Jubilee Clock Tower, Weymouth

The Jubilee Clock Tower is a free-standing clock tower on the Esplanade of Weymouth, Dorset, England. It was built and erected in 1888 to commemorate the Golden jubilee of Queen Victoria and became Grade II Listed in 1974. Historic England described the clock as being a "florid but characteristic enrichment to the sea-front" and "boldy coloured". It is built of cast and wrought-iron and set on a Portland stone base.
History.
Weymouth's Jubilee Clock Tower was built to commemorate Queen Victoria's 50 years of reign in 1887. The tower was paid for by public subscription, with £100 having been collected during celebrations on Her Majesty's Jubilee day of 21 June 1887. The Jubilee Committee then approached the council with the idea for the clock tower, which was readily accepted. As fundraising did not reach enough to provide the clock itself, Sir Henry Edwards donated one, while the gas company agreed to keep the clock illuminated for free in perpetuity. Weymouth Corporation provided the stone base.
The clock tower was unveiled on 31 October 1888. Erected on Weymouth's esplanade, it was set in front of the esplanade slightly projecting onto the sands of Weymouth Beach. In the 1920s, the esplanade was extended around it to protect the beach from the encroachment of shingle from the eastern end, and to provide more promenade space on the seaward side. The clock tower itself was not moved. The clock tower was also painted in bright colours during the same decade.


The United American Cemetery

The United American Cemetery is the oldest African-American cemetery in Ohio, located on Duck Creek Road in Cincinnati, Ohio and founded in 1844 by the United Colored American Association. Among those interred at the cemetery who are notable are Horace Sudduth, an early twentieth century real estate speculator and owner of the Manse Hotel in Walnut Hills, and John Isom Gaines, a black educator.
This cemetery is located in Section 23 of Columbia Township. The entrance is on the north side of Duck Creek Road, about 1500 feet east of Kennedy Avenue. The cemetery encompasses 11.5 acres.
By the middle of the twentieth century the cemetery became increasingly neglected. A group of plot owners sued the cemetery association in 1956. The courts appointed a new board to operate the cemetery but the board was unable to convince plot owners to pay for perpetual care which would generate funds for ongoing cemetery maintenance. In 1968 the cemetery was transferred to Union Baptist Church.


50,000 yen coin

The 50,000 yen coin is a denomination of the Japanese yen. Only one coin was ever issued for this denomination which commemorated the wedding of Crown Prince Naruhito to Masako. These coins did not circulate, and were made in uncirculated and proof coinage format for collectors by the Japan Mint.


Captain James Cook Memorial

The Captain James Cook Memorial was built by the Commonwealth Government to commemorate the Bicentenary of Captain James Cook's first sighting of the east coast of Australia. The memorial includes a water jet located in the central basin and a skeleton globe sculpture at Regatta Point of Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, showing the paths of Cook's expeditions. On 25 April 1970, Queen Elizabeth II officially inaugurated the memorial.
The water jet is driven by two 4-stage centrifugal pumps capable of pumping up to 250 litres per second against a head of 183 metres. The water velocity at the water nozzle is 260 km/h. While running both pumps simultaneously the main jet throws approximately six tons of water into the air at any instant, reaching a maximum height of 152 metres. Alternatively the jet can be run on a single pump reaching a lower height of 114 metres. During special occasions it can be illuminated, often with coloured lights. The design of the jet is based on the Jet d'Eau in Geneva, Switzerland as a result of high-level diplomatic negotiations.
The water jet operates daily from 11am to 2pm. In periods of high wind, the jet is automatically disabled as water landing on the nearby Commonwealth Avenue Bridge can be a hazard to traffic. The water jet must also be occasionally shut down when drought lowers the water level of the lake.


Liberation and Freedom Day

In a unanimous vote, on July 1, 2019, the City Council of Charlottesville, Virginia, established a new city holiday, Liberation and Freedom Day, to be celebrated on March 3. Union Army troops, under the command of Major General Philip Sheridan, arrived in Charlottesville on March 3, 1865, liberating over 14,000 slaves. "Blacks were the majority race in the Charlottesville-Albemarle area." In the 1870 Census, the first one in which Charlottesville appears, its population was 2,838.
By 4–1 vote, the City Council decided that the April 13 birthday of Thomas Jefferson, founder of the University of Virginia, will no longer be an official holiday in the city of Charlottesville. News stories report that this change is because Jefferson was a slave owner.
On March 3, 2019, the slaves who built the University were honored in a ceremony held in the University Rotunda. The University has built a Memorial to Enslaved Laborers, honoring the contributions of slaves who helped build and maintain the school. "The memorial was recommended by a commission convened in 2013 to study slavery and the university."
Joining in the March 3 commemoration were:


Camp Merritt Memorial Monument

The Camp Merritt Memorial Monument is dedicated to the soldiers who passed through Camp Merritt, New Jersey on their way to fight in Europe in World War I, especially the 578 people – 15 officers, 558 enlisted men, four nurses and one civilian – who died at the camp due to the worldwide influenza epidemic of 1918, whose names are inscribed at the base of the monument. The memorial is located at the center of the traffic circle on the borders of Cresskill and Dumont in Bergen County, New Jersey at the intersection of Madison Avenue and Knickerbocker Road (CR 505). Camp Merritt was a major embarkation camp which processed more than a million soldiers, and the monument marks its center. Bergen County purchased the property for the site of the monument in 1919.
Background.
The monument, which is a replica of the Washington Monument, is a tall obelisk, constructed of Stony Creek granite by the Harrison Granite Company. It features a large carved relief sculpted by Robert Ingersoll Aitken, which portrays a World War I doughboy with an eagle above it. An inscription on the south side states that the obelisk "marks the center of the camp and faces the highway over which more than a million American soldiers passed on their way to and from the World War, 1917–1919." Near the monument on a large boulder is a copper plaque designed by Katherine Lamb Tait which has a relief of the Palisades, and in the ground is a dimensional stone carving of a map of Camp Merritt.
The memorial monument was dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1924. General John "Black Jack" Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force, gave the dedication address to an estimated audience of 20,000 people. Other speakers included the Governor of New Jersey, George S. Silzer. Mrs. Laura Williams Merritt, the widow of Major General Wesley Merritt, for whom the camp was named, was in attendance as well. The President at the time, Calvin Coolidge, was also invited to the event, but declined due to other obligations.


Armada Memorial

The Armada Memorial is a monument on Plymouth Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, England. Built in 1888, the monument celebrates the tercentenary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, which was sighted by English captains stationed in the city. It is a granite structure, decorated with bronze crests and a statue of Britannia.
Background.
The Spanish Armada (or just "the Armada") was a fleet that unsuccessfully attempted a naval invasion of England. News of the Armada's approach reached Plymouth on the afternoon of 19 July and it entered into sight on 20 July. Tradition recorded that tidings of the approach
came to the captains whilst they were playing bowls on Plymouth Hoe. Tradition also associates the following passage from Francis Drake: "There is time enough to play the game out first, and thrash the Spaniards afterwards."
In commemoration of the defeat of the Armada, it was customary for the bells of St Andrew's to ring a merry peal annually on the Saturday night preceding 25 July. This practice ended in the 19th century. A statue of Francis Drake was erected on the Hoe in 1884.
History.
The foundation stone of the Armada Memorial was laid on 19 July 1888, by the Mayor of Plymouth, Henry Waring. The day was taken to celebrate the tercentenary of the first sighting of the Armada from the Hoe, but Richard Worth notes that this was actually on the 20 July. Excursion trains were run and crowds gathered for the ceremony, which was marked as a public holiday and banquet at the city's Guildhall. The memorial was inaugurated by the then Duke of Edinburgh, Alfred on 21 October 1890, with full civic pomp and imposing naval and military demonstration. The memorial became a listed building on 1 May 1975.
Architecture.
The memorial was made by architect Herbert Gribble and sculptor William Charles May. The monument is sculpted of granite which frequently uses entablature and features sculptures and fittings made of bronze. The base of the monument has steps and is octagonal in shape. This supports a square plinth bearing a shield decorated with drapes and a crown. A panel shows the battle of the Armada inscribed with "HE BLEW WITH HIS WINDS AND THEY WERE SCATTERED". The tall plinth bears a wreathed medallion and a chest with a head, presumed by historian Nikolaus Pevsner to be that of Spanish admiral Sedonia. On top of the monument stands the bronze statue of "Britannia" (a female personification of Great Britain) with a lion. A series of cast-iron stanchions with chains act as a perimeter fence. The stone used in the memorial was quarried in Gunnislake, Cornwall and was noted as one of the whitest known granites with a close texture (in 1897).


Quintin and Alice Hogg Memorial

A memorial for English philanthropist Quintin Hogg and his wife Alice stands on Portland Place in central London, opposite BBC Broadcasting House. The bronze memorial depicts Quintin Hogg with two boys, and stands on a plinth of Portland stone. It was designed by George Frampton and erected in 1906. The memorial also honours Hogg's wife, Alice, and those members of the Regent Street Polytechnic (now the University of Westminster) killed in World War I and World War II.
The memorial has been Grade II listed since February 1970.
Inscriptions.
There are three inscriptions on the memorial, to honour the Hoggs, and those members of the polytechnic killed in the World Wars.
On the front face of the plinth:
On the left face of the plinth:
On the right face of the plinth:
Sports ground.
The University's Quintin Hogg Memorial Sports Ground () is also in London, on Hartington Road, Chiswick.


GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

 is a direct-to-video "tokusatsu" superhero movie. The DVD was released in February 2007. The movie celebrates the 30 year anniversary of the Super Sentai Series.
Plot.
The movie starts with Time Demon Chronos meeting with High Priest Gajya on getting rid of the Boukengers while obtaining three Goodomu Engines. As they plot, a mysterious figure watches above them. Afterwards, the Boukenger, excluding Bouken Silver, were summoned to battle some Curse. After their battle, they see Gajya and Chronos, with Chronos sending the Boukengers to a different dimension. Eiji was alerted of the situation, but before he could set out to rescue the other Boukengers, a mysterious figure named Aka Red, who describes himself as the embodiment of the fighting spirit of all Red Sentai Warriors, meets him and gives him the Super Sentai Address Book, which lists information on every Super Sentai member. He opens it to find Tsubasa Ozu, a.k.a. Magi Yellow from "Mahou Sentai Magiranger".
Eiji tries to talk to Tsubasa during his boxing match, but ends up getting ejected from the side of the ring since he was interfering with his match. Next, Tetsu, a.k.a. Deka Break from "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger", is undercover trying to negotiate with Alienizers when Eiji interrupts. Eiji tries to acknowledge Tetsu's background as Deka Break, but Tetsu beats him up and sends him out the window to maintain his cover. Elsewhere, at the Duel Bond site, Chronos shows a time device, a reverse flowing hourglass, to Gajya, which when augmented to a Goodomu Engine enable him to revive one of the Three Sorcerers, past Super Sentai villains whose magic caused the greatest harm to the Earth. Chronos would set another up at the Matrix ruins with Gajya remaining to welcome the second Sorcerer while Chronos installed the final device at the countryside. In Chronos' time prison, the Boukengers find out they were blocked of their technology and they meet up with Hikaru, a.k.a. Magi Shine, also from Mahou Sentai Magiranger.
Eiji then receives a call through his GoGo Changer from Asuka, a.k.a. Abare Black from "Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger", all the way from Dino Earth while taking care of his daughter. He tells Eiji that Aka Red contacted him, but the connection to Earth is weak since the power of the dimension door is weak as well. Even contacting him was hard through the GoGo Changer. He loses connection to Eiji after a few minutes. While Chronos set up his time devices, Hikaru talks to the Boukengers about Chronos and the Boukengers are introduced to Smokey, although at first mistaking him as precious. Eiji then tries to meet Nanami Nono, a.k.a. Hurricane Blue from "Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger", before her rehearsal, but is blocked by security and many fans. In a desperate attempt to catch Nanami's attention, Eiji shouts out "Hurricane Blue," which Nanami is surprised by.
Chronos was then successful in summoning Meemy, from Mahou Sentai Magiranger, who meets up with Chronos. In frustration, Eiji throws out the Super Sentai Address Book and decides to battle Meemy and Chronos on his own. After Eiji is overpowered, he was rescued by Hurricane Blue, Abare Black, Deka Break and Magi Yellow. However, the various Super Sentai warriors repeatedly get in each other's way and Meemy and Chronos were able to escape. In the time prison, Satoru reveals that he has Zubaan with him. TsueTsue from "Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger" was then revived and welcomed by Gajya.
At SGS, Eiji receives a message from Satoru concerning Chronos. The Super Sentai warriors then promised to help Eiji rescue the rest of the Boukengers and meet Aka Red while the time prison holding the Boukengers and Hikaru is slowly disappearing. Chronos and the other villains found the last hourglass tipped over, with the final Sorcerer missing, when they were attacked by the Super Sentai warriors. As the time prison started to disintegrate, Sakura analyzed and concluded that the clock with root-like designs in the wall was the key to their escape. The Boukengers and Hikaru then utilize the Magi Lamp Buster's Smoky Shining Attack, accompanied by Zubaan, on the clock in the wall. Although this does not damage the clock at all, it causes another root-like clock in the real world to appear. Aka Red orders the other warriors to destroy the clock while he takes care of the villains, transforming into Magi Red and Gao Red respectively, and frightening both Meemy and TsueTsue in the process; for both respective villains, Magi Red and Gao Red were their worst enemies. As Aka Red fights off the villains, the others succeed in freeing the Boukengers and Magi Shine from the alternate dimension.
The Super Sentai warriors and the villains face off, with the Sentai warriors getting the upper hand until Furabiijo from Ninpuu Sentai Hurricanger interferes after "taking a walk". But with all three Sorcerers present and accounted, Chronos fuses them all into the Staff of the Three Philosophers, his intended goal from the start. With the power of the staff, Chronos enabled himself to grow to gigantic proportions with new golden armor. The Boukengers countered with Ultimate DaiBouken and SirenBuilder, but Chronos proved too powerful for both the mecha and were defeated. In a last-ditch effort, the Boukengers summoned DaiVoyager, which was almost defeated by Chronos as well. Aka Red, sensing the danger, came back into the action, becoming a vessel to power up DaiVoyager using the Spirits given by the remaining Super Sentai warriors, enabling DaiVoyager to access its Burning Legend form. Burning Legend DaiVoyager went on to defeat Chronos with the special attack, 30 Super Sentai Soul (an energy attack powered by the Super Sentai warriors of the past), and sent the released sorcerers back into the afterlife. After their victory, the Boukengers and the other Super Sentai warriors return to the SGS headquarters, and then parted ways. The Boukengers, however, would not have time to relax, as they receive another call from Mr. Voice concerning another Negative Syndicate on the move. The movie ends with Aka Red watching over the Earth in outer space, going into a deep sleep until he is needed again.
Characters.
New.
Aka Red.
 is the Spirit of the Super Sentai's Red Warriors. He has all of the powers of all of the Red Warriors, except Bouken Red. He leads the veteran Super Sentai warriors in the fight against Time Demon Chronos and his associates. Using his power of , he transforms into two of the past 30 warriors, "Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger"s Gao Red and "Mahou Sentai Magiranger"s Magi Red, the latter of which is Tsubasa's younger brother and Hikaru's brother-in-law. This power even recreates the henshin initiation gestures, the henshin sequence, roll call, and signature weapons and attacks. He also uses weapons from "Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger"s Aba Red, "Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger"s Hurricane Red, and "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger"s Deka Red. During his roll call, he quickly transforms into the aforementioned Red warriors in chronological order (from Gao Red to Magi Red). Design-wise, he is based on the first Red Warrior, "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger"s Akarenger and the thickness of his spandex recalls the cloth suits used from "Gorenger" to "Dai Sentai Goggle-V". The logo of the 30th Anniversary is on his left chest, while his belt buckle is made of the Roman numeral for the number 30 (XXX). He also possesses a fire motif, the common element of most Red Warriors, such as "Gosei Sentai Dairanger"s Ryu Ranger, "Seijuu Sentai Gingaman"s Ginga Red, Gao Red, Deka Red, Magi Red, and even Bouken Red himself. Before battle, he recites "One who inherits the souls of the red warriors! Aka Red!"
Aka Red is voiced by Tohru Furuya.
Chronos.
 is the V-Cinema's main antagonist. As his name suggests, he has the ability to control time, using a reverse flowing hourglass to revive past Super Sentai villains. He also imprisoned the Boukenger and Magi Shine in a time prison filled with cogs. Although he seems to fit into the theme of the enemies from "Mahou Sentai Magiranger", he's fittingly based on "Mirai Sentai Timeranger"s Providus.
Chronos is voiced by Bunkō Ogata.
Past Super Sentai.
Nanami Nono.
 has a career as a singer nowadays. Eiji finds her before her concert. To power up DaiVoyager, she gives Aka Red the Spirit of Friendship.
Nao Nagasawa reprises her role as Nanami Nono from "Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger".
Asuka.
 is now lives in Dino Earth, where he is into his third year of marriage and family life. He calls Eiji through the Dino Commander while simultaneously doing laundry and minding his newest child. Instead of wearing his armor like he did when he briefly returned to Another Earth in "Dekaranger vs. Abaranger", he wears his Dino House jacket. To power up DaiVoyager, he gives Aka Red the Spirit of Passion.
Kaoru Abe reprises his role as Asuka from "Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger".
Tekkan Aira.
, nicknamed , is still a member of the SPD Earth Branch, working undercover when Eiji first met him but was forced to throw Eiji out to prevent his cover from being blown, but later apologizes for it. To power up DaiVoyager, he gives Aka Red the Spirit of Justice.
Tomokazu Yoshida reprises his role as Tekkan Aira from "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger".
Tsubasa Ozu.
 is now a professional boxer, fighting for the bantamweight championship when Eiji found him. To power up DaiVoyager, he gives Aka Red the Spirit of Courage.
Hiroya Matsumoto reprises his role as Tsubasa Ozu from "Mahou Sentai Magiranger".
Hikaru.
 is married to Tsubasa's sister, Urara, and is imprisoned with the Boukenger. To power up DaiVoyager, he gave Aka Red the Spirit of Love. No mention is made of his marriage into the Ozu family, as Tsubasa's brother-in-law.
Yousuke Ichikawa reprises his role as Hikaru from "Mahou Sentai Magiranger".
See also.


Woodlawn Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)

