2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Jawless vertebrates
A turiniid thelodont. The type species is Arianalepis megacostata; genus also contains a second, indeterminate species.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Jawless vertebrates
A possible relative of Tesakoviaspis concentrica. The type species is Kodinskaspis angarensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Jawless vertebrates
A turiniid thelodont. The type species is "Turinia" hutkensis Blieck & Goujet (1978).


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Jawless vertebrates
A member of Cyathaspididae. The type species is P. laevis; genus also includes P. serratus and P. taphensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Cartilaginous fishes
A member of Hybodontidae. The type species is C. reifi.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Cartilaginous fishes
A relative of Elegestolepis and Ellesmereia. Genus includes new species D. magna and D. parva.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Cartilaginous fishes
A member of Lamniformes of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a new genus for "Odontaspis" amonensis Cappetta & Case (1975).


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Cartilaginous fishes
A member of Otodontidae. The type species is M. paradoxodon.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Cartilaginous fishes
A member of Dalatiidae. The type species is O. jordani.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Cartilaginous fishes
A member of Hybodontidae. The type species is O. nebraskensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Cartilaginous fishes
A member of Mongolepidida of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is S. levis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Cartilaginous fishes
Genus includes new species T. dunni, as well as "Lamna" twiggsensis Case (1981).


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Lepisosteiformes; a new genus for "Lepidotes" pankowskii Forey, López-Arbarello & MacLeod (2011).


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Ichthyodectidae. The type species is A. meleleoi.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Sciaenidae; a new genus for "Sciaenops" rossettiae Aguilera & Schwarzhans (2014).


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of the family Megalichthyidae. The type species is A. heintzi.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Tetraodontiformes belonging to the suborder Tetraodontoidei. The type species is Balkaria histiopterygia.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Gobioidei of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Carlomonnius quasigobius.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Caturidae. The type species is C. olsacheri.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Tetraodontiformes related to the threetooth puffer. The type species is C. williamsi.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Polymixiiformes of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Cumbaaichthys oxyrhynchus.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A teleost related to Ascalabos voithii. The type species is Ebertichthys ettlingensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of the superfamily Aulostomoidea. The type species is E. cuevasae.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Clupeomorpha, possibly related to Ranulfoichthys dorsonudum and Scutatuspinosus itapagipensis. The type species is Foreyclupea loonensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Neopterygii of uncertain phylogenetic placement, showing similarities to Prosantichthys and thus to the halecomorph order Panxianichthyformes. The type species is F. luopingensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Neopterygii of uncertain phylogenetic placement, more similar to ginglymodians than to halecomorphs. The type species is G. dawaziensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Pycnodontiformes belonging to the superfamily Coccodontoidea, a species of Gladiopycnodus.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A basal member of Lepisosteiformes. The type species is K. gibbus.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae). The type species is L. vetula.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A slimehead. The type species is Notoberyx cionei; genus also includes Notoberyx madseni (Schwarzhans, 2007).


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Semionotiformes belonging to the family Callipurbeckiidae. The type species is Occitanichthys canjuersensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A teleost belonging to the family Orthogonikleithridae, a species of Orthogonikleithrus.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Macrosemiidae. Genus includes new species P. thiollieri.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of the family Pimelodidae. Originally described as a species of Phractocephalus; Bogan & Agnolín (2019) transferred this species to the genus Steindachneridion.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Sciaenidae. The type species is Protonebris sanchezi


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Holostei of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is T. longaeva; genus also includes T. crassidens.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of the family Pycnodontidae. The type species is "Pycnodus" egertoni Thiollière (1852).


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Aulopiformes belonging to the family Enchodontidae. The type species is Unicachichthys multidentata.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Osteoglossomorpha. The type species is Wilsonichthys aridinsulensis.


2016 in paleoichthyology, New taxa, Bony fishes
A member of Sciaenidae belonging to the subfamily Stelliferinae, a species of Xenotolithus.


2016 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2016.


2016 in paleontology, Flora, Fungi
A fungus belonging to the group Chytridiomycetes. Genus includes new species C. trewini.


2016 in paleontology, Flora, Fungi
A Princeton Chert fungal spores taxon. Type species M. princetonensis.


2016 in paleontology, Flora, Fungi
A fungus described on the basis of spores resembling those of members of the genus Bactrodesmium.


2016 in paleontology, Flora, Fungi
A fungus of uncertain phylogenetic placement, showing similarities to members of the genera Macrochytrium (Chytridiomycota) and Blastocladiella (Blastocladiomycota). The type species is Trewinomyces annulifer.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A tabulate coral belonging to the order Favositida and the family Coenitidae.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A jellyfish-like organism, a possible relative of scyphomedusae. Genus includes new species B. cycloplerusa.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
An operculate coral belonging to the family Calceolidae; a species of Calceola.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A rugose coral belonging to the family Bothrophyllidae; a species of Caninophyllum.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A member of Hydrozoa of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Eoaequorea xingi.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
Austria France Germany Greece Iran Italy Japan Mexico Poland Spain Ukraine United States Uzbekistan


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A stony coral belonging to the family Siderastreidae. The type species is "Siderastrea" cuyleri Wells (1932); genus also includes "Phyllocoenia" cotteaui Orbigny (1850), "Diploastrea" crassa Kuzmicheva (1980), "Diploastrea" crassicostata Morycowa & Masse (1998), "Phyllocoenia" cyclops Felix (1891), "Confusastrea" dollfusi Prever (1909), "Confusastrea" felixi Prever (1909); "Stephanocoenia" grandipora Orbigny (1849), "Diploastrea" harrisi Wells (1932), "Diploastrea" hilli Wells (1933), "Montastraea" nagaoi Eguchi (1951), "Pleurocora" reussi Milne Edwards (1857), "Diplocoenia" splendida Prever (1909), "Diploastrea" vaughani Wells (1933) and "Plesiofavia" villaltai Reig Oriol (1991), as well as new species E. paragrandipora Löser (2016) and E. stefani Löser (2016).


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A coral belonging to the group Rugosa and the family Campophyllidae. The type species is Famastraea catenata.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A member of Rugosa belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Kleopatrinidae.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
An operculate coral belonging to the family Calceolidae; a new genus for "Calceola" gervillei Bayle (1878).


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A member of Hydrozoa of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a species of Kullingia.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A tabulate coral belonging to the family Micheliniidae; possibly a species of Michelinia.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A stony coral belonging to the family Siderastreidae; a new genus for "Thamnasteria" exigua Reuss (1854).


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A tabulate coral belonging to the family Hyostragulidae. The type species is P. problematicum.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A tabulate coral belonging to group Favositida and to the family Micheliniidae.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A rugose coral belonging to the family Phillipsastreidae. The type species is "Cyathophyllum" ananas Goldfuss (1826); genus also includes "Pseudoacervularia" dybowskii Różkowska (1953), "Pseudoacervularia" intercellulosa (Phillips, 1841) sensu Pickett (1967), "Schlüteria" lyskovensis Ermakova (1957), "Acervularia" macrommata Roemer (1855), "Phillipsastrea" plantana Różkowska (1979), "Cyathophyllum" profundum Michelin (1845), "Phillipsastrea" rozkowskae Scrutton (1968), "Pseudoacervularia" cf. smithi (Różkowska, 1953) sensu Pickett (1967), "Phillipsastrea" ananas veserensis Coen-Aubert (1974) and "Phillipsastrea" zerda Galle, 1992 in Hladil et al. (1992).


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A coral similar to members of the genus Caninia. The type species is P. stegovnikensis.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A tabulate coral belonging to the family Pachyporidae. The type species is Sokolovia pershinae. The generic name is preoccupied by Sokolovia Ilovaisky (1934) and Sokolovia Shishkinskaya (1964).


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A member of Rugosa belonging to the family Petraiidae. The type species is Spinaxon potyi.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A tabulate coral belonging to the family Syringoporidae; a species of Syringopora.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A tabulate coral belonging to the family Pachyporidae; a species of Thamnoptychia.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A colonial rugose coral; a new genus for "Lithostrotion" columnariformis Vassiljuk (1960).


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
A rugose coral belonging to the family Kyphophyllidae. The type species is V. julli.


2016 in paleontology, Cnidarians, New taxa
An anthozoan belonging to the superfamily Heliolitoidea; a replacement name for Concavites Bondarenko & Minzhin (1981).


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Trepostomata and the family Anisotrypidae.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Ascophora and the family Tessaradomidae; a species of Beisselina.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Lepraliellidae.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Onychocellidae. The type species is Ehrhardina voigti; genus also includes Ehrhardina pikeae.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Trepostomata and the family Eridotrypellidae.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A trepostome bryozoan. A new genus for "Stenodiscus" zealandicus Schäfer & Grant-Mackie (1994) and "Stenodiscus" kawhiae Schäfer & Grant-Mackie (1994).


