power plant fueled by natural gas and fuel oil located near Port Bin Qasim, Karachi, Sindh.
It consists of BQPS-1 and BQPS-2.


CROCUS

CROCUS is a research reactor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, a research institute and university in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The uranium nuclear reactor core is in an aluminium container that measures across with -thick walls. The aluminum vessel is filled with demineralized light water to serve as both a neutron moderator and a neutron reflector.
Power output is controlled either by adjusting the water level in the reactor—with a ± level of control, or with the adjustment of two boron carbide (BC) control rods—with a ± level of finesse. The reactor has six separate safety systems: two cadmium shields and four storage tanks, any of which can shut down the reaction in less than a second.
CROCUS has a license to produce or a neutron flux of ~2.5 × 10 cms at the core's center.


Mount Stromlo Hydro-Power Station

The Mount Stromlo Hydro-Power Station is a small hydro-electric power station installed on the Bendora Gravity Main in Canberra, Australia. It produces about megawatt hours of electricity per month. Production of energy depends on the water flow into the nearby Mount Stromlo Water Treatment Plant.
It was constructed in 2000 and is operated by Icon Water, the water and sewerage utility of the Australian Capital Territory.


National Union of Sheet Metal Workers of Ireland

The National Union of Sheet Metal Workers of Ireland (NUSMWI) is a trade union representing workers in sheet metal manufacture and related industries in Ireland.
The union was founded in 1836 as a split from the "Dublin Tinsmiths and Sheet Metal Workers Society". It remained very small for many years, with only forty members in 1896. It affiliated to the National Amalgamated Society of Sheet Metal Workers, but when in 1920 that federation became the National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Braziers, it became independent again, adopting the name National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Gas Meter Makers. In 1967, it adopted its final name, and by 1970 it had 943 members.
As of December 2014, the union remains registered, but is no longer a member of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions.


Udupi Power Plant

Udupi Power Plant is a coal based thermal power station in Karnataka, India, established in 2008. It is located to the north of Mangalore, west of Belmannu, and just to the northeast of Padubidri in the village of Yellur, Udupi district, close to the Shambavi River, roughly 7 or 8 km from the coast from where the imported coal for the power plant is transported to plant through rail line.
The power station caused controversy as it was built within Kudremukh National Park and caused protests.
Installed capacity.
It has installed capacity of 1200 MW (2x600). The plant became fully operational in September 2012.
The plant is operated by Udupi Power Corporation Limited which is a subsidiary of Lanco Infratech. Earlier the plant was owned by Nagarjuna Power Corporation Limited.
In August 2014, Lanco Infratech has agreed to sell this power plant to Adani Power for Rupees 6,000 Crores. The deal finally concluded in April, 2015.
Adani power proposed phase 2 at the same site for 2x800MW and received environment clearance from MoEF


Camden Power Station

Camden Power Station in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is a coal-fired power plant operated by Eskom.
History.
Camden was commissioned in 1967. Between 1990 and 2006 the station was mothballed, but South Africa's energy crisis in the early 21st century prompted Eskom to recommission the station, starting with unit 6 in July 2005 and completing with unit 1 in July 2008.
Power generation.
Power is generated by eight 200 MW units with a total installed capacity on 1,600 MW. Coal energy to electrical energy conversion efficiency is 33.40%
In the Integrated results for 2015, nominal capacity is listed as 1,481 MW with gross capacity of 1,561 MW (3 x 200 MW; 1 x 196 MW; 2 x 195 MW; 1 x 190 MW; 1 x 185 MW).
The four chimneys of Camden Power Station are 152.4 metres (500 ft) tall.
Power distribution.
In addition to feeding the South African grid, Camden, along with Arnot Power Station, also feeds the Mozal Aluminium smelter in Mozambique via 400 kV transmission lines. Mozal consumes around 950 MW.