Woodlawn Cemetery is a historic cemetery in the Benning Ridge neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in the United States. The cemetery contains approximately 36,000 burials, nearly all of them African Americans. The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 1996.
History.
The District of Columbia was established in 1791, and for the first 160 years of its existence nearly all cemeteries in the city were segregated by race. Many cemeteries refused to bury African Americans, while others separated whites from "colored people" (African Americans, Native Americans, and Asians). By the 1880s, most of the city's African American population lived in the eastern part of the Federal City and Washington County and east of the Anacostia River. Just two cemeteries met the needs of the city's black populace: Graceland Cemetery (what is now Hechninger Mall at the corner of Maryland Avenue NE and Bladensburg Road NE) and Payne's Cemetery (now the site of Fletcher-Johnson Elementary School and the Fletcher-Johnson Recreation Center).
Woodlawn Cemetery was founded because of a crisis among the black burying grounds. Graceland Cemetery, founded in 1871 on the edge of the Federal City, was rapidly engulfed by residential development. By the early 1890s, the decomposition of bodies in the partially filled cemetery was polluting the nearby water supply and creating a health hazard. The Commissioners of the District of Columbia (the city's government) pressed for the closure of Graceland to accommodate the need for housing. With Graceland on the verge of closing, a number of white citizens decided that a new burial ground, much farther from any development, was needed. Woodlawn's incorporators consisted of five white men: Jesse E. Ergood, president; Charles C. Van Horn, secretary-treasurer; and directors Seymour W. Tullock, William Tindall, and Odell S. Smith. They formed the Woodlawn Cemetery Association, and were incorporated on January 8, 1895. A plot of land adjacent to Payne's Cemetery was purchased, a portion of which was the site of the American Civil War's Fort Chaplin. Burial plots were quickly laid out, and Woodlawn Cemetery opened on May 13, 1895.
Between May 14, 1895, and October 7, 1898, nearly 6,000 sets of remains were transferred from Graceland Cemetery to several mass graves at Woodlawn Cemetery. Over the years, the closure of smaller churchyard cemeteries in the Federal City as well as some large burying grounds resulted in more mass graves. The last major transfer occurred from 1939 to 1940, when 139 full and partial sets of remains were relocated to Woodlawn. In all a dozen mass graves eventually came to exist at Woodlawn Cemetery.
Closure, reopening, and current status.
Woodlawn Cemetery remained the preeminent cemetery for the city's African Americans into the 1950s. Nonetheless, records at the site were badly kept, and bodies were often buried in the incorrect plots. Woodlawn was an integrated cemetery, in that it accepted burials of both whites and blacks. Internally, however, it was segregated, with Caucasians being buried in a whites-only section.
As the cemetery filled and space for burial became available in desegregated cemeteries, income from the sale of burial plots dropped significantly. White burials at Woodlawn, once a significant source of income, plummeted after 1912. Lacking a perpetual care trust, the cemetery fell into disrepair. The last burial was made there about 1969, with the total number of dead at the cemetery about 36,000. The Woodlawn Cemetery Association passed into the control of local resident Louis H. Bell and his son Richard Bell in 1961. They planned to restore the cemetery by advertising its historic nature and importance to the African American community, and generate income for the restoration. But they discovered that empty sections of the cemetery contained burials. Lacking the funds to fully explore the cemetery and determine which spaces remained free, the Bells abandoned their restoration efforts and the cemetery fell further into disrepair.
In 1967, angry lotholders and their heirs decided to seize control of Woodlawn Cemetery. The group was led by lotholder Willard Wimp; his son-in-law, attorney Emanuel Lipscomb; lotholder Bruce O. Hawkins; and attorney Harry B. Thornton. They incorporated the Woodlawn Cemetery Perpetual Care Association (WCPCA), and sued the Bells. After a five-year legal battle, during which the cemetery association was declared bankrupt and the cemetery ruled to be abandoned, Louis Bell agreed to turn Woodlawn over to the WCPCA in 1972.
With little funds and relying primarily on volunteer help, the WCPCA worked for two decades to restore Woodlawn Cemetery. Reclamation went slowly. When the Washington Metro began laying the route for the Blue Line in the early 1970s, the WCPCA offered to sell the western half of the cemetery to Metro to accommodate the Benning Road station. But Metro declined the offer. Woodlawn reopened for burials in 1975, but by 1987 the cemetery was still decrepit. The WCPCA only raised enough money to pay for a twice-a-year grass and weed cutting. In 1981, the association approved a plan to improve Woodlawn by having more than of fill dirt delivered to the cemetery. The goal was to use the earth to fill sunken graves and make it easier to maintain the grounds. Lacking funds for labor and equipment, however, a backhoe was used to move the fill dirt. This left a number of headstones buried under as much as of earth, and many others were damaged. The WCPCA acknowledged the situation was unfortunate, but made no plans to uncover the now-buried headstones. Financial problems at Woodlawn continued into the late 1980s. "The Washington Post" declared the cemetery so choked with weeds in 1987 that it was impassable.
The WCPCA established a five-year fundraising plan in 1987 to put the cemetery on a more even financial footing. Some financial assistance came in the form of a small annual grant from National Harmony Memorial Park, a predominantly African American cemetery in Landover, Maryland. The cemetery received a major boost when Congress appropriated $300,000 in 2000 to help the WCPCA clean up the burying ground. The grant allowed the WCPCA to lease (for $30,000) a ground penetrating radar (GPR) system. Tyrone F. General, president of the WCPCA, was trained for two years in the operation of the GPR system. Beginning in 2009, the WCPCA began scanning the entire cemetery to accurately determine the location of graves—a process that was estimated to take three years.
According to the Internal Revenue Service, the WCPCA's 501(c)(3) charitable status was revoked on May 15, 2013 and reinstated the same day.
In April 2016, a crew of 180 plus volunteers, organized by the U.S.Coast Guard Liaison to Washington D.C, dedicated hours to clearing brush and other debris as part of an effort to restore historically important veteran's cemeteries in the region.
In popular culture.
"Woodlawn", a play about the cemetery, was produced by the Young Playwrights' Theater in 2011.
Notable interments.
There are many nationally and locally prominent African Americans buried at Woodlawn Cemetery. Among these are eight people for whom local public schools are named.
Richard H. Cain, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina's at-large congressional seat in 1873 was initially buried at Graceland Cemetery in 1887. He may have been moved to Woodlawn Cemetery in 1895, but if so then his grave is unmarked. John Willis Menard of Louisiana, the first African American ever elected to Congress, was also buried at Graceland and later moved to Woodlawn. His grave, however, is marked.
Other notable burials include:


Alice Blunden

Alice Blunden (died 1674), of Basingstoke, was the subject of a notorious early modern account of premature burial.
Marriage.
Alice Davies, the daughter of John Davies, married William Blunden of Basingstoke on 3 November 1656. The Blundens were a well-established local family who make regular appearances in the municipal records from the 16th century onwards.
In 1671 the couple were plaintiffs in litigation brought in relation to property in Basingstoke but Mrs Blunden’s notability rests entirely upon the circumstances of her death.
Death.
A brief account was published in 1748, but the only detailed description appears in a tract which can be dated from internal evidence to the year 1675. The tract is quoted in its entirety in Baigent and Millard’s "History of Basingstoke".
According to this urtext, William Blunden was a maltster and his wife was “a fat, gross woman”, who “had accustomed herself many times to drink brandy”. One evening she imbibed a large quantity of poppy-water and fell into a deep sleep from which she could not be wakened. An apothecary was consulted and it was concluded that Alice had died. William had urgent business in London and left instructions that her funeral should be deferred until his return. However, Alice’s relations considered that “the season of the year being hot, and the corpse fat, it would be impossible to keep her”, and she was accordingly buried without further delay. A few days later, boys who had been playing nearby reported hearing a voice from the grave. They were initially disbelieved but the voice was heard by others and the grave was opened. The body was found to be “most lamentably beaten”, which was thought to be the result of injuries inflicted by Alice on herself in her confinement. Being unable to detect any continuing signs of life, those present at the scene lowered Alice back into the grave overnight, with a view to summoning the coroner the next day. On their return, “they found she had torn off great part of her winding sheet, scratched herself first in several places, and beaten her mouth so long till it was all in gore blood.” She was at least definitely dead. The coroner found that her life had been thrown away and bound over several persons to appear at the Lent Assizes of 1675. Ultimately, no individuals were convicted but “the Town had a considerable fine set upon them for their neglect”.
A critical view of the accuracy of this narrative (and also of other accounts of premature burial) is taken by Professor Jan Bondeson in "Buried Alive: the terrifying history of our most primal fear". The parish register merely records: "Mr. William Blunden's wife buried July 15th, 1674".
Posterity.
William died on 13 March 1701. He and Alice had had two children, William and Elizabeth. The younger William’s daughter and heiress, also Elizabeth, married Sir Charles Gounter Nicoll; their only child, Frances, married William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth.


Tower Millennium Pier

Tower Millennium Pier is a pier on the River Thames, in Tower Hill, London, UK. It is operated by London River Services and served by various river transport and cruise operators. The pier is close to Tower Bridge and is situated immediately adjacent to the southwest corner of the Tower of London.
Services.
The pier is used by the river bus route RB1 from Embankment to Woolwich (operated by MBNA Thames Clippers) and Westminster-Greenwich tourist boats (operated by City Cruises). Private-charter entertainment boats also use Tower Pier.
History.
Tower Millennium Pier was opened on 14 July by London Mayor Ken Livingstone. Its creation was funded by the Millennium Commission as part of the Thames 2000 project, and was one of five new piers provided by the Commission on the Thames (the others being Blackfriars Millennium Pier, London Eye Pier, Westminster Millennium Pier and Millbank Millennium Pier).
The pier has at its upstream end a small cruise terminal facility which is used for processing passengers and baggage transferred by boat from cruise ships berthed alongside HMS "Belfast". The Tower Pier project was part of an integrated transport and regeneration strategy for the Thames led by London's Cross River Partnership.
Lifeboat pier move.
In 2002 the RNLI's Thames lifeboat service was introduced to the River Thames following the Marchioness disaster, and Tower Pier was initially used as a base for the lifeboat service. In 2006 the RNLI station moved up-river to a new base, the former Waterloo Police Pier on Victoria Embankment next to Waterloo Bridge, which took the name Tower Lifeboat Station.


Illinois Route 29

Illinois Route 29 (IL 29) is a two to four lane state road that runs south from U.S. Route 6/Illinois Route 89 at Spring Valley to U.S. Route 51/Illinois Route 16 at Pana, running through Pekin, Peoria and Springfield. The nearest major north–south highway, Interstate 39, runs parallel to Illinois 29, but approximately fifty miles to the east. Illinois 29 is long.
Route description.
Illinois 29 runs near the right bank (going down stream) which is (north and west) of the Illinois River from Spring Valley to Peoria. Starting at U.S. 6/Illinois 89 at the north edge of Spring Valley, the road passes through the small towns of Putnam and Henry, intersecting Illinois Route 18 at Henry. In Sparland, Illinois 29 intersects Illinois Route 17. It then runs beneath the bluff at Hopewell before becoming 4th Street, the main north–south artery through Chillicothe.
From the north end of Illinois Route 6 at Mossville south through Peoria and Peoria Heights, Route 29 is named Galena Road until it crosses U.S. Route 150 at the McClugage Bridge; from there the road is named Adams Street. In downtown Peoria, 29 splits from Adams Street onto Interstate 74 on the Murray Baker Bridge, where it crosses the Illinois River to East Peoria.
In East Peoria, Route 29 splits from Interstate 74 and proceeds south, entering Creve Coeur on Main Street and providing an interchange with Interstate 474. It enters Pekin as 8th Street and forks off as 5th Street before a short concurrency with Illinois Route 9 near the Pekin Bridge. Splitting onto 2nd Street (southbound) and 3rd Street (northbound) before crossing the bridge, Route 29 exits Pekin as 2nd Street, passing the Federal Correctional Institution, Pekin, and from there goes substantially directly south through Mason City to Springfield.
Route 29 enters Springfield at the Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport, and runs around the north and east sides of the city. After leaving Springfield at an interchange with Interstate 55/Interstate 72/U.S. Route 36, Route 29 runs southeast through Taylorville, passing the end of Illinois Route 104 and crossing Illinois Route 48, then ending at U.S. Route 51/Illinois Route 16 in Pana.
History.
Route 29 was established in 1918, and ran from DePue to Peoria. It was extended twice over Illinois Route 24 in 1936 and 1940, and in 1942 replaced an old alignment of U.S. Route 6 from Bureau Junction to Spring Valley.
The routing of Route 29 through Peoria was changed in 2012. That same year, U.S. Route 24 was rerouted over the river along a more southwestern alignment. 29 was relocated from the Cedar Street Bridge to the Murray Baker Bridge, which carries Interstate 74.


