2016 PSOE crisis, Background, Government formation
This meant that the leadership contest would be over in time for the event of a snap general election, which would not be held until June at the least. However, after Pedro Sánchez announced he would allow party members to vote on any deal he reached with other parties, the Committee allowed Pedro Sánchez to try to reach an agreement to be appointed Prime Minister, as long as he respected the agreed pact-making red lines.


2016 PSOE crisis, Background, Government formation
Party sources indicated the high likelihood of Susana Díaz's candidacy if Sánchez failed in his attempt at becoming Prime Minister. On 1 February, leaked recordings from the party's federal committee held two days earlier revealed Susana Díaz openly questioning Pedro Sánchez's performance throughout the month after the general election. She, alongside other regional party leaders, highlighted the party's red lines for negotiation and argued strongly against any possibility of an agreement with Podemos, intending to hamper Sánchez's chances of becoming Prime Minister.


2016 PSOE crisis, Background, Government formation
After Sánchez's two failed investiture votes, sources reported Susana Díaz as being determined to challenge Sánchez for the party's leadership, but viewing as undesirable the prospect of an attempt to open the issue of the PSOE succession amid government formation negotiations and with a new election looming for 26 June. Now seeking to postpone the congress, on 28 March it was decided that the PSOE leadership race should be delayed "indefinitely" "until the formation of a new government".


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, Lead up to events
For months, the internal situation within the PSOE remained at a standstill. Criticism of Sánchez by party dissenters for his hardline stance on Rajoy's investiture, said to be a contributing factor to the country's political deadlock, had been kept at bay by the party's performance in the 2016 general election, with threats from Sánchez's critics to hold him to account for a hypothetical party collapse on 26 June narrowly failing to materialize. This all changed in the run-up to the Basque and Galician regional elections, scheduled for late September 2016.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, Lead up to events
The PSOE branches in both regions were widely seen as being among Sánchez's supporters, prompting dissenters to frame the elections as a test of Sánchez and of the broader political mood in Spain after nine months of political impasse.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, Lead up to events
Party figures such as regional premiers Susana Díaz (Andalusia), Guillermo Fernández Vara (Extremadura), Javier Lambán (Aragon) and Emiliano García-Page (Castile-La Mancha); as well as former figures such as Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba (Sánchez's predecessor as PSOE leader), Eduardo Madina (Sánchez's rival in the party's 2014 leadership contest), Elena Valenciano (former PSOE deputy leader) and Carme Chacón (former Defence Minister), all became involved in a series of disputes with the national party leadership in the weeks leading up to the regional elections, weakening Sánchez's standing and indicating a loss of support within the party.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 26–27 September
The poor PSOE showing in both Galicia and the Basque Country, being overtaken by Podemos-led alliances and polling record low results, prompted dissenters—led by Susana Díaz—to call for Sánchez's immediate resignation on 26 September. Sánchez refused to step down and announced his plan to hold a party primary election on 23 October, daring his critics to challenge him in a back-me-or-sack-me vote. This move further enraged his opponents, who considered staging a revolt in the federal committee scheduled for 1 October, seeking to topple Sánchez and cancel his plan to hold an early party congress. With party discipline breaking down rapidly, Sánchez's supporters praised his plan to hold an "express" party primary and called for "all out war!" against dissenters, suggesting that the Sánchez–Díaz feud over leadership and political strategy had resulted in a deeply divided party fighting for its very existence.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 26–27 September
On 27 September, in her first public statements after Sánchez's gamble, Susana Díaz hinted at the possibility of becoming leader of the PSOE, expressing her discomfort with Sánchez's plan to hold a party primary and congress in October while reminding the incumbent PSOE leader of his many electoral defeats throughout his tenure, in contrast to Díaz's own electoral performance in the 2015 Andalusian regional election. Concurrently, a majority within the party's parliamentary group in the Congress of Deputies voiced their opposition to Sánchez's plans to hold a party congress.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 28 September
Former Socialist Prime Minister Felipe González added to the pressure on Sánchez by declaring that the PSOE was in no condition to attempt to form a government themselves, while stating that he felt "cheated" because Sánchez had told him on 29 June that he would abstain in the second round of voting for Rajoy's investiture.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 28 September
Sánchez's statements during an interview held earlier in the day claiming González to be "on the [Rajoy's investiture] abstention side" and rhetorically asking "I'd like to know on which side Susana Díaz is", coupled with an earlier warning that he would not step down even if 1 October federal committee voted down his plans for a party congress in late 2016, were said to be the straw that broke the camel's back for open revolution to unfold within the party.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 28 September
News emerged that opponents of Sánchez planned to stage a mass resignation from the PSOE federal executive committee, the party's day-to-day governing body—according to party rules, the resignation or vacancy of 51% of its members would force the Secretary General to resign. Upon learning of this, Pedro Sánchez went further and dared them to do so if they "did not feel committed" to his project, prompting dissenters to act ahead of schedule and resulting in 17 executive members, the required majority, resigning from their posts on 28 September. This triggered the body's dissolution, theoretically prompting Sánchez's resignation.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 28 September
Sánchez, however, refused to resign and remained in his position, with rebels responding that Sánchez no longer had "any legitimacy to take decisions in the party's name" and urging him to "acknowledge party rules". Sánchez was determined to keep the remaining executive functioning—now fully supportive of him after the critics' resignations—and rejected its dissolution, summoning it for an emergency meeting on the following day.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 29 September
By the next day, the PSOE had descended further into chaos, as both sides refused to recognize the other's legitimacy to act and clashed on the interpretation of party rules, with Sánchez barricading himself in the party's headquarters in Calle de Ferraz (Spanish for Ferraz street), Madrid, as his supporters accused dissenters of "staging a coup".


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 29 September
Critics proclaimed that they were now in control of the party, and Verónica Pérez, President of the federal committee and pupil of Susana Díaz, claimed herself to be "the only authority that exists in the PSOE, whether [Sánchez's supporters] like it or not" under party rules. Dissenters sought to convene the party's guarantees federal commission—an independent body tasked with resolving disputes within the party—to forcibly depose Sánchez, but Sánchez's supporters argued that they had no right to summon the guarantees commission and that their actions were "void". Nonetheless, three of the five commission members demanded that the body be convened and accused Sánchez of "preventing them from acting", stating they would issue a dictum themselves if the body was not convened within 24 hours.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 29 September
Sánchez persisted with his intention to stage a primary and congress, and set a timetable with hastened deadlines for them to be held. Party members found themselves evenly split between those that supported him and were "deeply embarrassed" by the "show" being staged by his opponents, and those that demanded Sánchez's removal and the establishment of a caretaker committee to replace him in the interim. The fracture deepened as the crisis spread through the regions, with regional party branches picking sides either for or against Sánchez.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 29 September
Susana Díaz, in her first public speech after the revolt, criticized Sánchez's record as party leader, accusing him of being motivated "out of personal interest" and offering herself to reconcile the party. Díaz would seek instead to have the party congress be held "in due time", only after the political deadlock in Spain had been solved.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 30 September
On 30 September, both sides were reportedly readying themselves for the meeting of the PSOE's 295-member federal committee scheduled for Saturday, 1 October. While the meeting of top party officials was initially expected to analyze the regional election results and to discuss and update the party's position on any future investiture, new developments had made the meeting key to determining the party's short-term future.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 30 September
The crippled PSOE executive committee under Sánchez had convened the previous day to call a new federal committee for the same day and time as initially scheduled, now with the intention of approving Sánchez's plan to hold an extraordinary congress to renew the party's leadership. Critics declared the new convention "illegal", instead only recognizing the meeting called for that date by the fully functional executive before the revolt. This meant that the two factions intended to hold two separate meetings, but at the same time and place.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 30 September
Meanwhile, 'officialists' supportive of Sánchez struggled to keep control over the parliamentary party in the Congress of Deputies, with just half the 84 PSOE deputies remaining loyal to Sánchez and the rest siding with the rebels. Also, for the first time since the mass resignation from the federal executive committee, Sánchez's supporters acknowledged their status as an "interim" PSOE executive.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 30 September
Attempts from both sides to reach some sort of compromise to prevent all out war from raging at the next day's federal committee failed, with the two factions' positions seemingly irreconcilable in the short term. Police intervention was required ahead of Saturday's meeting to deal with possible unrest between party members in the area around the Madrid headquarters as the interim leadership pleaded with party supporters for "serenity" and "prudence" to prevent the conflict from escalating further.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 30 September
After Sánchez chose not to convene the guarantees commission until after the federal committee, the three Sánchez critics on the commission issued a report endorsing the executive committee's dissolution and calling for the federal committee to fill the power vacuum. They also deemed that party rules did not provide for the "interim" status that Sánchez's executive had conferred upon itself, with any decision adopted in such circumstances being "completely without any statutory validity and null and void".