Transient Reactor Test Facility

The Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) is an air-cooled, graphite moderated, thermal spectrum test nuclear reactor designed to test reactor fuels and structural materials. Constructed in 1958, and operated from 1959 until 1994, TREAT was built to conduct transient reactor tests where the test material is subjected to neutron pulses that can simulate conditions ranging from mild transients to reactor accidents. TREAT was designed by Argonne National Laboratory, and is located at the Idaho National Laboratory. Since original construction, the facility had additions or systems upgrades in 1963, 1972, 1982, and 1988. The 1988 addition was extensive, and included upgrades of most of the instrumentation and control systems.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) decided to resume a program of transient testing, and planned to invest about $75 million to restart the TREAT facility by 2018. The renewed interest in TREAT was sparked by the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, which prompted the shutdown of Japan's and Germany's nuclear plants. One use for TREAT is planned to be testing of new accident-tolerant fuel for nuclear reactors. TREAT was successfully restarted in November 2017, under budget and ahead of schedule.
Fuel and core.
The TREAT fuel assemblies are approximately 9 feet long, and 4 inches square in cross section. The fuel is a graphite uranium mixture, with 1 part uranium to 10,000 parts graphite. The active portion of the fuel assembly is about 48 inches, with a graphite reflector of about 24 inches above and below the active portion. The active portion of the fuel assemblies are encased with Zircaloy. There is also a graphite axial reflector, composed of two parts. The first part of the axial reflector consists of movable assemblies similar to the fuel assemblies, but containing only graphite and no fuel. The second part of the axial reflector consists of permanent blocks of graphite, approximately 24 inches thick, stacked outside the core cavity. This permanent reflector was reclaimed from Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor. The core may be loaded to a size of 5 feet by 5 feet (nominal) up to 6 feet by 6 feet (maximum), depending on the needs of the experiment.
As described above, the fuel is composed of a mixture of graphite and uranium. The uranium is in the form of uranium oxide particles that are approximately 20 microns in size, and are in direct contact with the graphite moderator. The graphite, in addition to being the neutron moderator, also acts as a large thermal heat sink. The time lag of the heat transfer is on the order of 1 millisecond, much faster than the heat transfer to a liquid coolant flowing past fuel assemblies. Also, when the graphite is heated it creates a sizable negative moderator temperature coefficient. These characteristics allow TREAT to produce large ‘self-limited’ transients, which are limited by the fuel negative moderator coefficient without control rod movement.
Experimental capabilities.
TREAT is capable of a wide range of operations and test conditions. TREAT can operate at a steady state power of 100 kW, produce short transients of up to 19 GW, or produce shaped transients controlled by the TREAT automatic reactor control system and the Control Rods. A test assembly can be inserted in the center of the core. The test assembly is a self-contained vehicle, that can contain fuel or materials for a variety of reactor types. These test assemblies, also referred to as test vehicles or test loops, can simulate the conditions of a light water reactor, heavy water reactor, liquid metal fast breeder reactor, or a gas cooled reactor.
In some experiments, provisions were made to make high speed film recordings of the experiment, such as these videos.
Hodoscope.
TREAT has a fast-neutron hodoscope that collimates and detects fast fission neutrons emitted by the experiment fuel sample.
The TREAT hodoscope consists of a front collimator, a rear collimator, a bank of detectors, electronics to interface to the detectors, and a data acquisition system. The collimator has 10 columns with 36 rows, which are aligned to an array (or arrays) of 360 detectors. The hodoscope provides time and spatial resolution of fuel motion during transients and in-place measurement of fuel distribution before, during, and after an experiment. One array of detectors consists of Hornyak Button detectors. The Hornyak Button is a fast neutron detector that consists of a film of ZnS applied to lucite, which together form the 'button'. The button is attached to a photomultiplier tube. This detector shows good efficiency at detecting fast neutrons in a background of thermal neutrons and gamma radiation.
Neutron radiography facility.
TREAT has a neutron radiography facility on the west face of the reactor. This allows non-destructive examination of experiment test assembly (or other materials) up to 4 meters in length. TREAT can operate at steady state power levels of up to 120 kW to produce neutrons for the radiography facility.
Systems.
Control rod drives.
TREAT has three banks of control rod drive mechanisms, the control/shutdown rods, the compensation/shutdown rods, and the transient rods. There are 4 drive mechanisms in each group. The drive mechanisms are below the reactor, and raise the control rods out of the reactor to increase reactivity. These banks of control rods are arranged in two rings. The inner ring contains four drive mechanisms, the compensation/shutdown rods, with one control rod for each drive mechanism. The outer ring has four control/shutdown drive mechanisms and four transient rod drive mechanisms. The control/shutdown and transient rod drive mechanisms have two control rods for each drive mechanism. All the control rods contain B4C poison sections. The compensation/shutdown and control/shutdown drive mechanisms are mechanical lead screw driven, and have use pneumatic pressure to assist the scram function. The four transient rod drives are hydraulically actuated, and are controlled by the Automatic Reactor Control System (ARCS) to control transients. These transient rods move up to 170 in/sec over a total travel of 40 inches (i.e. full 40 inch stroke in about 0.24 seconds).
Reactor Trip System.
The TREAT Reactor Trip System (RTS) is designed to automatically shut down the TREAT reactor if any of several measured parameter exceed predetermined setpoints. In this basic function the TREAT RTS is similar to the Reactor Protection System (RPS) at a commercial power plant. However the TREAT RTS is different from a commercial plant RPS in several ways. First, a commercial plant RPS uses combinational logic (e.g. 2 out of 3, or 2 out of 4) of the protection system channels to reduce the chance of an inadvertent reactor trip. The TREAT RTS has 3 channels of Transient instrumentation and 2 channels of Steady-State instrumentation. The TREAT RTS will trip the reactor if any channel indicates the need for a trip. Since TREAT does not operate for long periods of time, the use of combinational logic to reduce the chance of an inadvertent trip is not needed. Secondly, the TREAT RTS has more nuclear instrument associated trips, and fewer process related trips than a commercial plant. For example commercial plants (PWRs) may have trips on Steam Generator Level, Reactor Coolant System Flow, or loss of load (main generator or turbine trip). TREAT does not have as many process related trips, due to the relatively simple process systems.
TREAT Restart.
On November 14, 2017, the TREAT reactor achieved criticality for the first time since 1994. This was accomplished 12 months ahead of schedule, and about $20 million under budget. This is an important milestone toward the testing of new nuclear fuel, which is expected to begin in 2018.
Completion of First Fueled Experiment.
On September 18, 2018 TREAT completed the first experiment with a small sample of light water reactor fuel. This was a very significant milestone for the TREAT reactor, and is a major step toward one mission of TREAT - validating new accident tolerant nuclear fuel for commercial power plants. The senior Senator from Idaho, Senator Mike Crapo, read the statement below into the Congressional Record.
External Pages.
Idaho National Laboratory TREAT site - https://transient.inl.gov/SitePages/Home.aspx
Idaho National Laboratory "360 degree tour" of the TREAT facility - https://inl.gov/360-tour-map/#treat
General reference.
Stacy, Susan M. (2000) "Proving the Principle: A History of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 1949-1999." United States Government Printing. pp. 136, 268. .