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Trepostomata and the family Stenoporidae.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Ascophora and the family Tessaradomidae; a species of Pachydermopora.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Calloporidae.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A bryozoan belonging to the group Trepostomata and the family Crustoporidae.


2016 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A member of Fenestrata belonging to the family Polyporidae. The type species is T. ornata.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
An atrypoid brachiopod; a replacement name for Cerasina Copper (1995) (preoccupied).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Terebratulida. Genus includes new species C. nauarchus.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Lingulata belonging to the group Lingulida and the family Lingulidae. The type species is "Lingularia" siberica Biernat & Emig (1993).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A plectorthoid brachiopod. A new genus for "Nanorthis" calderensis Benedetto (2007); genus also includes "Nanorthis" bastamensis Ghobadi Pour, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Popov (2011).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Terebratulida related to Ostreathyris. The type species is G. capralis.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Adolfiidae. The type species is G. dagnensis.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenida belonging to the subfamily Mesodouvillininae. The type species is Harperoides alaskensis.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Sinomenidae. Genus includes new species H. wangjiawanensis. Rong et al. (2019) considered it to be a junior synonym of Coolinia.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Chilidiopsidae; a subgenus of Iridistrophia. The type species is "Orthis" hipponyx Schnur (1851); the subgenus also includes new species Iridistrophia (Flabellistrophia) musculosa and possibly also "Orthis" undifera Schnur (1853) and Iridistrophia dendritica Benedetto (1984).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
Cavá FormationGabian FormationPortilla de Luna LimestonesPortixeddu FormationPorto de Santa Anna FormationPunta Serpeddi FormationRosan Formation


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A rafinesquinid strophomenid brachiopod, a subgenus of Kjaerina. The type species of the subgenus is Kjaerina (Villasina) pedronaensis; the subgenus also contains "Hedstroemina" almadenensis Villas (1995), as well as new species Kjaerina (Villasina) meloui and Kjaerina (Villasina) pyrenaica.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A plectorthoid brachiopod. A new genus for "Eoorthis" bifurcata Harrington (1937); genus also includes "Nanorthis" brachymyaria Benedetto in Benedetto & Carrasco (2002), as well as new species Lampazarorthis alata.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A relative of Mentzelia and Paramentzelia. The type species is Liaous shaiwensis.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Productida belonging to the family Auriculispinidae, a species of Lyonia.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae. The type species is "Conotreta" devota Krause & Rowell (1975).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of the family Strophomenidae. Genus includes new species M. yichangensis.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Rhynchonelliformea belonging to the class Obolellata and the order Naukatida. The type species is Nasakia thulensis.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Pugnacoidea and the family Basiliolidae; a new genus for "Terebratula" flustracea von Buch (1834).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of the family Dalmanellidae. Genus includes new species P. minuta. Rong et al. (2019) considered it to be a junior synonym of Mirorthis.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A subgenus of Paraspirifer. The type species is Paraspirifer conradi Godefroid & Fagerstrom (1983); the subgenus also includes "Delthyris" acuminata Conrad (1839), "Terebratula" acuminatissima de Castelnau (1843), "Spirifer" bownockeri Stewart (1927), Paraspirifer halli Godefroid & Fagerstrom (1983) and Paraspirifer clarkei Godefroid & Fagerstrom (1983).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A subgenus of Paraspirifer. The type species is Paraspirifer sandbergeri Solle (1971); the subgenus also includes Spirifer auriculatus Sandberger & Sandberger (1856), Paraspirifer sandbergeri longimargo Solle (1971) (elevated to species rank), Paraspirifer eos Solle (1971) and Paraspirifer sandbergeri nepos Solle (1971). The subgenus might also include Paraspirifer gigantea Su (1976) and Paraspirifer desbiensi Bizzarro & Lespérance (1999).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A lingulate brachiopod belonging to the family Zhanatellidae. The type species is P. paibia.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Pygmaellidae. The type species is Pedderia fragosa.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Lingulata belonging to the family Ephippelasmatidae. The type species is P. malachiensis'.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Spiriferoidea belonging to the family Choristitidae. The type species is Q. elongatus.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
Bohdalec FormationFombuena FormationGabian FormationLower Ktaoua FormationPorto de Santa Anna FormationUpper Tiouririne FormationZahorany Formation


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A rafinesquinid strophomenid brachiopod, a subgenus of Rafinesquina. The type species of the subgenus is "Leptaena" pseudoloricata Barrande (1848); the subgenus also includes Rafinesquina pomoides Havlíček (1971), as well as new species Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) gabianensis and Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) loredensis.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Uncinuloidea. The type species is "Terebratula" antiqua Schnur (1853); genus also includes "Uncinulus" frontecostatus Drevermann (1902)


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Hemithiridoidea and the family Cyclothyrididae.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Rhynchonelliformea belonging to the group Productida and the family Productellidae. The type species is S. boreus.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Sinomenidae. Genus includes new species S. typica. Rong et al. (2019) considered it to be a junior synonym of Eostropheodonta.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Filispiriferidae. The type species is Tapongaspirifer melodiae.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A possible member of Devonochonetinae. The type species is "Chonetes" taggertyensis Gill (1945) from the Montys Hut Formation; genus also contains second, unnamed species from the Norton Gully Sandstone.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
An atrypoid brachiopod. The type species is Thulatrypa gregaria; genus also contains "Meifodia" orientalis Rong, Xu & Yang (1974).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Rhynchonelliformea belonging to the class Obolellata and the order Naukatida. The type species is Tomteluva perturbata.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Linguloidea belonging to the family Lingulidae. The type species is T. lorigae; genus also includes new species T. mazzinensis and T. prinothi, as well as Trentingula borealis (Bittner, 1899).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Spiriferida. A replacement name for Triangularia Poletaev (2001).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Productoidea. Genus includes new species W. donajiae.


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Cyrtospiriferidae. The type species is "Spirifer" koscharicus Ljaschenko (1959); genus also includes "Spirifer" archiaci Murchison (1840), "Spirifer" brodi Wenjukov (1886) and W. lebedjanicus (Nalivkin, 1947).


2016 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Sinomenidae. Genus includes new species Y. dingjiapoensis. Rong et al. (2019) considered it to be a junior synonym of Eostropheodonta.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A sea urchin belonging to the group Camarodonta and the family Glyphocyphidae. The type species is "Tiaridia" weldoni Fourtau (1921).


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Saccocomidae.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A heterodiadematid sea urchin. The type species is "Trochodiadema" dhofarense Roman (1991); genus also includes new species Arabicodiadema alii.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A starfish belonging to the family Stichasteridae. The type species is A. gundersoni.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae, a species of Calliderma.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A heart urchin belonging to the family Prenasteridae. Genus includes new species C. varnami.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae; a replacement name for Asterias schulzii Cotta sensu Roemer (1840, 1841).


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Saccocomidae. The type species is C. brydonei; genus also includes C. mortimorei.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is C. gladius; genus also includes C. labyrinthus.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A stem-carinacean sea urchin; a new genus for "Echinus" minutus Buckman in Murchison (1845).


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star related to members of the genus Protaster. Genus includes new species D. coleenbiggsae.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A sea urchin belonging to the group Arbacioida and the family Acropeltidae.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is H. filigree; genus also includes H. scalaensis.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is J. ellisensis.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A heterodiadematid sea urchin. The type species is "Pseudodiadema" libanoticum de Loriol (1887); genus also includes Loriolidiadema sculptile (de Loriol, 1887).


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is L. woodi.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A cystoid belonging to the family Callocystitidae. The type species is M. heckeri.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A starfish belonging to the group Valvatida and the family Stauranderasteridae.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A heart urchin belonging to the superfamily Spatangoidea, a species of Mariania.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida, a species of Osteocrinus.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Inadunata, a species of Pentamerocrinus.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A sea urchin belonging to the family Temnopleuridae. The type species is P. davolii.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A heart urchin; a replacement name for Sphenaster Jeffery in Smith et al. (1999).


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A salenioidan sea urchin; a new genus for "Acrosalenia" miliaria Paris (1908).


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Saccocomidae. The type species is S. torpedo.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is S. hugesae; genus also includes S. pannosus.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Actinocrinitidae.


2016 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A sea urchin, possibly a stem-salenioidan; a new genus for "Acrosalenia" lycetti Wright (1851).


2016 in paleontology, Conodonts
A member of Ozarkodinida of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is H. parvilabiatus.


2016 in paleontology, Conodonts
A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Idiognathodontidae, a species of Idiognathodus.


2016 in paleontology, Conodonts
Originally described as a species of Neogondolella, but subsequently transferred to the genus Magnigondolella.


