John Wood (millowner)

John Wood of Marsden came to Glossop from Manchester in 1819 and bought existing woollen mills which he expanded. These were the Howard Town mills. In 1825, John Wood installed the first steam engine and power looms. The Howardtown Mills became the largest spinning weaving combine in Glossop, and with Wren's Nest, and Waterside Mills, Hadfield dominated the Derbyshire cotton industry.


Tom Mulholland (Gaelic footballer)

Tom Mulholland (8 March 1936 – 20 April 2020) was a Gaelic footballer. He played senior football for Kilkerley Emmets, Louth and Leinster. He was also honorary president of the Kilkerley Emmets club.
Mulholland lived in the village of Kilkerley, near Dundalk, where he was a dairy farmer. He had six sisters and one brother. He was married in 1968 and had eight children. Some of his children played football and camogie at various levels. Mulholland pursued his involvement in athletics until he was in his seventies.
After an outbreak of COVID-19 at Dealgan House Nursing Home (where he resided), during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland, Mulholland was admitted to Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Drogheda where he died on 20 April 2020.


Tom R. Ferguson

Tom R. Ferguson (born December 20, 1950) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy. He was the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) "World All-Around Cowboy Champion" for six consecutive years from 1974 to 1979 breaking the previous mark of five consecutive titles held by Larry Mahan. He was also the 1974 "World Tie-Down Roping Champion" and the "World Steer Wrestling Champion" in 1977 and 1978. In 1999, he was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame.
Early life.
Born in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, United States, on December 20, 1950, Tom Ferguson moved to California at the age of 3 and was later chosen for the California Polytechnic State University rodeo team. The team took home multiple National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association championships, before Ferguson turned professional and returned to Miami, Oklahoma, in 1973. He joined the Rodeo Cowboys Association (RCA), which later renamed itself to the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA).
Rodeo career.
Though Larry Mahan was the first to have six world all-around titles, Ferguson won six consecutively. The 5-foot-11 Native American rodeo cowboy specialized in calf roping and steer wrestling. In 1994, Ty Murray broke Mahan's and Ferguson's record of six titles and tied Ferguson's record of having won six titles consecutively. In 1998, Murray won his seventh title, surpassing both of them and holding the record for all-around titles at seven titles. In 2010, Trevor Brazile won his eighth all-around title, surpassing them all. In 2018, Brazile won his 14th all-around title.
In his first year as a professional rodeo cowboy, Ferguson came in second in the National Finals Rodeo (NFR) in the All-Around Cowboy event. He accumulated more than $1 million in his rodeo career and was among the first rodeo cowboys to hire a manager.
In 1974, he won the World Tie-Down Roping championship and came second in the Steer Wrestling event. In 1976 he won the World Steer Wrestling Championship. Ferguson retired from rodeo in the late 1980s.


List of infectious sheep and goat diseases

Sheep and goats are both small ruminants with cosmopolitan distributions due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat. As such, the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.
Prioners diseases.
Diseases caused prions include:
Viral diseases.
Diseases caused by viruses include:
Bacterial diseases.
Diseases caused by bacteria include:
Fungal diseases.
Diseases caused by funguses include
Parasitic diseases.
Parasites causing disease in sheep and goats include diseases caused by protozoa, helminths, tapeworms and roundworms.


Bastardo del Grappa

Bastardo del Grappa is a traditional cheese produced in the foothills of Monte Grappa massif and in the provinces of Treviso, Belluno, and Vicenza, in Italy. Bastardo del Grappa is a certified PAT cheese qualifying it as a genuine Italian product.
History.
The history of the semi-fat cheese "bastardo" dates back to 800 AD, a time in which it was produced in the pastures of the Veneto region. It is so named ( means 'bastard') because of the milk, with the addition of goat's milk in its composition, can not be turned into Morlacco cheese. Although the story also shows that the name derives from the fact that at one time it was also produced with goat, sheep and cow's milk.
Areas of production.
Bastardo del Grappa is a product related genuinely to the area of Monte Grappa massif and around Borso del Grappa, Crespano del Grappa, Paderno del Grappa, Possagno, Cavaso del Tomba, Alano di Piave, Quero, Feltre, Seren del Grappa, Arsiè, Cismon del Grappa, San Nazario, Solan, Pove del Grappa, and Romano d'Ezzelino.
Process of production.
After the milk is collected in the morning, it is left to rest overnight in a cool place. The fat is removed in a caldera of copper and the milk mixed, heated to a temperature ranging between , all in constant motion. Then rennet is added, which helps the whey from the cheese to coagulate into a large, soft ball. The procedure continues with the caldera reheated to . The curd is then pressed mildly in wooden molds, and purged for 24 hours.
The dough is then allowed to rest for 2 to 3 days, when it takes a smooth texture. The cheese is salted in brine with about 15 kg of salt per hectoliters of water for a period of 4 to 5 days so that the taste is not altered. The maturation follows in a suitable room for 25 to 120 days, although it can go on for over a year. The weight can vary from 2.5 to 5 kg, the diameter from 25 to 30 cm, and height from 5 to 8 cm. The curing also brings changes to the consistency of the dough which becomes grainier depending on its maturity. The cheese said "bastard" is of a yellow pale to a light straw color, which can also vary according to its seasoning.
Nutritional values.
The nutritional values of Bastardo del Grappa range from 350 to 460 calories per 100 g, with proteins exceeding 20%. A minimum of 27% of fats and humidity of 40% at the most.


Cleopatra (cigarette)

Cleopatra is a brand of cigarettes currently owned and manufactured by the Eastern Tobacco Company in Egypt. The brand is one of the most popular cigarette brands in Egypt and is sold in nearly every country in Africa, as well as various countries in the Middle East and Asia.
Products.
Cleopatra cigarettes come in the following varieties:


Can de Chira

The Can de Chira (also known as the perro pastor altoaragonés) is a breed of herding dog from the High Aragon region of Spain.
Accounts of similar dogs used by Spanish graziers to herd sheep and cattle (in Aragonese "Can de Chira" literally it means "dog for turn" or "return the cattle") date back several centuries, the oldest photographs date from the early 19th century. The breed appears to have originated in the Province of Huesca but has spread to adjacent regions, but the breed remains centered in Sobrarbe.


Pag cheese

Pag cheese or Pag Island cheese (, ) is a Croatian variety of hard, distinctively flavored sheep milk cheese originating from the Adriatic island of Pag. It is generally regarded as the most famous of all artisan cheeses made in the country and can be found in many markets outside Croatia.
History.
In 1774, the travel writer Alberto Fortis, on his way to Dalmatia, wrote about Pag island's products, including sea salt, sage honey, wool and Pag cheese. Until early in the 20th century, the inhabitants of Pag had their own dry stone huts in which they milked the sheep and made Pag cheese. These stone houses are adorned in sedge and reeds from the nearby fields, the huts were built out of town on the rocky hills above the pastures. The majority of the pastures are located on the hilly parts of the island and are recognizable by the dry stone walls that surround them. From far off, the intricate stone walls resemble the famous Pag lace (paška čipka) as they traverse the rocky summits. Historically, there was no private ownership of the pastures and the sheep freely grazed on all the land.
Over time, the pastures slowly became privately owned, so the shepherds moved back into towns and their stone huts became pasture homes. As shepherds commuted to and from pastures to care for their sheep, the women assumed the role of cheese makers. Pag cheese slowly but surely gained importance not only as a food for the locals but also as a commodity to market across Croatia, thus Pag cheese became an important source of income for the villagers.
Production process.
The island of Pag has a long tradition of cheese making and agriculture and is the most indented island in the Adriatic, which provides perfect conditions for making cheese. The island of Pag's eastern landscape is dominated by the mountain range on the mainland, Velebit. It is on these snowy peaks that hot and cold air amasses, and particularly in winter, gives birth to the Pag Bora. A strong, cool, dry wind that gathers strength as it tumbles down the southern slopes of Velebit onto the calm seas. The Bora then dries and turns into dry salt dust, which it then scatters all over Pag, turning it into a white, salty island. and in these conditions upon the rocky hills of Pag, only the extremely resilient and aromatic plant species survive. The best known and most precious is the fragrant Pag's Sage, there are numerous colonies of this purple flowered plant which adorn the pure white limestone in May, and fill the air with its scent.
It is upon such salty and aromatic vegetation that Pag's autochthonous breed of sheep graze freely, giving local sheep unique qualities and taste in their milk which then permeate the taste of Pag cheese.
Certification.
The main producers of Pag cheese came together to form an association with the aim of obtaining Protected Designation of Origin for Pag cheese. The European Commission has granted the designation on 25 November 2019. PDO imposes strict conditions of production techniques as well as a particular origin of base products which will ensure that Pag cheese remains a product of Pag.


Audubon (magazine)

Audubon is the flagship journal of the National Audubon Society. It is profusely illustrated and focuses on subjects related to nature, with a special emphasis on birds. New issues are published bi-monthly for society members. An active blog called "The Perch" produces daily updates on issues also. In 2011, "Audubon Magazine" received an "Utne Reader" Independent Press Award for Best Environment Coverage.
History.
The earliest serial of the Audubon movement was entitled The Audubon Magazine. It was published between February 1887 through 1889 by George Bird Grinnell, who also published "Forest and Stream" magazine. Due to lack of funds and other issues, the earliest Audubon movement and its magazine floundered.
Bird-Lore was first published in 1899 by Frank Chapman. The coverpiece described the magazine as the "Official Organ of the Audubon Societies" and "an illustrated bi-monthly magazine devoted to the study and protection of birds". The National Association of Audubon Societies purchased "Bird-Lore" from Chapman in 1935.
"Bird-Lore" became the Audubon Magazine in 1941, after the National Association of Audubon Societies became the National Audubon Society in 1940. The name "Audubon Magazine" was shortened to Audubon in 1966.


Harry Ames

Harry Ames (January 14, 1896 – December 14, 1973) was a lumberman and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented York County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1952 to his death in 1973 as a Progressive Conservative member.
He was born in Redditch, England, the son of Arthur Ames. He was educated in England and then, after coming to Canada in 1905, at Scotch Settlement. In 1924, he married Annie May Wilson (1901–1984).


