Prince William, Duke of Cambridge

Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982) is a member of the British royal family. He is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. Since birth, he has been second in the line of succession to the British throne.
Born in St Mary's Hospital, London, William was educated at Wetherby School, Ludgrove School and Eton College. He spent parts of his gap year in Belize and Chile before earning a Scottish Master of Arts degree in geography at the University of St Andrews. William subsequently trained at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst prior to serving with the Blues and Royals. In April 2008, William graduated from Royal Air Force College Cranwell, joining RAF Search and Rescue Force in early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance from July 2015 for two years.
The Duke performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the Queen. William holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations, including the Tusk Trust, Centrepoint, and London's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through The Royal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, and emergency workers. In December 2014, he founded the "United for Wildlife" initiative, which aims to reduce worldwide illegal wildlife trade. In April 2016, the Cambridges and Prince Harry initiated the mental health awareness campaign "Heads Together" to encourage people to open up about their mental health issues. In October 2020, William launched the Earthshot Prize, a £50 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade.
In 2011, Prince William was made Duke of Cambridge preceding his marriage to Catherine Middleton. The couple have three children: Prince George (b. 2013), Princess Charlotte (b. 2015), and Prince Louis (b. 2018).
Early life.
Prince William was born at St Mary's Hospital, London on 21 June 1982 as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II) and Diana, Princess of Wales. His names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace on 28 June. He was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August, the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. He was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, when he was nine months old, as his first trip overseas. He traveled with his family to Canada in 1991 and 1998.
Known informally as "Wills" within the family, William was nicknamed "Wombat" by his mother, who wished him and his younger brother, Harry, to obtain broader life experiences than those usually available to royal children. She took them to Walt Disney World and McDonald's, AIDS clinics, shelters for the homeless, and bought them items typically owned by teenagers, such as video games. His parents divorced in 1996. Diana died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, were staying at Balmoral Castle at the time. The Prince of Wales waited until his sons awoke the following morning to tell them about their mother's death. William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and his maternal uncle Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, at his mother's funeral. William and Harry walked behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey.
Education.
William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London. Following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart. At Ludgrove, he participated in football, swimming, basketball, clay pigeon shooting, and cross country running. He sat the entrance exam to Eton College and was admitted. There, he studied Geography, Biology, and History of Art at A-Level, obtaining an 'A' in Geography, a 'C' in Biology, and a 'B' in History of Art. At Eton, he took up water polo and continued to play football, captaining his house team.
The decision to place William in Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children to Gordonstoun, which William's grandfather, father, two uncles, and two cousins all attended. Diana's father and brother both attended Eton. The royal family and the tabloid press agreed William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life. John Wakeham, chairman of the Press Complaints Commission, said of the arrangement, "Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man."
After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part in British Army training exercises in Belize, worked on English dairy farms, visited Africa, and for ten weeks taught children in southern Chile. As part of the Raleigh International programme in the town of Tortel, William lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores—including cleaning the toilet—and also volunteered as a guest disc jockey at a local radio station. His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himself Swahili.
By 2001, William was back in the United Kingdom and had enrolled at the University of St Andrews. The extra attention did not deter him; he embarked on a degree course in Art History, later changing his main subject to Geography. William wrote his dissertation on the coral reefs of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean and graduated with Scottish Master of Arts degree with upper second class honours in 2005. While at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004. He was known as "Steve" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. William returned to St Andrews alongside his wife in February 2011 as patron of the university's 600th Anniversary Appeal.
Upon graduation from university, William interned in land management at Chatsworth House and in banking at HSBC. To prepare for his eventual management of the Duchy of Cornwall, in 2014 William enrolled in a vocational agricultural management course at Cambridge, which was organised by the Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership (CPSL), of which his father is patron. According to a CNN report in 2014, the duchy is "a £760 million (about $1.25 billion) entity established in 1337 to provide a private income for use by the reigning monarch's eldest son", which William will inherit when his father becomes king.
Military and air ambulance service.
Military training and secondments.
Having decided to follow a military career, William was admitted to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in January 2006. William officially received his commission as a lieutenant at midnight. As "Lieutenant Wales"—a name based on his father's title Prince of Wales—he followed his younger brother into the Blues and Royals as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post at Bovington Camp, Dorset.
The Prince's position as second-in-line to the throne and the convention of ministers advising against placing that person into dangerous situations cast doubts on William's chances of seeing combat. These doubts increased after Prince Harry's deployment was cancelled in 2007 due to "specific threats". William, instead, went on to train in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, obtaining his commission as a sub-lieutenant in the former and flying officer in the latter—both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant.
After completing his training, William undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force at RAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with his RAF wings by his father, who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell. During this secondment, William flew to Afghanistan in a C-17 Globemaster that repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson. William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy. Whilst serving on HMS "Iron Duke" in June 2008, William participated in a £40m drug bust in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados. He was a part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter, which helped seize 900 kg of cocaine from a speedboat.
Royal Air Force service.
In January 2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted to Flight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF's Search and Rescue Force. In January 2010, he graduated from the Defence Helicopter Flying School at RAF Shawbury. On 26 January 2010, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit at RAF Valley, Anglesey, to receive training on the Sea King search and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010. This made him the first member of the British royal family since Henry VII to live in Wales.
William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of an RAF Sea King was a response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard on 2 October 2010. In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue two sailors.
William was deployed to the Falkland Islands for a six-week tour with No. 1564 Flight from February to March 2012. The Argentine government condemned the Duke's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of the Falklands War as a "provocative act". In June 2012, Prince William gained a qualification to be captain or pilot in command of a Sea King rather than a co-pilot. His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.
Air ambulance pilot.
In 2014, it was announced that William would accept a full-time role as a pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance (EAAA) based at Cambridge Airport. Despite his qualifications as a military helicopter pilot, William needed a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to take command of the Air Ambulance. Although his position was paid, Kensington Palace announced that William would donate his full salary to the EAAA charity. He underwent part of his training as an EAAA pilot at Norwich Airport. On 13 July 2015, William started his new job, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous role as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot. The Duke described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly with critical care cases. He also publicly discussed the consequences, witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement as an emergency worker, stating that it impacted his mental health and personal life. "BBC" has written that the Duke was "exposed to the National Health Service in a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be."
He left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties on behalf of his grandmother. After supporting an anniversary campaign for London's Air Ambulance Charity in 2019, the Duke became the charity's official patron in March 2020. In May 2020, the Duke granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during the COVID-19 pandemic. To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his "profound respect" for the community, particularly during the "immeasurably difficult" outbreak, and stated that "the country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude."
Personal life.
Bachelorhood.
In 2001, William met Catherine Middleton while they were students in residence at St Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews. She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show on campus. The couple began dating in 2003. During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends. From 2003 to 2005, they both resided at Balgove House on the Strathtyrum estate with two roommates.
Their relationship was followed so closely by the tabloid press that bookmakers took bets on the possibility of marriage, and the retail chain Woolworths produced memorabilia bearing their likenesses. Media attention became so intense that William formally asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton. On 15 December 2006, Middleton attended Prince William's Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
In April 2007, Prince William and Middleton ended their relationship. Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana in July 2007 at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart. The couple were subsequently seen together in public on a number of occasions and news sources stated that they had "rekindled their relationship". Middleton was in attendance during the Order of the Garter procession ceremony at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where Prince William was made a Royal Knight of the Garter. In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on the Bodorgan Estate in Anglesey, Wales, where William resided during his RAF search-and-rescue training and subsequent career.
Marriage and children.
On 16 November 2010, Clarence House announced that Prince William and Catherine Middleton were to marry; the couple had become engaged in Kenya in October. The engagement ring given by William to Catherine had belonged to his mother. The wedding took place on 29 April 2011 in Westminster Abbey, London. A few hours before the ceremony, William's new titles Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus were announced. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million or more, whilst 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone. The couple were given the country home, Anmer Hall, on the Sandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen. The Duke and Duchess owned an English Cocker Spaniel, Lupo, from December 2011 to November 2020.
His wife's first pregnancy was announced on 3 December 2012. She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth to Prince George. On 8 September 2014, it was announced that the Duchess of Cambridge was pregnant with her second child. She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital and gave birth to Princess Charlotte. The Duchess's third pregnancy was announced on 4 September 2017; Prince Louis was born on 23 April 2018. The family officially reside at Kensington Palace.
He is the godfather of Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark (b. 1998), a distant relation though his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Mia Tindall (b. 2014), the eldest child of his paternal cousin, Zara Tindall.
Wealth and inheritance.
William and his brother Harry inherited the "bulk" of the £12.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown since her 1997 death to £10 million each in 2014. In 2002 "The Times" reported that William would also share with his brother a payment of £4.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, on their respective 21st birthdays and would share a payment of £8 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. As the eldest son of the heir-apparent, William is expected to inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, which would bring him an additional income.
In 2014, William and Harry inherited their mother's wedding dress along with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters, and paintings. The brothers also received the original lyrics and score of "Candle in the Wind" by Bernie Taupin and Elton John as performed by John at Diana's funeral.
Health.
On 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a "Harry Potter scar" and said, "I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it—other times they don't notice it at all".
On 1 November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for coronavirus in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'. "The Daily Telegraph" reported he had been "very ill" and had isolated away from his family.
Public life.
At the age of 21, Prince William was appointed a Counsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 2003. On his 21st birthday, William accompanied his father on a visit to Wales, visiting the Anglesey Food Festival and opening a centre for the homeless in Newport. Upon graduating from university, William began royal duties in support of, and on behalf of, the Queen at official events, public engagements, and overseas tours. In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo overseas tour, travelling to New Zealand to participate in World War II commemorations. For the 30th anniversary of his father's charity The Prince's Trust, William and his brother were jointly interviewed for the first time by television personalities Ant & Dec. According to author Tina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to become Governor-General of Australia. Prime Minister of Australia John Howard expressed his wish for the position to be held by an Australian citizen. In 2009, the Queen set up a private office for William with David Manning as his adviser. Manning accompanied him in January 2010 as he toured Auckland and Wellington; William opened the new building of the Supreme Court of New Zealand and was welcomed by a Māori chief.
In June 2010, William and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, visiting projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children. In November 2010, he attended a memorial service held on Remembrance Day at Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. In March 2011, William visited Christchurch, New Zealand, shortly after the earthquake, and spoke at the memorial service at Hagley Park on behalf of his grandmother. He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding in Queensland and Victoria. In May 2011, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge met with U.S President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama at Buckingham Palace. The couple toured Canada in summer 2011, attending Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill. On 2 November, the Duke and Duchess visited the UNICEF Supply Division for malnourished children in Copenhagen, Denmark.