Petkim

Petkim Petrokimya Holding A.Ş. is the leading petrochemical company of Turkey. Founded on April 3, 1965, the main plant complex is located in Yarımca, Izmit. From 1985 on a second complex has been constructed in Aliağa, İzmir.
Specializing in petrochemical manufacturing, the company produces ethylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and other chemical building blocks for use in the manufacture of plastics, textiles, and other consumer and industrial products. The company has 14 manufacturing plants supplying a significant portion of petrochemicals used in Turkey. The company also exports products to the United States, and countries in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.
Petkim is listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange.
Petlim is a container port currently being built near the town of Aliağa.


G.E.C. Turbine Generators Ltd


Elmer Smith Power Plant

The Elmer Smith Power Plant is a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by the city of Owensboro, Kentucky. It opened in 1964.
History.
due to Owensboro Municipal Utility Commission approving a contract with Big Rivers Electric to supply electricity for Owensboro, the plant closed in June 1st, 2020.


Tom Bell (politician)

Thomas Bell (20 September 1882 – 19 April 1944) was a Scottish socialist politician and trade unionist. He is best remembered as a founding member of both the Socialist Labour Party and the Communist Party of Great Britain and as the editor of "Communist Review," the official monthly magazine of the latter.
Biography.
Early years.
Thomas Bell was born in Parkhead on the east end of Glasgow, Scotland, which was at that time still a semi-rural village. His father was a stonemason who was frequently unemployed, while his mother came from a family of coal miners and worked at home spinning cotton and silk. Young Tom enrolled in school in the spring of 1889 and left in the spring of 1894, at the age of 11, going to work first as a milk delivery boy and then as an employee at a soft drink bottling plant to help support his impoverished family.
While an employee at the bottling shop, Bell became interested in atheism and labour politics. He read rationalist works by Ernst Haeckel and Thomas Huxley as well as works on evolution by Charles Darwin and gradually became acquainted with socialist ideas. Together with two companions, Bell joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in 1900.
The young "socialist idealist and enthusiast" Bell found the rather mild and ameliorative program of the ILP insufficient and in 1902 he began to attend economics classes conducted by the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), headed by Henry Hyndman, which introduced Bell to the literature of Marxism. In February 1903, Bell left the ILP and enrolled as a member of the SDF.
Some of the SDF classes which Bell attended were led by George Yates, an engineer by trade who impressed the young Bell with his skill as an orator and knowledge of economics, history, and politics. In the spring of 1903, Bell would follow Yates and the group of revolutionary socialist impossiblists around him out of the SDF and join in the foundation of the Socialist Labour Party, a rival organization.
Bell began a seven-year apprenticeship as an iron moulder, but left after nine months to another foundry, where he exaggerated the duration of his previous experience and gained a job on somewhat more favourable terms. After two years there, he went to another foundry that made gas engines, completing his seven-year apprenticeship and joining the Associated Ironmoulders of Scotland in August 1904.
Committed to educating himself, he attended Andersonian College and the Academy of Literature, and soon lectured for the Plebs' League.
Political career.
Bell joined the Independent Labour Party in 1900, then moved in 1903 to the Marxist Social Democratic Federation. However, within months, he joined with other dissident members to form the Glasgow Socialist Society, soon renamed the Socialist Labour Party (SLP). He became a leading figure in the party, but was expelled in 1907 for arguing that the SLP should not favour the Industrial Workers of the World. He was able to rejoin the following year, convincing the majority of the party to form the Advocates of Industrial Unionism.
Generally continuing to work in the metal trades, Bell briefly joined the Singer Company to organise for the Industrial Workers of Great Britain, but was sacked following the failure of a strike in 1911.
In 1916, Bell was elected to the Clyde Workers Committee, within which he promoted the SLP's policy of industrial unionism. In 1917, he led a successful national strike of engineers and foundry workers. Again prominent in 1919, he was elected President of the Associated Ironmoulders, Secretary of the SLP and editor of its newspaper, "The Socialist". He sat on a unity committee, intending to negotiate for a single communist party with leaders of the British Socialist Party, Workers Socialist Federation and other socialist groups, but their proposals were repudiated by the SLP. Resigning as Secretary, he helped found the Communist Unity Group, which became an original constituent of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).
Employed by the CPGB, he was initially National Organiser. He then attended the Third World Congress of the Communist International, visiting Moscow for five months, despite the British Government denying him a visa. He was elected as the CPGB's representative to the Comintern's Executive Committee. He returned to Soviet Russia for the 4th World Congress, remaining in the city as a CPGB representative and reporter, until the end of 1922.
Bell held various posts within the party, including the editorship of "Communist Review". In 1925, he was one of twelve CPGB leaders gaoled for seditious libel and incitement to mutiny, spending six months inside.
The next few years were spent between Britain and Russia. In 1930, Bell became the Secretary of the Friends of the Soviet Union, and in 1937 he wrote a history of the CPGB.
Death and legacy.
Tom Bell died 19 April 1944.


Ernest C. Gaston Electric Generating Plant

Ernest C. Gaston Electric Generating Plant is a coal and natural gas-fired electrical generation facility near Wilsonville, Shelby County, Alabama.
Four of the five units in the plant were converted to use natural gas under plans to reduce costs.


Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics

Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS () is a research institute in Akademgorodok of Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1964.
History.
The institute was created in 1964 by merging the Institute of Solid State Physics and Semiconductor Electronics and the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics.
In the 1970s, the institute began to work on developing molecular-beam epitaxy methods.
Scientific activity.
Development of the physical fundamentals of microelectronics, acousto-electronics, microphotoelectronics, quantum electronics; the study of physical phenomena in semiconductor thin-film structures etc.


ASM-N-6 Omar

The ASM-N-6 Omar was a short-range air-to-surface missile developed for and evaluated by the United States Navy in the early 1950s. Intended to use existing unguided rockets as a basis and using a novel guidance system involving optical beam-riding, the program was unable to resolve difficulties with the guidance system and was cancelled without entering service.
Design and development.
Designed by Eastman Kodak in response to an urgent requirement by the U.S. Navy for a stand-off air-to-ground weapon for use in the Korean War, the Omar, designated XASM-N-6, was authorized for development on 20 August 1951. Based on the airframe of the standard High Velocity Aircraft Rocket, cruciform fins were mounted at the mid and aft portions of the rocket body to provide stabilization and control. An optical beam riding guidance system was developed for use with Omar; the launching aircraft would project an intense beam of light at the target, and aft-facing sensors on the missile would track the light source, keeping the missile on course to its target. The Omar shared some parts of its control system with the AAM-N-7 Sidewinder air-to-air missile.
Operational history.
Test launches of Omar began in late 1951; testing showed that the guidance system failed to prove as effective as had been expected. Issues were found with the beam of light "spreading" as it covered the distance to the target, and the issue of the launching aircraft having to remain on course to the target, a common issue with early guided missiles, could not be solved; in mid-1952 the program was cancelled, funding being redirected to the Sidewinder program. The following year a modification of the seeker head, nicknamed "Ramo" (for 'reverse Omar') was tested, evaluating a frequency modulation system to encode the light beam to refine the guidance. This proved no more effective, and the system was cancelled entirely, although some details of the frequency encoding were used in the development of the SAM-N-7 Terrier program.


William Trench III

William Trench III (October 21, 1831 - April 12, 1896) was the reeve of Richmond Hill, Ontario from 1875–1879 and 1881 - 1882.
Born in Dunbar, Scotland, Trench came to Elgin Mills, Ontario with his family in 1842. Trench learned the blacksmith trade from his father and set up a shop in Richmond Hill in 1857. In 1866, Richmond Hill set up its first fire brigade, and Trench was chosen the first fire chief.
Trench Carriage Works.
Trench later owned a carriage factory named the "Trench Carriage Works" in Richmond Hill that was one of the village's leading employer during the 1870s through 1890s. Trench manufactured buggies, wagons, stagecoaches, and carriages used in the mid to late 19th Century Ontario, but would go out of business in the 1920s due to the movement towards automobiles
Trench Street in Richmond Hill is named in his honour.
Trench died in Richmond Hill in 1896.
The buildings that housed the business remains in use as retail shops at 10117, 10119 and 10123 Yonge Street (southeast corner at Yonge Street and Lorne Avenue).


Sherman Creek Generating Station

The Sherman Creek Generating Station was a coal-fired power plant built by the United Electric Light and Power Company in New York City, on Manhattan Island at 201st Street and the Harlem River. The station supplied power to many customers, including the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad via the West Farms Substation.
The station site was bounded by 201st Street to the north, the Harlem River to the East, and Sherman Creek to the South. United Electric Light and Power was later absorbed into Consolidated Edison, and the station was demolished. The site is now occupied by an enclosed ConEd substation.
Aerial photo (says 1951)


Big Bend Power Station

Big Bend Power Station is a major coal-fired power plant, located across Tampa Bay from Tampa, Florida, USA, on nearly in southeastern Hillsborough County, close to Apollo Beach. It is owned and operated by TECO Energy. Three similar units (each 445.5 MWe nameplate capacity) were launched in the early 1970s, followed by a newer 486-MWe unit 4 in 1985.
Flue-gas desulfurization.
The scrubber for Unit 4 began operation in 1984, and since 1995, has simultaneously scrubbed Unit 3 as well. The scrubber for Units 1 and 2 began operation at the end of 1999. According to TECO Energy, the scrubber system removes 95% of sulfur dioxide from all four units.
Manatees.
During the winter months, warm-water outfalls from the station draw dozens of West Indian manatees, an endangered species, to the immediate vicinity of the plant. In 1986, TECO set aside a manatee viewing area which is accessible to the public.
Upgrade to Big Bend Unit 1 and retirement of Unit 2.
In 2018, Tampa Electric announced several major upgrades for Big Bend Power Station. The company plans to modernize Unit 1 to use natural gas combined-cycle technology by 2023, a project that will enable the unit to generate 1,090 MW while eliminating coal as a fuel source. Big Bend Unit 2 will be retired in 2021 after nearly 50 years of service. This upgrade will give Tampa Electric a generation portfolio in 2023 of 75 percent natural gas, 12 percent coal, about 7 percent solar, and about 6 percent other sources. The clean, warm-water discharge at the station that provides a sanctuary for manatees at the adjacent Manatee Viewing Center will remain.
Solar power.
Directly to the southeast of Big Bend Power Station, Tampa Electric’s 23 MW photovoltaic array features more than 200,000 thin-film solar panels. Built on 106 acres of company-owned land, the solar array was the largest of its kind in the Tampa Bay area when it was completed in 2017. This is part of the company’s large-scale solar power initiative that calls for a total of 600 MW of new solar power to be operational at photovoltaic sites around the Tampa Bay area by 2023.
Accident.
On 29 June 2017, molten slag from a coal boiler killed 5 and injured 1. Safety rules were ignored as they tried to clear a blockage. The blockage burst and rained down molten slag upon them.