Davol Mills

Davol Mills is a historic textile mill complex located at the corner of Plymouth Avenue and Rodman Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was built in 1867 and expanded in 1871. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as part of the Corky Row Historic District The red brick mills are unique in the city, built in the Second Empire style.
History.
The Davol Mills Company was organized in 1866, with nineteen persons, with initial capital set at $270,000, and named in honor of William C. Davol, a machinery builder who is credited with importing the Roberts Self-acting Mule from Great Britain to Fall River in the early 1840s. Mill No. 1 was built in 1867 at the corner of Rodman Street and Eight Rod Way (now known as Plymouth Avenue). The machinery was in operation by March 1868. The Davol Mills initially produced cotton shirtings, sheetings, silesias and fancy fabrics.
In 1871, Mill No. 2 was built along Hartwell Street, connected to the first mill. By 1917, the Davol Mills contained 44,000 spindles and 1,258 looms. The company acquired the nearby Tecumseh Mills in 1924. It shut down in 1935.
The site was recorded as part of the 1968 New England Textile Mills II, and photographed by Jack E. Boucher of the Historic American Buildings Survey.


William D. Connor

William Duncan Connor (March 24, 1864 – November 20, 1944) was a Canadian-born American politician and the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 1907–1909.
Early life.
Born near Stratford, Ontario, in Canada, Connor moved with his parents from Canada to a farm in Auburndale, Wisconsin in 1872. He attended the State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh) in Oshkosh, Wisconsin for two years.
Career.
William D. “W.D.” Connor moved to Marshfield, Wisconsin in 1895, and became a successful lumberman and real estate investor in the Pacific Northwest. He established the towns of Laona, Wisconsin, Stratford, Wisconsin, and Connorville, Michigan (originally company towns) in the course of growing his lumber business. Connor is credited with establishing the practice of sustainable forestry. He also tirelessly pursued modern lumber technologies.
Very involved in politics and public service, he served for twenty years as a member of the Wood County Board of Supervisors, and was twice elected chairman. In 1892, 1894, 1896, 1902 and 1904 he was elected a delegate to the Republican State Convention and in 1904 he was also elected one of the four (progressive) delegates-at-large to the National Republican Convention, by the regular Republican State Convention. This was the controversial 'gymnasium convention' that looms large in the history of the progressive movement in Wisconsin.
According to the "Dictionary of Wisconsin Biography":
 He was at first identified with the Robert M. La Follette wing of the party. In the 1904 progressive-stalwart split, Connor was chosen by the "gymnasium convention" as one of the progressive delegates to the Republican national convention. Although the national convention refused to accept the credentials of the Progressive delegation, the La Follette forces were recognized as the legal Republican ticket by the state supreme court (1904) and Connor became chairman of the Republican state central committee. (1904-1908).
Connor was elected as a Republican to the office of Lieutenant Governor in 1906; receiving 174,750 votes against 104,398 for Michael F. Blenski (Democratic), 25,036 for William Kaufmann (Social Democrats), 8,724 for August F. Fehlandt (Progressive) and 510 for John Veirthaler (Socialist Labor). He served as twentieth Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from January 7, 1907 - January 4, 1909, but had a significant falling-out with the Governor Robert La Follette.
Connor, along with Marinette lumberman Isaac Stephenson, were La Follette's main political backers from the business community. "Fighting Bob" La Follette's strong stand against the railroads, which then had monopolies on industrial transportation, appealed to the two men; and each of these millionaire lumbermen expected help to become United States Senator when La Follette became governor. Instead, and to their chagrin, at the first opportunity (January 1905) La Follette famously nominated himself to the U.S. Senate and arranged State Senate confirmation.
La Follette kept serving as governor and left Wisconsin's U.S. Senate seat unfilled until January 1, 1906, when he resigned to join the U.S. Senate. He publicly proclaimed this unusual action was done to ensure that his 1904 platform was enacted in Wisconsin.
After serving as lieutenant governor, Connor withdrew from statewide elective politics, although he remained active at the local and county level. He was to serve for twenty years on the Wood County Board, was president of the Marshfield library board from its organization in 1901 until his death, and was also a trustee of Carroll College (Wisconsin).
Death.
Connor died in Phoenix, Arizona and his place of interment is presumed to be somewhere in Marshfield, Wisconsin.
Family life.
W.D. Connor's father, Robert Connor, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. W.D. married Huldah Marybelle Witter (Mary or Mame) on August 12, 1888, and they had eight children: Mabel Frances Connor (1887-1887), Helen Melissa Connor (1888-1982), Donald Witter Connor (1890-1913), Marian Elizabeth Connor (1894-1933), William Duncan Connor II (1897-1993), Richard Malcolm Connor (1899-1974), Gordon R. Connor (1905-1986) and Constance Connor (1908-1998). He was the grandfather of Melvin R. Laird and the great-grandfather of Jessica Laird Doyle, wife of Governor Jim Doyle of Wisconsin.


Altria Group, Inc. v. Good

Altria Group v. Good, 555 U.S. 70 (2008), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a state law prohibiting deceptive tobacco advertising was not preempted by a federal law regulating cigarette advertising.
Background.
The lawsuit claimed that Altria's marketing of "light" and "low tar" cigarettes constituted fraudulent misrepresentations under the Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act (MUTPA) because it deceived smokers into thinking the products are safer than regular cigarettes.
The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of Altria, finding the state-law claim pre-empted by the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 15 U.S.C. §1334(b) (Federal Labeling Act). The First Circuit reversed, holding that the Labeling Act neither expressly nor impliedly pre-empted respondents' fraud claim.
The Court's decision was therefore meant to answer the following question: Does federal preemption of the Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act hinge on the express or implied nature of the allegedly fraudulent misrepresentations?
Opinion of the Court.
Justice John Paul Stevens, writing for a 5-4 Court, held that neither the Labeling Act's pre-emption provision, nor the Federal Trade Commission's actions in this field, expressly or impliedly preempt claims related to "smoking and health" under the Maine statute. Pp. 5–20.
Adopting the reasoning it used in "Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc.", the Court found that claims based on a common law legal duty ("predicate-duty" approach, e.g. a manufacturer's duty not to misrepresent its products), were not preempted simply because they related to cigarette manufacturers and the labeling of its products.
(a) Congress may indicate preemptive intent through a statute's express language or through its structure and purpose. See "Jones v. Rath Packing Co.", 430 U. S. 519 . When the text of an express preemption clause is susceptible of more than one plausible reading, courts ordinarily "accept the reading that disfavors preemption." "Bates v. Dow Agrosciences LLC", 544 U. S. 431 . The Labeling Act's stated purposes are to inform the public of the health risks of smoking while protecting commerce and the economy from the ill effects of nonuniform requirements to the extent consistent with the first goal. Although fidelity to these purposes does not demand the preemption of state fraud rules, the principal question here is whether that result is nevertheless required by 15 U. S. C. §1334(b), which provides that "[n]o requirement or prohibition based on smoking and health shall be imposed under State law with respect to the advertising or promotion of any cigarettes the packages of which are labeled in conformity with the provisions of this chapter." Pp. 5–9.
(b) Respondents' claim is not expressly pre-empted by §1334(b). As determined in "Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc.", 505 U. S. 504, and "Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly", 533 U. S. 525, the phrase "based on smoking and health" modifies the state-law rule at issue rather than a particular application of that rule. The Cipollone plurality concluded that "the phrase 'based on smoking and health' fairly but narrowly construed" did not preempt the Cipollone plaintiff's common-law claim that cigarette manufacturers had fraudulently misrepresented and concealed a material fact, because the claim alleged a violation of a duty not to deceive—a duty that is not "based on" smoking and health. 505 U. S., at 528–529. Respondents here also allege a violation of the duty not to deceive as codified in the MUTPA, which, like the common-law duty in Cipollone, has nothing to do with smoking and health. Respondents' claim is not analogous to the "warning neutralization" claim found to be preempted in Cipollone. Reilly is consistent with Cipollone's analysis. This Court disagrees with petitioners' alternative argument that the express pre-emption framework of Cipollone and Reilly should be rejected. "American Airlines, Inc. v. Wolens", 513 U. S. 219, and "Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.", 552 U. S. ___, are distinguished. Pp. 9–16.
(c) Various Federal Trade Commission decisions with respect to statements of tar and nicotine content do not impliedly preempt state deceptive practices rules like the MUTPA. Pp. 17–20.
Dissent.
Justice Clarence Thomas disagreed with the majority's adoption of the "predicate-duty" approach from Cipollone, arguing it was confusing and unworkable. Rather, he argued that the Court should adopt a clear test that expressly preempts any state law claim that "imposes an obligation...because of the effect of smoking upon health."


