2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
Work included removing the last two nickel-hydrogen batteries from this area of the station’s backbone near the port solar array and moving them to an external platform. The batteries will be stored there until they can be disposed of in the next Japanese HTV cargo spacecraft after it delivers tons of supplies to the space station later this year. Meir and Koch also installed the sixth and final new lithium-ion battery, and ground controllers verified the new batteries powered up successfully to provide an improved and more efficient power capacity for station operations.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
During the 6 hour, 16 minute spacewalk, the two astronauts successfully completed leak checks for the cooling system on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) and opened a valve to being pressurizing the system. Preliminary testing shows AMS is responding as expected.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
During the six hour and one-minute spacewalk, the two NASA astronauts completed half the work to upgrade the batteries that provide power for one channel on one pair of the station’s solar arrays. The new batteries provide an improved and more efficient power capacity for operations.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
They successfully moved and connected one new, powerful lithium-ion battery and its adapter place to complete the circuit to the new battery and relocated one aging nickel-hydrogen battery to an external platform for future disposal.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
The two NASA astronauts completed all the work to replace batteries that provide power for the International Space Station’s solar arrays on the starboard truss of the complex. The new batteries provide an improved and more efficient power capacity for operations.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
The spacewalkers removed six aging nickel-hydrogen batteries for the second of two power channels for the starboard 6 (S6) truss, installed three new lithium-ion batteries, and installed the three associated adapter plates that are used to complete the power circuit to the new batteries.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
The two NASA astronauts installed a protective storage unit that includes two Robotic External Leak Locator (RELL) units the Canadian Space Agency’s Dextre robot can use to detect leaks of ammonia, which is used to operate the station’s cooling system. They removed two lifting fixtures at the base of station solar arrays on the near port truss, or backbone, of the station. The "H-fixtures" were used for ground processing of the solar arrays prior to their launch.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
They then completed tasks to prepare the outside of the Tranquility module for the arrival later this year of the Nanoracks commercial airlock on a SpaceX cargo delivery mission. They also routed ethernet cables and removed a lens filter cover from an external camera.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
Spacewalk was conducted using Poisk Module airlock for the first time in 11 years.


2020 in spaceflight, Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
This spacewalk includes works in preparation of Pirs module decommissioning and departure: relocated antenna and repositioned instruments Replacement of fluid flow regulator was not done as astronauts were unable to open new module compartment, this task was deferred to a future spacewalk.


2020 in spaceflight, Orbital launch statistics, By country
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket. Launches from the Moon are not included in the statistics.


2020 in spaceflight, Suborbital launch statistics, By country
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of suborbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. Flights intended to fly below 80 km (50 mi) are omitted.


2020 in sports
Many sporting events around the world have been postponed or cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, which are planned to take place in 2021.


2020 in sports, Golf, 2020 Men's major golf championships
Three of the four major championships were rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and one was canceled.


2020 in sports, Golf, 2020 World Golf Championships (WGC)
One of the four championships was rescheduled due to the pandemic, and one was canceled.


2020 in sports, Golf, 2020 Women's major golf championships
Three of the five major championships were rescheduled due to the pandemic.


2020 in sports, Golf, 2020 Senior major golf championships
Two of the five major championships were canceled due to the pandemic.


2020 in sports, Golf, 2020 Legends Tour (Senior women's major golf championships)
One of the two major championships were canceled due to the pandemic.


2020 in stand-up comedy
This is a timeline documenting events and facts about English-speaking stand-up comedy in the year 2020.


2020 in sumo
The following are the events in professional sumo during 2020.


2020 in sumo, Tournaments, Natsu basho
Originally scheduled to be held on 10–24 May at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in Tokyo, the tournament was cancelled due to COVID-19 following Japan's state of emergency in April.


2020 in sumo, Tournaments, Nagoya basho
Originally scheduled to take place at Aichi Prefectural Gymnasium in Nagoya on 5–19 July due to avoid scheduling conflict with the 2020 Summer Olympics, the tournament was moved to Tokyo by the Sumo Association due to the coronavirus pandemic. The tournament was limited to 2,500 spectators per day, which is less than one-fourth of the Kokugikan's capacity. The banzuke originally issued for the cancelled Natsu basho was used.


2020 in sumo, Tournaments, Olympic exhibition
Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 12 August – 13 August – cancelled


2020 in sumo, Tournaments, Kyushu basho
Originally scheduled to be held at the Fukuoka Kokusai Center in Kyushu, the Sumo Association moved the tournament to Tokyo due to the coronavirus pandemic.


2020 in tennis
This page will cover all the important events in the sport of tennis in 2020. Primarily, it will provide the results of notable tournaments throughout the year on both the ATP and WTA Tours, the Davis Cup, and the Fed Cup.


2020 in the Bahamas
This article lists events from the year 2020 in The Bahamas.


2020 in the British Virgin Islands
Events from the year 2020 in the British Virgin Islands.


2020 in the Caribbean
The following lists events that happened during  2020 in The Caribbean.


2020 in the Caribbean, Sovereign states, Cuba
Cuba declared its independence from the United States on May 20, 1902.


2020 in the Caribbean, Sovereign states, Dominica
Dominica declared its independence from the United Kingdom on November 3, 1978.


2020 in the Caribbean, Sovereign states, Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic declared its independence from Haiti on February 27, 1844.


2020 in the Caribbean, Sovereign states, Guyana
Co-operative Republic of Guyana gained its independence in 1966. It is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth), and the Union of South American Nations (USAN). The capital and chief port of Guyana is Georgetown.


2020 in the Caribbean, Sovereign states, Haiti
Haiti declared its Independence from France on January 1, 1804. Its capital is Port-au-Prince.


2020 in the Caribbean, Sovereign states, Suriname
Previously known as Dutch Guiana, which gained its independence on 25 November 1975. The Republic of Suriname is a member of CARICOM. The capital is Paramaribo.


2020 in the Caribbean, Sovereign states, Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago became independent on August 31, 1962. and a republic on August 1, 1976.


2020 in the Caribbean, Commonwealth Realms, Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the Commonwealth in 1981.


2020 in the Caribbean, Commonwealth Realms, The Bahamas
The Bahamas are in the Atlantic Ocean and are part of the West Indies not part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean. They became independent from the United Kingdom in 1973.


2020 in the Caribbean, Commonwealth Realms, Belize
Britain granted British Honduras self-government in 1964; on June 1, 1973, it was renamed Belize. Independence was achieved on September 21, 1981. The capital is Belmopan.


2020 in the Caribbean, Commonwealth Realms, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Independence was granted to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 1979.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, British overseas territories, Anguilla
Anguilla was a British dependency along with Saint Kitts and Nevis until 1971. Anguilla become a separate British dependency in 1980.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, British overseas territories, Bermuda
Bermuda is located in the Atlantic Ocean and is included in the UN geoscheme for North America. Bermuda is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, British overseas territories, British Virgin Islands
The British Virgin Islands is a British overseas territory granted autonomy in 1967.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, British overseas territories, Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands became a territory within the West Indies Federation in 1959; it remained a British dependency after the federation's breakup in 1962.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, British overseas territories, Montserrat
Montserrat is a self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, British overseas territories, Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands are located in the Atlantic Ocean, although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean. Turks and Caicos Islands are a British overseas territory.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, Colombia
Colombia declared its independence from Spain on July 20, 1810.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, Colombia
The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is a Department of Colombia and is part of South America.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, France, French Guiana
French Guiana is overseas territorial collectivity of France. The capital is Cayenne.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, France, Saint Barthélemy
Since 2007 Saint Barthélemy has been an overseas collectivity of France since 2007 and since 2012 it has been an overseas territory of the European Union.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, France, Saint Martin
In 2003, the people of Saint Martin voted to secede from Guadeloupe; in 2007, the northern part of the island became a French overseas collectivity. In 2010, the southern half of the island became the independent country of Sint Maarten within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba
Aruba became a semi-autonomous country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1986.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Curaçao
Curaçao has been a constituent Kingdom of the Netherlands since October 2010.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Sint Maarten
Sint Maarten became a self-governing constituent Kingdom of the Netherlands in October 2010.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Caribbean Netherlands
Bonaire,  Sint Eustatius, and  Saba became special municipalities in the Caribbean Netherlands in October 2010. The Sint Eustatius island council (governing body) was dissolved and replaced by a government commissioner in February 2018.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, United States, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is an unincorporated organized Territory of the United States.


2020 in the Caribbean, Dependencies, Venezuela
Venezuela declared its independence from Spain on July 7, 1811.


2020 in the Central African Republic
Events in the year 2020 in the Central African Republic.


2020 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Events in the year 2020 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


2020 in the Federated States of Micronesia
Events in the year 2020 in the Federated States of Micronesia.


2020 in the Netherlands, Events, September
A group of Dutch officials demanded answers from Pete Hoekstra the United States Ambassador to the Netherlands in response to reports that he had hosted a fund-raising event at the U.S. embassy for the far-right Dutch political party Forum for Democracy, a potential violation of international law. This is not the first time Hoekstra has been associated with the far-right party. In May 2020, Hoekstra was interviewed by the leader of the party's video channel and he was also a guest speaker at the party's conference November 2019.