W. F. Smith and Sons Leaf House and Brown Brothers Company Building

W. F. Smith and Sons Leaf House and Brown Brothers Company Building, also known as Piedmont Leaf Tobacco Co., is a historic tobacco manufacturing complex located at Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. The complex includes two buildings. The W. F. Smith and Sons Leaf House was built about 1890, and is a 4 1/2-story, nine bays long and three bays wide, stuccoed brick building with a stepped gable facade. The former Brown Brothers building, was built between 1890 and 1895, and is a five-story brick building with a mansard roof and hip roof dormer windows. By 1900 both buildings housed tobacco prizeries.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is located in the Winston-Salem Tobacco Historic District.


Eutropical subsea

A Eutropical subsea is a low-latitude, circumequatorial body of water within a eutropical, that is genuinely tropical rather than sub-tropical ecozone. It is applied to marine waters considered truly tropical, in which the temperature does not drop below 20 degrees Celsius (68 Fahrenheit). Generally the fauna are derived from Tethys Ocean lineages of the Eocene.
Eutropical subseas are distinguished from paratropical subseas by the presence of coral and accompanying carbonate beds in the form of lagoons. Seagrass is present with mangrove forests supporting mollusks of horned snails, Conch, sea snails of the families "Xenophoridae", and "Turbinellidae". The taxa are usually geographically bound and cannot exist at higher or lower, that is equatorial latitudes.
References.
Primary source: Petuch, Edward J., Cenozoic seas: the view from eastern North America, .


International Institute of Nuclear Energy

The International Institute of Nuclear Energy (I2EN) is a French government initiative to bring together the leading universities and engineering schools to contribute to help countries partners of France for a responsible development of nuclear energy. The Institute's partners are the main research organizations and companies in the French nuclear energy domain. Its worldwide dimension makes I2EN a source of solutions in educating and training for development of human resources in nuclear energy.
The core purpose of I2EN is to establish a responsible approach to the management of safety for a sustainable nuclear industry.
I2EN's 24 partners in June 2011.
Catherine Cesarsky, High commissioner of atomic energy, presiding over the Council of Partners, these institutions ratified the agreement related to the I2EN. A second Council, gathering new potential partners, will be given in 2012.


Skelton Grange power station

Skelton Grange Power Station refers to two now-demolished coal fired power stations (Skelton Grange ‘A’ and Skelton Grange ‘B’) that served the city of Leeds and surrounding areas. They were located in the Stourton area of the city.
The power stations were built in the early 1950s and early 1960s, taken out of use in 1983 and 1994 and subsequently dismantled but the associated 400 kV switching substation was retained and remains in use.
Skelton Grange A.
Preparatory work for Skelton Grange was begun by Leeds Corporation in 1946. Upon nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948 the partly built plant was vested in the British Electricity Authority (1948–55), then the Central Electricity Authority (1955–57) and the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) from 1958. The power station was designed and built by "Marples Ridgway", a joint venture between Lord Marples and Reginald Ridgway. The site was selected for accessibility to the Aire and Calder Navigation, this provided access for colliers delivering coal and removing ash, and water for cooling.
Skelton Grange A had a generating capacity of 360 MW. There were six C.A. Parsons 60 MW 3-cylinder reaction type turbines with 75,000 kVA alternators generating at 11 kV. The first generating set was commissioned in April 1951 followed by the second set in November 1951, then August 1952, June 1954, December 1954 and the sixth set in December 1955. The boiler plant comprised nine International Combustion 6 × 360,000 lb/hr and 3 × 550,000 lb/hr (a total of 480 kg/s) operating at 975 psi and 940 °F (67.2 bar and 504 °C). The station had two chimneys and originally had three cooling towers. The Kier cooling towers each had a capacity of 3.25 million gallons per hour 4.1 m3/s). Water was supplied from the River Aire and sewage effluent.
The capacity and output of Skelton Grange A is given in the following table.
In October 1975 the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) gave the station 12 months notice of partial closure. Full closure of the A station was on 31 October 1983.
Skelton Grange B.
Skelton Grange B was built to the south east of the A station, and was commissioned by the CEGB in 1960–62. Unit No. 1 of the B station was first commissioned in October 1960, Units 2 and 3 were commissioned in 1961 and Unit 4 in 1962. The B station had four pulverised fuel boilers each producing 108 kg/s of steam. The steam conditions were 103.42 bar at 538 °C, reheat was to 538 °C. There were four 120 MW turbo-alternators giving a total gross installed capacity of 480 MW, and a net output of 448 MW. Skelton Grange B was one of the CEGB's twenty steam power stations with the highest thermal efficiency; in 1963–4 the thermal efficiency was 32.24 per cent, 32.02 per cent in 1964–5, and 31.90 per cent in 1965–6. The annual electricity output of Skelton Grange B was:
Condensing of steam was by regenerative condensers using circulating water from the River Aire and originally four cooling towers. Skelton Grange B had a single taller chimney. Upon privatisation of the electricity industry in 1990 ownership of the B station was transferred to National Power. Skelton Grange B station closed in 1994. The cooling towers and chimneys were demolished on 12 November 1995.
Development proposals.
The site has had many proposals for re-use since it closed; it was considered as a site for a new stadium for Leeds United in 2001, and RWE npower wanted to construct industrial warehousing on the site in 2007. It was sold to the Harworth Group in 2016 who have used some of the land for their Gateway 45 project. The site was also considered as a location for a depot for High Speed 2 rolling stock terminating and starting at Leeds.
See also.
Kirkstall Power Station