2016 in paleontology, Conodonts
A replacement name for Siphonodella (Siphonodella) hassi Ji (1985). Plotitsyn and Zhuravlev (2016) considered S. jii to be a junior synonym of Siphonodella quadruplicata (Branson et Mehl), because they considered the specimen selected as the holotype of S. jii to be more likely to represent an ontogenetic stage of S. quadruplicata.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Temnospondyls
A benthosuchid temnospondyl. The type species is "Wetlugasaurus" samarensis Sennikov (1981); genus also includes new species S. morkovini.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Lissamphibians
A member of Pipidae. The type species is Kuruleufenia xenopoides.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Lissamphibians
A cryptobranchoid salamander of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is N. aquilonaris.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Lissamphibians
A member of Scaphiopodidae. The type species is Prospea holoserisca.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Lissamphibians
A basal member of Salamandroidea. The type species is Qinglongtriton gangouensis.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Others
An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is A. microps.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Others
An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is D. austiumensis.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Others
An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is K. herma.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Others
An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is O. kierani.


2016 in paleontology, Amphibians, New taxa, Others
An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is P. apsconditus.


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Lizards, New taxa
A member of Scincomorpha belonging to the family Hodzhakuliidae. The type species is B. primigenius.


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Lizards, New taxa
A member of Scincomorpha belonging to the family Hodzhakuliidae. The type species is C. eublepharus.


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Lizards, New taxa
A member of Lacertidae; a new genus for "Ophisaurus" ulmensis Gerhardt (1903).


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Lizards, New taxa
An iguanian belonging to the group Acrodonta, possibly a relative of the uromasticine agamids. The type species is J. aleadonta.


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Lizards, New taxa
A member of Anguidae. A new genus for "Dopasia" coderetensis Augé (2005); genus also includes "Dopasia" frayssensis Augé (2005).


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Lizards, New taxa
A member of Scincomorpha belonging to the family Hodzhakuliidae. The type species is P. altidentatus. The generic name is preoccupied by Platynotoides Kaszab (1975).


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Snakes, New taxa
A snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is L. aquaticus.


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Snakes, New taxa
A member of Madtsoiidae. The type species is P. tadkeshwarensis.


2016 in paleontology, Lepidosaurs, Snakes, New taxa
A member of Boidae. A new genus for "Messelophis" ermannorum Schaal & Baszio (2004).


2016 in paleontology, Ichthyosauromorphs, New taxa
A member of Ophthalmosauridae. Transferred to the genus Undorosaurus by Zverkov & Efimov (2019).


2016 in paleontology, Ichthyosauromorphs, New taxa
A basal member of Ichthyosauriformes. The type species is S. parviceps.


2016 in paleontology, Ichthyosauromorphs, New taxa
A member of Leptonectidae. The type species is W. massarae.


2016 in paleontology, Sauropterygians, New taxa
An aristonectine elasmosaurid plesiosaur. The type species is Alexandronectes zealandiensis.


2016 in paleontology, Sauropterygians, New taxa
A non-pistosauroid eosauropterygian of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Dawazisaurus brevis.


2016 in paleontology, Sauropterygians, New taxa
An elasmosaurid plesiosaur. The type species is "Trinacromerum" lafquenianum Gasparini & Goñi (1985).


2016 in paleontology, Turtles, New taxa
A member of Bothremydidae. The type species is A. peregrinus.


2016 in paleontology, Turtles, New taxa
A tortoise; a new genus for "Achilemys" cassouleti Claude & Tong (2004).


2016 in paleontology, Turtles, New taxa
A member of Bothremydidae. The type species is I. pernambucensis. Its status as a valid taxon was challenged by Romano (2016), who considered the genus Inaechelys to be a junior synonym of the genus Rosasia and the species I. pernambucensis/Rosasia pernambucensis to be a nomen dubium.


2016 in paleontology, Turtles, New taxa
A member of Proterochersidae. The type species is Keuperotesta limendorsa. The genus Keuperotesta was considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Proterochersis by Joyce (2017), though the author maintained K. limendorsa as a distinct species within the latter genus.


2016 in paleontology, Turtles, New taxa
A member of Bothremydidae. The type species is P. tibert. Pérez-García (2018) considered the genus Paiutemys to be a junior synonym of the genus Algorachelus, and transferred the species P. tibert to the latter genus.


2016 in paleontology, Turtles, New taxa
A relative of trionychids; a new genus for "Trionyx" messelianus Reinach (1900). However, Karl (2018) considered Palaeoamyda to be a junior synonym of the genus Rafetoides, and transferred "Trionyx" messelianus to the latter genus.


2016 in paleontology, Turtles, New taxa
A tortoise. The type species is P. soriana; genus also includes Pelorochelon eocaenica (Hummel, 1935).


2016 in paleontology, Turtles, New taxa
A member of Bothremydidae belonging to the group Foxemydina. The type species is T. teodorii.


2016 in paleontology, Other reptiles, New taxa
A rhynchosaur belonging to the group Stenaulorhynchinae. The type species is Brasinorhynchus mariantensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other reptiles, New taxa
A member of Captorhinidae; a replacement name for Concordia Müller & Reisz (2005).


2016 in paleontology, Other reptiles, New taxa
A rhynchosaur; a new genus for "Rhynchosaurus" brodiei Benton (1990).


2016 in paleontology, Other reptiles, New taxa
A relative of Sharovipteryx. The type species is O. volans.


2016 in paleontology, Other reptiles, New taxa
A member of Archosauromorpha closely related to Archosauriformes. The type species is Teyujagua paradoxa.


2016 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
An early cynodont related to Charassognathus gracilis. The type species is Abdalodon diastematicus.


2016 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A member of Probainognathidae. The type species is B. schultzi.


2016 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A member of Tritylodontidae. The type species is Montirictus kuwajimaensis. Averianov et al. (2017) considered the genus Montirictus to be a junior synonym of the genus Stereognathus.


2016 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A therocephalian related to Karenites. The type species is Mupashi migrator.


2016 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A dicynodont belonging to the group Bidentalia. The type species is R. procurvidens.


2016 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A member of Probainognathia, probably closely related to prozostrodontians. The type species is S. abdalai.


2016 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A member of Eothyrididae; a new genus for "Mycterosaurus" smithae Lewis & Vaughn (1965).


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
An annelid, possibly a polychaete. The type species is Annulitubus mutveii.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of the total group of Annelida. The type species is B. jormunganda.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of the total group of Priapulida. The type species is B. njorda.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A heteractinid sponge belonging to the group Heteractinellida and the family Heterostellidae. The type species is B. inexplicabila.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of Clitellata of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of fossilized cocoons; a species of Burejospermum.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Stellispongiellidae. The type species is C. topukensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of Cornulitida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Cornulites.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Auriculospongiidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Bubarida. The type species is E. picketti.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A tommotiid belonging to the family Kelanellidae. The type species is E. grigorievae.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Tetractinellida, a species of Geodia.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the group Hexasterophora and the family Hyalostellidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A sponge; a replacement name for Disparella Fedorov in Fedorov & Pereladov (1987).


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Preperonidellidae. The type species is M. polysiphonata; genus also includes M. askomorpha.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Nganki.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
An inozoid or chaetetid sponge. The type species is O. chaetetiformis


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A polychaete, possibly a relative of serpulids. The type species is P. sosiensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of Clitellata of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of fossilized cocoons. The type species is Pegmatothylakos manumii.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Preperonidellidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A graptolite. The type species is P. acicularis; genus also includes new species P. regularis, as well as P. euglyphus (Lapworth, 1880) and P. siccatus (Elles and Wood, 1907).


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A calcareous sponge belonging to the family Polyactinellidae. The type species is P. plana; genus also includes P. miriculata.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of Cloudinidae; a new genus for "Pseudorthotheca" costata Mambetov in Missarzhevsky & Mambetov (1981).


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
An acorn worm belonging to the family Harrimaniidae, a species of Saccoglossus.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A graptolite; a new genus for "Gothograptus" meganassa Rickards & Palmer (2002).


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of Microconchida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs). The type species is S. weedoni.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of Microconchida. The type species is "Spirorbis" angulatus Hall (1861); genus also includes new species S. biernatae.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the group Amphidiscophora and the family Hyalonematidae. The type species is T. aculeata.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Stellispongiellidae. The type species is T. oligocanalis; genus also includes new species T. polycanalis, T. tenuis, T. lamellicanalis, T. fascifera, T. siderifera, T. lamellata and T. polyforma.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A member of Microconchida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs). The type species is "Palaeoconchus" wilsoni Zatoń, Vinn & Toom (2016).