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 30 September
Pedro Sánchez immediately held a press conference—his first since the crisis started—and challenged dissenters to vote on the party's position on a future Rajoy investiture vote, promising to step down if the federal committee decided to support an abstention. However, Sánchez's critics were undeterred, retaining their plan to depose Sánchez in Saturday's meeting nonetheless.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 1 October
The two factions vying for control of PSOE faced the federal committee with no prospect of reconciliation and with diametrically opposing views. Pedro Sánchez's officialists sought to retain control of the leadership until a congress to be held soon thereafter. Critics under Susana Díaz intended to take full control of the party by deposing Sánchez in the party assembly and appointing a caretaker team—expected to be headed by Díaz's close ally Javier Fernández, Asturian President—that would deal with the political consequences of allowing a PP government. The party would then take time to hold a "refoundation congress" and a party primary which Díaz would contest unopposed. The party was said to be at the brink of splitting into two if no peaceful solution to the conflict could be found quickly.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 1 October
Initially scheduled to begin at 9:00 CEST, disagreements between the two factions over the meeting's agenda and voting census delayed the start of the federal committee meeting by several hours. Seeking to gain time, Sánchez proposed readmitting the 17 executive members who had resigned three days previously and calling the committee to convene the next week, but the rebels rejected this, declaring that they did not recognize him as party leader and describing Sánchez's move as "insulting". Sánchez repeatedly blocked Díaz's attempts to vote on his position as the two sides failed to agree on the purpose of the committee. In the meantime, the ongoing turmoil attracted hundreds of journalists, policemen, party members and curious observers, who gathered outside the party's headquarters throughout the day.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 1 October
Sánchez tried to force a secret ballot on his proposal for a party congress, but it was suspended after critics claimed the ballot box was "hidden" and unsupervised, accusing Sánchez of vote rigging. This action was said to have cost Sánchez support among his allies and prompted rebels to start procedures to trigger a censure motion against him. This was rejected by Sánchez's supporters controlling the assembly, despite the rebels collecting the signatures of more than half of committee members—thus ensuring Sánchez would have been ousted had the vote been allowed. Amid the turmoil, some people, including Susana Díaz herself, were reported to have broken down in tears, while Sánchez's supporters denounced an attempted assault on Pedro Sánchez by Díaz's deputy, Juan Cornejo.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Timeline, 1 October
An agreement was finally reached between the two factions to vote again on Sánchez's congress proposal—this time by a show of hands—linking the outcome of the vote to Sánchez remaining in his post. Pedro Sánchez lost the ballot by 132 to 107, prompting him to resign as PSOE leader. Following the vote, Sánchez's critics appointed a caretaker commission to lead the party temporarily until a party congress could be held. It was implied that the events of this day may help pave the way for the formation of a new government and put an end to nine months of political deadlock, as the rebels considered an abstention in a potential forthcoming vote on Rajoy's investiture.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Reactions
Members from the People's Party refused to get involved in the PSOE crisis and said they would not "comment on other parties' issues", just calling for the party to "solve its problems soon" so it could put an end to the political deadlock. Nonetheless, PP leaders were said to be "incredulous" and "concerned" with "all that was happening within PSOE", worried at the prospect of a party fracture that would leave Podemos as the dominant leftist force in Spanish politics.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Reactions
Foreign Minister José Manuel García-Margallo said that PSOE's situation was "schizophrenic" and that the party could not "afford for a new general election to be held at this time". In contrast, Podemos leaders openly accused PSOE rebels of committing "fraud" by attempting to remove Sánchez through "undemocratic means", with the ultimate goal of ending the deadlock by helping Rajoy to get re-elected. Podemos' Secretary General Pablo Iglesias described the PSOE's turmoil as "the most important crisis since the end of the Civil War, in the most important Spanish party of the past century". Leaders from Citizens commented that the PSOE had to "take this opportunity" to "allow for a PP government checked from opposition".


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Reactions
Sánchez's supporters gathered at the PSPV headquarters in Valencia on 29 September to denounce Ximo Puig's support in the revolt against the PSOE leader, with chants of "Coup plotters out from the Socialist Party!" and "Ximo liar" being heard. The PSC announced its support for Sánchez by planning to bring buses from Terrassa and other towns in Catalonia to Madrid in a show of their allegiance to the Secretary General, but this was later suspended after Sánchez's executive appealed to party members' serenity to prevent conflict from escalating further. Nonetheless, party members who gathered outside PSOE's headquarters in Madrid shouted at critics attending the meeting by calling them "traitors" and "coup plotters", as chants against Susana Díaz and in support of Pedro Sánchez were heard.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Reactions
Reactions to Pedro Sánchez's resignation were mixed. Podemos leader Pablo Iglesias commented that "supporters of a PP government have imposed themselves on PSOE" and called for opponents of the coup to rally behind Podemos as the only remaining leftist alternative in Spain to a Rajoy government. C's leader Albert Rivera praised Susana Díaz's move and called for the PSOE to "help form a government". Sánchez's ouster was reported as being "the most turbulent event" in the party's history, with some regarding the whole event as "shameful".


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Reactions
Odón Elorza, former San Sebastián mayor and one of those present at the federal committee, stated that party colleagues had become "hopelessly crazy" and accused them of "killing the party". Some remarked that the party had emerged "fatally shattered", with the assembly "ending in the worst way possible". Others commented that PSOE had chosen to "commit suicide" after the "sorry spectacle" it had offered, with PSOE member and former minister Javier Solana commenting of Sánchez's poor election results—cited as one of the motives behind his ejection—that "when they become aware of the damages, they will all prefer 85 deputies". Former minister and Sánchez ally Jordi Sevilla said he was leaving the party because he felt "deeply embarrassed" at the whole event.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Reactions
Shortly after Pedro Sánchez had been sacked as party leader by the federal committee, while its members were appointing a caretaker team to replace him in the interim, the PSOE was the subject of a prank consisting of a massive pizza delivery. Forum members from both the ForoCoches and La Retaguardia websites had allegedly paid for the prank, with the latter posting a bill for €117 for the delivery on their Twitter account. More pranks were staged over the following days, with several mariachi bands congregating at Ferraz's door to play songs caricaturing the figures of Pedro Sánchez and Susana Díaz.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Struggle for opposition leadership
With the rebel faction taking over the party, political relations with Podemos became strained. Susana Díaz's opposition to any kind of pact with Iglesias' party was widely known, and she had blamed Podemos for the eruption of the PSOE crisis. However, Díaz's actions to have her former protege removed—through what was dubbed by some as a "palace coup"—caused a lot of damage to her public reputation, while leaving the party at the mercy of Mariano Rajoy, who subsequently began to push for conditions in exchange for avoiding a third general election.


2016 PSOE crisis, Leadership crisis, Struggle for opposition leadership
After being ousted, Pedro Sánchez hinted at the possibility of standing in the forthcoming party primaries, indicating that the battle for the party's leadership was not over. On 7 October 2016 Pablo Iglesias of Podemos proclaimed himself to be the new Leader of the Opposition, on the basis of his party's strength in Congress—67 seats to PSOE's 84—and his claim that the now leaderless PSOE was poised to become PP's parliamentary partner by abstaining and facilitating PP rule.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, U-turn on investiture
Javier Fernández was appointed to chair the interim managing body that would lead the party in the following months. While stating in a press conference on 3 October that the party remained opposed both to an abstention and a third election, he accepted that one of the two outcomes had to materialize eventually and asserted that "abstaining does not mean supporting Rajoy". However, he acknowledged that such a decision was a matter for a new federal committee and not his caretaker team.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, U-turn on investiture
Ximo Puig, one of the most prominent critics of Pedro Sánchez and a key figure in his sacking, argued against any PSOE facilitation of a Rajoy government and maintained the party should maintain its previous 'no' stance. Susana Díaz, leader of the party rebellion and favourite to be picked as PSOE's new secretary general in the forthcoming congress, refused to reveal her stance on Rajoy's investiture and called for "leaving the [caretaker] committee to act", lamenting the "international spectacle" of "Saturday's federal committee".


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, U-turn on investiture
Fernández was aware that a revolt could break out within the party's parliamentary group if the decision—not planned to be submitted to the party's membership—to let Rajoy rule was taken. Substantial tension arose between the different factions within the parliamentary party as the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)—PSOE sister party in Catalonia—announced its 7 MPs would vote against Rajoy regardless of PSOE's final stance.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, U-turn on investiture
Fernández replied to PSC's threat by maintaining that the party would not allow its deputies to break party discipline and vote in conscience, while deeming a new election as "the worst solution" for both PSOE and the country. A growing number of PSOE deputies followed the PSC line, refusing to be held accountable for the establishment of a new PP government. This included the Socialist Balearic, Basque and Cantabrian branches, as well as numerous deputies still loyal to former secretary general Pedro Sánchez—and Sánchez himself, who still kept his seat in Congress.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, U-turn on investiture
Hoping to reduce the risk of a breakdown in party discipline during the vote for Rajoy's investiture, some PSOE members laid out an alternative plan that called for eleven deputies to either abstain or be absent during the vote, ensuring Rajoy would get elected if he could maintain the parliamentary support obtained during his first investiture attempt. Susana Díaz's PSOE–A rejected this manoeuvre and called for all deputies to keep party unity and respect the decision taken in a new federal committee scheduled for 23 October. Díaz's deputy, Juan Cornejo, suggested that MPs refusing to "abide by the federal committee's decision"—in the eventuality an abstention to Rajoy was decided—should resign their seats.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, U-turn on investiture
Opinion polls conducted after the party crisis showed plummeting support for PSOE, with advocates of abstention arguing that it was no longer Rajoy's post under discussion, but whether he would be elected now or after a third election, expected to result in a landslide win for the PP. Members of the party's caretaker leadership were convinced they would be able to push the abstention choice through in the party's federal committee, but remained afraid this move would likely widen the rift opened within the party.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, U-turn on investiture
At a meeting of the parliamentary party on 18 October, a majority of PSOE MPs expressed their support for abstention, while calling for "dedramatizing" this choice, but a faction of the party's group remained opposed. In a new convening of the PSOE federal committee on 23 October the party chose by a vote of 139 to 96 to unconditionally allow a Rajoy minority government through an abstention once Congress considered Rajoy's candidacy for a second time.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, U-turn on investiture
However, party members clashed on how this decision was to materialize in terms of party discipline after some deputies declared they would not abide by the committee's decision regardless the outcome, with critics to the caretaker commission demanding for the party to allow them to vote in conscience. Javier Fernández, however, rejected this notion and confirmed the PSOE would abstain wholly with each deputy abstaining "literally".


