High-speed telegraphy

In amateur radio, high-speed telegraphy (HST) is a form of radiosport that challenges amateur radio operators to accurately receive and copy, and in some competitions to send, Morse code transmissions sent at very high speeds. This event is most popular in Eastern Europe. The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) sponsors most of the international competitions.
History.
The first international high-speed telegraphy competition was the HST European Championship held in Moscow, Russia, in 1983. Two more HST European Championships were held; one in 1989 in Hannover, Germany, and another in 1991 in Neerpelt, Belgium. The first HST World Championship was held in Siófok, Hungary, in 1995. A world championship has been held in every odd-numbered year since then.
Most international, national, and local HST competitions are held in the countries of the former Eastern Bloc. Every world championship has been held in Europe. While many competitors are licensed amateur radio operators, there is no requirement that competitors have an amateur radio license, and many pursue the sport without one.
Competition events.
There are three main competitive events at HST meets. One standard event is the copying or sending of five-character groups of text. Two of the events are based on simulations of amateur radio activity and are referred to as the Radioamateur Practicing Tests (RPT). The RPT includes the copying of amateur radio call signs and a "pileup" competitions, where competitors must distinguish between call signs sent during several simultaneous transmissions. Not all competitors are required to enter every competition, and some competitors specialize in just one competitive event.
In the five character groups event, random letters and numbers are sent in Morse code, five characters at a time, at a high speed. Separate competitions are held for the reception of just the twenty-six letters of the Latin alphabet, just the ten Arabic numerals, or a mixed content of letters, numbers, and some punctuation symbols. Competitors may choose to record the text by hand on paper or by typing on a computer keyboard. The competition starts with one minute of transmission sent at an initial speed defined for the entry category (usually 50 letters per minute for juniors and 80 letters per minute for the other age categories). After each test, the copy of the competitors is judged for errors. Subsequent tests are each conducted at an increased speed until no competitor remains who can copy the text without excessive error.
In addition to reception tests, some competitions feature transmission tests where competitors must try to send five character groups in Morse code as fast as possible. Competitors send a printed message of five character groups at a specific speed, which is judged for its accuracy by a panel of referees. Like the receiving tests, there are separate competitions for sending five character groups of just the twenty-six letter of the Latin alphabet, just the ten Arabic numerals, or a mixed content of letters, numbers, and some punctuation symbols. Most transmission tests restrict the type of equipment that may be used to send the Morse code message.
The Amateur Radio Call Sign Receiving Test use a software program called RufzXP that generates a score for each competitor. Rufz is the abbreviation of the German word "Rufzeichen-Hören" which means "Listening of Call Signs". In the RufzXP program, competitors listen to an amateur radio call sign sent in Morse code and must enter that callsign with the computer keyboard. If the competitor types in the call sign correctly, their score improves and the speed at which the program sends subsequent call signs increases. If the competitor types in the call sign incorrectly, the score is penalized and the speed decreases. Only one call sign is sent at a time and the event continues for a fixed number of call signs (usually 50). Competitors can choose the initial speed at which the program sends the Morse code, and the winner is the competitor with the highest generated score.
The Pileup Trainer Test simulates a "pileup" situation in on-air amateur radio operating where numerous stations are attempting to establish two-way contact with one particular station at the same time. This competition uses a software program called MorseRunner. In the MorseRunner software, more than one amateur radio call sign is sent at a time. Each call sign is sent in Morse code generated at different audio frequencies and speeds, timed to overlap each other. Competitors must record as many of the call signs as they can during a fixed period of time. They may choose to do this either by recording the call signs by hand on paper, or by typing them in with a computer keyboard. The winner is the competitor with the most correctly recorded call signs.
The rules of international and European championships are defined in the document IARU Region 1 Rules for High Speed Telegraphy Championships.
Entry categories.
HST competitions generally separate the competitors into different categories based on age and gender. The following are the entry categories specified in the IARU rules used for European and World Championships:
Note that there is an additional male category, which is justified by the high number of participants in the corresponding age group. A maximum of 18 competitors from those 9 categories can take part as a national team.
Past IARU Championships.
IARU World Championships take place in odd year, starting 1995. Since 2004, an IARU Region 1 Championship takes place each even year.
13th IARU World HST Championship.
13th IARU World HST Championship was held in Herceg-Novi, Montenegro from 21 till 25 September 2016.
Competing in 9 categories with 8 types of tests, there was more than 120 competitors from 21 countries around the world.
IARU world records.
The IARU Region 1 HST working group maintains a list of HST world records, set at official IARU HST competitions. Top speeds vary strongly between the different events of the competition and categories. While reception and transmission of letter groups are limited to approximately 300 characters per minute, mainly due to physiologic difficulties in sending or writing at high speeds respectively, the maximum speeds in the RufzXP competition are more than twice as fast.
Note that the system to measure the telegraphy speed at IARU HST events has changed. Before 2004, the PARIS standard was used, which has since been changed to real characters. Old records have been recalculated accordingly.
Successful teams.
The sum of all team scores of the top ten nations from all HST events since 1999 are tabulated below. Note that some teams did not take part in all competitions. Last updated in September 2009 after the World Championships in Obzor, Bulgaria.


Eldad Amir

Eldad Amir (אלדד אמיר; born September 28, 1961) is an Israeli Olympic competitive sailor. He was born in Hadera, Israel, and is Jewish.
Sailing career.
When Amir competed in the Olympics he was 6-2.5 (190 cm) tall, and weighed 207 lbs (94 kg).
Amir competed for Israel at the 1984 Summer Olympics with Yoel Sela, at the age of 22, in Los Angeles, California, in Sailing - Mixed Two Person Heavyweight Dinghy, and came in 8th.
Amir competed for Israel at the 1988 Summer Olympics with Yoel Sela, at the age of 26, in Seoul, Korea, in Sailing - Mixed Two Person Heavyweight Dinghy, and came in 4th. They came very close to winning the first Olympic medal in Israeli history, missing one by 11.30 points. Their second race fell on Yom Kippur, and Israeli officials forbade them from competing that day, so they had missed that race. Had they been able to compete in the second race, they would have certainly medaled.
In 1990, Amir and Sela came in 5th in the World Championships. In 1991, they won the Italian Open and came in second in the France Open.
At the 1992 Summer Olympics, Amir carried the Israeli flag at opening ceremony. He competed with Yoel Sela, at the age of 30, in Sailing - Mixed Two Person Heavyweight Dinghy, and came in 20th.


Julius Heldman

Julius Heldman (May 9, 1919 - September 22, 2006) attended Hollywood High School in Los Angeles and entered UCLA at age 15, became the National Junior Tennis Champion in 1936 and was the Tennis Team Captain at UCLA. He received a Doctorate from Stanford University in physical chemistry and became a Shell Oil executive and worked on the Manhattan Project. He was born in Los Angeles, CA and died in Albuquerque, New Mexico at age 87. He was taught tennis by legendary tennis teacher, Dick Skeen.
Life and career.
Heldman was a Hollywood High School student when he captured the United States Junior (18 & under) Outdoor Singles and Doubles Championships. He was a child prodigy and entered UCLA at the age of 15 (1934), won the National Juniors in 1936, and was the Pacific Coast’s Intercollegiate Singles Champion in 1937. He was the captain of the UCLA tennis team until 1939 when he graduated and left to obtain his Doctorate in physical chemistry from Stanford. He was a National Research Fellow from 1942-1943. During World War II, he was asked to be part of the Manhattan Project and he relocated the family to Oak Ridge, Tennessee. After the war, Heldman joined Shell Oil in Houston and New York where he worked as an Executive from 1945-1980 until retiring to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
While working for Shell Oil, he continued to play tennis. Heldman was ranked #1 in Men’s Singles by the Southern California Tennis Association in 1947. He won the U.S. Senior (45-over) Indoor titles in both 1964 and 1965, and was also the 1964 Outdoor Clay Court Champion. During the late 1960s, he got to the semi-finals of the Wimbledon Senior Doubles three different times.
In his tennis career he had wins over Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, and Herbie Flam.
In 1997 he was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.
Family.
Heldman was married to Gladys Heldman, the founder of "World Tennis" magazine, and was the father of Carrie and Julie Heldman.
Death.
He died in 2006 at the age of 87 at University of New Mexico Hospital in Albuquerque. He had esophageal and stomach cancer.


FC Guardia

FC Guardia is a Vaticanese football club that currently plays in the Vatican City Championship, the top level of football in Vatican City. The current club president is Christoph Graf and the current manager is Fabio Bortoluzzi. The team, like all Vatican clubs, plays its matches at the Campo Cardinale Francis Joseph Spellman in Rome, Italy. Despite being founded in 1934, the team has never won the league championship. The squad consists of members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard.
In October 2017 the team was a guest of German football club FC Bayern Munich, touring their facilities and meeting with its Italian head coach Carlo Ancelotti.


International Volleyball Association

The International Volleyball Association was a short lived co-ed professional volleyball league in the United States from 1975 to 1980. Like other major sports leagues in the United States, it had two geographic divisions. However, its teams were entirely in the west. It is one of the few examples of a professional sports league where men and women competed on the same teams.
In keeping with the "International" name, the league included one team, El Paso-Juarez Sol, which acknowledged both sides of the international twin town in its name.
Divisions.
The league started with 5 teams in 1975, but split into two divisions with the addition of the Tucson Turquoise in 1976. The two divisions were Western, which consisted of teams on the Pacific Coast, and a second, called Eastern in 1975 and Continental after 1977, for teams from the Rocky Mountain states.
The only team from the Eastern or Continental Division to win a championship was the Tucson Sky in 1979.
Teams.
The teams and the years of existence were:
Venues:
Season by year.
1975.
Regular Season
Single division, top three teams made playoffs, top team given bye in first playoff round.
Playoffs
Round 1
Championship (Best 3 of 5)
1976.
Regular Season
Top five teams made playoffs, top team from each division received bye in first round of playoffs
Eastern Division
Western Division
Playoffs and Championship
Best 3 of 5
Round 1
Round 2
Championship
1977.
Regular Season
Two divisions, two top teams from each division played a playoff game
Continental Division
Western Division
Playoffs and Championships
Best 3 out of 5
Continental Division
Western Division
Championship
1978.
Regular Season and Championship
Records for the 1978 are incomplete. The teams finished as follows, with Santa Barbara being the champion. Players for Santa Barbara were Reede Reynolds (USA), Luis Eymard (Brazil), Jose Luis Garcia (Mexico), Bebeto de Freitas (Brazil), Larry Milliken, Sue Herrington, Rosie Wegrich and Peter Stefaniuk.
1979.
Regular Season
Two divisions, two top teams from each division played a playoff game
Continental Division
Western Division
Playoffs and Championship
Best 3 out of 5
Continental Division
Western Division
Championship
Notable players.
NBA great Wilt Chamberlain played with the Seattle Smashers in 1978.