2020 in the Philippines
2020 in the Philippines details events of note that have occurred in the Philippines in 2020. The year is largely defined by the COVID-19 pandemic that caused the national economy to go into recession.


2020 in the Philippines, Holidays
On November 15, 2019, the government announced at least 18 Philippine holidays for 2020 as declared by virtue of Proclamation No. 845, series of 2019. Note that in the list, holidays in italics are "special non-working holidays," those in bold are "regular holidays," and those in non-italics and non-bold are "special holidays for schools."


2020 in the Philippines, Holidays
In addition, several other places observe local holidays, such as the foundation of their town. These are also "special days."


2020 in the Republic of the Congo
Events in the year 2020 in the Republic of the Congo.


2020 in the Solomon Islands
The following lists events that happened during 2020 in the Solomon Islands.


2020 in the State of Palestine, Events
For incidents of violence, see List of violent incidents in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 2020. For events relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, see COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine.


2020 in the United Arab Emirates
Events in the year 2020 in the United Arab Emirates.


2020 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 2020 in the United Kingdom. As in most of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic dominated events in the UK during this year.


2020 in the United Nations
The following lists events that happened with or in collaboration with the United Nations and its agencies in the year 2020.


2020 in the United Nations, Leadership, President of the Economic and Social Council
Mona Juul (July 25, 2019 — July 22) ( Norway)


2020 in the United Nations, Leadership, United Nations Agencies
Secretary General of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)


2020 in the United Nations, Leadership, United Nations Department and Offices
High Commissioners for Human Rights for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)


2020 in the United Nations, Leadership, United Nations Department and Offices
Under-Secretary-General for the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)


2020 in the United Nations, Postponed events
The 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP26) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was scheduled to take place on 9–19 November in Glasgow, UK but in May 2020 was rescheduled for November 2021.


2020 in the United States
2020 in the United States was largely defined by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the country, in addition to various other historical events such as the George Floyd protests, the economic recession resulting from the pandemic, and the U.S. Presidential Elections.


2020 in the environment and environmental sciences
This is an article of notable issues relating to the terrestrial environment of Earth in 2020. They relate to environmental events such as natural disasters, environmental sciences such as ecology and geoscience with a known relevance to contemporary influence of humanity on Earth, environmental law, conservation, environmentalism with major worldwide impact and environmental issues.


2020 in the environment and environmental sciences, Environmental policy
From 1 January 2020, ships will only be permitted to use fuel oil with a very low sulfur content. The International Maritime Organization estimates that the new limit of 0.5% sulfur content, down from 3.5%, will cut sulfur dioxide emissions from ships by about 8.5 million tonnes.


2020 in the environment and environmental sciences, Environmental policy
The Pacific nation of Palau bans sun cream that is harmful to corals and sea life in January 2020.


2020 in the environment and environmental sciences, COVID-19 pandemic
In February - March 2020 campaigners say that governments should act with the same urgency on climate as on the coronavirus. The health crisis is reducing carbon emissions more than any policy.


2020 in the environment and environmental sciences, International goals
A list of − mostly self-imposed and legally voluntary or unenforceable − goals due by 2020 as decided by multinational corporate associations and international governance entities and their status:


2020 in the sport of athletics
In 2020, the main athletic events were scheduled to be the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan, the 2020 World Athletics Indoor Championships held in Nanjing, China and the 2020 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships held in Gdynia, Poland. All three were rescheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic with the 2020 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships being the only event still held in 2020.


2020 in the sport of athletics, Outdoor season's top ten performers
All information on the season's top ten performers in outdoor events is published by World Athletics.


2020 in video games
In the video game industry, 2020 saw the launch of the next generation of video game consoles, with both Microsoft and Sony Interactive Entertainment having released the Xbox Series X/S and PlayStation 5 consoles, respectively, in November 2020. The industry was heavily affected by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic which had begun in March and kept most people in lockdowns and working from home.


2020 in video games
While this caused numerous delays in software and hardware releases and the cancellation of live conferences and events in favor of virtual shows, it also created a boon for the industry as people turned to gaming as a means to pass the time. The industry also reacted to various policital/cultural events.


2020 in video games
Mobile gaming continued its growth as a major platform for video gaming; as part of this, Epic Games initiated lawsuits against Apple and Google over their mobile app store revenue cut policies. Major planned acquisitions included Xbox Game Studios' acquisition of ZeniMax Media and its subsidiaries, and Electronic Arts outbidding Take-Two Interactive for Codemasters.


2020 in video games, Top-rated games, Critically acclaimed games
Metacritic is an aggregator of video game journalism reviews. It generally considers expansions and re-releases as separate entities.


2020 in video games, Financial performance
The global market for video games based on 2020 revenues was estimated to exceed $179.7 billion according to the International Data Corporation; the growth of 20% over 2019 revenues is attributes to the surge in spending in video games from the COVID-19 pandemic along with the releases of the new consoles.


2020 in video games, Financial performance
SuperData Research estimated the global video game market grew by 12% in 2020 to a total $139.9 billion in revenues. Mobile games accounted for over $73.8 billion or 58% of the market, with computer games at $33.1 billion and console games at $19.7 billion. Virtual and augmented reality had about $6.7 billion, while video gaming content such as online streamers generated an additional $9.3 billion.


2020 in video games, Financial performance
Newzoo estimated the global market for video games in 2020 was $177.8 billion, a 23.1% increase from 2019, buoyed by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, Newzoo anticipated that the 2021 market will see a small decline as the world recovers from COVID-19 and spending on video games slows down, but otherwise the industry would remain on track to break $200 billion in revenue by 2023.


2020 in video games, Financial performance
According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, while the overall global entertainment and media market dropped by 3.8% during 2020, the video game market grew by 10% over the year, due to the use of video games to help with social distancing during COVID-19 lockdowns.


2020 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing games
The following are the top ten highest-grossing video games of 2020. Each of the top ten titles grossed more than $1 billion, while the top four grossed more than $2 billion each. Six of the top ten titles are published by Asian companies, including three from Chinese conglomerate Tencent which holds the top two spots.


2020 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing free-to-play games
The following titles were the top ten highest-grossing free-to-play games in 2020. Three of the top ten free-to-play titles are published by Tencent, which holds the top two spots.


2020 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing free-to-play games
Fortnite grossed more than $1 billion in 2020, but less than $1.4 billion. It fell out of the top ten, dropping from its top spot in 2019 when it had grossed $1.8 billion.


2020 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling premium games
The following titles were the best-selling premium games (including buy-to-play titles) in 2020. Three of the top ten best-selling titles are published by Nintendo, including the year's top-selling game.


2020 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling games by country
The following were 2020's top ten best-selling video games by country (excluding microtransactions and free-to-play titles) on PC and console platforms, for Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.


2020 in video games, Major events, Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
The highly contagious coronavirus disease 2019, first observed in China in December 2019, began a major outbreak across the world in January 2020, which is ongoing as of July 2021. Within China, steps to prevent spread of the disease came around such as large-scale quarantine of affected populations which have impacted production within the country. This has had a large number of impacts on social, medical, and economic systems worldwide.


2020 in video games, Major events, Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
The video game industry has been impacted by the outbreak in various ways, most often due to concerns over travel to and from China or elsewhere, or related to slowdowns in manufacturing processes within China. Numerous games have been delayed due to the new working conditions related to COVID, and most industry events have been cancelled or reformated into virtual showcases.


2020 in video games, Major events, Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
The video game industry in general saw a massive boost from the pandemic, since people under pandemic lockdowns were forced to stay home, with video games becoming a popular pastime. Total spending in video games grew to US$33.7 billion in the United States during the first nine months of 2020 compared to US$27.9 billion for the same period in 2019. Easy-to-learn games with little to no narrative and large audience enjoyment potential, including Fall Guys, Among Us, and the Jackbox Party Packs, saw great increases in popularity during the pandemic as a means to avoid the "cultural trauma" of the situation.


2020 in video games, Major events, Reactions to the George Floyd protests
In the wake of the George Floyd protests and resurgence of support for the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement across several entertainment sectors in June 2020, the video game industry also responded. Most large publishers and developers shared their support of the protests and BLM as with other larger entertainment companies.


2020 in video games, Major events, Reactions to the George Floyd protests
A number of video game announcement events had been planned on the week of June 6 and onward as a virtual replacement for E3 2020 (cancelled from the COVID-19 pandemic), but most of these were shifted by a week or more to allow the voices of the protests to have the necessary focus. Many companies announced plans to donate funds towards black-oriented organizations, including Electronic Arts, 2K Games, Riot Games and Humble Bundle committing US$1 million to such foundations, while others like Ubisoft, Square Enix and The Pokémon Company also committed to significant donations. Itch.io raised over US$8.1 million for black charities through sales of a game bundle with games from over 1,300 developers. Electronic Arts and Infinity Ward pledged to combat racism that they were aware had persisted by users in their games in light of the events.