Gitanes

Gitanes (, "Gypsy women") is a French brand of cigarettes, owned and manufactured by Imperial Tobacco following their acquisition of Altadis in January 2008, having been owned by SEITA before that.
History.
Gitanes was launched in 1910 in four different versions, all of which were filterless. In 1918, Gitanes Maïs were introduced. which were a success in the rural areas of France. In the 1930s, the first graphic ads for Gitanes appeared. In 1956, the first filtered Gitane variant was introduced. In 1981, the "Light" versions are first marketed. In 1986, the first Gitanes Blondes were launched, which had become available internationally in 1987. However, they were a commercial failure. In 1988, the first "Extra light" versions were marketed. In 1991, Gitanes ultra lights were introduced. In 1990/1991, a simultaneous launch of a new version of Gitanes Blondes ultra light were brought on the market.
Gitanes are sold in many varieties of strengths and packages. The cigarette was originally made with a darker or "brun" (brown) tobacco, in contrast to the more widespread "blonde". In honour of the name, the packet shows the silhouette of a Spanish gypsy woman playing the tambourine.
There is a distinction between the "blonde" style of the current Gitanes, and the classic style of Gitanes Brunes, both of which are sold in Europe and South America (most commonly in Argentina and Chile). The classic Gitanes Brunes tobacco achieved its characteristic and distinctive "bite" by using a fire-flued method of curing the tobacco, and a "rice" type of rolling paper which differs from most other cigarettes. The result was a cigarette which had both a strong flavor and a distinctive aroma.
Gitanes Blondes are available, filtered, in Light and Regular. The Gitanes Brunes are available in 70mm versions, filtered and unfiltered. In 2010, the size and content of the regular Gitanes were reduced. Gitanes Maïs (corn) are made with yellow corn paper.
Production in France was halted, with one factory remaining operational in the Netherlands. This was mainly due to the rise on tobacco levies imposed by the French Government in the wake of enforced EU health directives, which has forced up the price of French cigarettes to the level of those in the US, with the more aggressively promoted brands such as Marlboro now taking the majority market share.
The 90s were particularly successful for Gitanes in terms of brand engagement. In an effort to increase awareness, the brand began sponsoring motor-sports such as Formula One racing and the Dakar Rally. These activities helped to attract a wider range of potential customers while avoiding any dilution of the brand image and thus retained the loyalty of its more artistic core customer base.
In July 2016, the French government considered a ban on both the Gitanes and Gauloises cigarette brands because they were deemed "too stylish and cool". The ban would also apply to brands including Marlboro Gold, Vogue, Lucky Strike and Fortuna. It is the result of a new public health law based on a European directive that says tobacco products "must not include any element that contributes to the promotion of tobacco or give an erroneous impression of certain characteristics". Four major tobacco companies have written to the government seeking clarification on the potential law, calling for an urgent meeting to discuss the details of the plan. In the letter they accuse French health minister Marisol Touraine of an "arbitrary and disproportionate" application of EU directives.
Since the 1930s, many advertisements have been made to promote the Gitanes brand.
Packaging.
The first art-deco packet design was produced by Maurice Giot in 1927. An image of a Gypsy dancer, designed by Molusson, first appeared on the cigarette packets in 1943. In 1947, Max Ponty refined the figure to a silhouette to create an image that is still in use today on the Gitanes Blonde packet. The dancer silhouette was reworked by many famous poster designers, including Savignac in 1953 and Morvan in 1960. The boxes have always featured the colours black, blue and white.
Motorsport sponsorship.
Formula One.
Gitanes had a long-standing partnership with the Equipe Ligier team. Following the acquisition of the Matra Formula One team's assets, Ligier entered Formula One in with a Matra V12-powered car, and won the 1977 Swedish Grand Prix with Jacques Laffite. This is generally considered to have been the first all-French victory in the Formula One World Championship.
In total the team won 8 races, got 47 podiums and earned 373 points during their partnership with Gitanes. In 1996, the sister company Gauloises became the new sponsor, ending a partnership that lasted 19 years.
In 1997 the team was sold to Alain Prost and became Prost Grand Prix in . Prost GP, despite substantial financial backing by large private French companies, failed to make the team competitive and went bankrupt in .
Sports cars.
After retiring from racing following the death of his friend Jo Schlesser, Guy Ligier decided to found his own team and had engineer Michel Tétu develop a sports car named the JS1 (Schlesser's initials). The Cosworth-powered JS1 took wins at Albi and Monthlery in 1970, but retired at Le Mans and from the Tour Automobile de France.
For 1971, Ligier had the JS1 developed into the JS2 and JS3. The JS2 was homologated for road use and used a Maserati V6 engine, while the JS3 was an open-top sports-prototype powered by a Cosworth DFV V8 engine. The JS3 won at Monthlery in 1971 but failed to finish the minimum distance in Le Mans. Therefore, it was retired, and Ligier installed the Cosworth DFV in the JS2 road car, finishing second overall at Le Mans in 1975. Guy Ligier then switched his efforts into Formula One.
Dakar Rally.
Gitanes also sponsored various teams in the Dakar Rally from its first season in 1979 until tobacco sponsorship was banned by the French government.
Popular culture.
In cinema.
In the 1971 crime film "Get Carter", Michael Caine's character Jack Carter can be seen smoking Gitanes in various scenes throughout the film.
In Hayao Miyazaki's 1992 film "Porco Rosso", the titular character is often seen smoking Gitanes throughout the film. In one scene the packaging is very visible, allowing the viewer to confirm the character's preferred brand.
In music.
The cover of the album 1974 "Dancing on a Cold Wind", by Carmen, and the cover of the album 1981 "Shades", by JJ Cale, both use the Gitanes design.
The brand is mentioned in the song "Late Bloomer", from the album "The Voyager", by Jenny Lewis: "She was smoking on a gypsy."
David Bowie smoked these in his persona of The Thin White Duke.
Serge Gainsbourg was a heavy Gitanes smoker and always appeared in public with his packet of Gitanes in his hand. The book "A Fistful of Gitanes" is about his life and career.
Slash, guitarist for Guns N' Roses, smoked the brand and has a tattoo of the Gitanes logo on his back.
In books.
The cigarettes appear prominently in Marc Behm's 1980 "The Eye of the Beholder".
Markets.
Gitanes is mainly sold in France, but also was or still is sold in Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Egypt, Martinique, Israel, United Arab Emirates and Argentina.


Petplan

Petplan Pet Insurance - North America is a New York City-based pet insurance company, providing insurance for pet owners to cover veterinary bills.
History.
Petplan was founded in September 2003 by husband and wife entrepreneurs Chris and Natasha Ashton after experiencing a high veterinary bill. They submitted a business plan for a pet insurance company called PAWS, to the 2003 annual Wharton Business Plan Competition, and were part of the team that won the $20,000 grand prize. That fall, the Ashtons incorporated Fetch Inc., which in November 2003 was awarded the exclusive license for the Petplan brand in the United States.
In July 2006, the company began selling its first policies, and started selling policies online later that year. The company formed partnerships with animal shelters, veterinarians, and health insurance providers to help sell 120,000 policies by 2014. In November 2008, the company launched "fetch!", a glossy quarterly pet health magazine, in November 2008.
In 2019, Petplan was acquired by private equity firm, Warburg Pincus. In 2020, The Dodo took a minority stake in Petplan. Petplan will change its name to Fetch by the Dodo in May 2021.
Products.
Petplan offers insurance for pets in the United States. It insures cats and dogs beginning at six weeks old with annual benefits ranging $2,500 to unlimited. Petplan extended its coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic. The new service covered treatment of a covid-infected pet, boarding of a pet if an owner was infected, adding a pet guardian to a plan, and all virtual vet visits.


Camacho Cigars

Camacho Cigars was founded in 1961 by Simon Camacho and acquired by the Eiroa family in 1995. Now part of the Oettinger Davidoff Group, Camacho Cigars is based in Danlí, Honduras and specializes in authentic handmade Cuban seed cigars.
After being exiled from Cuba in 1961, Simon Camacho, who was originally from Cuba, began his cigar business in Miami, Florida. Simon Camacho’s cigars gained success in the United States, as well as abroad and even found a fan in the company of British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. Consequently, Camacho has since named one of its most popular cigars after Mr. Churchill. The vitola was developed in the Romeo Y Julieta factory of Cuba in approximately 1903. Production during this period reached 2 to 3 million cigars per year and the quantity continued to grow as the 1990s cigar boom years approached.
Acquisition.
Five years after the death of Simon Camacho, the company was acquired by the Eiroa family in 1995 and tobacco production was then transferred from Nicaragua to Honduras. In 1998, 26-year-old Christian Eiroa became the president of Caribe Imported Cigars, putting his years of experience from the family plantations in Honduras to good use.
By the turn of the millennium and with the launch of the Camacho Corojo, the Eiroa family and their ventures had joined the leagues of the leading players in the US cigar industry. In 2008, Camacho and its Rancho Jamastran factory in Danlí, Honduras sold to Oettinger Davidoff Group, although the Eiroas maintained ownership of the Honduran tobacco fields.
Eiroa Family.
Generoso Eiroa had been growing tobacco in Cuba since the 1900s but due to the wake of the Cuban Revolution and subsequent nationalization of the tobacco plantations, his widow and three sons were forced to leave the country and settle in Tampa, Florida Eiroa's son, Julio Eiroa, joined the Bay of Pigs invasion attempt as one of a force of Cuban exiles with the US Army. While his brother, Generoso Jr. worked in Nicaragua, Julio traveled to Honduras in 1963 on behalf of tobacco dealer Angel Oliva. There, as part of a government-sponsored cultivation project, he laid the foundations for Camachos tobacco plantations belonging to the Eiroa family.
After his first year with the Oliva Family, Julio Eiroa decided to become an independent farmer. Julio Eiroa bought the government tobacco farms year after year. His decision changed helped kick start the history of tobacco in Honduras. Through partnerships with companies such as Bering Cigars and US Tobacco, he would become the world’s largest Candela tobacco farmer by 1972. In 1987, Julio Eiroa founded Caribe Imported Cigars in Miami, Florida, which manufactures cigars and offers its products through dealers and retailers in the United States and internationally.
Company today.
After five years of adopting Bayer's standards for good agricultural and manufacturing practices, Camacho Cigars and Bayer CropScience signed a working partnership under the Bayer Food Management program. The new alliance established Camacho Cigars as the only tobacco company in history to be in compliance with strict international standards for Good Manufacturing Practices and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). By complying with the practices set forth by Bayer CropScience, Camacho Cigars ensures the responsible management of natural resources, bio-friendly pesticides, industrial safety, and biosecurity.
Camacho Cigars signed a three-year deal with the Orange Bowl and the NCAA for the 2012-2014 Orange Bowl games and the 2013 BCS National Championship. The sponsorship was pulled after several public health organizations raised concern, saying tobacco promotions have no place in sports and shouldn't be allowed under federal tobacco marketing restrictions.
Brands.
Core brands.
The cigars that are produced under the Camacho Brand.
Premium brands.
The Cigar Blends that make up the core of the Camacho Brand.
Ultra premium brands.
The Limited Selections that are available only at select retailers.