William and Catherine served as ambassadors for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2012, they toured Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. The Duke and Duchess attended further commemorations of the Jubilee throughout the year, including the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in July. The Duke hosted his first investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace in October 2013. In April 2014, William and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia with their son, Prince George. The itinerary included visiting the Plunket Society for children and visiting fire-damaged areas in New South Wales. In June 2014, the couple visited France to attend the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings at Gold Beach. In September 2014, the Duke visited Malta to commemorate its 50th independence anniversary, substituting for his wife after the announcement of her second pregnancy. On 21 October, the Duke and Duchess met the President of Singapore, Tony Tan, during his state visit to the UK. In December 2014, the William met with President Obama in the Oval Office, and made a speech at the World Bank in Washington, D. C., condemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In December 2014, the couple visited New York and attended a charity dinner at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
In February 2015, the Duke visited Japan, meeting with Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko at the Imperial Palace and visiting survivors devastated by the 2011 tsunami. From 1 to 4 March, the Duke visited the Chinese cities Beijing, Shanghai, and Yunnan and met with President Xi Jinping. It was the first royal visit to mainland China in almost three decades. In April 2016, the William and his wife undertook a tour to India and Bhutan. Activities included visiting children's charities such as Childline India, as well as a visit to Lingkana Palace. Later that month, the couple met again with the Obamas at Kensington Palace. In April 2016, William and Catherine toured to India and Bhutan. The couple toured Canada once again in September 2016. In November 2016, he visited Vietnam, meeting with Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc and touring local primary schools. Countries visited by the couple in 2017 include France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium. In January 2018, the couple visited Sweden and Norway. The visits, which were, like others, requested by the Foreign Office, were interpreted to benefit UK-European relations post Brexit. In June 2018, the Duke toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine.
In February 2019, the William and Catherine carried out a two-day visit of Northern Ireland, visiting Belfast, Fermanagh, and Ballymena. The Duke and Duchess toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years. In December 2019, William visited Kuwait and Oman, commemorating the 120th anniversary of the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899. In March 2020, the couple carried out a three-day tour of Ireland, visiting County Meath, Kildare, and Galway. In October 2020, the Duke and Duchess met Volodymyr Zelensky, the President of Ukraine, and First Lady Olena Zelenska, at Buckingham Palace, the first royal engagement held at the residence since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In December, the couple embarked on a three-day tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via the British Royal Train "to pay tribute to the inspiring work of individuals, organisations and initiatives across the country" in 2020. Prime Minister Boris Johnson expressed his support for the initiative, while First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon criticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; UK, Scottish and Welsh governments were consulted before planning the tour.
Charity work and interests.
Humanitarian and environmental patronages.
William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, William and his brother volunteered at a British Red Cross aid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. In September that year, William granted his patronage to Centrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless. In December 2009, he, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, spent the night sleeping bag near the Blackfriars Bridge to raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth. The Duke opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50-year anniversary. In 2005, William worked in the children's unit at The Royal Marsden Hospital, his mother's former patronage, for two days of work experience; he also assisted in the medical research, catering, and fundraising departments. In May that year, he spent two weeks in North Wales with Mountain Rescue England and Wales. In May 2007, William became patron of both organisations. In October 2020, the Duke laid the foundation stone of the hospital's Oak Cancer Centre, 30 years after his mother performed the same for their Chelsea Wing in 1990.
Prince William became a patron of the Tusk Trust in December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development, including providing education, across Africa. He became associated with the organisation after he witnessed its work first hand in Africa. Stating that "rural African initiatives that foster education, responsibility and participation in the local community light the way to conservation", he carried out his first official duty with the trust in launching a bike ride across the African continent in 2007. Later that year, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry. In 2010, he also became a patron of 100 Women in Hedge Funds Philanthropic Initiatives. William succeeded Lord Attenborough in 2010 as the fifth president of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. In March 2011, the Duke and Duchess set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities instead. The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple's choice, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation. The charity has since been renamed The Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.
In December 2014, The Duke founded the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce, which aims to reduce worldwlide illegal wildlife trade. The Duke has spoken out for LGBT rights as part of his work against cyberbullying, stating the importance of being "proud of the person you are" and discussing the effects of online abuse and discrimination. He was recognised at the British LGBT Awards in May 2017. In 2018, the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry to de-stigmatise mental health. Legacy programmes include Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with the Football Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults. Later that month, the Duke and Duchess launched Shout, the UK's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues. William has cited his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, as well as his work with homelessness, veterans welfare, and his wife's advocacy on addiction.
William has been patron of homelessness charity The Passage since 2019 after first visiting the center in 1992 with his mother. In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2020, the Duke volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences. In March 2020, the Duke appeared in a video for the National Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised £11 million in its first week, eventually totalling to £90 million, with the money going out to "front line charities" and to the UK Community Foundations to be distributed among "local community foundations". In April 2020, he officially became the patron of the organisation. In late March 2020, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England amidst the coronavirus pandemic. He made a surprise appearance in "The Big Night In", a 20 April 2020 telethon held during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call with Stephen Fry, who revised his role as (a descendant of) Lord Melchett, from the Blackadder series. Later that month, the Duke and Duchess announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.
In May and June 2020, the Duke and Duchess, alongside their children, delivered food parcels made on the Sandringham Estate to local isolated pensioners during the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, The Duke of Cambridge, stated that he had been serving as a volunteer on the Shout hotline during the pandemic. In September 2020, the Duke established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders. The project is in partnership with King's College London and the Open University. After two years of research, the Duke launched the Earthshot Prize in October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade. The Prize is slated to be given every year from 2021 until 2030 to five winners each year, in accordance with five categories detailing the restoration of nature, air cleanliness, ocean conservation, waste-free living, and climate change. The selection process will be performed by the Duke, alongside a council of judges from six continents, overseen by a panel of experts. The first awards ceremony is slated to take place in London in autumn 2021. Following the launch, William gave a TED Talk on environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative. Later that month, the Duke took over the patronages of Flora and Fauna International and the British Trust for Ornithology, passed on from the Queen and Prince Philip. In December 2020, the Duke and Duchess became joint patrons of NHS Charities Together. In February 2021, William visited a vaccination centre in King's Lynn and later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncing false information that could cause vaccine hesitancy. In May 2021, he got his first dose of vaccine by NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.
Sport.
William often plays polo to raise money for charity. He is a fan of football, and supports the English club Aston Villa. He became President of England's Football Association in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron. The same year, the WRU's decision to name a new cup for test matches between Wales and South Africa the Prince William Cup caused controversy; some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it after Ray Gravell. In December 2010, William and Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong-joon at which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA's ethics investigator because they considered vote-swapping to be a violation of anti-collusion rules. In 2011, William as President of the English FA, voted against Australia's 2022 FIFA bid and instead voted for South Korea; despite being the country's future heir. In 2020, again as President of the English FA, he voted against the joint Australia–New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bid and instead voted for Colombia.
In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed toward Marcus Rashford, the Duke released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the "racist abuse .. whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media" as "despicable" and stating that "we all have a responsibility" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability. In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competition The Super League, adding that he "share[d] the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love."
In 2006, William, along with other Sandhurst officers, took part in a run to support the charity Sport Relief, as he had done in 2004 with a team from Clarence House. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association. In 2012, together with the Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the 2012 Olympics and provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach. In 2013, he succeeded his grandfather Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, as president of the UK charity Fields in Trust. In 2014 he and the Duchess were awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club. In May 2020, the Duke of Cambridge appeared in a BBC One Documentary titled "Football, Prince William and Our Mental Health" as a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium.
Both William and his brother are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns a Ducati 1198 S Corse. In May 2014, William, like his father and paternal grandfather, became president of the British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC). He enthusiastically took part in a bandy event in Stockholm in January 2018.
Privacy and the media.
The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Duke's attitude towards the media. The Duke and his wife have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.
In September 2012, the French edition of "Closer" and Italian gossip magazine "Chi" published photographs of the Duchess of Cambridge sun-bathing topless while on holiday at the Château d'Autet (a private château on a 260-ha estate 71 km north of Aix-en-Provence). Analysts from "The Times" believed the photographs were taken from the D22 (Vaucluse) road half a kilometre from the pool—a distance that would require an 800-mm or a 1000-mm lens. On 17 September 2012, the Duke and Duchess filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at the "Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre". The following day the courts granted an injunction against "Closer" prohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced a criminal investigation would be initiated. Under French law, punitive damages cannot be awarded but intrusions of privacy are a criminal offence carrying a maximum jail sentence of one year and a fine of up to €45,000 for individuals and €225,000 for companies. In September 2017, "Closer" was fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000.
In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the "dangerous" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Jason Knauf, communications secretary to the Cambridges, wrote the letter to media standards organisations in various countries.
In March 2017, a video of William dancing alongside an unidentified woman at a nightclub in Verbier, Switzerland, surfaced in the media. At the time, he was on a skiing holiday with his friends. The press criticised William's behaviour because he had failed to attend the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey, which was attended by other senior members of the royal family.
Titles, styles, honours, and arms.
Titles and styles.
The hereditary titles of Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus were announced on 29 April 2011 and formally patented on 26 May that year. William is a Royal Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG), a Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT), a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (PC), and a Personal Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to the Queen.
As a British prince, William does not use a surname for everyday purposes. For formal and ceremonial purposes, children of the Prince of Wales use the title "prince" or "princess" before their forename and follow it with their father's territorial designation. Thus, before his marriage, Prince William was styled "Prince William of Wales". Such territorial designations are discarded by women when they marry and by men if they are given a peerage of their own, such as when Prince William was given his dukedom.
Although the name of the Royal House is Windsor, the surname "Mountbatten-Windsor" belongs to all the children and male-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, and is used, if needed, by those who do not have the style of Royal Highness and the title Prince or Princess; when a female descendant marries, she traditionally takes her husband's surname from that point onward, and their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used "Wales" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge.
Honours.
Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Arms.
In September 2013, the Queen granted to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge a conjugal coat of arms consisting of their individual arms displayed side-by-side beneath a helm and coronet denoting the Duke's status as grandson of the Sovereign.
Personal flag for Canada.
In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic flag for the Duke of Cambridge's use in Canada. It is the Royal Arms of Canada in banner form defaced with a blue roundel surrounded with a wreath of gold maple leaves and shells within which is a depiction of a "W" surmounted by a coronet. Above the roundel is a white label of three points, charged with a red shell.
Ancestry.
Prince William is a member of the House of Windsor. Patrilineally, he descends from the House of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses; and more specifically the cadet branch known as the House of Glücksburg.
Through his mother, William descends from the Earls Spencer—a cadet branch of the Spencer family descended from the Earls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now also Dukes of Marlborough; the Barons Fermoy; and more anciently from Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond—two illegitimate sons of King Charles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since Anne to descend from Charles I and the first to descend from Charles II.
William descends matrilineally from Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his eighteenth-century ancestor Theodore Forbes—a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company in Surat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as "a dark-skinned native woman", "an Armenian woman from Bombay", and "Mrs. Forbesian". Genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner assumed Kewark was Armenian. In June 2013, BritainsDNA announced that genealogical DNA tests on two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent.