Donna Stone

Donna Stone is an American athlete who is a former Olympian fencer and USA Fencing Hall of Fame member.
During her over 20 years competitive fencing carrier, Stone collected a World Championship 5th place, multiple Fencing World Cup medals, three US National Champion titles and two Pan American Women's Épée Team gold medals. She has fenced foil but became competitive in epee. She was inducted into the Fencing Hall of Fame in 2000. She is a coach at Rockland Fencers Club in New York State.


MX Rider

MX Rider (often stylized as MXrider) is a racing video game developed by Paradigm Entertainment and published by Infogrames in 2001. It was the first title released under Infogrames' newly reinvented Atari brand name, which Infogrames used alongside their own branding until 2003. MX Rider features over 10 real Grand Prix riders and every track from the 2000 world motocross GP championship.
An enhanced port of the game without the FIA license, "Big Air Freestyle", was released for the Nintendo GameCube in 2002.
Reception.
The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


Spongee

Spongee or sponge hockey is a cult sport played almost exclusively in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, by thousands of players in dozens of leagues. It gets its name from the puck that is used: instead of the hard vulcanized rubber puck that is used in regular ice hockey, a soft sponge puck is used.
Origins.
Spongee is an adaptation of road hockey, which has been played everywhere as long as the game of hockey itself. It originated in Winnipeg, Manitoba, at River Heights Community Centre, probably in the 1950s. Originally, a tennis ball was used, and players wore standard winter boots. The game's appeal was twofold. First, in very cold weather feet in skates are subject to frostbite, whereas boots allowed for much longer exposure. Second, skating skills were not required, so poor or non-skaters could play. The spongee puck originated when someone took a red, white and blue ball and cut out the center, leaving a rude approximation of a standard hockey puck.
A controversy in one of the leagues was the subject of a humorous, but true documentary, "Spongee: Checks Lies and Videotape", which aired on the CBC's flagship sports program, "Hockey Day in Canada", in February 2004.
Differences from ice hockey.
Equipment.
It is generally played on outdoor rinks and differs from ice hockey in a number of significant ways, the most important and obvious being that instead of ice skates, players wear soft-soled shoes, also called broomball shoes (D-gel or Aacia brand). Players generally wear less protection aside from hockey helmets (visor or cage use is roughly 10–20% of players), jocks or jills, and gloves. Most players wear lightweight D-gel branded knee pads, elbow pads, and shin pads. Extra protection such as padded shirts or roller hockey girdles have been slowly gaining popularity with grinder types of players. Some players add extensions to their sticks to allow for greater reach due to the limited mobility compared to skates. Goalies typically wear the same equipment as ice hockey with the exception of broomball shoes in place of skates.
Gameplay.
Wearing slippery footwear on ice means that game play and strategy and skills are also different than those required in hockey. Players say that the game is much more like a mix between soccer, basketball and ice hockey. There are usually two twenty-minute halves, although if the temperature and windchill are extreme, teams may have the option of two 15 minutes halves, by mutual agreement.
Non-contact sport.
One of the original leagues was the Robertson League, named after its founder, John Robertson, who adapted Spongee hockey and made sure that there is no contact involved. In spongee hockey, icing occurs only the last three minutes of the game unless the winning team is shorthanded and is ahead by less than 5 goals.
Team composition.
Each team can have a maximum of six people playing at a time. You can play in multiples of six, five, four, three or two.
If there are six players against each other, seven are allowed on the ice, having one the goalie. If there is a limited number of players on a certain team, one player must become the goalie.
Equipment and uniforms.
Hockey sticks must be safe and can only be used if said so by the referee. No spikes or tacks on the bottom of shoes, only soft-soled rubber shoes are allowed. Broom ball shoes are normally used. Players are not allowed to use any product on the soles of their shoes that would create greater grip on the ice. Goalies are allowed to wear anything necessary when playing their position. Helmets, masks and protective eyewear are recommended. Each team must have the same color uniform with a number written on the back that is visible. The captain must have the letter "C" on front of their jersey. Up to two alternates are allowed and they must be identified by the letter "A" on their jersey.
Rules.
Only the captain and alternate may talk to the referee while the game is in session for any clarifications, with one exception: if a referee comes out flat and makes poor calls, all players are permitted to voice their displeasure.
The goalie must stay in their area, they are not allowed to go past the center. There is absolutely no body checking or any form of physical contact allowed. A warning will be issued if a player has their hockey stick above waist level. Any misuse of the stick including slashing and hooking will not be tolerated. Stepping on the puck is not tolerated.
Penalties.
A double minor penalty is a result of six minutes, a minor penalty is a result of three minutes, a major penalty is also six minutes plus a free shot for the other team. Players may not go back and play on the ice unless they served their penalty fully. Clearing the puck over the glass while in the defensive zone is not a penalty, due to the light weight of the puck and the low glass often found on outdoor rinks. However, some refs have been known to call it anyway as an act of vengeance against players they do not like, even verbally taunting the players as they do so.
Penalty Shot.
If one of the players receives three penalties, he or she will be taken out of the game. If a team receives seven penalties it results in a penalty shot for the opposing team. The player who was on the ice while the penalty was taking place will be able to take this shot.
The key.
The key is a 20' by 20' marked box in front of the net. A player may not stand in the opposition's key for longer than three seconds. Violations of the key are not called if the puck is in the key, if the offensive team does not have control of the puck, or if the puck is on the opposite side of center.
End result.
If the score is tied at the end of the game, a five-minute sudden victory overtime will be played. If a winner still cannot be determined, the game will be decided by a three-round shootout. The shootout consists of each team taking three penalty shots on the opposing goalie. A single player may not take more than one of the initial three shots (i.e. three different players must be selected by each team). If a winner is not determined after each team has taken three shots, the shootout proceeds to the "one for one" stage. In this stage, each team puts forth one shooter to take a penalty shot. This stage repeats until one team scores and the other does not. Shooters are permitted to be repeated in the "one for one" stage.


2004 Le Mans Endurance Series

The 2004 Le Mans Endurance Series was the inaugural season of ACO's Le Mans Endurance Series. It is a series for Le Mans prototype and Grand Touring style cars broken into 4 classes: LMP1, LMP2, GTS, and GT. It began on 9 May 2004 and ended on 13 November 2004 after 4 rounds.
This season was preceded by the 1000km of Le Mans held in 2003 as a development race for the creation of the LMES.
Season results.
Overall winner in bold.
Teams Championships.
Points are awarded to the top 8 finishers in the order of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1. Teams with multiple entries do not have their cars combined, each entry number is scored separately in the championship. Cars failing to complete 70% of the winner's distance are not awarded points.
GTS Standings.
† - Half points were awarded due to a lack of competitors.


Iranian Futsal Super League

The Iranian Futsal Super League (, "Super-e Lig-e Futsal-e Iran"), is a professional futsal league competition for clubs located at the highest level of the Iranian futsal league system founded in 2003.
The Super League is the top tier of an extensive pyramid-like structure, above the 1st Division, the 2nd Division and the lower local leagues.
All-time Futsal Super League.
Since the 2003–04 season.
Players.
Rules and Regulations.
The Iranian Futsal Clubs who participate Futsal Super League are allowed to have up to maximum 30 players (including up to maximum 3 non-Iranian players) in their player lists, which was categorized in the following groups


Jakub Heilpern

Jakub Heilpern (3 February 1850 – 28 November 1910) was a Polish chess master.
Born into a Jewish family near Warsaw, he was educated in a high school gymnasium in Warsaw, studied in ETH Zurich ("Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule") in 1870–72 and graduated from Technical University of Munich ("Technische Universität München") in 1874. After the study, he worked in Bavaria, among others in Süddeutsche Brückenbau A.G. In 1879, he returned to Poland, and worked as an engineer at the Warsaw-Vienna Railway.
He tied for 5-6th in the 2nd Warsaw City Chess Championship (Józef Żabiński won). Heilpern won a match against Jean Taubenhaus (5.5 : 3.5) at Warsaw 1887.
Since 1902, he was a chief editor of "Przegląd Techniczny" (Technical Review) in Warsaw. He died in a health resort at Gardone Riviera in Italy.


Hammarby IF Innebandy

Hammarby IF Innebandy, is a Swedish floorball club based at Stockholm. The men's first team currently plays in Division 4 which is the 6th tier level of the Swedish floorball league system, while the ladies' first team plays in "Damer Division 1" which is 2nd tier level. Hammarby IF Innebandy has about 217 licensed players today.
History.
Hammarby IF Innebandy was founded as a section under Hammarby IF by Ari Juustovaara in 1993. In 1999 there was reorganization in the association and all the sections under Hammarby IF got separated. They are still linked through Hammarby IF Alliansförening where the brand and the central register of members are handled.
The men's senior team played its first season in 1993/1994. The ladies senior team played their first season one year later, 1994/1995.


Katherine Monbiot

Katherine Monbiot (1964–1997) was an English former World Champion armwrestler, active vegan and dietary nutritionist. In 1993, she was the women World Champion for armwrestling in 55 kg, right hand category.
Biography.
Born in 1964, Monbiot was an active vegan, dietary nutritionist and colonic irrigationist. She was the Chairwoman of the International Colonic Association.
In 1993, Monbiot participated in several armwrestling competitions. She achieved third place in the British Arm wrestling Championships held in The Island, Ilford, in Ladies Right 60 kg category.
In the 1993 European Arm wrestling competition held in London, England, she received second place in her category.
In October 1993, Monbiot participated in the World Armwrestling Championship held in Edmonton, Canada, and was declared the world champion in Ladies Right, 55 kg category.
As of 1995, Monbiot was working as a hydrotherapist at Hale Clinic in London and was the chairwoman of the Colonic International Association.
Monbiot died in May 1997, at the age of 33 as a result of injuries she sustained after having slipped in her bathroom.


