emčijo in Avstrijo. Turizem V 1991 smo našteli 1,4 milijona prihodov turistov, v 2017 pa triinpolkrat več, 4,9 milijona. Povprečno število prenočitev na turista pa se znižuje; ob osamosvojitvi so turisti prenočili v Sloveniji povprečno 3,4-krat, v 2017 pa 2,5-krat. Največ prenočitev tujih turistov pri nas so v 2017 ustvarili turisti iz Italije (14 % prenočitev tujih turistov) izozemske in Hrvaške (iz vsake po 5 %), Združenega kraljestva in Madžarske (iz vsake po 4 %). Turisti iz neevropskih držav so v 2017 ustvarili 13 % vseh prenočitev tujih turistov pri nas. Glede na leto 2016 se je povečalo predvsem število prenočitev turistov iz Kitajske (za 37 %), iz Republike Koreje (za 31 %), iz Kanade (za 26 %), iz Avstralije (za 23 %), iz Združenih držav (za 21 %) ter iz Japonske (za 11 %). Manj prenočitev kot v letu 2016 so ustvarili turisti iz Izraela (za 17 %). Okolje Pomemben vidik kakovosti našega življenja je tudi okolje, v katerem živimo. Podatkov za vse okoljske kazalnike žal nimamo prav od leta 1991, zadnji pa kažejo, da se naše ravnanje z okoljem izboljšuje. V 2016 je v Sloveniji nastalo 476 kg odpadkov na prebivalca. Razveseljivo je, da se zelo povečuje delež ločeno zbranih odpadkov. V letu 2002 smo jih tako zbrali le 8,6 %, po zadnjih podatkih pa jih zberemo ločeno že skoraj 70 %. Da se naš odnos do okolja spreminja na boljše, kažejo tudi investicije in tekoči izdatki za varstvo okolja, vendar to ne velja enako za celotno obravnavano obdobje. Deleža investicij in tekočih izdatkov za varstvo okolja v % BDP sta se namreč 15 let po osamosvojitvi povečevala (investicije so se do 2015 povečale na 1,15 % BDP, tekoči izdatki pa na 1,3 % BDP), v 2016 pa sta se oba deleža glede na leto prej zmanjšala (investicije na 0,52 % BDP, tekoči izdatki na 1,25 BDP). Spremembe opažamo tudi pri pridelavi hrane: v letu 2000 je bilo v Sloveniji 115 ekoloških kmetijskih gospodarstev, v 2016 že skoraj 2.933. Demografska slika Slovenija se stara. 1. januarja 1991 je bila povprečna starost prebivalcev Slovenije 35,9 leta, 1. januarja 2018 že 43,2 leta. Leta 1991 je bilo v Sloveniji skoraj 21 % prebivalcev mlajših od 15 let, na začetku 2018 je bil ta delež za skoraj 6 odstotnih točk nižji; znašal je 15 %. Obrnjeno velja za prebivalce, stare 65 let ali več: v 1991 jih je bilo med celotnim prebivalstvom skoraj 11 %, v 2018 že več kot 19 %. Kaj to pomeni? Učencev manj, upokojencev več Posledica spremenjene demografske slike je na eni strani manjši vpis v osnovne šole. V šolskem letu 2017/18 je bilo osnovnošolcev skoraj 44.000 manj kot v šolskem letu 1991/92. Vendar se število otrok, vpisanih v osnovno šolo, od leta 2011 spet nekoliko povečuje, kar je posledica naraščanja števila rojstev v obdobju od 2004 do 2010. Na drugi strani se povečuje število upokojencev, spreminja se tudi razmerje med številom zavarovancev in številom upokojencev. V 1991 je bilo v Sloveniji manj kot 400.000 upokojencev (med te štejemo tiste, ki so prejemali starostno, invalidsko, družinsko ali vdovsko pokojnino); v 2017 jih je bilo 616.000. V 1991 je bilo razmerje med številom upokojencev in zavarovancev 2,0, v 2017 pa 1,49. Z drugimi besedami: v 2017 je na enega upokojenca prišlo manj kot 1,5 zavarovane osebe (to je oseba, ki je obvezno ali prostovoljno vključena v pokojninsko zavarovanje). Tudi razmerje med plačami in pokojninami se slabša. V 1992 so povprečne neto starostne pokojnine dosegale 78,4 % neto plače, v 2017 le še 58,4 %. Meddržavne selitve V Slovenijo se je največ ljudi priselilo v letih 2007, 2008 in 2009 (letno okrog 30.000). Takrat je bilo v Sloveniji izdanih veliko delovnih dovoljenj za tujce. Od leta 2010 se v Slovenijo priseli letno od 14.000 do 17.000 prebivalcev. Odselilo pa se je v obdobju od 2006 naprej od 12.000 do 16.000 prebivalcev letno (največ v letu 2009: 19.000). Zdravje Natančnejših podatkov o zdravstvenem stanju prebivalstva sicer nimamo, vemo pa, kako so vprašane osebe same ocenile svoje splošno zdravstveno stanje, tj. svoje fizično, socialno in čustveno stanje. Ugotavljamo, da so se vrednosti teh samoocen v obdobju od 2005 do 2017 zvišale. V 2017 sta svoje zdravstveno