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, PSOE–PSC rupture
When PSOE voted to abstain in the second round of Rajoy's investiture and allow the formation of a PP minority government, most opponents of this decision agreed to respect the majority opinion within the party and maintain party discipline. However, some deputies declared that they intended to vote against Rajoy nonetheless, even in the face of threats of retaliation from the party. Among these were Aragonese Susana Sumelzo, Basque Odon Elorza, independent for Madrid Margarita Robles, Galician Rocío de Frutos, and the two Balearic Islands MPs.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, PSOE–PSC rupture
MP for New Canaries Pedro Quevedo—with whom PSOE had agreed an electoral alliance in the Canary Islands for the 2015 and 2016 elections—also announced his intention to vote against Rajoy. Pedro Sánchez's final stance on such a vote remained unclear, with some sources suggesting he would break the party line and others that he would not attend the investiture, in order to avoid having to abstain.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, PSOE–PSC rupture
However, the most serious rebellion to the party's directive came from the Socialists' Party of Catalonia, with PSC leader Miquel Iceta signalling his intention to disregard the committee's decision to abstain and maintain a 'no' stance. Members from the party's governing committee stressed that the decision taken by the party's federal committee was binding for all MPs and that if PSC chose to vote otherwise, the relationship between the two parties would have to be reviewed.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, PSOE–PSC rupture
Some interpreted this to mean that public disobedience from the PSC could result in its expulsion from the parliamentary group as well as from PSOE's governing bodies, and even lead to the end of the alliance between the parties, in place since 1978. Eight regional party branches critical of the abstention called on Fernández to authorize only eleven MPs to abstain—the minimum number required for Rajoy's investiture vote to pass—so as to prevent further splits, but he replied that the federal committee's decision was final and that a "minimum abstention" of this kind was not up for discussion.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, PSOE–PSC rupture
By late 24 October, the party's interim leadership predicted that about 15 deputies would rebel and threatened them with outright expulsion from the party, into the unaffiliated grouping in Congress. However, this move backfired when a further group of MPs, opposed to abstention but initially willing to follow the party line, condemned any retaliation against conscience voters and expressed their willingness to join the rebel faction in solidarity with the PSC.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, PSOE–PSC rupture
By 25 October, with a new investiture hearing scheduled for 26–29 October, a total of 18 deputies were said to be willing to break the party line regardless of the consequences, and a further three were considering it "because of the threats issued by the managing committee's spokespeople"; the expulsion of all these MPs would have left Unidos Podemos as the largest opposition group in Congress.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, PSOE–PSC rupture
Later that day, the PSC leadership formally agreed on their 'no' position, appealing to PSOE "to accept differences and manage discrepancies" and calling for both parties to "keep walking together" as Iceta sought to prevent the split, but PSOE replied that this decision represented a "unilateral breach" of the relationship between the parties.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, PSOE–PSC rupture
On 28 October, it was reported that the PSC was exploring the possibility of contesting the next Catalan regional election in alliance with Ada Colau's En Comú Podem, Podemos' "confluence" alliance in Catalonia. In response, the PSOE started proceedings for the expulsion of the PSC from its governing bodies, and a review of their relationship, to be triggered after Rajoy's investiture.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, Rajoy's investiture and consequences
The second Mariano Rajoy's investiture session started on 26 October at 18:00 UTC. Antonio Hernando, PSOE's spokesperson in Congress and speaking on behalf of the party after Sánchez's dismissal, justified their impending abstention by citing the country's need for a government after months of deadlock. Hernando reiterated that his party still did not trust Rajoy, promising to provide a strong opposition to his policies regardless.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, Rajoy's investiture and consequences
Hernando's speech did not convince neither those unwilling to abstain nor Pedro Sánchez himself, who hours before the second and final round of voting announced his resignation as an MP—to avoid either abstaining and break his own electoral pledges or setting a bad precedent of a former PSOE leader breaking party discipline—while hinting at the possibility of standing in a future party leadership election.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, Rajoy's investiture and consequences
Finally, 15 PSOE MPs (Margarita Robles, Susana Sumelzo, Odón Elorza, Rocío de Frutos, Zaida Cantera, Meritxell Batet, Joan Ruiz, Merce Perea, Manuel Cruz, Lidia Guinart, Marc Lamuá, Pere Joan, Sofía Hernanz and Luz Martínez) chose to break the party line and vote against Rajoy in spite of the possible consequences threatened by the party's interim leadership.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, Rajoy's investiture and consequences
Right after government formation, in an exclusive interview for laSexta's Salvados news show, Pedro Sánchez publicly accused his party's apparatus—led by Susana Díaz—and "financial powers", including El País media outlet, of having coerced him into avoiding a left-wing pact with Podemos and nationalist parties throughout the entire government formation process, revealing they triggered the internal revolt within PSOE to oust him once he considered a serious attempt at forming such a government and after repeatedly opposing to allow a PP government to form.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, Rajoy's investiture and consequences
Throughout the ensuing weeks, the party proceeded to marginalize and "punish" critics in a number of ways. As an immediate consequence, disciplinary procedures were filed against those MPs breaking vote discipline, expected to lead to fines up to €600. Subsequently, a reorganization of the parliamentary group resulted in most rebels being either expelled from the party's parliamentary leadership or degraded in the different parliamentary committees. This affected even some MPs respecting the party line—deputies but also senators, who had no vote in the investiture—that, nonetheless, were critical of the managing committee's direction.


2016 PSOE crisis, Subsequent events, Rajoy's investiture and consequences
This move further aggravated internal differences, being dubbed by those affected as "a shame", "revenge" and "marginalization" for "staying loyal to Sánchez until the end". Meanwhile, the crisis with the PSC remained severe. Members from both parties favoured avoiding a total break up, but PSOE leaders strongly argued for "reviewing" their mutual relationship protocol, in effect since 1978. As both parties set themselves a timetable of two months to review their alliance, the PSOE's managing committee reportedly started preparations to exclude the PSC from the incoming PSOE Federal Congress. This could have the effect of depriving PSC's grassroots members—widely expected to oppose any candidate endorsed by the interim PSOE leadership—of their vote in a foreseeable PSOE primary election to elect a new party leader, easening a possible Susana Díaz's candidacy to the post.


2016 PVFA Cup
Before the 2016 season, the PVFA Cup will be hosted as an opening cup at Port Vila Municipal Stadium.


2016 PVFA Cup, Teams
All teams and leagues are as off the 2014–15 season.


2016 PVFA Cup, Matches
The 26 teams participating were split into 4 groups, with the top 2 from each group advancing to the quarter-finals, and the winners of the two semi-finals facing off in the grand final.


2016 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 2016 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Pac-12. It was played between March 9th through March 12th at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada. The champion, the Oregon Ducks, received an automatic bid to the 2016 NCAA Tournament.


2016 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Seeds
Teams seeded by conference record, with ties broken by record between the tied teams followed by record against the regular-season champion, if necessary.


2016 Pac-12 Conference Women's Basketball Tournament
The 2016 Pac-12 Conference Women's Basketball Tournament was the postseason women's basketball tournament at KeyArena in Seattle, Washington from March 3–6, 2016. Oregon State defeated UCLA in the championship game to win their first Pac-12 Women's Tournament title in school history. With that win Oregon State received an automatic bid to the NCAA Women's Tournament.


2016 Pac-12 Conference Women's Basketball Tournament, Seeds
Teams were seeded by conference record, with ties broken in the following order:


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season
The 2016 Pac-12 Conference football season is the sixth season for the conference as a twelve-team league. The season began on August 26, 2016 with California vs. Hawaii. The final game was the 2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game at Levi's Stadium on December 2, 2016, with Fox televising the game.


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Previous season
Stanford defeated USC 41–22 for the 2015 Pac-12 Conference Football Championship.


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Previous season
Ten teams participated in bowl games. Arizona defeated New Mexico 45–37 in the Gildan New Mexico Bowl. Utah was a winner over BYU at the Roal Purple Las Vegas Bowl. Washington State was a 20-14 winner over Miami in the Hyundai Sun Bowl. In the Zaxby's Heart of Dallas Bowl, it was Washington 44 Southern Miss 31. UCLA lost to Nebraska 29-37 in the Foster Farms Bowl. California defeated Air Force 55–36 in the Lockheed Martin Armed Forces Bowl. Wisconsin was a winner over USC 23–21 in the National Funding Holiday Bowl. Stanford defeated Iowa 45–16 in the Rose Bowl Game. Oregon lost to TCU in the Valero Alamo Bowl 41-47. Arizona State lost to West Virginia 42-43 in the Motel 6 Cactus Bowl.


