Bill Atkinson

Bill Atkinson (born March 17, 1951) is an American computer engineer and photographer. Atkinson worked at Apple Computer from 1978 to 1990.
Atkinson was the principal designer and developer of the graphical user interface (GUI) of the Apple Lisa and, later, one of the first thirty members of the original Apple Macintosh development team, and was the creator of the ground-breaking MacPaint application, which fulfilled the vision of using the computer as a creative tool, also he drew great inspiration from neem karoli baba and Sai baba from India , just like Steve Jobs,he said “the energies of the two babas brought him ideas to design algorithms for Macintosh He also designed and implemented QuickDraw, the fundamental toolbox that the Lisa and Macintosh used for graphics. QuickDraw's performance was essential for the success of the Macintosh GUI. He also was one of the main designers of the Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces. Atkinson also conceived, designed and implemented HyperCard, the first popular hypermedia system. HyperCard put the power of computer programming and database design into the hands of nonprogrammers. In 1994, Atkinson received the EFF Pioneer Award for his contributions.
Education.
He received his undergraduate degree from the University of California, San Diego, where Apple Macintosh developer Jef Raskin was one of his professors. Atkinson continued his studies as a graduate student in neurochemistry at the University of Washington. Raskin invited Atkinson to visit him at Apple Computer; Steve Jobs persuaded him to join the company immediately as employee No. 51, and Atkinson never finished his PhD.
Career.
Around 1990, General Magic's founding, with Bill Atkinson as one of the three cofounders, met the following press in "Byte" magazine:
The obstacles to General Magic's success may appear daunting, but General Magic is not your typical start-up company. Its partners include some of the biggest players in the worlds of computing, communications, and consumer electronics, and it's loaded with top-notch engineers who have been given a clean slate to reinvent traditional approaches to ubiquitous worldwide communications.
In 2007, Atkinson began working as an outside developer with Numenta, a startup working on computer intelligence. On his work there Atkinson said, "what Numenta is doing is more fundamentally important to society than the personal computer and the rise of the Internet."
Currently, Atkinson has combined his passion for computer programming with his love of nature photography to create art images. He takes close-up photographs of stones that have been cut and polished. His works are highly regarded for their resemblance to miniature landscapes which are hidden within the stones. Atkinson's 2004 book "Within the Stone" features a collection of his close-up photographs. The highly intricate and detailed images he creates are made possible by the accuracy and creative control of the digital printing process that he helped create.
Some of Atkinson's noteworthy contributions to the field of computing include:
Atkinson now works as a nature photographer. Actor Nelson Franklin portrayed him in the 2013 film "Jobs".


George Ziets

George Ziets is an American video game designer best known as the Creative Lead for the 2007 PC title "."
Early life and education.
George Ziets earned a degree in Psychology from Georgetown University and spent the late 1990s in graduate school. He studied psychology and film, earning an MA from the University of Maryland in 1999. In 2001, he secured his first games industry job at Westwood Studios, working as a writer on the short-lived science fiction MMORPG, Earth & Beyond.
Career.
In 2004, Ziets was hired at Turbine, Inc. and was credited as a designer on (LOTRO) and Dungeons & Dragons Online (DDO).
Ziets relocated to southern California in 2006 to become a designer at Obsidian Entertainment. He was recruited during development of Neverwinter Nights 2, and after the game shipped he was promoted to Creative Lead on the first Neverwinter Night 2 expansion, Mask of the Betrayer (MotB). Ziets was responsible for MotB’s overall creative vision, including characters and story. MotB shipped in 2007 and received mostly positive reviews, winning praise for its story and narrative elements.
Ziets left Obsidian in 2008 and spent a year at ZeniMax Online Studios, but he returned to Obsidian in 2009 to serve as Creative Lead on Dungeon Siege 3 and its expansion, Dungeon Siege 3: Treasures of the Sun. He expanded the fictional canon of the Dungeon Siege world, producing a 100-page sourcebook that was used as source material by the development team. At some point during the development of Dungeon Siege 3, Ziets also contributed to the writing of . In 2011, he shared a WGA nomination for Best Videogame Writing with the Fallout: NV writing team and attended the 2011 Writers Guild Awards in Los Angeles.
He left Obsidian after a project got cancelled in 2012, however he returned soon after as a freelance writer on "Pillars of Eternity".
In March 2013 it was announced that Ziets would join the writing team at inXile on "", and he later joined inXile as a full-time employee in April 2014.
Ziets left inXile in July 2019 to found his own studio, Digimancy Entertainment.


Victor Brockdorff

Arthur Victor Schack von Brockdorff, generally known as Victor Brockdorff, (October 11, 1911 – February 25, 1992) was a Danish painter who joined the artists' colony known as the Odsherred Painters in Northwestern Zealand in the early 1930s. He was a cofounder of the Corner Artists' Association.
Biography.
The son of a shipmaster, Brockdorff was born in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen. After studying privately under Ernst Zeuthen and Olivia Holm Møller from 1926 to 1929, he studied graphic art under Aksel Jørgensen at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1931–34). He debuted at the Kunstnernes Efterårsudstilling (autumn exhibition) at Den Frie in 1930, and was a co-founder of the Corner Exhibition in 1932 where he frequently exhibited.
In the 1930s, Brockdorff moved to Odsherred where he associated with the Odsherred Painters and painted landscapes of the area. However, he became interested in painting portraits, as well as city scenes, especially of the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen. His style evolved from Modernism to Realism. Typical subjects included children playing on the pavement, people waiting at bus stops, and rainy street scenes. Increasingly, his works took on a political slant, especially the monumental paintings he completed for the Communist Party's congress in 1952. Painting scenes depicting workers, he became associated with social realism.
Starting in 1946, he spent 5 years in Paris, sending illustrated reports of socialist movements to the Copenhagen journals "Nationaltidende" and "Land og Folk", developing his skills as an illustrator. He continued to be an active painter, producing strikingly colourful interiors, such as "Eremitagesletten" and "Fluepapiret ved Charlottenlund" in 1974. Brockdorff also painting portraits, such as one of Queen Margrethe for the "Søofficerforeningen" (Naval Officers Association).


Sal Soghoian

Sal Soghoian is a user automation expert, software developer, author and musician. He joined Apple Inc. in January 1997 to serve as the Product Manager of Automation Technologies. These technologies include AppleScript, Services, the Terminal, Apple Configurator and Automator, among others. He left Apple in 2016 when his position was eliminated.
Soghoian has advanced Apple's incorporation of automation into its products by writing the scripting dictionaries for iWork, iPhoto, Aperture, and Photos, and the Mastered for iTunes automation tools. He designed and wrote the automation tools in the Apple Configurator application, which uses macOS automation to manage iOS device deployment. Apple Configurator consists of a central AppleScriptObj-C library and a set of Automator actions. Apple Configurator automation tools enable iOS devices to be prepared, managed and refreshed automatically upon their connection to a hosting macOS computer.
Soghoian's current projects include a collection of hundreds of voice-triggered dictation commands for controlling aspects of macOS, including the Keynote, Pages, Numbers, Photos, and the Finder applications. He created, hosts and manages a group of user automation resources at codice_1.
In late 2002, Soghoian joined an ad hoc team of engineers developing an application for creating and running automation workflows. After a year and a half of difficult but steady development, Soghoian showed the application to Steve Jobs. It was just one week before Apple's 2004 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). Jobs was impressed with the new tool and asked Soghoian to appear at the WWDC keynote to demonstrate Automator for the first time to attendees. This innovative integrated workflow feature was introduced as part of Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger. Soghoian holds related U.S. patent #7428535.
During Soghoian's tenure, Apple's native automation scripting language, AppleScript, was revived and upgraded to be PowerPC native in Mac OS 8.5. It was also successfully transitioned to Apple's UNIX-based operating system, Mac OS X, becoming integrated with the native IDE, which included Project Builder and Interface Builder (the precursors to Xcode).
In the evolving releases of OS X from Lion to Mavericks, AppleScript added library support and direct access to the Cocoa frameworks through AppleScriptObj-C, a powerful fusion of AppleScript and the Objective-C programming language. OS X Yosemite introduced JavaScript for Automation (JXA), a peer to AppleScript providing access to Apple Events and Cocoa through an enhanced version of JavaScript Core.
Soghoian was an advocate for AppleScript years before being employed by Apple. As a consultant, he created automation solutions for the publishing industry in the 1990s. Soghoian also authored a popular script collection called Sal's AppleScript Snippets, the ShadowCaster Quark XTension, two books, including AppleScript 1-2-3, and numerous magazine articles about automation. He was a special guest at one Leopard Tech Talk. He was a featured presenter for Quark, Thunder Lizard Productions, Apple, Seybold, and the Macworld conferences.
Personal life.
Sal Soghoian was born into a military family, and spent his childhood growing up on Marine and Naval bases, including Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, from which he was evacuated during the Cuban Missile Crisis. In his college years, he attended the University of Virginia in 1969 for a short time, but later moved to Boston where he earned a degree in music from the Berklee College of Music. In the late 1980s he returned to Charlottesville, Virginia, where he worked at the digital printshop "Pixels." Although he is known for his work at Apple, he is also an avid jazz musician. During his time in Charlottesville, he played guitar in a band called "Blue Indigo". The band is notable because it was composed of Carter Beauford (drummer), LeRoi Moore (Saxophone), George Melvin (Hammond B3 organ), and Soghoian (guitar). Beauford and Moore would go on to later musical fame as founding members of the Dave Matthews Band. Jeff Decker and Phil Riddle joined, following their departure.
He is the uncle of noted privacy researcher & activist, Christopher Soghoian.