Czech Requiem

České requiem: Smrt a spasení ("Czech Requiem: Death and Redemption," Op.24) is a 1940 choral cantata for soprano, alto, baritone, chorus and orchestra by Ladislav Vycpálek. It follows on from his earlier choral-cantatas "Kantáta o posledních věcech člověka" (""Cantata of the Last Things of Man" 1921) and "Blahoslavený ten člověk" ("Blessed Be The Man," 1933).


United States Armed Forces Bicentennial Band

The United States Armed Forces Bicentennial Band was a music ensemble composed of members of all branches of the United States military and some musicians selected from music schools across the country. The band toured the United States, Canada, and Mexico to celebrate the United States Bicentennial. The program was sponsored by the Department of Defense and headquartered at the army base in Fort Meade, Maryland.
Under the direction of Hal J. Gibson, the 67-piece band and an accompanying 24-voice mixed chorus performed a variety of selections representing different genres, generations, and regions. The band premiered at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on March 24, 1975. The band was dissolved in late 1976.
In addition to touring, the band was recorded for Volume 25 of the Heritage of the March LP series.


Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security

Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security is a memorial and military cemetery in Erzincan Province, Turkey dedicated to 1887 Turkish troops under the Third Army killed by PKK militias in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present). Names of all 1887 KIA's are known and written on walls of the monument.


List of people beatified by Pope Pius X

This is a list for the individuals that Pope Pius X (r. 1903–14) beatified throughout his pontificate; the pope beatified 131 in total.


Drususstein

The Drususstein (Drusus stone) is a nearly 20 metres high masonry block of Roman origin on the grounds of the citadel of Mainz, Germany. It was originally cased in marble. Researchers now largely accept that this is the structural remnant of the cenotaph mentioned by writers like Eutropius and Suetonius, erected in 9 BC by Roman troops in honour of the deceased general Drusus, in Mogontiacum (now Mainz) as part of the Roman funerary art.
During the early days of the Principate the Drususstein was the starting point for elaborate memorial services in honour of Drusus, and the centre of the imperial cult in Mogontiacum. A procession road linked it to the public theater of Mogontiacum, which contained approximately 12,000 seats, making it the largest known theater north of the Alps. It may have hosted a part of the annual ceremonies at the day of Drusus' death, and probably also at his birthday.
After being robbed of its marble casing in the early Middle Ages, the Drususstein served as a watchtower in the fortifications of the city in the 16th century. For that purpose a staircase and doorframe were made in the structure, which had been up to that point a massive building. Besides the pillars of aqueducts and the stage of the theatre, the Drususstein is one of the few remaining visible reminders of Roman Mogontiacum. Together with the Igel Column, it is the only funerary monument north of the Alps dating from antiquity that remains in its original location.
Historical background.
The Roman general Drusus, stepson of Augustus, founded the legionary camp of Mogontiacum opposite the mouth of the Main, no later than 13/12 BC. It was intended to serve as a strategic starting point for the conquest of Magna Germania. During the campaign in 9 BC Drusus died. His brother Tiberius and the Roman army returned his body back to Mogontiacum. Before the transfer of the body to Rome, the soldiers honoured their popular commander with a memorial ceremony. During this time the apparently spontaneous wish arose among the soldiers to erect a monument to permanently honour Drusus in Mogontiacum. Appropriate construction activities were probably already ongoing in the immediate vicinity of the legionary camp, as Augustus approved the project retroactively. As a special tribute to Drusus, Augustus himself wrote a grave inscription ("Elogium") which was attached to the cenotaph. With this the building was completed, of which the remains are now known as the Drususstein.
Fictional references.
The ceremonies at the Drususstein feature as a major plot element in volume 2 of the novel series "Romanike".


Woodland Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)

Woodland Cemetery is a historically African American cemetery located in Northeast Richmond, Virginia. It is the second largest African American cemetery in the area, surpassed only by Evergreen Cemetery. The Cemetery was founded by "Richmond Planet" editor John Mitchell, Jr. who designed the layout of the cemetery himself. The cemetery is designed in the rural cemetery style and incorporates winding roads on terraced slopes. The layout was inspired by the design of Hollywood Cemetery, designed by John Notman in 1847.
Until about 1970, private cemeteries like Woodland and Evergreen Cemeteries were the only cemeteries open to African Americans for burial in the city of Richmond. The city owned cemeteries remained segregated until over a century after slaves became free in America. As far back as the early 1900s Woodland Cemetery was known as a prestigious place of interment for African Americans. Buried here are many of Richmond's Black elite, including leaders in the Civil Rights Movement, doctors, dentists, bank officers, a female African American spy for the Union and church leaders.
Although there were periods as recently as the 1990s where the Cemetery saw serious neglect including overgrowth and dumping, the cemetery is currently maintained by a small group of individuals led by Isaiah Entizminger.
See also.
Evergreen Cemetery - African American cemetery in Richmond


Memorials to Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States from 1861 to 1865, has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, Along with George Washington, he is an iconic image of American democracy and American nationalism.
Changing image.
Barry Schwartz, a sociologist who has examined America's cultural memory, states that in the 1930s and 1940s, the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the Great Depression, he says, Lincoln served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful." Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for World War II, used the words of the American Civil War-era president to clarify the threat posed by Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. Americans asked, "What would Lincoln do?" However, he also finds that since World War II, Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness." He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept.
While Lincoln remains in the very top tier of the historical rankings of presidents of the United States, all of the presidents have slipped in historical prestige in the public's mind. Schwartz said that the reason is what he calls the "acids of equality": as the culture of the United States became more diverse, egalitarian, and multicultural, it also suffered a "deterioration and coarsening of traditional symbols and practices."
Lincoln sites remain popular tourist attractions, but crowds have thinned. In the late 1960s, 650,000 people a year visited the Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Illinois, slipping to 393,000 in 2000–2003. Likewise visits to Lincoln's New Salem fell by half, probably because of the enormous draw of the new museum in Springfield. Visits to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. peaked at 4.3 million in 1987 and have since declined. However crowds at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. have grown sharply.
Organizations.
The oldest continuously-operating association in the United States honoring Lincoln is the Lincoln Association of Jersey City in Jersey City, New Jersey, which was formed in 1865 shortly after Lincoln's assassination. The association has held a banquet in Jersey City every year on Lincoln's birthday, February 12. The association has been addressed by a number of people of national importance, including political figures, military veterans, educators and civil rights leaders. The association celebrated its 150th anniversary on February 12, 2015, which included the laying of a wreath at the entrance to Jersey City's Lincoln Park. The association's annual dinner featured speaker Todd Brewster, author of "Lincoln's Gamble", about the struggle to create the Emancipation Proclamation.
Memorials.
The memorials include the name of the capital of Nebraska (1867). The first public monument to Abraham Lincoln, after his death, was a statue erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after his assassination.
In 1876, on the anniversary of his death, a memorial, paid for by emancipated citizens to honor the Great Emancipator, the Freedmen's Memorial was dedicated in Lincoln Park, Washington DC. Present for the dedication was President Grant, cabinet members, representatives of both the Supreme Court and Congress, and the dedication speech was given by Frederick Douglass.
The first national memorial to Abraham Lincoln was the historic Lincoln Highway, the first road for the automobile across the United States of America, which was dedicated in 1913, predating the 1921 dedication of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. by nine years.
Lincoln's name and image appear in numerous other places, such as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. and Lincoln's sculpture on Mount Rushmore, Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial in Lincoln City, Indiana, Lincoln's New Salem, Illinois, and Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Illinois commemorate the president. The Lincoln Memorial at Louisville Waterfront Park features a double-life-size sculpture of a seated, hatless Lincoln surrounded by narrative bas relief sculptures by Edward Hamilton which depict the history of slavery as witnessed by Lincoln in the slave markets of Kentucky.
Ford's Theatre and Petersen House (where he died) are maintained as museums, as is the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, located in Springfield. The Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois, contains his remains and those of his wife Mary and three of his four sons, Edward, William, and Thomas. Springfield's airport is named for him, the Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport.
There was also the Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln exhibit in Disneyland, and the Hall of Presidents exhibit at Walt Disney World, which was based on Walt Disney admiring Lincoln ever since he was a little boy.
Lincoln Memorial University located in Harrogate, Tennessee near the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park was established in 1897 as a living memorial to President Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Library and Museum located on campus, houses a large collection of memorabilia relating to the school's namesake.
Desecration.
On the night of November 7, 1876, a group of counterfeiters entered Lincoln's tomb with the intent of absconding with his mortal remains and holding them for ransom in order to secure the release of their leader, Benjamin Boyd, an imprisoned engraver of counterfeit currency plates. The group entered his tomb, but had only succeeded in partially dislodging its marble lid before a US Secret Service agent who had infiltrated their number alerted law enforcement authorities. Although several escaped, most served a one-year prison term. For much of the next decade (c. 1876 – 1887), Lincoln's tomb was mobile, to avoid further unwanted disinterment.
Statue burning.
On August 16, 2017, a bust of Abraham Lincoln in a park in West Englewood, Chicago was spray-painted black and later covered in tar and set on fire.
Stamps, currency and coins.
Within a year of this death, Lincoln's image began to be disseminated throughout the world on stamps. Pictured on many United States postage stamps, Lincoln is the only U.S. President to appear on a .
To date, more than 50 nations around the world have issued postage bearing his image.
Lincoln was one of five people to be depicted on United States paper currency (federal issue) during their lifetime (along with Salmon P. Chase, Francis E. Spinner, Spencer M. Clark, and Winfield Scott). He has been featured on several denominations ($1, $5, $10, $20, $100, and $500) across different issues (e.g., Demand Notes, Legal Tender, Gold Certificates, Silver Certificates, etc.) since the first federally issued U.S. Bank Note in 1861. In addition to the modern United States five-dollar bill, currency honoring the president includes the Lincoln cent, which represents the first regularly circulating U.S. coin to feature an actual person's image.
Lincoln's image on the five-dollar bill was used by Salvador Dalí to help commemorate the U.S. Bicentennial with his creation of "Gala looking at the Mediterranean Sea which at a distance of 20 meters is transformed into the portrait of Abraham Lincoln (Homage to Rothko)" and Lincoln in Dalivision, the earlier of which was displayed at The Guggenheim in New York during the 1976 Bicentennial.
International.
The first statue of Lincoln outside the United States was erected in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1893. The work of George Edwin Bissell, it stands on a memorial to Scots immigrants who enlisted with the Union during the Civil War, the only memorial to the war erected outside the United States. A second statue by George Grey Barnard was erected in Manchester, England in 1919. Nowadays situated in Lincoln Square west of Manchester Town Hall, the statue commemorates the impact the American Civil War had on the cotton cloth-producing region of Manchester and Lancashire. A large statue of Lincoln standing by Saint Gaudens was unveiled near Westminster Abbey in London, on July 28, 1920, in an elaborate ceremony. The principal addresses were delivered in Central Hall, Westminster. In 1964, United States President Lyndon Johnson presented a Saint Gaudens to the people of Mexico, which is displayed in Mexico City's Parque Lincoln.
Birthday.
Abraham Lincoln's birthday, February 12, was never a national holiday, but it was at one time observed by as many as 30 states. In 1971, Presidents Day became a national holiday, combining Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays and replacing most states' celebration of his birthday. The Abraham Lincoln Association was formed in 1908 to commemorate the centennial of Lincoln's birth. In 2000, Congress established the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission to commemorate his 200th birthday in February 2009.