Yevgeniya Shapovalova

Yevgeniya Anatolyevna Shapovalova (; born June 15, 1986 in Nizhny Tagil) is a Russian cross-country skier who has been competing since 2006.
Career.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics, she finished 28th in the individual sprint event.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo, Shapovalova finished 12th in the team sprint and 19th in the individual sprint events.
Her lone World Cup victory was in a sprint event in China in 2007.
In December 2016, FIS provisionally suspended six Russian cross-country skiers linked to doping violations during the 2014 Winter Olympics, including Yevgeniya Shapovalova. She was officially disqualified from the 2014 Winter Olympics by the International Olympic Committee on 9 November 2017. In January 2018, she successfully appealed against the lifetime ban as well as decision to disqualify her from Sochi Olympics at the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Cross-country skiing results.
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).


St. Vital Curling Club

The St. Vital Curling Club, located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, is a curling club in Western Canada and was founded in 1933. It started curling events in December 1933 in a building that was owned by the St. Vital Agricultural Society which it purchased in 1950. It was then moved to its current location in 1954 on Regal Avenue in Winnipeg.
The club hosted it first Canadian Mixed Curling Championship in 1974.
The outgoing 2018-2020 President is Kenny Stevens. The incoming President for 2020-2022 is Jason Pruden.
It is the home curling club of 2014 Olympic curling champions Jennifer Jones, Kaitlyn Lawes, Jill Officer and Dawn McEwen.


Anat Maimoni

Anat Maimoni (born 5 February 1982) is an Israeli football midfielder.
Club career.
Maimoni had played in the Israeli First League since its inception in 1998 with ASA Tel Aviv University, winning 5 championship titles and 2 national cups with the club, as well as playing in the UEFA Women's Champions League.
International career.
Maimoni played for the national team between 2000 and 2008, appearing in 26 matches.


Friendship Radiosport Games

The Friendship Radiosport Games (FRG) is an international multi-sport event that includes competitions in the various sports collectively referred to as radiosport. The Friendship Radiosport Games began in 1989 as a result of a sister city agreement between Khabarovsk, Russia and Portland, Oregon, United States. Since then, participation has been extended to other sister cities in the Pacific Rim. The Friendship Radiosport Games are generally held in the month of August.
The most recent Friendship Radiosport Games were held on August 19–21, 2016, in Portland, Oregon. Planning for the next games in Khabarovsk is starting with a target date of 2018.
History.
The first Friendship Radiosport Games were held in 1989 in Khabarovsk, Russia, which was then still a part of the Soviet Union. The games were organized as a result of the signing of a sister city agreement between the Far Eastern Russia city of Khabarovsk and the city of Portland, Oregon, on the west coast of the United States. The origination of the idea for a friendly radiosport competition between the two cities can be credited to Yevgeny Stavitsky UAØCA, an active amateur radio operator in Khabarovsk. Participants from Portland traveled to Khabarovsk to participate in the games, an event that would not have been possible only a few years before, as the two nations squared off against one another in the Cold War. In 1991, the second Friendship Radiosport Games were held in Portland, hosted by the Friendship Amateur Radio Society, and participants from Khabarovsk traveled to Oregon to attend the event. This would start a tradition of holding the event in August of every odd-numbered year.
Extending the event to additional sister cities, the host for the 1993 Friendship Radiosport Games was Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. In addition to competitors from Canada, Russia, and the United States, competitors from the sister city of Niigata, Japan also came to the event in 1993. The 1995 Friendship Radiosport Games were held in Khabarovsk, Russia for the second time, and representatives from all four cities were in attendance. Tokyo, Japan became the fourth host city for the Friendship Radiosport Games when the event has held there in 1997. The 1999 games returned to Portland, Oregon, United States, where the ARDF event was also designated the IARU Region II Championships, the first such IARU sanctioned championships in the Americas. The event returned to Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 2001, where for the first time competitors from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia were also in attendance. Breaking with the established pattern, the Friendship Radiosport Games were not held in 2003, but were instead held in 2004, again in Khabarovsk, Russia. The invitation to participation was further extended to radio clubs in the Pacific Rim sister cities of Harbin, China, and Bucheon, Korea.
Competition.
The Friendship Radiosport Games have traditionally included events from all of the three activities collectively known as radiosport. This includes HF contesting, Amateur Radio Direction Finding, and High Speed Telegraphy. Some competitors participate in only one of these activities, while others have been competitive in multiple events.


Kendra Fisher

Kendra Fisher is a women's ice hockey goaltender who has competed for the Canada women's national inline hockey team, having participated at four FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships. In addition, Fisher also competed in women's ice hockey with the first NWHL, followed by a stint in the CWHL, including with the Toronto Furies in their inaugural season.
Playing career.
Ice hockey.
Fisher was the first female player in the history of the Grey-Bruce Highlanders Minor "AAA" program during the 1995-96 season.
She competed in the Esso Women's Nationals in 2002, 2004 and 2005, respectively. At the 2005 tournament, she was part of the Host Ontario team that played in Sarnia, Ontario. In the first game of said tournament, she posted a shutout in a 15-0 victory over Alberta. Despite a third-place finish in Pool A, Fisher was part of the gold medal winning team in the tournament.
During the 2009-10 season, Fisher competed for the Vaughan Flames. One of the highlights of her season was a 4-1 victory over the Mississauga Chiefs on December 13, 2009. The following season, she was selected ninth overall in the 2010 CWHL Draft by the Toronto Furies. She would compete for the club in their inaugural season of 2010-11, sharing goaltending duties with Sami Jo Small.
Inline hockey.
In the gold medal game at the 2016 World Inline Hockey Championships, Fisher gained the start in net for Canada, a 3-1 final against the United States.
Career stats.
This is an incomplete list
Personal.
Fisher was invited to a tryout for the Canadian national women's ice hockey team in 1999. Unfortunately, a case of anxiety disorder prevented her from finishing the tryout camp.
Fisher now speaks publicly to various school boards to promote greater awareness on mental health. She shares her story on her personal social media accounts as a means of helping others to cope with their own mental health woes. In 2015, Kendra revealed in an interview that she was gay.


Francis Erwood

Francis Elliston Erwood (1824–78) was designated in the Guinness Book of Records the first closed court Rackets world champion. The title, together with a £400 prize, was gained following two matches in 1860, the first at the Royal Artillery Court, Woolwich and the second at the Eglintoun Arms, Maudlin Street, Bristol when Erwood twice defeated open court champion professional John Charles Mitchell (1823–61). The title passed to amateur/gentleman player William Hart-Dyke in 1862 after another two-match duel, when the prize money was only £100.
Life.
Frank Erwood was born on 17 March 1824 at Doctors' Commons in London, the son of George Erwood, a baker and biscuit maker, and his wife Frances (born Elliston). He was a racquet and ball maker as well as professional player and instructor to army officers in Woolwich. His older brother, George Erwood, was of a similar mould and in 1860 was the new racket master at Hampstead.
About 1863 Frank's left eye was damaged whilst playing and was he obliged to end his career.
Marrying in 1855, Frank had four children, the daughters of whom emigrated to Canada and the USA; his son followed him into the business of racquet and ball making. His wife dying in 1870, Frank followed her on 7 October 1878 at Woolwich.
Frank's winning racquet was for many years kept by one of his descendants, but it is now believed to reside at one of the squash clubs in Bromley, Kent.


Dominican Republic National Beach Volleyball Tour

The Dominican Republic National Beach Volleyball Tour is a volleyball tournament based in Dominican Republic. This tournament is organized by the Dominican Republic Volleyball Federation.
Included players, but not limited to:
Bethania Almánzar
Ezequiel Castillo
Ginnette Del Rosario
Niurka Toribio https://lcwarriors.com/sports/womens-volleyball/roster/niurka-toribio/2266, and more.
Beach volleyball is an enduring sport. One that requires a person to have the skill set of passing, setting, hitting, good defense and offense. Beach volleyball is different than indoor. Indoor you have six players and outdoor it is just you and your partner. Beach volleyball is the sport to play that will help you grow as a stronger athlete.


Eurockey Cup

Eurockey Cup is a European roller hockey club competition for youth players. It is an initiative of Eurockey.com company and supported by the CERH, the Royal Spanish Roller Skating Federation and the Catalonia Roller Skating Federation.
The participating teams are invited by the organization, while being taken into consideration their respective National Leagues classification for each season, in order to replicate the spirit of the CERH European League. The competition comprises itself into two youth categories, one for the under-15 (since 2012) and another for the under-17 players (since 2014).
Eurockey Cup U-15.
Eurockey Cup U-15 (also referred as U-15 Roller Hockey Champions League) is a European roller hockey club competition for under-15 players.
Eurockey Cup U-17.
Eurockey Cup U-17 (also referred as U-17 Roller Hockey Champions League) is a European roller hockey club competition for under-17 players.


Rahel Vigdozchik

Rahel Vigdorchik (sometimes misspelled as "Vigdozchik") (born May 1, 1989) is an Israeli Olympic rhythmic gymnast.
Biography.
Vigdorchik is Jewish, and was born in Holon, Israel.
She and her teammates placed 6th in the finals on behalf of Israel at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing as a part of the Israeli National Rhythmic Gymnastic Team.
She and her Israeli teammates placed 5th in the 2009 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships in both Hoops and All-Around in Mie, Japan.