stanje ocenili kot dobro ali zelo dobro skoraj dve tretjini oseb. Življenjska doba je daljša, kot je bila v letu 1991. V 1991 je bila povprečna starost umrlih 70 let, v 2017 pa skoraj 8 let več. V 2017 v Sloveniji rojene deklice lahko pričakujejo, da bodo doživele 83,7 leta, dečki pa nekaj več kot 78 let. Bolniška odsotnost je bila v 2016 4-odstotna, kar je manj kot pred 10 leti. Povprečno trajanje enega primera bolniške odsotnosti se je od 2007 do 2016 skrajšalo s 17,9 na 14,6 koledarskega dneva. Največ bolniških odsotnosti na zaposlenega moškega so v 2016 imeli v koroški statistični regiji (17,9 dneva), povprečno največ bolniških odsotnosti na zaposleno žensko pa v zasavski statistični regiji (23 dni). Koliko je delovno aktivnih, koliko brezposelnih? V 2017 je bilo v Sloveniji 1.027.000 aktivnih prebivalcev, od tega 959.000 delovno aktivnih in 67.000 brezposelnih. Stopnja anketne brezposelnosti je bila 6,6-odstotna (med moškimi 5,8-odstotna, med ženskami 7,5-odstotna). Stopnja delovne aktivnosti je bila 54,6-odstotna (med moškimi 59,5-odstotna, med ženskami 49,8-odstotna). Stopnja brezposelnosti se je v 2017 v primerjavi z 2016 znižala v vseh statističnih regijah. Najnižja je bila v koroški in posavski (4,3-odstotna), najvišja pa v pomurski (9,6-odstotna) in obalno-kraški statistični regiji (8,1-odstotna). V prav vseh statističnih regijah se je v 2017 glede na 2016 zvišala stopnja delovne aktivnosti. V 2017 je bila najvišja v posavski (58-odstotna), najnižja pa v pomurski statistični regiji (51,7-odstotna). Plače Prebivalec Slovenije, rojen konec osemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja, je do svoje polnoletnosti zamenjal tri valute in štiri vrste bankovcev: z osamosvojitvijo Slovenije leta 1991 smo z jugoslovanskega dinarja prešli na slovenski tolar; ta je bil sprva tiskan v obliki bonov, šele pozneje smo dobili prave tolarske bankovce; leta 2007 je slovenske tolarje (SIT) nadomestil evro (EUR). Primerjava med povprečnimi plačami v zadnjih dvajsetih letih je tudi zato skoraj nemogoča. Lahko pa ugotovimo, da so cene od leta 1991 do danes naraščale počasnejekot plače. Več nam o nekdanjih in zdajšnjih časih pove primerjava podatkov o tem, koliko časa smo za nakup določene dobrine ali storitve morali delati v 1991 in koliko v 2017. V 2017 smo na primer za kilogram črnega kruha morali delati za tretjino manj časa, za kilogram sladkorja trikrat manj, za kilogram kave štirikrat manj in za nov osebni avtomobil znamke Renault Clio dvakrat manj kot pred šestindvajsetimi leti. Dejanska individualna potrošnja Dejanska individualna potrošnja na prebivalca v standardih kupne moči je najpomembnejši sestavni dela bruto domačega proizvoda; odraža materialno blaginjo prebivalstva. Izračuna se na podlagi cen blaga in storitev, ki jih posamezniki dejansko trošijo. Dejanska individualna potrošnja na prebivalca v standardih kupne moči v Sloveniji je v 2017 dosegala 77 % povprečja v EU-28 oz. je za tem povprečjem zaostajala za 23 %. Po vrednosti tega kazalnika so bile Sloveniji v 2017 najbližje Grčija (prav tako 77 % povprečja v EU-28), Malta (78 %) ter Poljska (76 %) in Slovaška (prav tako 76 %). Kako nam kaže? Prebivalstvo Slovenije naj bi se povečevalo do približno leta 2025 (in se povečalo na okrog 2.083.000), in to predvsem zaradi selitvenega prirasta (naravni prirast je bil namreč v 2017 prvič po letu 2005 spet negativen). Po letu 2025 naj bi število prebivalcev začelo počasi padati. 1. januarja 2080 naj bi imela Slovenija 1.938.000 prebivalcev, kar je 6 % manj kot v začetnem letu teh projekcij, tj. v 2015. V naslednjih 65 letih naj bi se pomembno spremenila starostna sestava prebivalstva Slovenije. V 2018predstavljajo starejši (tj. osebe, stare 65 ali več let)19,4 % prebivalstva, leta 2057 naj bil bilo v tej starostni skupini skoraj 31 % prebivalcev Slovenije. Pričakovano trajanje življenja ob rojstvu se bo daljšalo, in dečki, ki se bodo rodili v Sloveniji leta 2080, bodo lahko pričakovali, da bodo živeli 87 let, deklice pa več kot 91 let.