Ryan Panchadsaram

Ryan Panchadsaram was the Deputy Chief Technology Officer of the United States. He assumed this role under the second Chief Technology Officer of the United States, Todd Park. Panchadsaram was formerly a senior advisor to Park, starting in 2013, and is credited as an early member of the Healthcare.gov rescue team. Ryan is currently a partner at Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers and co-founder of the United States Digital Response, in response to the COVID crisis.
Career.
Prior to joining the federal government, Panchadsaram was responsible for Customer Development at Ginger.io, a spin-off from MIT Media Lab, using big data to transform health. He was a Fellow at Rock Health, where Pipette, the company he founded, was incubated and ultimately acquired by Ginger.io. He previously worked at Microsoft and Salesforce.com. While at Microsoft, Ryan was responsible for the user experience and design for Outlook for Mac 2011. During his time there, he filed multiple patents for innovations in geolocation, user interfaces, and large datasets. Ryan sits on the board of SeventyK, a young adult cancer advocacy group. In 2012, Ryan won first place in The Guardian & Google's International Data Visualization Challenge.
Ryan earned a bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research from the University of California, Berkeley.
Deputy Chief Technology Officer of the United States.
As U.S. Deputy CTO, Ryan was working on the President's Smarter IT Delivery Initiative, including the Smarter IT Delivery Cross-Agency Priority Goal, the U.S. Digital Services Playbook, and the creation of the United States Digital Service.
Ryan worked on the creation of Next.Data.gov and ultimately the redesign of Data.gov.
He helped coordinate and curate a nationwide competition co-sponsored by the Office of the National Coordinator and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to visually re-design the patient health record, and was part of the team that launched and expanded adoption of Blue Button, the concept of and technology for patients to access their own health records in a structured, computable manner.
Healthcare.gov Tech Surge.
Ryan was one of the first members of the "tech surge" team assembled by U.S. Chief Technology Officer Todd Park to assess and ultimately fix Healthcare.gov in October 2013, remaining with the tech surge until completion.


Marc McDonald

Marc B. McDonald is an American who was Microsoft's first salaried employee (not counting Monte Davidoff, who wrote the math package for BASIC for a flat fee).
He is credited with designing and implementing the 8-bit File Allocation Table file system for the NCR 8200 data-entry terminal and Microsoft's Standalone Disk BASIC-80 in 1977.
McDonald also developed an 8-bit operating system called M-DOS or MIDAS; the system itself was never released by Microsoft, but its file system (a variant of FAT) influenced Tim Paterson's QDOS.
A version of "Standalone Disk Basic" was ported to a Seattle Computer Products 8086 by Bob O'Rear, and Tim Paterson was often at Microsoft to aid in the effort. Tim Paterson copied the key aspects of the FAT system (single table, each directory entry containing the head of the file's cluster list, and the last value indicating the number of sectors used in the last cluster) when he implemented the FAT12 file system for his operating system 86-DOS in 1980, which became the basis for MS-DOS and PC DOS in 1981. He made two mistakes in implementation:
McDonald left Microsoft in January 1984, citing a reason that the company had gotten "too big", Microsoft having around four hundred employees at that time. He was Asymetrix's first employee where he worked on a LISP pcode system used internally and redesigned the ToolBook runtime and compiler for ToolBook 3.0. At Design Intelligence, Marc worked on adaptive document design and an expression-based programming language used for layout experiments. He rejoined Microsoft in December 2000 when it bought Design Intelligence.
When McDonald rejoined Microsoft, a number of employees including Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer tried to assign him the employee number "1" but found that the human resources software did not allow this. Instead he was given a badge with all the digits scraped off except "1".
McDonald worked in the QA-oriented Windows Defect Prevention group, focusing on organizational best practices to drive software quality from the bottom up. He is co-author of "The Practical Guide to Defect Prevention" published in November 2007. He holds six software patents.
McDonald left Microsoft in September 2011. He was with startup MindMode Corp. through 2012, and has been at PaperG since.
References.
 (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. )</ref>


Eddie Hawkins

Eddie Hawkins is a former U.S. soccer midfielder. In 1984, he became the first native-born black player to appear with the U.S. national team.
High school and college.
Hawkins grew up in Washingtonville, New York where he attended Washingtonville High School. He was a three-sport athlete at Washingtonville, starring on the school's soccer, basketball and track teams. However, his talent lay with soccer and he was two-time All State, two-time National Coaches All-American and two time "Parade" high school All American. His talent attracted the attention of pro scouts and when he graduated in 1980, the Washington Diplomats of the North American Soccer League (NASL) selected him in the second round of the draft.
Hawkins chose to delay his entry into professional sports and entered Hartwick College. During his four seasons with the Hawks, he went to the 1980 NCAA Final Four. When he graduated in 1984, he had amassed 30 career goals and 10 career assists. He was inducted into the Hartwick College Athletic Hall of Fame in 1995.
Hawkins received his bachelor's degree in Economics and Management and received his Master's Degree in Information Technology at Pace University in 1990.
Club career.
By the time Hawkins graduated, the NASL had folded, but the Pittsburgh Spirit of Major Indoor Soccer League selected him in the first round of the draft in the spring of 1984. Hawkins remained at school to complete his degree. During those months, the Spirit traded his rights to the Minnesota Strikers who then sent him to the Dallas Sidekicks. Hawkins decided not to sign with the Sidekicks and remained in Westchester County playing for the Mt. Vernon Corsairs in the New York City Super League until he took a job as a computer programmer with IBM.
National team.
Hawkins was called up to the U.S. national team in 1984. When he entered the field for a December 2, 1984 game with Ecuador, he became the first native U.S. black soccer player to earn a cap. That game, part of the Miami Cup, ended in a 2-2 tie and Hawkins was subbed out for Dave Cayemitte in the second half.
Post career.
Since the conclusion of his playing career, Hawkins has launched ZenFooty Soccer Academy and the Zen United Club Soccer Programs. Zen United was launched in 2005, but was disbanded after five years. He continues with to be involved in private soccer training and has rebranded ZenFooty Soccer Academy to Zen Soccer School. Ed's site is www.ZenSoccerSchool.com and his company offers private and group training sessions for all age levels.
Many of the players he has coached have moved on to compete on NCAA Division I, II and III soccer teams across the nation including Georgia State, Hartwick, Loyola University Maryland, Marquette, UIC, UW-Parkside and Washington University in St. Louis.
Personal life.
Hawkins currently lives in the Chicago area with his wife of 28 years, Eyleen whom he met while in graduate school. They have three children: Eryka who played on the women's soccer team at Georgia State for five seasons, Elyssa who was a four-year member of the women's water polo team at Carthage College, and Edison.
Elyssa is currently a part of the men's and women's water polo coaching staff at Pomona-Pitzer Colleges in Claremont, California.


Dan Riccio

Dan Riccio was Apple's senior vice president of Hardware Engineering, reporting to CEO Tim Cook. Riccio lead the Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Apple TV, HomePod, AirPods, and Apple Watch engineering teams, which have produced numerous products. He was succeeded by John Ternus on January 25, 2021. He is now in an unnamed role focusing on a new project at Apple.
Biography.
Riccio holds a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Before Apple, Riccio worked at Compaq as Senior Manager of Mechanical Engineering, responsible for the mechanical design of consumer PC products.
He joined Apple in 1998 as vice president of Product Design and in 2010 was named vice president of iPad Hardware Engineering. Since joining Apple, Riccio has been a key contributor to most of the company's hardware, including all iPad products.
Dan Riccio officially announced the cancellation of AirPower in 2019. On January 26, 2021, Apple announced that Riccio would transition to a new role focusing on a new project and reporting to CEO Tim Cook.
In response to the complaints that the 2018 iPad Pro bending, Dan emailed a customer that the iPad Pro’s “unibody design meets or exceeds all of Apple's high quality standards of design and precision manufacturing."
In addition he also wrote that "We've carefully engineered it and every part of the manufacturing process is precisely measured and controlled"
 "Our current specification for iPad Pro flatness is up to 400 microns which is even tighter than previous generations," wrote Riccio. "This 400 micron variance is less than half a millimeter (or the width of fewer than four sheets of paper at most) and this level of flatness won't change during normal use over the lifetime of the product."
On January 25, 2021, he was succeeded by John Ternus as SVP of Hardware Engineering, and has transitioned to an unnamed role at Apple working on a new project, rumored to be an augmented reality and virtual reality headset.