Mike Lee (bull rider)

Michael Lee (born June 11, 1983) is an American professional rodeo cowboy who specializes in bull riding. From 2002 to 2017, he competed on the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) tour. He is the 2004 PBR World Champion. Lee announced his retirement from the PBR in January 2018. He now competes in the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and Tuff Hedeman Bull Riding Tour (THBRT). He also competed in Championship Bull Riding (CBR).
Career milestones.
Lee rode bulls while growing up, and he joined the PBR Touring Pro Division when he was 18 years old. Lee also competed in the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association and filled his permit within months. Lee first broke onto the PBR scene in 2002. He became the first rider to win both the PBR World Finals event title and World Championship simultaneously, which he accomplished in 2004. He is also the first rider to win the PBR World Championship without a regular-season event win. He qualified for the PBR World Finals every single year from 2002 to 2017.
Lee was an early adapter among bull riders who favored a helmet to the familiar cowboy hat, which he attributes to avoidance and exacerbation of career and life-threatening injuries. He credits the helmet for having saved his life after incurring a severe head injury and skull fracture at a PRCA rodeo in Fort Smith, Arkansas, in 2003, which required brain surgery. Lee is the first world champion bull rider to have competed his entire professional career with a helmet. The year 2007 was a difficult year professionally for him due to severe head injuries.
On Saturday night, April 16, 2016, in the Stanley Performance In Action Invitational, in Billings, Montana (Lee’s place of birth), he joined Guilherme Marchi as the second bull rider in PBR history to complete 500 qualified rides. He rode Tahonta's Magic for 86.75 points during Round 2. At that time, Lee was 500-for-1,068 (46.82 percent) in his Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS) career. He has 14 event wins, 23 90-points rides, and one gold buckle (championship). He has obtained 50 or more qualified rides in a season three times. One time was a career best of 54 qualified rides in 2008. About all of his success at the time of his 500 ride accomplishment, Lee had this to say, "It is all thanks to God that I am still here," Lee concluded. "Just to stay healthy and be blessed this much is something to be happy for and have joy for."
Lee qualified for the PBR World Finals a record sixteen consecutive times (2002-2017). In November, 2017 Lee announced via Facebook that he was going to focus his bull riding career in other associations. He rode in 2018 on the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and Tuff Hedeman Bull Riding (THBR) tours.
Faith on the road.
Lee credits his successes to his Christian faith. "Taking a knee after each ride, no matter the outcome, Lee thanks God on the arena for safety and protection. Lee has a cross appliqué on his chaps and, whenever a fan asks for a signature, he accompanies it with three crosses". Lee was an instructor at the former Christian Bull Riding and Bull Fighting School which was held at the Frost Ranch in Lane, Oklahoma. It was an annual event in honor of Lane Frost, an iconic bull rider who died of injuries from a bucking bull in Cheyenne, Wyoming. On October 8, 2017, the school announced it was closing. It ran every June from 2005 to 2016.
Personal life.
Lee was born in Billings, Montana, on June 11, 1983. When he was 4 years old, the family moved to Paradise, Texas. Later on, they moved to Decatur, Texas, where he still lives.


Southern white-cheeked gibbon

The southern white-cheeked gibbon ("Nomascus siki") is a species of gibbon native to Vietnam and Laos. It is closely related to the northern white-cheeked gibbon ("Nomascus leucogenys") and the yellow-cheeked gibbon ("Nomascus gabriellae"); it has previously been identified as a subspecies of each of these.
Description and habitat.
Members of the species are not a uniform colour; unweaned juveniles are a light brown, turning to black after weaning. Adult males remain black, but adult females are brown. The name of the species is taken from the male's facial markings, a large patch of white fur around the edge of the mouth - this distinguishes it from a male of "N. leucogenys", which has the white in a streak along the cheeks. Females have a thin edging of white around the face.
The species lives in lowland broadleaf forest, with some populations living in forested mountainous areas. As with all gibbons, they are arboreal and frugivorous.
The original distribution covered an area of central Vietnam and central Laos, ranging from the Nam Theun (Khading) and Rao Nay rivers in the north (approximately 19th parallel north) to the Banghiang and Thach Han rivers in the south (approximately 17th parallel north). Between 19 and 20 parallel there appears to be an area of overlap or intergradation between "N. siki" and "N. leucogenys".
Within its original distribution, the species is still common in the remaining large forest blocks in Laos, but in Vietnam the populations are scattered due to human encroachment on their habitat for logging and farming. Numbers are thought to have declined by 50% over the last 45 years, and the species is classed as endangered; it is legally protected in Vietnam, but this is not effectively enforced outside of protected areas. Hunting for food, traditional medicine and the pet trade is a serious threat to this species in both Laos and Vietnam.
Taxonomy.
The taxon was first formally identified in 1951 by Jean Théodore Delacour where he described "siki" as a subspecies of "N. concolor" (a species placed in "Hylobates" at that time). Since its description, it has been considered to be a subspecies of variously "N. leucogenys", "N. gabriellae", or "N. concolor". The assignation of "N. siki" as a subspecies of "N. gabriellae" was due to the interpretation of a single baculum, but later research indicated that the specimen was part of a different species. It was then assigned to "N. leucogenys" due to similarities of its song, as well as strong visual similarities between the females of the two species. However, it has been considered a separate species since 2001.
In the north of the range of "N. siki", it overlaps or intergrades with "N. leucogenys", and based on mtDNA and voices, these species are closer to each other than to the remaining "Nomascus"; some maintain that "N. siki" should be regarded as a subspecies of "N. leucogenys". A southern population formerly associated with "N. siki" was described as a new species, "N. annamensis" in 2010.


Dawn Mill, Shaw

Dawn Mill, Shaw was a cotton spinning mill in Shaw and Crompton, Oldham, Greater Manchester. It was built on the site of Shaw Mill at the "dawn" of the 20th century. Dawn Mill was equipped with mule weft spindles in 1950. It was powered by Engines named Venus and Mars, 1800 hp twin tandem compound engine by George Saxon of Manchester. It was taken over by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in the 1930s and passed to Courtaulds in 1964. It was sold again and used by distribution company DTS Logistics for storing and distributing clothing. It was demolished in 2006 to make way for an Asda supermarket.
Location.
Shaw and Crompton is a town and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Beal at the foothills of the Pennines, north of Oldham, southeast of Rochdale, and to the northeast of the city of Manchester. It is regularly referred to as Shaw. It is not served by any canal but a rail service was provided by the Oldham Loop Line, built in 1863 by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.
History.
The manufacture of textiles in Crompton can be traced back to 1474, when a lease dated from that year outlines that the occupant of Crompton Park had spinning wheels, cards and looms, all of which suggest that cloth was being produced in large quantities. The upland geography of the area constrained the output of crop growing, and so prior to industrialisation the area was used for grazing sheep, which provided the raw material for a local woollen weaving trade. Until the mid-18th century, Crompton's textile sector had been closely linked with that of Rochdale and Saddleworth in the north and east; it was a woollen manufacturing district. However, as the demand for cotton goods increased, Crompton mirrored developments in Oldham and Manchester in the south and southwest, importing raw cotton and making cotton cloth.
Oldham rose to prominence during the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first ever industrialised towns, rapidly becoming "one of the most important centres of cotton and textile industries in England", spinning Oldham counts, the coarser counts of cotton.
It was in the second half of the 19th century, that Oldham became the world centre for spinning cotton yarn. This was due in a large part to the formation of limited liability companies known as Oldham Limiteds. In 1851, over 30% of Oldham's population was employed within the textile sector, compared to 5% across Great Britain. At its zenith, it was the most productive cotton spinning mill town in the world. When suitable land in Oldham had become scarce in the 1860s, there was a mill building boom in Shaw and Crompton, giving rise to the area as major mill town. The local townscape became dominated by distinctive rectangular brick-built mills, and its former villages and hamlets agglomerated as a single town around these factories. Shaw and Crompton railway station and a goods yard was opened in 1863, allowing improved transportation of textile goods and raw materials to and from the township. Neighbouring Royton had begun to encroach upon southern boundary, forming a continuous urban cotton-spinning district with Oldham.
By 1871 Oldham had more spindles than any country in the world except the United States, and in 1909, was spinning more cotton than France and Germany combined.
The demand for cheap cotton goods from this area prompted the initial public offering of stocks of cotton spinning companies. Investment was followed by the construction of 12 new cotton mills from 1870 and 1900.
By 1911 there were 16.4 million spindles in Oldham, compared with a total of 58 million in the United Kingdom and 143.5 million in the world; in 1928, with the construction of the UK's largest textile factory Oldham reached its manufacturing zenith. At its peak, there were over 360 mills, operating night and day;
In the post-war economic boom of 1919–20, investors did not have the time to build new mills and so were prepared to pay vastly inflated sums for shares in existing companies. Many mills were refloated at valuations of up to £500,000 (£ as of ), or five times what they had cost to build before the war, resulting in the town being nicknamed "The Golden City" as the scramble for shares intensified. Because of this highly profitable share dealing, it was reported in the national press that Shaw and Crompton had more millionaires per capita than any other town in the world. The number of cotton mills in the township peaked at 36 in 1920.
Dawn Mill was built on the site of Shaw Mill at the "dawn" of the 20th century and equipped with mule weft spindles in 1950.
The industry peaked in 1912 when it produced 8 billion yards of cloth. The Great War of 1914–18 halted the supply of raw cotton, and the British government encouraged its colonies to build mills to spin and weave cotton. The war over, Lancashire never regained its markets. The independent mills were struggling. The Bank of England set up the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in 1929 to attempt to rationalise and save the industry. Dawn Mill, Shaw was one of 104 mills bought by the LCC, and one of the 53 mills that survived through to 1950.
Architecture.
Power.
It was powered by engines named Venus and Mars, 1800 hp twin tandem compound engines by George Saxon & Co of Openshaw, Manchester, 1902. Two 20"HP, two 40"LP X 5 ft stroke (180psi, 64rpm. 26 ft flywheel, 35 ropes. Corliss valves on all cylinders).