2020 in video games, Major events, Sexual misconduct accusations
In late June and early July, as a continuation of prior #MeToo movement effects on the industry from 2017, several people started speaking out of specific accounts of sexual misconduct and harassment towards others in the industry. Initial complaints had been directed towards Twitch streamers but soon had reached major companies including Insomniac Games, and Electronic Arts, with most studios taking actions to deal with the accused and instituting better policies to handle internal and external issued related to sexual misconduct.


2020 in video games, Major events, Sexual misconduct accusations
In particular, charges were made toward the CEO of Evolution Championship Series (EVO), Joey Cuellar, who was subsequently let go. Multiple publishers that had backed the event had pulled out on this news, and the EVO event, which had already been reworked as an online event due to the COVID-19 pandemic, was subsequently cancelled. A large number of cases were found through Ubisoft's executive-level staff, leading to a number of high-level departures and major internal review of how the company handled such complaints in the future.


2020 in video games, Hardware releases
Major hardware discontinuations in 2020 include the Xbox One X and Xbox One S All-Digital versions, which were discontinued on July 16. The Nintendo 3DS family was discontinued on September 17.


2020 in video games, Game releases
Series with new installments include Animal Crossing, Assassin's Creed, Bloodstained, Bomberman, Call of Duty, Cook, Serve, Delicious!, Crash Bandicoot, Danganronpa, Deadly Premonition, Dirt, Doom, Dragon Ball, Dragon Quest, Final Fantasy, Granblue Fantasy, Half-Life, Kingdom Hearts, The Last of Us, The Legend of Zelda, Lego, Mafia, Mana, Medal of Honor, Megami Tensei, Microsoft Flight Simulator, Minecraft, MLB: The Show, Mystery Dungeon, Nioh, Oddworld, One Piece, Ori, Paper Mario, Persona, Project CARS, Resident Evil, Rune Factory, Serious Sam, Shantae, Souls, Spelunky, Spider-Man, Star Wars, Streets of Rage, Super Mario, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six, Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, Total War, Trails, Vampire: The Masquerade, Wasteland, Watch Dogs, Windjammers, Yakuza, Command and Conquer, and Zombie Army.


2020 in weightlifting
This article lists the main weightlifting events and their results for 2020.


2020 in women's road cycling
2020 in women's road cycling is about the 2020 women's bicycle races ruled by the UCI and the 2020 UCI Women's Teams.


2020 in women's road cycling, Olympic Games
The 2020 Olympics, set to be held in Tokyo, Japan, were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic with the road cycling events taking place from 23 July to 8 August 2021.


2020 in women's road cycling, World Championships
The World Road Championships were originally set to be held in Aigle and Martigny, Switzerland, from 20 to 27 September 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland the races in Switzerland were cancelled. The UCI are intending to run the World Championships on the original dates at a new to be confirmed locations. The final location of the World Road Championships is Imola in Italy.


2020 interim government of Kyrgyzstan
The 2020 interim government of Kyrgyzstan is the 25th government of Kyrgyzstan that was formed during the 2020 Kyrgyzstan protests which resulted in opposition groups seizing government buildings during the aftermath of the first 2020 parliamentary election. Sadyr Japarov was nominated as the acting Prime Minister by the MP's on 10 October 2020 who was approved by President Sooronbay Jeenbekov on 14 October which resulted in formation of a cabinet. The following day on 15 October, Jeenbekov stepped down from his post which resulted in Japarov becoming the acting president. This marked the first time in Kyrgyz history that someone served as President and PM at the same time.


2020 interim government of Kyrgyzstan
On 1st July, the Krygyz Foreign Minister Ruslan Kazakbaev visited Azerbaijan. That same day, Krygyz Culture Minister Anar Karimov and the Egyptian Ambassador to Azerbaijan Adel Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim exchanged views on further cooperation on expanding ties in the cultural field.


2020 local electoral calendar
This local electoral calendar for 2020 lists the subnational elections held in 2020. Referendums, recall and retention elections, and national by-elections (special elections) are also included.


2020 national electoral calendar
This national electoral calendar for 2020 lists the national/federal direct elections that were held in 2020 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.


2020 national electoral calendar, Indirect elections
The following indirect elections of heads of state and the upper houses of bicameral legislatures took place through votes in elected lower houses, unicameral legislatures, or electoral colleges:


2020 national road cycling championships
2020 national road cycling championships were held throughout the year of 2020, organised by the UCI member federations. They began in Australia with the time trial event (both men and women) on 8 January.


2020 national road cycling championships, Jerseys
The winner of each national championship wears the national jersey in all their races for the next year in the respective discipline, apart from the World Championships and the Olympics, or unless they are wearing a category leader's jersey in a stage race. Most national champion jerseys tend to represent a country's flag or use the colours from it. Jerseys may also feature traditional sporting colours of a country that are not derived from a national flag, such as the green and gold on the jerseys of Australian national champions.


2020 puma sightings in Santiago
In a 2020 a series of rare sightings of pumas in the streets of the periphery of Santiago, Chile, were reported. Three pumas were sighted in late March–early April of which two were captured. In September a group of three pumas, including a cub and his mother were sighted in a Precordilleran neighbourhood of Las Condes. As of October 5 Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero and the National Zoo had captured ten pumas in Santiago. Also on October 5, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning and the Ministry of Agriculture launched a guide on "what to do and don't do" during and after puma sightings in cities.


2020 puma sightings in Santiago
According to Juan Valenzuela, sub-director of Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero in Santiago Metropolitan Region there are two hypotheses to explain the sightings. The first one is that pumas have moved into the city as a result of the lockdowns enforced due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. A second hypothesis relates the sightings of pumas to a scarcity of food in their usual territories.


2020 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
The table below lists the decisions (known as reasons) delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 2020. The table illustrates what reasons were filed by each justice in each case, and which justices joined each reason.


2020 shooting of Los Angeles police officers
On September 12, 2020, two deputies of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department were shot and critically injured while sitting in their patrol car in an ambush-style attack at a LA Metro station in Compton, California. Police arrested suspect Deonte Lee Murray on September 15, 2020 and prosecutors charged him on September 30, 2020 with attempted murder.


2020 shooting of Los Angeles police officers
President Donald Trump and then-Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden denounced the attack on law enforcement.


2020 stock market crash
The 2020 stock market crash was a major and sudden global stock market crash that began on 20 February 2020 and ended on 7 April.


2020 stock market crash
Beginning on 13 May 2019, the yield curve on U.S. Treasury securities inverted, and remained so until 11 October 2019, when it reverted to normal. Through 2019, while some economists (including Campbell Harvey and former New York Federal Reserve economist Arturo Estrella) argued that a recession in the following year was likely, other economists (including the managing director of Wells Fargo Securities Michael Schumacher and San Francisco Federal Reserve President Mary C. Daly) argued that inverted yield curves may no longer be a reliable recession predictor.


2020 stock market crash
The yield curve on U.S. Treasuries would not invert again until 30 January 2020 when the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, four weeks after local health commission officials in Wuhan, China announced the first 27 COVID-19 cases as a viral pneumonia strain outbreak on 1 January.


2020 stock market crash
The curve did not return to normal until 3 March when the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) lowered the federal funds rate target by 50 basis points. In noting decisions by the FOMC to cut the federal funds rate by 25 basis points three times between 31 July and 30 October 2019, on 25 February 2020, former U.S. Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs Nathan Sheets suggested that the attention of the Federal Reserve to the inversion of the yield curve in the U.S. Treasuries market when setting monetary policy may be having the perverse effect of making inverted yield curves less predictive of recessions.


2020 stock market crash
During 2019, the IMF reported that the world economy was going through a 'synchronized slowdown', which entered into its slowest pace since the Great Recession. Weakness was exhibited in the consumer market as global markets began to suffer through a 'sharp deterioration' of manufacturing activity. Global growth was believed to have peaked in 2017, when the world's total industrial sector output began to start a sustained decline in early 2018. The IMF blamed 'heightened trade and geopolitical tensions' as the main reason for the slowdown, citing Brexit and the China – United States trade war as primary reasons for slowdown in 2019, while other economists blamed liquidity issues.


2020 stock market crash
The crash caused a short-lived bear market, and in April 2020 global stock markets re-entered a bull market, though U.S. market indices did not return to January 2020 levels until November 2020. The crash signaled the beginning of the COVID-19 recession. The 2020 stock market crash followed a decade of economic prosperity and sustained global growth after recovery from the Great Recession. Global unemployment was at its lowest in history, whilst quality of life was generally improving across the world. However, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, the most impactful pandemic since the Spanish flu, began, decimating the economy. Global economic shutdowns occurred due to the pandemic, and panic buying and supply disruptions exacerbated the market. The International Monetary Fund had pointed to other mitigating factors seen pre-pandemic, such as a global synchronized slowdown in 2019, as exacerbants to the crash, especially given that the market was already vulnerable.