Lianyungang Huaguoshan International Airport

Lianyungang Huaguoshan International Airport is an airport scheduled to be built to serve the port city of Lianyungang in Jiangsu, China. Once completed it will become Lianyungang's main airport, with the existing dual-use Lianyungang Baitabu Airport becoming a dedicated military air base.
Huaguoshan Airport will be located in Xiaoyi Township, Guanyun County, about from the city center. It is named after Mount Huaguo (Huaguoshan), a major tourist attraction in Lianyungang.
The airport will have a runway that is long and wide (class 4D). It is projected to handle 2.5 million passengers and 20,000 tons of cargo after completion.


Gene Bradley Fisk

Gene Bradley Fisk, born 1935 in Colac, Victoria is an Australian country singer. Gene’s musical interests began when he joined a Banjo club at age 11 playing concerts and radio shows.
Biography.
Fisk formed his first band called 'The Sidewinders' in 1959. He served in the Royal Australian Air Force for 15 years before embarking on a career in radio as an announcer with 3HA 3CV. 3BO /3UZ and 3GL.
He entered the Royal Australian Air Force as an engineering apprentice in 1951 and served for 15 years, which included overseas posting to Malaysia and Thailand.
He began his broadcasting career at Butterworth Malaysia at Radio RAAF in 1960 as one of their first announcers. On completion of military service Gene became a Disc Jockey on commercial radio at 3HA Hamilton, Victoria in 1967 and went on to 3CV Maryborough, Victoria, 3BO Bendigo, Victoria and 3GL Geelong, Victoria.
At 3UZ in Melbourne he hosted a top rated Country Music programme from 1977 until 1980 followed by country music programs on 3GL Geelong and community stations 3CCC Bendigo, 3PBS Melbourne and 3YYR Geelong in the 1980s and 1990s.
Gene was a founding member of Country FM radio in Geelong a 24-hour Country Music station from 1994 until it closed in 2005. At Country FM Gene was production/music director and an announcer. In 2014 he commenced broadcasting a one hour all Australasian country music show “OZ Country” on Highlands FM Woodend, Victoria, and from May 2018 has been broadcasting the program on Wynfm Werribee Vic. It is also heard on OCR FM Colac and Apollo Bay, HighlandsFM and 88FM Castlemaine Vic.
Fisk currently resides in Geelong Victoria, . His daughter, Donna Fisk, is also a successful country entertainer


46th Air Refueling Squadron

The 46th Air Refueling Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 410th Operations Group, stationed at K. I. Sawyer AFB, Michigan. It was inactivated on 8 October 1993.
History.
The 46th Ferrying Squadron, Air Transport Command, was activated on 2 December 1942 at Wadi Seidna Airport, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The 46th was assigned to the 13th Ferrying Group who assigned area took in the territory from El Geneine, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, to Karachi, India (now Pakistan), and from Cairo, Egypt, to Tehran, Iran. The 46th was responsible for the aerial transportation of personnel, supplies and mail throughout this area.
The squadron was redesignated the 46th Transport Squadron on 24 March 1943. With the reorganization of the Africa Middle East Wing (AMEW), the 46th was disbanded on 30 September 1943 when the group and squadron organizations of the Central African Sector (CAS) were disbanded and replaced by stations. The 13th Transport Group, its assigned squadrons, and all personnel and equipment were absorbed by the newly created ATC Station No. 20, AMEW-ATC, Khartoum.
Reconstituted and redesignated the 46th Air Transport Squadron, Medium, Military Air Transport Service. The 46th began operations at Kelly AFB, Texas, in July 1954. The 46th operated primarily as a training squadron until April 1955, at which time it became a full strength squadron. The primary mission of the 46th was to provide air movement of personnel and supplies over almost two-thirds of the globe as designated by higher headquarters. The secondary mission was to train new Military Air Transport Service (MATS) personnel and to make them an integral part of the squadron. The 46th Air Transport Squadron inactivated on 8 April 1956.
When the 923rd Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy, was discontinued and inactivated on 1 April 1961, the 46th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy, was organized and gained the mission, personnel, and equipment of the 923rd. Stationed at K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan the 46th flew regular, reflex, alert, and training refueling missions; its tankers refueled TAC fighters being deployed or rotated overseas, and those returning to the United States.
Aircrews of the 46th were deployed to assist in refueling operations during the Cuban Missile Crisis; it also sent aircraft and crews to Southeast Asia to support combat missions of SAC bombers and TAC fighters. The 46th deployed aircraft and crews for tanker task forces operating out of Alaska, Spain, Labrador, and in the Great Lakes region. The squadron maintained operational readiness to conduct air refueling operations with the KC-135A Stratotanker as specified by higher headquarters until its inactivation.
The squadron commanders of the 46th Air Refueling Squadron from activation to inactivation were:
Winfred H. Meibohm,
C. Hunter Smith **,
Laurence Maher, Jr **,
Ronald L. Brumbaugh **,
Wilson W. Howard **,
Samuel E. Dyke **,
Bertram G. Brunner **,
Edward G. Palm **,
Martin D. Klena,
Frank Elliott **,
Alvin W. Langford,
Donald D. Luenenberg **,
Richard E. Ring,
Donald S. Croston,
Richard L. Trail,
Robert L. Hohman,
Ronald B. Childers,
Dale R. Liesch,
William G. Manire,
Richard W. Salsbury,
William E. Rutter,
Brian W. Horst,
Russell Deming,
James Nakauchi (** indicates this individual was Deceased as of Sep 2013).
Inactivated in 1993 as part of the post Cold War drawdown of the USAF and inactivation of the parent 410th Bombardment Wing and closure of K. I. Sawyer AFB, MI.