Cameleer


Prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gateau

Prawn cocktail, steak garni with chips, and Black Forest gâteau was the most popular dinner menu in British restaurants in the 1980s, according to contemporary surveys by trade magazine "Caterer and Hotelkeeper". It was especially associated with the Berni Inn chain which popularised mass-market dining out after the end of food rationing in Britain, following the Second World War. "The Prawn Cocktail Years", by Simon Hopkinson and Lindsey Bareham, called this meal the Great British Meal Out.
Background.
Laura Mason in "Food Culture in Great Britain" wrote that "In mid-twentieth-century Britain, eating out had a dreadful image. Badly served, poor and unimaginative food, discourteous staff, and dining rooms with limited and inconvenient hours". Food rationing, introduced during the Second World War, did not end until 1954 and the range of eating-out options and variety of meals available remained limited, only gradually expanding through the 1950s and 60s.
Meal.
The Great British Meal Out was a meal in a restaurant designed to appeal to those for whom eating out at all was unusual and for whom a prawn cocktail, steak garni or gateau were exotic foreign food. Nigel Slater wrote of his childhood in the 1970s: "As a family, we never went out for dinner unless we were on holiday, but there were occasional Saturday lunches at the local Berni Inn" adding "Steak garni always sounded so much more exotic than plain steak."
The standardised menu suited the restaurant, who could purchase and prepare food in bulk within tight cost controls, and avoided the need for the customer to choose courses from a menu which might include foods with which they were unfamiliar or which might include hard to pronounce foreign words, both of which had the potential to cause social embarrassment. The ingredients of the meal had a pleasantly sophisticated ring: "cocktail", the use of prawns, which was not common, "steak garni" rather than just steak, and "Black Forest gâteau" rather than just cake; all slightly foreign but easy enough to learn for next time, and allowing the diner to feel that they were enjoying a "continental" (European) eating experience.
The meal eventually became unfashionable as British dining tastes became more sophisticated from the 1980s onwards and the Gallup survey conducted by the trade magazine "Caterer and Hotelkeeper" in 1989 confirmed that Black Forest gâteau had suddenly become less popular. Simon Hopkinson and Lindsey Bareham coined the term "Great British Meal" in their 1997 book "The Prawn Cocktail Years", which includes a chapter titled "The Great British Meal Out". They wrote that, "cooked as it should be, this much derided and often ridiculed dinner is still something very special indeed".
Association with Berni Inns.
The meal became associated with the Berni Inn chain, established 1955 and which had 147 hotels and restaurants by 1970, making it the largest food chain outside the United States. The chain prospered by offering a menu with a limited number of options in "Olde Worlde" style restaurants that looked much the same in every branch. The most popular meal at a "Berni", even as late as the 1980s, remained prawn cocktail, steak and chips, and Black Forest gâteau.
In their 2000 obituary of Frank Berni, "The Guardian" noted "the Briton's favourite menu of prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gâteau". "The Bristol Post" noted that, by the 1980s, the Berni format was starting to look dated and "By then, Berni Inns were becoming popular shorthand for naff – prawn cocktail starter, steak & chips main, Black Forest gâteau for dessert". The Berni Inn chain was sold to Whitbread in 1990 and became the Beefeater chain.
In 2013, "The Times" reported on the bankruptcy of the Scotch Steak Houses chain earlier that year, which it cast as latter day Berni Inns. The paper wrote that "for three decades [the owner] has run restaurants where time – and quality – appeared to stand still. While his rivals sought to keep pace with consumer tastes, Ali Salih's Aberdeen, Highland and Angus steakhouses continued to serve prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gâteau to diners seated on velour banquettes as they quaffed Blue Nun."
In fiction.
In his 1990 novel "Titmuss Regained", John Mortimer has Sir Willoughby mention "prawn cocktail, followed by steak and 'all the trimmings', to be topped off with a liberal helping of Black Forest gâteau".


James A. McHale

James A. McHale (1928–1989) was an American politician who led the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture from January 1971 to December 1975.
Career.
McHale was born in western Pennsylvania, near Ohio, in 1928. His biological father died in 1933, when McHale was five years old. McHale's mother remarried, to the veterinarian David Royer, in 1937. Royer acquired a farm in Jamestown, Pennsylvania, when McHale was nine, where McHale began working. Aged 15, McHale started working with another farmer, Don Leach. Though McHale had planned to attend veterinary school upon graduating from high school, Leach offered to sell his dairy farm to McHale. After securing loans from his parents, McHale bought Leach's operation. Soon after that, McHale married his first wife, with whom he had five children. On the advice of local agricultural publications, McHale expanded his farming operations. However, this caused McHale to fall into severe debt. In 1957, McHale and other local farmers invested in bulk production and began selling their product to Beverly Farms, the only company in the area equipped to handle bulk production. As milk prices fell, McHale organized a three-week strike in August 1959, as Local 205 of the Teamsters Union. After discovering that he and local farmers were not being paid the price set by the Pennsylvania milk marketing board, McHale met with an attorney, F. Joseph Thomas. Subsequent meetings drew an attendance of 400 farmers, and the collective became the Western Pennsylvania Milk Producers Association. Soon, McHale switched political affiliations from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party. In 1961, McHale met with a representative of the National Farmers Union, who called United States Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman and arranged for McHale and Thomas to attended a meeting of agricultural organizations in Washington, D.C. Following the meeting, McHale recruited 1,200 members for the National Farmers Union during the summer. Later, McHale opted to sell his dairy farm and invest in a grain farm, so he could have more time for union work. He divested entirely from farming in 1967, and acquired a new operation in 1973.
McHale was appointed to lead the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture on January 5, 1971. There, he met and later married Jane Alexander, who was named a deputy secretary of agriculture in 1972. He stepped down from the office in December 1975, and began an advisership to Governor Milton Shapp's administration, as Special Coordinator for Rural Planning and Programs. McHale was later a consultant for the Appalachain Regional Commission. Upon retirement from public service, McHale became president of J&J Agri-Products and Services Inc., in Dillsburg, Pennsylvania. McHale died, aged 61, on June 6, 1989, at home in York Springs, Pennsylvania.