William Arthur Steel

William Arthur Steel (November 3, 1890 – November 28, 1968) was a Canadian Army officer during World War I and a radio pioneer.
Steel was born in 1890 in Castleton, Ontario and graduated from electrical engineering from the University of Toronto in 1915
Military career.
After graduation he joined the Canadian Army ((Permanent Active Militia) in World War I in France as a wireless officer. Post war he became Chief Wireless Officer with the Canadian Army Signals Corps and was in charge of the National Research Council's radio laboratory in the early 1930s.
Later years.
Steel retired as Lieutenant Colonel in 1936, and later served as a Commissioner with the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission, which became the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. He was involved with William Duncan Herridge in the New Democracy, a party that advocated social credit in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Steel helped create radio network in the Northwest Territories and radio for civil aviation in Canada.
Steel later worked as a consultant and involved in the DEW Line until his death.
Death.
He died in Ottawa, Ontario, in 1968 and buried at Beechwood Cemetery.


Lincoln Park

Lincoln Park is a park situated along Lake Michigan on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. Named after US President Abraham Lincoln, it is the city's largest public park and stretches for seven miles (11 km) from Grand Avenue (500 N) on the south to near Ardmore Avenue (5800 N) on the north, just north of the Lake Shore Drive terminus at Hollywood Avenue. Several museums and a zoo are located between North Avenue (1600 N) and Diversey Parkway (2800 N) in the eponymous neighborhood. Further to the north, the park is characterized by parkland, beaches, recreational areas, nature reserves, and harbors. To the south, there is a more narrow strip of beaches east of Lake Shore Drive, almost to downtown. With 20 million visitors per year, Lincoln Park is the second-most-visited city park in the United States, behind Central Park.
The park's recreational facilities include baseball/softball fields, basketball courts, beach volleyball courts, cricket pitches, football/soccer fields, a golf course, lacrosse fields, rugby pitches, tennis courts, volleyball courts, field houses, a target archery field, a skate park, and a driving range.
The park also features several harbors with boating facilities, as well as public beaches for swimming. There are landscaped gardens, public art, bird refuges, a zoo, the Lincoln Park Conservatory, the Chicago History Museum, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool, and a theater on the lake with regular outdoor performances held during the summer.
History.
In 1860, Lake Park (earlier, Cemetery Park), the precursor of today's park, was established by the city on the lands just to the north of the city's burial ground. Five years later, on June 12, 1865, the park was renamed to honor the recently assassinated President Abraham Lincoln.
Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, part of the oldest section of today's Lincoln Park near North Avenue began its existence as the City Cemetery in 1843. This was subdivided into a Potter's Field, Catholic cemetery, Jewish cemetery, and the general City Cemetery. These cemeteries were the only cemeteries in the Chicago area until 1859. In 1852, David Kennison, who is said to have been born in 1736, died and was buried in City Cemetery. Another notable burial in the cemetery was Chicago Mayor James Curtiss, whose body was lost when the cemetery was added to the park.
Throughout the late 1850s, there was discussion of closing the cemetery or abandoning it because of health concerns. In fall 1858, Dr. John H. Rauch MD suggested that the burial grounds were a health risk, which "might serve extremely well for plantations of grove and forest trees" that would be "useful and ornamental to the city." The idea was dropped during the Civil War, but revived by Dr. Rauch after the war ended. By 1864, the city council had decided to add all the cemetery lands north of North Avenue to the park by relocating the graves. The cemetery sections south of North Avenue were also relocated but this land was left for residential development. To this day, the Couch mausoleum can still be seen as the most visible reminder of the history as a cemetery, standing amidst trees, behind the Chicago History Museum. Ira Couch, who is interred in the tomb, was one of Chicago's earliest innkeepers, opening the Tremont House in 1835. Couch is believed to not be the only person interred in the old burial ground in Lincoln Park. A plaque placed nearby states that "the remains of six Couch family members and one family friend are in the tomb." Partially due to the destruction of the Chicago Fire of burial markers, it was difficult to remove many of the remains. As recently as 1998, construction in the park has revealed more bodies left over from the nineteenth century.
Another large and notable group of graves relocated from the site of today's Lincoln Park were those of approximately 4,000 Confederate prisoners of war who died at Camp Douglas. Many prisoners perished between 1862 and 1865 as a result of the poor condition they were in when taken on the battlefield, or of disease and privation existing at the Federal prison. Although the camp was located south of downtown Chicago, near the stockyards, the remains were originally interred at the site of today's Lincoln Park. Today, their gravesites may be found at Oak Woods Cemetery in the southern part of Chicago. A one-acre (4,000 m²) mass grave and a monument erected by Southerners and Chicago friends in 1895 memorializes these Southerners whose earthly remnants remain in the North. Author George Levy believes that remains of many of the Confederate prisoners are still to be found beneath what are currently baseball fields, the former site of the potter's field. An estimated 35,000 people total were buried in the park.
From the 1860s through the 1950s the park expanded south and then north along seven miles (11 km) of Chicago's Lakefront. (See reference notes 1, 2 and 3). The establishment of public parkland along all of Chicago's Lakefront was a central tenet of the 1909 Burnham Plan for the development of Chicago. From 1912 until 1991, the park contained the Lincoln Park Gun Club.
Another aspect of park history were the Young Lords Lincoln Park neighborhood sit ins and take-overs of institutions under the leadership of Jose Cha Cha Jimenez, protesting the displacement of Latinos by Mayor Richard J. Daley's urban renewal policies.
It was also the scene of violent events that took place during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. These events transpired around the convention center, Grant Park, Old Town, and the park.
Zoo, conservatory and museums.
Zoo.
Lincoln Park is well known for the Lincoln Park Zoo, a free zoo that is open year-round. Lincoln Park Zoo is home to a wide variety of animals. It includes big cats, penguins, gorillas, reptiles, monkeys, and other species totaling to nearly 1,250 animals. Two sections of Lincoln Park Zoo have been set aside for children. The partially indoor Pritzker Family Children's Zoo includes habitats of various North American wildlife. The Farm-in-the-Zoo is a working reproduction of a Midwestern farm containing horses and livestock such as pigs, cows, and sheep. At the Farm-in-the-Zoo, children can feed and interact with the animals and view live demonstrations of farm work such as the milking of cows. In 2010, the Zoo transformed the South Pond, to create a wildlife marsh habitat, with a "Nature Boardwalk."
Conservatory.
The Lincoln Park Conservatory offers year-round displays of plants from many different climates around the world. Today's conservatory was built in stages from 1890 to 1895. It consists of a vestibule, four display halls and fifteen propagating and growing houses. The vestibule and Palm House were built and opened to the public in 1892 and contain giant palms and rubber trees, including a 15 m (50 ft) fiddle-leaf rubber tree planted in 1891. In the Palm House, one can also find Garden Figure, a sculpture by Frederick Hibbard. The Fern Room or Fernery was opened in 1895. It contains plants of the forest floor, primarily a vast collection of ferns. The Tropical Room was originally called the stove house. Opened in 1895, it contained an assortment of tropical plants suspended from bark-covered walls. It is now called the Orchid Room and has a collection of approximately 25,000 natural species. The Display House is used for seasonal flower and plant exhibits. A docent program run by the Chicago Park District and Lincoln Park Conservancy provides free tours of the Conservatory and its outdoor gardens from 1-4 p.m. on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays and from 9 to Noon on Saturdays.
Lily Pool.
Located on Fullerton Parkway between Stockton and Cannon Drives, the Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool is an historic example of Prairie School landscape architecture. The Lily Pool was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a National Historic Landmark on February 17, 2006. The Lily Pool had originally been built to cultivate tropical water lilies in 1889. In the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration hired landscape architect Alfred Caldwell to redesign the pool in the Prairie School style. From 1998 to 2002, the Lily Pool underwent an extensive restoration by the Lincoln Park Conservancy and the Chicago Park District, which earned the site its historic designations, and renamed the site after Alfred Caldwell. The Lily Pool is open seasonally from mid-April to mid-November from 7:30 a.m. to the earlier of dusk or 7:30 p.m. every day. A docent program run by the Chicago Park District and Lincoln Park Conservancy offers free tours from 1-4 p.m. on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays, and from 9 - Noon on Saturdays during operating season.
Nature Museum.
First established in 1857, the "Chicago Academy of Sciences" opened its most recent facility, the Nature Museum, in 1999. The Academy's previous museum building, the Matthew Laflin Memorial Building, was the Park District's first museum in the parks. The museum's exhibits include displays about the ecological history of the Illinois region, a live butterfly house, and a green home demonstration. The butterfly house features over 200 species of exotic butterflies. The museum also offers educational programs for adults and children.
