2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of Cochlespirinae. The type species is Praesurcula palaeocenica.


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A pyrguline hydrobiid, a new genus for "Pyrgula" haueri Neumayr (1869); genus also contains "Diana" amplior Pavlović (1903), "Diana" petkovici Pavlović (1903), "Pyrgula" tricarinata Fuchs (1877) and "Pyrgula" brusinai Tournouër (1875).


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A turbonillid; a replacement name for "Turbonilla" scalaris Martin (1884).


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A turritellid gastropod; a replacement name for Roemerella Akopyan in Akopyan et al. (1990). The type species is "Turritella" nerinea Roemer (1841).


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of Architectibranchia belonging to the family Tubiferidae, a species of Sinuarbullina.


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of the family Muricidae; a replacement name for Lowenstamia Sohl (1964).


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of Architectibranchia belonging to the family Tubiferidae, a species of Striactaeonina.


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of Melongenidae. The type species is Texaficus obesus.


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of Cavolinioidea belonging to the family Creseidae, a species of Tibiella.


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of Clausiliidae. Originally described as a species of Triloba, but subsequently transferred to the genus Protriloba.


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A turbonillid. A new genus for the Pleistocene species "Turbonilla" schroederi Wissema (1947) from Indonesia; genus also contains living species "Turbonilla" unilirata Bush (1899) from the Caribbean, "Tragula" unilirata Saurin (1959) from Vietnam, "Turbonilla" franciscoi Peñas & Rolán (1997) from West Africa and "Turbonilla" qenenoji Peñas & Rolán (2010) from the Solomon Islands.


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of Volutidae, a subspecies of Volutocorbis olssoni gracilis.


2013 in paleomalacology, Gastropods
A member of Strombidae. The type species is Volutostrombus eocenica.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Yoldiidae, a species of Adrana.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Lucinidae. The type species is "Thracia" yezoensis Kanie & Kuramochi (1996); genus also includes "Cryptolucina" kuhnpassetensis Kelly (2000), as well as new species A. raukumara and A. colombiana.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Tellinidae, a species of Arcopagia.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Lasaeidae, a species of Bornia.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Nuculanidae, a species of Calorhadia.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A member of Helcionelliformes; a replacement name for Trilobella Vassiljeva (1990) and Igarkiella Vassiljeva (1998) (both preoccupied).


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Periplomatidae, a species of Cochlodesma.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
An ichthyosarcolitid caprinoid rudist. The type species is Curtocaprina clabaughikinsorum.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Cuspidariidae, a species of Cuspidaria.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Lucinidae. The type species is "Cryptolucina" elassodyseides Saul, Squires & Goedert (1996); genus also includes new species E. peckmanni Kiel (2013).


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A fimbriid bivalve, a species of Fimbria; a replacement name for Fimbria subpectunculus (d’Orbigny, 1850).


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Veneridae, a species of Katherinella.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Lasaeidae, a species of Kellia.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Mactridae, a species of Mactra.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Poromyidae. The type species is M. reymenti; genus might also include "Isocardia" supermensa White (1887) and "Liopistha (Psilomya)" walkeri Whitney (1952).


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Mytilidae, a species of Modiolus.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A caprinuloideid caprinoid rudist. The type species is Neokimbleia acutus; genus also contains "Caprina" planata Conrad (1855).


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Nuculidae, a species of Nucula.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A mollusc of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly related to the polyplacophoran stem-group. A replacement name for Obscurella Vassiljeva (1990). The type species is O. auriculata (Vassiljeva, 1990); genus also includes new species O. tormoi.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Lucinidae. The type species is "Lucina" ovalis Stanton (1895); genus also includes "Lucina" colusaensis Stanton (1895), as well as new species T. agirrezabalai and T. vocontiana.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A bivalve belonging to the family Carditidae, a subspecies of Venericor densata.


2013 in paleomalacology, Other molluscs
A caprinuloideid caprinoid rudist. The type species is Youngicaprina gloria; genus also contains Youngicaprina sangabrieli.


2013 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2013.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Cyathopsidae.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae. The type species is B. crinisphyllia.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the order Stauriida and the family Polycoeliidae. The type species is F. spitsbergensis; genus also includes "Sochkineophyllum" zavodovskyi Sokolov (1959).


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the order Stauriida and the family Kleopatrinidae.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae. The type species is G. minor; genus also includes G. parvum.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A stony coral belonging to the group Heterocoeniina and the family Elasmocoeniidae. A new genus for "Pseudopistophyllum" quinqueseptatum Turnšek & Buser (1976).


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Antiphyllidae. The type species is K. pachyseptata.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the order Stauriida and the suborder Aulophyllina. The type species is L. spitsbergensis; genus also includes L. longiseptatum.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A tabulate coral belonging to the order Auloporida and the family Multithecoporidae.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Eugyroidea and the family Eugyridae.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A stony coral belonging to the group Heterocoeniina and the family Elasmocoeniidae. The type species is Pleurodendron prebeticum.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Bothrophyllidae.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the order Stauriida and the family Lithostrotionidae.


2013 in paleontology, Cnidarians
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae.


2013 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A cheilostome bryozoan. Originally described as a species of Charixa; Dick, Sakamoto & Komatsu (2018) transferred this species to the genus Kenocharixa.


2013 in paleontology, Bryozoans
A malacostegan. Genus contains two species: H. hayamiae and H. clusum.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Xenambonitidae. The type species is "Schuchertella" planissima Reed (1915); the subgenus also includes Aegiromena durbenensis Nikitin et al. (1980), "Chonetoidea" obliqua Jin & Chatterton (1997), Aegiromena ultima Havlíček (1967) and Aegiromena urbana Havlíček (1967).


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Dalmanelloidea belonging to the family Portranellidae. The type species is B. baoshanensis.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenida. The type species is Biseptata briani.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Enteletoidea belonging to the family Schizophoriidae. The type species is C. chunanensis.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Eopholidostrophiidae. The type species is Eopholidostrophia (Megapholidostrophia) magnifica; the subgenus might also include Eopholidostrophia mediocostalis (Reed, 1905).


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Eospiriferidae. The type species is Eospirifer praecursor Rong, Zhan & Han (1994).


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Hedeinopsidae. The type species is I. qarabilensis.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenida belonging to the group Strophomenoidea and the family Rafinesquinidae.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Strophomenidae. The type species is O. plana.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Glyptomenidae. The type species is P. globula.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Orthoidea belonging to the new family Pupiaoiidae. The type species is P. pupiaoensis.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Rafinesquinidae. The type species is S. elongata.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A pygopid terebratulid. A new genus for "Terebratula" misilmerensis Gemmellaro (1871); genus also contains the new species Sphenope bifida.


2013 in paleontology, Brachiopods
A member of Dalmanelloidea belonging to the family Dalmanellidae. The type species is Y. yui.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
An ophiacanthid brittle star. The type species is Alternacantha occulta; genus also includes A. schwermannorum, A. arges and A. dilionessa.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is D. leonorae; genus also includes new species D. pattyana and D. carli, as well as "Ophiocten" seeweni Kutscher & Hary (1991).


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
Triassic (Anisian and Carnian) and Early Jurassic (late Sinemurian to early Pliensbachian)


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is E. hagdorni; genus also includes E. imminens.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
An ophiolepidid brittle star. The type species is Eozonella bergeri.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is E. paciphila.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is G. teckliformis; genus also includes G. touertensis.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A basal cinctan echinoderm. The type species is Graciacystis ambigua.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
An ophiacanthid brittle star. The type species is Hanshessia trochitophila.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is "Ophiopholis" trispinosa Hess (1965); genus also includes new species I. hirokoae and I. fuersichi.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
An ophiacanthid brittle star. The type species is Juracantha hottingeri.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A member of Parablastoidea. The type species is Kosachenkoastrus volkhovensis.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is K. mira; genus also includes K. ampla.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is L. hystricarboris; genus also includes L. caeloscopus, L. coreytaylori, L. etteri, L. lukenederi, L. mastodon, L. mathcore, L. wolfii and L. varuna, as well as "Sinosura" fasciata Kutscher & Villier (2003).