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Pre-season
2016 Pac-12 Spring Football and number of signees on signing day:


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Pre-season, Pac-12 Media
The Pac-12 conducted its annual media days at the Loews Hollywood Hotel, – The Loews Hollywood Hotel in Hollywood, California between July 14 and July 15. The event commenced with a speech by Pac-12 commissioner Larry Scott, and all 12 teams sent their head coaches and two selected players to speak with members of the media. The event along with all speakers and interviews were broadcast live on the Pac-12 Network. The teams and representatives in respective order were as follows:


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Head coaches, Coaches
Note: Stats shown are before the beginning of the season


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Schedule
Rankings reflect those of the AP poll for that week.


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Schedule, Championship game
The championship game will played on December 2, 2016. It featured the teams with the best conference records from each division, Washington from the North and Colorado from the South. This was the sixth championship game (and the sixth win for the North), with both Washington and Colorado appearing for the first time.


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Pac-12 vs Power Conference matchups
This is a list of the power conference teams (ACC, Big 10, Big 12 and SEC along with independents Notre Dame and BYU) the Pac-12 plays in the non-conference (Rankings from the AP Poll):


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Postseason, Bowl games
* Rankings based on CFP rankings, Pac-12 team is bolded


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Postseason, All-Pac-12 Individual Awards
The following individuals won the conference's annual player and coach awards:


2016 Pac-12 Conference football season, Postseason, All-Americans
The following Pac-12 players were named to the 2016 College Football All-America Team by the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF), Associated Press (AP), Football Writers Association of america (FWAA), Sporting News (SN), and American Football Coaches Association (AFCA):


2016 Pac-12 Conference men's soccer season
The 2016 Pac-12 Conference men's soccer season was the 17th season of men's varsity soccer in the conference.


2016 Pac-12 Conference men's soccer season
The Stanford Cardinal are the defending champions, by virtue of winning the regular season (there is no conference tournament). The Cardinal are also the defending NCAA champions.


2016 Pac-12 Conference men's soccer season, Regular season, Results
Each team plays every other conference team twice; once home and once away.


2016 Pac-12 Conference men's soccer season, All-Pac-12 awards and teams
Corey Baird, StanfordJose Carerra-Garcia, CaliforniaAndrew Epstein, StanfordJosé Hernández, UCLATomas Hilliard-Arce, StanfordFoster Langsdorf, StanfordNick Lima	, CaliforniaJustin Schmidt	, WashingtonBrian Nana-Sinkam, StanfordChristian Thierjung, CaliforniaJackson Yueil, UCLA


2016 Pac-12 Conference men's soccer season, All-Pac-12 awards and teams
Seyi Adekoya, UCLAHandwalla Bwana, WashingtonBrian Iloski, UCLAJordan Jones, Oregon StateTimmy Mueller	, Oregon StateTravis Nicklaw, San Diego St. Pablo Pelaez, San Diego St.Auden Schilder, WashingtonDrew Skundrich, StanfordFelix Vobejda, UCLAHenry Wingo, Washington


2016 Pac-12 Conference men's soccer season, All-Pac-12 awards and teams
Adam Allmaras, San Diego St.Michael Amick, UCLAMatt Callahan, San Diego St.Kyle Coffee, WashingtonAbu Danladi, UCLAErik Holt, UCLACasey Macias, San Diego St.Bryce Marion, StanfordJeroen Meefout, San Diego St.Paul Salcedo, CaliforniaMichael Sauers, San Diego St.


2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game
The 2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game was played on Friday, December 2, 2016 at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California to determine the champion of the Pac-12 Conference in football for the 2016 season. It was the sixth football championship game in Pac-12 Conference history. The game featured the South Division champion Colorado Buffaloes against the North Division champion Washington Huskies. Washington defeated Colorado by a score of 41–10 to win their first conference championship since 2000 and their first outright title since 1991.


2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game, History
Both Colorado and Washington made their first appearances in the Pac-12 Championship Game. The matchup ensured that the 2016 edition of the game would be the first not to be won by Oregon or Stanford.


2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game, Teams, Washington (North)
Washington secured their berth in the Pac-12 Championship Game after beating in-state rival Washington State 45–17 in the 109th Apple Cup. Washington became the first team other than Oregon or Stanford to win the North Division.


2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game, Teams, Colorado (South)
Colorado clinched their first appearance in the Pac-12 Championship Game with a 27–22 win over Utah in the final week of the regular season. This was Colorado's first division championship since winning the Big 12 North Division in 2005.


2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game, Game summary, Scoring summary
The 2016 Pac-12 Championship Game featured the #8 Colorado Buffaloes (10–2) against the #4 Washington Huskies (11–1). The Huskies opened the scoring just three minutes into the game when Lavon Coleman ran for a 1-yard touchdown. The Buffaloes responded with a 3-yard rushing touchdown of their own, and the first quarter ended 7–7. The second quarter saw only one score: Jake Browning threw his first touchdown pass of the night to put the Huskies up 14–7 going into halftime.


2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game, Game summary, Scoring summary
On the first play from scrimmage in the second half, Washington safety Taylor Rapp intercepted a pass from Sefo Liufau and returned it for a touchdown to give the Huskies a 21–7 lead. On Colorado's ensuing drive, Rapp intercepted another pass from Liufau returned it to the Buffaloes' 25 yard-line. Washington kicked a field goal to push their lead up to 24–7. Browning threw his second TD pass later in the third quarter to make the score 31–7.


2016 Pac-12 Football Championship Game, Game summary, Scoring summary
A long return on the ensuing kickoff gave Colorado possession at the Huskies' 2-yard line, and the Buffaloes kicked a field goal on the drive. Liufau threw his third interception as time expired in the third quarter. The Huskies added another field goal and touchdown in the fourth quarter to seal a 41–10 victory and their first conference title since 2000.


2016 Pacific League Climax Series
The 2016 Pacific League Climax Series (PLCS) consisted of two consecutive series, Stage 1 being a best-of-three series and Stage 2 being a best-of-six with the top seed being awarded a one-win advantage. The winner of the series advanced to the 2016 Japan Series, where they competed against the 2016 Central League Climax Series winner. The top three regular-season finishers played in the two series. The PLCS began on with the first game of Stage 1 on October 10 and ended with the final game of Stage 2 on October 16.


2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships
The 2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships is the fifteenth edition of the Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships. The competition was held April 8–10, 2016 at the Xfinity Arena (for artistic and trampoline events) and the Everett Community College (for rhythmic events) – both of which are in Everett, Washington. The 2016 event marks the fifth time that the Championships have been held in the United States, and the second time in Everett (the first being 2012).


2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships
The event served as the second international team elite competition for the U.S. women's national team (after the City of Jesolo Trophy) and the first for the men's team.


2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships, Background
On March 17, 2015, American national gymnastics governing body USA Gymnastics announced that Everett had been selected to host the Championships for the 2016 edition – a result of the successful event in 2012. USA Gymnastics president Steve Penny said the 2012 championships were "the best Pacific Rim  gymnastics event we've [USA Gymnastics] ever held". The 2012 event drew an attendance of 20,343 over three days competition; more than four times higher than the previous 2008 event in San Jose, California. The 2012 event amassed a profit of around $2.5 million.


2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships, Promotion
In February 2016, Olympians Carly Patterson and Shawn Johnson visited the Seattle metropolitan area to promote the event at a sports award ceremony.


2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships, Venues
Opened on September 27, 2003, as the Everett Events Center, the arena is home to the WHL hockey team Everett Silvertips and the Tilted Thunder Rail Birds roller derby team. Additionally, the arena hosted the 2008 Skate America and several other sporting and exhibition events. The arena had a capacity of 6,200 for the 2012 event but some arena floor area was used to cater for additional seating.


2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships, Venues
Unlike the 2012 event where all events were contested at the Xfinity Arena, the organizers have decided to use nearby Everett Community College to host the rhythmic gymnastics events. Although it hasn't been confirmed, it is thought that the events will take place in the Gray Wolf Hall. The college's athletic mascot is a Trojan and the hall hosts volleyball matches.


2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships, Broadcast
NBC Sports televised the event. The women's team and all-around competitions were aired through tape-delayed coverage on NBC.