American General Center

The American General Center is a complex of several office buildings in Neartown Houston, Texas located along Allen Parkway. It is owned by AIG American General.
The America Tower is a 590 ft (180m) tall skyscraper. It was completed in 1983 and has 42 floors. It is the 19th tallest building in the city. It serves as the headquarters of Baker Hughes. It served as the former headquarters of Continental Airlines; it now houses AIG American General and BDO USA, LLP. The other buildings include the Life Building, the Wortham Tower, the Woodson Tower (a.k.a. the Liberty Tower), and the Riviana Building.
History.
On July 1, 1983 Continental Airlines's headquarters were located at the America Tower, and would remain there until relocation to Downtown Houston in 1998 and 1999. Stephen M. Wolf, the president of Continental said that the company moved its headquarters because Houston became the largest hub for Continental. During the existence of Texas Air Corporation in the 1980s, it had its headquarters in the America Tower. In September 1997 Continental announced that it would move its headquarters to Continental Center I. Continental had occupied around in space in the America Tower before its lease expired in July 1998.
In 1998 Andersen Consulting, now Accenture, announced that it would consolidate its existing Downtown Houston and suburban workforces into in the America Tower, with more than 1,100 employees based in the space. Lynn Cook of the "Houston Business Journal" described this as "an astonishing number for the size of Andersen Consulting's lease." In 1999 Cushman & Wakefield, a realty firm, moved its Houston office into the America Tower from the Wells Fargo Tower of Four Oaks Place in Uptown Houston. As of 1999 the building was 99% leased.
Tenants.
American General Life Companies has offices in the America Tower.
American General Life Insurance Company is headquartered in the Life Building.
Ebro Foods North America Riviana & New World Pasta is in the Riviana Building. The Consulate-General of Norway in Houston was in Suite 1185 in the Riviana Building. It is now located in another location in Neartown.


Pratt-Read LBE

The Pratt-Read LBE-1 was a prototype glide bomb, or "Glomb", developed for the United States Navy during World War II. Although there were high hopes for the concept, the limitations of the Glomb led to the production contract for the LBE-1 being reduced, then cancelled, and only four examples of the type were ever built.
Design and development.
Late in 1940, the United States Navy began seriously considering the possibility of developing gliders that would be remotely controlled to carry bombs to a target, reducing the risk to aircrew. The concept called for the glider to be towed by an ordinary carrier-based aircraft to the target area, then released, to be guided via a TV camera in the glider's nose which would transmit signals to the carrier aircraft, an operator then using radio control to steer the aircraft to its target. Considered to be feasible, the project, called "Glomb" for "Glider-Bomb", became an official program in the late spring of 1941.
Following trials using conversions of existing gliders that proved the concept viable, Pratt-Read was awarded a contract in September 1943 for the development of a purpose-built Glomb, designated by the navy as LBE-1. Intended to carry between 2,000 and 4,000 pounds (910-1,800 kg) of bombs, the LBE-1 was a fairly conventional low-wing aircraft, fitted with fixed tricycle landing gear and perforated dive brakes of the type used by dive-bombers. In addition to its radio-command guidance, the LBE-1 could be flown by a pilot for training and evaluation.
Operational history.
Although the initial contract called for the production of 100 examples of the LBE-1, continued trials of the Glomb showed that the combination of the glider's low performance and technical issues with the intended television guidance system made the concept operationally unworkable; accordingly, the contract was reduced to only 35 aircraft in early 1945. In August 1945, with the end of World War II, the contract for production was cancelled entirely; only four LBE-1s would be completed, being used only for evaluation purposes.


Elfin Cove Seaplane Base

Elfin Cove Seaplane Base is a state-owned public-use seaplane base located in Elfin Cove, on Chichagof Island in the Hoonah-Angoon Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.
The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a "general aviation" facility (the "commercial service" category requires at least 2,500 enplanements per year). As per the Federal Aviation Administration, this airport had 196 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 265 in 2009, and 305 in 2010.
Facilities and aircraft.
Elfin Cove Seaplane Base has one seaplane landing area designated NW/SE which measures 10,000 by 1,500 feet (3,048 x 457 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 500 aircraft operations, an average of 41 per month: 60% air taxi and 40% general aviation.


List of defunct airlines of Bangladesh

This is a list of defunct airlines of Bangladesh.


List of airlines of Cyprus

This is a list of airlines which have an Air Operator Certificate issued by the Civil Aviation Authority of Cyprus.


Nusantara Buana Air

Nusantara Buana Air was an Indonesian airline serving destinations in Aceh from its hubs at Medan Polonia Airport and Banda Aceh Airport. Nusantara Buana Air is listed in category 2 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality.
It competes with Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter for government-charters scheduled services to towns and cities within Aceh, taking over from SMAC for 2009 after SMAC operated the routes in 2008. As of January 2010, there are no flights.
Previous routes were operated from both Medan and Banda Aceh to Blangpidie, Kutacane, Meulaboh, Simeulue, Singkil, Takengon and Tapaktuan, as well as to Pulau Nias via Padang, using a single Indonesian Aerospace NC-212-200.
Following the accident in September 2011, the Transportation ministry has suspended the Air Operator Certificate (AOC) of the airline for safety reasons due to the ministry found several serious shortcomings, such as aircraft performance, maintenance, and fuel and pilot policy. The ministry has also announced that any newer aircraft acquired have to use the latest generation of Ground proximity warning system (GPWS).
Fleet.
As of February 2012 the Nusantara Buana Air fleet includes the following aircraft:
Incidents and accidents.
On September 29, 2011, a CASA C-212 aircraft, registered PK-TLF and built in 1989, carrying 18 people (14 passengers, 4 crew and the pilot) on a flight between Medan, North Sumatra and Kutacane, Aceh crashed in the vicinity of Bukit Lawang in Bohorok district. The accident occurred between 07.28 and 08.05 local time about 36 miles northwest of Medan, North Sumatra. The wreckage of the plane was found on 3 October, containing the bodies of all eighteen people on board.


Koro Airport

Koro Airport is an airport serving Koro, one of the Lomaiviti Islands in Fiji. It is operated by Airports Fiji Limited.
Facilities.
The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one grass runway which measures in length.
It's the only airport in Fiji which has a sloped runway. It only has one weekly flight from Suva-Nausori, with a Britten-Norman Islander from Northern Air.


Engineering Division XCO-6

The Engineering Division XCO-6 was an American two-seat observation biplane designed by the United States Army Engineering Division, only two were built and the type did not enter production.
Design and development.
Two prototypes of the XCO-6 were built powered by a inverted air-cooled V-1410 engine. One was tested at McCook Field and subsequently modified but no others were built.


Hans Grade

Hans Grade (May 17, 1879 – October 22, 1946) was a German aviation pioneer.
Hans Grade was born in Köslin, Pomerania. On 28 October 1908 he successfully conducted the first motor-flight over German soil in a motorised triplane aircraft of his own construction at Magdeburg.
A year later, on 30 October 1909, flying a new monoplane design he won the 40.000 Reichsmark "Lanz-Preis der Lufte", for the first German to fly a flat "8" in a German aircraft with German engine around two pylons 1000 meters apart.
In 1910 he established the first aviation school in Germany.
A Grade monoplane carried Germany's first air mail, when pilot Pentz made a flight from Bork to Bruck in February 1912 with a small sack of mail in his lap. Although successful, Grade monoplanes did not become as famous as many contemporary European designs, and for this reason comparatively few were built.
In 1921 he established an automobile company called "Grade Automobilwerke AG", which produced small, 2 seater personal cars.
The small aircraft company, founded with this money, did not survived the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. His extraordinary construction of driving a car with no use of a gear-box did not stand against the established constructions.
The Grade Automobilwerke AG was closed in 1927 owing to financial difficulties. After the Nazi takeover in 1933 Grade tried, without success, to develop a new Volksflugzeug and in 1934 he undertook research projects for the German aircraft manufacturers.
On May 14, 1939 he re-flew his original monoplane from 1909, then 30 years old, at Berlin Tempelhof Airport for about 550 metres to celebrate his sixtieth birthday.
Hans Grade died in 1946 at the age of 67 in Borkheide.


