2018 in women's association football
The following are the scheduled events of women's association football for 2018 throughout the world.


2018 in women's association football, International WNT competitions, Invitational
note 1 The final match was cancelled due to weather issues and both teams were awarded the title.


2018 in women's road cycling
2018 in women's road cycling is about the 2018 women's bicycle races ruled by the UCI and the 2018 UCI Women's Teams.


2018 in women's road cycling, World Championships
The World Road Championships is set to be held in Innsbruck, Austria.


2018 in women's road cycling, Single day races (1.1 and 1.2)
† The clock symbol denotes a race which takes the form of a one-day time trial.


2018 in women's road cycling, UCI teams
The country designation of each team is determined by the country of registration of the largest number of its riders, and is not necessarily the country where the team is registered or based.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai
The 2018 Pubei Road Knife Murders, also known as The 6·28 Knife Murder on Pubei Road, or Huang Yichuan's Intentional Homicide, happened on June 28, 2018 in the Xuhui District of Shanghai, China. During this murder, two boys who attended the Shanghai World Foreign Language Primary School died, and another student and parent were injured. The suspect, Huang Yichuan, was arrested by the Procuratorate the next day.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai
On December 6, 2018, the first trial of the case was held. The murder was found to be the result of the defendant's hopelessness for life and his desire for revenge on the society. The prosecutor pointed out that Huang Yichuan suffered from schizophrenia. On May 23, 2019, The First Intermediate People's Court of Shanghai decided that Huang's mental illness did not affect his ability to control his own behavior. The court then imposed the death penalty, as well as depriving his political rights for life. On December 30, 2019, the Shanghai Senior People's Court rejected the appeal on Huang Yichuan's ruling, upheld the original judgment, and submitted it to the Supreme People's Court for approval. On December 3, 2020, Huang Yichuan was executed.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Description of the murders
At 11:31 a.m. on June 28, the Xuhui Branch of Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau received a phone call, saying that a man with a kitchen knife had cut three boys and a female parent near the sidewalk of Guilin West Street on Pubei Road. With the help of others at the scene of the attack, the police arrested Huang Yichuan, the assailant, and sent the injured victims to the hospital. By noon on June 28, two of the boys had died. At 1:50 p.m., the Xuhui police issued a call for information. According to a number of netizens, the site of the attack was found to be near the gate of the West Campus of the Shanghai World Foreign Language Primary School.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Description of the murders
According to a video uploaded by netizens, the two boys fell to the ground after being stabbed. There was a lot of blood at the scene, and some people used towels to stop the children's bleeding. A kitchen knife was also seen on the ground. A number of people at the scene, including the staff of city management, held Huang Yichuan down to prevent his escape, and a passing air conditioner repairman tied him up with a rope. After the police arrived, Huang was arrested and offered no resistance during the entire process.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Description of the murders
One of the students, known only as Tan, was confirmed to have died from injury to the central nervous system and hemorrhagic shock due to the stabbing. The other student who passed away, known as Fei, died of a brain injury and hemorrhagic shock, due to the stabbing of his head, face, and left palm. The third student, Jin, and the parent, Zhang, only suffered minor head injuries.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Identity of the murderer
According to an examination of the First Branch of Shanghai People's Procuratorate, the criminal suspect Huang Yichuan, male, was unemployed at the time of the attack. He claimed that after a failure to find employment in many places, he went to Shanghai in early June 2018. After arriving, Huang came up with the idea to take revenge on society through murder. On the morning of June 28, he set out from his hotel with a stainless-steel kitchen knife and took a bus to Guilin West Street near the World Foreign Language Primary School. At about 11 a.m., he saw three students and a parent leaving the school. To avoid the security patrol at the school gate, he followed the group and stabbed them about 130 meters away from the school gate.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Identity of the murderer
After the incident, his personal information was exposed through Human flesh search engine. According to a screenshot of Huang Yichuan's basic personal information that circulated on the Internet, he was born on June 3, 1989, in Hunan Province Suining County, and had been a student in the school of architecture of Hunan University of Science and Technology (HUST). Some students at HUST confirmed that Huang Yichuan had previously studied with them at HUST. They also mentioned that he had antisocial tendencies when he was a university student. When Huang graduated from the college, he left many threatening messages on Tencent QQ to many students. During the six years after his graduation, he participated in the Postgraduate Admission Test many times but always failed. In addition, during those years he had changed jobs more than ten times.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Identity of the murderer
According to a survey conducted by Caixin Online, Huang Yichuan's parents divorced when he was a child. His childhood home was in a building designed for the family of local civil servants in Suining County. Additionally, his grandmother, Wu, was found to have had schizophrenia for decades. In 2012 and 2013, Huang Yichuan failed the Postgraduate Admission Test twice and repeatedly failed to find a job, but he still hid the truth from his family and friends, claiming that he had a high income and perfect life.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Identity of the murderer
During the Spring Festival before the Pubei Knife Murders, Huang's mother thought that her son was more withdrawn and irritable, and some distant relatives thought that he may have inherited his grandmother's schizophrenia. In the year before the murders, Huang Yichuan traveled to Xiamen, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Shanghai and other cities, where he visited many kindergartens and primary schools, planning to commit the murders. A month before the Pubei murders, Huang Yichuan took the train from Guangzhou to Shanghai, spending most of his time at a youth hostel in the Pudong New Area. A few days before the incident, he heard on the radio that the Shanghai World Foreign Language Primary School was going to hold a graduation ceremony, so he determined to commit the murders on students from that school.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Criminal proceedings
On June 28, 2018, the first branch of Shanghai Municipal People's Procuratorate and the Xuhui District procuratorate appointed prosecutors to intervene in the case to guide the investigation and evidence collection. On June 29, Xuhui District Procuratorate approved the arrest according to the law. On August 14, the first branch of Shanghai Municipal People's Procuratorate initiated a public prosecution against Huang Yichuan for intentional murder to the First Intermediate People's Court of Shanghai.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Criminal proceedings
On December 6, the case was heard in a court session of the First Intermediate People's Court of Shanghai, attended by representatives of the National People's Congress, representatives of Shanghai Municipal People's Congress, the victims' families, and more than 50 other people. After the judicial identification, Huang Yichuan was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and as a result held limited criminal responsibility. During the trial, the procuratorate recommended the court to punish him according to the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 18 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. However, the court also considered that his motive for killing was particularly sinister, the crime had been planned for a long time, and the killing method was particularly brutal.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Criminal proceedings
At 10:00 a.m. on May 23, 2019, the First Intermediate People's Court of Shanghai issued the first judgment on the case. The defendant Huang Yichuan was sentenced to death for intentional homicide, and he was sentenced to be deprived of political rights for life. In the judgment, the First Intermediate People's Court of Shanghai pointed out that Huang Yichuan decided to kill primary school students in order to vent his anger because he "thought he was being bullied and hurt by others." He had premeditated and prepared serious violence against innocent children, with despicable motives and cruel means.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Criminal proceedings
Although Huang Yichuan suffers from schizophrenia and therefore had limited criminal responsibility, his crime was extremely serious, and the court decided that his mental illness did not affect his ability to control his behavior in this case. After the sentence, the defendant did not appeal in court. According to a reporter, the sentencing on the morning of May 23 lasted only about half an hour, and the defendant appeared very calm.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Criminal proceedings
Later, Huang formally made an appeal. On August 30, 2019, the second instance of the case opened for trial. In the second trial, Huang Yichuan argued that he did not plan to kill people in advance, and that he was committing homicide in a state of insanity. However, the procuratorial organ believed that the facts of Huang Yichuan's homicide were clear, the applicable law was correct, and the trial procedure was legal, meaning that his sentence was appropriate. Therefore, it was suggested that the court of second instance should reject the appeal and maintain its original judgment.


2018 knife murders at Pubei Road, Shanghai, Criminal proceedings
At 12 a.m. of that day, the trial of second instance came to a close. On December 30, 2019, Shanghai Senior People's Court held a court session to make a public judgment on the appeal case, and they ruled to reject the appeal and uphold the original judgment that Huang Yichuan was sentenced to death and deprived of his political rights for life. On December 3, 2020, Huang Yichuan was executed.


2018 local electoral calendar
This local electoral calendar for 2018 lists the subnational elections held in 2018. Referendums, retention elections, and national by-elections (special elections) are also included.


2018 lower Puna eruption
The 2018 lower Puna eruption was a volcanic event on the island of Hawaiʻi, on Kīlauea volcano's East Rift Zone that began on May 3, 2018. It is related to the larger eruption of Kīlauea that began on January 3, 1983, though some volcanologists and USGS scientists have discussed whether to classify it as a new eruption. Outbreaks of lava fountains up to 300 feet (90 m) high, lava flows, and volcanic gas in the Leilani Estates subdivision were preceded by earthquakes and ground deformation that created cracks in the roads.


2018 lower Puna eruption
On May 4, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake hit Puna. By May 27, 2018, 24 fissures had erupted lava in and near the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. The eruption forced the evacuation of approximately two thousand residents. The Puna Geothermal Venture, which provided one-quarter of the island's electricity, was forced to shut down and was later damaged by lava. The fissures had sent lava rivers that buried part of Hawaii Route 137 on May 19, and began flowing into the ocean.


2018 lower Puna eruption
On May 29, lava from a new northeastern flow overran Hawaii Route 132, cutting the access between Kapoho and Pāhoa. The massive lava flow reached the Pacific Ocean at Kapoho Bay on June 4. Lava entered the Kapoho Crater and evaporated Green Lake, which had been the largest natural freshwater lake in Hawaiʻi. On the night of June 4–5, the northeastern flow of lava speedily moved forward and destroyed the subdivision of Vacationland Hawaii. By June 5, Kapoho Bay had been filled in with lava now forming a point where the bay had been. The volcanic activity was the most destructive in the United States since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.


2018 lower Puna eruption
By August 7, 13.7 square miles (35 km2) of land had been covered by lava flows. About 875 acres (3.54 km2) of new land has been created in the ocean. The official number of houses destroyed by the eruption reached 700 on July 9. It was estimated that recovery efforts would cost more than $800 million (2018 USD). By early August the eruption had almost completely subsided, and on December 5, it was declared to have ended after three months of inactivity.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Background
The volcanic event in Puna was the 62nd episode of Kīlauea's east rift zone eruption that began in January 1983. Puʻu ʻŌʻō had become a prominent volcanic cone 19 km (12 mi) east of the summit caldera of Kīlauea, since the 1983 eruption's beginning. In the 1980s and 1990s, Puʻu ʻŌʻō produced lava flows that destroyed the nearby Royal Gardens subdivision and the settlement of Kapaʻahu. In 1990, lava flows from the Kūpaʻianahā vent of Kīlauea, downrift from Puʻu ʻŌʻō, destroyed and partly buried most of the nearby towns of Kalapana and Kaimū.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Background
On April 30, 2018, the crater floor of the cone of Puʻu ʻŌʻō collapsed and the summit lava lake level in Halemaʻumaʻu dropped significantly. In the first two days of May, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East rift zone, leading officials to issue evacuation warnings for some residents of the Puna District. On May 2, 2018, the US Geological Survey reported that ground deformation resulting from magma intruding beneath the Leilani Estates subdivision had caused ground cracks to form on roads in and around the subdivision.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Background
In connection with the eruption and its possible effects on the Hilina Slump, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory published information concluding that the chance of a catastrophic collapse would be incredibly remote.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
On May 3, 2018, after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, steaming ground cracks opened in Leilani Estates and began to spew lava, causing evacuations of the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. The outbreak marked the beginning of the 62nd episode of the east rift zone eruption that began in January 1983. That evening, Hawaii Governor David Ige activated the state National Guard to help with the evacuation process.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
The next day, May 4, two homes were reported destroyed in Leilani Estates from three erupting vents. The Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency reported high levels of toxic sulfur dioxide gas in the area, and Talmadge Magno, the Civil Defense Administrator for Hawaiʻi County, stated that power lines had melted off poles from the heat. The Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV), a power station, was shut down on 22 May 2018; the geothermal power plant provided approximately 25% of the Big Island's power, but its shutdown was later stated not to present a risk to power on the island. A Temporary Flight Restriction area was declared by the FAA to restrict flights below 3,000 feet AGL in the eruption area.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
A 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on May 4 that the United States Geological Survey said was related to the eruptions. The earthquake was the strongest to hit the state since 1975. On May 6, Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense reported that 26 houses had been destroyed by lava or fires in Leilani Estates. Lava fountains up to 300 feet (90 m) were observed in the subdivision. The lava vents formed a northeast–southwest line; officials were concerned about potential damage to a water main in the area.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
On May 7, 1,700 people had been ordered to evacuate their homes. Two hundred residents and their pets were in two Red Cross shelters and hundreds more were staying with family and friends. Several first responders were sickened by sulfur dioxide gas.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
Also on May 7, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, for humanitarian use of satellite data. (The USGS used Sentinel2 and Arirang-2.)


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
By May 9, another home had been destroyed, along with other structures. The fifteenth fissure opened near the entrance to Lanipuna Gardens and added more lava to the nearly 117 acres (47 ha) covered since May 3.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
Ash from Kilauea Eruption, right image shows the height of the plume by color.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
Blue flames from burning methane gas in Leilani Estates, on 22 May 2018, 11:30 p.m. HST.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
Aerial view of fissure 17 on May 14 around 4:30 p.m. HST.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
Map of ongoing intrusion and earthquake activity along Kīlauea's East Rift Zone (May 2, 2018)


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
Collapse in the crater of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, creating an ash plume (May 3, 2018)


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
A lava flow moves on Makamae Street in Leilani Estates at 09:32 am HST on May 6


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Earthquakes and Leilani Estates fissures
Map of the locations of eruptive fissures (May 5, 2018)


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
On May 12, a 16th fissure opened in Lower Puna, which spattered lava in an area east of Puna Geothermal Venture.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
A 17th fissure opened east of the 16th fissure later that day. As of May 14, 2018, lava flows from fissure 17 had traveled just under a mile from the vent, destroying an additional structure and leading officials to advise residents in an area known as Four Corners to evacuate due to the possibility that lava from a future fissure could cut Highway 132 and eventually Highway 137 as well. A spokeswoman for the mayor also reported that the chemistry of the lava was changing in later fissures, containing a mixture of more viscous old lava and faster-moving new magma.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
By May 16, there were 20 fissures. That day the ash plume from the summit reached 12,000 feet. On May 17, an eruption from the summit sent an ash cloud 30,000 feet high. A 21st fissure opened and several magnitude 3 earthquakes damaged the road near the entrance to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park and some of the park buildings. On May 17, at approximately 4:15 a.m., an explosive eruption occurred at Halemaʻumaʻu, creating a plume of ash 30,000 feet into the air.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
On May 19 some of the fissures had merged into a line of fountaining lava, with a lava flow split into separate lobes. At least two of the lava flows through parts of Malama Kī Forest Reserve crossed Highway 137 and flowed into the Pacific Ocean at Malama flats near MacKenzie State Recreation Area on May 19, producing clouds of irritating “laze” (lava haze), made up of steam, hydrochloric acid, and volcanic glass particles produced by littoral explosions. Warnings regarding the hazard were issued for communities downwind of the lava’s ocean entry points.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
By May 22, splashes from fissure 22's lava cone had engulfed the former Hawaiʻi Geothermal Project site adjacent to the PGV and was reported to be threatening the grounds of the PGV proper from the south until activity at fissure 22 slowed.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
May 19 Fissure 20 Lava flow as seen by USGS from a helicopter


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
Spattering and lava flow at fissure 20 in Kīlauea Volcano's Lower East Rift Zone


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
Lava from the Fissure 20 complex is entering the ocean in two locations


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
Hot lava entering the ocean creates a dense white plume


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
Lava fountain at fissure 22, from the north side of the fissure complex


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, New eastern fissures, lava flows reach sea
Lava enters the sea at two locations after crossing Hawaii Route 137


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Reopening of Leilani Estates fissures and new northeastern lava flow
From May 23, eruptions at the eastern fissures began to weaken considerably, as lava activity moved back up the rift zone; older fissures reopened to release fluid pāhoehoe, which rapidly replaced the output of ʻaʻā, and led to massive pooling of lava over lower Leilani Estates. On the same day, fissures 5, 13, and 15 began to form lava fountains around the Leilani Avenue-Kahukai Street intersection. Fissures 3, 7, 8, 9, 21 and 23 farther up the rift zone would experience intermittent but lively activity between May 24 to May 27 as the center of activity moved to fissure 7.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Reopening of Leilani Estates fissures and new northeastern lava flow
A 24th fissure would also form farther up the fissure complex on May 27, between fissures 8 and 9. Due to continued encroachment by lava, the number of destroyed structures was revised upward to 82 on May 25. The area of land covered by the 2018 lava on May 25, 2018, reached 2,223 acres. The eastern fissures would experience limited resurgences in activity into June and July.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Reopening of Leilani Estates fissures and new northeastern lava flow
The pool of lava in Leilani Estates eventually spilled eastwards into two paths, one short-lived route running southeast parallel to lava channels headed for the ocean, and another travelling northeast, crossing Pohoiki Road over the western boundaries of the Puna Geothermal Venture. On May 27, one of the 11 geothermal wells at the PGV was covered by the advancing lava flow from the Leilani Estates fissures, the first time lava had covered a geothermal well, followed by a second well hours later, along with ten more structures in the adjacent Leilani Estates.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Reopening of Leilani Estates fissures and new northeastern lava flow
As the lava flow from Leilani Estates intensified by the end of May, activity shifted to ʻAhuʻailāʻau (initially designated Fissure 8) as nearly all surrounding fissures ceased to release lava. ʻAhuʻailāʻau's lava fountains rapidly formed a new cinder cone, increasing the volume of pooling lava over the course of the week and feeding the northeastern flow further.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Reopening of Leilani Estates fissures and new northeastern lava flow
By May 29, the northeastern flow approached Hawaii Route 132, which linked Pāhoa and Kapoho, blocking the access road to the PGV and forcing the closure of Route 132 between the Lava Tree State Park from the west and the Four Corners intersection to the east. The lava flow covered a section of the highway later that day, before travelling farther east in the direction of Kapoho. The northeastern lava flow also cut power to Kapoho and nearby developments including Vacationland Hawaiʻi, and surviving sections of Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens. It was not known how and when power to those communities could be restored.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Reopening of Leilani Estates fissures and new northeastern lava flow
By the morning of June 3, the lava flow from ʻAhuʻailāʻau had reached Kapoho and Vacationland Hawaiʻi, where it then destroyed hundreds of houses as it buried most of the town within a day. Lava also entered the Puʻu Kapoho crater and evaporated the 400-year old Green Lake inside the crater, the largest natural freshwater lake in Hawaiʻi.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Reopening of Leilani Estates fissures and new northeastern lava flow
The flow entered the ocean at Kapoho Bay at about 10:30 PM HST that evening, creating plumes of laze, and began to fill the bay, building a lava delta that reached about 700 yards into the water by late afternoon on June 4. By June 5, the lava had completely filled the bay, and preliminary reports from Hawaiʻi County officials indicated that hundreds of homes had been destroyed.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Reopening of Leilani Estates fissures and new northeastern lava flow
In addition to the draining of Puʻu ʻŌʻō, the protracted release of lava along the Lower East Rift Zone has also led to significant drainage of lava away from Halemaʻumaʻu at Kīlauea, resulting in large scale inward slumping and collapse around the crater and regular earthquakes since May 17, similar in pattern to the crater's slumping during the 1924 event. Explosions or mild earthquakes of similar magnitude became an almost daily cyclical occurrence at the summit, and have also been reported to influence the intensity of lava surges at ʻAhuʻailāʻau.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Transition to steady lava effusion, and eventual end
By the middle of June 2018, lava eruption from the source in Leilani Estates reached a consistently vigorous rate, flowing in the direction of Kapoho Bay and forming a widening coastal lava field. By July 3, fissure 8's constant lava splatter created a cone that peaked at 180 feet (50 m) high. A total of 5,914 acres were reported by Hawaii Civil Defense to have been covered by lava, with 533 homes confirmed destroyed. On June 22, the number of houses covered by lava was revised upwards by Hawaii County Civil Defense to 614.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Transition to steady lava effusion, and eventual end
By July 1, that total had grown to 671 residences destroyed. The official toll of houses reached 700 on July 9, leaving 3 houses left standing in Kapoho. On July 13, geologists reported a tiny new island had appeared immediately offshore from the lava flow. The island was only 20 to 30 ft (6.1 to 9.1 m) across and may have formed as a submarine tumulus pushed up the outermost crust of the earth above sea level. It was connected to the mainland by an isthmus on July 16.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Transition to steady lava effusion, and eventual end
In mid-July, the main stream of lava from ʻAhuʻailāʻau changed course away from flowing around the northeast of Puʻu Kapoho crater following a breakout from a lava pond on July 9, redirecting to a new channel that traveled in a more direct southerly direction west of Puʻu Kapoho. The flow would cover more of the 1955 lava flow, and destroy more coastal features including Ahalanui Beach Park, its warm ponds, as well as Kua O Ka Lā Public Charter School's Lower Puna compound on July 11. By July 24, 2018, the western boundaries of the lava spill was within 200 yards (180 m) of Isaac Hale Beach Park.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Transition to steady lava effusion, and eventual end
As of July 21, 2018, the lava flow from ʻAhuʻailāʻau was estimated to be a steady 26,000 US gallons per second (98 m3/s), according to the U.S. Geological Survey, which also stated that the most likely scenario was that lava effusion would continue at a steady rate for several months to two years. By mid-July 2018, the volume of lava had exceeded the volume deposited in the eruptions of 1955 or 1960.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Transition to steady lava effusion, and eventual end
Eruption activity at ʻAhuʻailāʻau began to see a downtrend beginning on August 5, 2018, as the intensity of both the lava channel and seismic activity at Halemaʻumaʻu decreased significantly over the course of the following days. Within the same time frame, the USGS reported that Puʻu ʻŌʻō was venting gases at its highest rate in more than 10 years, though no other noticeable changes had taken place at the vent. On August 15, 2018, the lower east rift zone eruption was reported to have subsided, with no new lava entering the channel from ʻAhuʻailāʻau in over a week.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Eruption, Transition to steady lava effusion, and eventual end
While scientists cautioned that the eruption could resume at any time, in that week there was no further underground volcanic inflation registering on instruments, and no further summit collapse events, with only a small amount of lava active inside ʻAhuʻailāʻau. Afterward, a small lava lake was maintained within the crater of the ʻAhuʻailāʻau cone for another 3 weeks. On September 4, the lava lake in ʻAhuʻailāʻau receded below the surface, bringing the eruption to an end.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Impact and response
The Hawaii National Guard stated on May 11, 2018, that they were ready to evacuate up to 2,000 people at a moment's notice, through the use of land convoys and Blackhawk and Chinook helicopters. Hawaii Governor David Ige had made a request for a Presidential Disaster Declaration, which was approved that day and opened the door to federal assistance for the disaster. Starting May 23, two CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters were on standby in Hilo in case of sudden evacuation needs.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Impact and response
The U.S. Marine Corps helicopters were in support of Joint Task Force 5–0, a military/government partnership to assist in managing the disaster. The large heavy-lift helicopters have a carrying capacity of about 50 people at once, ensuring that residents south of the lava flow can be completely evacuated in a few hours, should the last functioning road out of the area south of the lava flow be cut off by the eruption.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Impact and response
As the area of destruction grew significantly as a result of ʻAhuʻailāʻau's resurgence in late-May 2018, access to surviving sections of Leilani Estate within immediate proximity to the margins of the lava field began to be heavily restricted starting May 31. A proposed ban on future home construction in areas subject to high-risk of volcanic activity was also reported on July 1, 2018, to be in discussion by Hawaii politicians.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Impact and response
Temporary repair works were conducted for sections of Highway 11 (near Volcano Village and the entrance to Volcanoes National Park) and Highway 130 (connecting much of lower Puna to the rest of the island), which suffered cracks from seismic activities over the months, and have been subject to restricted use due to the extent of their damage. Chain of Craters Road, which has previously been partially covered by past lava flows, had also been prepared as an alternate escape route should Highway 130 be blocked by the current eruption, a measure previously taken during the 2014 Pāhoa lava flow.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Impact and response
In early June, a Winter Weather Advisory alert was issued for the higher areas of the island due to freezing rain and ice falling. The quantity of lava reaching the ocean created large plumes of steam which rose high enough in the atmosphere to eventually condense and freeze before falling on the summit of Mauna Kea, 72 kilometres (45 mi) from the eruption.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Impact and response
Sporadic incidences of injuries and emergency rescues have been reported over the course of the eruption. The first known injury was reported on May 20, 2018: A homeowner was struck with a piece of "lava spatter" and suffered burns and a broken leg. Four people were evacuated by helicopter on May 19, after lava cut off their exit, and three people were airlifted on June 3 from the Kapoho area.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Impact and response
On July 16, a further 23 were injured when a tour boat carrying passengers observing a lava ocean entry was pelted by lava rocks thrown by an intense hydrovolcanic explosion, including a large lava rock that pierced through the boat's roof. Thirteen were treated at the hospital, including three who were admitted with unspecified injuries and one in serious condition with a broken thigh bone.


2018 lower Puna eruption, Impact and response
FEMA team sets up a mobile air quality monitoring station


2018 missile strikes against Syria
On 14 April 2018, beginning at 04:00 Syrian time (UTC+3), the United States, France, and the United Kingdom carried out a series of military strikes involving aircraft and ship-based missiles against multiple government sites in Syria during the Syrian Civil War. They said it was in reprisal for the Douma chemical attack against civilians on 7 April, which they attributed to the Syrian government. The Syrian government denied involvement in the Douma attacks and called the airstrikes a violation of international law.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Background
A Syrian government offensive to recapture the rebel-held Eastern Ghouta suburb began in February 2018. The offensive was condemned by Western media and human rights organizations for its reportedly brutal humanitarian consequences. By the beginning of April, Douma was one of the last rebel enclaves remaining in the region, with rebel group Jaysh al-Islam in control of the city. Russian and Syrian state media reported a deal between the rebel group and Russia to hand over Douma to government control.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Background
Other news agencies reported members of the rebel group claiming a deal had not been brokered and that Jaysh al-Islam would not surrender Douma. What followed was a suspected chemical attack carried out in the Syrian city of Douma on 7 April 2018, with at least 70 people reported killed. One pro-opposition source said that a thousand people suffered from the effects.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Background
The Jaysh al-Islam rebel group, which controlled Douma at the time, along with several medical, monitoring, and activist groups, including the pro-rebel White Helmets (Syria Civil Defence), all reported that two Syrian Air Force Mi-8 helicopters had dropped barrel bombs. The bombs were filled with chlorine gas and possibly sarin. The World Health Organization said it received reports from partner agencies that some 500 people arrived at health facilities showing "signs and symptoms consistent with exposure to toxic chemicals." On 6 July 2018, the OPCW produced an interim report stating that chlorine residues had been found at the two attack sites, although no organophosphorous nerve agents or their degradation products were detected.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Background
As with previous incidents, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other nations accused the Syrian government of being responsible for the use of chemical weapons. Russia and Iran, the Syrian government's main allies, denied chemical weapons had been used, claiming it was a false flag operation. Russia has said video of the chemical attack was staged by members of the White Helmets. Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) said that the Saudi Arabian-backed Jaysh al-Islam was making "chemical attack fabrications in an exposed and failed attempt to obstruct advances by the Syrian Arab Army".


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Background
In May 2017, French President Emmanuel Macron said the use of chemical weapons in Syria would be a red line requiring immediate reprisal. France and the United States cited positive urine and blood samples collected as proof of chlorine being used in Douma.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Background
In the early hours of 9 April 2018, an airstrike was conducted against Tiyas Military Airbase in Syria. The United States denied launching the airstrike, and an Israeli spokeswoman declined to comment. On 10 April, an emergency United Nations Security Council meeting was held where competing solutions were presented on how to handle the response to the chemical attack; all were eventually vetoed by Russia. By 11 April, Western nations began to consider military action in Syria, seeking a "strong joint response."


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Background
On the same day, the Syrian government said it invited the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to investigate the sites of the attacks. "Syria is keen on cooperating with the OPCW to uncover the truth behind the allegations that some western sides have been advertising to justify their aggressive intentions," said SANA, quoting an official source in the Foreign Ministry. Russia denied chemical weapons were used, and on 13 April, blamed Britain for staging the event in order to provoke US airstrikes.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Background
By 12 April, British Prime Minister Theresa May had ordered Royal Navy submarines in the Mediterranean to move within cruise missile range of Syria by the end of the week. British military sources later told The Times that days before the missile strikes a British  Astute-class submarine armed with Tomahawk missiles and approaching within firing range of Syrian military targets was chased by "one, and possibly two" Russian Kilo-class submarines from the Russian Navy base at Tartus. The Russian submarines were supported by two frigates and an antisubmarine aircraft, while the British submarine was assisted by a US Navy P-8 Poseidon patrol aircraft. Ultimately, no British submarine took part in the strikes.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, International law
The United Nations Charter requires a mandate from the United Nations Security Council for sovereign states to use force for the purpose of maintaining international security, but not for acting in self-defence or the protection of populations threatened by extermination at the hands of their own government. Since the UN Charter came into effect in 1945, military action in retaliation or reprisal to the act of another state has been prohibited; but a reprisal may be justified if its aim is to force the other state into compliance with its international obligations.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, International law
Russia's use of its veto meant there was no prospect of the Security Council authorizing the use of force. Therefore, military action relies on an international public order argument based on defending the credibility of the prohibition of the use of chemical weapons, enforcing Syria's obligations under the terms of its membership of the Chemical Weapons Convention, and protecting civilians from further chemical weapon attacks to alleviate humanitarian suffering.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, International law
The strikes came hours before inspectors from the OPCW Fact-Finding Mission were due to arrive in Syria to investigate the attack.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, International law
The United Kingdom published its legal position regarding military action which concluded limited strikes are justified on humanitarian grounds. After the strikes, the UK Parliament debated the considerations under international law regarding the urgency of the intervention, and whether there was a lack of practical alternatives.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
The strikes were carried out by the forces of the United States, the United Kingdom, and France and were delivered by ship-launched, submarine-launched and airborne cruise missiles. All of the missiles launched by British and French forces were variants of the Storm Shadow missile, known as SCALP EG and Missile de Croisière Naval (MdCN for Naval Cruise Missile) in French service.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
Flying from RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus, four Royal Air Force Tornado GR4 fighters of No. 9 Squadron, supported by four Eurofighter Typhoon air superiority fighters of No. 6 Squadron, fired a total of eight Storm Shadow missiles. The Royal Navy deployed the Type 45 destroyer, HMS Duncan, to provide air defense for allied naval forces.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
The French Navy deployed a strike group in the Eastern Mediterranean consisting of the  Cassard-class frigate Cassard, the  Georges Leygues-class frigate Jean de Vienne, the  Durance-class tanker Var, and the FREMM multipurpose frigates Aquitaine, Auvergne, and Languedoc; the latter ship fired three MdCN land attack missiles. The French strike group was accompanied by the US Navy  Virginia-class submarine USS John Warner, which launched six Tomahawk cruise missiles.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
The French Air Force participation in the strikes consisted of five Rafale B fighters from the Escadron de Chasse 1/4 Gascogne based at Saint-Dizier Air Base, each carrying two SCALP EG missiles, four Mirage 2000-5F air superiority fighters from the Escadron de chasse 1/2 Cigognes from Luxeuil Air Base, two E-3F airborne early warning and control planes from the 36e Escadre de commandement et de conduite aéroportée Berry from Avord Air Base, and six C-135FR tankers from the Groupe de ravitaillement en vol 2/91 Bretagne from Istres Air Base.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
US forces included two US Air Force B-1B Lancer bombers from the 34th Bomb Squadron, which fired a total of nineteen JASSM missiles after taking off from Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. They were accompanied by four F-22A Raptor air superiority fighters from the 95th Fighter Squadron, two KC-10 Extender tankers from the 908th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron and one US Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler electronic-warfare aircraft from VMAQ-2, which all departed from Al Dhafra Air Base in the United Arab Emirates.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
Immediately after the strike it was claimed that long-range JASSM-ER had been fired by the two B-1B Lancer bombers, but five days later, the U.S. Air Force Central Command  issued a correction saying that actually older JASSM-A were used. From a position in the Red Sea the US Navy  Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Laboon fired seven and the  Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Monterey thirty Tomahawk cruise missiles, while the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Higgins fired twenty-three Tomahawks from a position in the northern part of the Persian Gulf.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
The Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, USS Donald Cook was reported to have participated in order to mislead defending forces, firing no missiles. US Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis said twice as many weapons were used in the strike as in the 2017 Shayrat missile strike; an anonymous US Defense Department official quoted by The Washington Post said about 100 Tomahawk missiles were fired by the US.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
The US Air Force also deployed a fighter group over the Eastern Mediterranean in the air-superiority and defensive-counter-air role, which consisted of at least eight F-15C Eagle fighters from the 493d Fighter Squadron and seven F-16C Falcon fighters from the 510th Fighter Squadron. The fighters were accompanied by at least two KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft from the 351st Air Refueling Squadron.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
According to US military's Director of the Joint Staff, the allocation of missiles to targets was:


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Forces involved
Syria responded using its air defense systems, and its state media aired a video purporting to show a successful missile interception. The Syrian state news agency SANA and Colonel-General Sergei Rudskoi of the Russian military said Syria used Russian and Soviet air defense systems Pantsir-S1, S-125, S-200, Buk, and Kvadrat.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Strikes
President Donald Trump announced the strikes at 9 pm EDT, 13 April (4 AM, 14 April in Syria, 2 AM in London, 3 AM in Paris) along with allies France and the United Kingdom. Explosions were heard in Damascus, the capital of Syria, just as Trump was speaking. According to US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joseph Dunford, Russia had not been warned in advance of the incoming attack; he was contradicted by other American and French officials.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Strikes
US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joseph Dunford said three sites were targeted: a scientific research center in Damascus, a chemical weapons storage facility west of Homs, and an equipment storage facility and command post also near Homs. The UK Ministry of Defence reported British aircraft struck the Him Shanshar chemical weapons precursor storage site 15 miles west of Homs. Witnesses reported loud explosions and smoke in the capital Damascus in the early morning, including in the Barzeh neighborhood, the site of the Barzah scientific research centre, a major research establishment.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Strikes
The strike destroyed what employees of the facility characterised as a Syrian antivenom medical center, but which US General Joseph Dunford described as a center for research, development, production and testing of chemical and biological weapons. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) said the attack sites included a scientific research center in Damascus and another in the Homs area, as well as military bases in Damascus and Homs.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Strikes
The US armed forces said all missiles hit their intended targets without interference, and according to Lieutenant General Kenneth McKenzie, the Syrian air defences fired 40 intercepting surface-to-air missiles but failed to hit any of the targets. He said most were fired after the last incoming missile had struck its target. Similarly, France said none of the twelve missiles it fired appear to have been intercepted, although there were reports that between three and seven French missiles were not fired due to malfunctions.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Military action, Strikes
The Syrian Army said it "intercepted most of the missiles", while the Syrian state media reported its air defenses shot down 13 incoming missiles near Al-Kiswah, south of Damascus. The Russian military reported Syria's air defences shot down 71 of 103 cruise missiles, and listed various airports and airbases, not mentioned by US military sources, as having been targeted partly or completely unsuccessfully. The SOHR, which is cited by many western media organisations, reported no known casualties, but stated there was considerable material damage while also saying that the Syrian Air Defense Force intercepted and downed at least 65 missiles. Syria's state-run TV news reported three civilians injured at Homs, and that the missile strike there was "aborted".


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Aftermath
Workers at a destroyed laboratory denied ever making any chemical weapons.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Aftermath
Russia called for an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on 14 April, but the resolution it brought to the session condemning the attacks failed to pass, with only Bolivia and China supporting it. Nikki Haley, Permanent Representative of the United States to the UN, said the United States was "locked and loaded", should the Syrian government use chemical weapons again. A further meeting of the Security Council was scheduled to be held on 16 April, to discuss a resolution presented jointly by France, the UK, and the US. The resolution calls for an independent inquiry into the use of chemical weapons in Syria, medical evacuations, and the safe passage of aid convoys across the country.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Aftermath
The effectiveness and impact of the strike has been downplayed by analysts. In Syria, the strikes were interpreted as a victory for Bashar al-Assad, because their limited scope was seen as indicating that Western countries no longer intended to seriously challenge his rule. According to Russian state media, the governor of Russia's autonomous Khanty-Mansiysk district said after meeting with Assad that "President Assad was in absolutely positive spirits. He is in a good mood." American Director of the Joint Staff, Lt. Gen Kenneth McKenzie, said the air strikes were a "severe blow" to the development of Syria's chemical weapons and that the United States military is "ready anytime" in the event of retaliation by the Syrian government.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Aftermath
The activity of web brigades increased by "2,000%" following the attack, according to Chief Pentagon spokesperson Dana W. White. The UK's National Cyber Security Centre, the FBI, and the US Department of Homeland Security issued a joint alert warning of a Russian global hacking campaign.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Aftermath
According to Syrian state television, Syrian air defenses intercepted missiles that targeted Shayrat Airbase "late Monday night" (16 April); however, the Pentagon spokesman said the US military was not active at the time, while an Israeli military spokesman declined to comment. Hezbollah's media unit claimed Syrian air defenses had also intercepted three missiles which targeted Al-Dumayr Military Airport; a commander in the regional military alliance backing the government told Reuters that it was a false alarm and part of an "electronic attack" by Israel and the US on the Syrian radar system.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Aftermath
According to Jane's IHS, on 25 April 2018, the Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) "appeared to contradict" the MoD's earlier 16 April account, and was now stating that 22 (rather than 32) missiles hit their targets, that 66 (rather than 71) were intercepted, and those other incoming missiles had suffered technical malfunctions. According to Russia, 46 missiles were intercepted in five areas of the capital of Syria and Duvali, Dumayr, Blai, and Mazzeh nearby airfields, and 20 missiles were intercepted in three areas of the Homs air defense zone.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Aftermath
The MoD did agree that the U.S. hit all three of the publicly targeted sites. The MoD also displayed remnants of SCALP and Storm Shadow missiles purportedly shot down; Jane's stated that "The missile remnants it displayed could have come from missiles that hit their targets or failed in a previous attack". Russian government sources claimed they had recovered as duds one Tomahawk and one 'precision air launched' missile, and would study them to improve their own weapons systems; the US denied the claims as "absurd".


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Aftermath
On 21 April, the OPCW Fact-Finding Mission visited a site in Douma to collect samples, and on 25 April visited a second site in Douma to collect further samples. The team also interviewed people related to incident in Damascus. On 4 May, the OPCW announced that the initial deployment of the Fact-Finding Mission in Douma was complete. Analysis of the samples may take at least three to four weeks.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions
The Syrian state media called the attack a "flagrant violation of international law".


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Belligerent nations
French President Emmanuel Macron said in a statement on 14 April that France's "red line has been crossed", referring to the previous attacks on Douma. While announcing the strikes, UK Prime Minister Theresa May said there was "no practicable alternative to the use of force" to deal with the Syrian government's use of chemical weapons. Opposition politicians condemned the strikes, with many questioning May's decision to press ahead without obtaining parliamentary approval first. Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn called the strikes "legally questionable" and said "Bombs won't save lives or bring about peace".


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Belligerent nations
He also urged the British government to push the United States and Russia to allow an independent investigation into the gas attack led by the United Nations. US President Donald Trump announced the strikes in a televised address, arguing they were part of the effort to stop Assad from using chemical weapons, and said the US was "prepared to sustain this response" until this was achieved. Dana W. White, The Pentagon Chief Spokesperson, said "this operation does not represent a change in US policy or an attempt to depose the Syrian regime".


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Belligerent nations
The New York Times reported the reactions initially broke among partisan lines, with members of the Republican Party—the party of President Donald Trump—being generally supportive while the Democrats were generally critical. Republicans Tom Cotton and Orrin Hatch praised the strikes. Other lawmakers, in particular Democrats, although generally supportive of a limited strike to punish Assad for using banned chemical weapons, criticized the Trump administration for not seeking Congressional approval and for not having a "coherent Syria Strategy". Democratic senator Tim Kaine re-emphasized his long-held belief that the military intervention without Congressional authorization and long-term strategy are "illegal" and "reckless".


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Belligerent nations
On 19 April, at a Pentagon press briefing, American Director of the Joint Staff Lt. Gen. Kenneth McKenzie affirmed that Russian air defenses - which included advanced S-400 missile systems - were active but did not engage any missiles during the operation. "Russian air defenses were energized. They were scanning. They had a mainstay [sic] air defense aircraft up. They did not choose to engage, so I cannot speculate about why they did or did not do that," McKenzie stated, while denying that any missiles were shot down by Syrian air defenses.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Syrian-allied states
The Iran Foreign Ministry condemned the missile strikes, said there is "no proof" of Syrian responsibility in the chemical attack on Douma, and criticized the United States for attacking without waiting for an Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons investigation. Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, called Trump, May and Macron "criminals" and warned "they will gain nothing" from the strike.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Syrian-allied states
Russian politician Alexander Sherin referred to the strike as a terrorist attack and compared it to Operation Barbarossa. Russian President Vladimir Putin described the strikes as an "act of aggression". Russia also called for an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council. Anatoly Antonov, the Russian ambassador to the United States, strongly condemned the coalition attacks on Syria and warned the Western countries of "consequences". Sergei Rudskoi, a Russian Colonel-General, in a TV briefing, said Russia may consider sending S-300 surface-to-air missile systems to Syria and other countries.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Other NATO member states
Albania, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Italy,the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, and Turkey all agreed the decision to attack was justified.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Supranational organizations
Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres called for restraint from all states.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Supranational organizations
President of the European Council Donald Tusk confirmed the European Union's support for the strikes as did High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini. Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg supported the strikes in a statement.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Supranational organizations
The Collective Security Treaty Organization condemned the strikes as violating norms of international law.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Non-state organizations
Mohammad Alloush, a key member of Army of Islam coalition of Salafist and Islamist rebel groups, wrote that US-led military strikes in Syria were a "farce" as long as President Assad remained in power. The Hamas government in the Gaza Strip has condemned the bombing. The Lebanese Shia militant resistance group/political party Hezbollah sharply condemned the US, French, and British airstrikes on Syria, praising the Arab neighbor's air defense for confronting the missile attacks.


2018 missile strikes against Syria, Statements and reactions, Religious organizations
Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II, the patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, and Patriarch  John X of Antioch, primate of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All The East, issued a joint condemnation of the strikes. They said the bombings "were clear violation of the international laws and the UN Charter", and that the "unjust aggression encourages the terrorist organizations and gives them momentum to continue in their terrorism."


2018 national electoral calendar
This national electoral calendar for 2018 lists the national/federal direct elections that were held in 2018 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.


2018 national electoral calendar, Indirect elections
The following indirect elections of heads of state and the upper houses of bicameral legislatures took place through votes in elected lower houses, unicameral legislatures, or electoral colleges:


2018 national road cycling championships
The 2018 national road cycling championships was held throughout the year and are organised by the UCI member federations. They began in Australia and New Zealand with the time trial event (both men and women) on 5 January, as is tradition.


2018 national road cycling championships, Jerseys
The winner of each national championship wears the national jersey in all their races for the next year in the respective discipline, apart from the World Championships and the Olympics, or unless they are wearing a category leader's jersey in a stage race. Most national champion jerseys tend to represent a country's flag or use the colours from it. Jerseys may also feature traditional sporting colours of a country that are not derived from a national flag, such as the green and gold on the jerseys of Australian national champions.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships
The 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was the seventh edition of the single's world championships and was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, from 20 May to 26 May 2018 .


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships
All the men's competitions was dominated by Vilmoš Zavarko, who won gold medals in every event. In the women's sprint triumphed Ines Maričić (Croatia), in the single German Sina Beißer, while gold medal in the combination was won by Serbian Jasmina Anđelković, who set a new world record 890 pins. Mixed tandem rivalry was won by Czechs Renáta Navrkalová and Jan Endršt.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships, Participants
Below is the list of countries who participated in the championships and the requested number of athlete places for each.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's combination
The men's combination event at the 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania from 21 May to 26 May 2018.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's combination, Results
The result for the combination was the sum of best results from a single starts in the single classic and sprint.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's single
The men's single event at the 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Qualification took place on 21-22 May, while the knock-out phase from 24 May to 26 May 2018.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's single, Results, Finals
According to the results of the qualification, 32 players were put together in bouts, which took place on standard match rules - 4 sets of 30 throws. The competitor who obtains a larger number of sets wins. With an equal number of sets decides a higher total score.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's sprint
The men's sprint event at the 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania on 23 May 2018.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's sprint
The title of world champion was successfully defended by Serbian Vilmoš Zavarko, who defeated German Axel Schondelmaier in the final. Bronze medals went to semi-finalists Italian Wolfgang Blass and representative of the hosts - Romanian Nicolae Lupu.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's sprint, Results, Starting places
The starting places have been allocated on the basis of each team's achievements during the previous championships.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's sprint, Results, Draw
The players were drawn into pairs with the reservation that competitors from the same country can not play in the first round against each other.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Mixed tandem
The mixed tandem event at the 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania on 22–23 May 2018. The first round took place after ending of the sprint events. Rest part was played the next day.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Mixed tandem
The new world champions in mixed tandems became the Czechs Renáta Navrkalová and Jan Endršt. The silver medals went to Croatian Ana Jambrović and Hrvoje Marinović, while the bronzes were won by Austrians Ramona Lienbacher and Philipp Vsetecka, and Romanians Tilda Duka and Petrut Ovidiu Mihalcioiu.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Mixed tandem, Results, Starting places
The starting places have been allocated on the basis of each team's achievements during the previous championships.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Mixed tandem, Results, Draw
The tandems were drawn into bouts with the reservation that pair from the same country can not play in the first round against each other.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's combination
The women's combination event at the 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania from 21 May to 26 May 2018.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's combination, Results
The result for the combination was the sum of best results from a single starts in the single classic and sprint.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's single
The women's single event at the 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Qualification took place on 21-22 May, while the knock-out phase from 24 May to 26 May 2018.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's single, Results, Finals
According to the results of the qualification, 32 players were put together in bouts, which took place on standard match rules - 4 sets of 30 throws. The competitor who obtains a larger number of sets wins. With an equal number of sets decides a higher total score.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's sprint
The women's sprint event at the 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania on 23 May 2018.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's sprint
The defender of the title was the Pole Beata Włodarczyk, who did not take off in Cluj after the end of her career and therefore did not have the opportunity to defend the championship. The new champion of the world became Croatian Ines Maričić, after defeated her compatriot Mirna Bosak in final. The bronze medals was won by Hungarian Anita Méhész and Swedish Jenny Smevold.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's sprint, Results, Starting places
The starting places have been allocated on the basis of each team's achievements during the previous championships.


2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's sprint, Results, Draw
The players were drawn into pairs with the reservation that competitors from the same country can not play in the first round against each other.


2018 opening of regular sessions of the National Congress of Argentina
The 2018 opening of regular sessions of the National Congress of Argentina took place on March 1, 2018. It was a speech delivered by president Mauricio Macri at the National Congress of Argentina.


2018 opening of regular sessions of the National Congress of Argentina, Contents and delivery, Economy
Macri pointed that unemployment and inflation are decreasing in the country. He said that if he had made reforms too quickly it would have caused an economic crisis, and if he did not made reforms the country would have faced a crisis similar to the one in Venezuela.


2018 opening of regular sessions of the National Congress of Argentina, Contents and delivery, Education
Macri commented that education in Argentina is in a poor state, citing the results of the "Aprender" exams. He considered that this would leave the new generations unprepared to access high quality jobs in the future. He criticized the unions of the sector, accusing them of neglecting the educative needs for political gain and only being concerned about wages.


2018 opening of regular sessions of the National Congress of Argentina, Contents and delivery, Crime
The president pointed that the country has a clear strategy for dealing with illegal drug trade, which would be bearing fruit. He also called to update the penal code. As for crime in general, he rejected both police brutality and pro-crime policies as viable solutions.


2018 opening of regular sessions of the National Congress of Argentina, Contents and delivery, Abortion
Although Macri defined himself as pro-life, he encouraged the Congress to have an abortion debate and discuss a potential abortion law.


2018 opening of regular sessions of the National Congress of Argentina, Responses
Former president Eduardo Duhalde criticized Macri and considered that his government does not seek enough political consensus for its actions. Former president and current senator Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and her son, deputy Máximo Kirchner, did not attend the ceremony, and stayed at their home in Calafate.


2018 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration
This is a list of opinion polls taken on the Presidency of Donald Trump in 2018.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea
The 2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea is a political scandal that erupted in April 2018 after a group of ardent supporters of the South Korean President Moon Jae-in had been charged with online opinion rigging. The accused suspects were the members of the ruling Democratic Party (DPK). The main perpetrator, as well as the leader of the pro-Moon group, was a well-known power-blogger called "Druking."


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Organized opinion rigging
Druking established a fake company known as the "Neureupnamu (Japanese elm) publishing company" in the city of Paju for organized opinion rigging. The accused used a macro program that can generate a barrage of online comments and likes in a few seconds in order to manipulate the public opinion in their favor.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Controversy
The scandal led to a clash of political parties in South Korea. The Blue House and the ruling Democratic Party insisted that they are also a victim of the scandal. But the opposition parties emphasized that, since President Moon's involvement is suspected, this scandal is linked to the Moon administration's legitimacy. They called for a special prosecutor investigation for scrutiny.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation
On 21 May 2018, the National Assembly of South Korea passed a bill to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the scandal.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation
On 8 June of the same year President Moon appointed former prosecutor and lawyer Huh Ik-beom as special prosecutor.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation
Justice Party lawmaker and long-time progressive activist Roh Hoe-chan committed suicide on 23 July during the investigation.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation
Kim Kyung-Soo, the governor of South Gyeongsang Province and a former lawmaker, was summoned by the Special Prosecutor, on 7 August.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation
The special prosecutor issued a warrant for the arrest of Kim; however, the request was rejected by the Seoul central district court. Prosecutor Huh announced the official end of investigation on 27 August without any extension. The prosecutor announced the conclusion that governor Kim, a lawmaker at that time, was an accomplice to the scandal, and will be under indictment without detention.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation
A The Minjoo Party spokesperson criticized the special prosecutor, claiming the investigation process depended only on Druking's testimony, without any proper evidence.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation, Decryption of encrypted files
In the special prosecutor's investigation of Druking in South Korea, the special prosecutor team tried to decrypt files encrypted by TrueCrypt and succeeded at decrypting some of them.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation, Decryption of encrypted files
The special prosecutor said the hidden volumes were especially difficult to deal with. He decrypted some of encrypted files by inputting words that the Druking group had possibly use as passwords into passphrases. For instance, the Druking group liked words such as Zi wei dou shu (Purple Star Astrology) and KKM (acronym of 경제적 공진화 모임), so the special prosecutor's team tried to input these words as passphrases or parts of them.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation, Decryption of encrypted files
After the special prosecutor team decrypted some of the encrypted files, Druking's associates changed their minds about the investigation.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation, Decryption of encrypted files
In 2018, the special prosecutor indicted Gyeongnam Province Governor Kim Kyung-soo.


2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea, Special prosecutor investigation, Decryption of encrypted files
In 2019, he was jailed for two years on charges of online-rigging operations both in first and second instance. In 21 July 2021, he was sentenced to two years by the supreme court for computer business obstruction, and eventually lost his position as governor.


2018 protests in Hungary
The 2018 protests in Hungary  were massive demonstrations and protests held against the government of Viktor Orbán and his cabinet, yet a slave law sparked protests in December. The first wave of demonstrations began in April-May. The series of anti-government demonstrations in December 2018 was a political movement against the measures of the fourth Orbán government, the direct precedents of which were the submission of the Overtime Act and the scandalous parliamentary day on 12 December 2018. On this day, members of the Jobbik, MSZP, LMP, DK and Dialogue in Parliament disrupted the legislature by whistling, shouting, scattering paper and preventing access to the presidential pulpit, thereby obstructing the vote. Protests erupted against the vote and the parliamentary session.


2018 protests in Hungary, History
On November 6, 2018, Minister Zsolt Semjén submitted a bill on administrative courts.


2018 protests in Hungary, History
On November 20, 2018, two representatives of Fidesz, Kristóf Szatmáry and Lajos Kósa, submitted an amendment to the Labor Code. At the sitting of 10 December 2018, the factions of the opposition parties tried to drag the debate with parliamentary obstruction to prevent a vote on the Overtime Act. Therefore, more than 2,900 amendments were tabled, on which the National Assembly should have voted one by one. However, following an opposition press conference on the obstruction, it was decided in the Judiciary Committee that the submitted motions could be voted on at the same time.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
Mass protests and anti-Orbán protests were held by hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in April-May after corruption scandals arose. On the evening of the 12th of December, the news of the parliamentary scandal and the fact that the Office of the Parliament declared the voting of the laws to be regular, thousands of crowds gathered in Kossuth Square. The main demand was the repeal of the laws, but anti-government slogans were also voiced. Press reports highlight that both protesters and police have acted more violently than in previous anti-government demonstrations in recent years.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
To keep the 12th spontaneous demonstration awake, several movements took place across the country, but large-scale demonstrations were organized mainly in the capital.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
A protest against the Overtime Act was held on 13 December, demanding the independence of education and the judiciary. The crowd made a big circle from Kossuth Square over the Chain Bridge and the Margaret Bridge.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
The typically peacefully marching crowd returned to Kossuth Square, where, however, a conflict arose with police officers defending the Parliament: some protesters threw the police line, to which the police responded with a tear gas-stick dispersal. At least five protesters, including the vice president of Momentum Movement, were produced at the event. During the evening, there were also major clashes between protesters and police officers at the EMMI building, the Western Railway Station, Oktogon and Király utca.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
On December 14, they also demonstrated in Pécs on Széchenyi Square, organized by the Momentum Movement, where Ákos Hadházy also spoke. Some protesters toss eggs in the Dunántúli Napló ("Transdanubian Diary") building merged into government media holding.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
On December 16, 2018, Péter Tárkányi, a civil activist, "Merry Christmas, Prime Minister!" organized a demonstration entitled Jobbik, LMP, Momentum, MSZP, DK and Dialogue, among trade unions and opposition parties.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
During the demonstration, a crowd of about 10-15 thousand people marched together from Heroes' Square to Kossuth Square. In parallel with the events in the capital, smaller and larger movements were organized in Debrecen, Sopron, Gyöngyös, Szeged, Békéscsaba, Győr, Miskolc and Veszprém.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
The demonstration was reported on the M1 website, but not the mass gathering in front of the headquarters. One part of the protest crowd of about 2,500 threw the line of the assigned police during the movements, while another asked the tossers not to toss them.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
Ákos Hadházy entered the MTVA building around 9 pm among several opposition members. Several representatives - Bernadett Szél, László Varju, István Ujhelyi, Lajos Korózs, Anett Bősz, Lajos Kepli, Ágnes Kunhalmi, Andrea Varga-Damm, Tibor Bana, Zsolt Gréczy, Bence Tordai - gave live telephone video coverage of the events ; the number of viewers on Facebook live has occasionally exceeded 40,000.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
The deputies referred to Act XXXVI of 2012 on the Parliament, according to which they have the right to enter the public institution to meet with the editor in charge.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
The MTVA security chief did not deny entry, however, deputies were unable to meet with an editor. The protection of studios and editorial rooms by armed guards was justified on the grounds that the entry of Members into these areas would disrupt the proper functioning of the public institution. 13 opposition MPs spent the night in the headquarters to get the protesters to score 5 points.


2018 protests in Hungary, Demonstrations
On the morning of the 17th, a fight broke out between Hadházy and the MTVA security guards, and then Hadházy and Bernadett Szél were removed from the building. They filed a complaint. The head of MTVA initiated a property protection procedure at the clerk of Óbuda, which the clerk immediately initiated. Many are also demonstrations the increasing autocratic governing party.


2018 protests in Hungary, Further Protests
In January 2019, a series of anti-slave law and anti-government demonstrations was met with water cannon and protesters tossed tissue papers at police. After the violence, peaceful protests and small demonstrations have been held with no police presence or no interventions in the protests.


2018 protests in Hungary, Further Protests
On 10 February, a protest was held in the capital Budapest against the government and the slave law. On 9 December, actors were on strike in a 2-day protest against a plan to control theatres. These protests were the biggest since January. 10,000 protesters marched demanding academic freedom on 23 October, the anniversary of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Thousands of university students protested on 7 September against the occupation of the national university. Thousands of young protesters marched on 25 July, protesting the invasion of the national broadcasting agency.


2018 protests in Iran
The 2018 protests in Iran (Persian: اعتراضات سال ۲۰۱۸ در ایران) is mass protests and a popular uprising conspiring of peaceful demonstrations calling for better economic justice in June 2018 in Iran, the biggest wave of anti-government demonstrations since the 2017-2018 Iranian protests.


2018 protests in Iran, Background
The 2017-2018 Iranian protests is a wave of protests against the government after egg prices soared and a new budget law was passed, triggering deadly anti-government uprisings across the nation, leaving 23-25 killed in 11 days of mass protests. The 2018 Dervish protests is protests against discrimination that has left 1 dead. The protests was against economic hardships and failures to keep the country thriving.


2018 protests in Iran, Protests
March 28-March 31:The 2018 Khuzestan protests erupted in the southern region of Khuzestan, leaving 1-2 killed in demonstrations against discrimination of Iranian Arabs. Clashes with police ensued into crackdown. On 29-31 March, after weeks of protests across the country, mass protests against wate shortages erupted throughout Isfahan, leading to clashes with the security forces, protesting polluted water and water shortages (Water crisis in Iran). Protesters and angry farmers rallied and demonstrated on 10 April and fight the security forces, who responded with Tear gas.


2018 protests in Iran, Protests
April 14-June 2:A wave of truckers strikes was launched after truckers went on strike in Baneh and Isfahan, where shopkeepers closed their stores and shops and went on strike to protest economic failures and worsening conditions. The strike actions continue for 20 days. From 24 May till 4 June, a wave of popular strike campaigns was launched after truckers didn't receive their demands and demanded wage increases despite economic teeters in Isfahan. After the campaigns, police crackdown hard on protesters. Over the next 4-6 weeks, hundreds of merchant and trader unions went on strike, protesting against economic turmoil, demanding better wages and unemployment to stagnate.


2018 protests in Iran, Protests
25 June:On 25 June 2018, shops were shut and thousands gathered in the Bazaar area of Tehran to protest the economic situation. This was met with security forces firing tear gas at the protestors. Protests against the economic situation also occurred in Shahriar, Karaj, Qeshm, Bandar Abbas, and Mashhad. Some of the stores were closed enforcedly by unknown individuals.


2018 protests in Iran, Protests
26 June:People in Tehran took to the streets for the third straight day on 26 June, with many shops in Tehran's Bazaar remaining closed. Videos from social media showed the crowd in downtown Tehran chanting "Death to the dictator" and "Death to Palestine". Security forces clamped down on the protesters once again, arresting a large number of people.


2018 protests in Iran, Protests
Strikes and protests were also seen in Kermanshah, Arak and Tabriz.


2018 protests in Iran, Protests
27 June:Protests continued for a third day in Tehran, despite a heavy security presence, Reuters referred to the three days as "the biggest unrest since the start of the year". Iran's Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, addressed the protests for the first time and called on the judiciary to punish those who disrupted economic security. Many of the protests involved traders in the Grand Bazaar in Tehran, who complained that the devaluation of the Iranian rial had forced them to stop trading.


2018 protests in Iran, Protests
28 June:On 28 June, sources told Radio Farda that merchants had closed down the Bazaar in the city of Arak. Tehran's prosecutor general stated that a large number of protesters had been arrested and would likely face trial. Jafar Dolatabadi also stated in an interview that the protesters grievances are not only economic, and that "people are grappling with political and social concerns".


2018 protests in Iran, Protests
July:A new protest movement erupted across Iran by tens of thousands of protesting teachers and students, called “No to Pay Slips and Salary Policies” over unpaid and unfair wages for teachers, that lasted for nearly three weeks, teachers are now deprived of an “appropriate salary budget, and as a result, the quality of education has also been lowered for students”. The protests began online but after a couple of days of online protests, marches and large demonstrations began on the streets in 15 July, the protests resulted in no achievement in Fars and Qazvin.


2018 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
The table below lists the decisions (known as reasons) delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 2018. The table illustrates what reasons were filed by each justice in each case, and which justices joined each reason.


2018 student protests in Colombia
The 2018 student protests in Colombia, or the national  university strike in Colombia in 2018 was carried out between October 10 and December 16, it consisted of a series of protests and mobilizations carried out by students from public and private universities in Colombia due to the crisis of financing public education and its subsequent decision to its underfunding and the state repression of the country's student movements. It was carried out during the government of Iván Duque.


2018 student protests in Colombia, Background
In September 2018, the National Congress announced the General Budget of the Nation for 2019. The education sector, with $ 41.4 billion, was assigned the highest amount, followed by defense, with $ 33.6 billion, which was insufficient for the maintenance of Colombian public universities, since $ 500 billion is needed to close 2018; $ 3.2 trillion for operational expenses, and $ 15 trillion to pay off the “historical debt” in infrastructure and educational quality. Law 30 of 1992, which regulates transfers from the nation to universities, adjusted resources based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI). This means that there is no growth of the resource, but a correction of the money year after year. Which despite the increase in university coverage does not finance this increase in coverage.