2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships, Broadcast
Additionally, 2008 Olympians Samantha Peszek and Jonathan Horton, along with Evan Heiter, presented live YouTube coverage of the competition.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests
The 2016 Pacific Rugby League International was again split into two games. The first was the Melanesian Cup between Papua New Guinea and Fiji. The second was the Polynesian Cup between Samoa and  Tonga.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, ANZAC Test
The 2016 Anzac Test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Hunter Stadium in Newcastle. It was the 17th Anzac Test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, ANZAC Test
The game marked the international coaching debut of Mal Meninga for Australia since taking over the position from Tim Sheens in late 2015. Meninga, a 4 time Kangaroo Tourist (the only player ever to do so), a World Cup winning captain and a veteran of 46 tests for Australia between 1982–94, has previously coached Queensland to 9 State of Origin series wins in 10 years (including a record 8 series wins in succession from 2006-2013) in the years prior to taking over as Kangaroos coach.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, ANZAC Test
This was the first of two matches between Australia and New Zealand before the 2016 Rugby League Four Nations in late October and November. The second match will be played at the nib Stadium in Perth, Western Australia on 15 October.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, ANZAC Test
Meninga broke tradition and named the Australian team a few days early, which included 4 debutants; Blake Ferguson, Josh McGuire, Michael Morgan and Fijian-born Semi Radradra.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Melanesian Cup
The 2016 Melanesian Cup was played between Papua New Guinea and Fiji.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Melanesian Cup
Papua New Guinea created history to win their first Melanesian Cup title. The test looked in a similar situation to last year when Fiji took a comfortable lead into the break but this time around Papua New Guinea scored enough points in the second half to outscore their pacific rivals and win their first major title since the 2009 Pacific Cup. Captain David Mead shone for the Kumuls as he made try-saving tackles, assists and even line breaks in a man-of-the-match performance which was a crucial influence to earning his country's first win on away soil since the year 2000.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Melanesian Cup
Fiji picked 7 débutantes for the test match, while PNG featured five players making their first ever International appearance for their country. Both teams had a fair share of NRL, Queensland or New South Wales Cup, as well as domestic club players. Papua New Guinea's most capped player was Rod Griffin who made his 10th appearance for his country, while Fiji's most experienced player was Akuila Uate who made his 12th appearance for his country.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Melanesian Cup
Gold Coast's David Mead captained Papua New Guinea, and Port Kembla Blacks' James Storer led Fiji.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Polynesian Cup
The 2016 Polynesian Cup was played between Samoa and Tonga.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Polynesian Cup
Samoa defeated Tonga to win their second consecutive Polynesian Cup title. The strong crowd would always show their passion and loud screaming support throughout the game after big hits, strong runs and intense moments were key talking points. However a total of 29 errors and a completion rate of just over 50% from both countries was a headache for everyone to watch. Despite Tonga having 55% possession and more territory, they didn't score and the Samoans made them pay by taking their few second-half opportunities that were given to them resulting in another Samoan victory over their old 'War rivals'.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Polynesian Cup
Samoa picked 7 débutantes for the test match, while Tonga featured three. Both teams' players varied from National Rugby League players to Queensland or New South Wales Cup to Holden Cup and to the Super League. Samoa's most capped player was Leeson Ah Mau who made his 10th appearance for his country, while Tonga's most experienced player was Feleti Mateo who made his 13th appearance for his country.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Polynesian Cup
English Super League club Hull F.C. gave permission for two players to leave England and play in the Polynesian Cup test; coincidentally they were captain of both nations. Frank Pritchard captained Samoa, and Sika Manu led Tonga.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, Results, Cook Islands vs Lebanon
Another Pacific Island nation that does not compete in these matches, Cook Islands, organised a test match with Lebanon at Belmore Sports Ground on May 8.


2016 Pacific Rugby League Tests, October Games, Samoa vs Fiji
A couple of hours before the Pacific test-matches began, discussions were made and confirmed between the RLIF Deputy Chairman, John Grant, alongside Rugby League Samoa Chairman/Asia-Pacific Rugby League Confederation Chairman, Tagaloa Faafouina Su'a, and the Fiji Rugby League Chairman, Filimoni Vosarogo, that Samoa's city of Apia will host a test-match between Samoa and Fiji on October 8, 2016. This test-match will mark 30 years of Rugby league in Samoa.


2016 Pacific hurricane season
The 2016 Pacific hurricane season was tied as the fifth-most active season on record, alongside the 2014 season. Throughout the course of the year, a total of 22 named storms, 13 hurricanes and six major hurricanes were observed within the basin. Although the season was very active, it was considerably less active than the previous season, with large gaps of inactivity at the beginning and towards the end of the season. It officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific; they both ended on November 30.


2016 Pacific hurricane season
These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, as illustrated by Hurricane Pali, which became the earliest Central Pacific tropical cyclone on record, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. After Pali, however, the active season had a slow start, becoming the first season since 2011 in which no tropical cyclones occurred in May, and also the first since 2007 in which no named storms formed in the month of June.


2016 Pacific hurricane season
Hurricane Darby brushed the Hawaiian islands as a tropical storm causing only minor damage; while hurricanes Lester and Madeline also threatened to make landfall in Hawaii but weakened significantly before approaching the islands. Tropical Storm Javier and Hurricane Newton both made landfall in Mexico, with the latter being responsible for at least nine fatalities as it came ashore near Baja California Sur. Hurricane Ulika was a rare and erratic storm which zig-zagged across 140°W a total of three times. Hurricane Seymour became the strongest storm of the season, forming in late October. Finally, in late November, Hurricane Otto from the Atlantic made an unusual crossing over Central America, emerging into the East Pacific as a moderate tropical storm but dissipated shortly after. Damage across the basin reached $95 million (2016 USD), while 11 people were killed by Celia and Newton overall.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal forecasts
On May 6, 2016, the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) issued its first outlook for the Pacific hurricane season, forecasting a below average season with 10 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. On May 27, NOAA released their outlook, forecasting 13-20 named storms, 6-11 hurricanes, and 3-6 major hurricanes. NOAA admitted that this season would be difficult to predict because of changing conditions, but both organizations cited a dissipating El Niño and the formation of a La Niña event, which resulted in the prediction of a near-normal season in both basins. In the Central Pacific, about four to seven cyclones would form or enter within the basin, citing an equal 40% chance of an above-normal or near-normal season.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary
The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2016 Pacific hurricane season was 184.575 units (145.4575 units from the Eastern Pacific and 39.1175 units from the Central Pacific).