History Museum.
Located at Clark Street and North Avenue, the Chicago History Museum (formerly the Chicago Historical Society) is dedicated to Chicago's human history. Perhaps among its most well-known possessions are Abraham Lincoln's deathbed and several furniture pieces from the room where he died in the Petersen House in Washington, D.C., as well as clothing he and wife Mary Todd Lincoln wore the evening of his assassination. The museum also houses Chicago's most important collection of materials related to local history from the Great Chicago Fire to the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. In addition to the exhibits, the museum continues to house an extensive research library which includes books and other published materials, manuscripts, paintings, sculptures, and photos.
Recreational areas.
Facilities.
Lincoln Park runs from north to south through five Chicago community areas: Edgewater, Uptown, Lake View, Lincoln Park, and Near North. Along its seven-mile (11 km) stretch, Lincoln Park has many specialized spaces for recreational activities. The Park contains playgrounds; basketball, beach volleyball, tennis, volleyball courts, boating facilities; beaches; swimming; field and beach houses; running and bike paths; playing fields and pitches; archery, baseball, cricket, football, lacrosse, rugby, soccer, softball; a golf course; a driving range; skate park, and areas for horseback riding. Near Montrose Point is Cricket Hill, one of few sledding hills available in Chicago parks.
Beaches.
There are seven public beaches for swimming, sunbathing, and beach volleyball along the park's 7-mile shoreline that are guarded during the summer months. The beaches from north to south are, Thorndale, Hollywood, and Foster in Edgewater; Montrose in Uptown; North Avenue in Lincoln Park; and Oak Street and Ohio in Near North. The first City of Chicago public beach, North Avenue Beach, opened in Lincoln Park in 1895.
Golf.
The Waveland Avenue Golf Course (now Sydney R. Marovitz Golf Course) in the Uptown and Lakeview, Chicago neighborhoods section of the park provides a lakeside setting for the game. () Known for its challenging narrow fairways, it offers nine tees on a par-36 course. Further south, inland of Lakeshore Drive, is a driving range and miniature golf course.
Boating.
There are three harbors in the Park providing marina and docking facilities for boaters: north to south, they are Montrose in Uptown, Lakeview's Belmont Harbor, and Diversey Harbor in the Lakeview and the Lincoln Park Neighborhoods. Montrose Harbor provides 630 dock facilities and is home to the Chicago Corinthian Yacht Club. Belmont Harbor provides 730 moorings, a fuel dock and a ship store. The Chicago Yacht Club has a Belmont station and the Belmont Yacht Club is located here. Diversey Harbor has 714 moorings and the Diversey Yacht Club provides a fueling dock. There is also a public launch at Diversey and the park also has rowing, sculling, and crewing channels.
Chicago Lakefront Trail.
The Chicago Lakefront Trail (abbreviated as LFT) is an 18-mile multi-use path in Chicago along the coast of Lake Michigan. It is popular with cyclists and joggers. It is designed to promote bicycle commuting. From north to south, it runs through Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and Jackson Park.
Wildlife.
North Pond.
The North Pond Nature Sanctuary (), located between Fullerton, Diversey, Stockton and Cannon, is a ten-acre pond that has become an important wildlife area. Historically the site was a dune, then a dumping ground, and an ornamental pond; it was converted in 1999-2000 into a natural area with a littoral zone that greatly improved the water quality by re-establishing native Midwestern ecology. The upland restoration of prairie, savanna, and woodland plants has included only top quality native species such as little bluestem, sky-blue aster, nodding wild onion, side-oats grama, butterfly weed, purple prairie clover, rough blazing star, wild quinine, prairie phlox, coneflowers, false dragonhead, northern prairie dropseed, showy goldenrod, rattlesnake master, shooting star, and wild bergamot. The North Pond Nature Sanctuary is notable as the site where Mayor Richard M. Daley and the US Fish and Wildlife Service signed an Urban Conservation Treaty for Migratory Birds in April 2004, making the city eligible for federal funds to restore habitat for the lakefront migratory pathway for birds.
Restoration with native plants has drawn a great diversity of wildlife to this urban pond including many species of birds, turtles, frogs, and even a few beavers. Great blue herons, black-crowned night herons, green herons, mallards, wood ducks, song sparrows and woodpeckers can regularly be spotted at the North Pond Nature Sanctuary.
Animal sanctuaries.
Further north in the park, in the Lake View neighborhood (3600 N), there is the Bill Jarvis Migratory Bird Sanctuary (; formerly, Lincoln Park Addison Migratory Bird Sanctuary). First landscaped and constructed with limited public access in the 1920s, under the leadership of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, its spring is supplied with city water to mimic a natural lake marsh environment, with attendant forest and meadow environments.
Most of its area is entirely fenced around to preserve the habitat from human encroachment. Instead, a nature trail and a viewing platform are at its surrounding perimeter. During the 1940s, its Park District caretakers lost funding and the site was padlocked. In 1968, the entire site was almost bulldozed for golf course development but its Lake View neighbors, including Bill Jarvis, led a successful campaign to save and restore it. Today it hosts more than 150 species of birds, including six species of herons, like the black crowned night heron; wood ducks; woodcock; hawks; yellow-billed cuckoos; hummingbirds; thrushes; vireos; 34 species of warblers; and 18 native species of sparrows. In addition, small mammals such as rabbit, opossum, raccoon, and occasionally fox and coyote make their home there.
In the Uptown neighborhood (4400 N; ), there is the Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary (including "The Magic Hedge"). During the Cold War, Montrose point, which juts out into Lake Michigan, was used by the United States Army as a Nike missile base. The Army camouflaged their missile launchers and barracks behind honeysuckle hedges. When the Army left in the 1970s, bird watchers noticed how the honeysuckle attracted birds. They successfully lobbied the park district for a new preserve. After extensive replanting, the site supports woodland, tall prairie, and lake dune habitat that annually attracts tens of thousands of migratory birds of more than 300 different species.
Public art.
Lincoln Park is known for its statuary, being referred to as "Chicago's outdoor Statuary Hall" by WBEZ. ' is a famous standing Lincoln statue in Lincoln Park by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, the same sculptor who created ' in Grant Park. Replicas of Lincoln Park's "Standing Lincoln" can be found at Lincoln's tomb, Springfield and in Parliament Square, London. The statue is located at Dearborn Street and North Avenue. It was fully restored in 1989 by the Lincoln Park Conservancy's Adopt-A-Monument Program, and 8,200 square feet of formal gardens were added in front of the monument.
The only other person immortalized by statues in both Grant and Lincoln parks is Alexander Hamilton; the statue of Hamilton was sculpted by John Angel. Just as there is an in Grant Park, there is a massive memorial to Ulysses S. Grant in Lincoln Park overlooking Cannon Drive. The sculpture was created in 1891 by Louis Rebisso.
The statue of Hans Christian Andersen by Johannes Gelert (1896) on Stockton Drive near Webster Avenue provides a tribute to the Danish storyteller. The Eugene Field Memorial (1922) designed by Edward McCartan remembers the "Chicago Daily News" columnist and poet who wrote "Little Boy Blue" and "Winken, Blinken, and Nod." William Ordway Partridge's statue of William Shakespeare (1894) provides a third great story-teller in Lincoln Park. This seated Shakespeare includes a lap for children to climb onto. A bust of Sir Georg Solti, a conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, was also situated in the Lincoln Park Conservatory's formal garden until its relocation to Grant Park in 2006. Statues honoring the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller can also be found in Lincoln Park. The large Goethe statue is located near Diversey Parkway and Stockton Drive. The smaller Schiller statue is located near the western entrance to the zoo. Cyrus Edwin Dallin's 1890 "A Signal of Peace" is exhibited at the park.
At Addison Street stands a totem pole depicting Kwanusila the Thunderbird. A statue of John Peter Altgeld (1915), the nineteenth-century Illinois Governor who pardoned the men convicted in the Haymarket affair bombing, can be seen just south of Diversey. This statue was created by Gutzon Borglum and unveiled on September 6 (Labor Day), 1915. Borglum went on to create the Mount Rushmore National Memorial.
In media.
The 1980 film "My Bodyguard" contains several scenes filmed in Lincoln Park.
Phil Ochs' song "William Butler Yeats Visits Lincoln Park and Escapes Unscathed", featured on his 1969 "Rehearsals for Retirement" album, is about his experience walking through the park during the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests.
Other.
In 2004 the Lincoln Park Lagooners were inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.


Wampanoag Royal Cemetery

Wampanoag Royal Cemetery is a historic Native American cemetery in Lakeville, Massachusetts. There are approximately 20 graves in the cemetery, all of Native Americans. The burials include direct descendants of the Wampanoag sachem Massasoit. His daughter Amie, his only child to survive King Philip's War, and her descendants lived nearby in the Betty's Neck area. The last known burial was thought to be that of Lydia Tuspaquin, a drowning victim, in 1812.
The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.


George Washington (Bailly)

George Washington is a statue of George Washington, by Joseph A. Bailly at Independence Hall, Philadelphia on Chestnut street between 5th and 6th streets.
The white marble original, installed on the north side of Independence Hall, was dedicated on July 2, 1869, by mayor Daniel M. Fox. It is now located in Conversation Hall, Philadelphia City Hall.
A bronze replica replaced the original, and was dedicated in October 1910.


Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (France)

France has a rich selection of Gold and Silver commemorative coins. These coins are minted by Monnaie de Paris, which is a state owned industrial and commercial company. Monnaie de Paris has a distinctive different mark (the horn of plenty) guaranteeing "Monnaie de Paris’s quality, origin and authenticity of its collector coins". A second mark, representing the symbol of Master Engraver, Hubert Lariviere, which is engraved on their coins; the French horn, a few waves and a fish’s silhouette. Mr. Lariviere has since retired.
Due to the large number of coins released every year, each set of coins, grouped by years, are being described on their own article as shown in the following list.
These articles however, do not cover neither the French €2 commemorative coins nor the French franc commemorative coins. Also, other countries' euro Gold and Silver collections can be seen here.
On May 2008, besides the shortage of one-ounce round blanks of silver at the U.S. Mint and the Royal Canadian Mint, the French Mint has confirmed that they will mint several 5, 15 and 100 euro coins in 2009. The Paris Mint and the national postal service said Tuesday that 5-euro and 15-euro coins will be available in silver while the 100-euro coin will be in gold.
Interesting enough, a further limited set of gold and silver coins will be issued by 2010, with the highest value a gold 500-euro coin was also recently announce by the French Mint.


York and Lancaster Memorial, Sheffield

The York and Lancaster Regiment War Memorial (or York and Lancaster Memorial) is a war memorial to members of the York and Lancaster Regiment, in Weston Park, Sheffield, England. It was erected in the park in 1923 to commemorate the 8,814 members of the regiment who died in the First World War.
The original inscription (all in upper case) reads:
An inscription commemorating the victims of the Second World War was added after that conflict ended:
The monument consists of a winged female figure, variously described as Liberty or Victory, mounted on a granite ashlar obelisk with a stone stepped-base, with two attendant bronze figures of a helmeted officer with a drawn pistol, and a private with a Lee-Enfield rifle. The memorial cost £12,000, which was raised by a 'York and Lancaster Memorial Committee', through public subscription.
Sheffield Technical School of Art were invited to design the memorial. The female figure is by a lecturer, Francis Jahn, while the statues of soldiers, inscribed "E J Parlanti founder, London", are by two students, Roy Smith (the officer) and G N Morewood. Other students acted as models. Smith also provided the stone carving at the base of the reverse of the monument, as well as the overall design, which was previously and erroneously attributed to Charles Sargeant Jagger, who had also taught at Sheffield.
The memorial was unveiled by Field Marshall Herbert Plumer on 7 July 1923.
It was Grade II listed in June 1973, giving it legal protection from unauthorised alteration or demolition.
The memorial should not be confused with the York and Lancaster Regiment Boer War memorial, which stands adjacent.


Italian National Ossario

The Italian National Ossario, also known as the Murchison Ossario, is an ossuary, war cemetery and war memorial in Murchison, a town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia. The ossario holds the remains of 130 Italians interred during World War II.
Construction work on the monument started in 1958 and the monument was consecrated in 1961. The ossuary was built from funds raised by local Italian communities in the Gouburn Valley with the fundraising effort led by Luigi Gigliotti. The ossario was designed by Paolo Caccia Dominioni who also designed the El Alamein Italian mausoleum in Egypt.
The 130 people interred in the ossuary include 129 men and one woman. Both prisoners of war sent to Australia as well as British and Australian residents of Italian descent interred as civilian enemy aliens are buried there.


Howard Jachter

Howard (Chaim) Jachter is an American Orthodox rabbi, Dayan (rabbinical court judge), educator, and author. He sits on the Beth Din of Elizabeth, New Jersey as a Dayan and "Get" (Jewish divorce) administrator. Noted as an expert on the laws of Jewish divorce, he also chairs the Agunah Prevention and Resolution Committee of the Rabbinical Council of America. Rabbi Jachter is also the consulting rabbi for over 60 Eruvs across the United States. He serves as the Rabbi of Sha'arei Orah, the Sephardic Congregation of Teaneck, and is a faculty member at the Torah Academy of Bergen County (TABC). Author of eight books and hundreds online and journal articles, he writes and lectures extensively on contemporary topics in Jewish law and thought.
Early life and education.
Howard (Chaim) Jachter was born to Ben and Shirley Jachter and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. For elementary and middle school, he attended Yeshiva Rambam, and Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy for high school. Afterward, young Howard went to Yeshivat Har Eztion where he learned directly from Rav Aharon Lichtenstein for 2 years. He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees at Yeshiva University and his rabbinical ordination from Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary. There he learned under and was Shamash to Rav Joseph B. Soloveitchik near the end of his life.
Career.
In the early 1990s Jachter served as an associate rabbi in Congregation Beth Judah, Brooklyn, while studying for his rabbinical ordination. In 1993 he joined the rabbinical court of Elizabeth, New Jersey as a Dayan and "Get" (Jewish divorce) administrator. He is also certified as a G"et" administrator by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel and given a letter of certification from Rav Ovadia Yosef. By 2008, Jachter estimated he had overseen more than 2,000 Jewish divorces. He chairs the Agunah Prevention and Resolution Committee of the Rabbinical Council of America. In 2015 Jachter testified in a U.S. district court case involving an attack on a Jewish man who had refused to give his wife a "get".
He is a strong proponent of civil prenuptial agreements, which avoid the issues created if the husband refuses to give a "Get". Jachter requires every couple he marries to sign the RCA prenuptial agreement. He and his wife, Malca, signed the RCA prenuptial agreement before their own wedding.
Jachter is the Rabbi of Sha'arei Orah, the Sephardic Congregation of Teaneck. He is also a community Eruv designer who has advised dozens of American Jewish communities in the construction and maintenance of their Eruvs.
Jachter joined the faculty of the Torah Academy of Bergen County, a Yeshiva high school, in 1995. In tandem with his teaching duties, he serves as faculty advisor for the school's weekly Torah publication, "Kol Torah", to which he also contributes articles on Halakha topics. These articles formed the basis for his books "Gray Matter", "Gray Matter 2", "Gray Matter 3", "Gray Matter 4", and "Reason to Believe: Rational Explanations of Orthodox Jewish Faith". Jachter also established and serves as director of the TABC alumni foundation.
Jachter has also written 2 books on Tanakh, "Depths of Yonah," written with his son, Binyamin, and "From David to Destruction." These books discuss questions and lessons to be learned from the books of Jonah and Kings, respectively.
In 2020, Jachter wrote a book on the Halakhot of Eruvin, Walking the Line: Hilchot Eruvin from the Sources from the Streets, which made it to #2 for all Jewish Books listed on Amazon.
Articles and lectures.
Jachter writes on a wide variety of contemporary topics in Jewish law, among them the use of electricity on Shabbat, infertility, and owning pets. His many columns and lectures on topics in Halakha, Aggadah, and Tanakh are available online at www.koltorah.org, www.yutorah.org, and jewishlink.news.
Jachter's "Gray Matter" book series discusses contemporary halakhic issues that have arisen during his career with the Beth din and RCA. "Gray Matter" (2000), for example, discusses the aspects of forcing a man to give a "get", while "Gray Matter 3" (2008) presents the issue of "Mamzerim" (halakhically illegitimate children). "Reason to Believe" discusses both the Modern Orthodox and Haredi viewpoints on conflicts between Torah and scientific knowledge.
Personal life.
Jachter married Malca Tokayer in 1995. They have five children and reside in Teaneck, New Jersey.


Simple Explanation

"Simple Explanation" is the 20th episode of the fifth season of "House". It first aired on April 6, 2009.
Plot.
As Eddie Novack (Meat Loaf) lies on his deathbed, his wife Charlotte is stricken with respiratory failure. The team takes Charlotte's case and wheels Eddie into her room, as he seems to gain strength when he sees her suffering. Taub suggests she could have picked up something in Hawaii when she went there, and Foreman suggests melioidosis. They start her on an IV drip and aciclovir, which works, until she starts gasping. Thirteen suggests polyserositis, so the team starts Charlotte on indomethacin. In the meantime, Taub does a hormone panel on Eddie which turns out normal, so he does an echo-cardiogram on him as well to see if his heart's improving, but it isn't.
Unusually, Kutner does not show up for work, and House dispatches Thirteen and Foreman to check his apartment. Thirteen finds Kutner's body; he has committed suicide. The team must then try to save Charlotte while struggling to make sense of Kutner's death. House, Thirteen and Foreman go to see Kutner's parents, but House blames the parents and leaves. Taub seems to show little interest in Kutner's death. Cuddy tells the team she's hired a grief counselor and offers them time off. She then goes to talk to Wilson, who hasn't been with House yet. Wilson goes with House to Kutner's home. House looks around and finally suspects that someone murdered Kutner. House suspects it was the same person who killed Kutner's birth parents.
House eventually realizes Charlotte feigned her illness, but then her liver fails. Thirteen does an MRI on her, but her spleen ruptures in the middle of it. House thinks she could have Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, so Thirteen and Taub run her AAT proteins. Foreman takes time off. Her proteins come back normal. She then tries to commit suicide by overdosing so that Eddie can have her heart.
The team manages to stabilize Charlotte, but the drugs she took damaged her liver. House gets Cameron to convince Eddie to do a partial liver transplant. With his failing heart, he's bound to die on the table. Then they can give his whole liver to Charlotte, which is what she needs, not part of one. House gets Cameron to convince Eddie to do this. He wants to say goodbye to her, but Cameron notes she would never agree to this if she knew what would happen. As Eddie signs off on the transplant, Cameron notices nodules on Eddie's fingers, which could indicate that his condition might be curable. Meanwhile, House finds out that the murderer of Kutner's birth parents died of an aneurysm two months before. Eddie still wants to proceed with the liver donation, but Taub reveals to Charlotte that Eddie can be cured. House realizes Charlotte was in Rio without telling Eddie, where she contracted visceral leishmaniasis. The team starts her on antimony.
The episode ends with Cameron, Chase, Foreman, Thirteen, Cuddy, Wilson, Kutner's parents and many other people attending Kutner's funeral. Foreman takes Thirteen's hand as they watch Kutner's body be cremated. Before Cuddy leaves for the funeral, Taub says that they diagnosed Charlotte too late and she will die. Cuddy offers Taub a ride; he refuses, saying he will stay with Charlotte. Cuddy says that Charlotte's death bought them more time to save Eddie and to transplant her heart which will give her death meaning, but Taub says it won't. Taub stays with Charlotte and Eddie until she dies. Then he is shown sitting in the corridor crying. House goes to Kutner's apartment and looks through a pile of photos of Kutner looking happy until he finds one of Kutner looking off into the distance depressed.
Kutner's death.
Kutner's suicide was scripted due to actor Kal Penn's decision to accept the position of Associate Director of the White House Office of Public Liaison in President Barack Obama's administration.
Critical reception.
Leading up to the premiere of "Simple Explanation", Fox aired commercials suggesting that the episode would contain a major event, calling the episode, "beyond words". Kutner's death was criticized in "The Star-Ledger", with columnist Alan Sepinwall arguing that the death was pointless, and seemingly written only to create a "Very Special Episode." "The A.V. Club" praised the episode for its surprising twist, but also claimed that the sudden death of a major character for no discernible reason was "a dramatic cheap shot". However, "Entertainment Weekly" commended the show's handling of the death, believing that it was presented in a dramatically effective and realistic manner.