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is "Ophiomyxa" curvata Kutscher & Jagt (2000).


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Hexacrinitidae.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is "Ophiacantha" constricta Hess (1966); genus also includes "Ophiacantha" danica Rasmussen (1952) and "Ophiacantha" dorecki Hess (1962), as well as new species O. stans.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is O. acklesi; genus also includes new species O. irimurai, as well as "Hemieuryale" argoviensis Hess (1966) and "Ophiosmilax" alternatus Kutscher & Jagt (2000).


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is O. watsoni.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is O. beneficarum; genus also includes O. stevenwilsoni.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is "Ophiurites" crinitus Quenstedt (1876).


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A sand dollar belonging to the group Scutellina and the family Protoscutellidae.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is R. dissidens.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is S. archetypa.


2013 in paleontology, Echinoderms
A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida, possibly a member of the family Myelodactylidae. The type species is Simakocrinus facilis sp. nov (col.); genus also contains Simakocrinus diligens sp. nov (col.).


2013 in paleontology, Conodonts
A gondolellid ozarkodinid. The type species is Acuminatella acuminata; genus also contains Acuminatella angusta.


2013 in paleontology, Conodonts
A replacement name for Muellerina Bardashev & Bardasheva (2012) (preoccupied).


2013 in paleontology, Conodonts
A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Balognathidae. The type species is Notiodella keblon.


2013 in paleontology, Conodonts
A gondolellid ozarkodinid. A new genus for "Epigondolella" primitia Mosher (1970); genus also contains new species Primatella asymmetrica and Primatella conservativa.


2013 in paleontology, Conodonts
A new genus for "Utahconus" humahuacensis Albanesi and Aceñolaza (2005).


2013 in paleontology, Conodonts
Originally described as a possible species of Trapezognathus; subsequently made the type species of a separate genus Zentagnathus.


2013 in paleontology, Amphibians, Newly named lissamphibians
A relative of parsley frogs. The type species is Aerugoamnis paulus.


2013 in paleontology, Amphibians, Newly named lissamphibians
A relative of the family Pipidae. The type species is Gracilibatrachus avallei.


2013 in paleontology, Amphibians, Newly named lissamphibians
A close relative of the genus Discoglossus. The type species is Iberobatrachus angelae.


2013 in paleontology, Amphibians, Newly named lissamphibians
An anuran of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Liaobatrachus.


2013 in paleontology, Amphibians, Newly named lissamphibians
A relative of cryptobranchids. The type species is Ukrainurus hypsognathus.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A cryptodiran closely related to Sandownia. The type species is Brachyopsemys tingitana.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A member of Pan-Cryptodira (the clade containing living cryptodirans and all turtles sharing a more recent common ancestor with them than with pleurodirans), possibly a xinjiangchelyid. The type species is Camerochelys vilanovai.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A turtle of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Originally described as a platysternid, but subsequently argued to be a member of Kinosternoidea. The type species is Cardichelyon rogerwoodi.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A member of (likely paraphyletic) group "Macrobaenidae". The type species is Changmachelys bohlini.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A turtle of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Originally considered to be a relative of trionychids; Skutschas et al. (2017) considered it to be either a pan-trionychian (sister taxon to Trionychia) or a pan-carettochelyid. The type species is Kappachelys okurai.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
An araripemydid pleurodiran. The type species is Laganemys tenerensis. Pérez-García (2019) considered this species to be a junior synonym of Taquetochelys decorata.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A pleurodiran, a member of Podocnemidoidea. The type species is Nostimochelone lampra.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A relative of dermochelyids and protostegids. The type species is Ocepechelon bouyai.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A basal member of Testudinoidea. The type species is Paramongolemys khosatzkyi.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
The earliest North American emydid. The type species is Psilosemys wyomingensis.


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A baenid cryptodiran, a new genus for "Baena" ornata Gilmore (1935).


2013 in paleontology, Turtles, Newly named turtles
A relative of meiolaniid. The type species is Trapalcochelys sulcata.


2013 in paleontology, Ichthyopterygians
A basal member of Thunnosauria. The type species is Malawania anachronus.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named sauropterygians
A member of Plesiosauroidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a leptocleidid or an elasmosaurid. The type species is Gronausaurus wegneri. Sachs, Hornung & Kear (2016) considered it to be a junior synonym of Brancasaurus brancai.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named sauropterygians
A relative of placodonts. The type species is Palatodonta bleekeri.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Apsgnathus triptodon.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
An anguimorph lizard, possibly a varanoid. The type species is Arcanosaurus ibericus.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
An iguanian lizard related to the genus Uromastyx. The type species is Barbaturex morrisoni.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A platynotan lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Cemeterius monstrosus.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Anguimorpha related to xenosaurids. The type species is Cnodontosaurus suchockii.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement, assigned by Nydam (2013) to an informal paramacellodid-cordylid grade. The type species is Dakotasaurus gillettorum. The generic name turned out to be preoccupied by Dakotasaurus Branson & Mehl (1932); the lizard genus was subsequently renamed Dakotaseps.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Polyglyphanodontinae. The type species is Distortodon rhomboideus.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A relative of species belonging to the genus Xenosaurus. Genus contains two species: Entomophontes incrustatus and Entomophontes hutchisoni.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Priscagamidae. The type species is Heterodontagama borsukae.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Agamidae. The type species is Indiagama gujarata.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A squamate of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Lamiasaura ferox.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A scincomorph lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Lonchisaurus trichurus.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement, assigned by Nydam (2013) to an informal paramacellodid-cordylid grade. The type species is Monocnemodon syphakos.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A polyglyphanodontian lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Obamadon gracilis.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A night lizard. Genus contains two species: Palepidophyma paradisa and Palepidophyma lilliputiana.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Platynota of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Parasaniwa.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
An iguanid lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Pariguana lancensis.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A relative of the Chinese crocodile lizard, a species of Provaranosaurus.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A mosasaur related to Russellosaurus and Yaguarasaurus. Genus contains two species: Romeosaurus fumanensis and Romeosaurus sorbinii.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A member of Agamidae. The type species is Suratagama neeraae.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named lizards
A scincomorph related to skinks. The type species is Webbsaurus lofgreni.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named snakes
An alethinophidian snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Cerberophis robustus.


2013 in paleontology, Lepidosauromorphs, Newly named snakes
A macrostomatan snake related to caenophidians. The type species is Kataria anisodonta.


2013 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named basal archosauromorphs
A non-archosaurian archosauriform of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Asperoris mnyama.


2013 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named basal archosauromorphs
A phytosaur; a new genus for "Paleorhinus" scurriensis Langston (1949).


2013 in paleontology, Other reptiles
A diapsid of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a new genus for "Francosuchus" trauthi Huene (1939).


2013 in paleontology, Other reptiles
A procolophonoid parareptile, possibly an owenettid. The type species is Ruhuhuaria reiszi.


2013 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A member of Eucynodontia closely related to Ecteninion and Trucidocynodon. The type species is Diegocanis elegans.


2013 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A traversodontid cynodont, a new genus for "Scalenodon" hirschsoni Crompton (1972).