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary
As the new year began, Pali formed on January 7, two days before Tropical Storm Winona's formation in 1989. Pali subsequently surpassed Hurricane Ekeka's record and became a hurricane on January 11. When Pali reached a peak intensity of 100 mph, it surpassed Winona to become the strongest January tropical cyclone east of the dateline. Although Pali formed in January, the season kicked off to a very inactive start; for the first time since 2011, no tropical depressions or storms formed during the month of May, and no named storms formed during June since 2007.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary
Agatha formed on July 2, the latest first named storm in the eastern Pacific proper since 1969. Despite this, the season set a record for the most number of storms during the first half of July. When Georgette formed on July 21, it became the seventh named storm to form in the month of July; equaling the previous record set in 1985 and 2015 for the most active July since reliable records began. And when Frank became a hurricane (after Georgette did so), it marked a record-high 5 hurricanes in July.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary
Finally, Howard formed on July 31, however, was not named until August 1, one named storm shy of the record. Despite that, the season tied the record set in 1985 with the most named storms in July. Activity in August was slightly less active than July. Lester and Madeline threatened the Big Island at hurricane strength. Lester passed north of the islands, Madeline brought some rain as the storm dissipated south of Hawaii. Javier and Newton followed similar paths close to the Mexican coast, with both making landfall in the Baja California Peninsula in August and early September respectively.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary
After Newton led off September; Hurricanes Orlene, Paine and Tropical Storm Roslyn followed forming far from land. Hurricane Ulika became the first tropical cyclone on record to cross 140°W three times; it also became the first named storm in the Central Pacific basin since Pali back in January. Ulika was the first storm since Ela in 2015 to form in the Eastern Pacific, but not be named until entering the Central Pacific. After an unusually quiet October, Hurricane Seymour became the sixth major hurricane of the season, as well as the strongest. Tropical Storm Tina formed close to the coast of Mexico in mid-November. In late November, Tropical Storm Otto entered the basin from the Atlantic, becoming only the eighteenth cyclone to do so; however, it dissipated quickly due to unfavorable conditions.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pali
A powerful and long-lived westerly wind burst — a feature commonly associated with strong El Niño events — spurred cyclogenesis within a persistent low-latitude, west-to-east oriented surface trough, resulting in the formation of an area of low pressure on January 6. Fueled by unusually high sea surface temperatures, estimated at 29.5 °C (85.1 °F), the system gradually coalesced into a tropical depression on January 7. This marked the earliest formation of a tropical cyclone on record in the Central Pacific, surpassing Tropical Storm Winona (1989) by six days.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pali
A ridge aloft centered directly overhead the system enhanced its poleward outflow, enabling the development of deep convection around its center, which soon strengthened into a tropical storm receiving the name Pali, becoming the earliest such system in the northeastern Pacific on record. Pali continued intensifying through the first half of January 8 and nearly reached hurricane strength, but easterly vertical wind shear caused by the ridge disrupted its center, causing it to start weakening and move northwestward.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pali
Steady weakening continued through January 9 as Pali's deep convection was displaced to the west of its low-level center and intermittently pulsed, later leading to a dramatic decrease in intensity. By the end of that day, Pali barely maintained tropical storm strength, and the lack of persistent deep convection permitted it to be less affected by the easterly wind shear, causing its forward motion to decrease significantly. As the ridge weakened and retreated southward on January 10, causing vertical wind shear to gradually diminish, Pali started re-intensifying, with persistent deep convection redeveloping near its center and within its western quadrant. On January 11, the ridge passed directly over Pali, leading to the reestablishment of poleward outflow and eventual development of southwesterly flow, enabling its convection to slowly increase in coverage and organization within all quadrants and establishing a northeastward movement.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pali
On January 12, light vertical wind shear and high sea surface temperatures enabled Pali to strengthen into a Category 1 hurricane, becoming the earliest hurricane on record in the northeast Pacific basin, beating the previous record set by Hurricane Ekeka in 1992. Later that day, Pali strengthened further into a Category 2 hurricane while travelling southwards, reaching its peak intensity. During the next few days, Pali rapidly weakened while turning back towards the south-southeast, due to steady increases in southerly vertical wind shear and loss of Coriolis force.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pali
Further decay in the organization of deep convection made Pali being downgraded into a remnant low late on January 14. While weakening, Pali reached a minimum latitude of 2.3°N, making it the second-lowest latitude tropical cyclone on record in the Western Hemisphere, behind Tropical Depression Nine-C which attained a minimum latitude of 2.2°N just two weeks prior. Pali completed a broad and looping track, by dissipating approximately 50 nmi (58 mi; 93 km) from where it initially developed. Unrelated to Pali, Hurricane Alex developed over the Atlantic during the last few days of Pali's existence. This marked the first known occurrence of simultaneous January tropical cyclones between the two basins.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pali
Hurricane Pali had severe impacts in Kiribati. Pali's storm surge caused major coastal flooding, with the island nation reporting significant property damage. Pali also caused a cargo ship to run aground on the coast of Kiribati, killing four people.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One-E
On June 4, the National Hurricane Center began monitoring an area for possible development. Over the next few days, the chances of the storm forming were low. Unexpectedly, however, on June 6, advisories began to be issued on Tropical Depression One-E. This led the Government of Mexico to issue a Tropical Storm Watch for its coast. On June 7, the watch was removed as the storm weakened slightly. Early on June 8, the storm made landfall in Mexico near the Gulf of Tehuantepec and dissipated.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One-E
As a precautionary measure, temporary shelters were opened across Chiapas. The depression caused minor damage across Oaxaca, primarily within the Salina Cruz municipality. Heavy rains led to some street flooding and a sinkhole that damaged one home.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Agatha
On June 30, the National Hurricane Center began to monitor an area for possible formation. On July 1, organization unexpectedly increased. Seven hours later, early on July 2, the tropical disturbance strengthened into Tropical Depression Two-E. The system quickly organized, and later that day, the NHC upgraded Two-E into Tropical Storm Agatha. Agatha slightly strengthened to peak intensity on July 3. Winds topped off at 50 mph. Soon after, Agatha weakened slightly, with winds lowering to 40 mph later that day. The storm continued westwards over the next two days. Early on July 5, Agatha became post-tropical.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Agatha
With Agatha's naming nearly two months into the season (on July 2), the storm is the second-latest first named storm in the eastern Pacific proper — only Tropical Storm Ava which reached tropical storm intensity on July 3, 1969 formed later in the season.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Blas
On June 27, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave moving over Central America for possible development. A low-pressure area formed south of Mexico on June 30, and early on July 3, the storm gained enough organization to be designated Tropical Depression Three-E. Six hours later, amid a favorable environment with warm sea surface temperatures and decreasing vertical wind shear, it intensified into Tropical Storm Blas.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Blas
Steady strengthening ensued, and Blas intensified into a hurricane on July 4. Intensification stalled for the remainder of that day as dry air wrapped into the circulation; however, Blas began to rapidly deepen on July 5, and it became the first major hurricane of the season that evening. Blas quickly reached peak intensity at Category 4 strength on July 6. Blas weakened to a Category 3 hurricane soon after, before transitioning into an annular tropical cyclone and maintaining intensity.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Blas
However, Blas soon passed over decreasing sea surface temperatures, resulting in a slow weakening trend; Blas weakened below major hurricane status late on July 7, and down to a Category 1 hurricane by the next day. Blas further degraded to a tropical storm on July 9, as weakening accelerated amid a stable air mass and increasing southwesterly shear. Over sea surface temperatures of 24 °C (75 °F), Blas weakened to a tropical depression on July 10, and degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone soon after.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Blas
Moisture associated with the remnants of Blas brought showers to Hawaii. Peak daily rainfall totals primarily ranged between 1 to 2 in (25 to 50 mm) and did not cause any serious flooding.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Celia
On June 27, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave over Central America. The wave entered the East Pacific the following day, eventually gaining sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC on July 6. The newly formed cyclone initially struggled to intensify with upwelling resultant from Hurricane Blas, but a formative central dense overcast and several spiral bands prompted an upgrade to Tropical Storm Celia by 15:00 UTC on July 8.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Celia
Celia began to intensify after moving into warmer waters, obtaining Category 1 hurricane intensity by 21:00 UTC on July 10 and peaking as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) the next afternoon. Thereafter, progressively cooler waters caused the system to weaken: it fell below hurricane intensity by 09:00 UTC on July 13, weakened to a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC on July 15 after entering the Central Pacific, and degenerated into a remnant low well east-northeast of Hawaii six hours later.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Celia
Although the remnants of Celia passed north of Hawaii, it disrupted the typical trade winds, resulting in higher humidity across the island group and brief but heavy showers over central Oahu and the windward slopes of Maui and the Big Island on July 18. Precipitation totals ranged form 1 to 2.5 in (25 to 65 mm), prompting flash flood advisories. In addition to the rain, large swells as high as 15 ft (4.6 m) generated by Celia and its remnants affected the east-facing shores of the Hawaiian Islands. resulting in high surf advisories. These swells produced rough surf that caused two drowning deaths on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu on July 16.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Darby
In the first two weeks of July, five low-pressure systems formed in the Eastern Pacific. The fourth of these was first noted by the National Hurricane Center on July 9; it was located in a favorable environment, and was expected to develop into a tropical storm. On July 11, the low was upgraded into Tropical Depression Five-E. On July 12, Five-E intensified into a tropical storm, and was assigned the name Darby; the next day it attained hurricane status. It later strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on July 15.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Darby
On July 16, despite traveling over cooler waters, Darby unexpectedly became a Category 3 hurricane. However, 6 hours later, Darby weakened back to a Category 2. Over the next four days, Darby gradually degraded over cooler waters as the storm moved westwards, towards Hawaii. But, as it moved closer towards the area, it strengthened again, prompting several Tropical Storm warnings and watches to be issued for the Hawaiian Islands. At 00:00 UTC July 24, it made landfall near Pahala of the Big Island.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Darby
Crossing the island as a minimal tropical storm, it was the first to do so since Hurricane Iselle in 2014. Slight weakening occurred as Darby traversed the island, however the storm retained minimal tropical storm strength as the storm began to move northwestwards. On July 25, Darby was downgraded into a depression near Oahu and degraded into a remnant low 18 hours later.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Estelle
In the line of continuous tropical cyclones with the same path, the low that would become Estelle began to be monitored on July 14. Less than a day after being designated as a low-pressure system on July 15, it was upgraded to Tropical Depression Six-E. Early on July 16, the fifth tropical storm of the Eastern Pacific season formed, being assigned the name Estelle. By July 18, Estelle had strengthened into a 70 mph (110 km/h) storm, just below hurricane status, however, it slightly weakened afterwards. Estelle continued to maintain its strength, however, by July 20, the storm was not forecast to strengthen into a hurricane and began degrading over cooler water northeast of Hawaii. On July 22, Estelle weakened into a 40 mph (65 km/h) storm and degraded into a remnant low later that day.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Frank
On July 16, the NHC noted that an area of low pressure was forecast to form south of Mexico in a few days. A broad area of low pressure formed well south-southeast of Acapulco, Mexico three days later, eventually organizing into Tropical Storm Frank by 21:00 UTC on July 21. Steered northwest and then west-northwest, the cyclone steadily intensified within a favorable environment; by July 25, however, Frank passed over cooler waters resultant from upwelling by previous cyclones, which caused weakening.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Frank
The system re-intensified after entering warm waters, becoming the record-setting fifth hurricane during the month by 15:00 UTC on July 26 and peaking with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h) twelve hours later. The negative effects of cooler waters began to impede on the system shortly thereafter, causing Frank to weaken to a tropical storm by 15:00 UTC on July 27, fall to a tropical depression by 15:00 UTC on July 28, and degenerate into a remnant low six hours later.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Frank
The outer rainbands of Frank brought heavy rains to Nayarit. In Tepic, several neighborhoods were flooded and 135 homes were damaged. A total of 200 families were rendered homeless, and forced to seek shelter. The remains of Frank passed near the island chain on August 3 and 4. Enhanced showers over the windward slopes resulted in daily rainfall totals over 1 in (25 mm) in isolated locations but no reported flooding problems.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Georgette
On July 15, the NHC noted that an area of low pressure was forecast to form well south of Mexico early the subsequent week. An area of disturbed weather became established south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec the following day, organizing sufficiently to be deemed a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC on July 21. Despite moderate northeasterly wind shear, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Georgette by 15:00 UTC on July 22 and was further upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane by 03:00 UTC on July 24.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Georgette
Over a 24-hour period ending at 03:00 UTC July 25, the cyclone's maximum winds increased from 75 mph (120 km/h) to a peak of 130 mph (210 km/h) as convection became more symmetric and an eye cleared. Progressively cooler waters and a more stable environment, however, caused Georgette to begin weakening soon thereafter: it fell below hurricane intensity by 15:00 UTC on July 26 and further degenerated into a remnant low well west-southwest of Baja California a day later.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Georgette
Remnant moisture from Georgette brought heavy rain to Oahu on July 31 but caused only minor flooding.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Howard
On July 29, the NHC noted that an area of low pressure was forecast to form well south of Mexico. A large mass of convection developed south of Acapulco, Mexico two days later, eventually coalescing into the record-tying eighth tropical cyclone to form in the East Pacific during the month of July. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Howard by 09:00 UTC on August 1, and although the cyclone struggled with westerly wind shear and upwelling, it ultimately attained peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) a day later.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Howard
Continuing on its west-northwest path, Howard entered cooler waters and a more stable environment, and the combination of the two factors caused the cyclone to degenerate into a remnant low well west of Baja California by 21:00 UTC on August 3. The remnants of the system moved across the main Hawaiian Island group on August 7, dropping up to 2 in (51 mm) of rain over portions of Kauai, Oahu, and Maui, with minor flooding occurring on northwestern Oahu and northern sections of Maui.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ivette
On July 25, the NHC highlighted an area well southwest of Baja California for potential tropical cyclogenesis over the following week. A broad area of low pressure formed south of Manzanillo, Mexico two days later, eventually gaining ample organization to be declared a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC on August 2. The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Ivette twelve hours later as banding increased. Despite initial forecasts calling for a strong Category 1 hurricane, moderate wind shear only allowed the cyclone to attain peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Continued wind shear and a more stable environment caused Ivette to weaken to a tropical depression by 03:00 UTC on August 8 as it entered the Central Pacific; 18 hours later, the system degenerated into a remnant low well east of Hawaii.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Javier
On August 2, the NHC noted that an area of low pressure in association with the remnants of Hurricane Earl could further develop into a tropical cyclone off the southwestern coastline of Mexico over subsequent days. An area of disturbed weather formed south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec two days later, eventually acquiring sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on August 7. Surface observations from Manzanillo, Mexico by 16:00 UTC indicated that the depression had intensified into Tropical Storm Javier.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Javier
Steered northwest by a mid-level ridge over Texas, Javier initially struggled to intensify as a result of easterly wind shear; by August 8, however, a reconnaissance aircraft found that the cyclone had strengthened to reach peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). Drier air, increased wind shear, and land interaction caused Javier to quickly weaken thereafter; wind speeds had dropped to 50 mph (80 km/h) when Javier made landfall near San José del Cabo the next day at 03:30 UTC. Javier weakened to a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC that day and degenerated to a remnant low six hours later. The circulation of Javier dissipated late on August 10.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Javier
The outer fringes of the storm brought flooding to Colima. Landslides occurred along Lázaro Cárdenas and Mexican Federal Highway 200. In Manzanillo, a bridge collapsed and numerous federal highways were damaged while the city's port closed due to high waves. Shortly after attaining tropical storm status, a "green" alert was issued for the multiplicity of Los Cabos. Officials opened 18 shelters across the southern Baja California Peninsula, while also closing ports. When Javier was forecast to become a hurricane, an "orange" alert was issued for the entire state of Baja California Sur. In the municipalities of La Paz and Los Cabos, authorities delayed the start of the school year. Six flights were canceled to and from San José del Cabo. In Sonora, a "blue" alert was declared.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Kay
Late on August 15, the NHC began highlighting an area south of Baja California for the potential for tropical cyclone development over the subsequent week. A broad area of low pressure developed well south of Manzanillo, Mexico the following day, steadily organizing to be deemed a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC on August 18. Despite modest northeasterly shear, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Kay twelve hours later on its northwesterly trek. While easterly shear osculated in strength, Kay peaked with winds of 50 mph, after a microwave data indicated the development of a mid level-eye.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Kay
Soon after, however the separation between the mid and lower level centers caused Kay to become disorganized. The next day, Kay re-intensified, again reaching peak intensity. The peak did not last for long, as Kay entered water cooler than 26 °C later that day. Drier air and a stable environment weakened Kay into a depression by 1200 UTC on the 23rd, before Kay ultimately degenerated into a remnant low soon after. The low continued westwards, before dissipating about 585 miles west of Cabo San Lucas.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Lester
On August 24, a well organized low-pressure system was upgraded into Tropical Depression Thirteen-E. Entering a favorable environment, the depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Lester. Moving steadily west-northwestwards, intensification continued, and Lester rapidly intensified on August 26 into a hurricane. Intensification continued throughout the day, with Lester reaching Category 2 strength the following day. By August 29, Lester had strengthened into the fourth major hurricane of the season. On August 30, Lester started to go through a weakening stage, at which point the storm began accelerating towards Hawaii. Late on August 30 Lester re-intensified to a Category 4 hurricane.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Lester
The storm did not maintain this intensity, however, and on the next day dropped below major hurricane status as its eye filled with clouds. On September 1, Lester's eye cleared, and it once again became a Category 3 hurricane. Lester also moved very close to the Hawaiian islands, but passed safely to the east and quickly lost strength over cooler waters.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Lester
The outer rainbands from Lester produced heavy showers and minor flooding over the leeward slopes of the Big Island and portions of east Maui on September 3. Winds were light, however.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Madeline
On August 21, the NHC noted that an area of low pressure could form well south-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California over subsequent days. An area of disturbed weather developed a few hours later, slowly organizing into a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC on August 26. With an impressive spiral band and improved inner core, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Madeline six hours later.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Madeline
Steered northwestward into the central Pacific, the cyclone initially struggled with moderate wind shear; however, an eye feature developed within the storm's central dense overcast by 09:00 UTC on August 29, prompting an upgrade to hurricane intensity. Madeline began a period of rapid intensification thereafter, and with a cloud-filled eye surrounded by a ring of deep convection, was upgraded to a Category 3 hurricane by 21:00 UTC before ultimately peaking as a 130 mph (210 km/h) Category 4 hurricane early the next day.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Madeline
An upper-level trough responsible for the cyclone's northwest trajectory moved north of the Hawaiian Islands on August 30, causing a subtropical ridge to the north of the cyclone to build southward. As a result, Madeline turned west and then southwest. Under increasing wind shear, Madeline's cloud pattern became less rounded and the storm's eye became obscured, signaling its fall below major hurricane intensity.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Madeline
The continued effect of strong westerly shear weakened Madeline to a tropical storm by 00:00 UTC on September 1, to a tropical depression six hours later, and further to a remnant low by 21:00 UTC on September 2 west-southwest of Hawaii. The remnant low ultimately dissipated southwest of Kauai the next day.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Madeline
Madeline brought minor damage and flooding to the Big island of Hawaii. Across the island, the storm was accountable for 5 to 11 in (125 to 280 mm) of rain spread out over a long period which mitigated serious flooding impacts. A few low-lying, flood-prone roads in Hilo were briefly inundated but no significant damage was reported.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Newton
On August 27, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) first mentioned the potential for low-pressure area to develop south of Mexico as an area for tropical cyclogenesis. An area of disturbed weather formed on August 31 offshore western Guatemala, which developed into a low-level trough the next day. Favorable environmental conditions allowed the system to organize and develop a distinct low-pressure area on September 2, which produced a widespread area of disorganized thunderstorms. A circulation began organizing within the system, leading to the NHC classifying it as Tropical Depression Fifteen-E late on September 4 about 220 mi (355 km) southwest of Manzanillo, Colima.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Newton
With warm waters, moderate wind shear, and adequate moisture, the system continued to organize after formation, strengthening to Tropical Storm Newton by early on September 5. The storm moved northwestward, steered by a ridge that over Texas. Late on September 5, an eye was visible on satellite imagery, and the hurricane hunters observed flight-level winds of 85 mph (135 km/h); based on these observations, the NHC upgraded Newton to hurricane status. With continued low wind shear and warm waters, Newton intensified further to a peak intensity of 90 mph (145 km/h) early on September 6. That day, the large wind field and 52 mi (84 km) eye failed to organize more, and the hurricane made landfall near Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, near peak intensity like Hurricane Odile did in 2014.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Newton
Rounding the western periphery of the ridge, Newton turned northward and weakened over the Baja California Peninsula. The eyewall deteriorated and fell apart while the convection waned. On September 7, Newton made a second landfall on mainland Mexico near Bahía Kino, Sonora, and weakened to tropical storm status. The storm curved to the northeast ahead of a broad trough, with increasing wind shear exposing the center from the waning convection. At 21:00 UTC on September 7, the NHC discontinued advisories on Newton, assessing that the storm degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone before crossing into southern Arizona. The residual circulation continued northeastward, dissipating by early on September 8.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Orlene
On September 5, a tropical wave that had traversed the Atlantic basin moved into the Eastern Pacific. Passing south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, the disturbance gradually organized, and by September 10, satellite images showed that a surface circulation has formed, however, thunderstorm activity was too disorganized to be classified as a tropical cyclone. It is estimated that Tropical Depression Sixteen-E formed at 00:00 UTC on September 11 about 700 miles (1,100 km) south-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California, after curved banding features developed near the center. The center became embedded in a central dense overcast, and six hours later, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Orlene.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Orlene
Moving north-northwest around a ridge of high pressure, Orlene entered an area of warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear, prompting a period of rapid intensification as a well-defined eye became visible at the center, and Orlene became a hurricane at 06:00 UTC September 12. The hurricane eventually reached its peak intensity as a high-end Category 2 hurricane with winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) at 18:00 UTC that day.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Orlene
The storm then moved into an area of cooler waters, which caused Orlene to weaken back to a tropical storm as it slowed down due to a trough approaching it and eventually replaced with a ridge. It began to turn west, and re-strengthened to a hurricane again before eventually succumbing to increasing wind shear and weakening again commenced. Orlene deteriorated into a remnant low by September 17, which persisted for another 12 hours before dissipating. Trailing deep tropical moisture from the remnants of Orlene passing north of the island chain produced moderate to heavy rainfall and minor flooding along the windward slopes of Haleakalā on September 23.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Paine
The origins of Paine were complex, having originated from several tropical waves. On September 10, the first one moved into the Eastern Pacific. It moved westwards over the next few days, spawning a small area of low pressure as a result. Convection remained disorganized due to easterly wind shear, which inhibited development. By September 16, another wave which had formed overtook the small low and absorbed it into its circulation. The system became better organized with a large area of convection, but the circulation was elongated. Over the next day, wind shear decreased and convection became better organized, and it is estimated that a tropical depression formed at 00:00 UTC on September 18, about 325 miles (523 km) west-southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico, becoming a tropical storm about six hours later and assigned the name Paine.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Paine
Almost immediately, the cyclone underwent a period of rapid intensification as it moved northwestwards around the periphery of a subtropical ridge that was over Mexico. Banding features developed in association with a central dense overcast (CDO) that produced very deep convection. Early on September 19, Paine became a hurricane and shortly afterwards achieved its peak intensity around 18:00 UTC. As fast as it became a hurricane, it weakened at a similar pace due to decreasing sea surface temperatures, and Paine degraded into a remnant low only a day after reaching its peak intensity. The remnants of Paine continued to move northward, before dissipating just offshore of the Baja California Peninsula, late on September 21.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Roslyn
A tropical wave moved into the Eastern Pacific on September 17, spawning a broad area low pressure as it moved to the west. The disturbance lacked any significant organization until September 24, when shower and thunderstorm activity became a little more organized, although the system lacked a well-defined circulation. After gradually becoming better organized, it is estimated from satellite data that a tropical depression formed at 1200 UTC about 700 miles (1,100 km) southwest of the tip of Baja California. It moved northward and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Roslyn the next day at 00:00 UTC.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Roslyn
Moderate wind shear and dry air prevented any significant strengthening, and by 18:00 UTC it attained a peak intensity of 50 mph (80 km/h). On September 27, southwesterly wind shear started to weaken Roslyn. Weakening slowly over the next two days, Roslyn weakened to a tropical depression on September 29 and degraded to a remnant low shortly afterwards, dissipating the next day a few hundred miles west of Cabo San Lazaro.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ulika
On September 26, the NHC upgraded a long-tracked tropical wave into Tropical Depression Nineteen-E. Within hours of formation, the depression moved into the Central Pacific and was upgraded into Tropical Storm Ulika. With an upper-level low to the northwest, Ulika slowly turned north, then northeast, back into the Eastern Pacific by 18:00 UTC the following day,  Situated in a favorable environment, Ulika steadily intensified, reaching Category 1 strength at 2:00 a.m. PDT (09:00 UTC) on September 28, and simultaneously reaching a peak intensity of 75 mph (120 km/h).