David Burgess-Wise

David Burgess-Wise is a motoring author, enthusiast, and automobile historian.
A motoring writer since 1960, Burgess-Wise has written 25 books on motoring history. He also edits the award-winning "Aston", journal of the Aston Martin Heritage Trust.


Gandhinagar Thermal Power Station

Gandhinagar Thermal Power Station is a coal-fired power station in Gujarat, India. It is located on the bank of Sabarmati river near Gandhinagar.


Vuosaari shipyard

Vuosaari shipyard was a shipyard located in the district of Vuosaari in Helsinki, Finland. Built by the Finnish state-owned company Valmet Oy in the early 1970s, the shipyard delivered 33 newbuildings and participated in building around 100 other vessels before it was closed in 1987 following the bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine. Later, the longest dry dock in Finland was used by various ship repair companies until the construction of the new Vuosaari harbour cut the connection to the sea in 2004. Despite various plans to re-use the old dry dock, now located inside the harbour perimeter, it remained without use until the basin was backfilled in 2015–2016.
History.
In 1946 a number of Finnish state-owned heavy industry enterprises were combined to a single conglomerate called Valtion Metallitehtaat (State Metalworks), which acquired several shipyards in Helsinki, Turku and Uusikaupunki. The first ships were oceangoing fishing trawlers built in Suomenlinna for the Soviet Union as part of the Finnish war reparations. In 1950 the company was incorporated and its name was shortened to Valmet Oy, and in the following year a new shipyard was built in Katajanokka in downtown Helsinki. After the war reparations had been paid in full, the future of the state-owned shipyard remained uncertain until the Suez Crisis in 1956, which increased the worldwide demand for new ships and brought new contracts for Valmet as well. Later the company constructed a long series of accommodation ships for the Soviet Union.
However, Valmet was not able to compete with private companies in the newbuilding market, and in 1963 a decision was made to switch focus on repairing existing ships and maintain only limited newbuilding capability on a single shipyard. When demand for new ships increased considerably in the mid-1960s, the shipbuilding strategy of Valmet changed considerably. As the size of new ships was expected to increase in the future, there was a danger that the state-owned shipbuilding company would not be able to compete in the lucrative newbuilding market. Since expanding the shipyard located in the middle of the capital city was deemed impossible, a decision was made to construct a completely new shipyard in Vuosaari.
The Vuosaari shipyard was built in 1971–1974. The new dry dock was wide and deep, but only long at first. However, during the construction it was decided to lengthen it to due to the growing demand of large crude oil tankers, making it the longest dry dock in Finland. Blocks weighing up to 500 tons could be constructed in the production halls and lifted to the construction basin with four 150-ton cranes. When the new shipyard was opened, Valmet also moved its two floating docks of 5,000 and 12,000 tons, used for maintenance and repair docking of smaller vessels, from Katajanokka to Vuosaari. An intermediate gate was built in 1984 so that part of the shipyard could be flooded while the other part was used for docking.
Between 1974 and 1987 Vuosaari shipyard delivered 33 new ships and participated in building around 100 other vessels. These include four 153,000 DWT crude oil tankers for Norwegian shipping company Klaveness in 1977–1979, four large barge carriers, ten SA-15 and SA-15 Super type Arctic cargo ships in 1983–1987, and the first large cruiseferry, "Birka Princess" for Birka Line, in 1986. The majority of the newbuildings were built for the Soviet Union. The last newbuilding, barge "Espa" for ESL Shipping, was delivered in 1987.
Vuosaari shipyard was merged with Wärtsilä in 1986 to form Wärtsilä Marine of which Valmet owned 30%. After the downturn in shipbuilding in the mid-1980s, the company decided to close the Vuosaari shipyard on 13 January 1987 and move the shipbuilding to Helsinki Shipyard in Hietalahti. In 1987–1991 various shipping companies rented the old shipyard from Wärtsilä for routine dockings. The cranes were sold in 1991, two to Germany and two to Rauma shipyard. Several ship repair companies operated in and around the old dry dock until 2004, when the construction of the new harbour cut the connection to the sea.
The old shipyard area has since been occupied by other companies. ABB Marine used the old block assembly halls for the construction of Azipods until 2007, Aker Arctic opened a new ice model test facility next to the old dry dock in 2006, and Paulig constructed a modern coffee roasting plant where the main gate of the Vuosaari shipyard once stood. Over the years most of the old buildings, such as the design office close to the dry dock gate, have been demolished. The intermediate gate was also later scrapped and its steel plating re-used in a barge.
While several ideas for re-using the old dry dock were presented over the years, nothing significant was ever realized. In 2008, the floor and walls of the basin were strengthened with concrete and a new wall was built in front of the old steel gate in preparation of using the basin for storage of empty shipping containers, but it was never used for this purpose. In late 2015, the Port of Helsinki began backfilling the dry dock in order to create an above-ground storage area for containers. The work was completed in 2016 and the area has now been paved over.
Ships built in Vuosaari.
Between 1974 and 1987 the following vessels were delivered from the Vuosaari shipyard with the exception of one crude oil tanker that received a yard number but was later cancelled. , less than half of the newbuildings built at Vuosaari remain in service.