Lynne Patton

Lynne Martine Patton (born 1973) is an American event planner and former Trump administration political appointee.
She was designated in June 2017 by President Donald Trump to head Region II of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), which oversees New York and New Jersey, and remained in the role until Trump left office in January 2021. She was twice found to have violated the Hatch Act, a federal law restricting the political activities of federal executive-branch employees, and in 2021 was fined and barred from government service for four years.
Before she was appointed to HUD, Patton worked as an event planner for the Trump family, including planning the wedding of Eric Trump, and helping to run the Eric Trump Foundation. She was a speaker at the 2016 Republican National Convention.
Early life and education.
Patton grew up in New Haven, Connecticut, in the Westville neighborhood. Her father, epidemiologist Curtis L. Patton, was a professor (and is now professor emeritus) at Yale University.
Patton graduated from the University of Miami with a B.A. in English literature. She attended the Quinnipiac University School of Law for two semesters, and did not graduate. On her LinkedIn page, Patton previously claimed an affiliation with Yale University, which she had never attended.
Career.
Work for Trump family and Trump campaign.
Patton planned the wedding of Eric Trump. She was a longtime personal assistant for Eric Trump, as well as others in the Trump family and The Trump Organization. An Eric Trump Foundation staff biography of Patton states that she was involved in casting the 2012 and 2014 seasons of "The Celebrity Apprentice".
Patton was one of 16 unpaid directors at the Eric Trump Foundation, though her position did not appear in the Foundation's 2014 tax filings. Her HUD financial disclosures stated that she had been a vice president and a board member at the Eric Trump Foundation from January 2009 to January 2017, and she speaks of being with the Trump family since 2009.
In May 2016, during Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, Patton narrated a video in which she defended Trump against allegations of racism; the video garnered millions of views on YouTube. Although Patton described herself in a Trump campaign video as an executive at the Trump Organization, she was in fact a personal assistant; after the Associated Press inquired about her role, the Eric Trump Foundation website and Patton's LinkedIn profile changed to describe her as "vice president of the Eric Trump Foundation." She spoke at the 2016 Republican National Convention; the convention program listed her position as "Vice President of The Eric Trump Foundation and Senior Assistant to Eric Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Donald Trump, Jr." In her convention speech, she acknowledged historical racism, but said that "Donald Trump knows that your life matters. He knows that my life matters. He knows the LGBTQ lives matter. He knows that veterans lives matter. And he knows that blue lives matter." Later in the campaign, Patton joined other campaign spokeswomen on the Trump-Pence Women's Empowerment Tour.
She was a director of National Diversity Coalition for Trump.
Trump administration.
In January 2017, Patton was appointed a White House liaison and Director of Public Liaison for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Since the Trump Organization co-owns some properties that receive federal rental subsidies from HUD, her position raised questions of conflict of interest.
From July 5, 2017 to January 2021, Patton was head of HUD Region II, covering New York and New Jersey. She had no experience with housing policy. U.S. Representatives Grace Meng and Nydia Velázquez, both Democrats from New York, urged the administration to reconsider the appointment.
In January 2018, Patton apologized after calling April Ryan, the White House correspondent and Washington bureau chief for American Urban Radio Networks, "Miss Piggy".
In September 2018, Patton commented positively with two emojis on an Instagram post by Donald Trump Jr., the president's son, mocking the sexual assault allegation against Trump's Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh. That same month, Patton made misleading posts on social media suggesting that CNN "is #FakeNews."
Patton's tenure at HUD was marked by publicity stunts. In November 2018, Patton claimed that she would be moving from her New York apartment in Trump Plaza to New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) public housing, saying, "It was not okay for me to preside over the largest housing crisis in the nation from the warmth and comfort of my own safe and sanitary apartment while NYCHA residents continue to suffer the most inhumane conditions." Patton blamed the housing authority for ineptitude and indifference to the conditions "suffered by hard working residents." She began an announced month-long stay in NYCHA housing on February 11, 2019.
Patton also made a "surprise cameo" at a hearing of Michael Cohen, a former Trump attorney. At the February 2019 House Oversight Committee hearing, Republican congressman Mark Meadows presented Patton at the hearing, to rebut Cohen's assertion that Trump is a "racist." This prompted a sharp exchange later between Meadows and Rep. Rashida Tlaib, who asserted, "The fact that someone would actually use a prop, a black woman, in this chamber in this committee is alone racist in itself." After being pressed by Committee Chairman Elijah Cummings (D-MD) on what she meant, Tlaib clarified her remarks and apologized to Meadows. Patton also asked about the possibility of starring in a reality television program; and used the Trump family name in an unsuccessful attempt to have a HUD employee fired.
In August 2019, she responded to the suicide of accused underage sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein with an Instagram post that promoted unfounded conspiracy theories about Vince Foster's 1993 suicide; Patton suggested that both men had been killed by Hillary Clinton.
Hatch Act violations.
From December 2017 and April 2018, Patton used her government Twitter account to "like" partisan tweets; in 2019, the Office of Special Counsel (OSC) determined that these actions violated the Hatch Act, which prohibits employees of the federal executive branch from engaging in certain political activities. In May 2019, when asked about potential Hatch Act violations, Patton said "I honestly don't care." The OSC issued Patton a warning letter in September 2019 for two violations of the Hatch Act; the office issued her a reprimand, but decided not to pursue disciplinary action. The OSC cleared Patton of two other alleged violations.
In 2020, Patton tricked four New Yorkers into appearing in a video that was broadcast during the final night of the 2020 Republican National Convention. Patton unexpectedly called the leader of a NYCHA tenants' association, telling them that she was interested in speaking with tenants about poor public housing conditions, and personally interviewed four tenants for four hours. The tenants' comments were edited down to a two-minute video clip that was played at the Republican convention; the video attacked New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio and suggested that the tenants were Trump supporters. The tenants, who were never told the true purpose of the interviews, were angered; one of the tenants said she was not a Trump supporter and disapproved "of his racist policies on immigration." Patton denied deceiving the residents. Several watchdog groups, including the Campaign for Accountability and Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, filed complaints with OSC over the video. In April 2021, Patton reached a settlement with OSC over violations of the Hatch Act in regard to the incident. She admitted to violating the Hatch Act, agreed to pay a $1,000 fine, and accepted a four-year (48-month) ban from federal employment. The OSC issued a statement saying, "By using information and NYCHA connections available to her solely by virtue of her HUD position, Patton improperly harnessed the authority of her federal position to assist the Trump campaign in violation of the Hatch Act."
Personal life.
Patton says she has struggled with substance abuse and addiction, and publicly praised the Trump family for standing by her through tough times.


Reinder Lubbers

Reinder Lubbers (born 6 November 1984 in Deventer) is a male rower from the Netherlands.
The son of former Dutch cricket team captain Steven Lubbers, Lubbers took part in the World Championships of 2007 in Munich becoming fifth in the coxed four.
In 2008, he claimed a seat in the Dutch eights team, the Holland Acht, competing at multiple World Cup regattas. He joined the Dutch eights team (Olaf van Andel, Rogier Blink, Jozef Klaassen, Meindert Klem, David Kuiper, Diederik Simon, Olivier Siegelaar, Mitchel Steenman and cox Peter Wiersum) to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing as a reserve. Due to an injury of Siegelaar, Lubbers was able to take part in the repechage and helped the team to advance to the final of the tournament.
Lubbers was a member of the Groningen Student Rowing Club (GSR) Aegir as a student, switching to the Koninklijke Amsterdamse Roei & Zeilvereniging "de Hoop" after studies.
Sports post-rowing.
Born in a cricketing family, Lubbers became champion of the Dutch Cricket League in 2011 with club VRA Amsterdam, together with his younger brother Victor.
Professional career.
After his rowing career, Lubbers became an investor, working at Kempen & Co.


Courvoisier (surname)

The surname Courvoisier or de Courvoisier is in origin a French word, meaning 'shoemaker'. The word comes from Old French "courveis" ('leather') which itself comes from the Latin word "Cordubense" meaning 'from Cordova', originally referring to a kind of leather associated with that city.
The name may refer to:


Charles de Croisset

Charles Wiener de Croisset (born September 28, 1943 in New York City) is a French banker.
Biography.
Charles de Croisset was born on September 28, 1943 in New York City, New York. He was educated at Sciences Po and the École nationale d'administration, holding a bachelor's degree in law. In 1968, de Croisset served as Inspecteur des Finance with the French Finance Ministry and also served as an Assistant to the Economic Adviser of the President of the Republic since 1972. In 1974, he served as Member of the Minister's staff at the Ministry of Finance. In 1976, he served at The Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Urban Planning, Transportation. In 1978, he served as Chief of Staff and an Assistant to the Minister of Industry and Energy.
de Croisset joined the Crédit Commercial de France (CCF) SA in 1980, where he served as Secretary General and also served as an in charge of all CCF banking activities. In 1983, he served as a Senior Executive Vice President of CCF in charge of international affairs. Since 1986, de Croisset was Senior Executive Vice President of CCF and in charge of the Banking Department. In 1987 he was appointed President of CCF. He served as Group Executive Director of CCF since 1987.
de Croisset rejoined the government in 1987, where he served as the Chief of Staff of the State Minister of Economy, Finance and Privatisation. From 1987 to 1988, he served as Deputy Head of the Minister of the Economy and Finance's private office.
de Croisset returned to the private sector in 1988, where he served as President and Chief Operating Officer of the Banking Department of CCF. From 1993 he served as Chairman of CCF. He served as an Executive Director of HSBC Holdings PLC since 2000 and served as a Director of its subsidiaries, HSBC Bank PLC, from 2000 to February 25, 2004.
Following the takeover of CCF by HSBC, de Croisset has served as Vice-chairman of Goldman Sachs Europe, a Member of the International Advisory Board of Goldman Sachs Group, Inc, General Treasurer at the Société des amis du Louvre, Senior Advisor to Bain & Company Consulting, a Member of the Board of Directors of HSBC Guyerzeller Bank S.A. and HSBC Private Holding (Switzerland) S.A, an Independent Director of Renault SA, a Member of the Supervisory Board of Euler Hermes SA, a Member of the Supervisory Board of Galeries Lafayette SA, a Permanent Representative of SRRE Luxembourg (HSBC Group) on the Board of SOMAREL, an Independent Director of LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton, a Director of Thales Group, a Director of Bouygues SA


David S. Miller

David Stephen Miller (born November 26, 1974) is an American software developer working on the Linux kernel, where he is the primary maintainer of the networking subsystem and individual networking drivers, the SPARC implementation, and the IDE subsystem. With other people, he co-maintains the crypto API, KProbes, IPsec, and is also involved in other development work.
He is also a founding member of the GNU Compiler Collection steering committee.
Work.
As of April 2020, Miller is #1 in "non-author signoffs" patches, modifications to the linux kernel reviewed by the subsystem maintainer that ultimately applies them. He's been in the top gatekeepers for years since kernel 2.6.22 in 2007.
He worked at the Rutgers University Center for Advanced Information Processing, at Cobalt Microserver, and then Red Hat since 1999.
SPARC porting.
Miller ported the Linux kernel to the Sun Microsystems SPARC in 1996 with Miguel de Icaza. He has also ported Linux to the 64-bit UltraSPARC machines, including UltraSPARC T1 in early 2006 and later the T2 and T2+. he continues to maintain the sparc port (both 32-bit and 64-bit).
In April 2008, Miller contributed the SPARC port of gold, a from-scratch rewrite of the GNU linker.
Linux networking.
Miller is one of the maintainers of the Linux TCP/IP stack and has been key in improving its performance in high load environments. He also wrote and/or contributed to numerous network card drivers in the Linux kernel.
eBPF.
Miller is currently working on Linux's dynamic tracing technology, called eBPF.
Speeches.
David delivered the keynote at netdev 0.1 on February 16, 2015 in Ottawa.
He also delivered the keynote at Ottawa Linux Symposium in 2000, and another keynote at Linux.conf.au in Dunedin in January 2006.
He gave a talk on "Multiqueue Networking Developments in the Linux Kernel" at the July 2009 meeting of the New York Linux Users Group.


Chandra Kintala

Chandra Kintala (1948–2009) was a computer science researcher in New Jersey, United States and Bangalore, India from 2006–2009.
He worked at Bell Labs in AT&T, Lucent and Avaya in New Jersey, where he and Dr. David Belanger invented a language and a software tool used in AT&T for data analytics on very large databases. With Dr. Yennun Huang, he worked on Software-implemented Fault Tolerance and Software Rejuvenation in the 1990s.
He also worked in distributed systems and network software research at Bell Labs.
While working at Bell Labs, he held the titles of Adjunct Professor and later Distinguished Industry Professor at Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey.
India.
In September 2006, he moved to India as the Director of Motorola Labs in Bangalore. In August 2008, he joined Yahoo! Labs in Bangalore where he held the position of the Director of System Sciences and Academic Relations in India.
Education.
Kintala had a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Penn State University, an M. Tech. from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, and a B.Tech. from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India. He had published 48 refereed research papers and received 6 US patents and a Smithsonian medal sponsored by "Computer World" in 1998.
Conferences and memberships.
He had been active at academic and industry conferences and associations:
Death.
Kintala had a heart attack and died on 5 November 2009 at Summit, New Jersey. He is survived by his wife Bharti and his two children.


David Drummond (businessman)

David Carl Drummond (born March 6, 1963) is an American business executive and lawyer. He served as senior vice president (SVP) of corporate development and chief legal officer (CLO) for Alphabet Inc., and, formerly, for its subsidiary, Google. Prior to joining Google, in 2002, Drummond was a partner at law firm Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati and then chief financial officer of software company SmartForce. Drummond retired from Alphabet on January 31, 2020.
Career.
Drummond earned a bachelor's degree in history from Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California and a Juris Doctor from Stanford Law School. Drummond's first time working with Google was in 1998 as a partner at the technology law firm Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati's corporate transactions group; he was Google's first outside counsel. Drummond worked with Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin to raise funding and incorporate the company.
Drummond was Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of software company SmartForce from June 1999 until January 2002. In July 2007, Drummond and three other SmartForce executives settled accounting violation charges brought by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) resulting from an overstatement of the company’s net income by $127 million during a period of time from 1999 to 2002. Drummond paid a $700,000 fine to the SEC; he was also ordered to pay a $125,000 civil fine by the New Hampshire District Court.
In February 2002, Drummond joined Google as Vice President of Corporate Development and General Counsel. He became Google's Senior Vice President of Corporate Development in January 2006 and Chief Legal Officer in December 2006, positions he retained following Google's restructure into Alphabet Inc. in October 2015. He has also been Secretary at Google and Alphabet since 2002.
During his tenure at Google, Drummond was involved in lawsuits the company fought against GEICO, Viacom, Microsoft and the Association of American Publishers. He played a central role in Google's right to be forgotten dispute in Europe and the company's . He also oversaw major acquisitions including YouTube, Android, DoubleClick and Motorola Mobility. Drummond is an advocate for freedom of speech and diversity.
Drummond was charged by the SEC in 2005 with causing Google to violate securities law because he failed to advise the company's board that the company was required to register $80 million in stock options used as compensation for employees. The SEC said in its press release, "By deciding Google could escape its disclosure requirements, and failing to inform the Board of the legal risks of his determination, Drummond caused the company to run afoul of the federal securities laws." In January 2005, Google and Drummond settled the complaint by agreeing not to violate securities laws in the future. Neither Google nor Drummond paid a fine or acknowledged wrongdoing.
Drummond and other Google executives were defendants in a trial in Italy which began in 2009 over a video of a child being bullied which had been uploaded to Google Video in 2006. None of the executives charged had any involvement with the creation or posting of the video and Google removed the video after being notified by authorities. The case could have had ramifications for content providers around the world. In 2010, Drummond and two other Google executives were found guilty of privacy violations and handed six-month suspended sentences. They were cleared of defamation charges. In December 2012, the convictions and sentences were overturned on appeal.
Drummond joined Uber's board of directors in August 2013 after Google Ventures led a $360 million funding round for Uber. Drummond stepped down from the board in August 2016 amid reports he had been shut out of board meetings due to his conflict of interest on self-driving cars. Drummond also sat on the board of Crisis Text Line, a not-for-profit organization, from 2012 to 2018. In 2014, Drummond was appointed a board member at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, where he sat on its conflicts committee.
His compensation from Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc., was US$47,282,232 in 2018, US$664,252 in 2017, and US$664,387 in 2016. Drummond is an investor and advisor to the media company Ozy.
On January 10, 2020, it was announced that Drummond would leave Alphabet to retire, effective January 31, 2020, following scrutiny for potentially inappropriate relationships. He will not receive an exit package. In the months leading up to his announcement, Drummond sold off over $200 million of his Alphabet stock.
Personal life.
Drummond has a son born in 2007 during an extramarital affair with Jennifer Blakely, at the time a Google employee in the department he oversaw. Drummond's relationship with Blakely was detailed in a 2018 "The New York Times" exposé on sexual misconduct by executives at Google. Drummond married Corinne Dixon, an employee in Google's legal department, around September 2019.
Alphabet's board of directors, including Drummond, were sued by shareholders in January 2019 for allegedly covering up the sexual misconduct by executives. The board formed an independent committee and hired a law firm to investigate how executives handled the claims.


Andrew House

Andrew House (born 23 January 1965) is a Welsh businessman and the former chair of Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE). He previously served as President and Global CEO of SIE. House started working for Sony Computer Corporation in 1990, working in the Tokyo-based corporate communications department. Five years later in 1995, he transferred to SCEI's marketing and communications to contribute to the launch of the PlayStation gaming system. March 1996, he was promoted to Vice President of Marketing at Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA), then promoted again in 2002 to Executive Vice President of SCEA. From 2005 to 2009, Andrew House was the chief marketing officer of the Sony Corporation. From 2009 until 2011, House was co-CEO and then CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE), then became President and Group CEO of SCEI, replacing Kaz Hirai. In 2013, House led the conference which revealed the PlayStation 4. In 2017 House announced he would step down as head of Sony Interactive Entertainment at year end.
House is fluent in Japanese.


Louis Monier

Louis Monier (born March 21, 1956) was a cofounder of the Internet search engine AltaVista together with Paul Flaherty and Michael Burrows. After he left AltaVista, he worked at eBay and then at Google. He left Google in August 2007 to join Cuil, a search engine startup. He was Vice President of Products at Cuil. One month after the launch, he left Cuil, citing differences with the CEO. He also was the co-founder and CTO of Qwiki with Doug Imbruce. Qwiki won the TechCrunch Disrupt Award in 2010 and was sold to Yahoo in 2013. In 2014, Yahoo shuttered Qwiki.
Monier received a Ph.D. in Mathematics and Computer Science from the University of Paris XI, France in 1980 and worked at Carnegie Mellon University, Xerox PARC, and DEC's Western Research Laboratory.
Louis was the Chief Scientist of Proximic until July 2013, and has founded a health technology company, Kyron.


Dominic Paul

Dominic Paul is a British businessman, who was the CEO of Costa Coffee, the world's second largest coffeehouse chain, from June 2016 to December 2019.
In April 2016, it was announced that Paul, who previously was a director and senior vice president of Royal Caribbean International, would succeed Chris Rogers, and become CEO of Costa effective early June 2016.
Paul worked for Royal Caribbean International for eleven years, and had also worked in the air travel industry at Bmibaby, British Airways, Go, and EasyJet.
On 20 November 2019, Costa Coffee announced that Paul would step down as CEO of the company and be succeeded by Jill McDonald.


Bittenbinder

Bittenbinder, from "bitten"="cask" + "binder"="binder", is a German occupational surname for a cooper. It may refer to the following notable people:


Tarrnie Williams

Tryon "Tarrnie" M. Williams (born November 11, 1940) is a Canadian businessman. He is the founder of Canada's first publicly traded software company, Sydney Development Corporation formed in 1978. From 1987 to 1991 he was President and CEO of Distinctive Software Inc. of Vancouver. After the acquisition of that company by Electronic Arts Inc., he became President and CEO of Electronic Arts (Canada) Inc.
Biography.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he traveled to western Canada early in life. He obtained a B.Sc (Mathematics) in 1963 from the University of Alberta after studying mechanical engineering for three years at McGill University in Québec. After university he worked as an actuarial student for Standard Life Insurance Corporation in Montréal, followed by two years in sales in the mutual fund industry.
In 1965, Williams joined the Canadian Corporation for the World Exposition (Expo 67) as a Project Manager responsible for multiple projects in the field of communications and computers. He then moved to Vancouver and joined IBM where he worked for 10 years initially in systems design, then sales, then management education and finally in various management roles.
Williams resigned from IBM in 1978 to found Canada's first public software company, Sydney Development Corporation (SDC), The company developed an online real-time project management system for mainframe computers, then business applications for minicomputers. It became the first developer and publisher of computer games for microcomputers in Canada. SDC was the fastest-growing public company in Canada in the five-year period 1978 to 1983 with fiscal year 1983 revenues of $21 million (equivalent to $ million in ).
Williams left SDC, at the beginning of the biotech industry, to co-found Proteus Bio-Research Corporation. The company developed a monoclonal antibody to identify the AIDS virus. Proteus joined with Murex, founded by Gwynn R. Williams, to form International Murex, which was sold to Abbot Laboratories for $234 million.
After joining International Murex, in 1987 he returned to Distinctive Software, a spin-off from SDC, as president. Williams was instrumental in growing Distinctive with Don Mattrick and Paul Lee, before it was bought by Electronic Arts for $11 million in 1991 (equivalent to $ million in ), and then helping Electronic Arts (Canada) develop into a 125-person organization with a management team that reported revenue of $31 million (Canadian) in fiscal year 1993. He was the president and CEO of EA (Canada) Ltd. and a member of the seven-man executive team of Electronic Arts in California. In 1993 he was diagnosed with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and left Electronic Arts to concentrate on his health.
During the ten-year period he became an adjunct professor at the University of British Columbia, Sauder School of Business as well as mentoring over 25 small businesses in various technologies and life-sciences.
He was a founding director of YM BioSciences, which was sold to Gilead Sciences in 2013 for $540 million. YM BioSciences commercialized bioscience technology in Cuba and made significant research breakthroughs in Myelofibrosis, a rare bone marrow cancer (See Momelotinib and Nimotuzumab). While in Cuba, Williams was recommended to seek the services of the International Center of Neurologic Restoration (CIREN), where doctors re-channeled the neuropathways with repetitive physiotherapy to overcome his partial paralysis. Williams returned to Cuba for one month every year for over ten years and was able to continue his career.
He co-founded InMedia Corporation, developing digital photography software for digital cameras. This company which became PNI Digital Media and sold to Staples Inc. for $74 million.
In 2001 Williams rescued Bingo.com from potential bankruptcy and became its president and CEO until 2011 and then its Executive Chairman. Effective December 31, 2014 Unibet Group Plc. purchased Bingo.com Ltd.'s www.bingo.com domain name and its online gambling business for $8 million. The company was renamed Shoal Games and was listed on the Toronto Venture Stock Exchange. In March 2019, Shoal Games purchased Kidoz Ltd., an Ad-Tech company resident in Tel Aviv, Israel for $20 million in shares and renamed Shoal Games Ltd. to Kidoz Inc. Kidoz Inc. continues to trade on the TSX Venture Exchange. Mr. Williams continues with the company as the Executive Chairman.
Awards and memberships.
Mr. Williams is a recipient of the British Columbia DigiBC Lifetime Achievement award for his contributions in pioneering the video game industry in Canada. In 1982, Mr. Williams’ company Sydney Development Corp. published "Evolution" the first multi-level computer game, which was created by two teenagers, Don Mattrick and Jeff Sembers as well as publishing several other video games, including other worldwide hits, Quest for Tires and Damn Busters thereby putting the Canadian video game industry on the map and earning him the title, the "Godfather" of BC's gaming industry. In his acceptance speech, Williams gave advice to all the ambitious entrepreneurs – "To be successful, keep at it and believe in yourself".
Mr. Williams was featured in "Knights of the New Technology: The Inside Story of Canada's Computer Elite", authored by David Thomas and published by Key Porter Books 1983.


Bob Herbold

Robert John Herbold Jr., retired executive vice president and chief operating officer (COO) of Microsoft Corporation, is the Managing Director of The Herbold Group, LLC, a consulting business focused on executive training and profitability.
Biography.
Herbold received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Cincinnati. He also studied at Case Western Reserve University from which he holds both a master's degree in mathematics and a Ph.D. in computer science.
He worked at The Procter & Gamble Company for 26 years, joining Microsoft in 1994 as executive vice president and chief operating officer. He retired in 2001.
He is a regular guest commentator and has appeared on CNBC's Sqwak Box, Power Lunch, Kudlow Report and Fox Business Network. “Inside Microsoft: Balancing Discipline and Creativity,” his article on profitability and agility was published in the January 2002 issue of "Harvard Business Review". "China vs. America: Which Is the Developing Country?" was published July 9, 2011 in "The Wall Street Journal".
He sits on several non-profit boards, including The Heritage Foundation and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. He is an adjunct professor in the business school at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, and president of The Herbold Foundation, which provides college scholarships to science and engineering students.
Herbold is married to Patricia L. Herbold, the former United States Ambassador to the Republic of Singapore. They have three grown children.


Clerks III


European Supermarket Magazine

European Supermarket Magazine is a pan-European publication focusing on the grocery retail and fast-moving consumer goods sectors. Published by Madison Publications Limited, its first issue appeared in December 2009. The magazine is often referred to by readers by its acronym, "ESM", which is also the magazine's logo.
History.
In 2009, Irish publishing house Madison Publications Ltd. launched "European Supermarket Magazine (ESM)", a sister company to Checkout Ireland Ltd., which has published Irish retail trade publication "Checkout" since 1966.
"European Supermarket Magazine" is owned by publisher Kevin Kelly, the former creator and publisher of "World of Interiors, Departures, Business," "W Magazine" (UK edition), "World of Hibernia", "Image, Image Interiors", and "Food & Wine Magazine" (Ireland). He sold his stake in Image Publications, Ltd. in 2010. Stephen Wynne-Jones, formerly the editor of "Checkout" magazine, has been editor of "European Supermarket Magazine" since 2014.
In 2013, the publication opened a Slovakian office in the capital of Bratislava, which houses its European sales division. The magazine also has a Spanish office based out of Madrid.
Format and content.
The digital and print versions of "European Supermarket Magazine" offer breaking news for professionals working in the European retail and FMCG sectors, as well as market profiles, special reports and interviews with industry figures.
The magazine is published six times a year, both in hard copy and digital formats.
Initially offering free content on its website, "European Supermarket Magazine" introduced a soft paywall on its website in late 2017. The magazine’s digital content includes a weekly newsletter, with a mix of free and subscriber-only content.
The website is also available in mobile application format, the "ESM" News App.
Audience and circulation.
The main audience for the magazine includes senior executives, buyers and category managers operating in the European retail sector across 33 countries. The annual procurement purchasing power of the readership of the print publication is estimated to be in excess of €880 billion per year.
The magazine had a readership of 28,749 (as of end 2017).
European Private Label Awards.
Since 2017, "European Supermarket Magazine" has held the annual European Private Label Awards, which award the most impactful and innovative private-label or store-brand products found on European supermarket shelves, judged by an external panel.
Retailers and suppliers of private-label products can enter their products into awards across various retail categories, ranging from excellence in dairy products, confectionery, frozen food, and ambient grocery.
In its inaugural year, the awards received entries from grocery operators worldwide. Retailers in Italy, Belgium, Norway, Spain, and the UK were named as finalists.
M.A.D.E., a food trade exhibition in Paris, came on board as the sponsor of the 2019 awards. Judging took place in November 2018 in Dublin.
The 2019 competition received twice as many entrants as last year, with grocery operators in Germany, Italy, Spain, France, the UK, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Hungary, Sweden, Norway and Portugal taking part, as well as a number of private-label suppliers. There were 12 categories in total.
Lidl, Spar, Dunnes Stores, Coop Norge, REWE, Conad, ICA and Real were named as category winners, with Lidl Netherlands taking the top prize in three award categories: Ambient Grocery, Beverages - Non-Alcoholic and Convenience Foods.
Irish retailer Dunnes Stores was chosen as the winner in two categories (Frozen Food and Tea, Coffee & Hot Drinks), while global retailer Spar also took two awards, one for Spar International (Confectionery & Snacking) and one for Spar Netherlands (Beverages - Alcoholic).
German supermarket chain REWE took the top prize in the Dairy Products category, Coop Norge (Norway) was named winner in the Meat & Seafood category, ICA (Sweden) won the Non-Food (Household) category, Italian cooperative Conad was awarded first prize in Non-Food (Personal Care), and Real was named winner in the Pet Care category.
A full-list of winners and finalists can be found on the "European Supermarket Magazine" website.
Award nominations.
In 2017, "European Supermarket Magazine"’s website, www.esmmagazine.com, was nominated for ‘Best B2B News Site’ at the Drum Online Media Awards


Termination of employment

Termination of employment or separation of employment is an employee's departure from a job and the end of an employee's duration with an employer. Termination may be voluntary on the employee's part, or it may be at the hands of the employer, often in the form of dismissal (firing) or a layoff. Dismissal or firing is usually thought to be the fault of the employee, whereas a layoff is usually done for business reasons (for instance a business slowdown or an economic downturn) outside the employee's performance.
Firing carries a stigma in many cultures, and may hinder the jobseeker's chances of finding new employment, particularly if they have been terminated from a previous job. Jobseekers sometimes do not mention jobs from which they were fired on their resumes; accordingly, unexplained gaps in employment, and refusal or failure to contact previous employers are often regarded as "red flags".
Dismissal.
Dismissal is when the employer chooses to require the employee to leave, usually for a reason which is the fault of the employee. The most common colloquial terms for dismissal in the United States are "getting fired" or "getting canned" whereas in the United Kingdom the terms "getting the sack" or "getting sacked" are also used.
Layoff.
A less severe form of involuntary termination is often referred to as a layoff (also "redundancy" or "being made redundant" in British English). A "layoff" is usually not strictly related to personal performance, but instead due to economic cycles or the company's need to restructure itself, the firm itself going out of business or a change in the function of the employer (for example, a certain type of product or service is no longer offered by the company and therefore jobs related to that product or service are no longer needed). One type of layoff is the aggressive layoff; in such a situation, the employee is laid off, but not replaced as the job is eliminated.
In an economy based on at-will employment, such as that of the United States, a large proportion of workers may be laid off at some time in their life, and often for reasons unrelated to performance or ethics. Employment termination can also result from a probational period, in which both the employee and the employer reach an agreement that the employer is allowed to lay off the employee if the probational period is not satisfied.
Often, layoffs occur as a result of "downsizing", "reduction in force" or "redundancy". These are not technically classified as firings; laid-off employees' positions are terminated and not refilled, because either the company wishes to reduce its size or operations or otherwise lacks the economic stability to retain the position. In some cases, a laid-off employee may eventually be offered their old position again by their respective company, though by this time they may have found a new job.
Some companies resort to "attrition" ("voluntary redundancy") as a means to reduce their workforce. Under such a plan, no employees are forced to leave their jobs. However, those who do depart voluntarily are not replaced. Additionally, employees are given the option to resign in exchange for a fixed amount of money, frequently a few years of their salary. Such plans have been carried out by the United States Federal Government under President Bill Clinton during the 1990s, and by the Ford Motor Company in 2005.
However, "layoff" may be specifically addressed and defined differently in the articles of a contract in the case of unionised work.
Termination by mutual agreement.
Some terminations occur as a result of mutual agreement between the employer and employee. When this happens, it is sometimes debatable if the termination was truly mutual. In many of these cases, it was originally the employer's wish for the employee to depart, but the employer offered the mutual termination agreement in order to soften the firing (as in a "forced resignation"). But there are also times when a termination date is agreed upon before the employment starts (as in an employment contract).
Some types of termination by mutual agreement include:
Changes of conditions.
Firms that wish for an employee to exit of their own accord but do not wish to pursue firing or forced resignation, may degrade the employee's working conditions, hoping that they will leave "voluntarily".
The employee may be moved to a different geographical location, assigned to an undesirable shift, given too few hours if part-time, demoted (or relegated to a menial task), or assigned to work in uncomfortable conditions. Other forms of manipulation may be used, such as being unfairly hostile to the employee, and punishing him or her for things that are deliberately overlooked with other employees.
Often, these tactics are done so that the employer won't have to fill out termination papers in jurisdictions without at-will employment. In addition, with a few exceptions, employees who voluntarily leave generally cannot collect unemployment benefits.
Such tactics may amount to constructive dismissal, which is illegal in some jurisdictions.
Pink slip.
Pink slip refers to the American practice, by a human resources department, of including a discharge notice in an employee's pay envelope to notify the worker of their involuntary termination of employment or layoff.
The "pink slip" has become a metonym for the termination of employment in general. According to an article in "The New York Times", the editors of the "Random House Dictionary" have dated the term to at least as early as 1910.
The phrase may have originated in vaudeville. When the United Booking Office (established in 1906) would issue a cancellation notice to an act, the notice was on a pink slip. Another possible etymology is that many applications (including termination papers) are done in triplicate form, with each copy on a different color of paper, one of which is typically pink.
In the 1958 Chilly Willy cartoon, "Little Televillain" Mr. Stoop tells Smedley that if he's disturbed while reading show scripts, he would be forced to pink slip him. Smedley indicates that he doesn't know the meaning of a "pink slip", so Mr. Stoop yells at him: "It means...you will be fired!"
In the UK and, until 1 January 2019 in Ireland, the equivalent of a pink slip is a P45; in Belgium the equivalent is known as a C4.
Rehire following termination.
Depending on the circumstances, a person whose employment has been terminated may not be able to be rehired by the same employer.
If the decision to terminate was the employee's, the willingness of the employer to rehire is often contingent upon the relationship the employee had with the employer, the amount of notice given by the employee prior to departure, and the needs of the employer. In some cases, when an employee departed on good terms, she/he may be given special priority by the employer when seeking rehire.
An employee who was fired by an employer may not be eligible for rehire by the same employer, although in some cases it is usually related to staffing issues.
Employment can be terminated "without prejudice", meaning the fired employee may be rehired for the same job in the future. This is usually true in the case of layoff.
Conversely, a person's employment can be terminated "with prejudice", meaning an employer will not rehire the former employee for the same job in the future. This can be for many reasons: incompetence, policy violation, misconduct (such as dishonesty or "zero tolerance" violations), insubordination or "attitude" (personality clashes with peers or bosses).
Termination forms ("pink slips") routinely include a set of check boxes where a supervisor can indicate "with prejudice" or "without prejudice".
For example, public school teachers in New York who are laid off are placed on a "Preferred Eligible List" for employment in the school district where they were laid off for seven years from the date of layoff. If a teacher who was laid off applies to fill a job opening, they are given priority over other applicants.


Groom in Waiting

The office of Groom in Waiting (sometimes hyphenated as Groom-in-Waiting) was a post in the Royal Household of the United Kingdom, which in earlier times was usually held by more than one person at a time – in the late Middle Ages there might be dozens of persons with the rank, though the Esquires and Knights of the Body were more an important and select group. Grooms-in-Waiting to other members of the Royal Family and Extra Grooms in Waiting were also sometimes appointed. For the general history of court valets or grooms see Valet de chambre.
From the time of the Restoration (1660), the king was attended by Grooms of the Bedchamber, whose functions as attendants on the monarch's person were performed in the reign of Queen Anne by Women of the Bedchamber. By the time of Queen Victoria, however, the majority of political offices no longer involving regular attendance on the sovereign, there were appointed, in addition to the Queen's Women of the Bedchamber, eight Grooms in Waiting who would discharge those political and social functions of the Grooms of the Bedchamber which could not be undertaken by the Queen's attendants of the female sex. After Queen Victoria's reign, the nomenclature of "Grooms in Waiting" was retained in preference to "Grooms of the Bedchamber".
One of the holders of the office was designated the Parliamentary Groom in Waiting from about 1859, when it became customary to appoint a Member of Parliament who was a supporter of the government of the day. In addition to his political functions, the Parliamentary Groom in Waiting was in attendance on the Queen with the other grooms. The office became vacant in 1891, when Lord Burghley was promoted to the similar political office of Vice-Chamberlain of the Household. The political office fell into disuse in 1892, since which time it has not been revived, although this did not affect the non-political, court position of Groom in Waiting.
List of all Grooms in Waiting.
Victoria (1837–1901 ).
In Ordinary
Extra
Edward VII (1901–1910).
In Ordinary
Extra
George V (1910–1936).
In Ordinary
Extra
Edward VIII (1936).
In Ordinary
No ordinary grooms-in-waiting were appointed to attend Edward VIII during his reign as King-Emperor.
Extra
George VI (1936–1952).
In Ordinary
Extra
Elizabeth II (1952– ).
In Ordinary
Extra


Cuthbert Hurd

Cuthbert Corwin Hurd (April 5, 1911 – May 22, 1996) was an American computer scientist and entrepreneur, who was instrumental in helping the International Business Machines Corporation develop its first general-purpose computers.
Life.
Hurd was born April 5, 1911, in Estherville, Iowa. He received his B.A. in mathematics from Drake University in 1932, his M.S. in mathematics from Iowa State College in 1934, and his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Illinois in 1936. Waldemar Joseph Trjitzinsky was his advisor, and dissertation was "Asymptotic theory of linear differential equations singular in the variable of differentiation and in a parameter".
He did post-doctorate work at Columbia University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
He was assistant professor at Michigan State University from 1936 to 1942.
During World War II Hurd taught at the US Coast Guard Academy with the rank of Lieutenant Commander, and co-authored the textbook for teaching Mathematics to mariners. From 1945 to 1947 he was dean of Allegheny College.
In 1947 he moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where he worked for Union Carbide as mathematician at the United States Atomic Energy Commission facility Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He taught and later served as a technical research head under Alston Scott Householder. At Oak Ridge he supervised the installation of an IBM 602 calculating punched card machine to automate the tracking of material in the facility, and saw the potential for automating the massive amounts of computation needed for nuclear Physics research. In February 1948 he was invited to the dedication of the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC), a custom-built machine in New York City. He asked if the SSEC could be used for calculations being done at Oak Ridge for the NEPA project to power an airplane with a nuclear reactor, but the demands for the SSEC produced a backlog. In the meanwhile, he requested that the first IBM 604 calculating card punch be delivered to Oak Ridge. It was, but the calculations remained slow with the limited electronics in the 604.
IBM.
From 1949 to 1962, he worked at IBM, where he founded the Applied Science Department and pushed reluctant management into the world of computing.
Hurd hired John von Neumann as a consultant. The eccentric genius was known for his fast driving, and IBM often would pay von Neumann's traffic fines. They developed a personal friendship, with Hurd visiting von Neumann in Walter Reed Army Medical Center as he was dying of cancer.
At the time, IBM calculators were programmed by plugging and unplugging wires manually into large panels. The concept of storing the program as well as data in computer memory was generally called the Von Neumann architecture (although others developed the concept about the same time).
IBM had built the experimental stored-program SSEC, but company president Thomas J. Watson favored basing commercial products on punched card technology with manual programming. Hurd hired a team who would be the first professional computer software writers, such as John Backus and Fred Brooks.
The first step was to offer a calculator that could be programmed on punch cards in addition to a manual plugboard. This was the Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator, announced in May 1949. It was essentially a commercialized version of experiments done by Wallace John Eckert and customers at Northrop Corporation, but became a very popular product, shipping several thousand units in various models.
Based on this demand, Hurd advised new company president Tom Watson, Jr. to build the first IBM commercial stored program computer, first called the Defense Calculator. It was marketed as the IBM 701 in 1952.
There were 18 model 701 machines built (in addition to the Engineering development machine).
In 1953 Hurd convinced IBM management to develop what became the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data Processing Machine.
Although the UNIVAC I (and Ferranti Mark 1 in England) had been introduced earlier than any IBM computer, its high price (while IBM offered monthly leases) limited sales. The lower expense of the 650 meant it could be purchased in much larger quantities. Almost 2000 were produced between 1953 and 1962, to commercial customers as well as academics.
On January 19, 1955, Hurd became director of the IBM Electronic Data Processing Machines Division when T. Vincent Learson was promoted to Vice President of Sales. In 1955, Hurd made a proposal to Edward Teller for a computer to be used at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. This would evolve into the IBM "Stretch" project. The ambitious promises made for the performance of the machine were not met when it was finally delivered in 1961 as the model 7030, although techniques developed and lessons learned in its design were used on other IBM products.
California.
After 1962, he served as chairman of the Computer Usage Company, the first independent computer software company, and president from 1970 through 1974.
He then consulted for various firms in Silicon Valley, and served as an expert witness in the IBM antitrust cases. From 1978 to 1986, Hurd served as chairman for Picodyne Corporation, which he co-founded with H. Dean Brown.
Hurd was a founder of Quintus Computer Systems in 1983 with William Kornfeld, Lawrence Byrd, Fernando Pereira and David H. D. Warren to commercialize a Prolog compiler.
Hurd was president and chairman until Quintus was sold to Intergraph Corporation in October 1989.
In 1967. Drake University awarded Hurd an honorary LLD degree.
In 1986 he received the IEEE Computer Pioneer award by the IEEE Computer Society for his contributions to early computing.
In his later life he lived in Portola Valley, California, became an avid gardener and studied native California plants. A variety of "Arctostaphylos manzanita" is named Dr. Hurd for him. He died there May 22, 1996.
He endowed scholarships in Mathematics and Computer Science at Stanford University.


Neel Kashkari

Neel Tushar Kashkari (born July 30, 1973) is an American banker, economist, and politician who is the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. As interim Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability from October 2008 to May 2009, he oversaw the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) that was a major component of the U.S. government's response to the Financial crisis of 2007–2008. A Republican, he unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California in the 2014 election.
Born and raised in Ohio, and educated at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Kashkari worked initially as an aerospace engineer. After attending business school at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, he became an investment banker, covering the information technology security sector for Goldman Sachs.
Henry Paulson, the former head of Goldman, and then Secretary of the Treasury, hired Kashkari on as an aide. Kashkari was eventually named Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Economics and Development. At Treasury, he played a number of roles in the response to the financial crisis and the subprime mortgage crisis that preceded it, most notably administering the TARP.
Kashkari left government and began working for Pimco in 2009, leading that company's push into the equities market. Following little success in that endeavour, he resigned from Pimco in January 2013 to explore a run for public office. One year later, he announced his candidacy for Governor of California. He came in second in California's nonpartisan blanket primary but lost the general election to incumbent governor Jerry Brown.
He was named the new president of the Minneapolis Federal Reserve November 10, 2015, succeeding Narayana Kocherlakota who announced his resignation in June. Minneapolis, which was last an FOMC voting member in 2017, will next be a voting member in 2020.
Early life and education.
Kashkari was born on July 30, 1973, in Akron, Ohio, to Sheila Kashkari, a pathologist at Akron City Hospital, and Chaman Kashkari, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Akron. His parents are Kashmiri Hindus who were born and raised in Srinagar in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and immigrated to the United States in 1964. They settled in Stow, a suburb of Akron, where Neel Kashkari grew up. His parents were well known within the local community of Indian Hindus. His older sister, Meera Kashkari Kelley, is a physician specializing in infectious diseases. Growing up, Neel's parents and sister were liberal, but his free-market views led him to identify more with the Republican Party.
Kashkari attended Stow–Munroe Falls High School before transferring to the Western Reserve Academy. He graduated in 1991 with honors in mathematics and was elected graduation speaker. In 2009, he described his high school grades as not good enough to apply to top-tier universities.
Kashkari earned bachelor’s (1995) and master’s (1998) degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He was the team leader for the mechanical engineering component of the school's entry in the 1997 Sunrayce, a solar-powered vehicle race.
Career.
Private sector.
After completing his master's degree, Kashkari moved to Redondo Beach, California, and worked as an engineer for TRW Inc., a contractor for NASA. There he worked on a stabilizing component for the James Webb Space Telescope.
Kashkari left TRW to enter the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, earning an MBA in 2002. At Wharton he was president of the Finance Club and was part of the student organizing team for the annual Wharton Finance Conference.
Kashkari interned at the investment bank Goldman Sachs during the summer between his two academic years at Wharton. After graduating from Wharton in 2002 he joined Goldman's San Francisco office as an Associate covering software companies in the investment banking division. In this role he was part of the team that advised clients on mergers and acquisitions and other financial matters, until leaving the firm in 2006.
He was a Regional Finalist for the White House Fellows program but was ultimately rejected.
Treasury Department.
In May 2006 President George W. Bush announced his intention to appoint Paulson as Secretary of the Treasury. Kashkari contacted Paulson and asked to join him at Treasury. Despite not knowing Kashkari well, Paulson agreed to meet with him, and much later offered him a job as a policy generalist. Kashkari accepted, and then Paulson remembered to confirm that Kashkari was a Republican. After the U.S. Senate confirmed Paulson, he and Kashkari started at Treasury on the same day. Kashkari was one of several Goldman employees who followed Paulson to Treasury.
Kashkari began as a special assistant to Paulson working on energy policy. He and Allan B. Hubbard developed Bush's "Twenty in Ten" plan to promote energy conservation. He also worked on issues related to India, particularly infrastructure development. In November 2007, Bush nominated Kashkari to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Economics and Development. The U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination in June 2008, and Kashkari was sworn in the following month.
2008 financial crisis.
By the summer 2007, concerns over the credit quality of private-label securitizations, underwriting standards and institutional solvency accelerated. The value of unconventional financial instruments backed by U.S. subprime mortgages declined sharply as it became clear that many of the borrowers would continue to default on the mortgages. This caused a housing glut and crisis as the banks holding the mortgages saw their assets decline in value and rushed to foreclose the loans. This ultimately intensified into a global financial crisis with broad implications.
Kashkari played important roles in several episodes of the crisis. He led Treasury's participation in the Hope Now Alliance, a mortgage industry initiative coordinated by the federal government that aimed to reduce foreclosures by modifying loan terms on a loan-by-loan basis. In March 2008 he represented Treasury at negotiations that led ultimately to the federally sponsored takeover and rescue of the investment bank Bear Stearns by JPMorgan Chase. He was in charge of Treasury's (ultimately unsuccessful) efforts to create a market in the U.S. for covered bonds, whose value would continue to be guaranteed by the issuing bank after the bank had sold them. He also worked closely with Paulson on Treasury's takeover of the government-sponsored enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac on September 6, 2008, and the federal bailout of American International Group on September 16.
In March 2008, Kashkari began to worry that, if the Bush administration never received the authority it needed to deal with the growing crisis, the next administration would blame them for everything wrong in the economy. Paulson scoffed at this idea, particularly Kashkari's speculation that Barack Obama, then a candidate in that year's presidential election, would win the presidency and use the crisis to ride to popularity just as former President Ronald Reagan had following the Iran hostage crisis.
TARP.
In early 2008, Paulson directed Kashkari and fellow Treasury aide Phillip Swagel to write a plan to recapitalize the banking system in case the crisis worsened. The plan called for Congress to authorize Treasury to spend $500 billion to buy mortgage-backed securities from troubled banks, replacing them on banks' balance sheets with safe, liquid Treasury bills. This would prevent runs on the banks and encourage them to lend. The plan was conceived as an alternative to proposals from the staff of the House Financial Services Committee, then led by Democratic Representative Barney Frank.
Following the collapse of the investment bank Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA) was enacted on October 3. Both Democrats and Republicans in Congress voted for the law. Kashkari was one of several Paulson aides who was heavily involved in the crafting the legislation. Based in large part on Kashkari and Swagel's recapitalization plan, the EESA created the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), a $700 billion bailout fund for financial institutions threatened with collapse. Kashkari initially proposed a $1 trillion fund, but Paulson vetoed that number as too large. Kashkari came up with the lesser figure of $700 billion by taking 5% of the $14 trillion in then-outstanding mortgages in the United States.
To administer TARP, the EESA created within the Treasury Department a new Office of Financial Stability to be headed by an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability, who would be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. However, it also specified that the Treasury Secretary could designate an interim Assistant Secretary to run the office. Kashkari first came to widespread public attention on October 6, 2008, when Paulson named him to this position. During his time running TARP he retained his title as Assistant Secretary for International Economics and Development, but his international affairs responsibilities were delegated to another Treasury official.
Noticing a lack of necessary expertise in investment within Treasury, Kashkari recruited new staff for the program, some from government and others from industry, ultimately hiring about 100 people by January 2009. Kashkari also chaired the five-member investment committee within Treasury that decided which banks would receive TARP money.
With Bush scheduled to leave office on January 20, 2009, following the November 2008 election, Kashkari's appointment was initially viewed as temporary. There were even plans to replace him before Bush left office. However, after Obama won the election, his transition team asked Kashkari to remain at Treasury after the inauguration for a limited period. He left the Treasury Department on May 1, 2009, replaced at the helm of TARP by Herbert M. Allison.
During his time heading TARP, Kashkari was frequently called to testify before Congressional oversight panels. The House members would often question him hostilely over the politically unpopular program, but at least one, Representative Dennis Kucinich, assured Kashkari privately that he thought Kashkari was doing a great job. Another public critic, Representative Gregory Meeks, later thanked Kashkari for his service. Kashkari also won praise from Paulson and Timothy Geithner, Paulson's successor as Treasury Secretary and Kashkari's boss under the Obama administration. Neil Barofsky, who oversaw TARP within Treasury as a special inspector general, commended Kashkari's commitment to the job but criticized his actions. Elizabeth Warren, who headed TARP's Congressional Oversight Panel, later criticized Kashkari for allegedly promising to focus on smaller banks shortly before Treasury announced additional measures to bail out Citigroup. Kashkari later said that Bush not running for reelection allowed the government to "do things that were deeply unpopular but we knew were the right thing."
Return to California.
One week after his resignation, he and his wife moved to a cabin in rural Northern California near Lake Tahoe as part of what he called a "detox" from Washington. He worked on home improvement projects and helped Paulson write a memoir.
In December 2009 Kashkari was named a managing director at the investment firm Pimco, in charge of new investment initiatives. Pimco, which had traditionally focused on bonds, hired him to broaden its focus into equities; Pimco later named him global head of equities. Kashkari had met Bill Gross, Pimco's co-founder, in December 2007 as part of his work at Treasury. Kashkari's move to Pimco attracted attention because Pimco benefited from the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, though it did not receive TARP funds. The six equity mutual funds Pimco launched under Kashkari all underperformed benchmarks in 2012. Kashkari attributed this to the funds hedging risk, which decreases returns when stock prices increase.
Kashkari resigned from Pimco in January 2013, citing a desire to return to public service. He was expected to announce a campaign for elected office.
In 2015, the Wall Street "Journal" said that "the performance of [Pimco equity] funds Mr. Kashkari launched was spotty [and] the firm has since closed some of" them.
Politics.
2014 California gubernatorial campaign.
Kashkari has said he first considered running for Governor of California after Republican nominee Mitt Romney lost the 2012 presidential election to Obama. He spent the year after his resignation from Pimco preparing to campaign in the 2014 gubernatorial election, touring the state, hiring a staff, and meeting with potential donors. He announced his candidacy on January 21, 2014, citing jobs and education as his top priorities. It was his first run for elected office. He finished second to incumbent governor Jerry Brown in the nonpartisan blanket primary and lost to Brown in the November general election. After the campaign, Kashkari published "Lessons from the Trail," a firsthand account of what he learned from his gubernatorial campaign to help future candidates.
Primary election.
Brown was widely expected to finish first in the primary, so Kashkari's principal opponent at this stage was his main rival for second place, Republican state assemblyman Tim Donnelly. Kashkari was seen as a fiscal conservative and social moderate, while Donnelly identified with the right-wing Tea Party movement.
Kashkari enjoyed a significant funding advantage over Donnelly. He raised $1 million within two weeks of announcing his candidacy and went on to raise a total of US$4.1 million, including $2 million of his own money. Republican donors Charles Munger Jr. and Robert Addison Day also spent $400,000 supporting Kashkari through an independent expenditure committee. Donnelly raised only $447,000 in 2014.
For most of the race, Kashkari trailed Donnelly in public opinion polls. Kashkari's moderate views on social issues, involvement with TARP, and vote for Obama in 2008 were unpopular with many Republican voters, who were more enthusiastic about Donnelly. Other Republicans feared that if Donnelly advanced to the general election he would not only lose to Brown but also hurt other Republicans running for office because of his narrow appeal to white conservatives, staunch right-wing views, inflammatory rhetoric, and criminal record. The perceived threat from Donnelly attracted endorsements for Kashkari from national Republicans including Romney, Jeb Bush, Condoleezza Rice, and Karl Rove, as well as California Republicans including Pete Wilson and Darrell Issa. These advantages allowed Kashkari not to campaign farther right than he wanted to.
Kashkari's fundraising advantage allowed him pay for more advertising in the last weeks of the race. The first poll showing him ahead of Donnelly came out days before the election. In the June 3 primary, Kashkari came in second with 19% of the vote, and Donnelly came in third with 15%. Brown beat them both, with 55%.
General election.
Brown, a Democrat, was long considered the favorite to win the general election. His approval ratings were high, and as of the end of the primary his campaign had US$21 million. Kashkari, by contrast, spent almost all his campaign money to beat Donnelly, and additional financial support from the national or state Republican Parties was unlikely. Kashkari cited George W. Bush's upset victory over Ann Richards in the 1994 election for Governor of Texas as a model for an upset against a popular Democratic governor.
Kashkari lost the November 4, 2014 general election to Governor Jerry Brown by approximately 1.4 million votes, with Brown winning 60% of the vote. Brown won the largest gubernatorial victory since 1986 despite running a low-key campaign.
Record of voting.
The "San Francisco Chronicle" reported in January 2014 that, since 1998, Kashkari had been eligible to vote in 23 elections in California and Pennsylvania but had only voted in 13 (i.e., 57%) of them. His campaign disputed some aspects of the reporting and said that Kashkari's Treasury Department service proves his commitment to civic life. Kashkari later acknowledged his imperfect voting record.
Political positions.
Kashkari has been a Republican his whole life. In a 2008 speech to the American Enterprise Institute, Kashkari described himself as "a free-market Republican." In 2013, he described himself as a "pro-growth Republican". He opposes most of Obama's economic agenda and supports cutting business regulations. He has called for cutting Social Security and Medicare and replacing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In 2012, he voted against California's Proposition 30, which raised taxes in the state, and for Proposition 32, which would have weakened labor unions' political influence. In a March 2014 interview, he praised Wisconsin governor Scott Walker's controversial policies limiting collective bargaining.
On social issues, he has described himself as libertarian and "a different kind of Republican", supporting abortion rights, same-sex marriage, and a path to legal status for illegal immigrants. He voted against California's Proposition 8, which banned same-sex marriage in 2008. In 2013, he was one of 131 Republicans who signed a pro-marriage equality "amicus curiae" brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court as part of "Hollingsworth v. Perry", the case in which the final appeal against the previously-found unconstitutionality of Proposition 8 was rejected for lack of standing. Kashkari owns four guns and considers waiting periods and background checks before purchasing a firearm to be reasonable.
On environmental issues, he voted against California's Proposition 23, which would have suspended the state law that limits greenhouse gas emissions. He believes climate change is real and man-made. He has spoken positively of fracking and offshore oil drilling and negatively of California's cap-and-trade program.
Kashkari cites Paulson, Mitch Daniels, and Jeb Bush as political mentors. He voted for Obama in the 2008 presidential election and Romney in the 2012 election.
In March 2014, Kashkari proposed waiving state income taxes for 10 years for businesses that move to California with at least 100 jobs; waiving state income taxes for California companies that build new manufacturing plants in the state; expanding hydraulic fracturing (fracking) of oil deposits; reducing environmental regulation; and increasing water storage in response to the state's ongoing drought. Economists and political experts interviewed by the "Los Angeles Times" were skeptical of the plan's chances in the Democratic-dominated California Legislature and of its potential effectiveness were it to be passed.
In January 2020, Kashkari and Alan Page proposed amending a portion of the Minnesota State Constitution to read, "All children have a fundamental right to a quality public education that fully prepares them."
At a January 2021 Minneapolis Federal Reserve event on racism and the economy, Kashkari commented on the contrast between how the rioters at the U.S. Capitol were treated compared to black Americans, saying, "If those were Black militants, armed militants, storming the U.S. Capitol, I think they’d all be dead right now [ . . .] That is the most stark example of racism and disparities in our society.”
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
In early November 2015 Kashkari was named president and CEO of the Minneapolis Fed. He was chosen by the Minneapolis bank board (excepting representatives from the financial industry), approved 5–0 by the Federal Reserve Board in Washington and assumed the Minneapolis position on January 1, 2016. With the presidents of the New York (William C. Dudley), Dallas (Robert Steven Kaplan) and Philadelphia (Patrick T. Harker) regional Fed banks, Kashkari will become the fourth sitting regional Fed chief to have Goldman Sachs on his resume. Kaplan and Harker both assumed their positions in 2015.
On February 16, 2016 while giving a speech at the Brookings Institution, Kashkari recommended that in order to stave another potential financial meltdown, the big banks should be broken up, saying, "I believe the biggest banks are still too big to fail and continue to pose a significant, ongoing risk to our economy."
Personal life.
Kashkari is a practicing Hindu. He said in 2009 that he began praying while working on TARP, having been especially affected when a colleague had a heart attack at work.
Kashkari met his ex-wife Minal Jeshanker (now Kotterman) in college at the University of Illinois. They married in a traditional North Indian Hindu ceremony in Chicago, and she supported him through his time at Wharton while working as an engineer at Lockheed Martin Kashkari filed for divorce in November 2011 and later described the split as amicable. They have no children.
Kashkari married Christine Ong in California’s Sugar Pine Point State Park in August 2015. In February 2019, Kashkari and Ong welcomed their first child, a baby girl named Ulysses Sabine.


Richard Collingbourne

Richard Collingbourne (died 1418) was the member of the Parliament of England for Marlborough for the parliament of 1402.
He was escheator in 1403 and obtained a royal pardon for any offenses carried out in that role.


Chris Grigg

Christopher Montague Grigg (born 6 July 1959) is a British businessman, chief executive (CEO) of The British Land Company plc, a British property development and investment company.
Early life.
Grigg was educated at King Edward VI School, Southampton (where he was in Lawrence House), and graduated from Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge with a first in Economics.
Career.
Grigg joined Morgan Grenfell as a graduate trainee in 1981. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1985, rising to partner, before he left in 2005 to become Treasurer of Barclays Bank, and chief executive of Barclays Commercial Bank from 1 February 2007 to November 2008. Grigg joined British Land as chief executive on 12 January 2009.
Although there has been some criticism of his decision to sell 50% of British Land's City of London Broadgate development to Blackstone Group, as well as 50% of the Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield, Grigg has stated his belief that this was the right decision in the long term: "We aspire to outperform the market. It's kind of hard to do that if your two largest assets have been underperformers."
In January 2012, he said that the City of London's skyline needs to become more like Manhattan to attract companies to the capital, and that office spaces need to be larger and more flexible.
Grigg was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to business, particularly during the Covid-19 response.
On April 29, 2021 it was announced Grigg has been appointed as the chairman of the new UK Infrastructure Bank.
Personal life.
Grigg is married and lives in Harpenden, Hertfordshire, with his wife and five children.


Thomas Manningham (MP)

Thomas Manningham (died c. 1455), of Ardsley and Wrenthorpe, Yorkshire and Wrestlingworth, Bedfordshire, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Appleby in March 1416, Carlisle in 1419 and Bedford in December 1421. He was also justice of the peace in Bedfordshire, and also escheator of both that county and Buckinghamshire.