2013 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian synapsids, New taxa
A kingoriid emydopoid dicynodont. The type species is Niassodon mfumukasi.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a low cap-shaped bilaterally symmetrical conch. The type species is A. rugosa.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A member of Anomalocarididae (a group of animals with uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly stem-arthropods), a species of Anomalocaris.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a member of Cornulitida. The type species is Cambrocornulitus rarus.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Gracilitheca.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A member of Microconchida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs).


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A member of Microconchida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Microconchus.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and to the family Sestrostomellidae. The type species is "Cnemidium" variabile Münster (1841).


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A member of Anomalocarididae (a group of animals with uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly stem-arthropods). The type species is Paranomalocaris multisegmentalis.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A stromatoporoid. Genus contains two species: Quasiaulacera stellata and Q. occidua.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs). The type species is Spinitheca sysoievi.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and to the family Sestrostomellidae. The type species is V. bertii.


2013 in paleontology, Other animals
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and to the family Sestrostomellidae. The type species is W. stollae.


2013 in paleontology, Other organisms
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, argued by different authors to be a hydrozoan or a Caulerpa-like alga.


2013 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


2013 in poetry, Works published in English, New Zealand, Poets in Best New Zealand Poems
Poems from these 25 poets were selected by Ian Wedde for Best New Zealand Poems 2012, published online this year:


2013 in poetry, Works published in English, United States, Poets in The Best American Poetry 2013
The following poets appeared in The Best American Poetry 2013. David Lehman, general editor, and Denise Duhamel, guest editor (who selected the poetry):


2013 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


2013 in politics
These are some of the notable events relating to politics in 2013.


2013 in professional wrestling
2013 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


2013 in professional wrestling, Title changes, TNA
On the January 9, 2014 episode of Impact Wrestling (taped December 6, 2013), A.J. Styles returned claiming to be the legitimate TNA World Heavyweight Champion as he was never defeated for the title (though not recognized as such by TNA). Magnus defeated him later that night to become the undisputed champion


2013 in public domain
This is a list of works that enter the public domain in part of the world in 2013.


2013 in public domain, Entering the public domain in Europe
A work enters the public domain in most European countries (with the exception of Belarus) 70 years after the creator's death, if it was published during the author's lifetime.


2013 in public domain, Entering the public domain in the United States
The Copyright Term Extension Act means no new works will enter the public domain in this jurisdiction until 2019.


2013 in radio
The following is a list of events affecting radio broadcasting in 2013. Events listed include radio program debuts, finales, cancellations, and station launches, closures and format changes, as well as information about controversies.


2013 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 2013.


2013 in rock music
This article summarizes the events related to rock music for the year of 2013.


2013 in rugby league
Top-level rugby league in 2013 centred on Australasia's 2013 NRL season and Super League XVIII. High-profile representative competitions included the 2013 Rugby League World Cup (held in Wales and England) and the 2013 State of Origin series.


2013 in rugby league, January
18: Jon Mannah, former player for Parramatta and Cronulla dies of Hodgkin's lymphoma at the age of 23. 25: Rugby Football League announce rule changes to apply to 2013 seasons of Super League, Championship, Championship 1, Challenge Cup and Northern Rail Cup31: Marwan Koukash completes takeover of Salford City Reds


2013 in rugby league, February
22: Melbourne Storm win the 2013 World Club Challenge after beating Leeds Rhinos 18-14 at Headingley Carnegie Stadium


2013 in rugby league, April
19: The 2013 ANZAC Test is played, with Australia defeating New Zealand 32-12 before 25,628 at Canberra Stadium. 20: The Inaugural Pacific Rugby League International is played, with Tonga defeating Samoa 36-4 before 10,143 at Sydney's Centrebet Stadium. 29: A rising North Queensland Cowboys star, Alex Elisala dies after turning off his life support at Mackay Base Hospital.


2013 in rugby league, May
14: Salford City Reds announce they will change their name to the Salford Red Devils for the 2014 season.


2013 in rugby league, June
14: England beat The Exiles 30-10 in the International Origin match at Halliwell Jones Stadium in Warrington


2013 in rugby league, July
13: Australia beat New Zealand 32-22 in Armed Forces Rugby League World Cup Final in Colchester. 13: France beat England 42-40 in Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup Final in Gillingham. 14: Australia beat New Zealand 22-12 in the Women's World Cup Final at Headingley Carnegie Stadium in Leeds14: Australia beat Fiji 18-16 in Police Rugby League World Cup Final at Headingley. 14: Australia beat England 26-16 in Tertiary Student Rugby League World Cup Final at Headingley.


2013 in rugby league, July
20: Leigh Centurions beat Sheffield Eagles 43-28 in Northern Rail Cup Final at The Shay in Halifax, West Yorkshire, winning the trophy for the fourth time in 10 years. 20: North Wales Crusaders beat London Skolars 42-24 in inaugural Northern Rail Bowl final at The Shay. 28: Graham Murray, former player and coach dies of a heart attack at the age of 58.


2013 in rugby league, August
24: Wigan Warriors win the 2013 Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, winning the competition for a record 19th time28: Brothers Sam, Luke, Thomas and George Burgess become the first set of four brothers since 1911 to play together in the same rugby league team when they take the field for the South Sydney Rabbitohs. 28: York City Knights are relegated from Championship


2013 in rugby league, September
1: Featherstone Rovers beat Hunslet Hawks to win 2013 RFL Championship League Leaders' Shield, and relegate Hunslet to Championship 1. 1: North Wales Crusaders beat South Wales Scorpions to be crowned champions of 2013 Championship 11: Huddersfield Giants win first ever Super League League Leaders' Shield and finish top of the table in the top division for the first time in 81 years. 22: Warrington Wolves choose Huddersfield Giants in the Club Call for the 2013 Super League playoffs.


2013 in rugby league, September
23: Wigan Warriors's fullback Sam Tomkins signs for New Zealand Warriors for 2014 season for a world-record fee, reportedly a fee of £700,000. 24: Hull FC's head coach Peter Gentle leaves the club after two years in charge, following 76-18 playoff defeat to Huddersfield25: Hull F.C. appoint former player Lee Radford as new head coach replacing Peter Gentle. Radford becomes youngest current manager in the Super League26: England's Gareth Ellis retires from international rugby league a month before the 2013 Rugby League World Cup29: Rochdale Hornets beat local rivals Oldham 32-18 in 2013 Championship 1 playoff final at Leigh Sports Village


2013 in rugby league, October
6: The Sydney Roosters beat the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 26-18 in the 2013 NRL Grand Final.


2013 in rugby league, October
26: The 2013 Rugby League World Cup opening ceremony and two games are held.


2013 in rugby union
Here are the match results of the 2013 Rugby union season. Qualifiers for the 2015 Rugby World Cup, meanwhile the Six Nations Championship and The Rugby Championship are set for another season.


2013 in science
A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2013, including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets, the development of viable lab-grown ears, teeth, livers and blood vessels, and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908. The year also saw successful new treatments for diseases such as HIV, Usher syndrome and leukodystrophy, and a major expansion in the use and capabilities of technologies such as 3D printing and autonomous cars.


2013 in science
The United Nations designated 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation.


2013 in science fiction
The year 2013 was marked, in science fiction, by the following events.


2013 in spaceflight
In 2013, the maiden spaceflight of the Orbital Sciences' Antares launch vehicle, designated A-ONE, took place on 13 April. Orbital Science also launched its first spacecraft, Cygnus, that docked with the International Space Station in late September 2013.


2013 in spaceflight, Overview
India's Indian Space Research Organisation launched its first mission to Mars with the Mars Orbiter Mission that successfully reached Mars orbit on 23 September 2014.


2013 in spaceflight, Overview
Numerous significant milestones in robotic spaceflight occurred in 2013, including the landing of China's Chang'e 3 lander at Moon's Mare Imbrium on 14 December; it is China's first attempt and first successful soft landing by its spacecraft on an extraterrestrial surface.