Besi

BE Semiconductor Industries N.V., simply called Besi, is a Dutch multinational company that designs and manufacturers semiconductor equipment. The company was founded in May, 1995 by Richard Blickman, who still leads the company today. The company employs 2040 people, of which 200 are at its headquarters in Duiven, a small town in the east of the Netherlands. It outsources production to its subsidiaries in China and Malaysia.
Besi is a publicly traded company, and its shares are listed on the Euronext Amsterdam stock market under the BESI ticker symbol. In June, 2017, Besi was valued at around $2 billion.


Fort Pitt Foundry

The Fort Pitt Foundry was a nineteenth-century iron foundry in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was originally established at Fifth Avenue and Smithfield Street in 1804 by Joseph McClurg, grandfather of Joseph W. McClurg, and his son Alex McClurg, father of bookseller and general Alexander C. McClurg. It was later moved to the area of Pittsburgh now known as the Strip District at 12th and Etna. It was an early producer of ordnance for the United States, and manufactured cannonballs for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's forces in the War of 1812. It was best known for the manufacture of large cannon. One of the largest was a 20 inch bore Rodman Gun, a large black powder, smoothbore, muzzle-loading coastal defense gun.
The foundry was closed after the Civil War ended. It was eventually sold to a rival in 1878.


IXYS Corporation

IXYS Corporation is an American company based in Milpitas, California. IXYS focuses on power semiconductors, radio-frequency (RF) power semiconductors, and digital and analog integrated circuits (ICs) In July 2013, IXYS announced the completion of acquisition for Samsung's 4-bit and 8-bit microcontroller line.
History.
Dr. Nathan Zommer founded IXYS Corporation in 1983 in Silicon Valley, Santa Clara, California.
IXYS was originally a fabless power semiconductor device company.
In 1989, IXYS provided power MOSFETs for the General Motors EV1.
IXYS provided high-power IGBTs for the KTX-II high-speed train.
In 2001, the company acquired the British semiconductor manufacturer Westcode.
In December 2009, IXYS Corporation announced that it will buy Zilog, which is now the company's wholly owned subsidiary.
In July 2013, IXYS Corporation finished acquiring Samsung Electronics' 4- and 8-bit microcontroller business, and the 4- and 8-bit microcontrollers acquired from Samsung will be offered by Zilog, Inc.
In August 2017, IXYS Corporation was acquired by Littelfuse Inc in exchange for $750 million in cash and stocks.
In January 2018, Littelfuse finished acquiring IXYS Corporation and IXYS was delisted from NASDAQ.
Products.
IXYS Corporation's production of power semiconductor consists of Power MOS (metal-oxide-silicon) transistors and power bipolar. These series of products convert high voltage or current electricity to regular power. The company's production of integrated circuits are used for analog, mixed-signal and digital interface solutions in communication, such as solid-state relays (SSRs), line card access switch (LCAS), Litelink™. The RF Power Semiconductors convert high rates electricity for amplification or reception. In addition, IXYS provides laser diode drivers, direct copper bond (DCB).


Paras Thermal Power Station

Paras Thermal Power Plant is oldest power plant in the WORLD located at Paras, Akola district of Maharashtra. The power plant is one of the [coal] based power plants of Mahagenco.
Power Plant.
Paras Thermal Power Station is the oldest of all Mahagenco Power plants. The station has witnessed the third generation technology. The station had 30 MW installed capacity in 1961 with a stroke boiler. The same unit was abandoned in 1993 due to ageing.
Transport.
It is on the Nagpur–Bhusawal section of Central Railway. Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. For example, the Paras Thermal Power Station consumed 351,000 tonnes of coal in 2006–07. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.


Vaalputs

Vaalputs is the only South African radioactive waste-disposal facility, called the "Vaalputs Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility", operated by NECSA. The facility is located about 100 km south-east of Springbok, in the Northern Cape. It covers an area of approximately 10,000 hectare, measuring 16,5 km from east to west and 6,5 km from north to south at its narrowest point.
Approximately 1,000 hectare is occupied by sites developed for low- and intermediate-level waste, an interim spent nuclear fuel storage facility, housing, roads, power lines and an airstrip. Vaalputs lies between the Namaqualand in the west and the Bushmanland in the east.
During 1978 a programme to select a suitable site for the disposal of nuclear waste was commenced over large parts of South Africa. The programme leader had to keep a variety of socio-economic and geology related parameters in mind. Pioneer investigations indicated that the Northern Cape was the most feasible area. Supplementary studies showed that a place approximately 100 km southeast of Springbok was ideally suited for the disposal of low- and intermediate-level wastes. In 1983 three farms were acquired by the state on behalf of the NECSA, which now constitute the "Vaalputs Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility". The first low- and intermediate-level waste arrived from Koeberg in October 1986.
Initially, silos were envisaged for dry storage of spent fuel from Koeberg. However the spent fuel from Koeberg is stored in reactor pools on the Koeberg site. These pools have been re-racked in order to facilitate lifetime storage of spent fuel. Low and intermediate waste was buried in 10 meter deep trenches, which were filled with compacted soil, whereafter the surface was rehabilitated by planting local flora. In June 1997 it was revealed that some uncovered containers had rusted and were leaking radioactivity. The National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) temporarily suspended operations, until the licensing conditions were met by the operators. The NNR established communication with local communities in September 2003.