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Virgulidae. The type species is "Grossotubenella" variabilis Senowbari-Daryan (2005); genus also includes new species T. irregularis.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A graptolite. Genus includes new species U. minimus Chen, U. scandinavicus Goldman and U. xinjiangensis Chen and Goldman.


2016 in paleontology, Other animals, New taxa
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Stellispongiellidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Textulariida and the family Chrysalidinidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A member of Cyanobacteria. The type species is Acuasiphonoria ordovica.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolata and the family Cornuspiridae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, probably a calcareous alga.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A red alga, possibly related to the coralline algae. The type species is "Hedstroemia" serrana Vachard & Aretz (2004); genus also includes "Hedstroemia" nidarosiensis Høeg, 1932 emend. Roux, 1985, "Hedstroemia" koninckoporoides Vachard, 1988 and "Pseudosolenopora" owodenkoi sensu Mamet, 2002 non Chanton-Güvenç, 1972.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A diatom belonging to the group Aulacoseirales and the family Aulacoseiraceae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A filamentous organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is B. rana.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Orbitolinidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; might be related to hormogonian cyanobacteria or to eukaryotic green or chrysophyte algae. The type species is Berkutaphycus elongatus.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Rotaliina and the family Bolivinoididae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A haptophyte belonging to the order Coccolithales and the family Coccolithaceae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A flabellate, lobate frond with at least superficial similarities to the ivesheadiomorph Blackbrookia. The type species is B. alta.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A multicellular benthic alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Chinggiskhaania bifurcata.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the superfamily Textulariacea, possibly a member of the family Valvulinidae. The type species is C. gusici.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A diatom belonging to the group Thalassiosirales and the family Stephanodiscaceae. The type species is Cribrionella ohridana


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; the authors of its description considered it most likely that it was a relative of pterobranchs. The type species is C. sinicum.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolina and the family Milioliporidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A red alga belonging to the group Corallinophycidae, possibly a member of Rhodogorgonales; a species of Elianella.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A member of Cyanobacteria belonging to the family Chroococcaceae. The type species is Eohalothece lacustrina.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the superfamily Alveolinoidea. The type species is E. sayqensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organic-walled microfossil; a new genus for "Vandalosphaeridium" walcottii Vidal & Ford (1985).


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A macrofossil organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga. The type species is G. taoyingensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the class Tubothalamea, the order Ammodiscida and the family Ammodiscidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A possible member of Cyanobacteria. The type species is Gomphosiphon xinjiangensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Hauerinidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A haptophyte belonging to the family Biscutaceae. Genus includes "Crucibiscutum" bosunensis Jeremiah (2001), as well as new species J. birchiae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A possible alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species J. marwarensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organic-walled microfossil. Genus includes new species K. gemmulella. Loron & Moczydłowska (2018) considered the genus Kaibabia to be a junior synonym of the genus Leiosphaeridia, and transferred the species K. gemmulella to the latter genus.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Fabulariidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; might be a cnidarian (the possibility considered to be most likely by the authors of its description), or a macroalga. The type species is Lantianella laevis; genus also includes L. annularis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organic-walled microfossil; a new genus for "Trachysphaeridium" laufeldi Vidal (1976).


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A macroscopic alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is L. robusta.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A diatom belonging to the group Thalassiosirales and the family Stephanodiscaceae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Soritidae. The type species is M. incolumnatus.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolata and the family Cornuspiridae. A new genus for "Ammodiscus" xarlashanensis Wang (1986).


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the family Polymorphinidae. Genus includes new species N. duplexmurus.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Soritidae. The type species is O. tenuissimus.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A member of Cyanobacteria belonging to the family Garwoodiaceae. The type species is O. laxa; genus also includes "Ortonella" mansellensis (Poncet, 1986) and "Ortonella" myrae Rácz (1964).


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A macrofossil organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, might be a macroalga or an animal. The type species is P. curvus.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Perissothallus.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a cnidarian-grade animal. The type species is P. cyathiformis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A haptophyte belonging to the order Zygodiscales and the family Pontosphaeraceae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Pfenderinidae. The type species is P. ayaki.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A probably a macroalga. The type species is P. wenghuiensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Coskinolinidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Praerhapydioninidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a cnidarian-grade animal. The type species is Q. fusiformis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Orbitolinidae. The type species is R. aydimi.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Robertinida and the family Conorboididae. The type species is R. martinii.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A microorganism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Rothpletzella.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Valvulinidae. The type species is S. ashawqi.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A haptophyte belonging to the order Syracosphaerales, related to the family Rhabdosphaeraceae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the superfamily Soritoidea.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A probably a eukaryotic alga. The type species is T. komma.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A haptophyte belonging to the order Isochrysidales and the family Prinsiaceae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Heterohelicacea and the family Guembelitriidae.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A foraminifer belonging to the group Robertinida and the family Trochosiphoniidae. The type species is V. felicitaszae; genus also includes V. spinaferra.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A possible alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species V. rajasthanensis and V. sursagarensis.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A microfossil. Genus includes "Kildinosphaera" verrucata Vidal in Vidal & Siedlecka (1983), as well as "Kildinosphaera" granulata Vidal in Vidal & Siedlecka (1983).


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A member of Cyanobacteria. The type species is X. hongii.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; might be a worm-like animal or an alga. The type species is X. rara.


2016 in paleontology, Other organisms, New taxa
A multicellular benthic alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Zuunartsphyton delicatum.


2016 in philosophy, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in philosophy" article:


2016 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


2016 in poetry, Selection of works published in English, New Zealand, Poets in Best New Zealand Poems
These poets wrote the 25 poems selected for Best New Zealand Poems 2015 (guest editor was John Newton, published this year:


2016 in poetry, Deaths, January – June
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


2016 in politics
These are some of the notable events relating to politics in 2016.


2016 in professional wrestling
2016 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


2016 in professional wrestling, Calendar of notable shows, July
Also in the match: Team Mexico (Diamante Azul, Máximo, La Máscara, Rey Escorpión, Rush, Shocker and Último Guerrero), Team International (Johnny Idol, Kushida, Marco Corleone, Michael Elgin, Okumura, Sam Adonis and Tanga Roa) in a 2016 CMLL International Gran Prix, 16-man Torneo Cibernetico


2016 in professional wrestling, Title changes, TNA
On July 13, Lashley also won the TNA X Division Championship defeating then-champion Eddie Edwards in a title vs. title steel cage match. On August 11, Lashley also won the TNA King of the Mountain Championship by defeating then-champion James Storm in a title vs. titles match. The following day, Lashley retired the TNA King of the Mountain Championship and vacated the X Division Championship


2016 in professional wrestling, Title changes, WWE, Raw and SmackDown
Following the reintroduction of the WWE brand extension in July, in which titles became exclusive to a brand and others were established as counterparts to the opposing brand's championships, Raw and SmackDown each had a world championship, a secondary championship, a women's championship, and a male tag team championship. A championship was also established for Raw's cruiserweight wrestlers.


2016 in public domain
When a work's copyright expires, it enters the public domain. The following is a list of works that entered the public domain in 2016. Since laws vary globally, the copyright status of some works are not uniform.


2016 in public domain, Authors entering the public domain, Authors entering the public domain 70 years after death
With the exception of Belarus, a work enters the public domain in Europe and Brazil 70 years after the creator's death, if it was published during the creator's lifetime. The list is sorted alphabetically and includes a notable work of the creator that entered the public domain on January 1, 2016.


2016 in public domain, Authors entering the public domain, Entering the public domain in the United States
The Copyright Term Extension Act means no published works will enter the public domain in this jurisdiction until 2019. Only unpublished works whose authors died in 1945 enter the public domain.


2016 in radio
The following is a list of events affecting radio broadcasting in 2016. Events listed include radio program debuts, finales, cancellations, and station launches, closures and format changes, as well as information about controversies.


2016 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 2016.


2016 in rock music
This article summarizes the events related to rock music for the year of 2016.


2016 in rugby union
This page covers the major events of 2016 in rugby union.


2016 in sailing
The following were the scheduled events of sailing for the year 2016 throughout the world.


2016 in science
A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2016. The United Nations declared 2016 the International Year of Pulses.


2016 in science fiction
The year 2016 is marked, in science fiction, by the following events.


2016 in spaceflight, Overview
Russia inaugurated the far-Eastern Vostochny Cosmodrome on 28 April 2016 with a traditional Soyuz-2.1a flight, before expanding it for the Angara rocket family in the following years. The Chinese Long March 7 flew its maiden flight from the new Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on Hainan Island on 25 June, and the maiden flight of the Long March 5 took place on 3 November. Two years after its 2014 accident, the Antares rocket returned to flight on 17 October with its upgraded 230 version featuring the Russian RD-181 engine.