Mavericks, California

Mavericks is a surfing location in northern California outside Pillar Point Harbor, just north of the town of Half Moon Bay at the village of Princeton-by-the-Sea. After a strong winter storm in the northern Pacific Ocean, waves can routinely crest at over and top out at over . Routinely, waves that break can be recorded on seismometers. The break is caused by an unusually shaped underwater rock formation.
Mavericks is a winter destination for some of the world's best big wave surfers. From 1999 to 2016, an invitation-only contest called the Titans of Mavericks was held there during most winter surfing seasons, whenever the winter wave conditions there were deemed to be suitable to meet the needs of the contest.
Origin of the name.
In early March 1967, Alex Matienzo, Jim Thompson, and Dick Notmeyer surfed the distant waves of Pillar Point. With them was Matienzo's roommate's white-haired German Shepherd, Maverick, who was accustomed to swimming with his owner and Matienzo while they were surfing. The three surfers left Maverick on shore, but he swam out to them. Finding the conditions unsafe for the dog, Matienzo tied him up before rejoining the others. The riders had limited success that day as they surfed overhead peaks about from shore, just along the rocks that are visible from shore; they deemed the bigger outside waves too dangerous. The surfers named the location after Maverick, who seemed to have gotten the most pleasure from the experience.
Description.
Sea floor.
Sea-floor maps released by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 2007 revealed the mechanisms behind Mavericks' waves. A long, sloping ramp leads to the surface. The ramp slows the propagation of the wave over it. The wave over the deep troughs on each side of the ramp continues at full speed forming two angles in the wavefront centered over the boundaries between the ramp and the troughs. The result of this is a U-shaped or V-shaped wavefront on the ramp that contains the wave energy from the full width of the ramp. This U-shaped or V-shaped wave then collapses into a small area at the top center of the ramp with tremendous force.
Left Hander.
The left at Mavericks is rarely ridden, as the wave tends to be unreliable. It can be a much faster ride than the right, shooting riders down a quicker pipe barrel. Surfline says the left is "a short-lived explosion of hell and spitfire."
History.
Jeff Clark grew up in Half Moon Bay, watching Mavericks from Half Moon Bay High School and Pillar Point. At that time the location was thought too dangerous to surf. He conceived the possibility of riding Hawaii-sized waves in Northern California. In 1975 at age 17 and with the waves topping out at , Clark paddled out alone to face the break. He caught multiple left-breaking waves, thereby becoming the first documented person to tackle Mavericks head-on.
Other than a few of Clark's friends who had paddled out and had seen Mavericks for themselves, no big wave surfers believed in its existence. Popular opinion held that there simply were no large waves in California.
Dave Schmidt (brother of big wave legend Richard Schmidt) and Tom Powers, both from Santa Cruz, were two of the next people to surf at Mavericks, surfing with Clark on January 22, 1990. John Raymond, from Pacifica, Johathan Galili, from Tel Aviv, Israel, and Mark Renneker, from San Francisco, surfed Mavericks a few days later.
Popularization.
In 1990, a photo of Mavericks taken by Clark's friend Steve Tadin was published in "Surfer" magazine, generating interest in Mavericks. More photos of Mavericks appeared in surfing magazines, and before long, filmmaker Gary Medeiros released a movie, "Waves of Adventure in the Red Triangle". As news of Mavericks spread, many big-wave surfers came and surfed there.
Death of Mark Foo.
On December 23, 1994, during a week of huge swells, notable Hawaiian big-wave riders Mark Foo, Ken Bradshaw, Brock Little, Mike Parsons, and Evan Slater visited Mavericks. In the late morning, Foo rode on a late takeoff into an wave, caught the edge of his surfboard on the surface, and fell forward into a wipe out near the bottom of the wave. A few hours later, a fellow surfer traveling back to shore on a boat noticed a body in the water, which was identified as Foo. The only visible injury was a small cut on the forehead. Many surfers believe that the fall knocked the wind out of Foo and he was tied down by his leash to a rock formation.
News of Foo's death traveled quickly to the far reaches of the surfing community. The accident afforded Mavericks greater notoriety and prompted the formation of the "Mavericks Water Patrol" by Frank Quirarte and Clark. The accident also triggered a continuing discourse around the safe use of surfboard leashes while surfing extreme waves. Many believed that Foo's surfboard leash may have contributed to his death. Leash proponents defend it as a useful convenience and as insurance against losing the surfboard, a form of flotation device, a means for a fallen surfer to find the surface by following the leash cord to the buoyant board. Opponents argue that a leash can cause the rider to collide with his board in a wipe out and that the leash can also loop around the surfer's arms, legs or the neck when underwater. Quick-release velcro leashes have since become standard surfing equipment to address some of these risks.
Death of Sion Milosky.
Sion Milosky, an accomplished big-wave surfer, died at Mavericks on March 16, 2011. Milosky, 35, of Kalaheo, Kauai, Hawaii, apparently drowned after enduring a two-wave hold down around 6:30 PM. Twenty minutes after the incident, Nathan Fletcher found Milosky's body floating at the Pillar Point Harbor mouth.
Milosky had been named the North Shore Underground Surfer of the Year in February 2011. He used some of his $25,000 prize to travel to Half Moon Bay to catch one of the last big swells of the season at Mavericks.
Invitational Surfing Contest.
The first surfing contest at Mavericks was held in 1999, as the "Mavericks Invitational." The competition later came to be known as the Titans of Mavericks invitational. Organizers would invite a number big wave surfers annually to compete in the one-day event, but it was only held if wave conditions were favorable during the competition season (which season ran from November 1-March 31). In 2019, after two years straight of cancelled competitions, the World Surf League announced that the contest had been canceled indefinitely, citing "various logistical challenges" and "the inability to run the event the last two seasons." The competition has not been held since.
In media.
The first videos were shot by Eric W. Nelson in February 1990, catching Clark, Schmidt and Powers. Eric was shooting for his community access television show "Powerlines Surf-Spots". This was the origin of the Powerlines Productions company that showcases big wave surfing around the world.
Nelson's first film was "High Noon at Low Tide" 1994/1995. In 1998, he produced another big wave documentary "Twenty Feet Under". Local filmmaker Curt Myers, produced "Shifting Peaks" and "Heavy Water" 1994/1995.
On December 11, 1998, they combined their efforts and produced the mini-documentary "twelveleven".
Clark and Mavericks are featured in the 1998 documentary "Mavericks", a one-hour PBS film that chronicles the early years, and the 2004 film "Riding Giants", which documents the history of big wave surfing. Directed by skateboarder turned documentary producer Stacy Peralta (best known for the skating documentary "Dogtown and Z-Boys"), "Riding Giants" includes interviews and commentary materials with many of the surfers mentioned in this article.
In the film "Zoolander", Owen Wilson's entourage includes a big wave surfer from Mavericks.
The surfing documentary film "Discovering Mavericks", executive produced by Jeff Clark and directed by Joshua Pomer, features surfers like Jeff Clark, Peter Mel, Flea, Shane Dorian, Nick Lamb, Zack Wormhout, Brock Little and Mike Parsons, and also honors Mark Foo and Jay Moriarty.
"Chasing Mavericks", a 2012 biopic about Mavericks surfer Jay Moriarity, starred Gerard Butler as Frosty Hesson, Abigail Spencer as Brenda Hesson, Frosty's wife. Jonny Weston as Jay Moriarity, Elisabeth Shue as Christy Moriarity and Leven Rambin as Kim Moriarity. Maya Rains plays Roque Hesson, while Patrick and Asher Tesler (twins) portray Lake, son of Frosty and Brenda. Moriarty's spectacular wipeout in 1994 had landed the 16-year-old surfer in the pages of "The New York Times" and on the cover of "Surfer" magazine. On December 19, 2011, film star Butler survived a near-death accident, pounded by waves. Butler was held underwater for several waves and dragged through rocks until rescued by a safety worker on a jet ski. According to eyeforfilm.co.uk, "Butler was knocked off his board by a freak wave. He was trapped underwater as two more waves went over him, and witnesses say he took the force of four or five waves to the head. He was also dragged through rocks before rescuers managed to reach him and get him to the shore. Butler was conscious when pulled from the water and has spent the next sixteen hours in Stanford Medical Center."
A memoir, "Making Mavericks" by Frosty Hesson with Ian Spiegelman, was released by Zola Books in October 2012. The book recounts Hesson's time as one of the first to conquer the massive break at Mavericks and his mentoring of Moriarity.
On June 10, 2013, at its Worldwide Developers Conference, Apple announced that the latest version of its Mac operating system OS X (version 10.9) would be entitled Mavericks. Apple said their new operating software generations would be named after places in California that have inspired them.


List of curling clubs in Russia

This is a list of Russian curling federations and clubs.
Federations.
"See also: Curling organizations in Russia ."


Surf Life Saving Club

Surf Life Saving Clubs (or SLSCs) are volunteer institutions at Australia's beaches. The clubs conduct surf lifesaving services on weekends and public holidays, and in the 2014-2015 season they saved 12,690 people. They also host many beach sport activities, such as Nippers, surf carnivals and other competitions. The SLSCs are responsible for the education of Lifesavers including operation of Inflatable Rescue Boats (IRBs) and maintaining radio communication with other beaches and air rescue resources.


Er Enish

Er Enish (Kyrgyz : Эр эңиш), or Oodarysh, is a traditional Kyrgyz equestrian sport. It is a form of wrestling from horseback.
The rules allow dangerous holds, such as holding the flanks, arm muscles and joints. The horse's skill is as important as the rider's in this kind of wrestling. Horses need to be heavy, strong and biddable. Er Enish is one of the sports featured in the World Nomad Games.
Rules.
In official competitions, participants must be at least 19 years old and be medically certified; 18-year-olds are permitted if they are in excellent physical shape. Competitors are divided into three categories according to weight: up to 70 kg, 70 to 90 kg, and more than 90 kg.
Er Enish needs flat, clear ground. The sport is played in a 30 m diameter circle, under the supervision of a mounted referee. Participants wear a costume that leaves them naked to the waist.
An Er Enish bout lasts an average of six minutes, but the game stops if a horse or wrestler is hurt. In this case, a 2-minute break is allowed to the injured wrestler for a medical examination. If he does not resume wrestling after this time, his opponent wins the bout. During the match, the referee awards points to the wrestlers for each hold or fault that takes place. At the end of the game, the total number of points decides the winner; if the score is equal, an extra 2-minute round takes place as a tiebreaker.
Some moves are not allowed, such as kicks, punches, using a whip, holding onto the face or hair, finger twisting, and so on.
Scoring.
Points are awarded as follows:-
The game can also be played in teams, in which case the total cumulative score of each team decides its ranking in the competition.
Origins.
Er Enish is mentioned in the Epic of Manas.


2003 Pacific Curling Championships

The 2003 Pacific Curling Championships were held in Aomori, Japan November 23 to 29.
New Zealand's Sean Becker won the men's event over Australia's Hugh Millikin. On the women's side, Japan's Shinobu Aota defeated South Korea's Kim Mi-yeon in the final.
By virtue of winning, the New Zealand men's team and the Japanese women's team qualified for the 2004 World Men's and Women's Curling Championships in Gävle, Sweden.