2020 stock market crash, Crash
Though the crash began on 20 February, selling was intensified during the first half of March to mid-March. During the crash, there were multiple severe daily drops in the global stock market, the largest drop was on 16 March, nicknamed 'Black Monday II' of 12–13% in most global markets. There were two other significant dates of crashes in the stock markets, one being 9 March, nicknamed 'Black Monday I', and on 12 March, nicknamed 'Black Thursday'. To deal with the panic, banks and reserves across the world cut their interest rates, bank rates and cash flow rates, as well as offering unprecedented support to investors and markets.


2020 stock market crash, 17–21 February
On Monday, 17 February 2020, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down but European stock markets closed up, while U.S. stock markets were closed in observance of Presidents Day. Oil prices fell, while the yield on 10-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.59%. On 18 February, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed up, while European stock markets, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed down. Oil prices rose by more than 2%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.54% and 1.99%.


2020 stock market crash, 17–21 February
Singaporean Finance Minister Heng Swee Keat announced a $4.5 billion fiscal stimulus program. On 19 February, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed mostly up, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished up and the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 finished at record highs. Oil prices rose by another 2%, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.56% and 2.00% respectively. The People's Bank of China and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey cut their repo rates by 10 and 50 basis points respectively, while the Central Bank of Argentina cut its bank rate by 400 basis points.


2020 stock market crash, 17–21 February
On 20 February, stock markets worldwide closed mostly down, while oil prices fell by 1% and yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.51% and 1.96% respectively. Bank Indonesia cut its overnight rate by 25 basis points, while the Central Bank of Brazil announced it would cut its reserve requirement on 16 March from 31% to 25%, which is expected to release R$135 billion (or $29 billion) into the money supply.


2020 stock market crash, 17–21 February
On 21 February, stock markets worldwide closed down on the day (with the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 closing down on the week), while oil prices fell and yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.45% and 1.89% respectively (with the 30-year finish being an all-time low).


2020 stock market crash, 24–28 February
On Monday, 24 February 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and FTSE 100 dropped more than 3% as the coronavirus outbreak spread worsened substantially outside China over the weekend. This follows benchmark indices falling sharply in continental Europe after steep declines across Asia. The DAX, CAC 40 and IBEX 35 each fell by about 4% and the FTSE MIB fell over 5%. There was a large fall in the price of oil and a large increase in the price of gold, to a 7-year high. Yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.36% and 1.81% respectively.


2020 stock market crash, 24–28 February
On 25 February, stock markets worldwide closed down, while oil prices fell to their lowest level in more than a year and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows of 1.31% and 1.80% respectively. Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced a $742 million fiscal stimulus program.


2020 stock market crash, 24–28 February
On 26 February, stock markets worldwide finish with mixed records, while oil prices fell for the fourth session in a row while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell 1.30% and 1.80% respectively. The Bank of Korea declined to cut its overnight rate. On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the COVID-19 pandemic, stock markets in Asia-Pacific and Europe saw 3–5% declines, with the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average posting their sharpest falls since 2008 (and the Dow falling 1,191 points, its largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–2008).


2020 stock market crash, 24–28 February
Oil prices sank to their lowest level in over a year, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.28% and 1.77% respectively. European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde indicated that while the European Central Bank was monitoring the outbreak, it was not yet causing a long-term impact on inflation and thus did not yet require a monetary policy response.


2020 stock market crash, 24–28 February
On 28 February, stock markets worldwide reported their largest single-week declines since the financial crisis of 2007–2008, while oil futures saw their largest single week decline since 2009 and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows at 1.12% and 1.30% respectively. Outgoing Bank of England Governor Mark Carney stated that the British economy (which saw stagnation and car manufacturing declines in the 4th quarter of 2019) was being impacted by the outbreak because it relies heavily on tourism revenues and international manufacturing supply lines.


2020 stock market crash, 24–28 February
Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell stated that the outbreak was posing "evolving risks to economic activity" and that the Federal Reserve would use monetary policy to "act as appropriate to support the economy" but that "The fundamentals of the U.S. economy remain strong." Outgoing Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad announced a RM20 billion fiscal stimulus package.


2020 stock market crash, 24–28 February
Ultimately, from 24 to 28 February, stock markets globally plummeted several percentage points, while on Wall Street the indices were down at least 10%. It was the fastest correction in market history from all-time high, taking merely six days to enter into correction territory. The sudden drop in late February was attributed to fears that China could produce a global economic shock, primarily due to quarantines imposed by the state to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, which at the time was classified as an epidemic. Within weeks, stocks fell sufficiently enough to enter bear market territory. Concerning reports of the viruses spread in South Korea, Italy and Iran also prompted fear in investors, mounting to a mass sell-off in Asia-Pacific stock markets as well as European ones.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
Over the preceding weekend, Bank of Japan Governor Haruhiko Kuroda stated that the Bank of Japan would "strive to stabilise markets and offer sufficient liquidity via market operations and asset purchases", and the Bank of Japan subsequently announced that it would repurchase up to ¥500 billion ($4.6 billion) worth of government bonds.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
On Monday 2 March, European and Asia-Pacific stock markets mostly ended the previous week's consecutive daily losses, while in the United States, the S&P 500 gained 3.9%, the NASDAQ Composite gained 3.7%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished 1,126 points up (or 4.4%; its largest one-day gain since 2009). Oil futures saw their largest daily gain of 2020, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.03% and 1.62% respectively.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
On 3 March, the finance ministers and central bank executives of the G7 countries released a joint statement to "reaffirm our commitment to use all appropriate policy tools" to address the socioeconomic impact of the outbreak including "fiscal measures where appropriate" with the central banks continuing to "fulfill their mandates, thus supporting price stability and economic growth."


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
On the same day, the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Central Bank of Malaysia announced overnight rate cuts of 25 basis points (which brought the Australian rate to its lowest level in history), Bank Indonesia announced it would cut its reserve requirement from 8 to 4 percent starting on 16 March, while the People's Bank of China declined to conduct open market operations. South Korean Finance Minister Hong Nam-ki announced a ₩11.7 trillion ($9.8 billion) fiscal stimulus program.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
Also on 3 March, due to the Bank of Mexico declining to cut its overnight rate further, Mexican Finance Minister Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez announced a fiscal stimulus program to accelerate government spending. The Federal Open Market Committee lowered the federal funds rate target by 50 basis points with Federal Reserve Chair Powell stating that the central bank "saw a risk to the outlook for the economy and chose to act" and that "the magnitude and persistence of the overall effect [of the outbreak] on the U.S. economy remain highly uncertain".


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
At the close of trading on 3 March, European and Asia-Pacific stock markets had mostly risen, but the S&P 500, the NASDAQ Composite, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average all fell (with the Dow reversing more than two-thirds of the previous day's gain). Oil futures rose and the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to record lows of 0.91% and 1.60% respectively (with the fall below 1% on the 10-year securities occurring for the first time in history).


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
On 4 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets continued mostly rising (with the KOSPI alone rising by 2%), while the S&P 500 rose by 4.2%, the NASDAQ Composite rose by 3.8%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average reversed the previous day's loss by rising by 1,173 points (or 4.5%). However, oil futures fell and the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities finished at 0.99% and 1.64% respectively.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
The Bank of Canada and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announced 50 basis point cuts to their overnight and repo rates respectively, International Monetary Fund managing director Kristalina Georgieva announced a $50 billion emergency credit-line program to assist low-income and emerging market countries with policy responses to the epidemic, and the Central Bank of Brazil announced that it would auction up to $1 billion in foreign exchange swaps.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
On 5 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets continued rising while European stock markets closed down. The S&P 500, the NASDAQ Composite, and Dow Jones Industrial Average all fell by more than 3%. Oil futures rose following reports of OPEC agreeing to production cuts with Russia, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.91% and 1.54% respectively. The Central Bank of Argentina cut its bank rate by an additional 200 basis points, and after declining to cut its overnight rate on 27 February, the Bank of Korea renewed a currency swap agreement with Bank Indonesia.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March
On 6 March, stock markets worldwide closed down (although the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 closed up on the week). Oil prices fell by 9% (the largest one-day price drop in 11 years), while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to new record lows under 0.71% and 1.22% respectively. U.S. President Donald Trump signed into law an emergency appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill including $8.3 billion in government spending.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March, Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
The reduction in the demand for travel and the lack of factory activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted demand for oil, causing its price to fall. In mid-February, the International Energy Agency forecast that oil demand growth in 2020 would be the smallest since 2011. Chinese demand slump resulted in a meeting of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to discuss a potential cut in production to balance the loss in demand. The cartel initially made a tentative agreement to cut oil production by 1.5 million barrels per day following a meeting in Vienna on 5 March 2020, which would bring production levels to the lowest since the Iraq War.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March, Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
After OPEC and Russia failed to agree on oil production cuts on 6 March and Saudi Arabia and Russia both announced increases in oil production on 7 March, oil prices fell by 25 percent. On 8 March, Saudi Arabia unexpectedly announced that it would increase production of crude oil and sell it at a discount (of $6–8 a barrel) to customers in Asia, the US, and Europe, following the breakdown of negotiations as Russia resisted calls to cut production. The biggest discounts targeted Russian oil customers in northwestern Europe.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March, Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
Prior to the announcement, the price of oil had gone down by more than 30% since the start of the year, and upon Saudi Arabia's announcement it dropped a further 30 percent, though later recovered somewhat. Brent Crude, used to price two-thirds of the world's crude oil supplies, experienced the largest drop since the 1991 Gulf War on the night of 8 March. Also, the price of West Texas Intermediate fell to its lowest level since February 2016.


2020 stock market crash, 2–6 March, Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
Energy expert Bob McNally noted, "This is the first time since 1930 and '31 that a massive negative demand shock has coincided with a supply shock;" in that case it was the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act precipitating a collapse in international trade during the Great Depression, coinciding with discovery of the East Texas Oil Field during the Texas oil boom. Fears of the Russian–Saudi Arabian oil price war caused a plunge in U.S. stocks, and have had a particular impact on American producers of shale oil.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Monday I (9 March), Crash
Prior to opening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average futures market experienced a 1,300-point drop based on the coronavirus and fall in the oil price described above, triggering a trading curb, or circuit breaker, that caused the futures market to suspend trading for 15 minutes. Over the previous weekend, on 8 March, the TA-35 and TA-125 Indices of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange fell by 4.5% and 4.7% respectively, entering bear markets from their 19 February peaks.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Monday I (9 March), Crash
The United States' Dow Jones Industrial Average lost more than 2000 points, described by The News International as "the biggest ever fall in intraday trading." The Dow Jones Industrial Average hit a number of trading "circuit breakers" to curb panicked selling. Oil firms Chevron and ExxonMobil fell about 15%. The NASDAQ Composite, also in the United States, lost over 620 points. The S&P 500 fell by 7.6%. Oil prices fell 22%, and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell below 0.40% and 1.02% respectively. Canada's S&P/TSX Composite Index finished the day off by more than 10%.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Monday I (9 March), Crash
Brazil's IBOVESPA gave up 12%, erasing over 15 months of gains for the index. Australia's ASX 200 lost 7.3% – its biggest daily drop since 2008, though it rebounded later in the day. London's FTSE 100 lost 7.7%, suffering its worst drop since the financial crisis of 2007–2008. BP and Shell Oil experienced intraday price drops of nearly 20% The FTSE MIB, CAC 40, and DAX tanked as well, with Italy affected the most as the COVID-19 pandemic in the country continues. They fell 11.2%, 8.4%, and 7.9% respectively. The STOXX Europe 600 fell to more than 20% below its peak earlier in the year.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Monday I (9 March), Crash
In a number of Asian markets—Japan, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia—shares declined over 20% from their most recent peaks, entering bear market territory. In Japan, the Nikkei 225 plummeted 5.1%. In Singapore, the Straits Times Index fell 6.03%. In China, the CSI 300 Index lost 3%. In Hong Kong, the Hang Seng index sank 4.2%. In Pakistan, the PSX saw the largest ever intra-day plunge in the country's history, losing 2,302 points or 6.0%. The market closed with the KSE 100 index down 3.1%. In India, the BSE SENSEX closed 1,942 points lower at 35,635 while the NSE Nifty 50 was down by 538 points to 10,451.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Monday I (9 March), Crash
Former George W. Bush administration energy policy advisor Bob McNally noted, "This is the first time since 1930 and ’31 that a massive negative demand shock has coincided with a supply shock;" in that case it was the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act precipitating a collapse in international trade during the Great Depression, coinciding with discovery of the East Texas Oil Field during the Texas oil boom. The Washington Post posited that coronavirus-related turmoil could spark a collapse of the corporate debt bubble, sparking and worsening a recession.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Monday I (9 March), Crash
The Central Bank of Russia announced that it would suspend foreign exchange market purchases in domestic markets for 30 days, while the Central Bank of Brazil auctioned an additional $3.465 billion the foreign exchange market in two separate transactions and the Bank of Mexico increased its foreign exchange auctions program from $20 billion to $30 billion. After announcing a $120 billion fiscal stimulus programs on 2 December, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced additional government spending, while Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced additional stimulus as well.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Monday I (9 March), Etymology
As the hashtag #BlackMonday trended on Twitter, news organizations such as the Associated Press, The Economist, and Yahoo Finance UK adopted the term on the day it occurred. While The Guardian initially referred to it as "Crash Monday", they also later referred to it as "The Black Monday of 2020" to distinguish it from the 1987 crash of the same name. The Associated Press also quoted an analyst of the Australian finance company OFX as saying, "A blend of shocks have sent the markets into a frenzy on what may only be described as 'Black Monday' ... A combination of a Russia vs. Saudi Arabia oil price war, a crash in equities, and escalations in coronavirus woes have created a killer cocktail to worsen last week’s hangover."


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 10–11 March
On the following day of trading, US stocks recouped some of the losses which happened on Monday, rising by more than 4%. This was attributed to a potential fiscal stimulus, such as a potential 0% payroll tax, being proposed by US President Donald Trump. On Wednesday, however, stocks fell once more, and resulted in the DJIA entering a bear market (i.e. 20% drop from the most recent peak) for the first time in 11 years, ending the longest bull market in American stock market history.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 10–11 March
On 10 March, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all closed 4.9% up, while Asia-Pacific stock markets closed up and European stock markets closed down. Oil prices rose by 10%, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.70% and 1.16% respectively. The Central Bank of Russia announced a repo auction of ₽500 billion (or $7 billion) and increased its foreign exchange swap operation limit to up to $5 billion. while Bank Indonesia conducted open market purchases of government bonds and Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced tax-related stimulus. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced A$2.4 billion in government spending for pandemic countermeasures.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 10–11 March
On 11 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down (with the S&P/ASX 200 on the Australian Securities Exchange falling to more than 20% below its 52-week high), while the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 both fell by 5% and the Dow Jones Industrial Average by 6% (with the Dow also falling to more than 20% below its most recent record high set on 19 February). Oil prices fell by 4%, while the yield on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.82% and 1.33% respectively.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 10–11 March
The Índice Bovespa of the Brazil Stock Exchange fell by 8.5% to 27% on the year, while the S&P/TSX Composite Index on the Toronto Stock Exchange also fell to more than 20 percent below its most recent peak on 20 February. The Bank of England announced that it would cut its bank rate by 25 basis points, while Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak announced £30 billion in government spending with £12 billion specifically directed at pandemic countermeasures. The Federal Reserve announced that it would increase the top level of its overnight repurchase operations to $175 billion.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 10–11 March
The Bank of Japan announced that it was increasing its annual target of purchases of exchange-traded funds above the current ¥6 trillion (or $57 billion). Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced tax relief for the Indonesian manufacturing sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte announced a €25 billion (or $28 billion) fiscal stimulus.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 10–11 March, United States presidential address
On 11 March, US president Donald Trump gave a public address. In the speech, the president announced a temporary 30-day travel ban on all European goods and passengers from Europe in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Trump's initial statements were later corrected: the ban affected people who were not US citizens and who in the past two weeks had visited the 26-member Schengen Area, but did not include trade goods and cargo and excluded the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. These countries were added to the ban 3 days later. Trump did not consult with the European Union before imposing the travel ban.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 10–11 March, United States presidential address
Carmen Reinicke of Business Insider wrote that Trump's address to the nation "failed to calm investors' concerns about the economic fallout from the coronavirus outbreak". According to Ben Levisohn, writer for Barron's, "Dow futures were up around 300 points before the president’s address began. And then the president started talking—and futures started falling."


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March)
Black Thursday was a global stock market crash on 12 March 2020, as part of the greater 2020 stock market crash. US stock markets suffered from the greatest single-day percentage fall since the 1987 stock market crash. Following Black Monday three days earlier, Black Thursday was attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of investor confidence in US President Donald Trump after he declared a 30-day travel ban against the Schengen Area. Additionally, the European Central Bank, under the lead of Christine Lagarde, decided to not cut interest rates despite market expectations, leading to a drop in S&P 500 futures of more than 200 points in less than an hour.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March)
Bank Indonesia announced open market purchases of Rp4 trillion (or $276.53 million) in government bonds, while Bank Indonesia Governor Perry Warjiyo stated that Bank Indonesia's open market purchases of government bonds had climbed to Rp130 trillion on the year and Rp110 trillion since the end of January. Despite declining to cut its deposit rate, the European Central Bank increased its asset purchases by €120 billion (or $135 billion), while the Federal Reserve announced $1.5 trillion in open market purchases. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced a A$17.6 billion fiscal stimulus package. The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct a six-month $2 billion currency swap for U.S. dollars, while the Reserve Bank of Australia announced A$8.8 billion in repurchases of government bonds. The Central Bank of Brazil auctioned $1.78 billion foreign exchange spots.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March)
Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down with the Nikkei 225 of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hang Seng Index of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and the IDX Composite of the Indonesia Stock Exchange falling more than 20% below their 52-week highs. European stock markets closed down 11% with the UK FTSE 100, German DAX, French CAC 40, Italian FTSE MIB, Finnish OMX Helsinki 25, Swedish OMX Stockholm 30, OMX Nordic 40, and the Latvian OMX Riga indices all closing more than 20% below their most recent peaks.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March)
In the US, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed down an additional 10%, the NASDAQ Composite closed down 9.4%, and the S&P 500 closed down 9.5%. This caused the NASDAQ and S&P 500 to fall to more than 20% below their all time highs, and so the declines activated a trading curb at the New York Stock Exchange for the second time that week. Oil prices dropped by 8%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities increased to 0.86% and 1.45% (and their yield curve finished normal).


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March), Crash
The US's Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 suffered from the greatest single-day percentage fall since the 1987 stock market crash, as did the UK's FTSE 100, which fell 10.87%. The Canadian S&P/TSX Composite Index dropped 12%, its largest one-day drop since 1940. The FTSE MIB Italian index closed with a −16.92% loss, the worst in its history. Germany's DAX fell 12.24% and France's CAC 12.28%. In Brazil, the Ibovespa plummeted 14.78%, after trading in the B3 was halted twice within the intraday; it also moved below the 70,000 mark before closing above it.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March), Crash
The NIFTY 50 on the National Stock Exchange of India fell 7.89% to more than 20% below its most recent peak, while the BSE SENSEX on the Bombay Stock Exchange fell 2,919 (or 8.18%) to 32,778. The benchmark stock market index on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange fell by 9.3%. The MERVAL on the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange fell 9.5% to 19.5% on the week. 12 March was the second time, following 9 March drop, that the 7%-drop circuit breaker was triggered since being implemented in 2013.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March), Crash
In Colombia, the peso set an all-time low against the U.S. dollar, when it traded above 4000 pesos for the first time on record. The Mexican peso also set an all-time record low against the U.S. dollar, trading at 22.99 pesos.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March), United States
Soon after trading began, a Level-1 trading curb was triggered on major US stock markets due to increased selling, leading to a 15-minute halt on trading. Level-1 circuit breaker is triggered with a fall of 7% on the S&P 500. The trading halt occurred after the markets reached a drop of 7.2 percent within 15 minutes. The crash temporarily recovered after the Federal Reserve Bank of New York offered at least $1.5 trillion worth of short-term loans to banks for 12–13 March, but the market quickly resumed its decline soon after.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, Black Thursday (12 March), United States
The Dow fell 2,353 points, losing all of its gains from its lowest point in 2018. The drop surpassed Black Monday, which occurred just a few days before, to be the greatest single-day point drop ever. Together with the drops of 1,191 and 1,465 points on 27 February and 11 March, the four largest Dow daily losses up to Black Thursday were all linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. President Trump reacted to the crash by defending his travel ban and predicting that the stock market would eventually recover with central bank intervention.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 13 March
On 13 March, European stock markets closed mostly up while Asia-Pacific stock markets mostly closed down (except for the S&P/ASX 200 which rose by 4.4%), while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all rose by more than 9% (in their largest rally since 2008). The RTS Index on the Moscow Exchange finished 27% down on the week, the Tadawul All-Share Index on the Saudi Stock Exchange finished 17% percent down, the benchmark index on the Borsa Istanbul finished 15% down, and the Indice de Precios y Cotizaciones on the Mexican Stock Exchange finished 9% down.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 13 March
Though finishing up on the day, oil prices posted their largest single-week decline since 2008, while yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to over 1% and 1.6% respectively (and their yield curve remained normal). The Índice Bovespa of the Brazil Stock Exchange closed 13% up. U.S. President Donald Trump declared the COVID-19 pandemic to be a national public health emergency thus releasing $50 billion in government spending directed to pandemic countermeasures.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 13 March
Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi stated that the U.S. House of Representatives would pass a subsequent appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill including a sick leave expansion, which President Trump reversed his initial opposition to and endorsed. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada was preparing a fiscal stimulus program, with Canadian Finance Minister Bill Morneau stating that it would include a C$10 billion business credit-line. The Bank of Canada announced an additional 50 basis point cut to its overnight rate. The People's Bank of China announced that it would reduce its reserve requirement by 50 to 100 basis points from the current 12.5%, releasing $79 billion into the money supply. The Bank of Japan announced ¥200 billion (or $1.9 billion) of open market purchases of government bonds.


2020 stock market crash, 9–13 March, 13 March
The Bank of Canada announced C$7.5 billion of open market purchases. The Brazilian Finance Ministry announced that it was cancelling a series of bond auctions for the upcoming week. The Central Bank of Russia announced that it would purchase at auction ₽500 billion (or $6.8 billion) in repurchase agreements. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey conducted ₺29 billion (or $4.6 billion) in open market repurchases of government bonds. Bank Indonesia conducted Rp6 trillion (or $405 billion) of open market purchases of government bonds, while Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced Rp120 trillion ($8.1 billion) in additional fiscal stimulus.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, Black Monday II (16 March)
Over the preceding weekend, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announced a $13 billion credit-line package to small and medium-sized companies, while South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced a fiscal stimulus package. The Federal Reserve announced that it would cut the federal funds rate target to 0%–0.25%, lower reserve requirements to zero, and begin a $700 billion quantitative easing program.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, Black Monday II (16 March)
Dow futures tumbled more than 1,000 points and Standard & Poor's 500 futures dropped 5%, triggering a circuit breaker. On Monday 16 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down, with the S&P/ASX 200 setting a one-day record fall of 9.7%, collapsing 30% from the peak that was reached on 20 February, and the OMX Copenhagen 25, the OMX Tallinn, and OMX Vilnius on the Nasdaq Nordic exchanges all fell below 20 percent from their most recent peaks on 19 February in Copenhagen and on 21 February in Tallinn and Vilnius.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, Black Monday II (16 March)
The Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all fell by 12–13%, with the Dow eclipsing the one-day drop record set on 12 March and the trading curb being activated at the beginning of trading for the third time (after 9 and 12 March). Oil prices fell by 10%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.76% and 1.38% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal for the third straight trading session).


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, Black Monday II (16 March)
The CBOE Volatility Index closed at 82.69 on 16 March, the highest ever closing for the index (though there were higher intraday peaks in 2008). Around noon on 16 March, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York announced that it would conduct a $500 billion repurchase through the afternoon of that day. Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced an additional Rp22 trillion in tax-related fiscal stimulus. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey lowered its reserve requirement from 8% to 6%.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, Black Monday II (16 March)
The Bank of Japan announced that it would not cut its bank rate lower from −0.1% but that it would conduct more open market purchases of exchange-traded funds. After cutting its bank rate by 25 basis points on 7 February, the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would keep its bank rate at 6%, while the Bank of Korea announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points to 0.75%. The Central Bank of Chile cut its benchmark rate,.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
On 17 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed with mixed finishes, while European stock markets finished more than 2% up, whereas the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 finished more than 6% up and the Dow Jones Industrial Average finished more than 5% up. Oil prices fell by 6%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 1.04% and 1.62% respectively.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The Federal Reserve announced that it would reestablish its Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) with up to $1 trillion for short-term corporate bonds, while Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak announced a £330 billion government-backed business loan guarantee program. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey announced that it would cut its repo rate by 100 basis points from 10.75% to 9.75%, while providing the Turkish lira repo auctions at 150 basis points lower than its benchmark repo rate. The Bank of Israel announced that it would cut its bank rate by 15 basis points to 0.10%.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The Bank of Japan conducted ¥120 billion in open market purchases of exchange-traded funds. Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and French President Emmanuel Macron announced €200 billion and €45 billion ($220 billion and $50 billion) fiscal stimulus programs respectively, while Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released the Canadian federal government's C$82 billion ($56.7 billion) fiscal stimulus package he announced the previous week. New Zealand Finance Minister Grant Robertson also announced a NZ$12.1 billion fiscal stimulus program. The National Bank of Poland announced that it would cut its reference rate by 50 basis points to 1%, its lombard rate by 100 basis points to 1.5%, its bank rate by 70 basis points to 1.05%, and cut its reserve requirement from 3.5% to 0.5%.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
On 18 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down, while the NASDAQ Composite and the S&P 500 both fell by 5%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average by more than 6% and below 20,000 points for the first time since February 2017 (with the trading curb activated for the fourth time within the course of a week). Oil prices fell by 24% to an 18-year low, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 1.23% and 1.68% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal).


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that he expected the $100 billion appropriations and pandemic countermeasures bill passed by the U.S. House of Representatives the previous Friday to pass the U.S. Senate that day, which it did by a vote of 90 to 8 and President Donald Trump signed the bill into law.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The European Central Bank announced that it would purchase up to €750 billion ($820 billion) of government and corporate bonds and commercial paper. The Central Bank of Brazil cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points to a record-low 3.75% and sold $830 million in foreign exchange spots, while the Reserve Bank of Australia cut its official cash rate to 0.25%.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct $1.35 billion in open market purchases of government bonds, the Bank of Korea announced that it would conduct a ₩1 trillion ($793.5 million) repo auction the following day, and the National Bank of Poland announced that it would conduct open market purchases of government bonds to support fiscal stimulus implemented by the Polish government. The New York Stock Exchange announced that it would temporarily close its trading floor and move to all-electronic trading beginning on 23 March when two traders tested positive for COVID-19 at screenings set up by the NYSE.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
On 19 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down while European stock markets closed 3% up, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 also all closed up. Oil prices rose by 23%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 1.06% and 1.68% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal).


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The Federal Reserve announced $450 billion in foreign exchange swap lines to the central banks of Australia, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Singapore, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and New Zealand, with the swap lines for the Central Bank of Brazil, the Monetary Authority of Singapore, and the Bank of Korea amounting to $60 billion each. The Federal Reserve also established an additional lending facility similar to the CPFF for money market mutual funds. The Bank of Japan conducted ¥1.3 trillion ($12 billion) in emergency open market purchases of government bonds.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The Bank of England announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 15 basis points to 0.1% and would increase its open market purchases of government bonds by £200 billion to a total of £645 billion, while the Danmarks Nationalbank raised its deposit rate by 15 basis points to −0.60%. The Central Bank of the Republic of China cut its bank rate by 25 basis points to 1.125%.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
After cutting its repo rate by 25 basis points on 16 January, the South African Reserve Bank announced that it would cut its repo rate by an additional 100 basis points to 5.25%. Bank Indonesia also cut its repo rate by 25 basis points to 4.50%. Chilean President Sebastián Piñera announced an $11.7 billion fiscal stimulus package.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell introduced legislation for a third fiscal stimulus package of up to $1 trillion that includes cash payments to households under $75,000 in adjusted gross income (with $1,200 per individual, $2,400 for couples, and $500 per child) and $208 billion for industries severely distressed by the pandemic.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
On Friday, 20 March 2020, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed mostly up, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all closed down 4% (with the Dow eclipsing its one-week decline from 24 to 28 February 2020 to finish at its largest one-week decline since the financial crisis of 2007–2008). Oil prices fell by 11%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.93% and 1.52% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal for at least the sixth trading session of the preceding seven).


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The Federal Reserve announced that it would expand its asset purchases to include municipal bonds, while the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that it would also purchase A$5 billion ($2.9 billion) in municipal bonds. Bank Indonesia and the Central Bank of Brazil announced $10.1 billion and $3 billion of open market purchases of government bonds respectively, while the Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct ₹300 billion in open market purchases the following week.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The Bank of Mexico announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points, while the National Bank of Romania announced that it would cut its bank rate by 25 basis points to 2.0%. The European Central Bank opened a €24 billion foreign exchange swap line with Danmarks Nationalbank.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced that the Internal Revenue Service would extend the federal tax filing deadline from 15 April to 15 July, while Maryland Governor Larry Hogan and New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, as chair and vice-chair of the National Governors Association, wrote an open letter to the Trump Administration and the 116th U.S. Congress to request $150 billion in federal aid to U.S. state governments to address the COVID-19 pandemic.


2020 stock market crash, 16–20 March, 17–20 March
The Swiss federal government and the Saudi Arabian national government both announced $32 billion fiscal stimulus programs, while the German federal government has been reported to be planning a €100 billion fiscal stimulus program. Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced that the Indonesian government would reallocate Rp62.3 trillion ($3.9 billion) from the 2020 fiscal year budget for COVID-19 pandemic countermeasures.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
On Monday, 23 March 2020, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed up while European and U.S. stock markets closed mostly down. Oil prices rose, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.82% and 1.34% respectively. The finance ministers and central bank executives of the G20 countries agreed to develop a joint action plan to address the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
The Reserve Bank of New Zealand and the Bank of Japan announced NZ$30 billion and $7.3 billion in open market purchases of government bonds respectively, the Reserve Bank of India and Sveriges Riksbank announced ₹1 trillion and kr10 billion ($956.3 million) in repo operations, while the Bank of Korea and the Federal Reserve announced that they would conduct additional repo operations and asset purchases respectively of undisclosed amounts.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
The Bank of Japan lent $34.9 billion to its nation's banks in a one-week dollar funding operation, Sveriges Riksbank announced kr400 billion ($38.8 billion) in loans to its nation's banks, the World Bank announced $300 million in loans to banks in Indonesia, while the Central Bank of Brazil announced that it would expand its money supply by R$1.2 trillion ($234 billion) in loans to banks and by cutting its reserve requirement from 25% to 17%. The Hungarian National Bank announced Ft74.5 billion ($227 million) in foreign exchange swaps of domestic currency with euros.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
The Australian parliament passed an A$80 billion fiscal stimulus program, while Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced that a fiscal stimulus program his government was considering would amount to at least ¥15 trillion ($137 billion). The Central Bank of Iceland announced that it would initiate a quantitative easing program to purchase government bonds in support of a $1.6 billion fiscal stimulus program announced by the Icelandic government over the preceding weekend.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
On 24 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed up, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed more than 11% up, the NASDAQ Composite closed more than 8% up, and the S&P 500 closed more than 9% up. Oil prices rose by more than 2%, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.82% and 1.40% respectively. After agreeing to a joint investment €37 billion financial assistance program to European businesses the preceding week, the finance ministers of the Eurozone meeting did not agree to more joint fiscal stimulus.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
The Bank of Japan lent an additional $89 billion in two-dollar funding operations, while the Indonesian Financial Services Authority raised the capital requirement for the nation's banks to Rp3 trillion ($182.1 million) by 2022. South Korean President Moon Jae-in announced that a planned fiscal stimulus package would be doubled in size to ₩100 trillion ($80 billion). The Hungarian National Bank announced that it would leave its bank and overnight rates at 0.9% and −0.05% respectively but waived its reserve requirements and is expected to announce further quantitative easing measures. Romanian Finance Minister Florin Cîțu announced that the Romanian government would allow banks to defer loan repayments for approximately six months.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
On 25 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed up, while the NASDAQ Composite closed down, but the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average also closed up (with the Dow posting its first consecutive gain since the previous month). Oil prices rose, and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.79% and 1.33% respectively. The U.S. Senate unanimously passed the $2.2 trillion fiscal stimulus package introduced by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell the preceding week. The heads of government in nine Eurozone countries called for the issuance of corona bonds. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand announced NZ$250 million ($146 million) of open market purchases of governments bonds as part of its quantitative easing program.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
Mexican Finance Minister Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez announce that the Mexican federal government would allow Mexican banks to defer loan repayments. The South African Reserve Bank announced a quantitative easing program of open market purchases of an unspecified amount of government bonds. The Bank of Korea announced that it would finance half of the South Korean government's stimulus program. The Central Bank of Iceland announced that it would lower its average reserve maintenance requirement from 1% to 0%. The Swiss federal government announced a $20.4 billion business credit-line program and the Swiss National Bank announced the creation of a refinancing facility with an unlimited supply of credit for the Swiss banking system.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
On 26 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets finished with mixed closings while European stock markets closed higher, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all rose by 6% (and the Dow capping its largest 3-day upswing since 1931). Oil prices fell, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose slightly to 0.80% and 1.37% respectively. At a virtual summit, European Union heads of state and government did not agree to begin issuing corona bonds.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
The Reserve Bank of Australia announce that it would conduct A$3 billion of open market purchases of government bonds. The central banks of Denmark, Norway, Singapore, and Sweden announced foreign exchange swaps of U.S. dollars with their nation's banks, while the Sveriges Riksbank also announced that it would purchase kr300 billion ($29.84 billion) of commercial paper.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
The Indonesian government announced that it would issue bonds whose proceeds would dedicated for financial assistance programs to business severely distressed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Central Bank of Russia announced that it continue selling foreign currency in domestic markets the following week. The Bank of Korea announced that it would conduct open-ended open market purchases of government bonds at repo auctions every Tuesday for the following three months. The Mexican federal government's credit rating was downgraded by S&P Global Ratings to BBB. The Czech National Bank cut its bank rate by an additional 75 basis points to 1%. Singaporean Finance Minister Heng Swee Keat announced a second fiscal stimulus package of S$48 billion (US$33.7 billion). Indian Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a $23 billion fiscal stimulus package. The Chinese government announced that it was implementing a $344 billion fiscal stimulus program.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
On 27 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets finished with mixed closings, European stock markets closed down, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed more than 3% down (while finishing up on the week). Oil prices fell by 5% (and closed down for the fifth consecutive week), and yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.77% and 1.36% respectively. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the $2.2 trillion fiscal stimulus package passed by the U.S. Senate on 25 March with U.S. President Donald Trump signing the bill into law the same day. The European Central Bank announced an additional €750 billion ($820 billion) in open market purchases of government bonds. The Bank of Canada cut its overnight rate by an additional 50 basis points to 0.25%.