2013 in spaceflight, Overview
Five crewed orbital launches were conducted during 2013, all successfully, carrying a total of 15 astronauts into orbit. Four of these missions were flown with the Russian Soyuz spacecraft and one with the Chinese Shenzhou.


2013 in spaceflight, Orbital launch statistics, By country
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.


2013 in sports
2013 in sports is listing and describing the major sporting events from the current year: by month and by discipline. The year after the 2012 Summer Olympics and the year before the 2014 Winter Olympics.


2013 in sports, Mixed martial arts
The following is a list of major noteworthy MMA events by month.


2013 in sports, Mixed martial arts
4/13 — The Ultimate Fighter: Team Jones vs. Team Sonnen Finale


2013 in sports, Mixed martial arts
11/30 — The Ultimate Fighter: Team Rousey vs. Team Tate Finale


2013 in squash sport
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by NaBUru38 (talk | contribs) at 00:11, 8 January 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


2013 in squash sport
This article lists the results for the sport of Squash in 2013.


2013 in sumo
The following are the events in professional sumo during 2013.


2013 in tennis
This page covers all the important events in the sport of tennis in 2013. Primarily, it provides the results of notable tournaments throughout the year on both the ATP and WTA Tours, the Davis Cup, and the Fed Cup.


2013 in tennis, ATP World Tour
The 2013 ATP World Tour was the global elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2013 tennis season. The 2013 ATP World Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF) and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2013 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which was organized by the ITF.


2013 in tennis, ATP World Tour, ATP World Tour Masters 1000
The ATP World Tour Masters 1000 was a series of 9 tennis tournaments that are part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tour, held annually throughout the year in Europe, North America and Asia. The series constituted the most prestigious tournaments in men's tennis after the four Grand Slam events and the ATP World Tour Finals.


2013 in tennis, ATP World Tour, ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2013 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprises 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments.


2013 in tennis, WTA Tour
The 2013 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2013 tennis season. The 2013 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF) and the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tournament of Champions).


2013 in tennis, WTA Tour, WTA Premier tournaments
The WTA Premier tournaments were 21 of the tennis tournaments divided into three levels on the 2013 WTA Tour.


2013 in tennis, WTA Tour, WTA International tournaments
The WTA International Tournaments were 31 of the tennis tournaments.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, Australian Open
The 2013 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on Hardcourt (Plexicushion). It was the 101st edition of the Australian Open, and the first Grand Slam event of the year. It took place in Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia from January 14 to January 27, 2013.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, Australian Open
All four of the main events in singles and same-sex doubles were won by the top seeds—Novak Djokovic in men's singles, Victoria Azarenka in women's singles, Bob and Mike Bryan in men's doubles, and Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in women's doubles. This year's Australian Open was the first Grand Slam event since that tournament's 2004 edition in which the women's singles and doubles were won by the top seeds, and the first Grand Slam event since the 1997 Wimbledon Championships in which the men's and women's singles and doubles were all won by the top seeds.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, French Open
The 2013 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 112th edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the Stade Roland Garros from 26 May to 9 June. It consisted of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles play. Junior and wheelchair players also took part in singles and doubles events.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, French Open
Rafael Nadal was the three-time defending champion in the men's singles, and won the title to become the first man to win the same Grand Slam title eight times. Maria Sharapova was the defending champion in women's singles, but lost in the final to Serena Williams.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, French Open
This championship was the third time in grand slam history that two multiple slam sets were accomplished in two different disciplines, and that was Serena Williams in Women's Singles, and her fellow countrymen Bob and Mike Bryan in Men's Doubles. At the 1969 US Open, Rod Laver won his multiple slam set in Men's Singles, and his fellow countryman Ken Rosewall did in Men's Doubles. At the 2012 French Open, Mahesh Bhupathi won a multiple slam set in Mixed Doubles, and Esther Vergeer won her multiple slam set in Women's Wheelchair Doubles.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, Wimbledon Championships
The 2013 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts. It was the 127th championships of the Wimbledon Championships and the third Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom, from 24 June to 7 July 2013.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, Wimbledon Championships
Roger Federer and Serena Williams were the defending champions in singles events, but neither was able to repeat their success. This marked the first time since 1927 in which both defending champions were eliminated before the quarter-finals.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, Wimbledon Championships
Andy Murray became the first man from Great Britain to win the singles title since Fred Perry in 1936. Marion Bartoli won the women's singles title. Bob and Mike Bryan completed the "Bryan Slam" and became the first team to hold all four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold at the same time.


2013 in tennis, Grand Slam events, US Open
The 2013 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 133rd edition of the US Open and the final fourth Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, and ran from August 26 to September 9.


2013 in tennis, Team events, Hopman Cup
The Hopman Cup XXV (also known as the Hyundai Hopman Cup for sponsorship purposes) was the 25th edition of the Hopman Cup tournament between nations in men's and women's tennis commenced on 29 December 2012 at the Perth Arena in Perth, Australia. Eight teams competed for the title, with two round robin groups of four, from which the top team of each group progressed to the final. Czech Republic, the defending champions, decided not to defend their title.


2013 in tennis, Team events, Hopman Cup
The 2013 Hopman Cup was won by Spain – Spain's fourth title, defeating Serbia in the final 2–1. Serbia won the men's singles, followed by Spain's winning of the women's singles; then the deciding mixed doubles event was won by Spain in straight sets.


2013 in tennis, Team events, Davis Cup
The 2013 Davis Cup (also known as the 2013 Davis Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes) is the 102nd edition of the tournament between national teams in men's tennis.


2013 in tennis, Team events, Davis Cup
The draw took place on 19 September 2012 in London, United Kingdom. Although, the draws for Asia/Oceania Zone Group I and Europe/Africa Zone Group II were held following the remaining play-off ties on 19–21 October 2012.


2013 in tennis, Team events, Fed Cup
The 2013 Fed Cup (also known as the 2013 Fed Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes) was the 51st edition of the most important tournament between national teams in women's tennis. The final took place on 2–3 November. The draw took place on 6 June 2012 in Paris, France.


2013 in tennis, Retirements
Following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the ATP or WTA Rankings Top 100 (singles) or Top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2013 season:


2013 in the Central African Republic
The following lists events that happened during 2013 in the Central African Republic.


2013 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The following lists events that happened during 2013 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


2013 in the European Union, European Capital of Culture
The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year, during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension.


2013 in the Maldives
The following lists events that happened during 2013 in the Maldives.


2013 in the Netherlands
This article lists some of the events that took place in the Netherlands in 2013.


2013 in the Philippines
2013 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 2013.


2013 in the Philippines, National holidays
Holidays in italics are "special days", while those in regular type are "regular holidays".


2013 in the Philippines, National holidays
In addition, several other places observe local holidays, such as the foundation of their town. These are also "special days."


2013 in the State of Palestine
Events in the year 2013 in the State of Palestine.


2013 in the United Arab Emirates
Events from the year 2013 in the United Arab Emirates.


2013 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 2013. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


2013 in the sport of athletics
In 2013, the foremost competition in athletics was the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow. The International Association of Athletics Federations will hold two other global level competitions this year: the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the 2013 World Youth Championships in Athletics. The IAAF World Cross Country Championships will return after its move to a biennial format.


2013 in the sport of athletics
The Diamond League enters its fourth year as the foremost seasonal track and field series.


2013 in triathlon
This topic reveals just the World Triathlon Series events and their results for 2013.


2013 in video games
Numerous video games were released in 2013. Many awards went to games such as BioShock Infinite, Grand Theft Auto V, The Last of Us and The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds. New video game consoles released in 2013 include the PlayStation 4 from Sony Computer Entertainment and the Xbox One from Microsoft.