Individual dressage at the 2009 FEI European Jumping and Dressage Championships

The individual dressage at the 2009 FEI European Jumping and Dressage Championships in Windsor, Great Britain was held at Windsor Castle from 25 to 30 August.
The Netherlands's Edward Gal won the gold medal in the Grand Prix Freestyle. Adelinde Cornelissen representing Netherlands won a golden medal the Grand Prix Special and silver in the Grand Prix Freestyle. Laura Bechtolsheimer of Great Britain won a bronze in the Special while Dutch triple Olympic gold medalist Anky van Grunsven won the bronze medal in the Freestyle. In the Grand Prix The Netherlands won the golden team medal, while the Great Britain won the silver medal and Germany bronze.Edward Gal broke the World Record in the Grand Prix Freestyle with scoring for the first time over the 90%. He also broke the World Record in the Grand Prix Special, but Adelinde Cornelissen, who rode her test after Edward broke the WR again.
Competition format.
The team and individual dressage competitions used the same results. Dressage had three phases. The first phase was the Grand Prix. Top 30 individuals advanced to the second phase, the Grand Prix Special where the first individual medals were awarded. The last set of medals at the 2013 European Dressage Championships was awarded after the third phase, the Grand Prix Freestyle where top 15 combinations competed, with a maximum of the three best riders per country.
Judges.
The following judges were appointed to officiate during the European Dressage Championships.


Shruti Kotwal

Shruti Kotwal (born 2 December 1991) is an Indian ice speed skater. She is the country's first professional female ice skater.
Biography.
Kotwal was born and brought up in Pune, Maharashtra, India. When she was seven years old she began roller-skating and held national gold medals in the sport before changing to ice-skating.
At the South Asia Championship in 2011 she secured gold medals in the categories of 500m, 1000m and 1500m. The following year, 2012, she received a scholarship from the International Skating Union, which enabled her to travel to Germany for speed skating training under Canadian skater Jeremy Wotherspoon.
In 2017 she represented India at the Asian Winter Games. In 2014 she broke the national record she had previously set herself in the 500 metre speed skating event.
She holds 5 gold medals from the Indian National Ice-Skating Championships and a bronze medal from the National Winter Games.


AS Garde Nationale

Association Sportive de la Garde Nationale () known as AS Garde Nationale is a Mauritanian football club based in Nouakchott.
History.
The club was founded in Nouakchott. It was known on past under the name of ASC Garde Nationale (Association Sportive et Culturelle de la Garde Nationale).


Front kick

The front kick in martial arts is a kick executed by lifting the knee straight forward, while keeping the foot and shin either hanging freely or pulled to the hip, and then straightening the leg in front of the practitioner and striking the target area. It is desirable to retract the leg immediately after delivering the kick, to avoid the opponent trying to grapple the leg and (unless a combination is in process) to return to stable fighting stance.
The front kick described is the typical basic front kick of karate or taekwondo. But the front kick can also be defined more broadly as a straight forward kick directly to the front, and then include several variations from many different styles. A front kick can be delivered forward in a penetrating way (hip thrust), or upwards to attack the head.
Details of the technique.
In martial arts implying either barefooted combat or very light footwear, the strike is usually delivered by using ball of the foot (while pointing the foot toward the target area and keeping toes up to prevent injury) or by heel. When heavier footwear is used, there is an option using whole sole as a striking surface. It is also possible to kick with the top of the foot (the instep) in cases of striking at the groin or under the arm which can be very damaging.
Using ball of a foot is preferred in karate. This method demands more control of one's movement, but allows for narrow, penetrating strike. Taekwondo practitioners utilise both heel and ball of the foot for striking. It is common to perform tempering exercises to strengthen ball of the foot, as many new practitioners are unable to exercise full-power front kicks on training gear, such as body bag.
With specific techniques and in certain styles, the impact point of the front kick can be more exotic. Certain Japanese styles have a front kick generally used as a stop-kick where the blade of the foot is used to connect, like for a side kick (the foot blade front kick). The heel is often used straight () or with the foot tilted (tilted heel front kick), especially in stop-kicks, close kicks or high front kicks. Japanese nin-jitsu has variations using the straightened and hardened toes. Front kicks to the groin (


Paul Makler Jr.

Paul Todd Makler Jr. (born January 8, 1946) is an American Olympic fencer.
Early and personal life.
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, later lived in Merion, Pennsylvania, and is Jewish. After college, he attended and in 1972 graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. He is the son of Paul Makler Sr. who fenced for the United States at the 1952 Summer Olympics. His brother Brooke Makler fenced at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
Fencing career.
His fencing club is Salle Csiszar.
Makler fenced at the University of Pennsylvania (class of 1968) for the University of Pennsylvania Quakers. He was NCAA individual saber champion in both 1967 and 1968, and was a first-team All-American both years.
He competed in the team épée event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich at the age of 26.


Montreal Royal (AUDL)

The Montreal Royal is a professional ultimate franchise based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. They are members of the Eastern Division of the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL). The team was the second Canadian franchise to join the AUDL, after the Toronto Rush. The Royal play their home games at Claude-Robillard Sports Complex in Montreal, Quebec. They played their inaugural game on April 19, 2014, where they hosted the Toronto Rush and lost by a score of 22-14. In this game, the Royal broke the AUDL attendance record previously held by the Rush with more than 3,000 fans. The team name has several references: a spring Association de Ultimate de Montréal league team called Royal that the co-owners play on, the Montreal hill Mount Royal, and a nod to the former minor league professional baseball team Montreal Royals.


Korea International Circuit

The Korea International Circuit (코리아 인터내셔널 서킷) is a motorsport circuit located in Yeongam, South Jeolla Province, South Korea, 400 kilometres south of Seoul and near the port city of Mokpo. It was the venue for the Korean Grand Prix from 2010 to 2013 after a $264 million (250 billion won) deal between Bernie Ecclestone and the Korean F1 promoter Korea Auto Valley Operation (KAVO – a joint venture between M-Bridge Holdings and Jeollanam-do regional government).
By 2015, having only hosted four Grand Prix events and relegated to hosting modestly attended local races, the facility has been criticized as a debacle.
History.
It was announced on 2 September 2009, that the funding was in place to start construction at the site, and officials were confident the work would be completed in time to hold a Grand Prix in 2010. On 10 December 2009, the organisers of the event announced that they were on schedule, with a plan to finish the circuit on 5 July 2010, though they admitted that their largest problem lay in finding accommodation for all Formula One staff and spectators.
German designer Hermann Tilke was given the responsibility of the design of the track. It is part permanent, part temporary. The temporary part is along the harbour side of the province where spectators from the promenade, hotels and yachts can view the race. Part of the city with possible exhibition facilities, shops, restaurants and cafes are utilized as the pit lane during the F1 Grand Prix weekend.
The initial contract has a duration of seven years, with a five-year option that could take the race until 2021. The circuit planned to revive the Korea Super Prix in 2011, the Formula Three event, previous held at the Changwon City Raceway, last raced in 2003.
In the midst of speculation that the race would be aborted because the circuit would not be completed in time, organisers for the race announced the circuit's opening date to be 5 September 2010. On 4 September 2010, in an event called ‘Circuit Run 2010’, a Red Bull Racing Formula 1 show car using a V10 version of the current Renault engine, with Karun Chandhok at the wheel, completed 14 laps of the all new Korean Formula One Grand Prix circuit. Four thousand spectators travelled to the new track for the event.
The final track inspection was delayed multiple times. Originally, the FIA technical delegates were due to inspect the circuit on 28 September 2010 in order to grant permission for F1 races to be held there, however the date was later moved to the 11 October, only 11 days before the first cars were scheduled to start first practice. Following a two-day track inspection, FIA race director Charlie Whiting described the Yeongam circuit as ‘satisfactory’ and announced the mandatory license would be issued through the Korea Automobile Racing Association (KARA).
The inaugural Korean Grand Prix was run on 24 October for the 2010 Formula One season. The event was the 17th out of 19 events during the season, after the Japanese Grand Prix at the Suzuka Circuit. The capacity of the venue is 135,000 spectators.
According to the Chonnam Yeongam Korean Formula One Grand Prix circuit, around 77 million dollars (88 billion won) was needed for the construction cost of the circuit, the amount requested by the scholarship that was used in the 52.8 billion won. However, it was difficult to secure the remaining 35.2 billion won, and it was reported that there would be virtually no prospect of government aid to the Formula 1 project by the Korean government.
The Korean circuit was included in the 2012 FIA GT1 World Championship calendar, but later it was removed. It was announced in 2012 that the circuit would host an exhibition round of the 2013 Super GT season; the plans also fell through.
The GT Asia Series has raced frequently at Korea.
A lap in a Formula One car.
The circuit starts with a double left hander; the first corner is taken in second gear, with the drivers accelerating through the second turn. This opens up onto a straight 1160 meters long, which in turn feeds into the slowest corner on the circuit, a second-gear right-hand bend. The cars follow a shorter straight, home to the support pits, before a series of tight switchbacks at turns four, five and six; all three are taken in second gear. The circuit then opens up again, flowing through a series of fast fifth-gear bends, before the driver must brake for turn ten, a tight right-hander whose approach is made more difficult by the position of the braking zone on a downward-sloping incline. The remainder of the circuit is modelled on a street circuit, and follows a labyrinth series of left and right-hand bends that lead to turn seventeen, a long right-hander that is completely blind as it is surrounded by walls. The final turn on the circuit is a left-hand kink that feeds onto the main straight.
Pit entry and exit.
The pit lane has been controversial due to its entry and exit. In 2010 the pit lane entry was deemed dangerous by drivers such as Robert Kubica because it is on the racing line on the exit of a 240 km/h corner, so cars pitting will be going significantly slower but still on the racing line. Kubica stated "it might be quite tight" and Jarno Trulli said that he was "worried about someone going into the back of him" when he was forced to pit in because he was stuck in gear. The wall at Turn 17 was moved back in 2011 to improve visibility at that part of the track, so drivers on a hot lap can see drivers slowing to go into the pits.
The pit lane exit has also been criticised as it fed into the outside of Turn 1, despite original plans for a pit exit running around the outside of the turns 1 and 2 run off area. Although it was off the racing line, if drivers locked up at the turn and ran wide, they could hit someone exiting the pits. This happened during practice for the 2011 Korean Grand Prix when Mercedes' Nico Rosberg ran wide and hit Toro Rosso's Jaime Alguersuari. The exit was criticised by several drivers as well as Mercedes GP's team principal Ross Brawn. He said 'I have to say it's a little frustrating, with a brand new circuit like this, that we have that problem. Look at the number of cars that went off at turn one in first practice. With wet, difficult conditions, I think it was 20 or 30.' Red Bull team principal Christian Horner said it was 'an accident that was going to happen' given the poor design of the exit.' Nico Rosberg and Jarno Trulli also felt that the exit 'needed to be improved'. Following complaints from the drivers, the FIA installed a set of traffic lights at the end of the pit lane, warning drivers rejoining the race of cars approaching at race speeds. Teams also employed the use of spotters to warn drivers (both racing and exiting the pits) of any cars in the pit lane.
For the 2013 Korean Grand Prix the pit exit was extended out around turn 1 to rejoin the circuit at the end of turn 2, as was on the original plans for the track. The quality of the work has been called into question by many drivers, with many highlighting an uneven surface as being "not the standard that it should be". This is due to the pit lane being extended through the run off area, which has a drainage system running through it.
Construction issues.
Although completion of the circuit was due July 2010, excessive rainfall caused delays in soil improvement. The delay of the construction caused the inspection by FIA to be delayed for 20 days to 11 October, 10 days before the Korean Grand Prix. However, some facilities were still incomplete, and the pavement was only paved up to the first layer.
Lap records.
The official race lap records at the Korea International Circuit are listed as:


Bute Shinty Club

Bute Shinty Club is a shinty club from Rothesay, Isle of Bute, Scotland. It has a reserve team which is in South Division Two.
History.
The club has been reconstituted on several occasions since its formation in 1906. There was Bute Camanachd and North Bute Shinty Club: North Bute competed in the first ever Sutherland Cup final in 1923. The club has existed in its present form since 1946.
The club won the Sutherland Cup in 1972 and has won the reintroduced Balliemore Cup on four occasions, notably in the first final in 1985 as well as in 2006, when they defeated a Beauly team who held home advantage. 2006 was one of the club's most successful seasons of all time winning South Division One thus gaining promotion to the Premier Division, winning the Balliemore Cup and reaching the final of the Celtic Society Cup.
In 2008, after several years as a one team club, Bute restarted their second team, which finished fifth in South Division Two in their first season.
The club reached the semi-finals of the Camanachd Cup for the first time in 2008.
In 2009, they were the last club to finish their season on 12 December 2009. They eventually survived relegation, overhauling Lochaber Camanachd with a win against Oban Camanachd.
2010 saw Bute's period in the Premier Division come to an end with a loss against Oban Camanachd, who had been behind the whole season until that last game.
Bute romped back into the Premier Division in 2011 with a stunning 100% record in the league as well as winning the Balliemore Cup. Bute were relegated in 2012 from a very competitive Premiership.
The club's top player during this successful period has been Hector Whitelaw, a full international and a powerful player capable of playing both upfront and at the back. He is a prolific goalscorer.
The club was one of the main opponents of the national league setup due to the difficulty of traveling to away games in places such as Cannich and Portree. (Until the establishment of Lewis Camanachd, they were the only senior team in Scotland with no fixed link to the mainland.).
The stepping back of Whitelaw to the second team and the loss of the Zavaroni brothers to Kyles Athletic saw Bute take a step back but they still made good showings in the cups and also made it into the National Division One setup for 2014 with a second-place finish in Division South One.
Several other player changes in 2014 led to a disastrous showing in National Division One, even conceding a game at one point. Bute finished rock bottom and were due for relegation to South Division One, but were given a reprieve due to league reconstruction. However, Bute elected to be relegated to South Division One, feeling that National Division shinty was not feasible for the club at that time. In January 2015, former referee Ted McDonald became their senior team coach.


Matt Centrowitz

Matthew Centrowitz (born January 28, 1955) is a two-time Olympic distance runner, a four-time United States champion, a collegiate All-American, a nationally renowned high school athlete, and a collegiate cross country and track coach.
Life and early career.
Centrowitz was born in New York, New York, the son of Theresa (Corrigan) and Sid Centrowitz. His father was Jewish and his mother was an Irish immigrant. He attended Power Memorial Academy, where he won state championships in the 800 m, one mile and two mile events and became the first New Yorker to break nine minutes in the two mile run (8:56.00). In 1973 (his senior year), he was ranked as the country's number one high school mile runner. He has the fourth best all-time high school 1500 m time of 3:43.4 and still holds the state record in the 1500 m and mile events.
He attended Manhattan College in New York for one year, then transferred to the University of Oregon. In 1976, he broke Steve Prefontaine's 1500 m school record, running 3:36.7. He was on the Ducks' 1977 NCAA Cross Country Championship team and graduated from Oregon in 1978.
International competition.
Centrowitz was a member of the US Olympic Team in 1976, competing in the 1500 m. and qualified for the 1980 U.S. Olympic team but did not compete due to the U.S. Olympic Committee's boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Russia. He was one of 461 athletes to receive a Congressional Gold Medal instead.
He won a gold medal in the 5000 m run at the 1979 Pan-American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and followed that with four United States national championships in the 5000 m run from 1979–82. In 1982, he set the American record in the 5000 m with a time of 13:12.91.
Coaching.
He was the track coach for the Reebok Enclave, in charge of training distance runners who tried out for the 1996 and 2000 U.S. Olympic Team. He has coached three Olympians: David Strang, John Trautman and Jen Rhines; and 1993 U.S. 1500 m Champion Bill Burke. Centrowitz is a member of the U.S. Olympic Development Committee.
Centrowitz began his coaching career as an assistant track coach at St. John's University (New York). He restarted the track program at American University in 1999, becoming the cross-country and track coach. Centrowitz has coached seven All-American runners. In 2001–02, his athletes captured nine Patriot League titles in track and field, earned seventeen All-League honors, two All-Region honors and one All-East award. In 2003–04, both the men's and women's cross country teams captured league titles, five of the six Athletes of the Meet, twenty First-Team All-League selections and nine Second-Team All-League selections. In 2004–05, the men's cross country team won its third straight Patriot League title.
In July, 2018, he was named Cross Country and Track and Field Director at Manhattan College.
Awards and honors.
Centrowitz was inducted into the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame with the other members of the 1977 University of Oregon Cross Country team in 1998. In 2005, he was named Mid-Atlantic Regional Coach of the Year.
Personal life.
Matt Centrowitz and his wife Beverly had three children while living in Annapolis, Maryland. Two of his children, daughter Lauren and son Matthew Jr. are also accomplished distance runners. Lauren competed for Stanford University and qualified for the Olympic Trials in 2012. Matt Jr competed for the University of Oregon (his father's alma mater) and now competes professionally with the Bowerman Track Club. In 2011, Matt Jr. became the 2011 United States Champion in the 1500 metres and was the bronze medalist at 1500 metres in the 2011 World Championships. In 2016, he won the gold medal at the 2016 World Indoor Championships and then won the gold medal in the 1500 metres at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, becoming the first U.S. runner to win the event since 1908.


Karussell (corner)


Clara Friedman

Clara Friedman (; born 13 April 1920, died 14 October 2015), née Klara Hodosi, was an Israeli chess player who held the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1966). She was a three-time winner of the Israel Women's Chess Championship (1961, 1963, 1965).
Biography.
Born in Romania, she lived in Israel from 1961. In the 1960s Clara Friedman was one of the leading Israeli woman chess players. She won the Israel Women's Chess Championship three times, in 1961, 1963, and 1965. In 1966, she was awarded the FIDE International Women Master (WIM) title. In 1967, Clara Friedman participated in the Women's World Chess Championship Candidates Tournament in Subotica, Serbia and finished in 17th place.


Shifu

Shifu () in Mandarin, or sifu in Cantonese, is a title for, and the role of, a skillful person or a master. The character 師/师 means "skilled person" or "teacher," while 傅 means "tutor" and 父 means "father." 傅 and 父 are pronounced with the same tones in both Cantonese (f6) and Mandarin (fù).
Though pronounced identically and bearing similar meanings, the two terms are distinct, and their usage is different. The former term, 師傅/师傅, bears only the meaning of "master," and is used to express the speaker's general respect for the addressee's skills and experience; it is, for instance, the term frequently used for cab drivers or other skilled laborers—thus, a customer may use this term to address an automotive mechanic.
The latter term, 師父/师父, bears the dual meaning of "master" and "father," and thus connotes lineage in a teacher–student relationship. A tradesperson, for example, would address only his or her own teacher or master in this way; in the previous example, the mechanic's apprentice would address his or her master using this term, but a customer would not address that person in that way. By contrast, a senior religious person—and, by extension, experts in Chinese martial arts—can be addressed either as "master-father" (師父/师父) or simply as "master" (師傅/师傅) in all contexts.
Common usage.
In Chinese culture, the term "shifu" is used as a respectful form of address for people of low class engaged in skilled trades, such as drivers, cooks, house decorators, as well as performing artists, and less commonly, for visual artists such as painters and calligraphers. The more usual term of address for those accomplished in the visual arts is "dashi", which means "great master". While there is no clear delineation of trades to which the term "shifu" can be applied, traditionally it would be used to refer to traditional trades where training is by apprenticeship, as "master" ("shīfu" 師傅/师傅) corresponds with "apprentice" ("túdì" 徒弟). Likewise, since religious instruction involves a teacher-student relationship akin to apprenticeship, bhikkhu (Buddhist monks) and Taoist priests are also addressed as "sīfu" or "shifu".
Practitioners of the learned professions, such as physicians and lawyers, are rarely referred to as ""shifu", and some members of such professions may indeed find such a term of address disrespectful. Likewise, academics and teachers are not generally addressed as "shifu". In China especially, but also traditionally in Taiwan and elsewhere, the preferred term for academic and learned professionals without special titles (i.e., excluding physicians), is often "laoshi" (老師/老师). Even for physicians, the title "laoshi"" can be considered superior to "doctor". Those who have "earned" a right to be addressed as "laoshi", such as medical professors or medical professionals who hold a research doctorate (i.e. a doctoral degree in the field of medicine and higher than a first professional degree) should be addressed as "laoshi" rather than "doctor". The same term can also be used for those engaged in other occupations which can be seen as analogous to academia and the professions, such as accomplished writers.
Use in martial arts.
Traditionally, in Chinese martial arts shifu was used as a familial term and sign of respect as in the general usage. A shifu was deemed a "father", therefore his disciples would address each other as "brothers" or "sisters", particularly "big brothers" ("shīxiōng" 師兄), "little brothers" ("shīdì" 師弟), "big sisters" ("shījiě" 師姐) and "little sisters" ("shīmèi" 師妹). More specific familial prefixes could also be used, for example as in "biggest brother" ("dàshīxiōng" 大師兄), "second biggest (big) sister" ("èrshījiě" 二師姐), "third biggest (little) sister" ("sānshīmèi" 三師妹). Unlike actual familial prefixes however, "dà"-, "èr"-, "sān"-, etc. usually depended on the order in which a disciple was officially adopted by the master (i.e. seniority), not on their age. Likewise, whether or not fellow disciples are addressed as "big" or "little" brother/sister depended on whether they were adopted by the master before or after the subject, not on whether or not they are actually older or younger in age.
Despite the "father" meaning of the word 父, the term 師父/师父 is also used to address a female teacher, while the term "shīmǔ" (師母/师母) or "master-mother" is used to address a male teacher's wife. A female teacher's husband is addressed as "shīzhàng" (師丈/师丈) or "master-husband".
Additionally, there are also terms for the master's fellow disciples, such as "big uncle" (師伯) or "little uncle" (師叔), which also apply regardless of sex. Whether or not they are addressed as "big uncle" or "little uncle" also depends on when that person was adopted by the master's master, not their age.
The term takes on a less intimate context when a student becomes a formal student or disciple of the teacher. The acceptance as a student is a very formal event, usually requiring a discipleship ceremony called "bai shi" (拜師/拜师). After the ceremony, the relationship is defined in a more direct parent–child context and usage takes on this term rather than a generic sign of respect for skill and knowledge.