Centenary of Western Australia

In 1929, Western Australia (WA) celebrated the centenary of the founding of Perth and the establishment of the Swan River Colony, the first permanent European settlement in WA. A variety of events were run in Perth, regional areas throughout the state, and even across Australia such as the Western Australian Centenary Air Race.
Preparations.
In 1926, the 25th anniversary of federation passed without much recognition, due in part to the sense of isolation that help to form Western Australia's identity. There was limited acknowledgement from the other states of the unique circumstances of Western Australia's situation, due to what historian Geoffrey Blainey described as "the tyranny of distance". It was this isolation that helped focus the community on celebrating its centenary; later, it would also be the catalyst for a growing secessionist movement.
In 1927, the premier, Philip Collier, asked Hal Colebatch to write a history of the state, and in 1929 "A Story of a hundred years : Western Australia, 1829-1929" was published.
A celebration committee began preparations in 1928, and in 1929 produced a number of publications including calendars of events. As 1929 approached, most towns formed their own committees and organised events, these ranged from special race meetings to regional shows, formal dinners, dances and sporting events. Additionally some towns and community organisations also renamed existing local features like parks and buildings, while others set aside an area for a monument which was then unveiled in the presence of dignitaries including the Governor, Premier and descendants of the early settlers.
Other events held in Perth in 1929.
In April 1929 there was a demonstration held in Perth of fire brigades from around the country.
In June 1929 there was the Australian national general Methodist conference.
In July 1929 there were interstate football games held in Perth.
Centenary celebrations.
Many locations in Western Australia had buildings or locations that became known as Centenary memorials; for example the Municipality of Fremantle built a Centenary Building, the Claremont Showground has a Centenary Pavilion that still stands, and Northam had a Centenary Hill.
Avenues of trees were planted in Kings Park in commemoration of the event as well as honouring people involved in the celebrations.
The Perth Branch of the Royal Mint produced a commemorative medal. Most of the 85,000 medals struck were bronze, and the majority were given to Western Australian school children. 900 silver medals were also made, as were 3 gold medals.
12 August 1929.
The Governor Sir William Campion presided at the placement of a plaque in the wall of the Perth Town Hall on Barrack Street that recorded the centenary celebrations in August.
Centenary Celebration Period.
The Centenary Celebration Period was designated as 28 September 1929 – 12 October 1929.
Despite a range of events involving various national bodies in the year, the specific main event was the "1929 Centenary Parade", which was held on Wednesday 2 October (which had been made a public holiday) and known as the Historic and Industrial Procession, passing through Perth.
2 October 1929.
Wednesday 2 October 1929 was a public holiday in Perth.
The main Centenary procession (1929 Centenary Parade) involved considerable preparation of floats representing commercial and regional attributes of the state. It passed through the streets of Perth.
The Centenary Ball and celebrations at the Perth Oval were also held.
The afternoon at Perth Oval on the same day was the site of a Naval and Military Tournament.
Subsequent events.
In September, 1929, a choir of 1,000 voices sang at a Children's Thanksgiving Mass in Victoria Square, and also in a Centenary concert in His Majesty's Theatre.
On 24 November 1929, the Kings Park War Memorial Cenotaph was unveiled by the Governor William Campion to commemorate the fallen of World War I.
Fremantle.
One of the events organised was a re-enactment of the 1829 arrival of settlers at Fremantle, attended by Campion.
Prisoner remissions.
In October, the Premier, Philip Collier announced that prisoner sentences of more than one month would be reduced at the rate of two days for each month of sentence remaining, after allowing for good conduct. Prisoners serving sentences during His Majesty's pleasure were excluded from the remissions.
Proximity to Depression.
Western Australian historian Geoffrey Bolton ties in the events and the subsequent difficult times due to the economic depression in his book "A Fine Country to Starve in" (1972). While more recently Annette Davis looked at the popular entertainment values of the era.
Legacy.
A significant amount of the organisation of the celebrations was attributed to the librarian James Sykes Battye, whose efforts in organising committees were noted in the celebration year.
Historical Society plaques.
The Royal Western Australian Historical Society commissioned plaques that were ceremonially placed upon locations of significance to Western Australia. Locations included:


Polk Place

Polk Place was the home of 11th President of the United States James K. Polk and his wife Sarah Childress Polk, originally on Vine Street in Nashville, Tennessee before it was demolished in 1901.
History and description.
The home originally called "Grundy Place" was constructed for Attorney General Felix Grundy between 1815 and 1820 in the Palladian style of architecture, Grundy lived in the home till his death in 1840. President Polk purchased the home while living in the White House in 1847 renaming it "Polk Place". Polk contracted Nashville architect J. M. Hughes to renovate the home for when he and Sarah returned to Tennessee after the end of his presidency.
In the processes of modifying and renovating the home the back portion was destroyed by an accidental gunpowder explosion in 1847. With repairs underway the President wanted a more modern style, and requested Hughes to redesign the home in the Greek Revival style of architecture. Sarah went to inspect the construction and repairs of the home in early 1848 for their return.
Upon returning to Tennessee in 1849, Polk Place was not yet completed, so he and Sarah returned to Columbia to his mother's home before returning to Nashville two weeks later when it was finished. It was the President's final residence where he died of cholera in 1849 at the age of 53. He had lived in the home for a little over thirty days. After his death his wife continued to reside there for 42 years until her death in 1891. The home was demolished in 1901, a decade after her death.
After President Polk's death.
After the president's death first lady Sarah Polk lived in the home, she became a recluse for some time, barely leaving the mansion. She wouldn't find solace until fostering a great niece, Sarah Polk Jetton in the early 1850s. Soon she opened her home back up for invitations and hosting guests along with the occasional event. She hosted distinguished and popular guests throughout her widowhood, such as Adelicia Acklen a close friend, along with Abram Hewitt, Edward Cooper, John C. Calhoun II, John Catron, George Bancroft, Cyrus Field, William Vanderbilt, Sam Houston among numerous others, including Presidents Andrew Johnson, Rutherford B. Hayes and Grover Cleveland.
During the Civil War, Polk Place was considered neutral ground by both the Confederate and Union armies, despite the fact that she had nephews fighting on the Confederate side. Union Generals Ulysses S. Grant, Don Carlos Buell, frequently paid their respects to the former first lady, as had Confederate generals briefly before the Union occupation.
Legal dispute.
After a short illness, Mrs. Polk died at Polk Place in 1891, just short of her 88th birthday. (Originally Sarah's will was followed giving sole ownership of the home and its estate to her great niece Mrs. Fall, allowing her to live in the mansion for a few years after her death.) What followed was a long legal dispute centered on both wills by other Polk relatives, claiming Sarah's will was invalid and President Polk's will perpetuity had gone into effect that he could not foresee that far into the future. The president's nephew Tasker Polk, son of his brother William Hawkins Polk was the one that led the legal battle against Mrs. Fall.
A judge ruled in favor of Tasker and the Polk family giving control of the home to them. President Polk's tomb was originally located on the front lawn until 1893, when it was moved to the Tennessee State Capitol. The Polk Family could not agree on what to do with the home and did not want to follow the president's will, in which he expressed desire that a worthy and noble Polk relative run the home like the Hermitage. The state of Tennessee nearly acquired Polk Place and made it the governor's mansion. (At the time, the governor of Tennessee stayed in a hotel room.)
Finally, the state Supreme Court ordered the Polk family to sell the home and evenly split the money from the sale in 1900. Tasker would sell the home to Jacob M. Dickinson who then sold it to a developer and the mansion was demolished in 1901 to build a small apartment building.
Today.
The site has changed hands many times over the years. The YWCA bought the property in 1909 and built a new state-of-the-art facility. They sold the building in 1978 and moved to Woodmont Avenue. The Capitol Hotel (formerly Best Western) now occupies the former site of Polk Place in downtown Nashville.


Gagarin (crater)

Gagarin is a large lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. To the southwest is the crater Pavlov and to the northeast lies Keeler. Closer to the rim are the craters Levi-Civita to the southwest, and Beijerinck to the north-northeast. Isaev lies entirely within the northwest rim of Gagarin. In contrast with the floor of Gagarin, Isaev has a floor with a somewhat low albedo.
The crater is named for Yuri Gagarin, the cosmonaut who was the first human in space and the first to orbit the Earth. The six craters falling within the perimeter of Gagarin have also been named after pioneers of Russian aviation and astronautics, including Isaev, Grave, Balandin, Raspletin, Kosberg, and Andronov.
Gagarin has been heavily eroded by a long history of crater impacts. The worn rim forms a low, circular ridge around the somewhat bowl-shaped interior. The inner floor is covered by a multitude of crater impacts of various dimensions. Little if anything remains of a central ridge, if the crater ever possessed such a feature.
Satellite craters.
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gagarin.
External links.
Lunar Topographic Orthophotomaps:


Boy Scouts of America Centennial silver dollar

On May 16, 2008, in a vote of 403-8, the United States House of Representatives passed H.R. 5872, the Boy Scouts of America Centennial Commemorative Coin Act. The legislation included the following information:
The Congress finds as follows:
The bill was signed into law on October 8, 2008 by President George W. Bush (Public Law 100-363).