emčije (12 %), Avstrije (11 %) 25 July is the Statehood Day in Slovenia. On this day in 1991 Slovenia became formally independent by adopting the Declaration of Independence and the Basic Constitutional Charter on the Sovereignty and Independence of the Republic of Slovenia. Two days later, on 27 June 1991, the Yugoslav People’s Army attacked and the ten-day independence war started. Twenty-seven years later we can examine what changed in the meantime. At the very start Slovenia was faced with great economic problems, which were successfully overcome. Of course, they were not solved forever; in 2008 the great economic crisis started, but it, too, was successfully overcome. Economy In 1991 the Slovenian economy was faced with the loss of the Yugoslav market and the introduction of the market economy. In the first years of independence Slovenia was battling high inflation: in 1991 it was almost 250% and did not fall below 10% until 1995. In 2015 and 2016 Slovenia recorded a deflation (–0.5% and –0.1%, respectively), while in 2017 inflation stood at 1.4%. Gross domestic product per capita in 1991 was four times lower than in 2017; in 1991 it was EUR 5,100 and in 2017 EUR 21,000. In the first two years of independence economic activity declined strongly: in 1991 real GDP dropped by 8.9% and in 1992 by 5.5%. In 2017 Slovenia was 16th in the EU-28 as regards GDP per capita. GDP was the highest in Luxembourg (EUR 92,800) and the lowest in Bulgaria (EUR 7,100). Since 1991 the structure of economy has changed significantly. The share of income from agricultural activity in GDP declined between 1991 and 2017 by more than a half, i.e. from 5.7% (1991) to 2.1% (2017). The share of industry and construction also declined; in 1991 these two activities generated 44% of GDP and in 2017 33.1%. On the other hand, the share of services jumped from 50.3% (1991) to 64.8% (2017). Similar changes were experienced by other countries. Exports and imports Changes in the economy reflect in Slovenia’s external trade. In 1992 the main export goods were road vehicles (11% of exports), followed by articles of apparel and clothing accessories (10%) and electric machinery and apparatus (9%). In 2017 the largest share of export was generated by road vehicles (16%), followed by electric machinery and apparatus (10%) and medicinal and pharmaceutical products (also 10%). In all these years Slovenia’s most important trading partner was Germany. As regards other EU Member States, trading increased the most with Austria. As regards EU non-member countries, Slovenia exported most goods to countries established on the territory of former Yugoslavia. After 1991 Slovenia’s exports to the Russian Federation increased, more significantly after the onset of the economic and financial crisis in 2008. Imports from China increased significantly; in 1992 they represented 0.3% and in 2017 3.1% of total Slovenia’s imports. In 2016 over a fifth of importers were trading with China. More companies in Slovenia are trading only with Italy, Germany and Austria. Tourism In 1991 1.4 million and in 2017 4.9 million tourist arrivals were recorded in Slovenia. The average number of nights per tourist is declining; in 1991 a tourist spent on average 3.4 nights and in 2017 2.5 nights. Most overnight stays of foreign tourists in Slovenia in 2017 were from Italy (14% of overnight stays), followed by Germany (12%), Austria (11%), the Netherlands and Croatia (5% each), the United Kingdom and Hungary (4% each). Tourists from non-European countries generated 13% of foreign overnight stays in Slovenia in 2017. Compared to 2016, the number of tourists from China increased the most (by 37%), followed by the Republic of Korea (by 31%), Canada (by 26%), Australia (by 23%), the United States (by 21%) and Japan (by 11%). Fewer overnight stays than in 2016 were generated by tourists from Israel (by 17%). Environment An important aspect of the quality of life is the environment in which one lives. Unfortunately, not all environment indicators are available since 1991, but recent trends show that environmental management in Slovenia is improving. In 2016, 476 kg of municipal waste per capita was generated in Slovenia. The