34th Strategic Squadron

The 34th Strategic Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 11th Strategic Group at Zaragoza Air Base, Spain. It was inactivated on 7 August 1990.
The first predecessor of the squadron, the 34th Air Transport Squadron served on the South Atlantic ferrying route during World War II until it was disbanded in 1943. The squadron was reconstituted as a Military Air Transport Service unit at McChord Air Force Base from 1952 through 1955.
The 34th Air Refueling Squadron served as a refueling and command and control unit with Strategic Air Command from 1957 to 1972. The two squadrons were consolidated into a single unit in 1985.
Overview.
At Zaragoza the unit supported the European Tanker Task Force under the direction of the 7th Air Division located at Ramstein Air Base, Germany.
History.
World War II.
The first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Ibura Airport, near Recife, Brazil in July 1942 as the 34th Ferrying Squadron, serving with the 9th Ferrying Group on the South Atlantic ferrying route. In March 1943, the group and squadron replaced their "ferrying" designation to "transport." In October 1943, Air Transport Command reorganized its overseas units and the 34th Squadron was disbanded and its personnel and equipment were transferred to Station 10, South Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command.
Military Air Transport Service.
In 1952, Military Air Transport Service replaced most of its Major Command controlled airlift squadrons with Air Force controlled units. As part of this action, the 34th Air Transport Squadron, equipped with Douglas C-124 Globemaster IIs, was activated at McChord Air Force Base and assigned to the 1705th Air Transport Group. The squadron performed airlift missions in the western United States and Pacific area until inactivating in 1955.
Strategic Air Command.
Operations in the United States.
The 34th Air Refueling Squadron was initially activated at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska and assigned to the 340th Bombardment Wing at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri. It was equipped with Boeing KC-135A aircraft to provide Aerial refueling to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and other tactical aircraft.
In 1961 SAC looked for a practical airborne counterpart to its underground command post starting in July 1960. Five modified Boeing KC-135A Stratotanker aircraft were assigned to the 34th for this mission. One was kept on ground alert at all times. SAC periodically tested the squadron's ability to meet the 15-minute launch window established for these planes. A SAC general officer and a team of controllers were on each flight. The first Operation Looking Glass mission flown by the squadron took off on 3 February 1961. In March 1963, the squadron was equipped with eight specially-configured KC-135As for SAC's command and control mission. These planes were replaced the following August by KC-135B aircraft with turbofan engines and advanced electronics equipment. These aircraft could remain aloft for longer periods because they added receiver capabilities for air refueling operations, retaining their tanker configuration as well. These new aircraft were soon redesignated as Boeing EC-135Cs. In July 1965, these aircraft and their mission were transferred to the 38th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron.
The squadron moved to Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire on 25 June 1966 and flew KC-135 Stratotankers on a worldwide scale and was assigned to the 509th Bombardment Wing until inactivated on 31 March 1976.
European operations.
On 1 August 1978, it was redesignated as the 34th Strategic Squadron and activated at Zaragoza Air Base, Spain supporting the European Tanker Task Force under the 7th Air Division at Ramstein Air Base, Germany.
On 19 September 1985 the 34th Strategic Squadron was consolidated with the 34th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy, a unit that was last active 1 July 1955.
The consolidated squadron was inactivated in preparation for the inactivation of SAC and the assumption of its European activities by elements of Air Combat Command, Air Mobility Command, and United States Air Forces Europe.
Lineage.
34th Air Transport Squadron
34th Strategic Squadron


Operation Hedge-hop

Operation Hedge-hop was a military plan developed during the Korean War. A lack of UN supplies forced American forces to use P-80 high-altitude jets as low altitude strike bombers, beginning in late 1950. The innovation paid off.
Warfront #18 (1951) featured an explanation of it, as well as in Fighting Fronts #2.
A fuller version was published in War Battles as "Aces Low!".


John W. Hendrix

John Walter Hendrix (Born September 22, 1942) is a retired United States Army four-star general who served as Commander, United States Army Forces Command from 1999 to 2001.
Early life and education.
Hendrix was born on September 22, 1942, in Bulloch County, Georgia, and received his commission after graduating from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1965 with a degree in electrical engineering. Hendrix is of English, Scottish, Italian and Arbereshe descent. He earned a master's degree in history in 1978 from Middle Tennessee State University, and is a graduate of both the United States Army War College and the United States Army Command and General Staff College.
Military career.
Hendrix's commands include V Corps; Task Force Hawk; 3rd Infantry Division, Fort Stewart, Georgia; and the United States Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia.
Hendrix also served as deputy chief of staff for operations, United States Army Europe and 7th Army; assistant division commander, 1st Armored Division during the Gulf War; executive officer to the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe, Belgium; and assistant commandant, United States Army Infantry School, Fort Benning.
Hendrix completed several NATO assignments during the Cold War, including commander of 2nd Brigade, 8th Infantry Division, and served two tours of duty as a rifle company commander in the Republic of Vietnam. He retired from the army in 2001.
Post-military.
In retirement, Hendrix sits on the board of advisors of the National Infantry Foundation, and worked for United Defense Industries. He was National Chairman of the Military Officers Association of America.


JetBlue Mint

Mint is a premium airline product offered by JetBlue on some flights between the West Coast and the East Coast of the contiguous United States, and seasonally on some flights between the United States and Caribbean destinations. The service is operated with a fleet of Airbus A321 aircraft in a premium configuration, with lie-flat seats in premium class. As of May 2016, JetBlue is the only low-cost airline in the Americas offering a dedicated premium product.
History.
JetBlue first announced its intention to introduce premium seats on some of its transcontinental flights in March 2013. The company officially announced its Mint premium class product on September 30, 2013; the aforementioned service was to be available on flights between New York and San Francisco and New York and Los Angeles, with fares for Mint-class seats starting at each way. Dave Barger, JetBlue CEO at the time, said that the move was necessary for the airline to better compete with its competitors, which were operating lie-flat seats in transcontinental markets, leaving JetBlue with an all-economy class cabin. The routes were to be operated with new Airbus A321 aircraft, and feature Wi-Fi connectivity. JetBlue's all seven daily round-trip flights between New York and Los Angeles were to feature the service by the fourth quarter of 2014, and all five daily round-trip flights between New York and San Francisco by early 2015. The first Mint flight, from New York–JFK to Los Angeles, was to begin on June 15, 2014.
On March 15, 2015, JetBlue announced seasonal expansion of its Mint service to Caribbean routes, with service from JFK Airport to Aruba and Barbados. The service was to operate once daily per destination during the winter holiday season, and once weekly per destination for the rest of the winter season. JetBlue announced expansion of its Mint service to Boston in June 2015, with year-round service from Boston to Los Angeles and San Francisco, and seasonal Saturday-only service from Boston to Barbados. Flights from Boston to San Francisco began on March 24, 2016, and flights from Boston to Los Angeles were to begin on October 20, 2016.
On April 12, 2016, JetBlue announced an expansion of its Mint service. More routes utilizing the Mint configuration were to be launched to Fort Lauderdale, Las Vegas, San Diego and Seattle, with service beginning during 2017 and 2018. The announcement was made almost immediately after Alaska Air Group announced its intention to acquire Virgin America and merge it with Alaska Airlines. Either Alaska or Virgin operated in 4 out of 7 of JetBlue's newly announced markets.
In February 2021, JetBlue announced a redesigned Mint business class.
Service.
The Mint subfleet consists of A321 aircraft with 159 seats, including 16 flat-bed Mint seats. The Mint seat is a version of the Thompson Aero Vantage business class seat, customised to include extra storage and dual 110 V + USB power outlets at every seat. 4 of the 16 Mint seats are mini-suites which include a sliding door for privacy. The seats have a width of up to 22.3 inches and can convert to a flat bed of up to 6'8" in length. Pairs of non-suite Mint seats alternate with single mini-suite seats. The seats use air cushioning, allowing passengers to adjust the firmness of the seats. Economy class on Mint A321 aircraft uses B/E Aerospace Pinnacle slimline seats, with a seat pitch of 33 inches in the main cabin and up to 37 inches in the "Even More Space" extra legroom product. There are two power outlets per row of economy class seats.
A 15.6 inch video screen provides Live TV 4.0, SiriusXM Radio, and a selection of films as in-flight entertainment. The TV system provides about 100 DirecTV channels. However, on flights outside the coverage range of satellite TV, such as flights to Caribbean destinations, TV channels and radio are not provided. In-flight Wi-Fi is provided via a Ka-band satellite system.
Passengers are provided with a choice of five offerings for meal service, including hot and cold options, and may choose three. Amenity kits are provided by Hayward & Hopper, a cosmetics company based in New York.
Routes.
, JetBlue offers Mint service on the following routes:
From Boston:
From Fort Lauderdale:
From Los Angeles:
From Newark:
From New York–JFK:


Yevgeny Kungurtsev

Yevgeny Maksimovich Kungurtsev (; 3 October 1921 11 May 2000) was a squadron commander in the 15th Guards Ground Attack Aviation Regiment during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. He went on to become a Major-General of Aviation in 1964.
Early life.
Kungurtsev was born on 3 October 1921 to a working class Russian family in Izhevsk. After completing his seventh grade of school in 1939 he went on to study for one year at the Votkinsk Engineering College in addition to the local aeroclub, having wanted to become a pilot since he was a child. Having entered the Red Army in August 1940, he graduated from the Balashov Military Aviation School of Pilots in December 1942 before being assigned to the 15th Separate Training Aviation Regiment, where he remained until January.
World War II.
Upon arriving at the warfront in Leningrad as a pilot in 15th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment, he began flying combat sorties on the Il-2 as part of the efforts to break the blockade of Leningrad. On 22 July 1943 he participated in a sortie that resulted in the total destruction of a train station with just two passes at it. Despite being slightly wounded by a shell fragment during a sortie over Pskov on 14 February 1944, he continued to tally up sorties, and less than a month later he flew in a sortie over Estonia with several other aircraft that resulted in the destruction of an ammunition depot and a platoon of enemy combatants. In addition to hitting a variety of ground based targets, he also took out multiple enemy aircraft in flight; when being pursued by a group of FW 190 fighters on 1 April 1944 after a mission he carefully dodged their attacked and managed to shoot down one of them before returning safely to his home airfield, and on 2 July 1944, he shared in the shootdown of another FW 190. When not flying ground-attack missions, he flew reconnaissance missions to provide information about enemy positions to Soviet military command; On 14 July 1944 he successfully photographed strategically important parts of the Mannerheim Line, and on 20 August 1944 he photographed the Johvi station area in Estonia, meticulously documenting the area in photo, for which he was thanked by General Stepan Rybalchenko, commander of the 13th Air Army. After being shot down on 4 March 1945 and making an emergency landing before hitting his head and losing consciousness, he was taken prisoner by the Axis and held in a prisoner infirmary for nine days. While being taken to another camp, the convoy transporting the group of Soviet prisoners was attacked, resulting in chaos that allowed Kungurtsev to escape from his guards. After hiding in the woods for a week he returned to his regiment on 26 March 1945. In total he flew 210 combat sorties, shooting down one FW 190 in addition six shared shootdowns; on the ground, he took out five ammunition depots, 700 enemy soldiers, two trains, ten tanks, 24 mortars, 26 artillery points, two locomotives, and 46 rail cars.
Postwar.
After Germany surrendered, Kungurtsev remained as a squadron commander in his regiment until he was promoted to assistant commander of the air rifle service of the regiment in June. Later he became a check pilot for the 277th Assault Aviation Division, but left in August 1948 for the Air Force Academy, which he graduated from in 1952. He then served as commander of the 749th Assault Aviation Regiment until 1955, and in 1957 he graduated from the Military Academy of General Staff. After becoming deputy commander of flight training for the 164th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment in November 1957, and in October 1959 he was made deputy commander of the regiment. In April 1960 he transferred to the 158th Bomber Aviation Division, where he remained until August 1961; in April 1964 he was promoted to the rank major-general of aviation. Starting in June 1964 he commanded 6th Guards Bomber Aviation Division, which was renamed several times but Kungurtsev remained in command of for the remainder of his military career. The unit was turned into the 11th Guards Military Transport Aviation Division in the summer of that year, and again renamed to the 18th Guards Military Transport Aviation Division in 1966. He retired from the military in September 1968, having flown the Il-2, Il-10, Il-28, and An-12 during his career. As a civilian he worked as the deputy chairman of the Priazovsky Territorial Council Resort Management Council. He died in the city of Berdyansk, Ukraine on 11 May 2000.


Tee hangar

A Tee hangar is a type of enclosed structure designed to hold aircraft in protective storage. This type of hangar is also known as Tee-hangar, T hangar or T-hangar. Typically constructed of metal, they are primarily used for private aircraft at general aviation airports because they are more economical than rectangular hangars. There are two types of Tee hangars: "standard" (sometimes called "stacked") and "nested".
Standard "Tee hangars" provide additional storage area and can use rolling doors. In the diagram, the odd-shaped areas at the end of the hangar clusters may be omitted, may be included as part of the end hangars, or may be used as segregated storage, shop or office space.
"Nested Tee hangars" require less building material than standard and are wider, but shorter, thereby reducing the length of taxiway required to abut the building. The disadvantage is that rolling doors cannot be used.


Frank Schoeber

Frank Schober (April 21, 1891 - July 19, 1970) was one of the pioneers of aviation.
Biography.
 Frank was born in New York City on April 21, 1891. He soloed a plane in August 1912 in Mineola, New York. He worked up until 1923 for some of the big plane builders... Curtiss of Hammondsport, Lawson Airlines, Navy NC-4 and the Barling bomber for the Air Force. He had a stroke in 1961. He died on July 19, 1970 at the age of 79 in Cape May, New Jersey.
Frank describes his journey in his memoirs... "In 1908, at the age of 17, I started to build models after visiting Morris Park where Aeronautical Society members were building and trying out their inventions. In February, 1910, I went to Boston with the Church Model Airplane Company of Brooklyn. At this point, I was just a visitor. In June, I participated in a competition at the 22nd Regiment Armory in NYC and won the Worlds Model Airplane record with a flight of 215’ 6”. The model flyers formed the N.Y. Model Airplane Club of which I was listed as the first Vice President.
 In 1911, I worked around Mineola as a freelance mechanic to learn more about airplane construction.
 In 1913, I got a letter from Glenn Curtiss, in Hammondsport, to come work for him. The job they gave me was assembling the June Bug, the first tractor plane they were going to build. When that was finished, I was put in the boat department where I assembled E boats for Steve MacGordon and Bill Thaw.
 In 1915, at the age of twenty-four, I went back to models again and started working on a compressed air motor for model airplanes. I had an assistant in Rudy Fink, and we developed several types of motors and planes which were the first in the United States holding records until the first gas motors appeared.
 Alfred W. Lawson, Editor of Aircraft Magazine, called me in 1917 asking me if I would like to go to Green Bay, Wisconsin, to build planes for the airforce. We built the first training plane and Lawson flew it, but it was not accepted by the government. We then designed a second plane which was a beauty, far ahead of anything that was built at the time. It flew beautifully and handles with ease, but the war stopped before the plane was accepted.
 The engineers had been working for several months, before the end of the war, on a post war Curtiss. It was the first 22-passenger cabin airliner built and flown in the United States. In September 1919, it flew from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Bolling Field in Washington, D.C. on which flight I was a passenger with ten others. I was working for Curtiss Airplane Company in Garden City at the time and got a few days leave to be with the boys from Lawson and make the flight to Washington D.C.
 In December 1919, I got a telegram from Lawson again. He wanted me back to help build a new Airliner, much larger and with three Liberty motors. It took almost a year to complete and was wrecked on its trial flight.
 One day I got a call from John Carisi, who was supervising the Barling Bomber job in Hasbrouck Heights, to take charge of the wing building job. In 1923, we shipped the Bomber to Dayton for assembly and to test fly. I was one of five sent to Dayton to assemble and after several months of changes it was done.
 I found another job with Clarence Chamberlain rebuilding some of his surplus planes he bought after the war; Sop. Camels and Spads which he used for photography work. While working there I met Red Noyes who was flying for Bill Davis some of the surplus DH6 which were equipped with OX5 Curtiss Motors. He asked me one day if I ever flew and I told him I was an Early Bird. He asked me to come along on one of his joyrides and he would let me fly the plane after we were in the air. Not being acquainted with the tractor plane, I kept climbing too much and flying around in circles. When we came down, he landed the plane and looked me over. Come to find out that the cloth covering started to come loose at the trailing edges which had pulled away from age. I worked for Chamberlain about 8 months when things got slow, so I quit airplane work for good and got into the auto work.
 I got a job as body man for a Ford dealer. That lasted about a year when a tire man down the street offered me a better job vulcanizing and rebuilding tires. He knew I knew something about building radios and it wasn't long after that he asked me about manufacturing our own radios to sell to the tire customers. I ended up buying a Radio Shop which he owned and ran in Englewood, NJ."
 Upon retirement he continued to build and fly his model planes at the Cape May airport where he sometimes took his granddaughters to watch.
Legacy.
In recognition of his solo flight, he received a bronze plaque from the Early Birds of Aviation, of which he was a member.


Marine Air Command and Control System

The Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS) is the aviation command and control agencies of the United States Marine Corps that provide the Aviation Combat Element (ACE) commander with the means to monitor, supervise, and influence aviation operations in support of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force. The command and control agencies of the MACCS are provided by the squadrons and battalions of the Marine Air Control Groups that are present within each Marine Air Wing. The capabilities resident within the MACCS allow the MAGTF commander to safely conduct aviation operations, facilitate timely maneuver and prosecution of fires and ultimately retain full control of their entire area of operations. MACCS agencies are also responsible for coordinating Marine Corps aviation operations with joint, multinational and civil aviation.
The three principal objectives of the MACCS are to enhance unity of effort, integrate the elements of the command and control system, and disseminate common situational awareness. The MACCS focuses the other five functions of Marine Aviation (Antiair Warfare, Offensive Air Support, Assault Support, Electronic Warfare and Air Reconnaissance) and gives the ACE commander the ability to real-time allocate resources and control aircraft in support of the MAGTF commander.