2013 in video games, Top-rated games, Critically acclaimed titles
Metacritic (MC) and GameRankings (GR) are aggregators of video game journalism reviews.


2013 in video games, Highest-grossing games
The following were 2013's top ten highest-grossing video games in terms of worldwide revenue (including physical sales, digital purchases, subscriptions, microtransactions, free-to-play and pay-to-play) across all platforms (including mobile, PC and console platforms).


2013 in video games, Console releases
The list of game consoles released in 2013 in North America.


2013 in video games, Series with new entries
Series with new installments in 2013 include Ace Attorney, ARMA, Army of Two, Assassin's Creed, Batman: Arkham, Battlefield, BioShock, Call of Duty, Crysis, Dead Rising, Dead Space, Devil May Cry, Final Fantasy, Fire Emblem, Forza Motorsport, God of War, Gears of War, Gran Turismo, Grand Theft Auto, Killer Instinct, Killzone, The Legend of Zelda, Lost Planet, Luigi's Mansion, Mario Party, Metal Gear, Metro, Need for Speed, Pokémon, Rayman, Pikmin, Saints Row, SimCity, Sly Cooper, Sonic The Hedgehog, StarCraft, Super Mario, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, Tomb Raider, Total War, and Zoo Tycoon.


2013 in video games, Series with new entries
In addition, 2013 saw the introduction of several new properties, including Beyond: Two Souls, The Last of Us, Papers, Please, Tearaway, and The Wonderful 101.


2013 in video games, Game releases
The list of games released in 2013 in North America.


2013 in volleyball
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by NaBUru38 (talk | contribs) at 00:06, 8 January 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


2013 in volleyball
The following were the events of Volleyball for the year 2013 throughout the world.


2013 in weightlifting
This article lists the main weightlifting events and their results for 2013.


2013 in women's road cycling, World Championships
The World Road Championships is set to be held in Florence, Italy.


2013 local electoral calendar
This local electoral calendar for 2013 lists the subnational elections held in 2013. Referendums, recall and retention elections, and national by-elections (special elections) are also included.


2013 mid-year women's rugby union tests
The 2013 mid-year women's rugby union tests were a series of women's rugby union matches played through June and July around the world.


2013 mid-year women's rugby union tests
United States looked to avenge two losses suffered to France during last year's European tour in Orléans and Paris.


2013 mid-year women's rugby union tests
As a part of a three-year test series agreement between New Zealand Rugby Union and Rugby Football Union, New Zealand will play against England its first match at home since 2007, when the team challenged Australia. The first test will be the curtain-raiser to the Blues – Chiefs Investec Super Rugby match and will be broadcast live on Sky in New Zealand.


2013 mid-year women's rugby union tests
For England and United States, the matches were warm-ups ahead of the 2013 Nations Cup in Denver, Colorado.


2013 national electoral calendar
This national electoral calendar for 2013 lists the national/federal direct elections that were held in 2013 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.


2013 national electoral calendar, Indirect elections
The following indirect elections of heads of state and the upper houses of bicameral legislatures took place through votes in elected lower houses, unicameral legislatures, or electoral colleges:


2013 national road cycling championships
The 2013 national road cycling championships began in Australia with the time trial event (both men and women) on January 9.


2013 national road cycling championships, Jerseys
The winner of each national championship wears the national jersey in all their races for the next year in the respective discipline, apart from the World Championships and the Olympics, or unless they are wearing a category leader's jersey in a stage race. Most national champion jerseys tend to represent a country's flag or use the colours from it. Jerseys may also feature traditional sporting colours of a country that are not derived from a national flag, such as the green and gold on the jerseys of Australian national champions.


2013 papal conclave
The 2013 papal conclave was convened to elect a pope to succeed Pope Benedict XVI following his resignation on 28 February 2013. After the 115 participating cardinal-electors gathered, they set 12 March 2013 as the beginning of the conclave. On the fifth ballot, the conclave elected Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, SJ, Archbishop of Buenos Aires. He took the pontifical name of Francis.


2013 papal conclave, Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI
On 11 February 2013, Benedict XVI announced his resignation from the papacy effective 28 February 2013 at 20:00 local time (19:00 UTC). He was the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415, and the first to do so on his own initiative since Celestine V in 1294.


2013 papal conclave, Papabili
The conclave cardinals may elect any baptised Catholic male, but since 1271 they have always elected a fellow cardinal. Observers of papal elections tend to consider a few cardinals more likely choices than the others – these are the papabili, the plural for papabile, an Italian word which is practically rendered into English as "pope-able". (Inasmuch as the set of papabili is a matter of informed speculation, the election of a non-papabile is common. Recent cases are John XXIII in 1958, John Paul I and John Paul II, both in 1978.)


2013 papal conclave, Papabili
Christoph Schönborn of Austria, Odilo Scherer of Brazil, Luis Antonio Tagle of the Philippines, Peter Turkson of Ghana, Marc Ouellet of Canada, Péter Erdő of Hungary and Angelo Scola of Italy were among the cardinals most often identified in press reports as those most likely to be elected. On 9 March, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois said there were around "half a dozen possible candidates". The next day Cardinal Philippe Barbarin said "There are three, four, maybe a dozen candidates." Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina was seen as a papabile though less likely to emerge as pope.


2013 papal conclave, Papabili
One summary of likely candidates included him because he was "rumored to be the (weak) second place finisher" at the last conclave, but observed that "his 'moment' seems to be over". In addition, Bergoglio was seen as an older choice: he was 76 at the time of the conclave, and all of the other papabili were younger than he was.


2013 papal conclave, Speculation
The Los Angeles Times suggested that, though a pope from Latin America was unlikely, with only 19 of 117 cardinal-electors being from Latin America, the region seeks more say in Vatican affairs as it has the world's largest Catholic population. It cited secularism and the rise of Evangelicalism in Latin America, along with sex abuse scandals in Mexico, Brazil and Chile as issues important to the region.


2013 papal conclave, Speculation
BBC News said that while the balloting was likely to be hard-fought between different factions for a European or a non-European, an Italian or a non-Italian future pope, the internal differences were unclear, and that many different priorities were at play, making this election exceedingly difficult to predict. Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O’Connor, who was not an elector, remarked laughingly to a BBC presenter that his colleagues have been telling him "Siamo confusi – 'we’re confused,'" as there were neither clear blocs nor a front-runner.


2013 papal conclave, Speculation
One Australian commentator noted that the reform of the administrative machinery of the church, the Roman Curia, was a major issue, as there was no major progressive candidate, and indeed no clear front-runners, in the dynamic between institutional-maintenance and evangelical Catholicism. Giacomo Galeazzi of La Stampa said that "Apparently a sort of tsunami of non-European candidates will fall upon the Roman Curia, and this could take the pontificate far away from Rome, making it more international." Italian Cardinal Francesco Coccopalmerio said: "It's time to look outside Italy and Europe, in particular considering Latin America."


2013 papal conclave, Speculation
The dossier of the Vatican's own internal investigation into the so-called Vatileaks scandal was called "in effect ... the 118th cardinal inside the conclave". Although the investigating cardinals (none of whom are cardinal electors) are free to discuss the results of their investigation with the participants of the conclave, the dossier itself was to be given by Benedict XVI to his successor.


2013 papal conclave, Speculation
Cardinal Velasio De Paolis, C.S., said that the presence at the conclave of the former archbishop of Los Angeles, Roger Mahony, would be "troubling" but he also noted that the said cardinal "has the right and duty to take part", and "the rules must be followed". Mahony's successor in Los Angeles, Archbishop José Horacio Gómez, had recently rebuked Mahony for his handling of sex abuse cases, though he too, supported Mahony's participation in the conclave.