World Forestry Day


RORA Elevation

Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation (born 1965, often abbreviated RORA Elevation), was one of the most influential artificial insemination Holstein/Friesian bulls of the last century. Elevation was named bull of the century by the Holstein International Association in 1999. Elevation was sired by Tidy Burke Elevation, a highly inbred bull from the Burke bloodline. His dam, Round Oak Ivanhoe Eve, was sired by the famous 1950's bull Osborndale Ivanhoe. Elevation was born in Virginia, bred by Ronald Hope, and was later owned by the artificial insemination company Select Sires. Elevation had many famous sons, including Sweet-Haven Tradition, Rockalli Son of Bova, Marshfield Elevation Tony, Ocean-View Sexation and Straight-Pine Elevation Pete. In Canada, he had Hanoverhill Starbuck, an influential sire of sons worldwide. As of April 2009, Elevation is considered to be the bull with most actual descendants in the United States, by the "Sire Summaries April 2009", of the Holstein Association.
Elevation's impact.
Elevation had an influence worldwide through his sons, grandsons and great-grandsons. Elevation came from a combination of the Rag Apple Bloodline with the Burke bloodline, which came to have a good result. These are a few of his actual descendants:
Hanoverhill Starbuck - Well known for his famous sons and grandsons, Starbuck has had many descendants worldwide. In Canada, he had Madawaska Aerostar, Hanoverhill Raider, Duregal Astre Starbuck, Ronnybrook Prelude and Browndale Stardust. In the United States, he had the superstar in conformation, Marcrest Encore, famous for his World Dairy Expo Supreme Champion daughter, Tri-Day Ashlyn (EX-96). In France, he had Besne Buck and his famous grandson, Fatal. In Italy, came Sabbiona Bookie, as well as other sons in different parts of the world.
Madawaska Aerostar – Aerostar became one of the first Starbuck sons to be proofed, and one of the first to sell one million doses of frozen semen. His sons in Canada were Maughlin Storm and the Millionaire Sires Startmore Rudolph and Oliveholme Aeroline. In the US, he had Parker Aero Wade and Ladys-Manor Winchester. In Great-Britain, he became successful for the famous brood cow, Condon Aero Sharon (EX-91) dam of Picston Shaker, and the most successful 2nd crop sire of the 21st century: Picston Shottle.
Hanoverhill Raider – Raider was successful with his son, Comestar Lee, sire of the famous Ashlyn son, EK-Oseeana Aspen, Idee Lustre's son, Wedgwood Laramie and Shoremar S Alicia's son, BKB Affirmed. Lee is also known for his grandson in the US, Den-K Marshall LL Laurin.
Duregal Astre Starbuck – Astre had a successful descendence in his two sons Tcet Lyster, and a Red carrier son, STBVQ Rubens. Lyster was born from a Starbuck son and his maternal grandfather was also a Starbuck son. Rubens was born from a Starbuck son and his dam was sired by Starbuck, meaning both bulls came from an inbreeding of Starbuck.
Ronnybrook Prelude – Prelude was the best bull in Canada from 1993–1994, but his proof later crashed. His sons proofed to be better than Prelude, such as Duncan Progress in the US, Comestar Outside in Canada, and Carol Prelude Mtoto in Italy. Windy-Knoll-View Pronto and Picston Shottle are two of the grandsons of Prelude.
Browndale Stardust – Known for his strength and type, Stardust was the sire of the famous Blackrose son, Indianhead Red-Marker, and later sire of a red holstein bull, Carrousel Distrigene-Red. Stardust is still one of the Body composite top 50 according to the "Sire Summaries April 2008".
Marcrest Encore-A High Type bull who has a World Dairy Expo champion daughter Tri-Day Ashlyn (EX-96). His two famous sons, Regancrest Dundee and Indianhead Encounter whose dams are the famous Snow-N Denises Dellia and Stookey-Elm Park Blackrose.
250 Besne Buck-A French Starbuck son who was the sire of Jocko Besn, the bull that has sired more than 50% of French holstein cattle and at 14 years of age is still alive.
Sabbiona Bookie – An Italian Starbuck son who was the sire of Boss Iron, a German born bull proven in Italy. He is still the highest type bull proven in Italy, and has 2 AI sons: Alpag Iron Active and Pine-Shelter Logan Iron.
Maughlin Storm – Famous known for a sire of sons, he sired Pursuit September Storm RC, son of many red bulls. He also sired Comestar Stormatic, who already has 2 sons within the American TPI (As of August 2008) Gen-Mark Stormatic Sanchez and Golden-Oaks St Alexander. He is also the sire of 2 other red carrier bulls: Granduc Tribute and Ladino Park Talent. In the US, he has Canyon-Breeze Storm Atom, another Storm son. His most famous daughter, Braedale Baler Twine, was chosen Global Cow of the Year 2008 by the "Holstein International", dam of the successful second-crop sire Braedale Goldwyn. He has also other grandsons such as Braedale Bambam and Magor Bolivia Allen in Hungary.
Startmore Rudolph – Ranked among the Top in the LPI and TPI, Rudolph is one of the 9 Millionaire Sires of the Semex Alliance (Surpassed the sum of 1 million doses of semen.) He has also a famous Canadian son, Clabrett-I HH Champion, that also surpassed 1 million doses. His German son, Ramos, is among in the top-100 of the TPI list. His most famous daughter, Windy-Knoll-View Promis (EX-95), has already sons, one of them Windy-Knoll-View Pronto. Other grandsons are R-E-W Buckeye and Regancrest-HHF Marcus.
Oliveholme Aeroline – This Aerostar son also surpassed the 1 million doses, but was not very influential as a sire of sons. His most famous son has probably been Braedale Freelance. Still, he is an important Aerostar son of the Semex Alliance.
Parker Aero Wade – An Aerostar son born in the US, Wade was the sire of Altagen-I Merchant an influential sire of sons who recently died. Merchant's sons are just arryving to the proofs, one of them, Ked Merchant Mickey. He is also the maternal great-grandson of Mr Regancrest Dex.
Ladys-Manor Winchester-Born in the US, Winchester is the maternal great grandson of Rauscher Marshall Master and Glen-Valley BW Captain. He did not succeed as a sire of sons, but had a few grandsons.
Comestar Stormatic-Stormatic was a leading Canadian bull in the LPI, and is currently being used as a sire of sons. His most important sons currently in the United States are Gen-Mark Stormatic Sanchez and Golden-Oaks ST Alexander. His maternal grandmother is Comestar Laurie Sheik, a famous Canadian brood-cow and one of the most important in the breed.
Pursuit September Storm RC-A red-carrier son of Storm, September is one of the most used bulls as a sire of sons in the red and white holsteins. His most famous sons (without proof) is Scientific SS Deuce RC. His most famous son with proof is Hurtgen-View Reality-Red, who is currently on the Top 100-TPI of the "January 2009 Sire Summaries". He comes from the family of Glen-Drummond Shower RC.
Granduc Tribute RC – Another red-carrier Storm son, he is most famous for his Red daughter Rosedale-L Trudy EX-90. Tribute comes from the family of A Cloverlands Skylar Cherry-Red.
Ladino Park Talent RC – The third and last red-carrier son from Storm, he is being widely used as sire of sons. His most famous sons (without proof) are Scientific Debonair-Red and Fradon Jet-Red. Talent has such a popular demand, that the Semex Alliance sells a clone to Latin American countries. Talent comes from the family of Stookey-Elm Park Blackrose (EX-96).
Canyon-Breeze Storm Atom – A Storm son born in the US, Canyon is one of the few Storm sons sampled in the US with success. Canyon comes from the family of Claney WC Mark Abigail (EX-91).
Calbrett-I HH Champion – Probably one of the most successful of the Rudolph sons, Champion is currently one of the most used sire of sons. In his sons there is Genos Gavor (of the Czech Republic), Penn-England Temptation and Regancrest Chilton. Champion surpassed the production of 1 million doses of semen in 2007.
Altagen-I Merchant – Merchant is probably one of the few Wade sons that was sampled. Merchant, who died only recently, has already one son: Ked Merchant Mickey, currently sampled at Select Sires.
Descendants of Hanoverhill Raider:
Comestar Lee – Lee is one of the nine Millionaire Sires of the Semex Alliance. Lee has sampled three very famous sons: EK-Oseeana Aspen (out of Tri-Day Ashlyn EX-96), BKB Affirmed (Out of Shoremar S Alicia EX-97) and Wedgwood Laramie (out of Idee Lustre EX-95). Laramie was classified EX-96, the second highest scored bull in Canada who is the youngest sire in history to score EX-96. Lee is also the maternal grandsire of Thurlane James Rose (EX-97). This cow was Supreme champion at the World Dairy Expo in the United States and in the Royal Winter Fair in Canada. According to the "Holstein International" edition of May 2005, Lee is the second highest producer of semen in history only after Skalsumer Sunny-Boy.
Descendants of Duregal Astre Starbuck:
STBVQ Rubens RC – Rubens, one of the most used red-carrier bulls of the last century, is the sire of 2 very important red show cows. Lavender Ruby Redrose-Red (EX-96) was Supreme Champion of the World Dairy Expo in 2005. Redrose has sampled many red sons during her career. The other one is Scarlet-Summer RB Gwendelyn EX-95 who was the 2010 Holstein USA Star of the Breed. Rubens also has many red sons and probably the best one currently is Valleyriver Ruben Redman-Red. Rubens comes from the family of C Glenridge Citation Roxy (EX-97) nominated twice as Queen of the Breed by The "Holstein World".
TCET Lyster – A high type bull that produced many show cows is Lyster. His most famous daughter is currently Blondin Lyster Beauty. Lyster hasn't succeeded as a sire of sons, but has produced many show cows.
Descendants of Ronnybrook Prelude:
Comestar Outside – Outside is also one of the 9 Millionaire Sires of Semex, and belongs to the family of Comestar Laurie Sheik. Outside has been popularly known as a successful sire of sons like Windy-Knoll-View Pronto, England-Ammon Million, Ked Outside Jeeves, Mr Million Mega-Man, Solid-Gold Colby and many others. Outside has a maternal grandson influence with Andacres Morty Onward. Outside's most famous daughter is Penlow Georgette Outside (EX-95), that has currently many sons in sampling.
Duncan Progress – Progress didn't succeed as a sire of sons, but produced many show cows. His most famous daughter is Kaboo Progress Candie (EX-94).
Carol Prelude Mtoto – An Italian bull, Mtoto succeeded being a sire of sons, specially with his British son, Picston Shottle. Mtoto has also succeeded as a maternal grandfather, with Emerald-Acre-Sa T-Baxter, Nor-Bert Calypso and Pine-Shelter Laramee Mor. Mtoto's most famous daughter is Nordic-Haven Mto Calico, dam of Nor-Bert Calypso.
Picston Shottle – Shottle debuted in January 2008 as the number one bull in the United States TPI and in April 2008 as the number one bull in type. He then rose in January 2009 debuted as the number one in the Canadian LPI and also the number one in conformation. After the success of Shottle he is the most widely used sire of sons currently. His most famous daughters are Regancrest Breya, Misty-Springs Shottle Silk and Page House Shottle Noni.
Descendants of Browndale Stardust:
Indianhead Red-Marker RC – Red Marker sired many famous show cows, but didn't have many sons, mainly because of his extremely low milk. His most famous son is Carrousel Distrigene-Red, son of Stellbro Renita Ranger-Red.
Descendants of Marcrest Encore:
Regancrest Dundee – Dundee is probably the most well-known son of Encore, since he comes from Snow-N Denises Dellia EX-95, which was also the dam of other great bulls. Dundee was the Bull that had the most daughters in the 2008 Royal Winter Fair. Dying in June 2009, Dundee is one of the bulls that many of his sons will be proofed in 2010.
Descendants of Besne Buck:
Jocko Besn – The famous French bull in the world today, Jocko has sold more than 1.5 million doses of semen, and could surpass Skalsumer Sunny Boy and become the world's highest sold bull in history. He has several sons in France and in the US. His maternal grandsire is Southwind Bell-Of-Bar Lee who also passed the milestone of 1 million doses in 1997.


Cumberland Island horse

The Cumberland Island horses are a band of feral horses living on Cumberland Island in the state of Georgia. Popular myth holds that horses arrived on the island sometime in the 16th century with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. However, it is unlikely that any horses left by the Spanish survived, and more likely the current population descends from horses brought to the island in the 18th century by the English. Cumberland Island became part of the Cumberland Island National Seashore in 1972 when the National Park Service (NPS) took over its management. These horses are similar to the bands of horses living on the islands of Chincoteague and Assateague. There is estimated to be a population of between 150 and 200 horses on the island. Horses on Cumberland Island have a relatively short life expectancy, due to pest infestations, disease and their rugged environment. In 2000 a behavioral study found that instability marks the bands, with large numbers of co-dominant stallions, early dispersal of juveniles, and frequent band-changing among mares.
The herd has been studied periodically since the late 1980s, with researchers recommending various management strategies depending on the focus of their study. Current herd levels have been shown to have a negative effect on their environment, and researchers focused on environmental issues recommend a severe reduction in herd numbers. Other researchers, looking at genetic variability, state that a herd size nearly as large as current is necessary to prevent inbreeding, but also state the herd is not genetically unique enough to warrant special preservation. The National Park Service has no current management plan for the horses, and their one effort to create one was blocked by Jack Kingston, a Georgia member of the US House of Representatives.
History.
Horses are not native to Cumberland Island. Popular myth states they were brought to the island by the Spanish in the 16th century. However, it is believed that these first horses more than likely did not survive due to the lack of visits made by the Spanish and the local Native Americans on the island finding them of little practical use. In the 18th century, the English began settling Cumberland Island. The horses seen there today are most likely descendants of horses brought by these settlers, as this is when a large majority of the horses began to roam freely and revert to their natural state, becoming feral. During the 19th century, efforts were made to capture and make use of the horses. The first attempts were made by the island plantation owner Robert Stafford, who allowed visitors to purchase and capture the horses, which Stafford called "marsh tackies," for their own personal use. The horses were next used as cavalry animals during the American Civil War. After the war, records suggest that people from Jekyll Island captured some of the horses for horse meat. Around 1881, Thomas M. Carnegie bought two plantations on the island and introduced Tennessee Walking Horses, Paso Finos, and Arabians into the feral horse population in an attempt to improve the animals. Carnegie received a small amount of income from the buying and selling of these animals. Later, many island residents began introducing additional breeds into the herds on the island, further diversifying the bands of horses. In 1921, a large number of horses were brought onto the island from Globe, Arizona, all of which had been running wild on western rangeland.
The National Park Service (NPS) acquired the island in 1972 and declared it the Cumberland Island National Seashore. Since then, few new horses have been introduced to the island, though four Arabians were introduced in the early 1990s in the hopes of diversifying and bettering the existing population. Since 1981, the NPS has been monitoring the horses and tracking their impact on the environment. In 1991, an outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis killed about 40 horses, or approximately 18% of the herd. The population on Cumberland Island is one of seven feral horse herds on US barrier islands.
Characteristics.
A 2009 resource assessment of the Cumberland Island National Seashore by the National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) estimated that there were approximately 200 feral horses on Cumberland Island. As of 2010, 121 horses were counted on the island during the yearly census. Censuses conducted between 2000 and 2010 have counted between 120 and 154 horses. Not all horses are counted during the census, and park management estimates that approximately 50 horses are missed in the counts each year, bringing the 2010 total to around 170 horses. The life span of horses on Cumberland Island is approximately half that of their ancestors, due to infestations of parasites and disease. They also suffer from digestive issues linked to the ingestion of a great amount of sand, which causes intestinal blockages and abdominal distension.
A study published in 2000 by researchers from the University of Georgia and the US Fish and Wildlife Service looked at data collected between 1986 and 1990 in an effort to better understand the herd dynamics of the Cumberland Island herd. The study found that band instability was high, with mares not generally forming close relationships with each other and commonly switching which stallion they banded with, and juveniles dispersing quickly. The researchers attributed this to a lack of territory, with bands frequently inhabiting overlapping areas, along with a high number of bachelor stallions (those without mares). They also saw a high number of co-dominant stallions, where two or more stallions would lead a band together, and alternate breeding of the band's mares. Foals born on Cumberland Island were less likely to survive than comparable foals in western feral herds, with survival rates of 58.8-61.1% and 80% respectively. This was found to be especially true in animals born after 1 June, which was attributed to higher temperatures, higher insect levels and reduced food availability. The number of horses in the Cumberland bands was comparable to western bands and those on some eastern islands. However, Assateague and Shackleford Banks horses tended to have larger bands, with an average of 8.1 and 12.3 horses per band, respectively.
Controversy and management.
An initial study published in 1988 by a researcher from Oak Ridge National Laboratory demonstrated the then-current population of 180 horses was over-grazing the island. The researcher recommended reducing the herd size to between 49 and 73 animals, which she contended was the maximum size that the island could support without environmental damage. The study showed that the horses were significantly reducing plant stocks on the island, and reducing future plant production due to trampling. A 1991 study of genetic variation in feral horse herds on eastern US barrier islands was conducted by researchers from the University of Georgia and University of Kentucky. The study concluded that a herd of 122 was the minimum size necessary to prevent inbreeding. The researchers noted that they were looking at herd size solely as it related to genetic variation, and did not take environmental damage into consideration. In addition, it was found that due to the large amount of introduced blood from outside horses, the Cumberland Island horses were not genetically unique. Due to this, and the ongoing environmental damage, it was concluded that the horses met neither the genetic nor the environmental requirements for feral horses on public lands and that the herd should be reduced or removed completely. The researchers conceded, however, that their analysis did not take "local historical and cultural elements" into consideration, only environmental and genetic.
In 1995, the NPS began the process of developing a management plan for the Cumberland Island horse. After compiling information, they released a draft environmental assessment in early 1996 and began taking public comment on a potential management plan. Public opinion was severely divided, with environmentalists approving of the management plan, which would have likely resulted in the reduction or removal of the herd, and animal rights activists and island residents protesting the plan. However, before a plan could be implemented, US Representative Jack Kingston included a provision in a federal appropriations bill that prevented any management of the horses. Kingston made the change to the bill after touring the island, but without consultation with the NPS. He initially claimed that he personally did not see significant damage to the island from the horses and that the herd size had decreased. However, upon later questioning, he refused to expand upon his observations of the damage to the island. The provision expired in 1997, but effectively halted momentum toward a park management plan. The study published in 2000 recommended a management strategy that reduced herd populations to environmentally-recommended sizes through a combination of off-island adoption to private owners and contraceptives. The researchers recommended that contraceptive use be focused on the female members of the herd, due to the high numbers of bachelor stallions.
In 2009, a study was conducted by the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia to determine public opinion on the management of the feral livestock (horses and pigs) on the island. The researchers found that 68% of visitors believed the horses were damaging the habitat of the island, there was no consensus on a solution to the problem. The majority of visitors tended to prefer non-lethal methods of managing the population, as opposed to non-management or complete eradication. At that time, park management felt that although the horses were popular with tourists, they were also destructive to beach ecosystems, including an increase in erosion where horses had eaten grasses that previously held sand in place. The 2009 NPCA report emphasized the negative impact that the horses were having on the island environment, and endorsed study findings that between 50 and 70 animals would be an appropriate population for the island. However, the report also noted the management challenges resulting from the "public and political appeal for the animals", but stated that a management plan is necessary. Potential solutions offered by the NPCA included eradicating the herd, confining a reduced herd to a portion of the island, and using contraceptives to reduce herd numbers. As of April 2014, there was no management plan published by the NPS, which considers the herd "feral, free-ranging and unmanaged".