Emirates Airline Festival of Literature

The Emirates Airline Festival of Literature (The Festival) is an international literature festival held annually in the United Arab Emirates. The festival is held under the patronage of Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, under the auspices of the Emirates Literature Foundation and is run by Ahlam Bolooki. The festival's offices are located within the Dubai International Writers' Centre.
The festival is held each March in Dubai. It features more than 250 sessions and unique events including workshops, masterclasses, panel discussions and poetry readings. The programme has events for adults and children in Arabic, English, French as well as other languages. An estimated 44,000+ visitors attend the festival each year.
Along with daily sessions, the Festival conducts a "Fringe" for children to encourage local talent. Students also get the opportunity to meet international authors during the "Education Days".
The Festival is held at the InterContinental Hotel, Dubai Festival City, in partnership with Emirates and the Dubai Culture & Arts Authority, the Emirates' authority for culture, arts, and heritage.
Awards.
The Emirates Airline Festival of Literature won the Middle East Event Awards’ Best Festival Award three times, in 2013, 2014 and 2015.
The Festival was awarded Best Family Friendly Day Out Award at the Time Out Kids Awards 2016 and Favourite Festival at the What’s On Awards 2016. The Festival won the Best Arts & Culture Event at the Middle East Special Events Award in 2018


Sunward ST

The Sunward ST is a Chinese ultralight trike designed and produced by Sunward Tech (Hunan Sunward Science & Technologies Company Limited) of Zhuzhou. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.
Design and development.
The ST was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of .
The aircraft design features a strut-braced topless hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit with a cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.
The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing and composites. It uses a double surface Grif Hazard wing, made by the Italian company Grif Italia. The span wing is supported by struts and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is an Austrian-made twin cylinder, liquid-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition Rotax 582 engine or four cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition Rotax 912UL engine.
The Rotax 582-equipped model has an empty weight of and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of the payload is .


Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering

The Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering is a college of engineering at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, northern India.
It was founded in 1992 at 15/1, Kalidas Road, Dehradun. In 1995 it moved to 179 Kalidas Road, and in 2006 relocated near Jolly Grant Airport. The site has class rooms and hostels with all aircraft training facilities.
The institute was founded by Mr. Mahendra Kumar, a Chartered Engineer and life member of bodies including the Institution of Engineers (India), Aeronautical Society of India and Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering. His personal awards include the Glory of India Award. He is the Institute's Managing Director.
Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering trains its students by way of theoretical classes and practical training. The qualifications it offers include three-year and four-year Bachelor of Engineering degree courses; the first two years are taken on site, and the remainder at Perth College UHI in the United Kingdom.


Cielos del Oriente

Cielos del Oriente was a Peruvian charter airline. The airline's hub is situated at the Cad. FAP Guillermo del Castillo Paredes Airport in Tarapoto. They operated charter flights throughout the jungle.
The airline ceased in 2014.
Accidents.
On July 27, 2002 a Cessna T210N crashed in Bolognesi. The captain and two passengers had minor injuries and three passengers were uninjured.


Owen Weingott

Owen Ash Weingott (21 June 1921 – 12 October 2002) was an Australian actor, director and drama teacher. Although primarily working in theatre, he appeared on radio and television in serials and made for television films and voice overs. Weingott was vice-president of the Australian actors union, the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance. He appeared in the very first Australian soap opera "Autumn Affair", opposite Muriel Steinbeck, and is well known for his role as Mr. Walter Bertram, a demented school principal in the first season of "Home and Away"
Early life.
Weingott was born in Sydney in 1921 and when he was 15 he began studying and performing with the Independent Theatre, then in King St., Sydney, under producer Doris Fitton, later at the Savoy Theatre in Bligh St.: "1066 and All That", "Six Characters in Search of an Author", and "Judgement Day." He learnt to fence from Frank Stuart at the Sydney Swords Club. He was given a role in the "Insect Play" at the Independent in 1941.
In 1939 he left Sydney Boys High School and studied Economics at Sydney University until joining the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).
In 1945, after his war service, having graduated as Sergeant, he studied Physical Education and returned to the Independent Theatre, now at North Sydney, performing as "Young Siward" in "Macbeth". Stuart, who had choreographed the duel in "Macbeth", advised Fitton to cast Weingott in future when duels where required. The next year, 1946, Fitton produced "Hamlet" and cast Weingott as "Laertes" (who duels with "Hamlet"), a role he played five more times, one being a live broadcast from the ABC-TV studios at Gore Hill.
Career; theatre and radio.
On Stuart's suggestion Weingott studied period duelling and became a professional teacher choreographing 400+ duels. In 1971 he played "Sinbad the Sailor" in a pantomime directed by Bill Orr.
Weingott's first radio work was in 1945 in The Scarlet Widow, a serial for 2CH. He starred as Papa in Samuel Taylor's "The Happy Time".
In 1951 he played Cornwall in John Alden’s "King Lear" at St. James Hall, also choreographing the duels and the eye-gouging scene. In 1952 he joined Alden's national tour of a Shakespearian play season playing Edgar in "King Lear", Demetrius in "A Midsummer Night’s Dream", Antigonus in "The Winter’s Tale", The Prince of Morocco, Tubal and Bassanio in "The Merchant of Venice".
Prior to the Alden tour he had played Mephistopheles in Goethe's "Faust" at the Independent Theatre, and on his return he approached Sydney John Kay for a position in his Mercury Theatre. Again he played Papa in "The Happy Time", other plays in which he was involved as a leading actor for the Mercury included "As You Like It", "Ring Round the Moon", "Tovarich", "Charley's Aunt", Chekhov’s "The Proposal" and a revue called "Happily Ever After". At the Independent he played the lead in two plays by Arthur Miller, as Eddie Carbone in "A View from the Bridge" (1959) and as Victor in "The Price" (1970). He worked with Ray Milland in the play "Hostile Witness" (1967), John Mills in the film "Adam's Woman" (1970) and Michael Redgrave in John Mortimer's play "A Voyage Round My Father" (1973).
Television.
A pioneer of Australian television, in October 1958-59 Weingott was one of a sustaining cast of five actors who supported Muriel Steinbeck in Australia's first locally made television serial for ATN Channel 7, "Autumn Affair".
He was in ABN 2's television drama "Sixty Point Bold", and its first live-to-air production of "Hamlet", inevitably as Laertes. He then played Shylock in "The Merchant of Venice" and Caliban in "The Tempest", all directed by Alan Burke. He also played in many Shakespeare plays for ABC Radio.
In the ABC's "The Stranger (Australian TV series)", produced in 1964-1965, he appeared in nine episodes as Professor Mayer. In 1966, Weingott had a starring role in the television sitcom "The Private World of Miss Prim". With many guest roles to his credit, he appeared in such hit series as "Number 96 (TV series)" and "The Box (TV series)" and appeared as school principal Mr. Walter Bertram in "Home and Away", during the first season in 1988.
Further theatre and teaching.
In 1957 at the Independent Theatre he played the co-lead with Peter O’Shaughnessy in Brigid Boland's "The Prisoner", he was directed by John Alden as Shylock in "The Merchant of Venice"; he produced Leonard Teale as "Macbeth"; and he played the Inquisitor in Jean Anouilh's "The Lark", directed by Cardamatis.
He was a foundation teacher at the National Institute of Dramatic Art, and through the 1960s he worked as an actor with the Old Tote Theatre in plays which included "The Playboy of the Western World", "The Cherry Orchard", "The Caucasian Chalk Circle" and "The School Mistress".
In 1974 he was invited to the Mitchell College of Advanced Education, Bathurst, to direct "King Lear" and to play the lead. In 1976 he returned as a full-time lecturer in Theatre Arts, remaining for ten years. He returned to Sydney in 1986.
He died in 2002, aged 81.
References.
National Institute of Dramatic Art Archive, personal papers, photographs, encrypted radio scripts and play texts, costume sketches and painted characteurs;
Australian Film & TV Companion, by Tony Harrison;
The Independent Theatre’s "40th Anniversary" booklet;
Interview with Owen Weingott (1999) and personal knowledge.