2013 papal conclave, Papal election process
Giovanni Battista Re from Italy, the most senior Cardinal-Bishop participating, presided over the conclave.


2013 papal conclave, Papal election process, Timing and rule change
In 1996, John Paul II in Universi Dominici Gregis fixed the start date of the papal conclave at 15 to 20 days after the papacy becomes vacant. The 2013 conclave was initially expected to start sometime between 15 and 20 March 2013. On 25 February 2013, the Vatican confirmed that Benedict XVI issued the order Normas Nonnullas to allow for a schedule change. This gave the College of Cardinals more latitude, once all of the elector-cardinals were present, to start the conclave earlier or later. They scheduled it to begin 12 March 2013.


2013 papal conclave, Papal election process, Timing and rule change
The Pope also amended the conclave law to provide for the automatic excommunication of any non-cardinal who breaks the absolute oath of secrecy.


2013 papal conclave, Papal election process, Cardinal electors
There were 207 cardinals on the day the papacy fell vacant. Cardinals aged 80 years or older before the day the papacy fell vacant were ineligible to participate, leaving 117 electors (including Cardinal Walter Kasper, who turned 80 between the papacy becoming vacant and the conclave's start). Two of them were the first cardinal-electors from their churches to participate in a papal conclave: Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi and Syro-Malankara Major-Archbishop Baselios Cleemis, the first bishop from the Syro-Malankara Church to be created cardinal.


2013 papal conclave, Papal election process, Cardinal electors
Two cardinal electors did not attend the conclave. Julius Darmaatmadja, from Indonesia, declined because of the progressive deterioration of his eyesight. Keith O'Brien, the only potential cardinal-elector from Great Britain, had been recently accused of sexual misconduct towards priests in the 1980s and said he did not want his presence to create a distraction. He had resigned as Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh on 18 February 2013 and later apologised for "sexual misconduct".


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
As soon as Pope Benedict announced his resignation, cardinals began arriving in Rome, and by the day the interregnum formally began, most of them had already arrived. A formal invitation to the conclave was issued on 1 March. The last of the 115 participating cardinal electors to arrive was Cardinal Jean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, who arrived on 7 March.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
Gianfranco Ravasi of the Roman Curia, one of seventeen Cardinal Electors with Twitter accounts, suspended his social media presence on his own initiative at the beginning of the interregnum, while others posted their reactions as they assembled. The College of Cardinals later imposed a pre-conclave media and social media blackout, following leaks to the Italian press, which precluded some American cardinals from holding further press conferences. Some Cardinal Electors researched one another on-line.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
The first of several "general congregations" was held on the morning of 4 March to organize the event. The Sistine Chapel was closed to the public on 5 March in preparation for the conclave even before its date was set. To control communication with the outside world during the conclave, a Faraday cage blocking outgoing and incoming communications was installed in the Sistine Chapel area. Contemporary media nevertheless gave journalists and other outsiders unprecedented access to this papal conclave. Approximately 5,600 journalists were accredited to cover the event.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
The first congregation (on the morning of 4 March) focused on introductory matters, picking three assistants to the Camerlengo, the recent Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization, and a suggestion of a message of appreciation to Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, with 13 cardinals giving speeches (simply in the order they had requested to speak). The second congregation (the evening of 4 March) featured the preaching of the first of two required meditations by Father Raniero Cantalamessa and nine more addresses.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
The third congregation was held the morning of 5 March, and featured 11 more addresses (all six continents had by then been represented). The message of appreciation was sent, and the text of the guidelines for the conclave was read. Topics of discussion were: the activities of the Holy See in light of its relations with the world Church's bishops, the course of the Church's renewal after Vatican Council II, and the Church's position in the world, especially regarding the New Evangelization. That evening, the Sistine Chapel closed and the furnaces were installed.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
The fourth congregation was held on the morning of 6 March. The Liturgy of the Hours was prayed and three cardinals with birthdays were congratulated, then 18 more speeches (limited to 5 minutes) were given. All but two cardinal-electors were present and had taken the oath. The Church in the world today and the needs of the New Evangelization, the status of the Holy See and of the Roman Curia's dicasteries (its departments: the congregations, the courts, and the pontifical councils, commissions, and academies), relations with bishops, and expectations of a future pope, were discussed. That evening, a prayer service was held at St. Peter's Basilica.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
The fifth congregation was held the morning of 7 March. Three new cardinal assistants to the Camerlengo were chosen. A telegram of condolence for the death of Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez was then read. Three separate speeches, each done by one of the three cardinal presidents of the three economic departments of the Holy See, were then given. Then, 13 more speeches were given, especially on ecumenism and the Church's charitable efforts and attention to the poor, in addition to the topics from the previous meeting sessions.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
The sixth congregation was scheduled for that evening. Some cardinals from the U.S. had stated in their interviews that the conclave might not begin until well into the following week, wanting the issues to be well discussed (this also gives the non-Italian and non-curial cardinals the benefit of getting to know their Italian and curial counterparts, and especially their other colleagues worldwide, better, which may lessen any disadvantage they may have in voting).


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
On 7 March, reporters were shown images of preparation work, including the installation of the chimney. Cardinal Phạm Minh Mẫn was able to join the other 114 participating Cardinal Electors for the 6th general congregation the evening of 7 March. Seven more cardinals spoke; all 115 participating Cardinal Electors were present. On 8 March, Lombardi announced that the cardinals would meet later that day and then announce the date for the start of the conclave, which they then set for 12 March. On 8 March,  153 cardinals, including all 115 participating electors, attended the 7th general congregation, where the Cardinal Dean announced that Cardinals Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja and Keith O'Brien would not be joining the conclave despite being eligible to vote.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
Having met the conditions set for beginning the conclave, the cardinals chose Cardinal Prosper Grech to give the meditation at the beginning of the conclave. Eighteen cardinals spoke, bringing the total number of interventions to over 100. In light of International Women's Day, one speech was about the role of women in the Church. Other topics added in this session were: interreligious dialogue, bioethics, the Church's role in promoting justice in the world, collegiality in the Church, and the need for the Church's evangelizers to proclaim the Gospel.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
On 11 March, the day before the conclave, the non-cardinal officials, support staff and other non-voting personnel who had duties during the conclave took the oath of secrecy in the presence of Camerlengo Tarcisio Bertone as prescribed in Universi Dominici Gregis as modified by Normas Nonnullas. Among those taking the oath were the secretary of the College of Cardinals Archbishop Lorenzo Baldisseri and the Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations Monsignor Guido Marini. Msgr. Marini himself led the oathtakers in reading the oath out loud.


2013 papal conclave, Preliminary discussions, research and preparations
The oath bound them to secrecy on anything they observed during the conclave pertaining to the new pope's election unless explicitly granted special faculty by the new Pope or his successors. The oath also bound them to refrain from using any audio or visual recording equipment and recording anything pertaining to the papal election during the conclave. The penalty for breaking the oath was automatic excommunication. The non-electors took their oath in Italian and in the Pauline Chapel.


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day one
On Tuesday, 12 March 2013, the cardinals present in Rome, both voting and non-voting, gathered in St. Peter's Basilica in the morning for the Pro eligendo Pontifice concelebrated Mass. The Dean of the College of Cardinals, Angelo Sodano was the principal concelebrant and gave the homily. In the afternoon, the 115 cardinal-electors assembled in the Pauline Chapel and walked in procession through the Sala Regia into the Sistine Chapel chanting the Litany of the Saints. After taking their places, the "Veni Creator Spiritus" ("Come, Creator Spirit") was sung.