2016 in spaceflight, Overview
After many failed attempts, SpaceX began landing its Falcon 9 first stages on autonomous spaceport drone ships, edging closer to their long-stated goal of developing reusable launch vehicles. The company indicated that the recovered engines and structures did not suffer significant damage. One of the landed boosters, B1021, launched in April 2016, was flown again in March 2017; two others were converted to side boosters for the maiden flight of Falcon Heavy.


2016 in spaceflight, Overview
The ExoMars mission, a collaboration between the European and Russian space agencies, was launched on 14 March and reached Mars on 19 October. Dedicated to astrobiology investigations, this flight carried the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which reached Mars orbit, and the Schiaparelli EDM lander, which crashed upon landing. A subsequent flight scheduled for 2020 will carry the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover along with four static surface instruments. Meanwhile, the Japanese space probe Akatsuki started its observations of Venus in May after spending five months gradually adjusting its orbit. Planetary exploration activities took center stage with the orbit insertion of NASA's Juno probe at Jupiter on 4 July, followed by the launch of NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission to asteroid 101955 Bennu on 8 September. Finally, on 30 September, the Rosetta probe executed a slow crash-landing on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.


2016 in spaceflight, Overview
Human spaceflights included the return of Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko in March after a yearlong mission on the ISS, the longest-ever continuous stay by astronauts at the station. Kelly also set the record for the longest-duration stay of an American in orbit. Four ISS Expeditions numbered 47 to 50 were launched in 2016, the first one using the last Soyuz TMA-M spacecraft and the next three inaugurating the modernized Soyuz MS. Expedition 50 will continue into 2017. Several EVAs were performed to maintain the exterior of the ISS.


2016 in spaceflight, Overview
The experimental BEAM inflatable habitat was attached to the ISS on 16 April and expanded on 28 May to begin two years of on-orbit tests. Meanwhile, China launched its new Tiangong-2 space laboratory in September, which was first visited by two astronauts for a month between 19 October and 17 November.


2016 in spaceflight, Space debris events
Hitomi itself went into a tumble and sent short intermittent communications. The tumble was caused by a failure of the inertial reference unit mistakenly reporting the spacecraft to be spinning. As the attitude control system attempted to correct the non-existent spin, the unnecessary correction itself is believed to have caused the subsuqent failures, ultimately leading to the loss of the spacecraft, 28 April.


2016 in spaceflight, Space debris events
In a twist of fate, one of the secondary payloads traveling with Hitomi was ChubuSat-3, a microsatellite dedicated to monitoring global warming effects and space debris.


2016 in spaceflight, Orbital launch statistics, By country
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.


2016 in sports
2016 in sports describes the year's events in world sport. The main highlight for this year is the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.


2016 in squash sport
This article lists the results for the sport of Squash in 2016.


2016 in stand-up comedy
This is a timeline documenting events and facts about stand-up comedy in the year 2016.


2016 in sumo
The following were the events in professional sumo during 2016.


2016 in tennis
This page covers all the important events in the sport of tennis in 2016. Primarily, it provides the results of notable tournaments throughout the year on both the ATP and WTA Tours, the Davis Cup, and the Fed Cup.


2016 in the British Virgin Islands
Events from the year 2016 in the British Virgin Islands.


2016 in the Central African Republic
The following lists events that happened during 2016 in the Central African Republic.


2016 in the Czech Republic
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2016 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The following lists events that happened during 2016 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


2016 in the Netherlands
This article lists some of the events from 2016 related to the Netherlands.


2016 in the Philippines
2016 in the Philippines details events that occurred in the Philippines in 2016.


2016 in the Philippines, Holidays
On August 26, 2015, the government announced at least 19 Philippine holidays for 2016 as declared by virtue of Proclamation No. 1105, series of 2015. Note that in the list, holidays in italics are "special non-working holidays," those in bold are "regular holidays," and those in non-italics and non-bold are "special holidays for schools."


2016 in the Philippines, Holidays
In addition, several other places observe local holidays, such as the foundation of their town. These are also "special days."


2016 in the Republic of Macedonia
The following lists events from the year 2016 in the Republic of Macedonia.


2016 in the State of Palestine
The following lists events that happened during 2016 in the State of Palestine.


2016 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 2016 in the United Kingdom. The year was dominated by the UK's vote to leave the European Union and the subsequent political fallout.


2016 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 2016. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


2016 in the sport of athletics
In 2016, the foremost athletics events will be staged at the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. The two other major global level competitions in 2016 are the World Indoor Championships and World Half Marathon Championships.


2016 in the sport of athletics
A new addition to the continental tournament schedule came in the form of the 2016 European Athletics Youth Championships. Two long-running competitions were renamed and held under new titles in 2016. The World Junior Championships in Athletics became the 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships and the IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held as the 2016 IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships.


2016 in the sport of athletics
The hosting of the two above events had to be reopened as they were affected by the suspension of the All-Russia Athletic Federation as a result of contraventions of the World Anti- Doping Code. As a major nation in athletics, Russia's ban meant the absence of many world class athletes from competition. Kenya – another prominent country – was subject to a World Anti- Doping Agency plan to improve its own anti-doping infrastructure, on pain of exclusion from international events.


2016 in the sport of athletics, Doping
Among the first doping suspensions of the year was Kazakhstan hurdler Anastasiya Soprunova, who had won the Asian indoor title. Retests of samples taken at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics using new methods revealed several high-profile track athletes had given positive results, including major medallists for Russia.


2016 in triathlon
This topic reveals a large number of triathlon events and their results for 2016.


2016 in video games
Numerous video games were released in 2016. New hardware came out as well, albeit largely refreshed and updated versions of consoles in the PlayStation 4 Pro, PlayStation 4 Slim, and Xbox One S.  Commercially available virtual reality headsets were released in much greater numbers and at much lower price points than the enthusiast-only virtual reality headsets of earlier generations. Augmented reality also became mainstream with Pokémon Go. Top-rated games originally released in 2016 included Uncharted 4: A Thief's End, Inside, Overwatch, Forza Horizon 3, NBA 2K17, Dark Souls III, and Battlefield 1. The top five highest-grossing video games of 2016 were League of Legends, Honor of Kings/Arena of Valor, Monster Strike, Clash of Clans, and Dungeon Fighter Online.


2016 in video games, Top-rated games, Critically acclaimed titles
Metacritic (MC) and GameRankings (GR) are aggregators of video game journalism reviews.


2016 in video games, Financial performance
Analysis firm SuperData estimated that the global video game software market brought in $91 billion in revenues in 2016; this was an increase over the $74 billion estimated for 2015, but SuperData noted that their 2016 estimates included a larger data set. Of the $91 billion, $41 billion was attributed to mobile gaming, particularly the titles Clash Royale and Pokémon Go, with the largest mobile gaming section in Asia with total revenues near $25 billion.


2016 in video games, Financial performance
Personal computer video games made up $34 billion, with $19 billion contributed from free-to-play games, and console games, retail and downloadable, were $26 and $6.6 billion, respectively. The firm also identified that virtual reality (VR), professional video game sports, and streaming were still growing markets in the year. DFC Intelligence reported similar numbers for revenues in the various sectors, and noted that mobile gaming revenues overtook both console and personal computer revenues in 2016.


2016 in video games, Financial performance
Newzoo estimated that $70.4 billion of video game revenues were made by the top 25 publicly-trading companies, led by Tencent ($10.2B), Sony ($7.9B), Activision Blizzard ($6.6B), Microsoft ($6.5B) and Apple, Inc. ($5.9B). The top ten companies brought in more than 54% of total revenues during 2016, up from 43% in 2015.


2016 in video games, Financial performance
IHS Markit estimated that worldwide revenue related to console hardware, software, and services was $34.7 billion, down about 2.5% from 2015; hardware sales were down from $12.8 billion to $10.5 billion, while software and service revenues were up. Sony held about 57% of the market share during 2016, followed by Microsoft and Nintendo.


2016 in video games, Financial performance
Within the United States, revenues from the video game industry in 2016 was estimated at $30.4 billion by the Entertainment Software Association and NPD Group, slightly up from 2015's $30.2 billion. Of that, $24.5 billion was spent on video game software, an increase of 6% from 2015. Digital purchases, which included full game purchases, downloadable content, game subscriptions, and mobile game microtransactions, made up 74% of this number, continuing a steady increase of digital sales over retail since 2010. Sales were driven by the introduction of VR, Pokémon Go and Pokémon Sun and Moon, and the games Battlefield 1, Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare, Madden NFL 17, NBA 2K17 and Tom Clancy's The Division.


2016 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing games
The following were 2016's top ten highest-grossing video games worldwide in terms of digital revenue (including digital purchases, microtransactions, free-to-play and pay-to-play) across all platforms (including mobile, PC and console platforms). Six of the top ten highest-grossing games are published or owned by Tencent.