Lakdhanavi Power Station

The Lakdhanavi Power Station (also sometimes referred to as the Lakdhanavi Sapugaskanda Power Station) is a thermal power station built in Sapugaskanda, Sri Lanka. Operated by , it is one of three power stations in the Sapugaskanda region, the other two being the government-owned Sapugaskanda Power Station, and the Asia Power Sapugaskanda Power Station.


William Wallace (marine engineer)

Sir William Wallace CBE FRSE LLD (25 August 1881–27 May 1963) was a 20th-century Scottish marine engineer and influential businessman. He was Chairman of Brown Brothers for over 40 years, mainly involved in the technology behind ship construction rather than their design per sae. He was involved with ship design and technological advancement during both world wars, but his ideas were not always successful: including the ill-fated K-class submarines.
Life.
He was born in Leicester on 25 August 1881 the son of Matthew Wallace of Paisley. The family returned to Paisley in his youth and he was educated at Paisley Grammar School. From 1895 he was apprenticed as an engineer at Bow, McLachlan and Company at the Thistle Works at Abbotsinch. He also undertook formal training at Anderson College in Glasgow. He then joined the British and Burmese Steam Navigation Company as Chief Engineer.
In 1910 he joined Brown Brothers in Leith as an engineer. He originally lived in a small flat at 116 Easter Road. He rose rapidly becoming Managing Director in 1916 aged 35. He remained Managing Director until 1957 also becoming Chairman in 1947.
Considering that Brown Brothers was primarily involved in the design and creation of ship components it is unusual that their premises was not located at a dock or major river. Their huge complex stood linking Pilrig Street to Broughton Road, wrapping around Rosebank Cemetery. This is around a mile from Leith Docks. This "inconvenience" was probably the result of a ground-rent dispute, but gave them a later advantage in giving a very "secure" site in terms of new creations for warfare, commissioned by the government.
During the First World War he was involved with the design and building of the infamously ill-fated British K-class submarines. Due to this position as designer he was on board K 13 during its trials when she failed to surface during trials at the Gareloch on 29 January 1917. Thirty two people died in this incident, and 48 were rescued. Wallace's technical knowledge undoubtedly aided the survival of those rescued.
In the 1930s (with Maurice Denny) he developed the Denny-Brown stabilizer, first used on a cross-Channel ferry in 1936 and a popular choice in many Royal Navy ships during the Second World War. He was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1944 for services to the shipbuilding industry.
He later specialised in designing steering gear for the major liners such as the RMS Queen Mary (1934) and RMS Queen Elizabeth (1938).
In 1946 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Cameron Smail, Sir Ernest Wedderburn, Sir David Russell and John Barber Todd. He was knighted by King George VI in 1951.
In 1954 he was the second recipient of the Churchill Medal awarded to major figures of British engineering. The University of Edinburgh awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1956.
He retired in 1959 after almost 50 years at Brown Brothers.
He died suddenly on 27 May 1963 aged 81.
Family.
In 1916 he married Christina Gilchrist Stewart.


List of nuclear power stations

The following page lists all nuclear power stations that are larger than in current net capacity. Those power stations that are smaller than , and those that are only at a planning or proposal stage, may be found in regional lists at the end of the page or in the list of nuclear reactors. The list is based on figures from PRIS (Power Reactor Information System) maintained by International Atomic Energy Agency.
In service.
This table lists all currently operational power stations with current net capacity over . Some of these may have reactors under construction, but only current net capacity is listed. Capacity of permanently shut-down reactors is not included, but capacity of long-term shut-down reactors (today mainly in Japan) is included. Power stations with past net capacity over and current net capacity under are listed in third table.
Under construction.
This table lists stations under construction or operational stations with under-construction reactors and current net capacity under . Planned connection column indicates the connection of first reactor, not thus whole capacity.
! Power station !! No. of
units !! Net capacity
under construction
(MW) !! Construction
start !! Planned
connection !! Country !! Location


Cornelius Haley

Cornelius Haley (December 20, 1860 – September 28, 1936) was an American politician and molder from New York.
Life.
Haley was born on December 20, 1860 in Little Falls, New York, the son of Irish immigrants John and Mary Haley. He started working in woolen mills in Little Falls when he was 11. When he was about 16 he moved with his family to Schuyler Lake, where he lived for about 2 years before returning to Little Falls and the woolen mills. He later moved to New Jersey and learned to be a molder, a profession he'd follow for several years. He moved to Utica in 1883.
In 1890, Haley was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing the Oneida County 1st District. He served in the Assembly in 1891, 1892, and 1893. In 1893, he was appointed chief clerk of the Bureau of Statistics and Labor in Albany. He resigned from the position in 1896. In the 1896 United States House of Representatives election, he was an unsuccessful candidate in New York's 25th congressional district. He served as mayor of Little Falls from 1922 to 1923.
In 1886, Haley married Elizabeth Hannon of Sharon, Pennsylvania. Their children were Mamie Perpetua and James Bernard. Elizabeth died in 1892.
Haley died at home on September 28, 1936.