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ulika
Later that day, Ulika began weakening due to an increase in southwesterly wind shear. The low began to steer Ulika northwards, then northwestwards into September 29. While crossing back into the Central Pacific (for a record-tying third time), Ulika weakened into a remnant low the following day. The remains of the storm continued a westwards movement, then southwestwards until dissipating on October 3.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ulika
Hurricane Ulika is noted to be only one of two tropical cyclones to form in the Eastern Pacific basin, then move into the Central Pacific basin, and then back into the Eastern Pacific basin. The other known tropical cyclone to do this is Hurricane Olaf of the previous year. Ulika is also the first tropical cyclone on record to cross from the eastern to the central Pacific twice, as it crossed 140°W a total of three times. Also, Ulika is only the sixth storm to form in the Eastern Pacific, but not be named until entering the central Pacific. The others were 1984's Lala, 1992's Iniki, 1994's Li, 2009's Lana and 2015's Ela and 2019's Akoni.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seymour
On October 11, a fast-moving tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa, and traversed the Atlantic without development. By October 20, the disturbance emerged into the Pacific Ocean. The next day, a weak surface circulation developed in response to a Gulf of Tehuantepec wind gap event.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seymour
Organization continued further over the next two days, and after deep convection became more concentrated and the low became better defined, it is estimated that Tropical Depression Twenty-E formed around 06:00 UTC on October 23 about 360 miles (580 km) south of Manzanillo, Mexico, later strengthening into a tropical storm six hours later and assigned the name Seymour, accordingly.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seymour
Moving westward, Seymour began developing banding features and an eye was becoming evident on satellite. The hurricane later entered a period of rapid intensification due to very favorable conditions, which included low wind shear, a moist atmosphere, and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of around 29–30 °C (84–86 °F). The eye of Seymour later contracted to around 10 miles (16 km). By late on October 25, Seymour reached its peak intensity as a high-end category 4 major hurricane with sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a pressure of 940 millibars (28 inHg).