share of separately collected waste is rapidly increasing. In 2002 only 8.6% of waste was collected separately, while according to the latest data almost 70% of waste is collected separately. Gross fixed capital formation and current expenditure for environmental protection also show that our attitude towards the environment is improving; their shares in GDP were increasing for 15 years (capital formation to 1.15% of GDP and current expenditure to 1.3% of GDP in 2015), while in 2016 they decreased (capital formation to 0.52% of GDP and current expenditure to 1.25% of GDP). Changes are also observed in food production: in 2000 there were 115 organic farms and in 2016 2,933. Demography Slovenia is getting older. On 1 January 1991 the mean age of Slovenia’s population was 35.9 years and on 1 January 2018 43.2 years. In 1991 almost 21% of the population was younger than 15, while at the beginning of 2018 the share was almost 6 percentage points lower at 15%. The situation regarding people aged 65+ is the opposite: in 1991 the share was almost 11% and in 2018 more than 19%. What does that mean? Fewer pupils, more retired people The result of the changed demographic situation is on the one hand smaller enrolment in elementary schools. In the school year 2017/18 there were almost 44,000 fewer elementary school pupils than in the school year 1991/92. The number of children enrolled in elementary school has been slightly increasing since 2011, which is a result of the increased number of births between 2004 and 2010. On the other hand, the number of retired persons is increasing, the ratio between insured persons and retired persons is changing.In 1991 there were fewer than 400,000 retired persons (persons receiving old age, disability, survivor’s or widow(er)’s pensions); by 2017 the number increased to 616,000. In 1991 the ratio between insured persons and retired persons was 2.0 and in 2017 1.49. In other words, in 2017 there was less than one and a half insured person (included in compulsory or voluntary pension insurance) per one retired person. The ratio between earnings and pensions is also getting worse. In 1992 average net pensions were 78.4% of average net earnings; in 2017 only 58.4%. International migration Most people immigrated to Slovenia in 2007, 2008 and 2009 (about 30,000 per year). At that time many work permits for foreign nationals were issued. Since 2010 between 14,000 and 17,000 people per year have immigrated to Slovenia. From 2006 on between 12,000 and 16,000 people per year have emigrated from Slovenia, most in 2009 (19,000). Health There are no accurate data on the health status of the population, but we have data on the self-assessment of the health status: in the survey people were asked about their overall health status, i.e. physical, social and emotional. In 2005–2017 self-assessment improved. In 2017 almost two thirds of respondents assessed their health status as good or very good. Compared to 1991 people are living longer. In 1991 the mean age at death was 70 years and in 2017 almost 8 years more. Girls born in Slovenia in 2017 can expect to live 83.7 years and boys just over 78 years. In 2016 the sick leave rate was 4%, lower than ten years ago. The average duration of one sick leave declined from 17.9 calendar days in 2007 to 14.6 calendar days in 2016. In 2016 men recorded most sick leave days in the Koroška statistical region (17.9) and women in the Zasavska statistical region (23). Persons in employment and unemployed persons There were 1,027,000 working age people in Slovenia in 2017, 959,000 of them in employment and 67,000 unemployed. The LFS unemployment rate was 6.6%, for men 5.8% and for women 7.5%. The employment rate was 54.6%, for men 59.5% and for women 49.8%. The unemployment rate in 2017 was lower than in 2016 in all statistical regions. It was the lowest in Koroška and Posavska (4.3%) and the highest in Pomurska (9.6%) and Obalno-kraška (8.1%). In the same comparison the activity rate increased in all statistical regions. In 2017 it was the highest in Podravska (58%) and the lowest in Pomurska (51.7%).