Charlotte Pullein-Thompson

Charlotte Pullein-Thompson (born 1957), also known as Charlotte Popescu, is an author of cookbooks and books related to horses and ponies. Although she married and became Charlotte Fyfe, she has not published under her married name.
Daughter of children's author Christine Pullein-Thompson, niece of Denis Cannan, Diana Pullein-Thompson and Josephine Pullein-Thompson. She is great granddaughter of Charles Cannan and Mary Wedderburn, granddaughter of Joanna Cannan, great niece of May Cannan. She is also related to Gilbert Cannan.
Following her mother's, aunt's and grandmother's steps, she has published pony books, although she has branched out in other areas.
Pony Books.
She also drew the illustrations for her mother's "Follyfoot Pony Quiz Book" (1974).


Maud the Mule


Tricoloured horse

Tri-coloured (archaic: "oddbald") refers to a horse with three different coat colours in a pinto spotting pattern of large white and dark patches, usually bay (a reddish colour with a black mane and tail) and white. This colouring is also commonly called skewbald (referring to a horse with a spotted coat that is white and any colour other than black). In modern usage in British English, skewbald and piebald (black and white) horses are collectively referred to as "coloured", while in North American English, the term "pinto" is used to describe the colour pattern.
The colour of the horse's skin underneath its coat alternates between dark or pink, depending on the dark or white overlying hair colour. Some animals also exhibit colouration of the irises of the eye that match the surrounding skin (blue eyes for white skin, brown for dark). The underlying genetic cause is related to a condition known as leucism.
Genetically, a coloured horse begins with a solid base coat colour. Then the horse has an allele for one of three basic spotting patterns overlaying the base colour. The most common coloured spotting pattern is called tobiano, and is a dominant gene. Tobiano creates spots that are large and rounded, usually with a somewhat vertical orientation, with white that usually crosses the back of the horse, white on the legs, with the head mostly dark. Three less common spotting genes are the frame and splash overo genes, which create a mostly dark, jagged spotting with a horizontal orientation, white on the head, but dark or minimally marked legs. The sabino pattern can be very minor, usually adding white that runs up the legs onto the belly or flanks, with "lacy" or roaning at the edge of the white, plus white on the head that either extends past the eye, over the chin, or both. The genetics of overo and sabino are not yet fully understood, but and can appear in the offspring of two apparently solid-coloured parents, whereas a tobiano must always have at least one tobiano parent.


Palomino

Palomino is a genetic color in horses, consisting of a gold coat and white mane and tail; the degree of whiteness can vary from bright white to yellow. Genetically, the palomino color is created by a single allele of a dilution gene called the cream gene working on a "red" (chestnut) base coat. Palomino is created by a genetic mechanism of incomplete dominance, hence it is not considered true-breeding. However, most color breed registries that record palomino horses were founded before equine coat color genetics were understood as well as they are today, therefore the standard definition of a palomino is based on the visible coat color, not heritability nor the underlying presence of the dilution gene.
Due to their distinct color, palominos stand out in a show ring, and are much sought after as parade horses. They were particularly popular in movies and television during the 1940s and 1950s. One of the most famous palomino horses was Trigger, known as "the smartest horse in movies", the faithful mount of the Hollywood cowboy star Roy Rogers. Another famous palomino was Mister Ed (real name Bamboo Harvester) who starred on his own TV show in the 1960s. A palomino was also featured in the show "" (1995–2001). Xena's horse Argo was portrayed by a palomino mare. Argo was mainly performed by Tilly.
Description.
Palomino horses have a yellow or gold coat, with a white or light cream mane and tail. The shades of the body coat color range from cream to a dark gold.
Unless also affected by other, unrelated genes, palominos have dark skin and brown eyes, though some may be born with pinkish skin that darkens with age. Some have slightly lighter brown or amber eyes. A heterozygous cream dilute (CR) such as the palomino must not be confused with a horse carrying champagne dilution. Champagne (CH) dilutes are born with pumpkin-pink skin and blue eyes, which darken within days to amber, green or light brown, and their skin acquires a darker mottled complexion around the eyes, muzzle, and genitalia as the animal matures.
A horse with rosy-pink skin and blue eyes in adulthood is most often a cremello or a perlino, a horse carrying two cream dilution genes.
The presence of the sooty gene may result in a palomino having darker hairs in the mane, tail and coat. The summer coat of a palomino is usually a slightly darker shade than the winter coat.
Colors confused with palomino.
Many non-palominos may also have a gold or tan coat and a light mane and tail.
Color breed registries.
In the United States, some palomino horses are classified as a color breed. However, unlike the Appaloosa or the Friesian, which are distinct breeds that also happen to have a unique color preference, Palomino color breed registries often accept a wide range of breed or type if the animals are properly golden-colored. The Palomino cannot be a true horse breed, however, because palomino color is an incomplete dominant gene and does not breed "true". A palomino crossed with a palomino may result in a palomino about 50% of the time, but could also produce a chestnut (25% probability) or a cremello (25% probability). Thus, palomino is simply a partially expressed color allele and not a set of characteristics that make up a "breed."
Because registration as a palomino with a color breed registry is based primarily on coat color, horses from many breeds or combination of breeds may qualify. Some breeds that have palomino representatives are the American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horse, Morgan and Quarter Horse. The color is fairly rare in the Thoroughbred, but does in fact occur and is recognized by The Jockey Club. Some breeds, such as the Haflinger and Arabian, may appear to be palomino, but are genetically chestnuts with flaxen manes and tails, as neither breed carries the cream dilution gene. However, in spite of their lack of cream DNA, some palomino color registries have registered such horses if their coat color falls within the acceptable range of shades.
While the color standard used by palomino organizations usually describes the ideal body color as that of a "newly minted gold coin" (sometimes mistakenly claimed to be a penny), a wider a body color range is often accepted, ranging from a cream-white color to a deep, dark, chocolate color ("chocolate palomino") that may actually be silver dapple or liver chestnut with a flaxen mane and tail.
Requirements for registration.
In the United States, there are two primary color breed registries for Palomino-colored horses: the Palomino Horse Association (PHA), and the Palomino Horse Breeders of America (PHBA).
The Palomino Horse Association (PHA) registers palomino horses of any breed and type "on color and conformation." The shade of color considered ideal by the PHA is the color of a gold coin, but shades of palomino from light to dark gold are accepted. The mane and tail are required to be white, silver, or ivory, but up to 15% dark or reddish-brown hair is accepted. In the interest of breeding palomino horses, the PHA also registers full double-dilute blue-eyed cremellos, erroneously called "cremello palominos" by the PHA. Horses that are not recorded by any other registry of unknown pedigree are accepted if their color meets the PHA definition of "palomino."
The Palomino Horse Breeders of America (PHBA) has stricter requirements. To be accepted by the PHBA, in addition to color, a horse must have the general structure appropriate to the breeds of light riding type recognized by the PHBA. The adult height of the PHBA horse should be , and the horse must not show draft horse or pony characteristics. An individual that does not meet the height requirements may still be accepted if it is registered in one of the breed registries recognized by the PHBA. The PHBA usually requires horses or both parents of the horse to be registered by or eligible for registration with certain recognized breed registries, including those for the American Quarter Horse, Paint, Appaloosa, Saddlebred, Morgan, Holsteiner, Arabian, assorted part-Arabian registries, Pinto (horse division only), Thoroughbred, and assorted gaited horse breeds. Horses with PHBA-registered parents are also eligible even if they are not recorded with any other breed registry. In some situations, mares and geldings may be registered without pedigree on account of their conformation and color only, but stallions must always have pedigrees that are "verified in fact."
The ideal PHBA body color is the shade of "a United States gold coin". The mane and tail must be naturally white, and may not have more than 15% black, brown or off-colored hairs. Brown or dark Primitive markings are not accepted. PHBA also does not accept horses that are gray or show color characteristics of Paints, pintos, Appaloosas or cremellos or perlinos. The skin must be dark, other than pink skin on the face connected to a white marking. The PHBA will not accept a horse for regular registration if it has all three characteristics of a double-dilute cream: light (or pink) skin over the body; white or cream-colored hair over the body; and eyes of a blush cast. White markings on the face and legs may not exceed certain limits. Leg white may not be higher than the level of the elbow or the stifle, white on the face may not extend past the throatlatch. Spotting and characteristics of the Leopard complex and the various pinto patterns are not accepted, and body spots of less than a 4-inch diameter may be allowed. Horses with non-dark skin on the body, white or creamy coat and pink skin around the eyes are not accepted. Spots of pink skin visible in the muzzle or around the eyes, under the tail and between the hind legs are not accepted. An exception is made for horses registered with the American Saddlebred Horse Association, which may have skin of any color. Accepted eye colors are black, brown, blue and hazel. However, horses with blue or partially blue eyes are accepted only if their registration certificate from a recognized breed association mentions the eye color; they are also accepted on horses of unknown pedigree if they are gelded or spayed.