2018 student protests in Colombia, Background
Other causes of the strike were the "Ser Pilo Paga" program that received resources from Public Education to keep subsidized students in private universities, the economic policy of ICETEX, and the repeal of Law 1911 of 2018. Previously, student mobilizations have had an important role in the political life of the country: during the conservative hegemony of the 1920s, the protests during the dictatorship and the fall of General Rojas Pinilla, the 1971 National University Strike, the University protests. National in 1984, the seventh ballot of 1990, the Student Movement of 2011 against Law 30 of 1992, among other stories of this movement in the country.


2018 student protests in Colombia, Organisers of the protests
The organisation of the strike was in charge of students from 32 public universities in the country (State University System), which would be joined by private universities, teachers and parents. A part of the student movement was welcomed under the platforms gathered in the so-called Broad Front for the Defense of Public Education: National Union of Higher Education Students, UNEES. Colombian Association of Student Representatives, ACREES. Colombian Federation of Student Representatives of Higher Education, FENARES. Trade Union Association of University Professors, ASPU.


2018 student protests in Colombia, Consequences and aftermath
Human rights violations are reported by ESMAD, which intervened in the strike mobilizations, as in the case of Esteban Mosquera, a music student at the University of Cauca, who lost an eye. The national government was able to will allocate 4.5 billion pesos for education, unprecedented in the history of Colombia. It is proposed that a referendum be held for free public higher education14 and respect for university autonomy and its consolidation. However, breaches of the agreement are reported, for which students and teachers join the 2019 National Strike.


2018 student protests in Colombia, Consequences and aftermath
In addition, due to the corruption scandal at the District University (Wilman Muñoz and Patricia Gamboa former officials of this University were imprisoned for the crime of embezzlement) and the protests and disturbances that occurred with it, and other universities in solidarity with the District University (especially the Javeriana University), marches were called for the dismantling of ESMAD and non-compliance with the agreements in the National Pedagogical University, the National University of Colombia, the University of the Atlantic (causing the resignation of the rector of this) among other Higher Education Institutions. In 2020, as a result of negotiations with students, the Ministry of Education and the Government of Casanare reached a financial agreement to convert Unitrópico into a new public university.


2018 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
The 2018 term of the Supreme Court of the United States began October 1, 2018, and concluded October 6, 2019. The table below illustrates which opinion was filed by each justice in each case and which justices joined each opinion.


2018 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, 2018 term membership and statistics
This was the fourteenth term of Chief Justice Roberts's tenure and the first term for Justice Kavanaugh. The Court began its term with a vacant seat following the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy on July 31, 2018. The seat was filled by Brett Kavanaugh on October 6, 2018.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States handed down seven per curiam opinions during its 2018 term, which began October 1, 2018, and concluded October 6, 2019.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
Because per curiam decisions are issued from the Court as an institution, these opinions all lack the attribution of authorship or joining votes to specific justices. All justices on the Court at the time the decision was handed down are assumed to have participated and concurred unless otherwise noted.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Court membership
Associate Justices: Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh (confirmed Oct. 6, 2018)


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Escondido v. Emmons
586 U.S. ___ Decided January 7, 2019. Ninth Circuit reversed in part and vacated in part, and remanded.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Shoop v. Hill
586 U.S. ___ Decided January 7, 2019. Sixth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Moore v. Texas
586 U.S. ___ Decided February 19, 2019. Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas reversed and remanded.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Moore v. Texas
Roberts filed a concurrence. Alito filed a dissent, joined by Thomas and Gorsuch.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Yovino v. Rizo
586 U.S. ___ Decided February 25, 2019. Ninth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Frank v. Gaos
586 U.S. ___ Argued October 31, 2018.Decided March 20, 2019. Ninth Circuit vacated and remanded.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
587 U.S. __ _, 139 S.Ct. 1780, 204 L. Ed. 2d 78 Decided May 28, 2019. Seventh Circuit reversed in part.


2018 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
Sotomayor noted without separate opinion that she would deny the petition for a writ of certiorari as to both questions presented. Thomas filed a concurrence. Ginsburg filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, noting that she would deny the petition for a writ of certiorari as to both questions presented.


2018 timeline of the Somali Civil War
This is a 2018 timeline of events in the Somali Civil War (2009–present).


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland
Pope Francis visited Ireland on 25 and 26 August 2018, as part of the World Meeting of Families 2018. It was the first visit by a reigning pontiff to the country since 1979 (though Francis had spent time studying English in Dublin in 1980, as Fr Jorge Bergoglio).


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Preparations
Speculation that Pope Francis would visit Ireland began immediately upon the announcement on 27 September 2015 that the World Meeting of Families 2018 would be held in Dublin.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Preparations
Pope Francis confirmed he would be visiting Ireland on 21 March 2018, at the weekly general audience in St. Peter's Square. Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland Archbishop Eamon Martin and Archbishop of Dublin Diarmuid Martin announced the visit's schedule in Maynooth on the morning of 11 June 2018. The Government of Ireland also launched an official website for the papal visit on that date.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Pope Francis was greeted by Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Simon Coveney and his family. He then travelled in a Škoda Rapid (his preferred mode of transport for the visit to Dublin), to Áras an Uachtaráin, where he met with President Michael D. Higgins, his wife Sabina Higgins, government minister Katherine Zappone, Ambassador of Ireland to the Holy See Emma Madigan, the Archbishop Eamon Martin, Archbishop of Dublin Diarmuid Martin, the Secretary of State of the Vatican Cardinal Pietro Parolin, and Syrian asylum seekers, amongst others.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
The Pope signed the visitors' book with the following message: "With gratitude for the warm welcome I have received. I assure you and the people of Ireland of my prayers that almighty god may guide and protect you all. Francis". Pope Francis then planted a tree in the President's back garden.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Later, he met Prime Minister Leo Varadkar, and the two had a ten-minute private meeting.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Dignitaries present at Dublin Castle included former PMs John Bruton, Bertie Ahern and Brian Cowen, former President Mary McAleese, Simon Coveney, Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin, Labour Party leader Brendan Howlin, Green Party leader Eamon Ryan, Minister for Health Simon Harris, Minister for Culture Josepha Madigan, Catherine Byrne, Richard Bruton, Senator David Norris, representatives from the Ulster Unionist Party and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, Moderator Dr Charles McMullen (leader of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland), disability rights activist Joanne O'Riordan, Colm O'Gorman and Marie Collins, amongst others.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Varadkar's speech referred to what he called "the failures of both church and state" to deal with the sexual abuse scandal, as well as church involvement in the Magdalene Laundries, mother and baby homes and illegal adoptions (currently being investigated under the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation), which were "stains on our state, our society and also the Catholic church. People kept in dark corners behind closed doors, cries for help that went unheard." He went on to tell the Pope that modern Ireland needed a new covenant for the 21st century to learn from "our shared mistakes".


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Varadkar also noted far-reaching Irish social changes since the previous 1979 papal visit. He said Ireland was more diverse, less religious with modernised laws on divorce, contraception, abortion and same sex marriage "understanding that marriages do not always work, that women should make their own decisions, and that families come in many different, wonderful forms, including those headed by a grandparent, lone parent or same-sex parents, or parents who are divorced".


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Francis' speech, delivered in Italian, condemned the long history of sex abuse by Catholic clergy in Ireland and acknowledged the church's lack of action on child sexual abuse, calling it a "grave scandal", but did not address victims' demands for more action to be taken. He praised the 20 years of peace in Ireland which stemmed from the Good Friday Agreement.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster turned down an invitation from the Government of Ireland to attend the Dublin Castle event, saying she would be abroad with her family at the time; she later noted the irony in criticism of her reason given.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Later, the pope held a silent prayer at the Candle of Innocence, which was dedicated in 2011 to honour victims of sex abuse, in St Mary's Pro-Cathedral in Dublin city centre. He then visited the Capuchin Day Centre for Homeless People.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 1: August 25, Saturday
Crowds in Dublin were reported by BBC News to be one person deep. The first day of the Pope's visit concluded with a crowd of an estimated 82,500 attending the Festival of Families at Croke Park where various entertainers performed.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 2: August 26, Sunday
On the second day of the visit, Pope Francis was flown to Ireland West Airport in County Mayo and visited Knock Shrine.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 2: August 26, Sunday
Traffic tailbacks of up to eight kilometres around the local area and reports of traffic congestion as early as 5:30am were reported. The Pope addressed approximately 45,000 pilgrims who visited the shrine and held a prayer service inside the shrine's chapel, where he prayed and sought forgiveness for the sex abuse scandals. After signing a Mayo GAA jersey (to be put on display at the airport), he returned to Dublin.


2018 visit by Pope Francis to Ireland, Itinerary, Day 2: August 26, Sunday
He celebrated Mass at the Papal Cross in Phoenix Park. In the weeks leading up to the Phoenix Park service it was said that 500,000 would attend; Approximately 152,000 attended the service, according to the Office of Public Works. Before returning to Rome, Francis again met with Varadkar, who welcomed the Pope's call for action and forgiveness on clerical sex abuse, but said that Francis had to act on his words.