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seymour
Shortly after peaking in intensity, the cyclone rapidly weakened in response to increasing wind shear, drier air and decreasing sea surface temperatures due to upwelling as it turned northwestwards around the edge of a subtropical ridge. By 18:00 UTC on October 27, Seymour had weakened to a tropical storm, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low early the next day. The low continued to drift northwards before dissipating on October 30 about 500 miles (800 km) west of Puerto Cortes, Baja California Sur, Mexico.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Tina
A tropical disturbance broke off from a low- to mid-level trough over the northern Caribbean on November 2, moving southwestwards into the Eastern Pacific by November 8. That same day, a low-pressure area formed within the disturbance. Persistent deep convection significantly increased over the next few days, attributed to the passage of a convectively coupled Kelvin wave. Turning northwards due to a mid-level high, convection continued to increase despite increasing southwesterly wind shear. By November 12, a low-level circulation center formed within the much broader, though disorganized, system.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Tina
Eventually, the circulation became sufficiently well-defined to be declared Tropical Storm Tina at 06:00 UTC on November 13. Due to the strong wind shear, however, Tina remained weak throughout the day, with winds never rising above 40 mph (65 km/h). As the low- and mid-level circulations began to decouple, Tina turned westwards the next day as it weakened to a tropical depression. Amid strong shear and a dry atmospheric environment, convection could not be sustained and Tina degenerated to a remnant low just 30 hours after its formation. The remnant low continued drifting westwards for the next four days, before dissipating completely on November 18.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Otto
Early on November 25, the center of once-hurricane Otto from the Atlantic basin emerged into the Eastern Pacific, becoming the first to do so since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996. Due to crossing over the mountainous terrain of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, Otto weakened somewhat as it moved westwards, with possible indications of its circulation being tilted. Continuing to move westwards due to the influence of a subtropical ridge to its north, Otto eventually encountered more hostile environmental conditions, as wind shear began to increase dramatically. The circulation of Otto became disrupted, and Otto opened up into a trough of low pressure on November 26.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
On August 11, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a tropical depression had developed near the International Date Line about 2,000 km (1,245 mi) to the northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii. Over the next day, the system moved northwestwards and was last noted before it moved into the Western Pacific basin. On September 12, the JMA had reported that another tropical depression had developed east of the International Date Line, while the CPHC assessed it as having a low chance of formation in the next 48 hours. However, the system dissipated soon after amid unfavorable conditions.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
On October 3, according to its best track, the JMA started tracking a tropical depression to the east of the International Date Line. The system moved into the West Pacific, where it eventually became Typhoon Songda. On October 15, the JMA started to track a tropical depression just east of the International Date Line, however, the tropical depression moved into the Western Pacific basin six hours later.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the northeastern Pacific Ocean during 2016. No names were retired during the 39th session of the RA IV hurricane committee on March 26, 2017; as such, they will all be reused in the 2022 season. This was the same list used in the 2010 season, except for the name Ivette, which replaced Isis, after it became synonymous with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Therefore, the name Ivette was used for the first time this year.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
Otto entered the northeastern Pacific basin from the Atlantic basin, having survived its passage over Central America as a tropical cyclone. However, the name "Otto" was later retired due to its significant impacts in Central America.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, all names are used in a series of four rotating lists. The next four names slated for use are shown below, though only two were used during the season.


2016 Pacific hurricane season, Season effects
This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2016 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2016 USD. Impacts in the Atlantic and western Pacific basins are excluded.


2016 Pacific typhoon season
The 2016 Pacific typhoon season is considered to have been the fourth-latest start for a Pacific typhoon season since reliable records began. It was an average season, with a total of 26 named storms, 13 typhoons, and six super typhoons. The season ran throughout 2016, though typically most tropical cyclones develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Nepartak, developed on July 3, while the season's last named storm, Nock-ten, dissipated on December 28.


2016 Pacific typhoon season
The development of Nepartak made the second-latest time within a season for the first named storm to develop and ended a 199-day period (from December 17, 2015 – July 3, 2016) during which no named storm was active in the basin. Tropical Storm Mirinae reached peak intensity while making landfall over the Red River Delta, causing very severe damage in Northern Vietnam. By the end of August, three storms had hit the Japanese island of Hokkaidō, the most since 1951.


2016 Pacific typhoon season
In September, Typhoon Meranti reached peak intensity with a minimum pressure of 890 hPa, becoming one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record. Typhoon Chaba became the strongest typhoon to strike South Korea since 2012. Tropical Storm Aere and a tropical depression brought the worst flooding in Vietnam since 2011. The last storm of the season, Typhoon Nock-ten, became the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded worldwide on Christmas Day (December 25) since at least 1960, in terms of 1-minute maximum sustained winds.


2016 Pacific typhoon season
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100°E and the 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones, which often results in a storm having two names.