Feral parrot

A feral parrot is a parrot that has adapted to life in an ecosystem to which it is not native. The birds are often descended from pets that have escaped or been deliberately released. Many species of parrots are highly social, and like to gather in large flocks. Not all feral parrots are able to adapt to life outside of captivity, having a pre-existing nearby parrot colony can assist with the adaptation process.
Feral parrots may affect native biodiversity, human economy and wellness. They are present in many countries, including in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and in the Middle East.
Parrots living in non-native environments.
Rainbow lorikeet.
Feral colonies of rainbow lorikeets ("Trichoglossus haematodus") have been established in Perth, Western Australia and in Auckland, New Zealand.
Eastern rosella.
The eastern rosella ("Platycercus eximius") has become naturalized in the North Island of New Zealand.
Rose-ringed parakeet.
Native to India and Sri Lanka, sizeable populations of naturalized rose-ringed parakeets ("Psittacula krameri") exist around the world. They can be found in England, the Netherlands, Belgium and along the river Rhine in Germany. The largest UK roost of these is thought to be in Esher, Surrey, numbering several thousand. Feral rose-ringed parakeets also occur in the United States, South Africa, Egypt (resident, breeding all over Giza territory in June), Israel (with many seasonally present in Yarkon Park in North Tel Aviv), Lebanon, UAE and Oman. There are also several populations in Istanbul, Turkey, both on the European side where they can be seen in Gülhane Park, Yıldız Park and Eyüp, and on the Anatolian side. It can also be found in Japan.
Other.
Also found in the United States are various naturalized "Brotogeris" species, mainly "B. versicolurus" (canary-winged parakeet a.k.a. white-winged parrot) and/or "B. chiriri" (yellow-chevroned parakeet/parrot).
"Myiopsitta monachus" (monk a.k.a. quaker parakeet/parrot) are found in some coastal areas of the East Coast from Florida to coastal Connecticut, in parts of the lower Great Lakes near Chicago, and in parts of Texas.
A population of naturalized rose-collared lovebirds (a.k.a. peach-faced lovebirds) ("Agapornis roseicollis") is found in Phoenix, Arizona.
Several species, including red-lored parrots ("Amazona autumnalis"), lilac-crowned parrots ("Amazona finschi") and yellow-chevroned parakeets ("Brotogeris chiriri"), have become well established in Southern California, and in San Francisco's Telegraph Hill area there is a population of mainly red-masked or cherry-headed parakeets/conures, a female mitred parakeet/conure (and thus several inter-specific hybrids), as depicted in the documentary "The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill". In the greater San Francisco Bay Area, there are several populations of red-masked parakeets, including in Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and Sunnyvale.
A breeding population of the striking blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), has been present in east-central Miami-Dade County, Florida since the mid-1980s. They are often sighted in the city of Miami in parks, and are a frequent visitor to University of Miami campus and Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in Coral Gables.
The Belmont Heights District in Long Beach, California, is also known to have many species of feral parrots, which have become local icons to the citizens of the area. They are known for their loud and unique noises as well as their large communities. These parrots can be found roosting mostly on Ocean Boulevard between Livingston Drive and Redondo Avenue in palm trees.
The San Gabriel Valley in California has a large non-indigenous population of naturalized parrots. According to the Parrot Project of Los Angeles, the parrots are of at least five species. Residents have come to enjoy the birds as part of their city's culture, and like other Southern California residents they have become "local icons" to the citizens there. Many theories surround the mystery of how the parrots landed in Pasadena and claimed the area as their home. A widely accepted story is that they were part of the stock that were set free for their survival from the large pet emporium at Simpson's Garden Town on East Colorado Boulevard, which burned down in 1959.
Malibu, California has populations of black hooded or Nanday Parakeet ("Nandayus nenday"), lilac crowned amazon parrots ("Amazona finschi"), red-crowned amazon parrots ("Amazona viridigenalis"), and mitred parakeets ("Aratinga mitrata").
The orange-winged amazon ("Amazona amazonica") has been introduced to Tenerife in the Canary Islands, where it has been observed successfully hybridizing with a feral scaly-headed parrot ("Pionus maximiliani") and also attempting to breed with feral monk parakeet ("Myiopsitta monachus") and rose-ringed parakeet ("Psittacula krameri"), even involving itself in the former species' unusual nest-building behaviour.
Lists of feral parrot species by continent.
South America.
Note: Species found as introduced to the State of Rio de Janeiro, outside their historical ranges; further research can detect other species in other regions.
Causes.
Feral parrot flocks can be formed after mass escapes of newly imported, wild-caught parrots from airports or quarantine facilities. Large groups of escapees have the protection of a flock and possess the skills to survive and breed in the wild. Some feral parakeets may have descended from escaped zoo birds.
Escaped or released pets rarely contribute to establishing feral populations. Escapes typically involve only one or a few birds at a time, so the birds do not have the protection of a flock and often do not have a mate. Most captive-born birds do not possess the necessary survival skills to find food or avoid predators and often do not survive long without human caretakers. However, in areas where there are existing feral parrot populations, escaped pets may sometimes successfully join these flocks.
The most common era or years that feral parrots were released to non-native environments was from the 1890s to the 1940s, during the wild-caught parrot era.
In the psittacosis "parrot fever" panic of 1930, "One city health commissioner urged everyone who owned a parrot to wring its neck. People abandoned their pet parrots on the streets."


Lawrence D. Hills

Lawrence Donegan Hills (1911–1990) was a British horticulturalist and writer. He founded the Henry Doubleday Research Association (HDRA) Bocking, near Braintree, Essex in 1954, now Garden Organic. By the time he retired in 1986, HDRA was the largest body of organic gardeners in the world and had moved to Ryton-on-Dunsmore, near Coventry.
He started his long career in practical horticulture when he was sixteen and wrote his first book mainly in RAF hospitals before being invalided out on D-Day. He was one of Britain's best-known writers on organic gardening. Gardening correspondent of the "Observer" for eight years, then of "Punch" and "The Countryman". He was Associate Editor of the "Ecologist" and "Compost Science" (USA).
Hills suffered from coeliac disease, which left him in a wheelchair until introduced to a wheat-free diet by Hilda Cherry Hills (d. 1989), a fellow author and noted nutritionist who became his wife. They had no children, but he once said he considered 'the ever-increasing membership of the Henry Doubleday Research Association is family enough for anyone'.
His many publications included "Fertility Without Fertilisers", "Down to Earth Gardening", and "Organic Gardening" but he was best known for Grow Your Own Fruit and Vegetables published by Faber & Faber in 1971. It rapidly became a bible for gardeners, self-sufficiency enthusiasts and commercial organic growers. His autobiography was "Fighting Like the Flowers" (1989).
Whilst researching a book called "Russian Comfrey", Hills discovered that this common plant was introduced in the nineteenth century by Henry Doubleday (1810–1902) a Quaker smallholder who was so intrigued by its possibilities that he devoted the rest of his life to popularising it. Hills took up this crusade, finally naming his fledgling society in Doubleday's memory.
In 1973, his concern about a piece of European Union legislation outlawing historic varieties of vegetables, would lead to massive loss of genetic bio-diversity led to the setting up of HDRA's vegetable seed library. Persistent lobbying of government eventually resulted in the world's first vegetable gene bank where seed was deep frozen and stored forever.
Lawrence D Hills appeared on television, lectured and broadcast on the radio in Great Britain, the US, South Africa, Belgium, France, Australia and New Zealand. HDRA hosted the 1987 television series on organic gardening "All Muck and Magic" which became so popular that it was one of Channel 4's top five programmes, attracting 3.5 million viewers a week.
He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Coventry University in 1990.


American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association

The American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association (AFRMA), formed in 1983, is a California-based club of rodent enthusiasts that organizes shows, establishes breed standards, and promotes both the fancy rat and the fancy mouse as appealing pets. Their scope and intent is similar to the American Kennel Club in its association with dogs.
The AFRMA's self described purpose is to "promote and encourage the breeding and exhibition of fancy rats and mice for show and pets." The club prefers not to take any official stance on the ethics of culling, reptile feeding, or animal rights. Instead, it accepts the individuality of its members and their interests.
American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association has an Annual Show in California every year.


Bull Dozer