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day one
The oath was read aloud by the presiding Cardinal, Giovanni Battista Re, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto, the most senior Cardinal in attendance. As at the previous conclave, they would swear to observe the norms prescribed by John Paul II's apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis. In addition, they would swear to adhere to the rules prescribed by Pope Benedict XVI in February. Then each cardinal elector in order of seniority placed his hands on the Gospels and made the following affirmation out loud in Latin:


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day one
Et ego [forename] Cardinalis [surname] spondeo, voveo ac iuro. Sic me Deus adiuvet et haec Sancta Dei Evangelia, quae manu mea tango.


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day one
And I, [forename] Cardinal [surname], do so promise, pledge and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand.


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day one
While making the oath, several Cardinals used the Latin forms of their names. The four cardinals from Eastern Catholic churches were distinguished by their attire. A fifth cardinal, Anthony Olubunmi Okogie of the Latin Church, Archbishop-Emeritus of Lagos, Nigeria did not wear his mozzetta and was seated in a wheelchair through the procession and most of the proceedings but walked accompanied by an assistant and placed his hands on the gospels like the others when making the oath.


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day one
Msgr. Guido Marini, Papal Master of Ceremonies, then called out the words "'Extra omnes! "—"Everybody out! "— and the chapel doors were locked to outsiders. Once the doors were closed, the cardinals heard the second required meditation for the conclave, given by Cardinal Grech, who then left the conclave because he was not an elector. After the meditation, one ballot was taken.


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day one
Black smoke coming out of the Sistine Chapel's chimney indicated to the outside world, that on this first ballot no candidate had received the required two-thirds of the votes cast. According to several media accounts of the first vote, Scola and Ouellet led with roughly equal numbers of votes, Bergoglio was a close third, and the rest of the votes were scattered among several others. According to La Repubblica, Scola received approximately 35 votes to Bergoglio's 20 and Ouellet's 15, while another account said that Scherer had shown strength. Some cardinals later said that "when they woke up Wednesday morning, it wasn't clear to them they'd have a pope that night, and it was even less clear it would be Bergoglio."


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day two
The two rounds of voting on the morning of 13 March 2013 proved inconclusive and black smoke was again sent out. Scola's candidacy stalled going into Wednesday and votes began to converge around the candidacies of Ouellet and Bergoglio. Sources report that at some point, Ouellet threw his support behind Bergoglio; by the first afternoon ballot—the fourth ballot of the conclave—Bergoglio became the clear front runner. On the fifth ballot, the cardinals, wishing to show a unified front, voted overwhelmingly in favor of Bergoglio, reportedly giving him more than 90 votes with the remaining 25 votes going to other cardinals. Cardinal Seán Brady reported that applause broke out during the tabulation when Bergoglio's count reached the 77 votes required for election.


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day two
When Bergoglio was asked if he would accept his election, according to Cardinal Wilfrid Napier OFM, he said, "Although I am a sinner, I accept." He took the name Francis, in honour of St. Francis of Assisi. He later said that some cardinal-electors jokingly suggested he should choose either "Adrian" after the great reformer Pope Adrian VI, or "Clement" out of revenge against Pope Clement XIV, who suppressed the Jesuit order. At the conclusion of the conclave, Francis gave his cardinal's zucchetto to Archbishop Lorenzo Baldisseri, the non-elector secretary of the conclave.


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day two
At 19:06 local time (18:06 UTC), white smoke and the sounding of the bells of St. Peter's Basilica announced that a pope had been chosen and shortly thereafter the Vatican web site was changed to say "Habemus Papam" ("We have a pope").


2013 papal conclave, Election, Day two
The Cardinal Protodeacon Jean-Louis Tauran appeared at the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and announced the election of the new pope and his chosen name. Pope Francis appeared and asked the people to pray for him before he blessed the world, at which point the conclave concluded.


2013 papal conclave, Post-conclave events
A half-hour later, the Twitter account @Pontifex sent out a tweet that read "HABEMUS PAPAM FRANCISCUM".


2013 papal conclave, Post-conclave events
At 8:23 pm (20:23) local time, the Italian Conference of Bishops released a statement congratulating Cardinal Angelo Scola of Milan on his election as pope. A corrected statement was released at 9:09 pm (21:09). As cardinals described the voting process, carefully suppressing details so as not to violate their oath of secrecy, one offered this assessment, that "Scola might have won" and "is obviously qualified to be pope", but there was "a very strong bias against the Italians". He added: "There was a sense that the Italians aren't up to the job anymore [sic].


2013 papal conclave, Post-conclave events
They used to be so good, but lately they seem to have lost control of things." Commentators nonetheless noted that the election of Bergoglio was favored by the fact that he was an Italian Argentinian and as such fitting multiple requirements that made him likely to have support from Italian cardinals looking for candidates outside of Europe.


2013 papal conclave, Post-conclave events
Pope Francis celebrated his inauguration on 19 March and was installed as Bishop of Rome on 7 April.


2013 papal conclave, Post-conclave events, NSA surveillance speculation
In October 2013, the Italian weekly magazine Panorama claimed that the United States National Security Agency had targeted cardinals in the conclave for surveillance, including Cardinal Bergoglio. An NSA spokesperson denied this.


2013 police revolts in Argentina
The 2013 Police revolts in Argentina were a series of protests by provincial police demanding better pay and working conditions, which affected 21 of Argentina's 23 provinces.


2013 police revolts in Argentina
Some of the strike methods included neglect of duty and breaking into public buildings. Due to this situation, looting began to occur in some cities, Córdoba being the most affected, followed by Tucumán. The riots began on 3 December and ended ten days later.


2013 police revolts in Argentina, Preceding industrial dispute
In 2013, an estimated Argentinean inflation rate of 25% had eroded police officer's salaries, which were not automatically inflation index-linked. The wages paid by provincial governments, many of whom rely heavily upon the national government for funding, often failed to keep pace with the rapidly rising cost of living. Christmas-related pressure to buy gifts may have been one trigger for the unrest.


2013 police revolts in Argentina, The strike
The looting began on 3 December in Cordoba, Argentina’s second-largest city, when the provincial police force went on strike. More than 1,000 stores were robbed, hundreds of people were injured and one person was killed. Cordoba’s governor increased the police force’s basic salaries by 33%, which ended the disorder in Cordoba, but inspired police forces in other provinces.


2013 police revolts in Argentina, The strike
Forces in 20 of Argentina’s 24 provinces followed the example of their colleagues in Cordoba, inviting widespread robbery and violence. Opportunistic members of the public "broke through shop windows and wrenched open doors to load up wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carriages with food, clothing and furniture". By 11 December, most governors had settled with their police forces, offering salary raises of as much as 45%. In many of these cases, lootings were carried out by organized criminals on motorcycles or by foot, who broke in different neighborhoods to steal anything they could find around them. They carried firearms and sticks, among other items.


2013 police revolts in Argentina, The strike
As a result of the numerous riots and looting in most districts, 18 deaths were recorded (although this is not an official figure) and hundreds injured, especially due to armed clashes taking place in the Tucumán Province where the largest number of deaths (8) occurred, followed by Chaco Province with 4, and Entre Ríos Province with 3.


2013 police revolts in Argentina, The strike
The Confederación Argentina de la Empresa and regional chambers of commerce estimated the losses at 568.450.000 Argentine pesos and 1.900 businesses were affected by looting.


2013 police revolts in Argentina, The strike
The only districts where no protests and looting were reported are the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz Province and Santiago del Estero Province.


2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The most recent census of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the 2013 census (Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013. ), took place from 1 October until 15 October 2013 with a reference date of census 30 September 2013 at 24:00 hours (midnight), 22 years after the previous census. It was the first census after the Bosnian War. It was organized by the Central Census Bureau of Bosnia and Herzegovina and supported by the European Union.