West Australian Football League

The West Australian Football League (WAFL) is an Australian rules football league based in Perth, Western Australia. The WAFL is the third-most popular league in the nation, behind the nationwide Australian Football League (AFL) and South Australian National Football League (SANFL). The league currently consists of ten teams, which play each other in a 20-round season usually lasting from March to September, with the top five teams playing off in a finals series, culminating in a Grand Final. The league also runs reserves, colts (under-19) and women's competitions.
The WAFL was founded in 1885 as the West Australian Football Association (WAFA), and has undergone a variety of name changes since then, re-adopting its current name in 2001. For most of its existence, the league was considered one of the traditional "big three" Australian rules football leagues, along with the Victorian Football League (VFL) and South Australian National Football League (SANFL). However, since the introduction of two Western Australia-based clubs into the VFL (later renamed the Australian Football League) – the West Coast Eagles in 1987 and the Fremantle Football Club in 1995 – the popularity and standard of the league has decreased to the point where it is considered a feeder competition to the AFL.
Although payments are made to players, it is generally considered to be a semi-professional competition. A salary cap of A$200,000 per club is in place. The league is currently affiliated with the two Western Australia-based AFL clubs. Players who are not selected to play with their respective AFL clubs instead play for allocated clubs in the WAFL. The competition is governed by the West Australian Football Commission, and based at Subiaco Oval.
Clubs.
Current clubs.
There are ten teams that currently compete in the WAFL:
Former clubs.
Ten other clubs formerly competed in the competition:
Fremantle Football Club (II) was known as Unions Football Club from 1886 to 1889.
Salary cap.
The WAFL is a semi-professional competition and has a salary cap in place.
In 2016 the Total Player Payments cap is $294,000 for the non-AFL aligned clubs, while the cap for East Perth and Peel Thunder is $191,100.
Audience.
Media.
Television.
In January 2015, the WAFL executive announced a new deal was struck with the Seven Network. Under the arrangement, Seven agreed to a three-year deal involving the telecast of 18 home and away matches as well as all Finals matches, broadcast throughout Western Australia.
Previously, the WAFL match of the round was broadcast on ABC throughout Western Australia every Saturday afternoon during the regular home and away season. Matches were replayed nationwide on-demand from the ABC iView service and re-broadcast on the ABC2 channel early Friday morning at 2.30 am local time.
Radio.
Radio stations which cover the competition include 720 ABC Perth, ABC Grandstand Digital, 91.3 SportFM, 107.3 HFM and KIX Country Digital.
Sponsorship.
The current naming rights partner of the WAFL is Telecommunications Company Optus and the competition is officially known as the "Optus WAFL Premiership". Optus were previously a premier partner of the WAFC and in 2019 took over the naming rights previously held by McDonald's (2015-2018) and before that AAMI (2010-2014).
Attendance.
Attendance at WAFL matches dropped when each of the two Western Australian based AFL teams entered the league. In recent years, however the attendances have increased slightly, with 2009 recording the first combined annual attendance of more than 200,000 since 1994.
A largest recent crowd was 24,638 at the 2010 WAFL Grand Final between Swan Districts and Claremont at Subiaco Oval. The all-time attendance record is 52,781 in 1979 for East Fremantle v South Fremantle at Subiaco Oval.
Patrons at the WAFL pay at the gates.
The following are relatively recent attendance figures.
Source(s): WAFL Fixtures & Results
History.
Pre–1900: Formation and early years.
Organised football in the Perth/Fremantle region of Western Australia dates back to 1881. Back then though rugby union was the dominant football code, with only one senior club, "Unions", playing Australian Rules.
In 1883 a second club, "Swans", emerged, but Australian Rules' growth remained much subdued compared to that of Victoria and South Australia.
However, in those days many young men of Perth's wealthier families were educated in Adelaide, the capital of South Australia.
On returning home from there they naturally wished to play the sport they'd grown up with and no doubt exerted some influence on their less affluent peers as to such. Coincidentally, the press at the time reported there was a growing dissatisfaction with rugby as a spectacle.
During the 1880s, the discoveries of gold, firstly in the Kimberley, Pilbara and Murchison regions, led to a dramatic increase in WA's population, including many players and supporters of Australian Rules from the eastern colonies.
In 1885 one of the leading rugby clubs, Fremantle, decided to change to Australian Rules. It was quickly joined by three other clubs – "Rovers", "Victorians", and a team of schoolboys from Perth High. The schoolboy side lasted just two matches, but the three other sides went on to contest what in retrospect was viewed as the first-ever official Western Australian Football Association (WAFA) premiership, won by Rovers. And virtually overnight Australian Rules football became the dominant code for the spectator as well.
However progress of Australian rules in Western Australia still lagged behind the big football cities of Melbourne, Adelaide and Geelong and is evidenced by the unstable nature of the clubs that participated in the early years.
In 1886 a new club Fremantle-based club Unions joined.
In 1887 Fremantle left the WAFA and the West Australian Football Club joined but they would only play two seasons before they disappeared.
In 1890 Unions would rename themselves Fremantle as those involved in the game saw the need to identify themselves with the region they were located in.
1891 saw two new clubs arrive, Centrals and East Perth, but they would be gone after one and two seasons respectively.
1898 saw the entry of East Fremantle to the league.
1899 would be the last season Fremantle would take part. Despite Unions/Fremantle being the most dominant club in the WAFA up to this point winning the competition 10 times in its 13 years of existence, problems with debt saw the club disappear and some people involved with the old entity formed South Fremantle Football Club in its place. Despite the fact that many involved with Fremantle moved onto South Fremantle the new club is not seen as a continuation of the old and did not lay claim to its proud records to that date.
1899 was also the last time Rovers would take part. The move to regionalisation which saw Unions take on the old Fremantle's name and colours made it difficult for this club that didn't represent a particular area to attract players. They folded and were immediately replaced by Perth Football Club who were promoted from the Perth First Rate Association.
Early 1900s.
Major gold discoveries at Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in 1892, coupled with a major international economic depression, caused immigration from the eastern colonies to accelerate not only to the Goldfields but also onto Perth. These migrants came from a climate where Australian Rules football was more popular and included a large number of footballers including some celebrated players.
The Goldfields competition (later known as the Goldfields Football League) was hence comparable in status and standard to the Perth competition for many years. (This was shown by the fact that it had a separate seat on the Australian National Football Council until 1919.)
The higher standard of play that followed helped to increase the game's popularity and increased the professionalism of the WAFA which in turn saw a more stable look come to the league which to this point saw teams frequently coming and going, not to mention problems with frequent crowd violence.
By 1901, the WAFA had grown to have six teams. Up to this point, five sides at most had been in the competition, and this number had invariably changed from year to year, as clubs came and went. And by 1906 there were eight teams: West Perth, East Perth, East Fremantle, South Fremantle, North Fremantle, Subiaco, Perth and Midland Junction.
Recent arrivals East Fremantle became the dominant force in the league winning 11 premierships from 1900 to 1918.
In 1908 the WAFA was renamed the West Australian Football League (WAFL).
The West Australian State Premiership was awarded to the winner of a contest played between the GNFL premiers and the WAFL premiers. The contest was played intermittently between 1903 and 1924 and the winning team accorded the title "Champions of Western Australia".
Unlike many other sporting competitions, the WAFL didn't go into recess during World War I, although two teams – North Fremantle and Midland Junction – were "casualties" of the war, competing for the last time in 1915 and 1917 respectively.
Between the wars.
1919 saw East Perth win their first premiership, and they would go on to win 5 in a row – a national record until Port Adelaide managed 6 many years later.
In 1921, the WAFL followed the idea of the SANFL's Magarey Medal and introduced the Sandover Medal, for the fairest and best player over a season, as voted by the field umpires. The medal has been awarded annually ever since.
Claremont/Cottesloe entered the league in 1926, bringing the number of teams back to seven. They would rename the club to simply Claremont a few years later.
In 1932, the WAFL was renamed the Western Australian National Football League (WANFL) – the "national" concept in the name being adopted by the SANFL and other leagues a few years earlier.
Swan Districts entered the league in 1934. The eight competing sides at this point still remain today and are often referred to as the "traditional eight clubs" as opposed to Peel who would join much later on.
Because of World War II, the league only ran an "under age" competition between 1942 and 1944. However, the three premierships won during this time are given equal status to any other, in official records (East Perth however don't give their 1944 premiership win equal status). All clubs competed, with the exception of Swan Districts who could not form a team in 1942, although they were back in 1943. The Sandover Medal was also presented each year.
Post-war.
Western Australian football was particularly strong during the years immediately following World War II. The state side enjoyed unparalleled success, downing Victoria in each of the first three post war meetings as well as enjoying the better of their encounters with South Australia.
South Fremantle were without dispute one of the strongest teams in Australia during much of the period 1947 to 1954, not only winning 6 premierships but also defeating many touring sides from Victoria and South Australia.
From 1956 to 1961 it would be East Perth's turn to dominate the WAFL with them featuring in all 6 Grand Finals of this period and coming out with 3 victories. Their team featured Graham Farmer who would leave at the end of the '61 season and carve out a reputation in the VFL as one of the game's greatest ever players.
The 1960s saw crowds get bigger and bigger, as WAFL football captured the hearts and minds of the WA public like never before, and in the 1970s and early 1980s it was easily the biggest show in town.
However, during this period more and more star WAFL players were looking to head to the Victorian Football League (VFL), enticed by the bigger money and the fact that it was more and more gaining a reputation as the "big" league.
This is perhaps best evidenced in that Victoria (i.e. the VFL representative team) had by far the best record in interstate games for a long time. But in 1977, when the first proper State of Origin match was played, it saw Western Australia inflict its biggest defeat on a Victorian team.
East Perth's 1961 loss to Swan Districts would see that side's first-ever premiership. Captain/coached by Haydn Bunton, Jr., they became the team of the early 1960s when they followed it up in 1962 and 1963 to make it three in a row.
The dominating sides of the late 1960s and early 1970s were the three Perth teams. Perth won 3 in a row from 1966 to 1968, and West Perth won in 1969 and 1971 captain/coached by Graham Farmer who had returned from over east. All 5 of these grand final wins came at the expense of East Perth who earned the bridesmaid tag in this era. However East Perth finally won through in the 1972 grand final.
After 1972 the competition was more evenly matched with every team winning a grand final over the next 10 years.
At this time crowds were as big as they ever were. The 1979 grand final was played before a record crowd of 52,781 and saw East Fremantle defeat archrivals South Fremantle.
1980s.
In 1980, the WANFL dropped the "N" and the "ern" and reverted to being called the WAFL.
At the end of the 1980 season East Perth put in an application to join the VFL. The offer was withdrawn.
Crowds had been buoyed by State of Origin football that saw Western Australia's best players return home briefly, but this effect was short lived. Interest in the WAFL began a slow decline, as it became increasingly obvious that even larger numbers of the WAFL's best players were going to head east.
By 1983 the management of the WAFL itself acknowledged that economic crisis loomed. They approached the state government for financial aid, and were rewarded with a grant of $1.9 million. In response, the government wanted a full-scale investigation into the likely future financial demands of football.
This led to the formation of the West Australian Football Commission who functioned independently of the WAFL.
In 1986 the decision had been made that the WAFL needed to become involved in helping the VFL, where several clubs were also struggling financially, to become national.
Against a backdrop in which several WAFL clubs were looking to enter the VFL or in which a struggling Victorian club may be relocated to Perth, the WAFL decided to hastily form a new club to enter the VFL such that they could retain control of a West Australian presence in the situation.
Meanwhile, in the league Swan Districts won another hat-trick of premierships from 1982 to 1984. East Fremantle, the WAFL's most successful club, won the centenary premiership in 1985 and in 1986 Subiaco had the honour to be the last club to win the premiership prior to Western Australia's participation in the national league.
Effect of VFL expansion and the AFL.
The West Coast Eagles were formed and competed in the VFL for the first time in 1987 (the VFL was renamed the AFL in 1990).
With many of Western Australia's best players now competing in a team that represented Western Australia on a national scale, it was suddenly apparent that the WAFL was not the prime focus of the football public as crowds and media attention centred on the 'national' league.
In 1990 the league was renamed the Western Australian State Football League, but it had reverted to WAFL by 1991.
Another locally based AFL team, the Fremantle Football Club were formed in 1994, and this cemented the position of WAFL as a second-class competition. (Indeed, the 1991 introduction of the Adelaide Crows to the VFL/AFL meant that the SANFL was experiencing a similar decline to the WAFL.)
WAFL clubs have struggled ever since with their sudden demise from being technically equal to any VFL club, to feeder club status. However, they have enjoyed some benefits, such as the funds flowing from the WA-based AFL teams and the influx of talented players from other states, attempting to make a name for themselves.
In 1997, Peel Thunder – somewhat controversially – became the ninth WAFL club. Throughout their brief history, they have struggled to compete with the traditional eight clubs, which are generally opposed to their presence. This is partly because having an odd number of teams forces one team to have a bye each week.
Also in 1997, the WAFL was renamed Westar Rules, in an attempt to revamp the league's image. The name again reverted to WAFL in 2001 although retained the logo.
Recent years have seen the WAFL stabilise itself as a league a step down from the AFL. Having the best football players all playing in the AFL has lessened the standard of play; however this has recovered somewhat, with retired or delisted AFL players returning and young players coming through. It is becoming fairly common, however, for young players to be drafted as 17- or 18-year-olds directly to the AFL and not play in the WAFL football for more than a few games.
Attendances have recovered slightly and in 2004, the league posted a total attendance of 202,797. The total attendance, including AFL games was a record 1,030,000.
Future.
While the WAFL has not been as keen as the SANFL to include teams from other states, there have been proposals to include teams from regions unwanted by the AFL, and to serve as a second-tier national league.
The most pushed for expansion team was to be from Darwin, Northern Territory, formed as a representative club of the Northern Territory Football League, however the NT team opted to join the Queensland Australian Football League for the 2009 season, and moved to the newly created North East Australian Football League in 2011 after the top divisions of the Queensland AFL and AFL Canberra merged. In 2019 the WAFL partnered with the West Australian Women's Football League to create a new women's state league, the WAFL Women's. The league is run adjacent to the WAFL premiership.
Awards and records.
Awards.
The following awards are or were awarded each season:
Premierships.
East Fremantle have won the most premierships, with 29, most recently in 1998. West Perth ranks second with 19 titles, the most recent in 2013.
The reigning premiers (2020) are South Fremantle, winning their 14th premiership.
The first premiership was awarded in 1885, and was won by the Rovers Football Club. The club disbanded in 1899.
West Australian Football Hall of Fame.
On 12 March 2004, a West Australian Football Hall of Fame was formed when 81 former players, coaches, umpires, administrators and media representatives were inducted. More people have been inducted every year since then, and as of 2017, there are sixteen who have been elevated to 'Legend status':
Top 25 Players over the Past 25 years.
In March 2012, the "Top 25 players over the Past 25 Years" were announced, to recognise the WAFL performances of players, rather than the performances of Western Australian players in the AFL. The judges were The West Australian's sports reporter Ross Lewis, Football Budget editor Tracey Lewis, Claremont CEO Todd Shimmon, former players Clint Roberts, Bill Monaghan, Todd Ridley plus historians Greg Wardell-Johnson and Steve Davies.
Other WAFL competitions.
The WAFL has run a simultaneous reserves competition and colts (under-19s) competition for its clubs since 1925 and 1957 respectively. A fourths-grade premiership was held between 1965 and 1974. A senior women's competition was inaugurated in 2019.