2016 in video games, Hardware releases
The list of game-related hardware released in 2016 in North America.


2016 in video games, Series with new entries
Series with new installments in 2016 include Ace Attorney, Battlefield, Call of Duty, Civilization, Cossacks, Dark Souls, Dead Rising, Deus Ex, Dishonored, Digimon, Doom, Far Cry, FIFA, Final Fantasy, Fire Emblem, Forza Horizon, Gears of War, Hearts of Iron, Hitman, Homefront, Homeworld, Kirby, Mafia, Mario Party, Master of Orion, Metroid, Mirror's Edge, Persona, Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare, Pokémon, Ratchet & Clank, Shadow of the Beast, Shadow Warrior, Sonic the Hedgehog, Star Fox, Star Ocean, Street Fighter, Titanfall, Total War, Uncharted, Watch Dogs, XCOM, and Zero Escape.


2016 in video games, Series with new entries
In addition, 2016 saw the introduction of several new properties, including Abzû, Hyper Light Drifter, Inside, The Last Guardian, No Man's Sky, Owlboy, Overwatch,  Quantum Break, Stardew Valley, Tom Clancy's The Division, and The Witness.


2016 in video games, Game releases
The list of games released in 2016 in North America.


2016 in volleyball
The following were the events of Volleyball for the year 2016 throughout the world.


2016 in webcomics
This article presents a list of notable events of 2016 in webcomics.


2016 in weightlifting
This article lists the main weightlifting events and their results for 2016.


2016 in women's road cycling
2016 in women's road cycling is about the 2016 women's bicycle races ruled by the UCI and the 2016 UCI Women's Teams.


2016 in women's road cycling, World Championships
The World Road Championships is set to be held in Doha, Qatar.


2016 in women's road cycling, Single day races (1.1 and 1.2)
† The clock symbol denotes a race which takes the form of a one-day time trial.


2016 in women's road cycling, UCI teams
The country designation of each team is determined by the country of registration of the largest number of its riders, and is not necessarily the country where the team is registered or based.


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
The 2016 conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny was convened to define the term "Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah", i.e. who are "the people of Sunnah and majority Muslim community", and oppose Takfiri groups. The conference was held in the Chechen Republic capital of Grozny from 25–27 August 2016, sponsored by the president of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, and attended by approximately 200 Muslim scholars from 30 countries, especially from Russia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Kuwait, Sudan, Jordan, etc. at the invitation of Yemeni Sufi preacher, Ali al-Jifri.


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
The conference was dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the birth of Kadyrov's father, Akhmad Kadyrov, the first President of Chechnya.


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
The conference was notable for excluding representatives of Wahhabi and Salafi movements, and for its definition of Sunni Muslims in the final communiqué of the conference that included Sufis, Ash’arites and Maturidis, but not Wahhabis or Salafis. It identified Salafism/Wahhabism as a dangerous and misguided sect, along with the extremist groups, such as ISIS, Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Muslim Brotherhood and others.


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
“Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah are the Ash'aris and Maturidis (adherents of the theological systems of Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi and Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari). In matters of belief, they are followers of any of the four schools of thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i or Hanbali) and are also the followers of the Sufism of Imam Junaid al-Baghdadi in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification."


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny, Participants
Over 200 Muslim scholars-theologians and religious leaders from various Islamic schools of thought from 30 countries all over the world, including Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, Morocco, Libya, Kuwait, Sudan, Qatar, Iraq, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Britain, Russia, South Africa, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan.


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny, Recommendations of the Conference
The conference participants reflected their support for what in Russia is considered “traditional” Islam. Some suggestions came out of the conference, including recommendations to:


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny, Criticism
The conference evoked a torrent of condemnation and criticism followed from the Saudi Council of Senior Scholars—as well as from the scholars of the Salafi, Wahhabi, and Ikhwani movements—for what they perceived as Russian meddling in regional politics via religion, and the implied condemnation of Salafis as Kharijites, Karramiyya, or deviants. Twenty-one Sunni religious institutions across the world signed a petition of support to Salafis, expressing solidarity with them and called for unity, emphasizing that the conference participants only represent themselves.


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny, Criticism
The International Association of Muslim Scholars, an organization led by Muslim Brotherhood-linked Islamist Yusuf al-Qaradawi, reportedly criticized the conference as "a shameful attempt to sow dissent within the Muslim community." The conference has also been widely criticised for toeing a Russian government line. Prominent Russian religious leaders avoided the conference in protest. The chairman of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Moscow, Ildar Alyautdinov, expressed his disillusionment with the resolution of the conference.


2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny, Criticism
In response to the widespread criticism received in the Islamic World, Al-Azhar publicly distanced itself from the conference and in mid-October send a high-level delegation led by the senior Azhari scholar, Shaykh Abbas Shouman to Saudi Arabia and reconciled with the Salafi religious establishment, including the Grand Mufti Abdul Azeez Aal-Shaykh.


2016 local electoral calendar
This local electoral calendar for 2016 lists the subnational elections held in 2016. Referendums, retention elections, and national by-elections (special elections) are also included.


2016 meningitis outbreak in Ghana
Pneumococcal meningitis cases were recorded in Ghana in the last quarter of 2015 and an outbreak confirmed by the ministry of health was reported in January 2016. On January 26, 2016, it was reported that 153 people had become infected and 32 had died.


2016 national electoral calendar
This national electoral calendar for 2016 lists the national/federal direct elections that were held in 2016 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.


2016 national electoral calendar, Indirect elections
The following indirect elections of heads of state and the upper houses of bicameral legislatures took place through votes in elected lower houses, unicameral legislatures, or electoral colleges:


2016 national road cycling championships
The 2016 national road cycling championships began in Australia with the time trial event (both men and women) on 7 January, as is tradition.


2016 national road cycling championships, Jerseys
The winner of each national championship wears the national jersey in all their races for the next year in the respective discipline, apart from the World Championships and the Olympics, or unless they are wearing a category leader's jersey in a stage race. Most national champion jerseys tend to represent a country's flag or use the colours from it. Jerseys may also feature traditional sporting colours of a country that are not derived from a national flag, such as the green and gold on the jerseys of Australian national champions.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships
The 2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was the sixth edition of the single's world championships and was held in Novigrad, Croatia, from 22 May to 28 May 2018 .


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships
In the men's sprint and single triumphed Vilmoš Zavarko (Serbia), while gold medal in the combination was won by Serbian Igor Kovačić. In the women's sprint triumphed Beata Włodarczyk (Poland), while in the single and combination Croatian Ines Maričić, who set a new world records in both competitions: 675 pins in single and 876 pins in combination. Mixed tandem rivalry was won by Romanians Luminita Viorica Dogaru and Nicolae Lupu.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships, Participants
Below is the list of countries who participated in the championships and the requested number of athlete places for each.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's combination
The men's combination event at the 2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Novigrad, Croatia from 23 May to 28 May 2016.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's combination, Results
The result for the combination was the sum of best results from a single starts in the single classic and sprint.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's single
The men's single event at the 2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Novigrad, Croatia. Qualification took place on 23-24 May, while the knock-out phase from 26 May to 28 May 2016.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's single, Results, Finals
According to the results of the qualification, 32 players were put together in bouts, which took place on standard match rules - 4 sets of 30 throws. The competitor who obtains a larger number of sets wins. With an equal number of sets decides a higher total score.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's sprint
The men's sprint event at the 2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania on 25 May 2016.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's sprint
The title of world champion was won by Serbian Vilmoš Zavarko, who defeated Frenchman Frédéric Koell in the final. Bronze medals went to semi-finalists Pavel Jiroušek of the Czech Republic and Serbian Igor Kovačić.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's sprint, Results, Starting places
The starting places have been allocated on the basis of each team's achievements during the previous championships.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Men's sprint, Results, Draw
The players were drawn into pairs with the reservation that competitors from the same country can not play in the first round against each other.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Mixed tandem
The mixed tandem event at the 2018 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania on 22–23 May 2016. The first round took place after ending of the sprint events. Rest part was played the next day.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Mixed tandem
The new world champions in mixed tandems became the Romanians Luminita Viorica Dogaru and Nicolae Lupu. The silver medals went to Hungarians Anita Sáfrány and László Karsai, while the bronzes were won by Austrians Lisa Vsetecka and Philipp Vsetecka, and Germans Simone Schneider and Fabian Seitz.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Mixed tandem, Results, Starting places
The starting places have been allocated on the basis of each team's achievements during the previous championships.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Mixed tandem, Results, Draw
The tandems were drawn into bouts with the reservation that pair from the same country can not play in the first round against each other.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's combination
The women's combination event at the 2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Novigrad, Croatia from 23 May to 28 May 2016.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's combination, Results
The result for the combination was the sum of best results from a single starts in the single classic and sprint.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's single
The women's single event at the 2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Novigrad, Croatia. Qualification took place on 23-24 May, while the knock-out phase from 26 May to 28 May 2016.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's single, Results, Finals
According to the results of the qualification, 32 players were put together in bouts, which took place on standard match rules - 4 sets of 30 throws. The competitor who obtains a larger number of sets wins. With an equal number of sets decides a higher total score.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's sprint
The women's sprint event at the 2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships was held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania on 23 May 2018.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's sprint
The title of world champion was won by Pole Beata Włodarczyk, who defeated Slovene Brigita Strelec in the final. Bronze medals went to semi-finalists French Gwennaelle Adler and Bosnian Tatjana Zlojutro.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's sprint, Results, Starting places
The starting places have been allocated on the basis of each team's achievements during the previous championships.


