2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 11 April
On the morning of 11 April, Palestinians set off a bomb near an Israeli construction vehicle adjacent to the Gaza fence. The IDF fired tank shells at positions that it said belonged to Hamas.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 12 April
On 12 April, Israeli aircraft attacked Hamas targets in the northern Gaza Strip in retaliation for the previous days' bomb attack close to the border fence. Hamas fighters east of Shuja'iyya targeted the aircraft with machine gun fire, and several of the bullets fell on a home in Israel. An Israeli airstrike targeted them, killing one Hamas fighter and wounding another. The Hamas fighter who was killed was identified as Mohammed Hamada Hijila. It was subsequently reported that he had taken part in an infamous raid on an Israeli border post in which five Israeli soldiers had been killed during the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 13 April
Protests on a third consecutive Friday were smaller than prior weeks. The IDF estimated that 10,000 people protested on 13 April. Palestinians attempted to breach the border fence, hurled molotov cocktails and explosive devices, and attempted to fly firebomb kites into Israeli territory.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 13 April
The Gaza Ministry of Health reported that 969 people were injured by Israeli forces, among them were 67 children,  and 223 people hit by live ammunition. Fifteen of the people sustaining live-fire injuries were in critical condition late on 13 April.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 April
On 14 April, four Palestinians were killed in a blast near one of the protest camps, the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine said that they were members of the organization and that they died during "preparations".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 April
Several kites with firebombs attached were flown by Palestinians into Israeli territory, sparking several fires, with at least 3 fire bomb kites located on 14 April. No injuries were caused.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 15 April
The IDF said it destroyed a tunnel that crossed the Gaza-Israel border.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 16 April
Additional fire bomb kites were flown from the Gaza strip. One kite started a fire that burned a wheat field on the Israeli side of the border.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 20 April
Protests on Friday, 20 April, have been labeled the "Women's March of Gaza" and were intended to highlight the active role women are playing in the protest. The IDF estimates that 10,000 people participated in protests. At least four Palestinians were killed on 20 April, among them a 15-year-old boy, and over four dozen were injured by Israeli soldiers. Another Palestinian later died of wounds sustained that day. Before the expected protests, the IDF dropped leaflets over Gaza Strip warning anyone against approaching the fence or attempting to damage it.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 20 April
Five Palestinians were fatally shot on by Israeli live fire on 20 April.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 20 April
The Gaza Health Ministry reported that 445 people were injured in protests, including 96 who were shot with live ammunition. 174 people were hospitalized while the remainder were treated at clinic tents at the protest sites.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 27 April
According to Israeli military estimates, over 10,000 people gathered to join the day's protest, themed the "Day of Rebellious Youth."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 27 April
For the first time in the five-week campaign, protesters reached the electrified border fence, having passed a smaller barbed wire barrier; Israeli soldiers fired shots and threw a hand grenade at a group of twelve men climbing the fence, hitting several in the head. A large crowd (the IDF reported "several hundred"; The New York Times, "thousands") of people rushed toward the Karni border crossing, after a speech by Hamas leader Ismail Radwan. The IDF launched tear gas and opened fire with live ammunition at the crowd, injuring several people. Israeli military sources state that at least two armed Palestinians, among the large crowd, approached the border and fired at least seven rounds at Israeli soldiers. According to The New York Times, retaliatory Israeli fire, which included a hand grenade, wounded two unarmed protesters.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 27 April
The Gaza Ministry of Health initially reported that three Palestinians were killed, all of them by bullets to the head. Two more Palestinians later died of wounds suffered on 27 April. Overall, Palestinian reports stated that 884 protesters had been wounded, some 174 by live Israeli fire. Four medical staff and six journalists were among those wounded.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 27 April
On the night of 27 April, the Israeli Air Force attacked six targets in the Port of Gaza belonging to Hamas naval commando forces, injuring four people. The Israeli army said it was responding to "terror acts and the major attempt to infiltrate the border into Israeli territory earlier in the day."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 29 April
Three separate incidents along the fence occurred during the evening of 29 April between the IDF and Palestinians. In the first incident, the IDF said that two men "attempted to infiltrate" Israel from the southern strip, one was killed and the other captured after being wounded. In the second incident, the IDF said that two men who had crossed the fence "hurled explosive devices" at IDF soldiers before they shot and killed them. In a third incident, two Palestinians with breaching tools and knives were arrested while attempting to breach the fence.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 2 May
A firebomb kite launched from Gaza caused a large fire in the Be'eri Forest, burning hundreds of dunams of woodland. Ten firefighter teams toiled to extinguish and contain the forest fire.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 4 May
Protesters organized for 4 May as the "Friday of the Palestinian Worker," in honor of International Workers' Day earlier in the week. Israeli officials estimated that 10,000 people participated in the protests. Shortly after noon, confrontations began between protesters, who threw stones, burned tires, and launched flammable kites, and Israeli soldiers, who fired tear gas and live ammunition.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 4 May
By evening, medical officials estimated that 1,100 protesters were injured, including 82 shot with live ammunition, and 800 suffering from the effects of tear gas. Two off-the-shelf drones used by IDF were shot down by Palestinian slingshots. Protesters entered and damaged property used by Israeli forces at Kerem Shalom border crossing; Israeli officials said the property was on the Palestinian side of the border. The damage included burning a pipeline that Israel uses to supply fuel to Gaza.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 4 May
Palestinians had prepared hundreds of firebomb kites, intending to fly them as swarms into Israel exploiting the heavy heat wave to ignite fires, however since the wind was blowing in the wrong direction to the west. The wind also blew tear gas and smoke from burning tires westwards into the Palestinian crowd chasing many away.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 5 May
Six Hamas operatives were killed in an explosion in Deir al-Balah. A statement by Hamas' military wing blamed Israel – stating that it was a "heinous crime that has been committed against [its] fighters". The IDF spokesperson stated that "the IDF is not involved in this incident in any way". A Palestinian, a source for Haaretz, said that it was "an explosion resulting from the handling of explosives inside a building".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 5 May
The IDF struck a Hamas outpost in northern Gaza which was used to launch burning objects at Israeli territory. Maj Avichai Adraee tweeted "Attack kites are not a kids' game and we don't see it that way.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 5 May
Hamas is using you [Gazans] and is pushing you toward the circle of terrorism," while Shai Hajaj, head of Merhavim Regional Council in southern Israel, said "When the courts in Jerusalem are discussing petitions from left-wing organizations to tie the hands of the soldiers standing in front of the Gaza protesters who want to break through the fence, the arson continues in the field of farmers... We demand that the IDF stop this [Palestinian] violence immediately".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 6 May
Three Palestinians were killed at the southern end of the Gaza border fence. According to the IDF, they were carrying petrol bombs, an ax, wire cutters, an oxygen mask and gloves.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 7 May
Incendiary balloons launched from the Gaza strip set fire to a wheat field near Mefalsim and to the Be'eri Forest. Similar to the firebomb kites, the incendiary balloon lofted an already-lit Molotov cocktail. The normally prevailing westerly winds propel the balloons to Israel, and the burning Molotov cocktail causes the balloons to explode in midair, with burning material falling to the ground below.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 7 May
It was reported by Haaretz that Hamas found itself in an "unprecedented" crisis and "dire" situation, and attempting to enter negotiations with Israel about establishing a long-term truce in order to ease the siege of the enclave, and lower tensions, without, as far as it is known, obtaining any clear response from Israel. The Israeli reluctance might, according to defense correspondent Amos Harel, lead to an explosion of rage on the forthcoming occasion of Nakba Day.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 11 May
15,000 demonstrators took part in Friday protests on 11 May. Some of them burned tires, in the hope the smoke would provide cover for saboteurs to destroy and cross the border fence, and threw grenades, pipe bombs and stones at Israeli troops. A 40-year-old Palestinian was killed and 973 were injured, seven of them critically. The IDF used new, small remote-controlled aircraft with knives on their wings to counter incendiary kites launched from Gaza, downing more than 40 kites.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 11 May
Palestinians broke into the Kerem Shalom border crossing, the main conduit of goods in and of the strip, setting a gas pipeline alight, damaging a fuel pipe, and torching a conveyor belt. The Israeli air force destroyed an underground attack tunnel that reached just a few meters away from the border.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 12 May
Israel announced that the Kerem Shalom border crossing "will remain closed until the damage caused by the riots are repaired and will reopen in accordance with a situation assessment," opening only for humanitarian cases until such a decision is made.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 13 May
Israeli soldiers fired at Palestinians approaching within 75 feet (23 m) of the fence. Alaa Asawafiri, a 26-year-old woman who was part of a group of women shouting towards the fence, was shot in the stomach and hospitalised in critical condition.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
Protests and violence on 14 May coincided with the ceremony marking the relocation of the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem, which international media regarded as the reason for increased tensions. Both events were timed to mark 70 years since the foundation of Israel.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
During the protests, the IDF used live fire, leading to 52 Gazan fatalities and injuring more than 1200 (according to Gaza health officials), making it "the bloodiest day in Gaza since the end of the 2014 war." By the end of the day, at least 60 Palestinians were reported to have been killed, when Hamas claim 50 of them as its militants, and Islamic Jihad claimed 3 members of its military wing. Palestinian sources said that about 2700 were injured. Some of those who were killed or injured included health care workers providing medical care to the protesters. One of the wounded subsequently died on 13 August. One Israeli sniper later stated that on this day he and his locator broke the standing record for knee-shots that day, managing to make 42 hits.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) reported that during the day, a Hamas squad attempted to breach the border fence with Israel and opened fire on Israeli forces. All eight attackers were killed by Israeli troops in the exchange of gunfire. The IDF released video of the incident.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
The IDF said three of those killed had attempted to plant explosives at the border fence, and that in two incidents Israeli troops opened fire after they were shot at. The Israeli Air Force attacked five Hamas targets in a Jabalia training camp in response to the attempt at planting explosives and shooting at IDF troops. Israel said that "Most of the people killed belonged to the Hamas terror group, and some to the Palestinian Islamic Jihad" and that "at least 24" of the people killed were later identified as known members of terrorist organizations . One Israeli soldier was lightly wounded by what was believed to be a  stone thrown by a Palestinian. Likud's Avi Dichter reassured the Knesset that he was not concerned about any possible breach of the border fence since "the IDF has enough bullets for everyone."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
Hamas political bureau member Salah al-Bardawi said that 50 of the 62 killed in the protests from 14 to 15 May were Hamas members – adding that these were "official numbers", though he did not specify whether they were members of Hamas' armed or political wing. Speaking to CNN, a Hamas spokesman, Abdel Latif Quanau, said he could not confirm or deny these numbers, and that "The protests are peaceful and include all political and military factions."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
Amira Hass, an Israeli journalist for Haaretz, received al-Bardawi's statement with skepticism saying that one her friends in Gaza told her that "this [figure of 50] is another typical exaggeration of ours". Islamic Jihad said three members of its Saraya al-Quds military wing were among those killed. An Islamic Jihad official said those killed were unarmed and participating in a legitimate protest.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
A spokesperson for the United Nations Human Rights Commission, Rupert Colville, called the killings an "outrageous human rights violation" by Israel. Zeid Ra'ad al-Hussein, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said "those responsible for outrageous human rights violations must be held to account". Numerous countries expressed concern with the killings, including Russia, France, Germany, and the UK. Germany, the UK, Ireland, and Belgium called for an independent inquiry. The United States said the deaths were tragic and placed responsibility on Hamas, stating that Israel has the right to defend its borders.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
South Africa withdrew its ambassador to Israel, citing "the indiscriminate and grave manner of the latest Israeli attack". Turkey's president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, addressing Turkish students in London in a speech broadcast by Turkey's state television, said that Turkey would recall its ambassadors from Israel and the U.S, and said that Israel's action against Palestinian protesters was "genocide".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 May
This statement started a diplomatic row between Turkish and Israeli leaders, causing the Knesset to propose that Israel officially recognize the killing of over a million Armenians by Ottoman Turkey in the early 20th century as an act of genocide, which modern-day Turkey has never acknowledged.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 15 May
Protest organizers declared a day of mourning for those killed on the prior day. Fewer people attended protests at the border. One protester was killed, according to the Gaza Health Ministry.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 16 May
Several houses in the Israeli city of Sderot were hit by machine gun fire from Gaza, causing damage but no injuries. Israel said Hamas curbed Gaza protests after pressure from Egypt.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 22 May
A group of Palestinians crossed the border fence on 22 May and set fire to an abandoned IDF post near Bureij. Following the incident, IDF tanks fired at a Hamas post in the area of the incident.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 25 May
Some 1,600 Gazans attended the weekly Friday protests in two locations on 25 May. In one of the locations, dozens of youth reached less than 300 meters from the fence and burnt tires. East of the Gaza city reached the fence and tried to open it. The IDF Spokesperson's unit reported Palestinians threw an improvised explosive device towards soldiers. The IDF responded to the events with crowd-control means and live ammunition, hurting at least 109 Palestinians, ten of whom from live ammunition, according to medical sources in Gaza. Firebomb kites were also flown by the Palestinians towards Israel and were shot down by Israeli soldiers. Ismail Haniyeh and Yahya Sinwar visited one of the protest camps.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 1 June
The Gaza Ministry of Health stated that 100 protesters were injured, 40 with live ammunition, and that among the casualties, Razan Ashraf al-Najjar, a young female paramedic dressed in medical staff uniform was shot dead by snipers who had opened fire on a group of five paramedics as they moved to assist wounded demonstrators near the fence. Numerous protests continued, Israeli firefighters were called in to douse fires on their side of the border, tires were burned, some attempts were made to damage the border fence, military vehicles were fired on and one infiltrator entered Israel, set off a grenade, and returned to the Strip.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 22 June
On the afternoon on 22 June, an estimated 7,000 participants protested at the border. By evening 200 people had suffered injuries, including 8 minors.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 29 June
On 29 June, Yasser Abu al-Najja died of wounds to the head near eastern Khan Younis, while Muhammad Fawzi Muhammad al-Hamaydeh died of wounds to his stomach and legs east of Rafah. According to the Gaza Ministry of Health, further 415 suffered injuries, from gunfire or tear-gas inhalation, with three in a critical condition.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 6–15 July (March of Return)
3,000 Gazans took part in the regular Friday protest. 396 were injured, 57 by live fire. Zahadia Haniyeh (38), a niece of Hamas leader, Ismael Haniyeh, was reportedly shot in the stomach, while Mohammed Abu Halima (22) was shot dead with a bullet wound to the chest.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 13 July
Two youths, Othman Rami Halas and Muhammad Nasser Sharab were killed by Israeli live fire, the former near eastern Gaza City, the latter near in eastern Khan Younis. During the day's demonstrations, a further 68 to 200 Gazans were reportedly injured.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 13 July
An IDF officer was wounded by a hand grenade that was hurled at him by Palestinian assailants during clashes at the border fence.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 14 July
Two Palestinians were killed in an Israeli airstrike and four Israelis were wounded by mortar fire from Gaza in what has been hailed as "the most severe exchange of fire between Israel and Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip since the 2014 war" commenced on Saturday night, and continued throughout most of the day. According to an IDF spokesman, "Saturday's operation aimed to stop arson attacks, attempted border breaches, and assaults on soldiers from Gaza that have grown increasingly violent." Hamas and allied Islamic militant groups fired 100 to 174 projectiles from Gaza into Israel, one mortar struck a synagogue in Sderot.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 16 July
Israeli news media outlets announced that, in response to Firebomb kites flown by Gaza militants, the Israeli government will temporarily suspend deliveries of gas and petrol through the Kerem Shalom border crossing into Gaza, and will also limit offshore fishing to half the previous maritime limit, in a bid to restore order. Food and medicinal supplies would, however, be allowed to pass through the crossing.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 16 July
Palestinians outfitted a falcon with a harness with a flammable material strung at the end of a steel wire and sent the bird across the border to start a fire in Israel.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 20 July
Four Palestinians were killed and an estimated 120 Gazans were injured, including a 14 year old with a bullet shot to the head.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 20 July
Palestinian snipers fired and threw a number of explosives at Israeli troops during protests along the border fence in southern Gaza Strip, killing an Israeli soldier with a bullet to the chest. In response the Israeli army retaliated with air attacks and tanks fire aimed at eight military Hamas posts east of Khan Yunis and near the southern Rafah, as result three Hamas military wing members were killed in the exchange of fire. Then Israeli Air Force expand its air strike raising the death toll to four.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 20 July
Following the strikes, three rockets fired into Israeli communities around Gaza, two projectiles intercepted by Iron Dome and another fell in open field. United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process Nickolay Mladenov tweeted "everyone in Gaza needs to step back from the brink. Not next week. Not tomorrow. Right NOW! Those who want to provoke Palestinians and Israelis into another war must not succeed." According to Hamas, there was a ceasefire agreed upon afterwards, but Israel did not comment.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 21 July
Several Palestinian infiltrators crossed the border fence into Israel, then returned to Gaza's territory. An IDF tank fired at a Hamas post in northern Gaza in response.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 27 July
Two Palestinians, Majdi Ramzi Kamal al-Satri and Ghazi Muhammad Abu Mustafa were shot dead with bullets to the head, east of Rafah and east of Khan Younis respectively. A further 246 were reportedly injured. Three paramedics  among the injured sustained moderate wounds, at eastern Jabaliya.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 3 August
8 Palestinians were reportedly shot, east of Khan Younis in 19 March, which was conducted under the slogan of "Martyr of Jerusalem, Muhammad Youssef," a 17 year old killed earlier.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 7 August
Israel killed two Hamas members in Gaza on 7 August. Hamas said that the two men were snipers taking part in an live-fire exercise in Gazan territory. Israel stated that the gunmen fired on its soldiers and an Israeli tank shelled them in response.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 8 August
Gaza militants fired rockets into Israel and the Israeli military responded with air strikes on 8 August. The Washington Post reported than 180 rockets and other rounds of munition were fired into Israel with the Israeli air force firing at about 150 targets in the Gaza Strip. A pregnant Palestinian woman and her daughter, a toddler, were killed.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 10 August
Abdullah Al-Qatati, a Palestinian medic, died after being shot in the head by a sniper. Ahmad Jamal Abu Luli died after being shot in the pelvis. Ali Said al-Aloul was the third fatality in the shootings. 307 Palestinians were reportedly injured, 70, including 28 children, five paramedics and two journalists, were wounded by live fire, five critically. One attempt was made to cross the border, and a grenade was reportedly thrown.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 17 August
241 Palestinians were reportedly wounded, some 40 by live fire. 18 minors were among those injured. Two Palestinians were shot dead one identified as Karim Abu Fatayir east of al-Bureij refugee camp and the other identified as Saadi Akram Muammar east of Rafah.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 24 August
189 Palestinians were reportedly injured, 50 by live ammunition, and the others by rubber-coated steel bullets or tear-gas inhalation. 73 were hospitalized.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Timeline, 12 October
Seven Palestinians were killed in violent protests along the border fence, in a continuation of the "March of Return" protests. According to the IDF, "The rioters are burning tires and are hurling rocks, explosive devices, firebombs and grenades at IDF troops and the security fence". The demonstrations were arranged by Hamas, with the aid of special units formed to expand the protests. Four Palestinians were shot dead after they crossed into Israeli territory and approached a sniper's post.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties
One Israeli soldier has been injured due to shrapnel from a grenade thrown by a Palestinian from inside Gaza and one Israeli soldier has been killed by Palestinian sniper fire near the fence.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties
The head of WHO's office in Gaza, Gerald Rockenschaub, described the casualties as overwhelming an already weak health care system: "the deteriorating humanitarian situation is extremely worrying. Hospitals in Gaza are overwhelmed with the influx of injured patients. With further escalations expected during the coming weeks, the increasing numbers of injured patients requiring urgent medical care is likely to devastate Gaza's already weakened health system, placing even more lives at risk." According to the Ministry of Health in Gaza, 69 ambulances were partly damaged.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties
Doctors Without Borders released a statement on 14 May 2018 calling the Israeli response "inhuman and unacceptable" saying that the hospitals in Gaza were overwhelmed and in a chaotic situation comparable to the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict. It stated that "most of the wounded will be condemned to suffer lifelong injuries".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties
HRW observers stated, with regard to 30 March, "while some protesters near the border fence burned tires and threw rocks, [HRW] could find no evidence of any protester using firearms or any IDF claim of threatened firearm use at the demonstrations." The organization said there is evidence of Palestinians who did not pose any threat to Israeli guards being shot. B'Tselem said that "shooting unarmed demonstrators is illegal and the command that allows it is manifestly illegal."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties
On 29 April, with the death toll at 44, an Israeli officer stated that most of the deaths were unintentional, that the snipers aimed for the legs but sometimes missed, or the bullets ricocheted or the protesters suddenly bent over.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Characterization of the injuries caused by Israeli fire
The Commissioner General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) stated that the ammunition used by Israel caused severe internal damage to internal organs, muscle tissue and bones. A Palestinian doctor interviewed by CNN stated that about a half of the wounded people would never walk normally again.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Characterization of the injuries caused by Israeli fire
The head of plastic and reconstructive surgery at Shifa Hospital in Gaza wrote a letter to The British Medical Journal stating that "from the appearance of the wounds there appears to have been systematic use by [IDF] snipers of ammunition with an expanding 'butterfly' effect. ", and stated that since the surgical procedures and rehabilitation facilities are not available in Gaza due to 2014 conflict and the blockade of Gaza, "mass lifelong disability is now the prospect facing Gazan citizens, largely young." The Israeli military stated that they only used normal sniper ammunition, and fired at the feet and legs to minimize civilian casualties.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Characterization of the injuries caused by Israeli fire
According to Amnesty International, who interviewed military experts and a forensic pathologist, "many of the wounds observed by doctors in Gaza are consistent with those caused by high-velocity Israeli-manufactured Tavor rifles using 5.56mm military ammunition. Other wounds bear the hallmarks of US-manufactured M24 Remington sniper rifles shooting 7.62mm hunting ammunition, which expand and mushroom inside the body. The nature of these injuries shows that Israeli soldiers are using high-velocity military weapons designed to cause maximum harm to Palestinian protesters who do not pose an imminent threat to them."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Killing of medical personnel
There have been several accusations of Israel attacking medical personnel. On 18 April, the Palestinian human rights organization Al-Haq accused Israel of shooting at civilians who were providing medical assistance to the wounded.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Killing of medical personnel
The Gaza-based human rights organization Al Mezan stated on 25 April that Israel had shot two paramedics working with the Palestinian Red Crescent Society. It also stated that the situation has been compounded by Israel's refusal to allow personal safety equipment into Gaza including respirators.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Killing of medical personnel
A Canadian doctor, Tarek Loubani, was one of 19 medical personnel shot on 14 May. He stated that he was clearly marked, and believed that he was targeted by the Israeli military. One of the paramedics who treated Loubani was killed later on the same day. Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said he was "appalled" at the shooting of Loubani and called for "an immediate independent investigation to thoroughly examine the facts on the ground – including any incitement, violence, and the excessive use of force".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Killing of medical personnel
In June 2018, Palestinian nurse Razan al-Najjar was fatally shot in the chest as she, reportedly with her arms raised to show she was unarmed, tried to help evacuate the wounded near Israel's border fence with Gaza.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Other notable casualties
An eight-month-old child, Leila al-Ghandour was widely reported, following an initial statement by the Gaza Health ministry, to have been a victim of tear-gas at the border. The following day, the Gaza Health Ministry announced that it was not certain of the cause of death and two weeks later struck her name off the official list of people killed during the protests.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Other notable casualties
In a court case against a Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades militant, who had been captured on the border, the indictment stated that man in question was a relative of the deceased's parents, and had stated  the latter had been paid by Yahya Sinwar, the head of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades in Gaza, about US$2,200 to report to the media that she had died of tear gas inhalation rather than from a pre-existing medical condition.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Prevalence of militants among the killed
Israeli defense sources claimed that a large fraction of those killed were members or otherwise affiliated with Palestinian militant organizations. According to Israel, the demonstrations provided cover for attacks by militants.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Prevalence of militants among the killed
On 11 April, the military-affiliated Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center (ITIC) published a report in which it stated that 26 of the 32 persons killed belonged to or were affiliated with Palestinian militant groups. The report identified thirteen of these as belonging to the military wings of these organizations, and six as members of the Gaza security forces.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Prevalence of militants among the killed
On 14 May, when 59 to 62 Palestinians were killed, Hamas claimed 50 of them and Palestinian Islamic Jihad claimed three as members of its military wing.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Casualties, Prevalence of militants among the killed
On 8 June, ITIC stated that it had identified 124 of the 127 Gazans reportedly killed in demonstrations since March. It reported that 102 of the killed were affiliated with either the militant or civilian wings of Fatah, Hamas, PIJ, the DFLP, or the PFLP.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Legal cases
Two Palestinians, Yousef Karnaz and Mohammad Al-Ajouri, each had to have one of their legs amputated after Israeli authorities denied their requests to receive medical treatment at a better-equipped hospital in the West Bank. Israeli authorities issued a statement claiming that "The main consideration for the refusal stems from the fact that their medical condition is a function of their participation in the disturbances."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Legal cases
The Israeli Arab minority rights organization Adalah and Al Mezan petitioned the Israeli Supreme Court to grant an emergency hearing to consider the request on 12 April, but as the Court decided to give the Israeli government three days to respond and due to this delay, doctors were forced to amputate their legs.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Legal cases
On 15 April, four Israeli human rights organizations, Yesh Din, Gisha, HaMoked, and the Association for Civil Rights in Israel jointly petitioned the Israeli Supreme Court to revoke the rules of engagement used by the IDF in response to the protests. They argued that "there is no prohibition on demonstrating in Gaza and that if incidents of violence or attempts to cross the fence occur during demonstrations, they alone constitute civil disturbances of the peace. In such disturbances, the law permits live fire only in cases of immediate mortal danger."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Legal cases
In response, the Israeli government refused to disclose its rules of engagement publicly, but said they "comply with Israeli law and with international law." The government indicated that it views the protests as "part of the armed conflict between the Hamas terror organization and Israel, with all that this implies." On 24 May 2018, the Supreme Court rejected the petition, ruling that the protests were not unarmed protests but a part of an armed conflict which were used as a cover to carry out terror attacks against Israel and risk Israeli lives.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Legal cases
On 16 April, the Supreme Court ruled that Karnaz must be allowed to exit Gaza to receive medical treatment in the West Bank to save his remaining leg.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Investigations
On 5 April 2018, the IDF announced that its Southern Command would conduct an internal investigation into the deaths of civilians during the prior week. Brigadier General Moti Baruch was appointed to lead a second government investigation. Press reports indicate that Baruch's investigation will focus on incidents which appear to have a cause for inquiry.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Investigations
On 18 March 2019, a three-person United Nations commission urged Israeli authorities to "step up" their investigations into Israeli troops shootings of Palestinian demonstrators during the protests. The U.N. investigators believe that the shootings "may have constituted war crimes and crimes against humanity." The commission of inquiry presented the United Nations Human Rights Council a full 252-page report.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics
Observers from the International Rescue Committee and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that the majority of protesters acted nonviolently on 30 March and 6 April.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics
On both of the larger protest days, hundreds of primarily young men approached or entered the 300-metre "exclusion zone" declared by Israeli military forces, thrown stones, hurled Molotov cocktails, and attempted to plant Palestinian flags. A The New York Times account described the purpose of approaching the fence as "a powerful statement of defiance, bravery and national pride" among Palestinians.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics
The Israeli military accused Hamas of using the protests as a guise to launch attacks against Israel, and warned about further reprisals. Israeli sources said that Hamas was forcing bus companies to transport people to the border for 6 April protests.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics
Israeli politicians repeated their accusations that Hamas utilizes protesters as human shields. The United States' Special Representative for International Negotiations Jason Greenblatt stated, with regards to the planned 6 April protest, that "[they] condemn leaders and protestors who call for violence or who send protestors – including children – to the fence, knowing that they may be injured or killed".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics
Senior Hamas official Mahmoud al-Zahar admitted in an interview to Al Jazeera "when we talk about 'peaceful resistance' we are deceiving the public. This is a peaceful resistance bolstered by a military force and by security agencies, and enjoying tremendous popular support."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics, Tent encampment
Organizers set up five tents 500 to 700 metres (1,600 to 2,300 ft) from the border and during the campaign their number grew to several dozen. Each tent was labeled with the town or village from which its occupants were expelled. The encampment allowed protesters to sleep, eat, and live on the site which hosted religious gatherings, weddings, and often had a festive atmosphere. Protests near the camps were large, diverse in participation, and peaceful. Many engaged in sit-in protests organized around their tents.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics, Tent encampment
Earthen embankments were erected near the 300 m (980 ft) mark to try to shield those further away from Israeli sniper fire.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics, Tire burning
Palestinians frequently burned tires and t-shirts which produced thick smoke and obstructed the sightlines of Israeli snipers. Often young men would roll burning tires towards the fence to create smokescreens.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics, Mask usage
Palestinian protesters wore masks to protect themselves both from tear gas inhalation and to obscure their faces as it was speculated that the Israeli military was identifying and targeting known militants.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics, Incendiary kites and balloons
In April 2018, Palestinians begun launching homemade incendiary kites and balloons. They would drift over the border and set fire to Israeli crop fields and forests.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics, Incendiary kites and balloons
As of early June, roughly 5,000 dunams of Israeli crop fields had been burned by kites launched from Gaza, with an estimated economic loss of US$1.4 million, in addition to 2,100 dunams of Jewish National Fund forests in the area and 4,000 to 5,000 dunams in the Besor Forest Nature Reserve. The New York Times reported one of its journalists sighting "vast stretches of scorched earth," with "losses to Israeli agriculture from flaming kites [being] immense."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Palestinian tactics, Compensation for casualties
Hamas said on 5 April 2018 that it would offer compensation for people injured or killed by Israeli soldiers while participating in the demonstrations. Hamas spokesperson Hazem Qasem stated that families to those killed would receive $3,000 and families to severely injured $500. Lightly injured persons would receive $200.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Israeli tactics
The Israeli military deployed soldiers, including snipers and tanks, to the border. Soldiers opened fire on Palestinians approaching the fence with tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition. Soldiers fired from artificial sand berms that overlooked the protests. Israeli tear gas canisters penetrated more than 300 metres (980 ft) into the Gaza Strip. An investigation by B'Tselem found that Israeli soldiers launched tear gas to the family tents, located 400 to 600 metres (1,300 to 2,000 ft) from the fence, causing hundreds of people to suffer injuries. Protest participants interviewed by B'Tselem reported cases of suffering from tear gas inhalation and injury from tear gas canister impacts.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Tactics, Israeli tactics
While the IDF has not publicly disclosed its rules of engagement, press reports indicate that soldiers are permitted to shoot armed Palestinians within 300 metres (980 ft) of the fence and unarmed Palestinians within 100 metres (330 ft). The IDF has stated that its soldiers are advised to first fire warning shots, then wounding shots, before taking fatal shots. On 6 April, the IDF used industrial-sized fans to disperse the smoke and then water cannons in unsuccessful attempts to douse fires from burning tires.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Worldwide protests
Demonstrations expressing solidarity with the protesters and condemning the use of lethal force by Israeli forces, were held in Israel, the US, the UK, and Australia. Thousands of protesters gathered in Tel Aviv, Washington D.C., Boston, London, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, and Melbourne.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Worldwide protests
Along with 250 others at a Tel Aviv protest, Michael Sfard, a human rights lawyer and political activist, said: "As an Israeli, my duty is to protest against the evils that are done in my name." On 31 March, 150 Israelis gathered in Yad Mordechai near the Israel-Gaza border to protest the IDF's use of deadly force, holding banners reading "Free Gaza," "Stop the Massacre", and "Gaza is Dying". On 2 April, 300 Israelis gathered in Tel Aviv outside Likud's party headquarters to protest, and a small group of Arab Israelis protested in Jaffa as well. There was a minor counter-protest, where people chanted "Israel belongs to Jews".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Worldwide protests
In Boston, Massachusetts, eight protesters, who chained themselves to the exterior door of the Israeli Consulate, were arrested by police for disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace, and trespassing. Naturei Karta anti-Zionist protesters joined some thousands in London, UK, to show solidarity with Palestinians.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, States
The escalation of violence in Gaza concerned the entire Arab world. Jordan and Egypt condemned Israel's use of force, considering recent developments as harmful to brokering peace. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu exchanged heated remarks over the border clashes; Erdoğan labeled the Israeli response an "inhumane attack" amid growing international criticism of the Israeli military. Erdoğan accused Israel of committing a "genocide", calling Israel a "terrorist state". In response to anti-Israeli comments and actions by Erdoğan, the Knesset discussed the possibility of recognizing the Armenian genocide.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, States
Australia and United States voiced support for Israel's right to defend itself. Costa Rica, Egypt, France, Germany, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Morocco, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, and Vatican have criticized the actions of Israel or both sides of the conflict.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, States
On 15 May, British Prime Minister Theresa May said, speaking alongside Turkish President Erdoğan, that "There is an urgent need to establish the facts of what happened yesterday through an independent and transparent investigation, including why such a volume of live fire was used and what role Hamas played in events." U.S. Ambassador to the UN, Nikki Haley, said that "Anyone who truly cares about children in Gaza should insist that Hamas immediately stop using children as cannon fodder in its conflict with Israel."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, NGOs
Amnesty International: On 27 April, the organization called for worldwide arms embargo on Israel for its "disproportionate response" to the protests.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, NGOs
The Israeli law center Shurat HaDin filed a complaint in the International Criminal Court against Hamas leaders Khaled Mashal, Saleh al-Arouri, and Zahar Jabarin for the use of children as human shields in the conflict along the border based on a clause in the Rome Statute that prohibits recruitment of children under the age of 15 to a militant organization. According to Shurat Hadin Director Nitzana Darshan-Leitner "The death of a 15-year-old boy near the Gaza border last week was a direct result of the war crimes committed by Hamas leaders against their own people".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
On 8 April, Defense Minister of Israel Avigdor Lieberman said: "You have to understand, there are no innocent people in the Gaza Strip. Everyone has a connection to Hamas. Everyone receives a salary from Hamas. Those who are trying to challenge us at the border and breach it belong to Hamas' military wing."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
On 15 May, Israel's ambassador to the UK, Mark Regev, said Israel "did everything we could" to avoid the bloodshed at the border with Gaza. He told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "We use live fire only in a very measured way, in a very surgical way and only when there is no alternative."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
Retired British Colonel Richard Kemp said it was not a peaceful demonstration, but "a deliberate and specific intent by terrorist organizations to penetrate the State of Israel and kill civilians and the IDF has no option except to use lethal force to stop such a dangerous threat."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
The legal scholar, English and European Court of Human Rights judge Sir Stephen Sedley opined that the use of live fire against unarmed protesters was "without much question a major crime".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
The Israeli Prime Minister's Arabic-language spokesman Ofir Gendelman tweeted, in response to a video showing a flag with a swastika lying between two Palestinian flags, "Hamas terrorists have planted today right on the Gaza-Israel border this Nazi flag which was flying [between] Palestinian flags. Hamas proudly declares that its aim is to annihilate Israel & the Jewish people. The genocidal message has been received. We will defend our country."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
Israeli historian Zeev Sternhell wrote, "the weekly killing on the Gaza Strip border is a campaign of barbarism, exposing the mentality of the society in whose name the army acts: We can do anything we like."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
Five former IDF snipers, assisted by Breaking the Silence, published a letter expressing "shame and sorrow" for the killings and stating, "instructing snipers to shoot to kill unarmed demonstrators who pose no danger to human life is another product of the occupation and military rule over millions of Palestinian people, as well as of our country's callous leadership, and derailed moral path."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
American columnist Peter Beinart, reflecting on the succession of incidents marking the Land Day protests of 2018, wrote that Palestinians were rushing towards Israeli snipers because their land was fast becoming "uninhabitable", with the UN predicting it would be unliveable by 2020.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
On 15 May, a group of nine prominent Israelis wrote a letter to The Guardian in which they compared the killings on the previous day to the Sharpeville massacre, and called for international intervention.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Reactions, Individuals
Senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Elliott Abrams said, "The leaders of Hamas view the citizens [of Gaza] as cannon fodder who are useful for the global media strategy, and from that point of view, Hamas leaders are happy when people die because they think it looks good on European TV screens."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Criticism of media coverage
The area of the conflict is subject to intense monitoring. On the Israeli side of the border, IDF observers watch film and videotape events like the protests by availing themselves of telescopes, long lenses, and feeds from the cameras, drones, quadcopters and tethered surveillance balloons hovering over the sites. Israeli journalists were not permitted by the IDF to approach the area of conflict, but kept two kilometres (1.2 mi) away. Almost from the outset, journalist Isabel Kershner observed that the March had given rise to a "war of words" between the involved parties.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Criticism of media coverage
Surveying the media reaction just after the events of 14 May, Haaretz noted that the events were covered extensively, with the violence in Gaza juxtaposed with the opening of the US embassy in Jerusalem. The headlines focused on the death toll in Gaza and the pictures were split between Palestinian protesters wounded and killed, together with pictures of the opening ceremony in Jerusalem. South African media skipped the embassy opening and focused on the pictures from Gaza.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Criticism of media coverage
In the aftermath of the conflict, the way a number of mainstream newspaper outlets, including The New York Times, covered the events has become the object of analysis, criticism and challenge. The political scientist Norman Finkelstein takes exception to what he perceives to be The New York Times portrayal of the March as one in which the protests were described as "armed confrontations in which Israeli snipers return the fire of protesters," notwithstanding the fact that human rights NGOs have stated the demonstrations were "overwhelmingly peaceful." In particular, he mentions articles by David Halbfinger, who was embedded among the Israeli snipers.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Criticism of media coverage
An IDF spokesman, Brig. Gen. Ronen Manelis, wrote for The Wall Street Journal that the world's media had fallen for what he said was "a well-funded terrorist propaganda operation" consisting of lies crafted to win "the international propaganda war." The protests were staged, the demonstrators paid actors, and Hamas orchestrated the violence to capture the headlines. "If," he concluded, "I need to lie like Hamas, then I prefer to tell the truth and lose."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Criticism of media coverage
The IDF social media chief, Lt. Col. Jonathan Conricus thought that graphics from the Palestinian side of the border had allowed Hamas to win a PR battle "by a knockout," and attributed the result to an Israeli failure to minimize Palestinian casualties. Likewise, reacting to events just after the first March, retired brigadier-general Shlomo Brom declared: "I categorize what happened as a failure. The Palestinian aim was to raise international consciousness, and to put the Palestinian issue back on the international and Israeli agenda. It succeeded."


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Criticism of media coverage
Veteran Israeli war correspondent Ron Ben-Yishai complained that Hamas had won the media battle partially because the IDF kept local journalists away from the border, thereby hindering Israeli journalists from documenting "the crowds of Gazans sent by Hamas to commit suicide on the fence." While massive video reportage was available on the Palestinian side of the fence, the IDF only provided the press with a "thin drizzle" of visual evidence, consisting of several dozen unclear images and short clips taken from its security camera coverage of the zone. Critics like Shehada, Stern-Weiner and Finkelstein wonder why, given its visual and video intelligence, the IDF did not buttress its claims over armed Hamas activity by providing footage.


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Criticism of media coverage
On an 8 April, BBC News anchor Andrew Marr said "lots of Palestinian kids" were killed by Israeli forces. Jonathan Sacerdoti complained that the statement was misleading and false. BBC management ruled that Marr breached editorial guidelines, that the statement lacked any evidence and "risked misleading audiences on a material point".


2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Criticism of media coverage
On an 22 July, Israel's Foreign Ministry spokesman, Emmanuel Nahshon, slammed CNN for "unbalanced coverage of recent events in Gaza" in its tweet "indicating killing of four Palestinians preceded deadly shooting of IDF soldier" and quoted Senator Ted Cruz, who criticized the BBC for "misrepresenting recent events in Gaza".


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests
The 2018-2019 protests in Ingushetia are thousands of people, initially unauthorized round-the-clock protest in Magas against the Agreement on Securing the Border Between Regions, signed by the head of Ingushetia Yunus-Bek Yevkurov and the head of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov on September 26, 2018, as well as its ratification by the deputies of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia. The protest began on October 4, 2018 and was declared indefinite. On the fifth day, the rally was sanctioned by the authorities until October 15. The break of the round-the-clock protest lasted from 18 to 31 October 2018.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests
The next rally took place on November 27, 2018, on the day of the consideration by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of the request of the head of the Republic of Ingushetia, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, on the compliance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with the Agreement on the Establishment of the Administrative Boundary between Ingushetia and Chechnya. After a four-month break on March 26, 2019, the rally in Magas was resumed and declared indefinite.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Background
At the end of August 2018, some public and human rights organizations in Ingushetia announced construction work on the territory of Ingushetia near the administrative border with Chechnya in the region of the Fortanga River, carried out by Chechen road organizations accompanied by Chechen security officials without the consent of the Ingush authorities, as well as with the leadership of the state nature reserve Erzi, to which this territory belongs.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Background
According to the press secretary of the head of Chechnya, Alvi Karimov, near the border with Ingushetia, the Chechen side began reconstruction work on the road, which, as he noted, was previously destroyed in connection with military actions, and that residents of both republics will be able to use it in the future.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Background
Representatives of the Ingush side who visited the site noted that the Chechen road workers carried out work on cutting down valuable tree species, destroying the fertile soil layer, changing the natural landscape on the territory of Ingushetia, and also that the Chechen security forces made an attempt to establish a traffic police post of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Chechnya in the area of the village of Arshty, Sunzhensky district of the Republic of Ingushetia, two kilometers from borders, deep into Ingushetia.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Background
A week later, the inhabitants of Ingushetia were outraged by the fact that road work on the Ingush territory (the Erzi reserve) not only did not stop, but also advanced 15 kilometers deep into Ingushetia. Indignation was also caused by the silence of the Ingush authorities about the events carried out by the Chechen road organizations and security forces. On September 25, the head of the Sunzhensky region of Ingushetia, Isa Khashagulgov, announced his voluntary resignation.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Background
On the same day, a spontaneous gathering of about 70 people took place near the building of the district administration, outraged by the upcoming signing of the agreement by the heads of Ingushetia and Chechnya and the possible transfer of a part of the Sunzhensky district of Ingushetia to the Chechen Republic. However, the leaders of both republics kept this information and the fact of reaching agreements on the border secret.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Agreement
On September 26, the day of the signing of the Agreement on the Establishment of the Border Between Ingushetia and Chechnya, about 50 people gathered in Sunzha and over a hundred people in Magas. The entrances to the city were blocked by concrete blocks, a Rosgvardia column was introduced, in addition, the Internet was turned off during a protest in Magas and Nazran. However, despite the protests, the signing of the agreement between Yevkurov and Kadyrov took place.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Agreement
The leadership of the Republic of Ingushetia announced that by signing this agreement with the head of Chechnya, they made an equivalent exchange of land. However, the Ingush public was outraged by the fact that the Head of Ingushetia promoted agreements on the borders with the leadership of Chechnya secretly from society, as well as the fact that part of the Sunzhensky region of Ingushetia, according to agreements between the heads of the republics, departs to Chechnya.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Agreement
The fact that according to the agreement between Yevkurov and Kadyrov, the exchange of lands is unequal, was confirmed by independent expert cartographers. Thus, under the agreement between Yevkurov and Kadyrov, more than 25 times more land is transferred to Chechnya than Ingushetia. On September 27, Russian presidential press secretary Dmitry Peskov, answering a question about possible consultations with the Kremlin in the process of signing an agreement on fixing the administrative border between the republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia, said that it was held on the initiative of the subjects themselves. They made an equivalent exchange of land.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On October 4, early in the morning, citizens began to gather near the building of the Parliament of Ingushetia. Thus began the protest of the Ingush against the Agreement on Securing the Border, signed by the heads of Ingushetia and Chechnya, as well as its ratification by the deputies of the Parliament of Ingushetia. An examination of the relevant was scheduled for that date.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
In turn, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Ingushetia in its response to the draft law “On approval of the Agreement on the establishment of the border between the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic” ruled that the draft law under consideration is not subject to consideration by the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
In accordance with Article 111 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, education, the abolition of administrative-territorial units and formations, the establishment and change of borders between them, their name and renaming, other issues of the administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Ingushetia are resolved in accordance with federal laws and laws of the Republic of Ingushetia, taking into account the opinion of the population of the corresponding territory.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On October 5, a rally in the capital of Ingushetia Magas against the border agreement with Chechnya gathered, according to various estimates, from 10 to 60 thousand people. On October 6, the authorities of Ingushetia agreed on a rally, the participants of which oppose the definition of the administrative border with Chechnya with the transfer of part of the territory to the neighboring republic. The promotion was approved from 8 to 15 October. The document also states that, in accordance with the law, a public event cannot start earlier than 7:00 and end later than 22:00.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On October 7, Ruslan Aushev, the first president of Ingushetia, came to the rally in Magas. He stated that the current leadership of Ingushetia made a mistake by not agreeing with the people on the transfer of land. On October 13, the Government of Ingushetia agreed to hold a rally against the agreement on the border with Chechnya in Magas for two days - October 16 and 17, 2018.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On October 17, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Ingushetia accepted for consideration the request of the deputies of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia on the verification of the constitutionality of the Law of the Republic of Ingushetia dated October 4, 2018 No. 42-RZ "On approval of the Agreement on the establishment of the border between the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic", as well as complaints from residents of the republic on violation of rights and freedoms by this law.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On October 24, at about ten o'clock in the evening on October 24, 2018, representatives of the authorities of the Chechen Republic again visited Ingushetia. The Chairman of the Parliament of the Chechen Republic Magomed Daudov arrived in the village of Novy Redant with a visit to Elder Akhmed Barakhoev, the leader of the organizing committee of the protest rally [33]. A crowd of a huge number of people formed in the courtyard of Akhmed Barakhoev for an hour —— The Ingush, worried about Barakhoev's safety, gathered to support him.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
According to the elder, Magomed Daudov called him in advance and asked permission to come. Daudov notified Barakhoev that Ramzan Kadyrov was inviting him to the Sharia court in Chechnya. The invitation also concerned the former Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Ingushetia, Akhmed Pogorov, who spoke out to the head of the Chechen Republic at the rally. Akhmed Barakhoev refused the invitation. As it turned out later, Magomed Daudov, before meeting with Akhmed Barakhoev, visited the house of the Mufti of Ingushetia Isa Khamkhoev, but did not find him there. Daudov recorded a video against the background of Khamkhoev's court, commenting on the absence of the mufti. According to Magomed Daudov, Khamkhoev did not answer his calls. Daudov suggested that the mufti is deliberately hiding.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On October 27, the Mufti of Ingushetia Isa Khamkhoev condemned Magomed Daudov's visit to his home and declared: "If you come to me again, then I am not responsible for my youth!" On October 29, two deputies of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia withdrew from the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Ingushetia a request to check the Law on the approval of the border with Chechnya; a petition was also filed to disqualify the chairman of the Constitutional Court of Ingushetia Ayup Gagiev.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
However, this is not a reason to cancel the court hearing on this issue. The Constitutional Court of Ingushetia confirmed that the meeting on the legality of the Law on approving the border agreement with Chechnya will be held on Tuesday October 30, 2018, the meeting is scheduled to begin at 10:00 a.m. Gunfire was heard during demonstrations in Magas.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
In response to complaints from residents of the Republic of Ingushetia, Roskomnadzor reported that operators of the "Big Three" disabled mobile Internet in Ingushetia for the period from October 4 to 17, 2018 due to "a reasoned decision of law enforcement agencies". On November 17, the Government of the Republic of Ingushetia agreed to hold a rally against the Agreement on the Establishment of the Administrative Boundary between Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic on November 27, 2018 in the city of Nazran. The holding of the action was agreed upon subject to the requirements of federal and republican legislation on meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On December 6, at 10:00 am, a session of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation was held to announce the Court's Resolution on the constitutionality of the Agreement on the Establishment of the Administrative Boundary between Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic. A live broadcast from the courtroom was again organized on the official website of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and on its official YouTube channel. Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, commenting on the decision of the Constitutional Court, said that the issue of establishing the border between Ingushetia and Chechnya had been finished, while Ramzan Kadyrov expressed the opinion that the Ingush and Chechen peoples, despite everything, will remain fraternal.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On March 26, 2019, the protests continued - in Magas, an agreed rally was held in front of the building of the state television and radio company Ingushetia, which, according to various estimates, gathered from 2 to 30 thousand people. According to eyewitnesses, the square was surrounded by the police, and mobile internet was turned off in the area where the rally was held. Single pickets were held in Moscow. Despite the fact that the rally was approved by the authorities only on March 26, the protesters refused to disperse and remained in the square overnight.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On March 27, the rally in Magas was again declared indefinite. On the morning of March 27, Rosgvardia officers began dispersing the protest action, protesters threw stones and chairs at the security forces, and clashes occurred. After that, the authorities made concessions and allowed the protesters to hold a new rally in five days, people began to disperse. The protesters later entered the Caucasus federal highway, blocking it.


2018–2019 Ingushetia protests, Protests
On April 23, at the Mineralnye Vody airport (Stavropol Territory), the applicant for a new rally in Ingushetia, activist Khasan Katsiyev, was detained, and in Magas, activist Akhmed Nalgiev. The Nalchik City Court of Kabardino-Balkaria arrested Khasan Katsiev and Akhmed Nalgiyev, suspects under part 2 of Article 318 of the Criminal Code (use of violence against government officials) for two months.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
The 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes were a series of protests that took place across Iran against the country's economic situation.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, April
On 14 April 2018, Baneh shopkeepers started strikes which continued for twenty days.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, May
In late May, Iranian truckers staged a major nationwide strike over low wages and poor working conditions. It lasted until mid June and was the first in series of strikes that continued until late 2018 (see below).


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, June
25 June:On 25 June 2018, shops were shut and thousands gathered in the Bazaar area of Tehran to protest the economic situation. This was met with security forces firing tear gas at the protestors. Protests against the economic situation also occurred in Shahriar, Karaj, Qeshm, Bandar Abbas, and Mashhad. Some of the stores were closed enforcedly by unknown individuals.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, June
26 June:People in Tehran took to the streets for the third straight day on 26 June, with many shops in Tehran's Bazaar remaining closed. Videos from social media showed the crowd in downtown Tehran chanting "Death to the dictator" and "Death to Palestine". Security forces clamped down on the protesters once again, arresting a large number of people.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, June
Strikes and protests were also seen in Kermanshah, Arak and Tabriz.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, June
27 June:Protests continued for a third day in Tehran, despite a heavy security presence, Reuters referred to the three days as "the biggest unrest since the start of the year". Iran's Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, addressed the protests for the first time and called on the judiciary to punish those who disrupted economic security. Many of the protests involved traders in the Grand Bazaar in Tehran, who complained that the devaluation of the Iranian rial had forced them to stop trading.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, June
28 June:On 28 June, sources told Radio Farda that merchants had closed down the Bazaar in the city of Arak. Tehran's prosecutor general stated that a large number of protesters had been arrested and would likely face trial. Jafar Dolatabadi also stated in an interview that the protesters grievances are not only economic, and that "people are grappling with political and social concerns".


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, September
On 11 September 2018, shopkeepers in Iranian Kurdistan initiated a one-day strike in response to the missile attack by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps on the headquarters of the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran, and the execution of Ramin Panahi and two other Kurd activists. In response to the strikes, the security forces arrested five Kurdish activists.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, September
On 22 September 2018, truckers across several Iranian cities restarted their strikes against the rising expenses of their jobs. On 26 September, the strikes continued and were seen in Ahvaz, Qazvin, Shahreza, Borujerd, and Urmia. 40 to 70 truckers in Fars, Tehran, and Qazvin province were arrested on 27 September, as strikes continued into their fifth day. The Free Truckers Union announced that the strike had spread to 31 provinces across the country. The judiciary stated that those arrested could face the death penalty. On 29 September, on the eight day of the strikes, the number of truckers arrested reached 89.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, October
On 1 October, the truckers strikes reached their 10th straight day and were seen in Bukan, Khosrowshah, Arak, Fooladshahr, Nishapur, Tiran, Takestan, Kermanshah, Sanandaj, Qazvin, Karaj, Bandar Abbas, Ardabil, Dezful, Yazd, and Najafabad. The number of arrested also reached 156. By the 13th straight day of the strike over 230 truckers were arrested. The strikes continued into 8 October, and reached their 17th consecutive day. Security forces responded by arresting a number of truckers, which increased the number of people arrested to 256.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, October
On the same day, Bazaaris in multiple cities across Iran closed their shops and went on strike in protest to the economic situation. Strikes were seen in Sanandaj, Bukan, Saqqez, Marivan, Baneh, Miandoab, Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, Tabriz, and Chabahar. The strikes continued into 9 October, although they were reduced in size from the previous day, and were seen in Tabriz, Shahriar, Shahreza, and Sanandaj.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, October
On 13 October 2018, teachers across Iran started a two-day nationwide strike in protest to high expenses and inflation. Teachers in Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Kermanshah, Ilam, Yasuj, Sanandaj, Simorgh, Hamedan, Amol, Zarrin Shahr, Gonabad, Eslamabad, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Marivan, Sarvabad, and Garmeh, went on strike. At least two teachers were arrested on the first day of the strike.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, October
Teachers went on strike for a second day on 14 October.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, November
On 1 November 2018, truckers in Tehran, Zanjan, Isfahan, Asaluyeh, Nahavand, and Shahrud went on strike for the fourth time this year in protest to the arrest of hundreds of truckers in October. Workers from several factories in Iran have been on constant strikes due to unpaid wages and inflation. On 2 November 2018, workers at the Haft Tappeh Cane Sugar Company's factory in Shush start their own strikes.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, November
On 13 and 14 November, Iranian teachers in most provinces went on strike for the second time in 2018. Thirteen teachers were arrested during this strike.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, November
On 15 November, the workers strikes escalated and protests spilled onto the streets of Shush. Some workers in Shush called for the factory to be operated by a workers council. The following day, the workers disrupted the Friday Prayer service of the city. They chanted "Hossein, Hossein is their cry, theft is their pride", "Death to oppressors, long live workers", and "Workers are willing to die, but will not accept oppression". Protests continued in the streets of Shush on 17 November, despite the presence of the security forces and riot police.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, November
On the same day, hundreds of workers of the Foolad Company in Ahvaz protested in front of the Governor's office. Protestors in Ahvaz chanted "Let go of Kashoggi, think of us", and "Inflation, increasing prices, be responsible Rouhani". On 18 November, nineteen protestors were arrested in Shush. By 21 November , thirteen of the protesters in Shush were released from prison, the arrested protestors faced charges of "acting against the regime". On 24 November, workers joined by ordinary citizens, protested in Ahvaz and clashed with the security forces.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, November
On the same day, workers of the vegetable oil factory of Zanjan protested in front of the governor's office in Zanjan due to unpaid wages. On 28 November, workers protested for the 24th consecutive day in Shush, despite the city's police commander stating that any gatherings were against the law. Protests occurred in Ahvaz on the same day, as thousands of workers took to the streets.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, November
On 18 November 2018 Workers Syndicate at the Haft Tappeh sugar mill in Iran’s Khuzestan province announced that the security forces had arrested two of their representatives, Esmail Bakhshi and Mohsen Armand. The syndicate also announced that on 29 November 2018 government forces arrested its senior member Ali Nejati in his house.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, December
On 4 December, workers in Ahvaz protested for the 25th straight day, and chanted "Palestine and Syria are the root of our problems". On 17 December, the security forces cracked-down and arrested 31 workers in Ahvaz whom they i/refdentified as the leaders of the protests. The day before workers had gathered in Ahvaz and declared that they would take their protest to the capital Tehran, if their demands were not met. On 13 December, Ali Nejati, was transferred to hospital, after long and distressing interrogations.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, December
On 18 December, a lone protester on the island of Kish, stood in front of the main square of the city and graffitied anti-regime and pro-worker slogans, which included: "Imprisoned workers must be freed", and "long live the Shah". On 18 and 19 December 2018 the security forces stormed the houses of Foolad workers in Khuzestan province and arrested up to 41 workers.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, December
15 workers at Ilam Petrochemical Plant in central western Iran were convicted to six months’ imprisonment and 74 lashes by a state court after they gathered in protest outside the factory for their fellow experienced workers being laid off. The court charged them with “disrupting public order and peace”.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, December
On 21 December, truck drivers across the country started their fifth round of nationwide strikes in protest to inflation and rising expenses.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2018, December
On 27 December 2018 Security forces attacked with tear gas a teachers gathering outside the education office in Isfahan, central Iran. Teachers were protesting their low salary and the arrest of their colleagues who were now in jail.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, January
Farmers gathered in Isfahan on 2 January to protest the lack of water in the Zayanderud. The protestors were met by security forces who fired tear gas and live rounds into the air to disperse the crowds. On 22 January, retirees gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran and chanted "Torture and forced confessions, have no effect anymore". Two days later, on 24 January, teachers gathered in five provinces to protest their current living and teaching conditions.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, February
On 14 February, teachers in Ardabil, Mashhad, Marivan, Sanandaj, Orumieh, and Kermanshah gathered outside of the offices of the Ministry of Education and protested the arrest of teachers, and unfavourable living and teaching conditions. On the same day a teacher's rights activist was arrested in Sanandaj.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, February
On 26 February, railway workers in Tabriz and Shahroud went on strike. Earlier that day, a large group of retirees gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran to protest low pensions. Protesters chanted "no nation has seen such a dishonourable parliament" and "shame on those who claim to be the upholders of justice".


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, March
On 3 March, teachers across Iran started a three-day nationwide sit in, in protest to low living wages and unfavourable job conditions. This is the third sit in this year by teachers across Iran. The same day, railway workers in Andimeshk went on strike to protest unpaid wages and blocked the Ahvaz to Mashhad train from running its route. The families of Esmail Bakhshi and Sepideh Gholian also gathered in front of the judiciary in Shush to protest their arrest.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, March
The following day on 4 March, mobile bazars in Tehran, Tabriz, Ahvaz, Mashhad, and Isfahan went on strike to protest the new initiative started by the Ministry of Communications which prevents them from registering the smartphones they want to sell.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, March
On 5 March, workers of Chamshir Dam in Gachsaran went on strike and gathered outside the governorate to protest 14 months of unpaid wages. On the same day, workers of the Ministry of Agriculture gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran and protested their low wages. Railway strikes also continued in Tabriz and Lorestan province.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, March
On 6 March, Foolad retirees took to the streets in Isfahan due to low pensions. The protestors chanted "Our revolution was a mistake" and "Rouhani the liar, resign". Teachers again took the streets on 7 March in multiple cities across Iran. Protests were reported in Kermanshah, Urmia, Ardabil, Mashhad, and Isfahan.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, May
On 1 May (May day), workers, students, and teachers gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran to protest poor economic conditions, and lack of individual rights. Protesters chanted "Workers, teachers, students, unite" and "High costs and inflation are hurting people's lives". The security forces clamped down on the protests and 40 demonstrators were arrested.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, May
On 2 May, teachers across 13 provinces in Iran protested their poor work and living conditions. The security forces arrested at least 3 teachers in Tehran.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Timeline, 2019, June
On 23 June, protestors in Kermanshah can be seen wearing yellow vests in inspiration by the French Yellow vests movement.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Casualties, Torture allegations
On 29 November 2018, it was reported by various news outlets that Esmail Bakhshi, one of the leaders of the strikes in Shush, had been severely tortured during his detention and transferred to a hospital in Ahvaz. Officials in Khuzestan province quickly denied the news. On 4 December, members of the Haft Tape Union, warned that the health of Bakhshi and Sepideh Qolian was in a dire state, as they could not tell what time of day it was. It was later revealed that while in custody, Bakhshi was attacked repeatedly with a baton, to the point where he now has difficulty walking, sitting, and sleeping. He was also given unspecified drugs.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Casualties, Torture allegations
On 20 December 2018, Human Rights Watch urged the regime in Iran to investigate and find an explanation for the death of Vahid Sayadi Nasiri who had been jailed for insulting the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. According to his family Nasiri had been on hunger strike but he was denied medical attention before he died.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Casualties, Torture allegations
Bakhshi and Qolian were arrested again in January 2019. In February 2019, it was reported that Bakhshi's health was in serious condition while in jail.


2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Suppression
Addressing students in Qom,  in early March  2019, Musa Ghazanfarabadi, an Iranian official and head  of the Islamic Courts in Tehran, said that if needed they can bring Hashd al-Shaabi militias from Iraq, Houthis from Yemen and  others from Pakistan and Afghanistan to suppress the demonstrations.


2018–2019 Israel Football League season
The 2018–2019 Israel Football League season was the 12th season of the Israel Football League. The season began on November 15, 2018 and concluded on February 28, 2019 with IsraBowl XII. This season was the first to feature full eleven-man games after previously playing nine-man football. The season also marked the return of the Ramat HaSharon Hammers, who were on hiatus during the 2017–2018 season.


2018–2019 Israel Football League season
The Jerusalem Lions defeated the Petah Tikva Troopers in IsraBowl XII to secure their third straight championship.


2018–2019 Japanese protests
The 2018–2019 Japanese protests was a series of peaceful demonstrations and anti-government protests nationwide between May 2018 and June 2019 against the government of Shinzo Abe. The protests would be the most massive and biggest countryside and countrywide uprisings in Japan. The first protests in Japan was against the government of Shinzo Abe and the economic grievances of poorer areas in Japan. Thousands were taking part in the mass protests in May-July 2018 and the anti-rape national protest movement in October 2018-July 2019 after a rape of a girl in 2018. Hundreds were beaten or injured in the clashes in 2019 and is the most peaceful however in Japan since 1995.


2018–2019 Mongolian protests
The 2018–2019 Mongolian protests was a series of mass demonstrations and popular protests against the president and the government after a leak which showed scandals and links of embezzlement with parliament speaker and corruption scandals also unleashed. This triggered the popular uprising and plunged the country into the 2019 Mongolian constitutional crisis.


2018–2019 Mongolian protests, Background
Corruption has been tranquil in the country, since mass demonstrations against the results of 2017 Mongolian presidential election. In a 2016 corruption case, a lot of government officials and loyal policemen and security forces were embezzling and did fraud.


2018–2019 Mongolian protests, Protests
The rallies erupted in September, with serene anger over the government and president. Anti -scandal and anti-corruption demonstrations soon turned into anti-govt and worker demonstrations and rallies by journalists and pensioners, students and workers and continued strongly throughout the month of October. In September, the first traces of public anger was put into place as small demonstrations broke out. These demonstrations turned into an uprising demanding for justice and elections.


2018–2019 Mongolian protests, Further protests
In February, the daily protests turned violent, but the danger soon diminished. The unrest was witnessed by hundreds of thousands of others in Ulaanbaatar. The democratic reforms movement was dwindling while the 2019 Mongolian constitutional crisis was taking place. In April and May of 2019, a series of votes was held for a new speaker in parliament.


2018–2019 Nigerian protests
The 2018–2019 Nigerian protests was a series of Shiite-led protests against the discrimination of Shia Muslims in Nigeria in October–November 2018 and July–August 2019. A wave of popular protests, civil violence and Strikes, called by Shiites led to wild fighting between Muslims, Christians and Police. Tens of thousands of protesters marched throughout Shia-majority streets in cities surrounding the capital Lagos. Street protests and growing opposition to president Muhammad Buhari in 2019, as part of the #RevolutionNow movement In July 2019 but however, initial protests began after an organisation's leader was arrested.


2018–2019 Nigerian protests
In October–November, after popular demonstrations and street unrest, police used Live ammunition to disperse the demonstrators, killing 45 demonstrators. Troops was deployed to patrol the streets in case of protests after 3 days of protests. A new wave of protests in July re-ignited into violence as demonstrators marched against Discrimination of Shia Muslims. Tens of thousands rallied in #RevolutionNow rallies throughout Abuja during a week of protests in late-July and early-August 2019. Mass protests were held in Abuja by Muslims against Police brutality acting the movement. The security forces and Riot police forcefully broke up the demands and protests on 5 August.


2018–2019 Oman protests
The 2018–2019 Omani protests were nationwide protests and rallies in which tens of thousands of protesters marched, against skyrocketing unemployment and inflation in Oman. Mass protests began in January 2018, when police clashed with demonstrators chanting anti-government slogans and demanded an end to the government. Anti -unemployment riots occurred throughout Oman in December, when a wave of protests hit Muscat and Sohar in Oman. Protest and dissent swept Oman while police brutality was increasing, triggering protests and clashes. On 3-8 January 2019, national general strikes began, leading to promises of reforms by Sultan Qaboos.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists
The 2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists consisted of waves of arrests of women's rights activists in Saudi Arabia involved in the women to drive movement and the Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign and of their supporters during 2018 and 2019. The crackdown was described in June 2018 by a United Nations special rapporteur as taking place "on a wide scale across" Saudi Arabia; the special rapporteur called for the "urgent release" of the detainees. Six of the women arrestees were tortured, some in the presence of Crown Prince advisor Saud al-Qahtani.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Background
According to Clarence Rodriguez, the 2018–2019 crackdown can be considered as following from a wave of arrests in September 2017 of intellectuals and clerics, including the arrests of Abdulaziz al-Shubaily, a founding member of the Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA); Mustafa al-Hassan, an academic and novelist; and Essam al-Zamel, an entrepreneur. Rodriguez described the September 2017 arrests as constituting a campaign of political repression by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman (MBS), in reaction to which Jamal Khashoggi left Saudi Arabia for exile in the United States.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves
Rodriguez described the 2018 arrests of the women activists as a "detonator" of the reputation of MBS as a reformer, arguing that MBS aimed to claim the credit for dropping the women driving ban.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves, January–June 2018
Noha al-Balawi was detained in January 2018, the first in a 2018 wave of arrests of women's right activists involved in the women to drive movement and the anti male-guardianship campaign. She was questioned during her detention about her women's rights activities. In mid-May 2018, all three of Aziza al-Yousef, Loujain al-Hathloul and Eman al-Nafjan, together with Aisha al-Mana, Madeha al-Ajroush and two male activists, were arrested by Saudi authorities. As of 22 May 2018, more anti male-guardianship campaigners had been arrested, bringing the total to 13. As of 25 May 2018, four of the women had been released.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves, January–June 2018
Nouf Abdelaziz was arrested on 6 June 2018 after expressing support for seven of the activists arrested in May. Mayaa al-Zahrani was arrested later in May after she published online a letter written by Abdelaziz for release if arrested. Hatoon al-Fassi, a women's rights activist and an associate professor of women's history, was arrested around 27 June, not long after she had driven a car following the official lifting of the women's driving ban.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves, January–June 2018
The wave of political arrests in 2018 extended beyond women's rights groups to other individuals making political statements against Mohammad bin Salman's policies. Economist Essam al-Zamil was charged with terrorism as a result of questioning plans involving the national oil company. Political prisoners were held without trial, and public figures, such as Salman al-Awdah, were "wanted dead", according to The Economist. Mohammed Saleh al-Bejadi, co-founder of the Saudi Arabian human rights organisation Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA), who had already been held in prison from 2011–2015, was arrested on 24 May 2018.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves, January–June 2018
As of 27 June 2018, Al Jazeera English stated that nine of the activists, out of a total of 17, remained under arrest without contact with their families or lawyers. Al-Yousef was released from prison, without the charges against her being dropped, in late March 2019. As of 2 August 2019, Loujain al-Hathloul, Samar Badawi and Nassima al-Sada remained under arrest, while several of the other detained women had been released while their trials continued.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves, April 2019
Twelve people, a pregnant woman and eleven men, involved in women's rights activities or supportive of the imprisoned activists were arrested on or around 4 April 2019. The arrestees, including two United States (US)–Saudi binational citizens, Badr al-Ibrahim and Salah al-Haidar, son of Aziza al-Yousef, were seen as not being "front-line activists", in the sense that they were not politically active on Twitter and were rarely quoted in non-Saudi media.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves, April 2019
Other April detainees included writers Khadijah al-Harbi and her husband Thumar al-Marzouqi, Mohammed al-Sadiq, Andhullah al-Dehailan, Naif al-Hendas, Ayman al-Drees, Abdullah al-Shehri and Moqbel al-Saqqar. Fahal Abalkhail, who had supported the women to drive movement was also among the arrestees.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves, April 2019
King Saud University lecturer Anas al-Mazraoui was earlier arrested in March after having stated the names of some of the imprisoned women's rights activists during a human-rights panel discussion at a book fair.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Arrest waves, April 2019
As of 2 August 2019, a total of 14 of the March/April detainees remained imprisoned without charge.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Torture
Samar Badawi, al-Yousef, al-Nafjan, al-Hathloul, Shadan al-Onezi and Nouf al-Dosari were tortured during the detention, with Crown Prince advisor Saud al-Qahtani present at some of the torture sessions. Physical torture techniques included beating the women on their feet, giving them electric shocks and whipping them. The torture location was referred to as "the hotel" or "the officer's guesthouse". One of the women was photographed naked, one was sexually harassed, beaten and groped, one was stripped naked in front of interrogators. Several had black eyes, suffered from trembling, and were unable to walk or stand normally. One was told falsely that a family member had died. Testimony of torture was obtained independently by ALQST, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Torture
Some of the women have testified about their torture in court.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Aims of the crackdown
Human Rights Watch (HRW) interpreted the arrests as being aimed at frightening the activists, stating, "The message is clear that anyone expressing skepticism about the crown prince's [human] rights agenda faces time in jail." The arrested campaigners were severely criticised in semi-official media as "traitors". Social anthropologist Madawi al-Rasheed interpreted the May arrests as being part of Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman's aim to keep all the credit for allowing women to drive starting from 24 June 2018. Rothna Begum of HRW said that since the arrests and the public smearing of the activists' reputations, women's Twitter activity was quiet.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, Aims of the crackdown
ALQST described the series of arrests as "unprecedented targeting of women human rights defenders". In June 2018, United Nations special rapporteurs described the detentions and arrests taking place as a "crackdown" taking place "on a wide scale across" Saudi Arabia and called for the "urgent release" of the detainees.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, International support for the detainees
On 2 January 2019, a group of UK members of parliament and international lawyers requested permission to visit the women detainees. However, there was no response from the Saudi ambassador Prince Mohammed bin Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz. The UK panel that included former Conservative chair of the foreign affairs select committee Crispin Blunt concluded that the female detainees had been subjected to cruel and inhumane treatment, including assault, threats to life and solitary confinement.


2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists, International support for the detainees
On 14 May 2019, one year after the women human rights activists were arrested by the Saudi authorities, Amnesty International criticised Saudi Arabia's western allies, including the US, the UK and France for not doing anything for the "immediate and unconditional release" of the activists.


2018–2019 South Korean protests
The President Moon Jae-in's resignation movement is a civic resistance movement calling for the resignation of Moon Jae-in, the 19th President of the Republic of Korea. It started to take place in earnest by the organizers who led the protest against the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye. A wave of anti-government protests swept South Korea throughout October 2019, when millions of demonstrators marched in downtown Seoul in street protests and 2-week long movement against the corruption scandals involving president Moon Jae-in and  former justice minister Cho-Kuk.


2018–2019 South Korean protests
After a long period of unprecedented demonstrations, the minister resigned and a new justice minister was put into place. Although protests took place in October 2019, more known as the South Korean October Revolution , protests against the refugee crisis occurred in June 2018, the large pro-Japan trade and anti-restrictions street protests between May–August 2019, anti-North Korea riots in February 2018. 1 was suspected killed in clashes in February 2018 but is has not been confirmed.


2018–2019 Swedish government formation
In the 2018 Swedish general election, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament. On 9 September, the Red-Greens, led by Stefan Löfven's Social Democrats (S), emerged as the main political force in the Riksdag, while the centre-right Alliance led by Ulf Kristersson's Moderate Party only got one seat less. The right-wing populist party Sweden Democrats, led by Jimmie Åkesson, came third. As a result, protracted negotiations were required before a new government could be formed. On 18 January 2019, Löfven was re-elected as prime minister.


2018–2019 Swedish government formation, Parties and number of seats
The table below lists parties' 2018 representation in the Riksdag.


2018–2019 Swedish government formation, Parties and number of seats, Groups
Under the principle of negative parliamentarism, a government needs at least 175 members of parliament to not vote against it (such members should either vote 'yes' or abstain).


2018–2019 Swedish government formation, Potential governments
The Swedish constitution creates a system known as "negative parliamentarianism", wherein "a prime ministerial candidate does not need to have the support of a majority, they only need to show that they do not have a majority of parliament against them." In other words, the vote of confidence in Sweden is in practice a vote of no confidence, wherein the burden of proof is on the opposition.