2020 stock market crash, 23–27 March
The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would cut its repo rate by 75 basis points to 4.4%. The Central Bank of Brazil auctioned $610 million in foreign exchange spots, while Central Bank of Brazil President Roberto Campos Neto formally requested the legal authority to implement a quantitative easing program from the National Congress of Brazil. Malaysian Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced a RM250 billion ($57 billion) fiscal stimulus package. The South African government's credit rating was downgraded by Moody's to Ba1 (its highest non-investment grade). The Central Bank of Russia announced a ₽150 billion ($1.92 billion) credit-line program for small- and medium-sized business. Sveriges Riksbank announced that it would conduct kr20 billion ($2.01 billion) of open market purchases of covered bonds.


2020 stock market crash, Overall size of the falls
"In the 33 days between 19 February and 23 March, the FTSE All-Share Index fell by 33 per cent [...] The MSCI World Index declined by 34 per cent."


2020 stock market crash, Subsequent recovery
Over the preceding weekend, the Central Bank of Taiwan announced a T$200 billion ($6.6 billion) credit-line program to small and medium-sized businesses, while the Bank of Korea announced that it would conduct a $12 billion U.S. dollar-funding operation at auctions to South Korean banks. The South African Reserve Bank announced that it would ease banking accounting and capital regulations to release R300 billion in credit, while the Bank of Israel announced that it would ease its capital requirements to facilitate greater lending by its banking system as well.


2020 stock market crash, Subsequent recovery
On Monday, 30 March 2020, Asia-Pacific stock markets closed mostly down while European stock markets closed mostly 1% higher, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed more than 3% higher. Oil prices fell by more than 6% to an 18-year low, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.66% and 1.24% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal).


2020 stock market crash, Subsequent recovery
On 31 March, Asia-Pacific stock markets finished with mixed closings while European stock markets closed up, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all fell by more than 1% (with the Dow closing to its worst one-quarter decline in history). Oil prices rose by 2% (but closed at their worst one-month and one-quarter declines in history), while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities rose to 0.68% and 1.34% respectively.


2020 stock market crash, Subsequent recovery
On 1 April, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed mostly down, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and S&P 500 all closed 5% down. Oil prices fell, while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.61% and 1.23% respectively (while their yield curve finished normal).


2020 stock market crash, Subsequent recovery
On 9 April, Saudi Arabia and Russia agreed to oil production cuts. Reuters reported that "If Saudi Arabia failed to rein in output, US senators called on the White House to impose sanctions on Riyadh, pull out US troops from the kingdom and impose import tariffs on Saudi oil."


2020 stock market crash, Subsequent recovery
On 11 June, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged 1861 points, around 7%, as fears of a second wave of COVID-19 along with a press conference from Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell on the previous day weighed on investor sentiment.


2020 stock market crash, Subsequent recovery
The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose throughout August 2020, reaching a peak of 29,199 points on 3 September 2020 at 9:48 EST before plunging nearly 1,000 points throughout the remainder of the day. On 16 September, Jerome Powell and the FOMC gave their final economic projections, which led the DJIA falling approximately 4% over the next three days. Throughout September, the DJIA saw a substantial −9% retreat amidst growing fears of a second COVID-19 infection wave, lack of federal stimulus outlook, and U.S. election instability. However, optimism soon recovered, and the DJIA and S&P 500 both closed 2020 at all-time highs of30,606 and 3,756 respectively. The MSCI ACWI Index also had recovered to its February peak by September 2020, and closed 2020 at an all-time high of 645 points.


2020 storming of the Kurdistan Democratic Party headquarters
The 2020 storming of the Kurdistan Democratic Party Headquarter was a riot and violent attack against the Kurdistan Democratic Party on Saturday morning, October 17, 2020. The angry protesters Supporters Popular Mobilization Forces stormed the Kurdistan Democratic Party offices in Karrada district in central Baghdad after the former Iraqi Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari in interview with Alhurra TV channel had said the Iraqi Government needed to clean up the Green Zone in Baghdad from the presence of Popular Mobilization Forces. to protect the major road connected to Baghdad International Airport. The demonstrators set the Kurdistan Democratic Party building on fire and burned Kurdish flags. The Iraqi prime minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi decided to dismiss the manager of security forces in Baghdad general Jawad Al Daraji after Iraqi security abstained from preventing the protestors.


2020 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
The 2020 term of the Supreme Court of the United States began October 5, 2020, and concluded October 3, 2021. The table below illustrates which opinion was filed by each justice in each case and which justices joined each opinion.


2020 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, 2020 term membership and statistics
This is the sixteenth term of Chief Justice Roberts's tenure and the first term for Justice Barrett. The Court began its term with a vacant seat following the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg on September 18, 2020. The seat was filled by Amy Coney Barrett on October 26, 2020.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States has handed down thirteen per curiam opinions during its 2020 term, which began October 5, 2020 and concluded October 3, 2021.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
Because per curiam decisions are issued from the Court as an institution, these opinions all lack the attribution of authorship or joining votes to specific justices. All justices on the Court at the time the decision was handed down are assumed to have participated and concurred unless otherwise noted.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Court membership
Associate Justices: Clarence Thomas, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, Amy Coney Barrett (confirmed Oct. 26, 2020)


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Mckesson v. Doe
592 U.S. ___ Decided November 2, 2020. Fifth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Mckesson v. Doe
Thomas dissented without separate opinion. Barrett did not participate in the consideration or decision of the case.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Taylor v. Riojas
592 U.S. ___ Decided November 2, 2020. Fifth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Taylor v. Riojas
Thomas dissented without separate opinion. Alito filed an opinion concurring in the judgment. Barrett did not participate in the consideration or decision of the case.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
592 U.S. ___ Decided November 25, 2020. Application for injunctive relief granted.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
The Court ordered New York State enjoined from enforcing Executive Order 202.68 with respect to religious groups, pending appeals.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
Consolidated with Agudath Israel of America, et al. v. Cuomo. Gorsuch and Kavanaugh filed concurrences. Roberts filed a dissent. Breyer filed a dissent, joined by Sotomayor and Kagan. Sotomayor filed a dissent, joined by Kagan.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Shinn v. Kayer
592 U.S. ___ Decided December 14, 2020. Ninth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Trump v. New York
592 U.S. ___ Argued November 30, 2020.Decided December 18, 2020. District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated and remanded with instructions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Mays v. Hines
592 U.S. ___ Decided March 29, 2021. Sixth Circuit reversed.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Tandon v. Newsom
593 U.S. ___ Decided April 9, 2021. Application for injunctive relief granted.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Tandon v. Newsom
Roberts noted without separate opinion that he would deny the application. Kagan filed a dissent, joined by Breyer and Sotomayor.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Alaska v. Wright
593 U.S. ___ Decided April 26, 2021. Ninth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Lombardo v. St. Louis
594 U.S. ___ Decided June 28, 2021. Eighth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Pakdel v. City and County of San Francisco
594 U.S. ___ Decided June 28, 2021. Ninth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Dunn v. Reeves
594 U.S. ___ Decided July 2, 2021. Eleventh Circuit reversed and remanded.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Dunn v. Reeves
Breyer dissented without separate opinion. Sotomayor filed a dissent, joined by Kagan.


2020 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Alabama Assn. of Realtors v. Department of Health and Human Servs.
594 U.S. ___ Decided August 26, 2021. Application to vacate stay granted.


2020 vote of no confidence in the Faizal Azumu ministry
A vote of no confidence in the Malaysian state of Perak National Alliance–National Front (PN–BN) government of Ahmad Faizal Azumu occurred on 4 December 2020. The 'vote of confidence' was initially brought by Abdul Manap Hashim before being called for by the Leader of the Opposition Abdul Aziz Bari and supported by Maslin Sham Razman. The vote was subsequently lost by the PN–BN Government by thirty eight votes (10 votes to 48), which was announced at 11:13 am.


2020 vote of no confidence in the Faizal Azumu ministry
The result did not, however, necessarily mandate a general election as the outgoing Perak chief minister has the option of advising the Sultan of Perak to dissolve the assembly or, alternatively, appoint an assemblyman who he deems to command the majority. Faizal later confirmed that he would not advise the sultan to dissolve the Perak State Legislative Assembly as the "current situation is not conducive for an election" due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. This was the fourth instance in which a Malaysian head of government of a state or territory was ousted from office through a confidence vote.


2020 vote of no confidence in the Faizal Azumu ministry, Background
The general election at the beginning of May 2018 resulted in the Alliance of Hope (PH) being voted into power at the vast majority of Peninsular Malaysia's west coast states, including Perak where Faizal was sworn-in as its chief minister. However, the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, triggered by the resignation of then Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) chairman and prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, led to the subsequent departure from PH by BERSATU in its entirety.