2016 nine-pin bowling Single's World Championships – Women's sprint, Results, Draw
The players were drawn into pairs with the reservation that competitors from the same country can not play in the first round against each other.


2016 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
The table below lists the decisions (known as reasons) delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 2016. The table illustrates what reasons were filed by each justice in each case, and which justices joined each reason.


2016 riots in Sweden
On 15 May 2016, unrest occurred simultaneously in the Swedish towns of Norrköping and Borlänge, primarily in  Million Programme Muslim-dominated public housing-areas, with stone-throwing against police and firefighters, car fires and arson attacks. The unrest took place across Sweden since late March. Public transportation was temporarily suspended in several areas due to stone-throwing against trams and buses. These incidents were mainly perpetrated by Muslim youths. These incidents were considered particularly notable as they represented the spread of unrest to outside the three major urban areas of Sweden. Across Sweden, more than 2,000 cars were set on fire between January and July 2016.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Norrköping and Borlänge
Stone-throwing had been a problem in the Klockaretorpet borough of Norrköping for weeks before the escalation of violence on 15 May, when youths set fire to cars and escalated stone-throwing at police and firefighters. Police found stone storages on house roofs in the area. Seven cars were totally destroyed by fire in Klockaretorpet during the night of 15 May, and three during the night of 16 May. Car fires were also reported in the borough of Hageby.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Norrköping and Borlänge
On 24 May, seven to eight youths were reported to have disturbed peace in the borough of Navestad, and health service cars were damaged by car fires while police escorting firefighters were attacked with stones being thrown. On 28 May, cars were set on fire at three different locations in Norrköping. The following weekend, car fires spread to the previously unaffected boroughs of Klingsberg, Såpkullen and Åby.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Norrköping and Borlänge
Sporadic car fires occurred for several weeks in Tjärna Ängar in Borlänge prior to 15 May, when youths began throwing stones at police and firefighters during calls to attend to a series of fires. Civilians were reportedly also the targets of stone-throwing, including the employees of a local store, as well as a witness driving through the area, who reported to have had their car attacked. One person was beaten and kicked while on the ground by a group of seven perpetrators, as they thought the victim had called the police.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Norrköping and Borlänge
During the night of 20 May, two taxis had their windows smashed by pavement stones. On the morning of 21 May, firefighters were called out to a fire of a garbage shed in the same area. A local supermarket was forced to close early on the evening of 21 May due to stone-throwing attacks against the store, and store employees having the tires of their cars slashed. According to reports, people targeted by stone-throwing included women and children. The residents of Tjärna Ängar expressed anger and frustration over the unrest.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Norrköping and Borlänge
A night watch group of local residents, spearheaded by a local Somalian organization, quickly mobilized to try and ease the unrest. Residents also criticized the lack of the police arrests during the unrest, many expressing frustration that no suspects had been caught. In an editorial a local resident criticized the living conditions of the government owned housing in Tjärna Ängar, where for six months some residents had to go outside of their homes to use temporary showers and toilets. The editorial also criticized the coverage of Tjärna Änga, which focused on unrest rather than the neighborhoods poor conditions.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Other incidents of unrest
Starting on Easter Eve, 26 March, the Uppsala boroughs of Gottsunda and Valsätra were struck by a series of fires to cars, garbage sheds and other loose items. As firefighters and police arrived, they were attacked by stone-throwing youths. Riots continued for several nights with fires and over forty youths throwing stones. Since buses were attacked with stones during that same time, the local public transportation cancelled evening routes to certain areas for a period of time.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Other incidents of unrest
On 9 June, some thirty youths threw stones at police cars after the police were called out to investigate an arson in the borough of Stenhagen. In response to this unrest youths from the area worked together with a local night watch organization. After the unrest, a conflict resolution strategy was implemented to help create a dialogue between police and young people as well as engaging adults in the area. This strategy is credited with stopping the unrest in Stenhagen. Unrest was reported with arson and stone-throwing in boroughs including Gränby on 16 June.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Other incidents of unrest
Oxhagen in Örebro saw unrest starting on 5 May when some twenty youths pelted security guards and police with stones after a call out to a burglary alarm, and set fire to a container. The unrest was said to be a response against police misconduct after intervening in a fight the day before. The police were accused of beating a suspect and then dropping him in the woods.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Other incidents of unrest
After a third night of unrest, on the morning of 7 May, a newly renovated youth centre set to be opened later that month was burned to the ground in an arson attack, while stores and hair salons were damaged. Witnesses were attacked with stones. In the borough of Vivalla, stone-throwing against buses repeatedly cancelled routes to the area. On 18 May, up to fifty youths attacked police with stones after police were called out to thwart new unrest.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Other incidents of unrest
In Hässleholmen in the town of Borås, between ten and thirty youths on 10 May attacked police, vandalized a police van, and stabbed a police officer as a response to a police patrol controlling a moped rider. After police investigations, several youths were later brought in for interrogation, some being arrested and charged with rioting. On 21 May, a police patrol in Borås was attacked with stones by youths attempting to set fire to car tires.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Other incidents of unrest
Starting on the evening of 25 May, unrest broke out in Brandkärr in Nyköping with arson attacks and stone-throwing against police. The unrest continued for several nights, with up to twenty-five youths throwing stones against police cars and breaking 26 windows of a local school, and arson attacks against garbage collections.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Other incidents of unrest
There were notable instances of car fires reported in Lund, Södertälje, Bro, Sundsvall, Linköping and Västerås, stone-throwing against emergency services in Landskrona, Växjö, Eskilstuna, Katrineholm, Kristianstad and Gislaved, and car fires as well as arson and stone-throwing attacks in Malmö, Gothenburg—where stone-throwing repeatedly stopped tram traffic—and Stockholm suburbs.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Public responses
In response to the unrest, the centre-right opposition Alliance parties demanded hiring 2,000 more police officers and sharpening sentences for attacks against emergency services, stone-throwing, and rioting. The Minister for Home Affairs Anders Ygeman said he wanted more police in problem areas, and did not rule out law-changes.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Public responses
The right-wing populist party Sweden Democrats proposed a law of a minimum four-year sentence, and automatic deportation of foreign citizens involved in rioting.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Public responses
Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven said during a speech on 6 June, the National Day of Sweden, that "our country shall never be characterised by stone-throwing and segregation", and that "strong economic growth" must be "transformed into strong social cohesion".


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Public responses
On August 17, the government proposed a series of measures designed to combat arson attacks on cars in Swedish cities. They pledged to allocate more police in areas with high criminality, tougher penalties, speeding up prosecution, and more video cameras. Center Party leader Annie Lööf criticized the proposals lack of concrete measures. Professor of Criminology Jerzy Sarnecki criticized the proposed tougher penalties as being more symbolic than effective.


2016 riots in Sweden, Notable incidents of unrest, Public responses, International reactions
In May, a news team of the Norwegian public broadcaster NRK and economist Tino Sanandaji along with Swedish police were twice attacked and chased out of the  Stockholm suburbs of Husby and Rinkeby. Norwegian Minister of Migration Sylvi Listhaug of the right wing Progress Party in response said "I think everyone who saw the report from Sweden on the evening news were stunned by the situation in our neighbouring country", stating that it only proved what a "naive and overly-kind immigration policy can lead to". NRK-correspondent for Africa and Asia, Anders Magnus described Swedish journalism as being "among the most deplorable" he had ever experienced during his research of the feature, reportedly having little interest in researching and informing about the situation, and he described shock at the violence against police in Sweden.


2016 riots in Sweden, Analysis
Professor of Geography Eva Andersson who has written extensively about segregation and unrest classified the unrest as "quite common and has happened for a long time". Her research indicates that unrest tends to spike in May when school begins to end. Jörgen Karlsson former police chief in Tensta, Rinkeby and Husby emphasizes the importance of trying to increase trust in the authorities in areas where unrest is common.