List of Senior CLASS Award softball winners

The Senior CLASS Award is presented each year to the outstanding senior NCAA Division I Student-Athlete of the Year in softball. The award was established in 2007 and went to Caitlin Lowe of the Arizona Wildcats.


Sylke Luding

Sylke Luding (born 1 December 1968) is a former East German long track speed skater, who was active between 1982 and 1991. She was a member of and the East Germany national sprint team and represented her nation at international competitions.
Junior level.
As a junior she won the bronze medal at the 1987 World Junior Speed Skating Championships. At the end of the season she set three world records during an international competition between East Germany and the Soviet Union. She set twice the 500 metre world record. Besides of that she set the sprint classification world record. For several years skaters struggled with this time. The record was finally broken in November 1990 by Kyoko Shimazaki.
Senior level.
At elite level she made her ISU Speed Skating World Cup debut during the in the sprint distances in Davos and Berlin. She had three top-8 classifications at the World Cups. She rode her last World Cup race during the in Berlin. Due to an injury she couldn’t start at events. She also competed at other international competitions.
She won three bronze medals at the German Single Distance Championships in the 500 metres (2x) and 1000 metres (1x). Between 1985 and 1990 she had at least 10 starts at national championships. She had tough skating competition from her fellow teammates in SC Einheit Dresden which was in the world top class from the skaters Karin Kania (olympic champion), Andrea Ehrig (olympic champion), Christa Rothenburger (olympic champion), Skadi Walter (olympic top-5), Carola Bürger and Heike Pöhland.
Family and coach.
Her mental coach was Olympic medalist in both speed skating and cycling Christa Rothenburger.
Luding is the daughter of sprint speed skating coach Ernst Luding of his first marriage. Later he married with Christa Rothenburger.


Benjamin (Benji) Ungar

Benjamin "Benji" Nathanial Ungar (born January 19, 1986) is a US Men's Épée fencer. He was the NCAA Men's Épée Champion in 2006, and was a member of the USA Men's Épée team that won the silver medal at the 2010 World Fencing Championships.
Early life.
Ungar is a native New Yorker, and has lived in The Bronx in New York. He was a child actor, with film credits in "The Substance of Fire" and "Billy Budd". His brother, Jonathan Ungar, also fenced at Harvard ('03).
Ungar was the valedictorian of his class at Bronx High School of Science. In high school, Ungar was a member of the National Honors Society and was a National Merit Scholarship Finalist.
Fencing career.
Ungar has fenced with the New York Athletic Club. He was a member of US National Men's Epee Team at Cadet and Junior World Championships in 2002, 2003, and 2006. He was a bronze medalist at the World Fencing Junior Championships. Ungar was the first American to win a Junior Épée World Cup, winning the Junior Men's Épée World Cup in 2006. He was also the Junior Men's Épée World Championships Bronze Medalist in 2006.
Fencing for Harvard University as a sophomore, Ungar was the NCAA Men's Épée Champion in 2006. His win was listed as one of Harvard's 25 greatest athletic accomplishments. Ungar became the third Harvard men's fencer to win an NCAA individual title, and was Academic All-Ivy League. He was Harvard University's Male Athlete of the Year 2006. Ungar was also a two time All-American and two-time All-Ivy League honoree.
Ungar was a Senior Men's Épée World Championships Silver Medalist in 2010.
Medical career.
Ungar is currently in medical school at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. In 2011, he accepted an award for Best Basic Science Paper by the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery.