Maha Bodhi Society

The Maha Bodhi Society is a South Asian Buddhist society presently based in Kolkata, India. Founded by the Sri Lankan Buddhist leader Anagarika Dharmapala and the British journalist and poet Sir Edwin Arnold, its first office was in Bodh Gaya. The organization's efforts began in order to resuscitate Buddhism in India, and to restore the ancient Buddhist shrines at Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Kushinara. The restoration and revival of the glory and sanctity of Bodh Gaya are also aims of Maha Bodhi Society.
Although many Indians had remained culturally Buddhist for centuries after the decline of Buddhist philosophy, they did not self-identify as "Buddhist". The Maha Bodhi Society renewed interest in Buddhism, and spawned the Ladakh Buddhist Association, All Assam Buddhist Association, and Himalayan Buddhist Society, as well as laying the grounds for the Dalit Buddhist movement.
Origins.
In 1891, while on pilgrimage to the recently restored Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya, the location where Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) attained enlightenment, Anagarika Dharmapala had experienced a shock to find the temple in the hands of a Saivite priest, the Buddha image transformed into a Hindu icon and Buddhists barred from worship. As a result, he began an agitation movement. Prior to that, in 1885 Sir Edwin Arnold visited the site and published several articles drawing the attention of the Buddhists to the deplorable conditions of Bodh Gaya. The Buddhist renaissance inaugurated by Anagarika Dharmapala through his Mahabodhi Movement has also been described as "conservative" for it considered Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent responsible for the decay of Buddhism in India, in the then current mood of Hindu-Buddhist brotherhood.
The Mahabodhi Society at Colombo was founded in 1891 but its offices were moved to Calcutta the following year. One of its primary aims was the restoration of the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya, the chief of the four ancient Holy sites to Buddhist control. To accomplish this Dharmapala initiated a lawsuit against the Brahmin priests who had held control of the site for centuries. After a protracted struggle this was successful with the partial restoration of the site to the management of the Maha Bodhi Society in 1949.
Maha Bodhi Society branches have been established in several countries, most significantly in India and Sri Lanka. A United States branch was founded by Dr. Paul Carus in Chicago. There is also a Maha Bodhi Society of Bangalore, founded by Acharya Buddharakkhita in 1956, which is not a part of or tied to the Maha Bodhi Society of India or Sri Lanka.
The Mahabodhi Temple.
After the defeat of the Palas by the Hindu Sena dynasty, Buddhism's position again began to erode and was soon followed by the conquest of Magadha by General Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji. During this period, the Mahabodhi Temple fell into disrepair and was largely abandoned. During the 16th century, a Hindu monastery was established near Bodh Gaya. Over the following centuries, the monastery's abbot or mahant became the area's primary landholder and claimed ownership of the Mahabodhi Temple grounds.
In the 1880s, the then-British government of India began to restore Mahabodhi Temple under the direction of Sir Alexander Cunningham. In 1885, Sir Edwin Arnold visited the site and published several articles drawing the attention of the Buddhists to the deplorable conditions of Buddhagaya. He was guided in this undertaking by Ven.Weligama Sri Sumangala In 1891, Anagarika Dharmapala started a campaign to return control of the temple to Buddhists, over the objections of the "mahant". The campaign was partially successful in 1949, when control passed from the Hindu mahant to the state government of Bihar, which established a temple management committee. The committee has nine members, a majority of whom, including the chairman, must by law be Hindus. Mahabodhi's first head monk under the management committee was Anagarika Munindra, a Bengali man who had been an active member of the Maha Bodhi Society.
Mulagandha Kuty Vihara in Sarnath.
Mulagandha Kuty Vihara in Sarnath is a fitting reminder of Sarnath's past glory. It is also the crowning and most glorious achievement of Anagarika Dharmapala's lifelong dedication.
The construction of the Mulagandha Kuty Vihara was taken up by Anagarika Dharmapala in 1926, towards the end of his pious life. When he decided to construct a temple at Sarnath and after making the architectural plans, it was the generous Hawaiian Lady, Mary Foster who gave the first financial assistance that came from her parents, brother and well-wishers. Anagarika Dharmapala personally supervised the constructional works. The 200 feet high magnificent temple was opened to public in 1931. Later a reputed Japanese artist Mr. Kosteu Nosu and his assistant undertook the task to decorate the temple walls with fresco paintings famously as the Mural paintings of Mulagandha Kuty Vihara, depicting the life Events of Sakyamuni Buddha. On the opening day of the Vihara, the Buddha's relics donated to Anagarika Dharmapala by Govt. of India under the British Raj was enshrined in the temple. The Vihara, an attractive place of Buddhist worship was visited by numerous Indian and foreign dignitaries and millions of pilgrims and tourists over the past decades. At the Mulagandha Kuty Vihara annual function in November, the most attractive item among the programs is the exposition of the Buddha's sacred relic. People from different countries and from the homeland visit the Vihara to homage to the sacred relic considering it as a rare and an opportune moment in their lifetime.
Publications.
The Maha Bodhi Society has a robust tradition of publications, spanning from Pali translations into modern Indian vernacular languages (such as Hindi) to scholarly texts and new editions of Pali works typeset in Devanagari to appeal to a Hindi-educated Indian audience. They have also published books and pamphlets in local/regional languages and dialects, sometimes in partnership with other presses.
Leadership.
Most Venerable P Seewalee Thero is serving as the 12th and current General Secretary of the Maha Bodhi Society of India since 2016 and the Joint Secretaries are Venerable Kahatagollawe Medhankara Thero and Ven.Rathmalwa Sumithananda Thero.
At a meeting in September 2008, the Maha Bodhi Society passed a rule that only persons born into Buddhist families will be eligible to serve as president or as one of the vice-presidents of the Society. The outgoing president, B. K. Modi, a Hindu, assumed the position of patron. At the same meeting, the 14th Dalai Lama was given the new title of chief patron.


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Guillaume-Antoine Delfaud

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Kabir Suman

Kabir Suman (born Suman Chattopadhyay on 16 March 1949) is an Indian music director, songwriter musician, singer, composer, poet, novelist, polyglot, journalist, political activist, TV presenter, and occasional actor. From May 2009 to 2014, he was a member of parliament of India in the 15th Lok Sabha, having been elected from the Jadavpur constituency in Kolkata from All India Trinamool Congress.
He changed his name from Suman Chattopadhyay to Kabir Suman when he converted to Islam as a mark of protest against the killing of Christian missionary Graham Staines by a former member of Bajrang Dal. He shot to fame in the 1990s with albums such as "Tomake Chai" ("I Want You") and "Boshe Anko" ("Sit-and-Draw").
Kabir Suman was the pioneer of alternative Bengali music around 1991. He advocated a new trend in Bengali music with songs that were written, composed and sung, all by a single individual. Many contemporary solo artists like Anjan Dutta, Nachiketa Chakraborty, and Silajit Majumder tried to follow this trend. He has influenced bands like Chandrabindoo. He is the first singer of Bengali music industry who is a multi-instrumentalist. He plays the piano, guitar, harmonica and the melodica in his live concerts. The majority of his concerts are entirely solo. He is the first Indian musician who has recorded a complete album, where a solo artist has written, composed, sung, recorded, mixed and mastered all the songs.
Early life.
Childhood and Family.
Suman was born in a Bengali Hindu family on 16 March 1949 to Sudhindranath and Uma Chattopadhyay at Cuttack, Odisha. He started his training in classical music at a very young age, under the tutelage of his father. Although he learned Rabindrasangeet and Khayal since his childhood, his father did not want Suman to take up professional singing as he believed that the masses never respect a professional singer. His parents were professional singers, and had recorded a number of gramophone records. They were accomplished radio artists. He studied at St. Lawrence High School, Kolkata.
Late Sudhindranath Chattopadhyay was a generous listener of Indian artists like Ustad Amir Khan, Pandit Nikhil Banerjee, Ustad Bismillah Khan, Dilip Kumar Roy, Jnan Prakash Ghosh, Sachin Dev Burman, Salil Chowdhury, Nachiketa Ghosh, Hemanta Mukherjee, Pannalal Bhattacharya and Pankaj Mullick, as well as foreign compositions of Mozart, Beethoven, Paul Robeson, The Beatles and Elvis Presley, which enriched Suman's childhood. Suman says that he could have never been able to become a musician, had he not listened to these records since his childhood.
Sudhindranath got an opportunity to study music under Rabindranath Tagore in his youth although it was not possible for him to afford the costs due to financial constraints.
At a very young age, Suman accompanied his father to Shantiniketan where he got the opportunity to observe Reel to real tape recording, and met Kanika Banerjee, a Rabindrasangeet maestro.
Suman's elder brother Anandarup Chatterjee was also an accomplished singer and harmonica player though he never took up singing professionally.
When Suman was young, Pandit Girin Chakrabarty had suggested his mother to teach him the sarod, although this idea was never materialised. Radio played an important role in his life at that time. He started playing the harmonium and harmonica around the early 1960s. For a short period, he also played the taishōgoto.
Suman's first public performance was in 1958, as a child singer, where his father accompanied him with the harmonium. In the same year he performed at the much revered Shishumahal Auditorium.
Around 1959, he learned Opera music under the guidance of Father Pinto, the man responsible for popularising opera music in India. He sang in a radio program under the direction of renowned composer Pankaj Kumar Mallik as well.
Acharya Kalipada Das & Chinmoy Lahiri taught him the khayal. Suman also idolised Sukumar Ray and Abanindranath Tagore and was greatly influenced by their language form and rhythm.
Suman added tune to a poem of Rabindranath Tagore,from Rabindra Rachanabali, which he borrowed from one of his friends, on the 100th birth anniversary of Ravindranath Tagore, when he was just twelve. The poem was Tomare Ami Kokhono Chini Nako(তোমারে আমি কখন চিনি নাকো). That was his first musical creation.
Along with his continuous learning of Indian Classical Music, he also listened to Western singers like Pat Boone, Jim Reeves, Nat King Cole, Nina & Frederick, The Kingston Trio and Frank Sinatra.
He was deeply inspired by Ustad Amir Khan. Suman auditioned for Akashbani as a singer and received the ‘B-high’ grade in Rabindrasangeet and Modern Music and‘B’ grade in Nazrulgeeti from Akashbani at the tender age of 16.
Youth.
When he was seventeen, he started adding tune to lyrics and poems. He graduated with an honours in English Literature from Jadavpur University and did a diploma in the French language and the German language. He read modern Bengali poems, especially those written by the Hungry Generation as well as English poems. He was highly inspired by the works of Samar Sen, Subhash Mukhopadhyay and T. S. Eliot.
Rethinking about Bengali Songs.
Around 1968, while learning Himangshu Dutta compositions, he felt that in spite of their compositional strength, they did not represent the contemporary times, lyrically.
He observed that the language and thinking of modern poems, story, novel, essay, journalism, drama, cinema and magazine have started changing, but not Bengali music.
At that time the political environment of West Bengal started changing. It was a turbulent time in Bengal. The Naxalbari Movement was slowly gaining strength. Emergency was imposed by Indira Gandhi. Kolkata witnessed daily bombings, arrests of the common people and police atrocities on those involved in the Naxal movement. The Vietnam War, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh and Che Guevara became icons of the Bengali youth, but this did not reflect in contemporary Bengali songs. He felt that he was not satisfied with the music he sang because those songs did not represent his time. He felt that he had to write his own songs if he had to sing. He gave up learning under Kalipada Das. He resigned from Akashbani, stopped recording for INRECO and decided to focus on writing his own songs.
Early Recordings.
Kabir Suman's first studio recording was in 1972. It was a 7-inch single record, with one song on both sides, written and composed by Rabindranath Tagore. It was released from Hindusthan Records. He was accompanied on flute, guitar, violin and tabla by other musicians. Subinoy Roy helped him in the recording, and this recording was done under the guidance of Sudhindranath Chatterjee. His second single vinyl record was published in 1973, from the same company, this was also a two-song record of Rabindranath Tagore. Both these records were commercially unsuccessful, but he got some small scale popularity and received the opportunity to perform in live concerts.
Influence of Bob Dylan and songwriting.
After quitting Akashbani (All India Radio) he joined a clerical post at United Bank of India. Kabir Suman shifted to France temporarily to teach the basics of Indian Classical Music in 1973. It was in France that he first listened to Bob Dylan’s "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall"’ from the album The Freewheeling Bob Dylan. Dylan's simple music with an acoustic guitar and harmonica, unconventional voice, and offbeat lyrics, compositions and genre gave him a "shock". He also got the opportunity to listen to the compositions of Phil Ochs, Fados, Shanson and realized that Western music has changed a lot, and successfully represents its time and its people.
This was when his will to write his own songs strengthened. He started listening to all types of music from the street side accordion to the pipe-organ in the Notre-Dame de Paris church. He also started playing the monophonic synthesizer.
Return to Kolkata.
After returning to Kolkata, he stopped professional singing completely to focus on songwriting. He tried writing poems, but it was not satisfactory. His father suggested him to learn some musical instrument, and his parents inspired him not to stop singing completely.
First song.
Suman's first songs was a six liner "E Kemon Akash Dekhale Tumi’’. This song is still unreleased. Soon after, he left for West Germany.
1975—1979: In West Germany.
Kabir Suman went to West Germany on 12th May, 1975 to study literature at the age of 26. He started learning the German Language for his convenience at work and worked part-time alongside his studies. At the end of 1975, Voice of Germany opened a Bengali department in Cologne, and he applied for a job there. They gave him some translation work, and he gradually became a regular freelancer for the Voice of Germany—Bengali division.
In Germany, works of German & Austrian musicians like Wolf Biermann, André Heller inspired him. The stage performance, lyrics and composition of Biermann changed his earlier concept of live performance, which would later have a great impact on his own stage performances. German Cabaret also taught him some lessons. He met Bengali poet Shahid Qadri in Germany.
Back in Kolkata.
In May 1979, Suman returned to Kolkata, with an order to send at least two articles to Voice of Germany every month. He worked as a teacher of German at Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Kolkata, and the Max Mueller Bhavan.
He started working in the Bengali daily Aajkal as a part-timer, and also contributed to the Desh until 1980. He joined a band called "Samatan". However, this band was unsuccessful and the members broke up very soon. Some members of Samatan and some new members, all in their twenties and thirties joined him to establish a new band called ‘Nagarik : Anya Katha Anya Gan’. Kamal Sarkar was the main lyricist and composer. During this time Suman completed his first song (written in 1975) "E Kemon Akash Dekhale Tumi". He also started playing the Melodica and the Accordion. He wrote his second song "Bhalo Lagchhe Na Asahya Ei Dinkal", which was highly appreciated by his fellow band members. He started writing songs, breaking the song structure in two or three parts by Counter Point Harmony. After this he wrote another song "Satchallish Noy Swadhinata", the tune of which was inspired from a movie "My Name Is Nobody". Shahid Kadri's poem "Rashtra Manei Left Right’’ was transcripted by him as a song "Rashtra’’. After this he wrote "Tomake Bhababoi"(finally released in 1994), and "Manusher Itihas Likhte Habe", which was a transcription of a Bertolt Brecht poem. At that time Nagarik performed at two concerts at Ballygunge Science College & Gorky Sadan. Nagarik used the accordion, melodica, and conga. However Suman felt that his musical talent was not being cultivated properly at Nagarik as he received limited opportunities to sing.
1980—1985: In USA.
Kabir Suman went to the US for a job in Voice of America, and he decided to join it. He planned with his friend that he would learn Western music and buy as many musical instruments as he can, and after five years he would return to Kolkata, to develop his musical career further.
Learning electronic keyboard.
After reaching the US, he bought a portable keyboard when he got his first salary, and started practising to play with both hands. After two months he bought a Double Deck Organ in monthly instalments and continued practicing. At this time he started fully learning keyboard instrument with theory, chord practice, notation reading and writing etc. with the help of many American books and cassettes. He also started playing Hammond Organ and Moog Synthesizer during this time. Many songs including "Agun Dekhechhi Ami"(finally published in 1993), "Duchokh Buje Jao", "Hazar Bachhar Dhare", "America Prabasi Bangalir Gan", "Sararat Jwelechhe" (finally published in 1994), "Bandhu Amar Ei Hat Dharo" etc. were created during this period.
During this period Kabir Suman decided to go to Nicaragua to feel the environment of the Sandinista Revolution. He started learning Spanish, and also history, politics and literature of Latin America, and also created a song "Jwalbe Agun" (finally published in 2012) about this revolution. In the meantime he bought two synthesizers, two organs, one keyboard, one four track tape recorder, one master recorder, microphone etc., and started multi track recording. Salil Chowdhury met with him in early 1982, when Suman was living in Silver Spring, Maryland. In this period, he started sending a feature in each month for "Desh" magazine under the pseudonym Manab Mitra, and also started writing in the ’Frontier’ magazine. Around 1983 he took some interviews of Paul Swizi, Harry Magdoff, Leroy Jones, Amiri Baraka, Noam Chomsky, George Wald, Maxine Klein, Holly Near, Maya Angelou, Barbara Ehrenreich, Bertel Wolman, Annette Rubinstein, and Pete Seeger.
During this interview period, Kabir Suman made an intimate relation as a friend, philosopher and guide with Pete Seeger. Seeger inspired Suman very much about his songwriting, composing etc. He also helped Suman to go to Nicaragua for knowing details about the revolution.
Suman returned to Kolkata in early 1985. He bought many instruments, applicable for a complete recording studio, which were sent to Kolkata by ship. After returning to Kolkata, he rejoined with ‘Nagarik’ with some new vocalists and instrumentalists, and continued writing and composing songs, thinking mainly as group songs.
After more than five years, ‘Nagarik’ again performed in a concert at Birla Academy Hall, where Kabir Suman played electronic keyboards. Other instruments were guitar, tabla, conga, drums and nal. After seeing the concert, Biman Ghosh, one of the officers of The Gramophone Company of India offered ’Nagarik’ to record an album in both vinyl record and cassette tape format. He insisted on Suman repeatedly to sing some songs on the forthcoming album, along with playing keyboards, but ultimately the recording company did not show much interest about alternative Bengali songs, and the recording was not done.
Breakup of Nagarik.
From early 1986, ‘Nagarik’ started swinging due to clash of personality. Kabir Suman created some songs at that time like "Hariye Jeo Na", "Tomake Chai" (finally published in 1992), "Aro Balo Aro Katha" (partially published in 1992), "Machhi O Mara Mukher Gan", "Najehal Akashta", "Robbar" (finally published in 1994), "Tumi Gan Gaile (finally sung by Indranil Sen and published in 2002), "Ganahatyar Nam Bhopal", "Tirikshi Mejajer Je Lokta", "Abhibadan" (finally published in 1994) etc. His efforts became mostly useless because most members of ‘Nagarik’ were not practising at home, so complex compositions made them troubled. Some old members departed, and some new members arrived. They planned to record some of his songs on cassette tape, the entire recording was planned domestically in his home at Baishnabghata. Kabir Suman himself had written, composed, sung and played electronic keyboard on the recording. There were some other vocalists and instrumentalists, instruments included guitar and percussions. The entire recording was done by his four track tape recorder, where live vocals and live instruments were recorded in two tracks by all vocalists, and Kabir Suman himself added more electronic sounds on the rest of the two tracks by playing synthesizer. His book "Mukta Nicaragua" about Sandinista revolution was published by K.P. Bagchi Publication at that time (republished many years later), but another book "Anya America" failed to get published. He also recorded some information and song about Sandinista Revolution at that time. During this time he constructed a recording studio named ’Sing To Live’ inside an abandoned factory near Bansdroni.
1986—1989: In West Germany.
Kabir Suman was not sure about the future of his created songs, and also not interested to involve in a general job. He thought if he could go to a foreign country as an employee, he could buy many electronic music instruments. Thinking thus, he went to West Germany again in September 1986, and before departure he recorded another album of ‘Nagarik’, following the procedure just written before, but this time in the new studio he constructed.
Learning guitar.
After reaching West Germany, he started learning classical guitar. During this time he felt that guitar is a simple instrument, which could be played by a solo musician, and there is no question about any type of multi-instrument orchestra. Also a guitar makes a man moving-minded. Under an Italian teacher, he started learning guitar, with Finger-style, sight-reading, listening many guitarists’ records like Andrés Segovia, Julian Bream etc., and also started learning jazz guitar & blues guitar. He then started song creation on guitar, like "Hal Chherho Na Bandhu" (finally published in 1992), "Gan-ola" (finally published in 1994), etc. These guitar based songs started influencing of Baul, Bhawaiya, Kirtan, Folk, Blues and also some Ragas.
Suman returned to Kolkata in early 1989. He bought many instruments like before, this time both keyboard and guitar.
Struggling as a newcomer musician.
After returning to Kolkata, he saw ’Nagarik’ has almost disbanded because of ego-clash, and the studio is also in a sinking mood. He decided to be a solo professional singer-songwriter and musician, and thought to work in some advertisement business, but nothing materialized. During this time he wrote some songs like "Tin Shataker Shahar", "Chena Duhkha Chena Sukh" (finally published in 1992), "Pratham Sabkichhu" (finally published in 1994) etc.
First public performance with own song.
In February 1990, a singer named Raju Bal took a gentleman Indranil Gupta to Suman's house. Indranil listened the "Tin Shataker Shahar" and liked it, and told Suman that Kolkata Festival was being held in Yuba Bharati Krirangan remembering the so-called tri-centenary celebration of Kolkata City, and that song relates with this, so he should sing this song at that festival.
He felt nervous because he was performing on stage after 17 years, and he was completely unknown, with his style. He sang "Tin Shataker Shahar" with guitar, then "Tomake Chai" and finally "Amader Janya" – both with electronic keyboard. The audiences became highly appreciative about his songs and music after hearing three songs and started applauding seeking encore. Kabir Suman felt very happy to realize that his song got the favour of the general public, and became optimistic. He started to practise his voice with the help of electronic tanpura, continued keyboard and guitar playing, and also creating songs with some contemporary incidents. Kabir Suman performed first time as a professional singer in December 1990. He got appreciation from Dr. Barin Roy, Gour Kishor Ghosh, Ashis Chattopadhay etc. Shubhendu Maity helped him by giving him a chance to perform in some concerts. His songs have not impressed the rural people, but urban and suburban people appreciated them very much. He also sang at some political meetings of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). During this time some controversy arose over one of his songs "Anita Dewan".
Solo live performance.
Kabir Suman performed his first solo live performance on 5 May 1991 at Shishir Mancha. Many magazines and newspapers were invited, like "Aajkal", "Desh", "Business Standard", "The Statesman", and they reviewed it. ‘Desh’ first labeled his songs as ‘Sumaner Gan’, which popularized his songs after this time and still now.
But although those reviews were positive, not many invitations other from than his friend circle happened. He performed in some live programs with the help of his friends. All those were very unsure, and Kabir Suman also was not optimistic at that time about his eligibility. Many people of advertisement business got him to do jingles or theme songs including "Lexpo 1991", but some of them either gave him not a single penny, others gave him very little money, despite the fact that Kabir Suman made all this work completely alone with writing, composing, singing, playing instruments, recording, and mixing. Some advised him to go to Mumbai for some professional work, but he refused it.
He went to Doordarshan Kendra Kolkata for some work, but he was refused. He went to Akashbani Bhawan Kolkata, and applied with the help of his friend and famous newsreader Tarun Chakrabarty. Ultimately he sang some of his own songs and some songs of Rabindra Nath Tagore, after 16 years, on the radio. In 1991 he went to film director Tarun Majumdar for some work in soundtrack. Tarun Majumder listened to some of his songs, and selected "Pratham Sabkichhu" to use in one of his upcoming films ‘Abhimane Anurage’, although he requested Suman to change some of his lyrics to match with the theme of that movie. The song was recorded in February 1992. Kabir Suman himself played guitar, Pratap Roy played synthesizer, and Samir Khasnabis played bass guitar. Unfortunately the film was not completed, and so the song was also not released.
First solo album.
Shubhendu Maity told Mr. Somnath Chattopadhyay, one of the officials of The Gramophone Company of India about the songs of Kabir Suman, and after Shubhendu's request, Suman sent some songs to Somnath after home recording. Ravi Kichlu, the head of the product development division of that company welcomed Suman, and showed interest to record his songs. Kabir suman felt very happy and surprised after listening to this, and asked Ravi about the reason for it, Ravi Kichlu told him – "I will be doing a service to Indian Music". The recording started after some days in early 1992.
Tomake Chai.
Kabir Suman recorded 12 songs for his first album, named ‘Tomake Chai’, which was published in April 1992. In many aspects, it was a milestone in the history of Bangla Song. It was the first Bengali Basic Song Album which was entirely written, composed, sung and musical instruments played by the artist himself. It was the first Bengali Basic Song Album which was recorded with the help of a four track tape recorder.
On thé first pressing, it did not sell well, but after the 2nd pressing, it gained a huge success, and was a big hit. With its offbeat lyric, and instrumentation, it drew a great attention of the listeners, and ultimately it got Platinum Disc.
After much deliberation, Suman zeroed in on the name, Kabir Suman. According to him, "I wanted to keep the name my parents gave me, so I kept Suman. I took the name Kabir after Sheikh Kabir, a Bengali Muslim poet who wrote "Baishnab Padabali"."
Personal life.
 Suman has been married five times. He is married to Sabina Yasmin, a Bangladeshi singer.
Musical life.
Kabir Suman, recorded a number of albums between 1992 and 1999 under the name Suman Chattopadhyay or Suman Chatterjee. He returned to the recording industry again in 2001, and this time as Kabir Suman.
His contemporary urban, socially conscious songs draw upon both Bengali "adhunik" (modern) and Western folk and protest music. His work has been a major influence in the development of the Bengali songs. It has influenced bands like Chandrabindoo, and has grown to become a major movement in contemporary Bengali music. Most of his songs are played solo with just a Piano, electronic keyboard or a guitar. Like many other Bengali singers, Suman recorded albums of Rabindra Sangeet (Songs of Rabindranath Tagore), starting in the late-1990s.
He released his first solo album, "Tomake Chai", on 23 April 1992, which was immensely successful as it redefined Bengali songs. Later Suman stopped making songs for general audience and focused on more political issues.
Basic song albums with his own created own sung songs.
In April 1992, Suman published his first album 'Tomake Chai', which had twelve songs. He sang, wrote and composed all those songs. Except three songs, all songs were accompanied by either electronic keyboard, or acoustic guitar, or both (mixed by a four track tape recorder and hardware sequencer) by him alone; those three songs were accompanied by tabla and percussion by other artists. The song "Tomake Chai" is the most famous track of the album. This continued to next album 'Bosey Anko', published in March 1992 along with twelve songs again. Unlike previous album, which was mostly accompanied by electronic keyboard and multi track mixed sound electronically, 'Bosey Anko' was recorded directly without any complex mixing except one song, which was mixed with both guitar and keyboard (and also with tabla and percussion). Most songs were recorded with a simple acoustic guitar, only two songs with an electronic keyboard, and four songs were accompanied by a sarod, tabla and percussion by other artists. This second album was also a big hit, and popularized Suman so much, that he was obliged to record his third album on the same year.
From his third album 'Ichchhe Holo', he started recording his basic albums annually as a 'Puja Album' like other artists during August of each year, until 1999. 'Ichchhe Holo' contained 14 songs, the first of such basic Bengali song albums. Unlike two previous albums, electronic keyboard was completely unused in this album. Most songs were completely accompanied by a simple acoustic guitar, and 4 songs were accompanied by sarod, santur, tabla and percussion by other artists. This fully acoustic music arrangement drew attention to many music-lovers, and it was such an album, which was completely electric or electronic music instrument less almost after 40 years in Bengali music history. It was also his first album which the front cover does not have a picture of himself.
In 1994, Suman recorded his 4th album 'Gan-ola', which contained 15 songs. He broke his own record, and also the record of Bengali music history because it was the first of such basic Bengali song album which contains such number of songs. By this album, he returned his electronic music era again, with an updated, state-of-the art electronic keyboard with arranger facility. It was also his first album, where no other musicians played. All 15 songs were accompanied by either electronic keyboard, or acoustic guitar, among these, two songs were recorded with both guitar and harmonica. Some people believe that he was not used keyboard after 'Bosey Anko' – because he continued to practice this new keyboard, which was finally recorded in 'Gan-ola'. It was his second album which front cover does not have any picture of himself. His electronic music supremacy developed further on his next album 'Ghumo Baundule'. Although the number of songs reduced from 15 to 13, but it was another album, which was entirely accompanied by his musical instruments. In this album, all songs were accompanied with electronic keyboard, harmonica, acoustic guitar and electric guitar combination. It was also the first time in Bengali music history. All these mixing were done by both four track tape recorder, and hardware sequencer, which was unique and very hard to do.
1996 saw a big departure of Suman's music, because, in this year, his 6th album 'Chaichhi Tomar Bondhuta' published. It contained again 15 songs like 'Gan-ola', but the main exception is that it was the first and only basic album of Suman, where a music arranger, named Amit Bandopadhyay, arranged the instrumental part. Only 3 songs were accompanied by Suman's acoustic guitar, but other songs were accompanied by session musicians, with santoor, sarod, violin, tabla, dhol, drum pad, electronic keyboard, guitar and bass guitar. Also in first time, some male and female background vocalists used in some songs. Many hardcore Suman fans were criticized and disliked this music, which was not alike with his previous albums.
However, in 1997, Suman returned again to his own instrumental music by his 7th album 'Jatissor'. It contained 12 songs again after 'Bosey Anko', and also like 'Bosey Anko' – most songs was recorded with a simple guitar, (this time with an electric guitar), only 2 songs with electronic keyboard, 1 song with keyboard, guitar and drums, another song with piano, guitar and harmonica, and 2 songs were accompanied by sarod, santoor, tabla and drums by other artists. The title song 'Jatissor' inspired then young Srijit Mukherjee, and he made a Bengali feature film with the same name in 2013.
In 1998, Suman published his 8th album 'Nishiddho Istehar', which was a stark contrast with his 3rd album 'Ichchhe Holo'. Where 'Ichchhe Holo' completely omitted electronic keyboard, 'Nishiddho Istehar' was entirely accompanied by electronic keyboard. It was one of the complex electronic music recording in Bengali music industry, were all 14 songs were accompanied by complex-customized electronic sound. After 'Ghumo Baundule', it was the first album where no other musicians played. This continued to his 9th album 'Pagla Sanai', which was published in 1999. Only 2 songs were accompanied by simple acoustic guitar, and 2 were with sanai and tabla by other artists. All other songs were accompanied by electronic keyboard, and hardware drum programmer. Suman used both instruments very complexly, and created a complex orchestration alone. After this album, his next album was published again in 2001, after a long gap.
Basic song albums with his own created other's sung songs.
Beside himself, some other artists have recorded his songs. It first happened in 1995, when Haimanti Shukla recorded an album 'Sobujer Pratishodh', which contained 8 songs. Amit Bandopadhyay arranged the instrumental music with many session musicians. Some female background vocalists used in some songs. It continues in next year 1996 when Suman created an album 'Chhoto Boro Miley' with 14 songs. It was his first album mainly for children. Along with Anjan Dutt, Nachiketa Chakraborty, Lopamudra Mitra & Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta, some child singers sang most songs either single or as group, or as collaborative with those famous singers. Amit Bandopadhyay was also arranger here, but in 3 songs, Kabir Suman played acoustic guitar and harmonic.
In 1999, there was another children song album 'Eksathe Banchboi' with 12 songs. Unlike 'Chhoto Boro Miley', here no other famous singers sang. All songs were sung by child singers, although they were not same of those in 'Chhoto Boro Miley' (except Payel Kar, who was in both albums). Also in this album, all songs were accompanied with electronic keyboard, and hardware drum programmer by Suman. Suman used both instruments very complexly, and created a complex orchestration alone. He also sang 3 songs collaboratively with those child singers, and he says that it was his best artistic work till now. In this year, another album published named 'Achena Chhuti', which contained 14 songs, where Suman sang with Sabina Yasmin. Some songs sung by Suman, some by Sabina, and some as duet. The entire instrumentation was done by Suman. Only two songs were accompanied with guitar and harmonica, rest of the songs was by completely electronic keyboard, and sometimes with harmonica, like 'Nishiddha Istehar'. It was his first basic song album, where complete lyrics were printed in album cover. It was his last collaborative album as 'Suman Chatterjee'. Initially it was published only as cassette, but later also as CD. It was his first album which was published from a recording company other than SAREGAMA India Limited; it was published from Raga Music.
Motion picture soundtrack.
In 1994, Kabir Suman debuted his Soundtrack music career. In this year, he wrote, composed, sung, and even played a cameo role in a Bengali film Mahasangram, which contained 6 songs. Amit Bandopadhyay arranged the instrumental music with many session musicians all songs but one, where Suman played his guitar and harmonica only. Here Suman sang with Indrani Sen. Some songs sung by Suman, some by Indrani, and some as duet. Background score was also done by Suman. Unfortunately the motion picture released after a long 12 years gap, in 2006, and was flop.
In 1997, Suman became music director again in a Bengali film Sedin Chaitramas, which contained 7 songs. Unlike Mahasangram, Suman played all instruments like electronic keyboard, guitar and harmonica and himself was an arranger like his basic albums. It was his first soundtrack worked with own instruments. Beside Suman, other singers were Nachiketa Chakrabarty, Lopamudra Mitra & Swagata Lakshmi Das Gupta. Background score was also done by Suman. It became a hit for both the movie and soundtrack, and Kabir Suman received BFJA award as best music director. It continued to next year when he became music director again in a Bengali film Suryakanya, which contained 6 songs. Unlike two previous films, he was not directed the background score here. Suman played all instruments like electronic keyboard, guitar and harmonica and himself was an arranger like his basic albums. Beside Suman, other singers were Shrikanta Acharya, Shriradha Bandopadhyay & Swagata Lakshmi Das Gupta. This movie was a flop.
Songs created by Rabindra Nath Tagore.
Kabir Suman started his music career with Rabindra Nath Tagore's song in 1972, but it was almost unsuccessful. He recorded Tagore's song again 1994, after a long gap, this time he was already a popular singer. From 1994 to 1997, he recorded Tagore's Song each year as albums. These were published as 'Tumi Sandhyar Meghamala' in 1994, 'Pathik Ami` in 1995, 'Priyar Chhaya` in 1996 and 'Chirabhakta` in 1997. In first three albums, music was arranged by V Balsara, Amit Bandopadhyay and again V. Balsara respectively. In the album 'Chirabhakta', 7 songs were arranged by Amit Bandopadhyay, but rest 5 songs was sung by Suman with only a simple acoustic guitar, which was unique in the history of Tagore's song recording, and it was also permitted by Vishwa Bharati Music Board.
Songs composed by Himangshu Dutta.
1n 1995, Kabir Suman recorded an album which contained 10 songs, that were composed by Surasagar Himangshu Dutta, around 1940. All these songs were written by different lyricists. During its recording, Pete Seeger's 12 string guitar was played by renowned guitarist Buddhadeb Gangopadhyay.
After 1999, he returned in recording industry again in 2001, and this time as Kabir Suman.
Concert With Pete Seeger.
One of Suman's greatest critical success, was his concert in Kalamandir (in Kolkata) with American folk icon Pete Seeger, in 1996.
Basic song albums with his own created songs from 2001.
After a long gap throughout 2000, Kabir Suman returned to recording carrier again in January 2001, by publishing his 10th album 'Jabo Awchenay', which contained 10 songs. It was his first concept album about holiday, leave, vacation. Its theme contained 'leave' in many aspects like vacation, death, lost youth, holiday, break etc. After 'Nishiddho Istehar', this was his second album, which was entirely accompanied by electronic keyboard, except the last song, which was played with an acoustic piano. This was his first album, where there were some lyric reading, without any music and tune. There were such 6 lyrics. Kabir Suman had already changed his name from Suman Chattopadhyay to Kabir Suman, but the recording company still used his old name primarily, and his new name within bracket. The cover art was also a photograph of old days when he had hair, beard and moustache, where during that time, practically there were nothing to him.
Next year, Kabir Suman published his 11th album 'Adab', which contained 12 songs. This was almost his back to route effort, like 'Tomake Chai' and 'Bose Anko', which also contained 6 songs on each side. 5 Songs were played with an electric guitar, and 1 song with both electronic keyboard and guitar. Rest of all songs was played with electronic keyboard. This album was remarkable with four more points—1) Here his new name were used primarily, with his old name within bracket (unlike previous album), 2) His then actual photo was used as cover photo, 3) It was his last album recorded in Saregama India Limited. 4) It was his last album which was published only as cassette. His next Bengali full solo album was published in 2005, after a long 3 years gap.
In 2003, he recorded an English song album 'Reaching Out' which contained 10 songs. All songs were completely accompanied by a simple acoustic guitar. 2 songs were translation of two former Bengali songs, but the other 8 songs were directly written in English. This was Suman's first solo album which was published from a recording label other than SAREGAMA India Limited. It was published from Cosmic Harmony, which continued to publish his next few albums. It was his first album, which was marketed as his new name Kabir Suman, which is continuing after that.
2004 saw a long-awaiting incident, when Kabir Suman and Anjan Datta recorded an album collaboratively. It was named 'Onek Din Por', which contained 10 songs, 5 each were written by each artist. Suman's songs were accompanied by guitar and harmonica, where Anjan's songs were accompanied by lead guitar, bass guitar and harmonica by other musicians. Anjan himself played acoustic guitar, and Suman accompanied him by harmonica in a song. This was a milestone in Bengali Music Industry where two renowned singer-songwriters recorded an album jointly. The effort was mainly from Kabir Suman, as his 12th album. It was also his first album which was published as both cassette and CD, and his first album recorded digitally.
Kabir Suman returned to his solo Bengali album in 2005 after a three-year long gap. This time he published his 13th album 'Dekhchhi Toke'. It contained only 8 songs, which was his first album with least contained song. This album was remarkable because, it was his first album where he not only recorded the entire music instrumental parts, but also mixed and finally mastered. It was first Bengali album which contained songs that were written, composed, sung, instruments played, recorded, mixed and mastered by a single person. 4 songs were accompanied by electronic keyboard, and 4 songs by electric guitar. However its recording quality was a bit unclear and hazy.
His next Bengali full solo album 'Nandigram' was published in 2007, after a 2 years gap. It was his 14th album, and his 2nd concept album, and his first political album. Around this time, the political situation of West Bengal was in unrest regarding land acquisition at Singur and Nandigram. On 14 March 2007, many people were killed by police at Nandigram. At that time, Kabir Suman was a reporter of Tara TV. He went more than one time to those places, and arose high protest by both as reporter and singer-songwriter-musician. This album contained 8 songs, and one lyric. It was his second album which contained lyric reading, without any music and tune. The title song 'Nandigram` was sung by him without any kind of instrumental, it was also his first time. Rest of all songs was accompanied by only electronic keyboard. All songs' theme was forcefully land acquisition from then state government, and brutal massacre by them. It was his third album after a long gap since 'Gan-ola`, published in 1994, which front cover does not have any picture of himself. The royalty of this album went completely to those ordinary persons of Singur and Nandigram, who were continuing protest against forcefully land acquisition. His protest continued to the next year, when he published his 15th album and his 3rd concept album 'Rijwanur Britto` in 2008. It was his first album which was published in Kolkata Book Fair, and the only album which was published personally, without any help from any recording company. It contained 8 songs, and except one song which was played with guitar, all other songs were played with electronic keyboard. All songs' theme was mysterious death of young multimedia designer Rizwanur Rahman, which was very controversial, and created some political unrest in West Bengal. It was his first album which was published only in CD. During this period Kabir Suman gaining popularity again in view of his many protest songs, so he obliged to publish another protest song album in the same year. His 16th album 'Protirodh', which was also a political album and his 4th concept album., which contained 8 songs. All songs were accompanied by electronic keyboard, with some songs mixed with guitar a bit. Both of these albums published in 2008 does not contained any photo of him on front cover. It is often called a sequel of 'Nandigram'. Like 'Nandigram', all songs' theme was forcefully land acquisition from then state government, and brutal massacre by them, and the royalty of this album went completely to those ordinary persons of Singur and Nandigram, Both 'Nandigram' and 'Protirodh' became very popular to the then opposition party of West Bengal All India Trinamool Congress. They played it on various meeting, distributed CD copies in very low price to voters. This album was marked by two aspects—1) It was his last album which was published as both cassette and CD, because from 2009, the cassette manufacturing was completely stopped in India. 2) It was his last album published from Cosmic Harmony. His protest-mindness helped to Trinamool Congress to stand him as an MP in then coming Lok sabha election. He sang many such songs in his election campaign.
After elected as MP, he returned again to music recording in 2010. This time he published his 17th album 'Chhatradharer Gaan'. and his 5th concept album, and his 4th political album. It contained only 8 songs, and all songs were accompanied by a simple guitar. No other instruments used. It was his first Bengali album, which he recorded entirely with guitar, without any other musicians. This album was remarkable because, it was his first album after he became an MP. The main theme of this album was the forest area at western West Bengal, its people, their political situation, and some reasonless harassment from central government. During that time, Chhatradhar Mahato was arrested and imprisoned, joint paramilitary force was posted in that area, and they started harassing common people of forest area, saying that they are helping Maoists. For this sensitive reason, this album became controversial. Suman's party All India Trinamool Congress did not liked his view, and repeatedly said to ban this album, and stop saying about supporting Chhatradhar Mahato, but he has not changed his view, so the clash continued with him from other leaders, including AITC supremo, then railway minister Mamata Banerjee. This album was recorded by following an early stereo recording concept, i.e.—vocal on one side, and guitar on another side.
In 2011, Suman published his 18th album 'Lalmohoner Lash'. It was his 6th and last concept album, and his 5th and last political album. It contained 9 songs, and has a stark contrast with previous album in view of instrumentation. Unlike 'Chhatradharer Gaan', which was completely accompanied by guitar, 'Lalmohaner Lash' was entirely accompanied by electronic keyboard. This album was recorded and released at that time, when due to his political view not supported by his party, the clash with his party was continuing. It is often called a sequel of 'Chhatradharer Gan'. Like 'Chhatradharer Gan', all songs were in favor of revolution of forest peoples living in western West Bengal, and protest against harassment caused by central paramilitary force, operation Green hunt etc. During that time, Lal Mohan Tudu was arrested applying UAPA, and killed by military paramilitary force. A very sharp ear can listen a humming sound in the end of some songs, it was due to 14 Kilohertz crosstalk signaling. It was caused by some earthing problem. This album also does not contain any photo of him on front cover.
2012 saw the till now last album, which is his 19th album '63te'. After some political and concept album since 2007, he returned to a standard album. It is his first standard album after 'Dekhchhi Toke', which was published in 2005. It includes 15 songs, which was after long time since 1996, when he published 'Chaichhi Tomar Bondhuta'. Instrumentation was returned again to his old style, 4 or 5 songs were played by guitar, and all other songs were played by electronic keyboard. Due to his home recording like recent albums, some outside noise were unintentionally added with final recording. The humming problem also present in some songs.
Basic song albums with his own created other's sung songs from 2002.
In 2002, Indranil Sen recorded an album 'Tumi Gan Gaile', which contained 8 songs. Sanjay Das arranged the instrumental music with some session musicians. Kabir Suman said a little speech in the middle of the title song. Complete lyrics were printed in album cover. It was his first collaborative album as 'Kabir Suman', and also his first collaborative album which was published as both cassette and CD.
In 2006, another album published named '13', which contained 13 songs, where Suman sang with Sabina Yasmin. Some songs sang by Suman, some by Sabina, and some as duet. Among these, one song was written and composed by Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah. The entire instrumentation was done by Suman. Some songs were accompanied with guitar and harmonica, other songs were by electronic keyboard, and some was mixed with both electronic keyboard and guitar. Complete lyrics were printed in album cover. It was his first collaborative album, which was recorded digitally and instrumentations were mixed by software sequencer like Reason, Samplitude, and Nuendorum. It was his last collaborative album which was published as both cassette and CD. One song was previously published in 1994.
In 2010, Sabina Yasmin recorded an album 'Suprobhat Bishonnota', which contained 10 songs. The entire instrumentation was done by Suman. Some songs were accompanied with guitar and harmonica, other songs were by electronic keyboard, and some was mixed with both electronic keyboard and guitar. It was his first and till now the only collaborative album, which was published only as CD. A very sharp ear can listen a humming sound in the end of some songs, it was due to 14 Kilohertz crosstalk signaling. In some songs, back ground noise was also born, and to depress it, over-noise-reduction happened in some tracks.
Motion picture soundtrack from 2009.
In 2009, Kabir Suman returned again to Bengali film industry as a music director after a long gap. In this year, he wrote, composed, sung, and instruments played in a Bengali film Diet, which contained 3 songs. Here Suman played his guitar, electronic keyboard and all instrumental sounds were mixed by him. Two songs were sung by Suman, one by Sabina Yasmin. Background score was also done by Suman. Unfortunately the motion picture became flop, and there was no release its soundtrack album. The movie was released at the time when he was elected as MP.
2014 was the greatest year of Suman as a music director. In this year, he directed music in a Bengali film Jaatishwar, which contained 21 songs. It had the most songs in a single film in the history of Bengali film industry. Like his first music-directed film Mahasangram, this movie was also other person who was arranger, this time was Indraadip Dasgupta. In only one song, Kabir Suman played his guitar (with other instruments by others). Beside Kabir Suman, other singers were Rupankar Bagchi, Shrikanta Acharya, Manomay Bhattacharya, Suman Mukhopadhyay, Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya, Kharaj Mukhopadhyay, Dibyendu Mukhopadhyay, Saptarshi Mukhopadhyay, and Anupam Ray. Sidhu, Saki & Shramana Chakraborty. It was the only Bengali movie so far—which had a Spanish song. Complete lyrics were printed in a booklet, included in this album. There was a way to use all songs as mobile phone caller tune. It became a major hit for both the movie and soundtrack, and Kabir Suman received National Award as best music director. He also got Radio Mirchi Award for best lyricist, best compact disc, and best seller compact disc for this film.
Songs created by Rabindra Nath Tagore from 2002.
He recorded Tagore's Song again in 2002, after a long gap. This year, he recorded 'Kalo Horin Chokh' which had 10 songs, 2 songs were recorded previously in 1972 and 1994 respectively. It was the first Tagore's song album, where all songs were accompanied by either guitar & harmonica or electronic keyboard, which was played by solely Kabir Suman. An extended recording of this album as EP cassette 'Sondhyadiper Shikha' was published in next year 2003, which was 4 more songs, 1 of them was published in 'Kalo Horin Chokh'. It was his last Tagore Song album in both cassette and CD format. He recorded his next Tagore Song album 'Ganer Resh' in 2016, which was completely without any instruments. It was published only as CD.
Other recordings.
Beside those albums, he recorded some other songs, which were compiled on some albums like 'Onurodher Asor', 'Nagorik Kobiyal', 'Pata Jhore Jay', 'Ei Prothom' (a live album with Nachiketa Chakraborty) etc. He also recorded two songs for a Bengali Movie 'Bhoy' – which was recorded and released in 1996, and one song for a Bengali Movie 'Yoddha' – which was recorded in 1995, but never released. Concord Trio has recorded two Suman's songs in 1994 and one in 1997 respectively for their albums 'Konthe Nilem Notun Gan' and 'Tomar Safar'. Lopamudra Mitra has recorded two Suman's songs in 1995 and one in 1996 respectively for her albums 'Notun Ganer Nouko Bawa' and 'Bhetor Ghore Brishti'. From 1997 to 2003 (except 2002), Sandhya Mukhopadhyay has recorded two Suman's songs almost each year, those were published respectively in her albums 'Dhonno Hok', 'Shesh Dorjata Perole', 'Aschhe Shotabdite', 'Rongdhonu Tana Setu', 'Sada Payra Giyechhe Ure' & 'Osshomedher Ghora Chhutechhe', among them one song in 1999 won the best Bengali album award.
Digital songs.
Since 2011, Kabir Suman started posting his new songs on him website—www.kabirsumanonline.com. During this time his 19th album '63te' was released as compact disc format, which contained some songs that was also published on his website. After that, he started completely releasing his new songs (as mostly audio format, sometimes as video format) through his website. Sometimes he releases some songs also through www.soundcloud.com. All his internet-only songs are only playable, but not downloadable. It doesn't cost any money for listening those songs. It is first such example for a Bengali musician to release songs only in internet. Beside his self-created songs, he also released some Indian Classical songs and some old songs, created by late Dilip Kumar Roy and others.
Present Status.
Although he has not recorded any studio album since 2012 (actually his last recording in a professional recording studio occurred in 2008, since when he has recorded his studio albums entirely at his home), he has recently recorded two soundtrack albums in 2014 and 2016. He is continuing live performance on various stages in Kolkata and various towns in West Bengal as of 2017. He also sometimes performs live in some cities outside West Bengal, including both Indian and foreign cities, even outside of Asia. He also teaches songs in his house on weekends. Despite not being completely physically fit due to some nerve problems, he still performs a three-hour solo live performance, playing electronic keyboard (now simply an acoustic piano). Until recently, he played the guitar. He also sometimes plays melodica and harmonica at his concerts. Since 2013, he took some additional musicians in his concerts for playing additional acoustic guitar and electronic percussion/tabla.
Bangla Khayal.
Recently, Kabir Suman is doing some serious work relating to Bangla Khayal, which is also written and composed by himself. He has organized some concerts on Bangla Khayal.
Influences and legacy.
Suman has often been credited with creating a new genre of music in Bengal, which is deceptively simple, with lyrics that reflect common life experiences. He is sometimes referred to as the "Nagorik Kobial" (urban troubadour). Some people consider his songs "Jibonmukhi" (songs facing life), though he does not like this title and consider his work as simply "adhunik bangla gaan" (modern Bengali songs).
His music reflects on social mores and is often directly political. Suman draws from a very long and deep tradition of Bengali music, absorbing multiple genres including pop, light classical, film music and folk. His influences traverses a literal who's who of the Bengali music pantheon. He was also influenced by Western musicians such as Bob Dylan, Pete Seeger, Wolf Biermann etc. He transcribed (with credits) Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind" as "Uttoro to Jana" in his album "Ichchhe Holo" in 1993 and "Farewell, Angelina" (initially recorded by Joan Baez in 1965) as "Biday Porichita" in his 1997 album "Jatismar". He transcribed (with credits) Paul Simon's "Sounds of Silence" as "Stobdhotar Gaan". Pete Seeger also had an influence on his music. Suman had transcribed Pete Seeger's Where Have All The Flowers Gone to his song called "Kothay Gelo Tara", which he sang on various occasions but never recorded. He had sung this in his concert with Seeger in Kalamandir 1996, right after Pete sang his original.
His early albums were sparsely arranged, using primarily electronic keyboard, guitar and occasional mouth organ, all played by himself on multitrack recordings. The effect on the Bengali audience was not unlike what Bob Dylan produced on American audiences during the Beat Generation. Later albums were more elaborately arranged with full studio orchestra and often classical Hindustani accompaniment. Suman influenced a generation of singer-songwriters in Bengal after the 1990s, including Nachiketa Chakraborty, Anjan Dutt, Lopamudra Mitra, Srikanto Acharya and bands like Chandrabindoo.
Political activities.
Suman was a journalist in Nicaragua during the Sandinista revolution and wrote "Mukto Nicaragua" (Liberated Nicaragua) on his experiences. During the 2002 Gujarat riots, he composed songs in protest against fundamentalism. He is also noted for his strong declamations against political opponents in public. Since 2006, when Suman was involved in the land struggle in Nandigram, he started aligning himself to All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) led by Mamata Banerjee. His songs on the Nandigram land issues have been released on two albums, "Nandigram" and "Pratirodh". Suman participated in the Singur agitation & other TMC party programmes on a regular basis.
The Trinamoool Congress nominated him for the 2009 general election from Jadavpur constituency in Kolkata, West Bengal, and won the election, defeating his nearest rival, Sujan Chakraborty of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) by 54,000 votes (by a 10% margin).
In November 2009, Suman had a dispute with the Trinamool Congress. He complained that the local leaders of the party were not allowing him to work, and his views were not taken seriously in the party. However, the issue was resolved amicably in a series of closed door meetings.
Suman has also been vocal in his support for the movement of tribals in Lalgarh, and has composed an album called "Chhatradharer Gaan" in support of the mass movement, going against the wishes of the party. Going against the party position, he has also expressed his protests against "Operation Green Hunt", the Indian Government's military operation where the Naxalites have some influence.
Suman, at the end of March 2010, claimed that he is going to leave Trinamool Congress and also his membership of the Parliament. On the request of Mahasweta Devi he postponed his resignation for seven days. Within a few days, however, he made a U-turn and declared on 7 April that he does not want to resign to prevent embarrassing the party further. Currently he conveys his political opinions through his own website.
Discography: Solo.
Solo albums with track lists:
63 te (2012).
Since 2011, many old and new songs are publishing in his website and Facebook
Collaborative albums.
● Choto Boro Mile (1996) – HMV.
[with Nachiketa Chakravarty, Anjan Dutt, Indrani Sen, Lopamudra Mitra, Payel Kar, Shalini Chatterjee, Sreetoma Ghosh, Shayari Das, Tanushree Haldar, Paromita Chatterjee, Reema Roy, Shubhanwita Guha and Reetomaa Gupto (All Composition: Kabir Suman)]


Samuel Koranteng-Pipim

Samuel Koranteng Pipim (born December 10, 1957) is a US-based Ghanaian author, speaker, and theologian. Trained in engineering and systematic theology, he based his office in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where, up until 2011, he ministered to students, faculty, and staff at the University of Michigan. He has authored and co-authored more than a dozen books. He has spoken around the world at events for youth, students, and young professionals. He helped begin and has sat on the Board of Directors for the Generation of Youth for Christ organization (GYC), a revival movement of Seventh-day Adventist youth in North America.
He resigned his ministerial credentials in May 2011 and requested to be disciplined according to church protocol. He was disfellowshipped by his local church on June 15, 2011.
Most recently, Dr. Pipim was disfellowshipped for a second time on January 16, 2021 for "allegations of sexual violence by at least 10 women."
Biography.
Pipim was born in Ghana, West Africa. He holds a degree in engineering from the University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, where he subsequently served as a research and teaching assistant. Having been a leader in a non-denominational, charismatic movement, Pipim later became a Seventh-day Adventist. After accepting the call to the gospel ministry, he worked in the Central Ghana conference as its Coordinator of Campus Ministries. He later went to the United States to pursue a ministerial training at Andrews University where in 1998 he received a PhD in systematic theology, specializing in biblical authority, interpretation and ecclesiology. His doctoral dissertation, "The Role of the Holy Spirit in Biblical Interpretation: A Study in the Writings of James I. Packer," was under the supervision of Raoul Dederen, with Clark H. Pinnock as the external examiner.
In 1998, his church leadership in Michigan appointed him to direct its newly created department of Public Campus Ministries to cater for the spiritual needs of students on secular university campuses. Since that time, Pipim's theological ideas and philosophy has had a significant effect on students and young adults the world over.
Theology.
Method.
In the 1990s, Pipim played a role in the Adventist debate over the Bible's authority and interpretation, an issue that came into greater prominence with the publication of Old Testament scholar Alden Thompson's "Inspiration: Hard Questions, Honest Answers" (1991). Perceiving this work “as the archetypical product of historical-critical methodology,” Pipim and six other scholars of the Adventist Theological Society issued a rejoinder in their book "Issues in Revelation and Inspiration".
An Evangelical publication, "Reformation & Revival Journal", describes Pipim's "Receiving the Word" as “a provocative Adventist treatment which looks at the pros and cons of various methods of Bible study.” 'Seeking a Sanctuary" describes Pipim as a leading critic of what he deems "liberal Adventism."
In a work on “Adventist Views on Biblical and Prophetic Inspiration,” a colleague of Pipim's judged "Receiving the Word" as “one of the most influential landmarks in that debate” and one of “the two main conflicting poles around which gravitate[d] the contemporary discussions on [the Bible's] inspiration” during the second half of the 1990s.
In addition to challenging the method of moderate liberalism, Pipim's book also worked to make a strong case for his church's 1986 “Methods of Bible Study” statement, which “urge[ed] Adventist Bible students to avoid relying on the use of the presuppositions and the resultant deductions associated with the historical-critical method.” "Receiving the Word" also claimed the use of contemporary higher criticism (the historical-critical method) was undermining key Seventh-day Adventist beliefs and practices. The book generated considerable reaction—both for and against. Some took exception to the book, dismissing it as a "fundamentalist" view. Scholars who embraced the church's historical positions, however, were more supportive of the book.
Pipim contributed to the Biblical Research Institute's book "Interpreting Scripture", published in 2010, a work which attempted to provide answers to questions often raised concerning the Bible. Besides CAMPUS (Center for Adventist Ministry to Public University Students) and the Emmanuel Institute of Evangelism, Michigan Conference's outreach school, Pipim also regularly teaches intensive courses on hermeneutics to students enrolled at, AFCOE (Amazing Facts Center of Evangelism), ARISE (A Resource Institute for Soul-winning and Evangelism), and LIFE (Lay Institute for Evangelism), supporting institutes run by Adventist supporting organizations.
Positions.
Other than his contribution to Adventist discussions on biblical methodology, Pipim has also been involved in some of the most contentious issues in his church. For example, Pipim contributed to the book "Prove All Things" (2000), the most extensive critical appraisal of "Women in Ministry," a book by scholars at Andrews University such as Gerard Damsteegt. He actively participated in the church's creation-evolution discussions during the “Faith and Science Conferences” in 2002 and 2004. He has spoken out against the black and white racially based church structures in North America, the biblical legitimacy of homosexuality, what he calls "unbiblical" divorce and remarriage, certain worship styles, church growth methods that employ gospel gimmicks, prayer warriors and other trends in the church. Also through his reviews of some scholarly works and his foreword or endorsement of certain published authors, he has also articulated his own views on such topics as the atonement of Christ, abortion, and war.
Work.
Public speaking and writing.
Pipim has travelled extensively, speaking in churches and church gatherings, at schools, civic events and other venues. He has also appeared on various Christian TV channels including 3ABN, Hope Channel and Amazing Discoveries. Pipim has also spoken in many African Universities giving a lecture series, dubbed the "Why" lecture series which largely consists of him asking a series of “Why” questions intended to illustrate his points.
Pipim has authored a number of books including "Must We Be Silent?" and "Here We Stand".
Youth ministry.
Between 1999 and 2011 Pipim served as the director of CAMPUS (Center for Adventist Ministry to Public University Students), a division of Michigan Conference Public Campus Ministries department. It is located near the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
CAMPUS was the department through which the Michigan Conference birthed, sponsored and directed the beginnings of Generation of Youth for Christ, then known as the General Youth Conference or GYC.
Pipim has also been active in the Adventist Church's young adult ministry in other parts of the world. One of the ways he has done this is through an organization in Africa, ALIVE (Africans Living In View of Eternity). ALIVE is sponsored by CAMPUS and is a movement that intends to “change the face of Africa,” by mobilizing “committed and dedicated young people with the courage to do ordinary things extraordinarily well.” In the words of a leader of ALIVE, this new breed of Africans are responding to the call “to lead by principle and conviction . . . [and to] to cease settling for mediocrity and become an agent of positive change.”
Generation of Youth for Christ.
Writing about the history of GYC, a retired communication director of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventists, states the leaders of GYC were attracted to Pipim's “can-do, tell-it-like-it-is, traditional Adventism” and his “‘higher than the highest’ philosophy: of excellence that he advocated through CAMPUS. Empowered by Pipim's conservative theology and ideals, “these scattered students began dreaming what they called the great experiment in 1999.” Critics however, saw GYC as nothing more than another manifestation of reactionary, Historic Adventism.
Until his resignation in 2011, Pipim continued to play a large role in shaping the direction of the youth movement through sitting on GYC's board of directors and being a regular presenter at GYC's annual conventions. During the 2008 convention, GYC stated that Pipim had "developed a reputation for his bold messages and commitment to the ultimate authority of God's Word.”
Resignation, rape allegations,re-baptism and disfellowship.
On May 31, 2011, Dr. Pipim resigned from his employment with the Michigan Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and canceled all his speaking appointments due to what he termed a "moral fall" while traveling overseas. The purported victim was a 20-year-old woman, who claimed through her counselor that she was raped by Pipim. The counselor involved was Jennifer Jill Schwirzer, a Christian recording musician, published author, counselor, and seminar presenter.
In response to these claims, Pipim prepared a document titled, "'An Answer to Everyone: A Response To False Accusations'," which he presented to the Ann Arbour Seventh-day Adventist Church on May 29, 2012, before disseminating for wider publication on June 3, 2012.
Pipim was scheduled to be re-baptized into the worldwide Seventh-day Adventist Church on June 9, 2012, as part of the Ann Arbor Seventh-Day Adventist Church. However, his re-baptism was cancelled due to revelation of information about a separate "moral situation" that he and his wife had been in possession of for two years. With both the affirmation and disapproval of members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Dr. Pipim was finally re-baptized on June 20, 2014 at the Columbus Ghanaian Seventh-day Adventist Church in Columbus, Ohio.
On January 16, 2021 the Columbus Ghanaian Seventh-day Adventist Church voted to remove Samuel Koranteng-Pipim from membership for alleged sexual offenses. The Ohio Conference of Seventh-Day Adventist released a letter (on January 18, 2021) which in part states:
""Women have been accusing Pipim of predacious sexual behavior for nearly three decades. Pipim denies many allegations, and repeatedly frames others as infrequent and consensual moral falls. However, the allegations indicate a repetitive pattern of spiritual manipulation and predatory behavior against those who are most vulnerable, least able to defend themselves, and least in a position to seek prosecution for rape or sexual harassment. Especially so, given his self-professed global ministry as a speaker, youth mentor, and writer. The Ohio Conference supports the January 16, 2021 action of the Columbus Ghanaian Seventh-day Adventist Church because the pattern of allegations violates membership reinstatement requirements as outlined by the Seventh-day Adventist Church Manual, p 67."
The Ohio Conference unequivocally warns the public against inviting Pipim as a speaker, using his books or materials, or placing him in a position of spiritual authority, leadership, or influence over others."


Raymond de Gaufredi

Raymond de Gaufredi (died 1310), sometimes anglicized as Raymond Godefroy, was Minister General of the Franciscan Order from 1289 to 1295.
Life.
Raymond de Gaufredi was born in Marseille. A sympathizer with the Franciscan Spirituals, he became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1289. Despite Pope Nicholas IV having been the first Franciscan pope, it was not until his death in 1292 that Gaufredi felt able to relax the sanctions against the Spirituals, who had been persecuted for their strong condemnations of luxury in the church. Gaufredi was responsible in particular for the release from prison of Roger Bacon. Angelo da Clareno and some of his followers—including St Thomas of Tolentino—were released from confinement and sent as missionaries to Armenia in order to avoid persecution from the friars in the March of Ancona. He nominated Pierre Jean Olivi for a teaching position at the University of Montpellier.
Gaufredi was also a supporter of the Franciscan tertiary Ramón Llull, and in 1290 gave him a letter of recommendation permitting Llull to teach in Italian monasteries. He was deposed as Minister General by Pope Boniface VIII, in 1295.
Some alchemical writings have been attributed to him.


Tiddim people

Zomi are an ethnic group of Myanmar. They generally inhabited Northern Chin State. They speak the Zomi language (locally known as Zo pau) which had a total of about 345,000 speakers in 1990. Some 190,000 of these lived in Burma with about 155,000 of them residing in India. The Zomi are numbered at about 230,000 people. About 70 percent of the Zomi are Christians, with the remainder practicing indigenous religions.
The Bible was translated into Zomi in 1983, although the New Testament had been translated into and published in Zomi in 1932.
The Zomi reside primarily in Chin State in Burma and in adjacent parts of India, such as Manipur.


Pierre Guarin

Pierre Guarin (1678 – December 28, 1729) was a French Hebraist. He was born at Le Tronquay (Normandy) in 1678. He entered the order of the Benedictines of St. Maur Oct. 21,1696, became subsequently professor of Greek and Hebrew, and died librarian of the abbey of St. Germain des Pros, Dec. 29, 1729.
He had a lively literary controversy with canon Masclef, and wrote "Grammatica Hebraica et Chal-deice," etc. (Paris, 1724 8, 2 vols. 4to) ": — Lexicon Hebra-icum et Chaldaeobiblicum" (Par. 1746, 2 vols. 4to). Guapin only completed this dictionary to "Mere" inclusively; the following letters were the work of other Benedictines. See Le Cerf, "Bibl. Hist. et crit. des Auteurs de la Cony. de St. Maur;" Hoefer, "Nouv. Biog. Genesis 22:"318.


Hindu Association of Hong Kong

The Hindu Association of Hong Kong is a charitable organisation in Hong Kong which represents the interests of the Hindu population in the territory. The Hindu population in Hong Kong is estimated to be approximately 100,000. The Association assists the local Hindu community with a number of, mostly religious, matters, including the cremation of deceased persons. It is managed by a 15-member Managing Committee, currently headed by Mr Lal Hardasani.
Happy Valley Hindu Temple.
The Association manages the Hindu Temple in Happy Valley, which also serves as the Association's headquarters.
Hindu Cemetery.
Located behind the Hindu Temple, the cemetery contains a small number of graves. After falling into a state of disrepair, the cemetery was the focus of a community effort in 2021 to clean the area and restore some of the damaged gravestones. The cemetery also contains the Hindu and Sikh Cremation Memorial, which commemorates those who lost their lives during the First World War in Hong Kong.


Mount Qiyun

Mount Qiyun () is a mountain and national park located in Xiuning County in Anhui Province, China. It lies at the foot of the Huangshan mountain range some to the west of Huangshan City and is known as one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism. Noted for its numerous inscriptions and tablets, as well as monasteries and temples, the highest point of the mountain rises to .
Culture.
Through Chinese history, Chinese poets and writers including Li Bai, Tang Yin and Yu Dafu have visited Mount Qiyun either to compose poetry or to leave an inscription.


Christianity in Italy

Christianity in Italy is characterised by the predominance of the Catholic Church.
The country's patron saints are Francis of Assisi and Catherine of Siena.
Overview.
According to the CISB China "Global Religious Landscape" survey by the U.S. think tank Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life, 83.3% of Italy's residents are Christians, 12.4% are irreligious, atheist or agnostic, 3.7% are Muslims and the remaining 0.6% adhere to other religions. According to a 2006 survey by (an Italian research centre), Catholics made up 87.8% of the population, with 36.8% describing themselves as observants. According to the same poll in 2010, those percentages fell to 76.5% and 24.4%, respectively. Other sources give different accounts of Italy's Islamic population, usually around 2%.
According to the 2005 Eurobarometer poll, conducted on behalf of the European Commission, 74% of Italians "believe there is a God", 16% "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 6% "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".
Catholic Church.
Before the unification of Italy, a large part of the Italian peninsula was part of the Papal states. After the unification in 1861, due to French aid, the Pope maintained supremacy over the city of Rome. This ended on 20 September 1870, shortly after the defeat of Napoleon III. The Kingdom of Italy moved its capital to Rome and the Catholic Church lost any remaining temporal power.
The defeat of the Pope by the Kingdom of Italy gave rise to a long period of antagonism between ecclesiastical and Italian powers. This resulted in the Catholic Church suggesting its believers not to take part in the affairs of the Kingdom of Italy, and the consequent laicisation of Italian politics. The Kingdom of Italy and the Catholic Church managed to reapproach under Fascism with the stipulation of the Lateran Treaty. Among other things, the treaty allowed for the foundation of Vatican City, a microstate over which the Pope has full jurisdiction. The Lateran Treaty survived the fall of Fascism and the constitution of the Republic of Italy, and remains valid to these days.
For these historical and geographical reasons, many popes where born in pre-unitary Italian states, in the Kingdom of Italy, or in the Republic of Italy after 1946. The Pope receives his authority because he is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome. The current Pope, Francis, from Argentina, is the third Pope in a row not to have been born in Italy, after John Paul II (1978–2005) from Poland and Benedict XVI (2005–2013) from Germany. Pope Francis was, however, born into a Italian Argentine family.
Most of the leading Catholic religious orders, including the Jesuits, the Salesians, the Franciscans, the Capuchin Franciscans, the Benedectines, the Dominicans, the Divine Word Missionaries, the Redemptorists, the Conventual Franciscans and the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, have their headquarters in Rome.
The Italian territory is divided in 225 Catholic dioceses, whose bishops have been organised, since 1952, in the politically influential Italian Episcopal Conference, CEI and, according to Church statistics, 96% of the country's population was baptised as Catholic. The Church includes current inactive members in its statistics.
Ecclesial life is somewhat vibrant and, despite secularization, some of the most active movements and associations are Catholic, including organisations as diverse as Catholic Action (AC), the Italian Catholic Association of Guides and Scouts (AGESCI), Communion and Liberation (CL), Neocatechumenal Way, the Focolare Movement, the Christian Associations of Italian Workers (ACLI), the Community of Sant'Egidio, etc., most of which have been involved in social activities and have frequently supplied Italian politics with their members. Italy's current President, Sergio Mattarella, and former Prime Minister, Matteo Renzi, have been AC and AGESCI leaders, respectively, while the current President of the CEI, Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, has been a long-time AGESCI assistant.
Other Christian denominations.
Other than that the Latin-rite Catholic Church, Italy has two more native churches: the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, one of the twenty-two Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Pope, and the Waldensian Evangelical Church, a Christian movement originated from Lyon in the late 12th century and turned Calvinist denomination since the Protestant Reformation (see also: Waldensians). The two churches include the majority of the population in Piana degli Albanesi, Sicily and Lungro, Calabria, and the so-called "Waldensian Valleys" (Val Pellice, Val Chisone and Valle Germanasca) of eastern Piedmont, respectively. Most mainline Protestants, including the Waldensians, the Methodists, the mostly German-speaking Lutherans, the Baptists and minor Calvinist and Presbyterian communities, are affiliated to the Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy, along with the Italian section of The Salvation Army and some minor evangelical, Pentecostal denominations and the Italian Union of Seventh-day Adventist Christian Churches.
Immigration has brought to Italy new Christian communities, especially Orthodox Christians.
Massimo Introvigne, founder and director of CESNUR (an Italian think tank devoted to religious studies) and main author of "L'enciclopedia delle religioni in Italia", predicts that, thanks to continued immigration from Eastern Europe, Orthodox Christians could soon become the second largest religious group, overtaking Muslims.
Also Protestantism, especially in its evangelical and Pentecostal forms, is on the rise: Introvigne recalls how Giorgio Bouchard, a Waldensian pastor, told him that "when he was born, the typical Italian Protestant was a man, lived in Piedmont, had a last name like Bouchard and was a Waldensian", while "today, the typical Italian Protestant believer is a woman, lives in Campania or Sicily, is named Esposito and is a Pentecostal." Not surprisingly the Assemblies of God in Italy have the majority of their communities in the South. Among the fastest-growing new religious denominations in Italy a special place is held by the Jehovah's Witnesses, who count around 250,000 members and an almost equal number of sympathisers regularly attending its meetings.
Statistics on religious practice.
Religious practice, especially church attendance, is still high in Italy, when compared to the average European country. The Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) found in 2010 that 32.0% of the population went to church, mosque, synagogue or another house of worship on a weekly basis. The share of practising believers was higher in Southern (39.5%) and Insular Italy (36.9%) than the North-West (30.4%), the North-East (28.6%) and the Centre (25.4%).
In the North-East religious practice was particularly high in Trentino (36.6%) and Veneto (35.1%), once dubbed "white Veneto" because of Christian Democracy's strength there (white being the party's official colour), in the Centre in Marche (35.5%), in the South in Campania (43.4%), Apulia (40.3%), Sicily (40.2%), Molise (37.8%) and Calabria (35.2%), while being particularly low in Aosta Valley (21.7%), Liguria (22.9%) and the so-called "red regions" (long-time strongholds of the left-wing/centre-left, from the Italian Communist Party to the current Democratic Party), especially Tuscany (21.5%) and Emilia-Romagna (21.7%).


Sannati

Sannati or Sannathi is a small village, located on the banks of the Bhima River in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga District of Northern Karnataka. It is famous for the Chandrala Parameshwari Temple and the excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India done in 1986.
Excavations.
In 1986, when the roof of the Kali temple in Chandralamba temple complex collapsed, it destroyed the idol. However it revealed four Ashokan edicts on the floor and foundation stone of the temple. These edicts were written in a Prakrit language and Brahmi script and one of them was used as foundation of the pedestal for the Kali idol. During subsequent excavations by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the State Archaeology Department, tablets, sculptures, and other terracotta items were found, and most importantly numerous limestone panels of sculptures of the ruined 'Maha Stupa' or " Adholoka Maha Chaitya" (the Great Stupa of the Netherworld) were found. Archaeologists believe that "Ranamandal" was a fortified area, spread over , out of which only 2 acres had been excavated by 2009. Clay pendants, black polished pottery, Satavahana and pre-Satavahana coins, ornaments made of copper, ivory and iron, a township with paved pathways, houses, and limestone flooring have been found. Many excavated items were later shifted to Gulbarga Museum.
The government has asked the Archaeological Survey of India to take up further exploration of the Ranamandal area to know the history of the region and its connection with Buddhism.
One of the stones - the only known example of its type - is of Emperor Asoka (r. 274–232 BC) seated on his throne. It is probably the only surviving image of the emperor.
In 2010, ASI along with Sannati Development Authority deputed Manipal Institute of Technology to prepare a blueprint for restoration and reconstruction of the stupas
Mythological references.
Sannati is the place where the Paduka of Goddess Chandrala Parmeshwari - Incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi - was brought. The Goddess came up to the banks of River Bhima at Hongunti, to save her devotee Chandravadani, wife of a rishi, held captive by the local king Setu Raya. Hingulambika temple is situated at Hongunti near Shabad town. The Goddess sent her Paduka from which emerged 5 bumblebees, which killed the evil king Setu Raya by drowning him in the Bhima River. Sannati Chandrala Parmeshwari and Hongunti Hingulambika are family deity of many Brahmin and Hindus families of Karnataka, Maharasta, AP etc.
Sannati is also the place where Rishi Markandeya meditated and composed parts of Markandeya Upanishad. A small temple has been renovated at the place where he is believed to have sat in meditation. It is said that Rishi Markandeya predates the arrival of Paduka of Chandrala Parmeshwari.
Visitors' attractions.
Other places worth visiting nearby are: Yergol - where Tikacharya eloborated (key book) on works of Madwacharya, Malkhed- Brundavan of Sri Jayatheertharu (Tikachryaru); Hongunti; Konchur Hanuman Temple; Balavadagi yallamma (Renuka) temple; Halakatti Veerabhadreshwara temple; Martur - the place where Vignaneshwar edited and condensed Yagnavyalka Smriti, which was named Mitakshara - now known as Hindu Law.
Transport.
Sannati can be reached by rail via Nalwar Station or Wadi Junction. Some trains do not stop at Nalwar. All trains stop at Wadi Junction. Wadi to Nalwar fare by bus is Rs.15/- Nalwar to Sannati is about Rs.20/- by bus, and Rs.25 by sharing autos. Whole auto can be hired at Rs.300/- max. Sannati can also be reached via Shahapur by car. About 10 rooms are presently available at Sannati. BSNL, JIO and Airtel Mobile networks work well, and two small canteens meet the needs of visitors. Carry mosquito repellent creams - electricity is erratic and rooms are not well ventilated.
Kanaganahalli.
Kanaganahalli is 3 km from Sannati, which is also on the banks of the river Bhima.
As this is an important Buddhist site, Govt of Karnataka and ASI are planning to develop it as an international Buddhist center.
It is the place where an ancient Buddhist Mahastupa site was found.
Chandrala Parameshwari Temple.
Additionally, Sannati has a famous temple of Chandrala Parameshwari.


Islam in Malawi

Islam is the second largest religion in Malawi after Christianity. Nearly all of Malawi's Muslims adhere to Sunni Islam. Though difficult to assess, according to the CIA Factbook, in 2008 about 12.8% of the country's population was Muslim; such a lower figure is rejected by Muslim organisations in the country, who claim a figure of 20-25% (which is described as "wishful thinking" by Christian missionaries). According to the latest census (2018), Muslims make up 13.8% (2,426,754) of the country's population. According to the Malawi Religion Project run by the University of Pennsylvania, in 2010 approximately 25.6% of the population was Muslim, concentrated mostly in the Southern Region.
History.
Islam arrived in Malawi with the Arab and Swahili traders who traded in ivory, gold and later on slaves beginning from 15th century. It is also argued that Islam first arrived in Malawi through traders from the Kilwa Sultanate. Two Muslim teachers, Shayhks Abdallah Mkwanda and Sabiti Ngaunje, also played an important role in the spread of Islam. According to UNESCO, the first mosque was built by Swahili-Arab ivory traders.
During the colonial era, the authorities in the country feared that Islam posed the greatest threat, as an ideology of resistance, to their rule. This view was shared by Christian missionaries, who greatly feared that Islam could unite Africans in hostilities and uprisings against colonial rule.
The 1970s witnessed the start of an Islamic revival among Muslims in Malawi, as well as among Muslims across the globe. Recently, Muslim groups have engaged in missionary work in Malawi. Much of this is performed by the African Muslim Agency, based in Kuwait. The Kuwait-sponsored AMA has translated the Qur'an into Chichewa (Cinyanja), one of the official languages of Malawi, and has engaged in other missionary work in the country. There are thought to be about 800 jumu'ah mosques in the country, with at least one or two to be found in nearly every town. There are also several Islamic schools and a broadcasting station called Radio Islam. A major Muslim center of learning exists in Mpemba, outside of Blantyre, funded mainly by money from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
Demography.
A large number of Muslims in Malawi come from the Yao people, who are described as "the most important source of Islam in the country". Even before their conversion to Islam, many Yao chiefs used Swahili Muslims as scribes and advisers. As a result of their strong trading contacts with Swahili-Arabs, many Yao adopted Islam and the two groups often intermarried. The Yao form the largest majority south and east of Lake Malawi. Muslims can also be found among other groups, such as the lakeside Chewa people and Indian and other Asian Malawians. Muslims in the country have been described as a "vocal and powerful community."
Notable Muslims.
An important Malawian Muslim is Bakili Muluzi, the first (and only) freely elected President of Malawi from 1994 to 2004.


Yusuf Soalih Ajura

Yusuf Soalih also called Afa Ajura (1890-2004), was a Ghanaian Islamic scholar, a preacher, political activist, and the founder and leader of a sect in Ghana. Afa Ajura was a proponent of Sunni Islam shunning pre-Islamic pagan practices, and whom some have referred to as a precursor to Wahhabi reformism in Ghana. He established the Anbariyya Islamic Institute in Tamale in the 1940s. He died in Tamale on December 22, 2004. He was succeeded by Saeed Abubakr Zakaria in 2007 as leader of the Anbariyya Sunni Community.


United Presbyterian Church of Brazil

The United Presbyterian Church in Brazil was organized on September 10, 1978 as the National Federation of Presbyterian Churches, it separated from the Presbyterian Church of Brazil. In 1983, the church adopted the current name. Its headquarters is in Victoria (Espirito Santo, ES). The church is a supporter of women in the ministry.
Structure.
In January 2011, the church had 3,466 members in 48 churches, distributed in eight presbyteries:
Theology.
Member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches, Latin American Council of Churches, Alliance of Presbyterian and Reformed Churches in Latin America and the national Council of Christian Churches in Brazil.


Reeri Yakseya

Reeri Yakseya (Sinhala: රීරි යක්ෂයා) or Reeri Yakka is a demon in Sinhalese folklore. It is believed to be the most cruel and powerful demon of all only second to Mahasona (Ritigala Jayasena or Ritigala Jayasinha ). Although Reeri Yakseya has the body of a human, his head is that of a monkey. His skin is fiery red in colour, and he rides a red bull. It is believed that he can afflict all kinds of illnesses on humans, but hemorrhages and blood diseases are especially attributed to him.
When a man is on his deathbed, Reeri Yakseya is believed to be present at his side. On such occasions, he shows himself as an apparition bearing the appearance of a pygmy. He stands by the dying man holding a cock in one hand and a club in the other, and the corpse of a man in his mouth. This apparition is said to be only one span and six inches in height. When Reeri Yakseya assumes this form, he is known as "Maru Avatar". There are 18 other apparitions or avatars that Reeri Yakseya can assume. These apparitions are known by the following names.
A less popular belief is that these are not apparitions of the same demon but 18 individual demons who work together.
Reeri yakseya is believed to have more than a hundred incarnations, each time as a different person. He has been the son of a king named Sanka Pala, a son of the king of Lagal Pura and even a female demon called Ginimuru Yaksani in Hanumanta Desay, among others. Originally, Reeri Yakseya could not be controlled by any of the gods, and all feared him until the god Vishnu managed to bind him with a charmed jungle creeper.


Dongshan Shouchu

Dongshan Shouchu (; ) (died 900) was a Chinese Zen teacher and an heir to Yunmen Wenyan. Dongshan is the subject of Case 18 "Three Pounds of Flax" in the Mumonkan, a collection of koans authored by Mumon Ekai in 1228.


Hassan al-Jabarti

Hassan al-Jabarti () (d. 1774) was a Somali mathematician, theologian, astronomer and philosopher who lived in Cairo, Egypt during the 18th century.
Biography.
Al-Jabarti was the father of the historian Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, and originated from the Somali city of Zeila. Hassan is considered one of the great scholars of the 18th century. He frequently conducted experiments in his own house, which was visited and observed by Frankish students.