2016 riots in Sweden, Analysis
According to the police, civil unrest with stone-throwing against police originated in the Malmö-suburb of Rosengård in 2004. Youth gangs calling in false alarms with the goal of ambushing the arriving police officers with stone-throwing, a phenomenon known as "police fishing", has since become increasingly prevalent in Swedish suburbs.


2016 riots in Sweden, Analysis
Economist and anti-immigration pundit Tino Sanandaji linked the situation to poor integration of immigrants in Sweden and criticised the failure to publicly address problems linked to immigration by labeling all criticism as racism. Soheila Fors, founder of the Khatoon-foundation for immigrant women, described the stone-throwing youths as an increasingly more ideological "border defence", behind which ethnic enclaves are established where Sharia becomes law, enforced by radical Salafi Islamists.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers
On July 18, 2016, Ruslan Kulikbayev, a 26-year-old Salafi jihadist and ex-convict, shot and killed 10 people - 8 police officers and 2 civilians - in the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan before being apprehended in a chase and shootout with law enforcement. In addition to Kulikbayev, police arrested five other suspects involved in the attack, while officers shot and killed a sixth suspect. While in custody, Kulikbayev confessed to the attack, claiming he perpetrated it due to a hatred of law enforcement.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers
In November 2016, Kulikbayev was convicted with terrorism and murder charges stemming from the attack, and was sentenced to death. At the time of Kazakhstan's abolition of the death penalty in 2021, he had been the only person on Kazakhstan's death row; his death sentence was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. Kulikbayev's five accomplices were also convicted and sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3 to 10.5 years.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Background
The attack came just over a month after the 2016 Aktobe shootings where 25 people were killed.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Prelude to the shootings
At 3:52 AM local time Ruslan Kulikbayev, armed with a handgun, committed his first murder by shooting an alleged Uzbek prostitute in a taxicab. He then forced the taxi driver to drive him to Almaty.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings
Kulikbayev originally intended to begin his attack at an Almaty courthouse, but changed his mind upon seeing the large number of civilians there, and instead forced the taxi driver to bring him to an Almaty police station. Near the station, Kulikbayev released the taxi driver unharmed and walked the remaining distance to his target. The taxi driver was later apprehended by authorities after the shootings in Almaty, but police released the driver after they determined he was not an accomplice of Kulikbayev.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings
At around 11:00 am local time, Kulikbayev, armed with an MCM semi-automatic handgun, shot and killed a policeman outside of the Almaty Police Station and stole his weapon, an automatic AKS-74U assault rifle. Kulikbayev then began firing the assault rifle indiscriminately at nearby police officers and civilians. After shooting several people, Kulikbayev carjacked a vehicle, shooting and killing its driver. A female driver recorded the shooting on a dashboard camera, but Kulikbayev did not shoot her.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings
Using the stolen car, Kulikbayev drove to a nearby Kazakh government building housing offices of the NSC, where he shot and wounded another policeman and an NSC official. The wounded NSC official later died from his wounds in the hospital, although the injured police officer survived. After shooting the two officers, Kulikbayev hijacked a second car, but was spotted and chased by responding police vehicles as he tried to flee. After a high-speed chase, police eventually cornered Kulikbayev, where he engaged the officers in a violent gunfight.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings
During the shootout, several more policemen were wounded, and three officers would later die from their injuries in the hospital. Kulikbayev finally surrendered to authorities after being shot five times. Kulikbayev was taken to a nearby hospital where he was treated for gunshot wounds. While in the hospital, he was interrogated by investigators and confessed to the Almaty attacks and the previous murder of the Uzbek prostitute. During his interrogation, Kulikbayev claimed he had only intended to kill police in the shootings, and not civilians.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings
Owing to conflicting reports regarding the number of casualties and confusion over the number, location, and identities of the suspects, police were "sluggish" in responding to the incident. Almaty was placed on lockdown after the attack and tactical units, anti-terrorist units and soldiers patrolled the area for several hours, searching for suspects.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings
In addition to the shootings committed by Kulikbayev, at least two other individuals linked to Kulikbayev carried out separate attacks in and around Almaty on the same day. One of the attackers was killed in a shootout with police, while the other was arrested. In the days following the Almaty shootings, Kazakh police arrested and charged four more individuals with suspected connections to the shootings.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings, Victims
In total, the attacks in Almaty killed at least 10 people and wounded over a dozen others. The dead included an Uzbek prostitute killed by Kulikbayev the night before the attack, four police officers and one civilian killed during the attack, and three injured policemen who later died from their wounds in the hospital.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings, Victims
Four of the police officers killed by Kulikbayev were identified as:


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings, Perpetrator
Ruslan Alpysbayuly Kulikbayev (Kazakh: Руслан Алпысбайұлы Күлікбаев) was the main perpetrator and mastermind of the attack. He was convicted with terrorism and murder in November 2016, and sentenced to death. When Kazakhstan abolished the death penalty in 2021, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was the only person in Kazakhstan on death row.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings, Perpetrator
Kulikbayev was born on 11 June 1990 in Baikonur and raised there. His parents had divorced when he was still a minor. He attended Yuri Gagarin Comprehensive Secondary School No. 8, leaving after the 9th grade with an incomplete secondary school certificate. In school he was reportedly introverted and prone to violence under the influence of alcohol.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings, Perpetrator
Kulikbayev had been convicted twice previously. The first led to a 3-year suspended imprisonment for robbery with violence imposed on him by the Enbekshi District Court of Shymkent on 27 August 2010. It was determined that he ambushed a jewelry saleswoman near her home in July 2010, beating her and taking away her purse with 115,000 tenge (≈US$5,500) and a mobile phone.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings, Perpetrator
The second time, the police seized a Nagant M1895 with ammunition and a suppressor from him, presumably found by Kulikbayev near a local railway station of Taraz on 14 February 2012, that led to his 3-year and 6-month prison sentence for illegal acquisition and possession of firearms enhanced by recidivism by the Kyzylorda Municipal Court on 8 May 2012. In prison, 14 penalties were imposed on him for disobedience and violation of orders and instructions provided by detention personnel. According to security officials, he maintained close relations with Salafists while being incarcerated.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings, Perpetrator
His marriage to Ayaylym Umbetkulova, a native of Yntymak, Ile District began in 2010 and produced a son and a daughter. By the words of his wife, he turned from an exemplary family man to a deeply religious person after the release, and wanted her to wear a hijab, but she refused.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Shootings, Perpetrator
Before the attack, he resided in Yntymak, and worked odd jobs for a living, such as selling mobile phones.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Investigation
Kulikbayev had originally planned to kill judges and prosecutors at the Almaty District Court to get revenge on law enforcement structures for his previous imprisonment, as reported by Minister of Internal Affairs Kalmukhanbet Kassymov.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Trial and sentencing
Kulikbayev, along with five other individuals, were charged by a Kazakh court in Almaty with numerous crimes including murder, attempted murder, and terrorism stemming from the attack.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Trial and sentencing
In an extremely rare move, the government prosecutors announced that they were seeking the death penalty for Kulikbayev. Although Kazakhstan officially abolished the death penalty for civil crimes in 2007, it still allowed capital punishment for crimes committed under "exceptional circumstances", such as war crimes or (as Kulikbayev was charged with) acts of terrorism. No executions had been carried out in Kazakhstan since 2003 due to a moratorium, but the penalty could still be imposed on certain criminals.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Trial and sentencing
During the trial proceedings, Kulikbayev was reportedly very belligerent and uncooperative, at one point allegedly flipping over and "tossing" a table at an investigator despite being handcuffed.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Trial and sentencing
On November 2, 2016, the Kazakh court found all six defendants guilty of their involvement in the Almaty attack. In addition to murder, and attempted murder, Kulikbayev was convicted with terrorism (then a capital offense) and sentenced to death, becoming the first person in Kazakhstan to receive such a sentence in nearly ten years. Kulikbayev had been awaiting execution in Black Berkut Prison in Kostanay Region. He was the only person in Kazakhstan under a sentence of death. Kulikbayev's lawyer stated that there were no plans to appeal the verdict. Kazakh PM Maulen Ashimbayev stated after the verdict that, although he considered Kulikbayev's sentence "fair", he did not believe that he would ever be executed, as Kazakhstan had instituted a moratorium on the death penalty since 2003.


2016 shooting of Almaty police officers, Trial and sentencing
Following the ratification of the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by the Kazakh parliament on December 29, 2020, the death penalty was abolished in Kazakhstan. Kulikbayev's death sentence was commuted, and he will instead serve a life sentence in prison.