C. F. Caunter

Cyril Francis Caunter (22 March 1899 in Ilford, Essex – 10 April 1988), was a British aviation historian and author.
Life.
He was the son of Lionel George Caunter from Dittisham, Devon and Elizabeth Gertrude Einhauser from St Pancras, Middlesex. When he was at school, his headmaster was Fr. Ignatius Rice M.A., O.S.B. He was a pilot in World War I.
In 1932, Caunter published a design for a 60 hp two-stroke light aero engine. Frederick George Miles of the Phillips & Powis Aircraft company (later Miles Aircraft Ltd) built a test prototype of the Caunter engine and successful tests were carried out at Reading Aerodrome in Woodley, Berkshire, during the late 1930s. The Caunter engine performed well at Woodley with Miles, who proposed a company to produce it, to install in an aeroplane that would be sold in large numbers like Ford cars.
Caunter worked at the Royal Aircraft Establishment starting in the summer of 1937 in the aero engine department, writing some of the operational text books of the RAF aero engines, including the Rolls Royce Merlin engine which powered the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters.
Phillips & Powis increasingly concentrated on military training aircraft production at Woodley from the late thirties and the Caunter engine was put aside. Caunter eventually became Chief Technical Librarian for the R.A.E. after a 1943 transfer and sold his prototype engine to Alvis Ltd., Coventry, for £2,000 after the war.
In 1950, he joined the Science Museum as keeper of the Road Transport Collections, beginning ten years of work documenting one of the finest collections in existence at the time. He began the process of restoring the collection. An 1888 1½ h.p. Benz three-wheeled car which had been purchased by the Science Museum in 1913 for 5 pounds and was one of the oldest cars in the world, was driven in the 1957 London to Brighton Veteran Car Run, as the No. 1 car, but its poor braking meant it did not finish. He fitted a second brake to it in 1958 and successfully completed the Run.
The National Film Board of Canada produced "Full Circle", a vignette about Caunter returning to flight and college at the age of eighty. He was writer-in-residence at Glendon College in 1979, and he received his M.A. there in June 1982.
Caunter lies buried in Saint Mary's Catholic Cemetery in the city of Barrie in Ontario, Canada.
Works.
Caunter's first publication was a small handbook, "Model Petrol Engines", published in 1920 by Percival Marshall Ltd., followed by "Small Electric Lighting Sets", which he described as "bad, although it was published". "Madness Opens The Door" (1932) was written in 1931 in six weeks for £100. Pitman published "Small Two-Stroke Aero Engines" and "Small Four-Stroke Aero Engines" as well as "Light Aero Engines" and "The Two-Cycle Engine" (1932). He published the novel "Madness Opens The Door", a space novel, and "Ex-Gangster" and "Killers Must Die".
Caunter wrote six HMSO books about Science Museum subjects during the 1950s. His official handbooks include "The History and Development of Cycles".
In 1936 Caunter wrote "Death of the War God", which was about a world war, which he scheduled in the novel to start in 1939. His publishers at that time were afraid of publishing it because of widespread anxiety of another conflict. Caunter mentions in his 1969 unpublished autobiography that his space novels were inspired by those of H.G. Wells but were written too soon to be popular in the 1970s.
Family.
Caunter married Kathleen Eve Murray on 12 April 1928.


List of airlines of Ethiopia

This is a list of airlines in Ethiopia that are currently operating.


Copa Holdings

Copa Holdings, S.A. () is a publicly traded foreign private issuer listed on the New York Stock Exchange and parent company of Panamanian carrier Copa Airlines and its subsidiary, Colombian carrier Copa Airlines Colombia. It is headquartered in Panama City, Panama and its current CEO is Pedro Heilbron.
Summary.
Copa Holdings, through its operating subsidiaries Copa Airlines and Copa Airlines Colombia, is a leading Latin American commercial aviation provider of passenger and cargo service. Copa Airlines offers more than 180 daily scheduled flights to 80 destinations in 33 countries in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean through its Hub of the Americas at Tocumen International Airport in Panama City, Panama. In addition, Copa Airlines provides passengers with access to flights to more than 120 other international destinations through codeshare agreements with United Airlines and other airlines. Copa Airlines Colombia, provides domestic service to 12 cities in Colombia as well as international connectivity with Copa Airlines' Hub of the Americas through flights from Bogota, Cali, Medellin, Cartagena, Bucaramanga, Pereira and Barranquilla. Additionally, Copa Airlines Colombia has non-stop international flights from Colombia to Caracas, Quito, Guayaquil and Mexico City.
Board of Directors.
Pedro Heilbron (CEO)

Stanley Motta (Chairman of the Board)

Alvaro Heilbron

Jaime Arias

Ricardo Alberto Arias

Jose Castañeda Velez

Carlos Motta
Julianne Canavaggio
John Gebo
Andrew Levy
Josh Connor


List of defunct airlines of Oceania

This is a list of defunct airlines of Oceania.
American Samoa.
Defunct airlines of American Samoa include:
Fiji.
Defunct airlines of Fiji include:
French Polynesia.
Defunct airlines of French Polynesia include:
Guam.
Defunct airlines of Guam include:
Kiribati.
Defunct airlines of Kiribati include:
Norfolk Island.
Defunct airlines of the Norfolk Island include:
Northern Mariana Islands.
Defunct airlines of the Northern Mariana Islands include:
Palau.
Defunct airlines of Palau include:
Samoa.
Defunct airlines of Samoa include:
Vanuatu.
Defunct airlines of Vanuatu include:


Anthony G. Crutchfield

Anthony Gerard Crutchfield (born May 3, 1960) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who was the deputy commander of the United States Pacific Command (USPACOM). He was commissioned in 1982 as a Distinguished Military Graduate from Marshall University. He later earned Master of Arts degrees from both Webster University and the Army War College.


Barry Dodd

Barry John Dodd (2 October 1947 – 30 May 2018) was an entrepreneur who ran a graphics company, GSM Group. He was appointed as the Lord Lieutenant of North Yorkshire in September 2014. Dodd was killed in a helicopter crash in North Yorkshire in May 2018.
Life.
Dodd was born in Salford, but raised in Canada and in Chicago where his mother worked as a court reporter and then in real estate. Dodd returned to England to finish his schooling and to study engineering at Hatfield Polytechnic. Dodd worked as a graduate trainee at the petrochemicals firm ICI where he took on management roles in Teesside, London and New York.
He formed GSM with a colleague from his days at ICI in 1974. The company specialises in labels and barcoding equipment, sheet metal assemblies and automotive components. Through many acquisitions, the company employed over 400 people at nine sites across the United Kingdom by the time of Dodd's death.
He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours list of 2006. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2014 for services to the United Kingdom economy and was made an Officer of the Order of St John in February 2018.
David Cameron wrote to Dodd in 2014 asking if he would like to be nominated to be Lord Lieutenant of North Yorkshire. Dodd accepted and was elevated to the role in September of the same year taking over from Lord Crathorne.
He also served as chair of the York, North Yorkshire and East Riding local enterprise partnership; as Pro-Chancellor of the University of Hull; and chair of the joint Hull York Medical School.
In November 2018, Dodd was posthumously awarded the "Individual Award for Excellence" in The Yorkshire Post business awards 2018. The award was collected on his behalf by his widow, Frances.
Personal life.
Dodd met his wife, Frances McTigue, at a party in 1970, but they did not marry until 1978. Dodd and his wife, Frances, lived in Carlton-in-Cleveland a village in North Yorkshire where he kept a selection of vintage vehicles.
Death.
Dodd died on 30 May 2018, aged 70, when the Bell 206B helicopter he was piloting crashed into a field at Aldborough near to Boroughbridge in North Yorkshire. He had taken off from Husthwaite just a few minutes earlier; Dodd was the only person on board.
An Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) inquiry concluded that the helicopter had crashed in bad weather, probably due to the pilot becoming disorientated in the cloud. Dodd was taking the helicopter from Husthwaite to an airfield at Walton Wood for an annual service.


Japanese submarine chaser CH-22

The Japanese submarine chaser "CH-22" was a of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. She was built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Yokohama, launched on 29 May 1941 and completed on 12 October 1941. On 24 August 1942, she left Rabaul as part of Operation "RE", for the landings at Milne Bay.
Fate.
On 19 February 1944, while off Kavieng, New Ireland in Convoy O-902, she was attacked by United States Army Air Forces B-25's of the 500th and 501st Bombardment Squadrons, A-20's of the 3rd Bombardment Group and P-38's and was sunk at .


FREE SPIRIT (frequent flyer program)


Siorapaluk Heliport

Siorapaluk Heliport is a heliport in Siorapaluk, a village by the shore of the Robertson Fjord, Avannaata municipality, northern Greenland. The heliport is considered a "helistop", and is served by Air Greenland as part of a government contract. It is the northernmost aerodrome in Greenland with scheduled civilian flights.
Airlines and destinations.
Air Greenland operates government contract flights to villages in the Qaanaaq area. These mostly cargo flights are not featured in the timetable, although they can be pre-booked. Departure times for these flights as specified during booking are by definition approximate, with the settlement service optimized on the fly depending on local demand for a given day.


Boreal Airways


Mosquito Aviation XE

The Mosquito Aviation XE is a single seat homebuilt helicopter.
By 2015 Mosquito Aviation was out of business and the design was being produced by Innovator Technologies of Rockyview, Alberta, Canada. By 2019 the design was being produced by Composite FX of Trenton, Florida.
Design and development.
The XE is a development of the Mosquito Air, with a cockpit fairing and a more sophisticated exhaust system, plus a rotor diameter increased by to support the higher gross weight. The aircraft was designed to comply with the US "Experimental - Amateur-built" and European microlight aircraft rules. It features a single main rotor and tail rotor, a single-seat enclosed cockpit with a windshield, skid landing gear and a two-cylinder, air-cooled, two stroke MZ 202 engine.
The aircraft fuselage is made from composites and metal tubing. Its two-bladed rotor has a diameter of and a chord of . The aircraft has a typical empty weight of and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of the payload for the pilot and baggage is .


Eastern Flying Service