2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Preliminary results of the census were published on 5 November 2013, revealing that 3,791,622 people were enumerated. The final results, including ethnicity data, were planned to be published in the second half of 2014, when data processing would be completed. As of June 2015, the final results had still not been released, due to a dispute between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska statistical agencies.


2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Steering Committee of the International Monitoring Operation on the Population and Housing Censuses in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the international observers by the census process, reported in March 2016 that a new director was appointed to the national statistical agency in December 2015, who could decide on the blocking issues, and that the result of the 2013 census had to be published by July 2016. On 30 June 2016, the official results were published.


2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The census results are contested by the Republika Srpska statistical office and by Bosnian Serb politicians, who oppose the inclusion of non-permanent Bosnian residents in the figures. The population according to the final results is lower than in the preliminary results published in 2013. The European Union's statistics office, Eurostat, concluded in May 2016 that the methodology used by the Bosnian statistical agency is in line with international recommendations.


2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ethnic groups
The final results published on 30 June 2016 included statistics on ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina.


2013 protests in Brazil
The 2013 protests in Brazil, or 2013 Confederations Cup riots, also known as the V for Vinegar Movement, Brazilian Spring, or  June Journeys, were public demonstrations in several Brazilian cities, initiated mainly by the Movimento Passe Livre (Free Fare Movement), a local entity that advocates for free public transportation.


2013 protests in Brazil
The demonstrations were initially organized to protest against increases in bus, train, and metro ticket prices in some Brazilian cities, but grew to include other issues such as the high corruption in the government and police brutality used against some demonstrators. By mid-June, the movement had grown to become Brazil's largest since the 1992 protests against former President Fernando Collor de Mello.


2013 protests in Brazil
As with the 2013 Gezi Park protests in Turkey, social media has played an important role in the organization of public outcries and in keeping protesters in touch with one another.


2013 protests in Brazil, Name
Urban riots in Brazil have been traditionally been referred to as the 'Revolt of [Something]'. An example of this was Rio de Janeiro's Revolta da Vacina in the early 20th century. These particular protests have been referred to as the Revolta da Salada ([ʁɛˈvɔwtɐ da saˈladɐ]), Revolta do Vinagre ([ʁɛˈvɔwtɐ du viˈnagɾi]) or Movimento V de Vinagre ([moviˈmẽtu ˈve dʒi viˈnagɾi]) after more than 60 protesters were arrested in June 2013 for carrying vinegar as a home remedy against the tear gas and pepper spray used by police.


2013 protests in Brazil, Name
Piero Locatelli, a journalist for the CartaCapital magazine, was arrested and taken to the Civil Police after being found with a bottle of vinegar. The sarcastic tone dubbing the protests Marcha do Vinagre i.e. "the vinegar march", was a reference to the popularity of an earlier grassroots march for legalizing marijuana named Marcha da Maconha (the Brazilian version of the Global Marijuana March).


2013 protests in Brazil, Name
Another popular name for the protests is Outono Brasileiro ("Brazilian Autumn", in a playful reference to the events of the Arab Spring). Primavera (meaning "Spring") is also being used by media.


2013 protests in Brazil, Name
The alternative name "June Journeys" (Jornadas de Junho), used by some sources and adapted from the France use of journées (days) in the sense of an important event, traces a revolutionary pedigree going back to the June Days Uprising, the June 1848 French workers' uprising in the wake of the 1848 Revolution in France.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background
The first demonstrations took place in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, during August–September 2012 and were informally called Revolta do Busão or Bus Rebellion. Over the course of these protests, demonstrators convinced their municipal authority to reduce the fare price. Similar protests were carried out in Porto Alegre in March 2013, where protesters tried to convince the local city hall to further reduce the fare price, after it had been reduced by a judicial decision.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background
In Goiânia, demonstrations started on May 16, before the prices were officially raised on May 22 from R$2.70 to R$3.00. The peak of those demonstrations was on May 28, at Bíblia Square, when four buses were destroyed; two were incinerated and two were stoned. 24 students were arrested for vandalism and disobedience. Another demonstration took place on June 6, when students closed streets in downtown Goiânia, set fire to car tires, threw homemade bombs, and broke windows of police cars. On June 13, the fares were brought back to their previous price when judge Fernando de Mello Xavier issued a preliminary injunction arguing that local bus companies were exempted from paying some taxes as of June 1, but the passengers were not benefiting from this exemption.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background
In São Paulo, demonstrations started when the municipal government and the government of the State of São Paulo, which runs the train and metro system of São Paulo, announced the rise of ticket prices from R$3.00 to R$3.20. The previous hike of bus fares occurred in January 2011, and was also subject of demonstrations. Train and metro fares had been raised to the same price in February 2012. In early 2013, immediately after his election, Mayor  Fernando Haddad announced that fares would increase in early 2013.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background
In May, the federal government announced that public transportation would be exempted from paying PIS and COFINS, two taxes of Brazil, so that the increase of public transportation costs would not contribute to ongoing inflation. Even so, the fares were raised from R$3.00 to R$3.20, starting on June 2, sparking demonstrations.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background, Demands of protesters
Although the bus fare increase was the tipping point for demonstrators, the basis for public disenchantment with the policies of the ruling class went far deeper. There was frustration among the general population's disappointment with the inadequate provision of social services in Brazil. Despite Brazil's international recognition in lifting 40 million out of poverty, and into the nova Classe C with comfortable access to a middle class consumer market, the policies have been the subject of intense political debate.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background, Demands of protesters
Groups among the protestors argues that "Bolsa Familia" and other social policies were simply an electoral strategy from the Worker's Party aimed at "alming the poor".


2013 protests in Brazil, Background, Demands of protesters
Political opponents took issue with neoliberal or post-neoliberal traitor of its original Marxist precepts that benefits mostly the old, corrupt and stereotypical elites with black money and shady methods, and only making the life of the traditional, more conservative, middle middle and upper middle classes (that are rejected as a sign of reactionary decadence by left-wing elements, and dominant among the mostly urban, young, white, and educated protesters) even harder while political scandals involving the public money most expensive to this conservative middle class run rampant.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background, Demands of protesters
Meanwhile, mega sports projects such as the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup (to which at that time Brazil had already spent over 7 billion reais and with total expected cost of over 32 billion reais, equivalent to three times South Africa's total in 2010, despite only half the stadiums being finished), as well as the 2016 Summer Olympics, have turned out to be over-budget, and have resulted in a series of revelations about gross overbillings and multibillion-dollar financial scandals.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background, Demands of protesters
The occurrence of these protests simultaneously with Confederations Cup matches, with sounds of police weapons being audible during the Uruguay vs. Nigeria match on Thursday June 20, have raised serious questions amongst other sporting nations about the capability of Brazil to host the main event in a year's time, based upon its ostensibly severe social problems. Other points of discontent are the high inflation rates and increases in the prices of basic consumer goods, including food, that, as many other things in Brazil, are heavily taxed (at 27%).


2013 protests in Brazil, Background, Demands of protesters
Other commonly stated reasons for the malaise include high taxes (tax revenues total 36% of GDP, the highest in the developing world) that do not benefit the poor. The average Brazilian citizen is estimated to pay 40.5% of their income in taxes, yet the country still suffers from various social and infrastructural problems such as poorly functioning health services, a low education rate, inadequate welfare benefits, and a growing but still low rate of employment.


2013 protests in Brazil, Background, Demands of protesters
There is also a feeling of powerlessness due to widespread cases of corruption and embezzlement as well as a lack of transparency and financial accountability. Indicted leaders and politicians often stay in power despite being cited for corruption and collusion in the growing overbilling scandals. The protesters particularly object to a constitutional amendment currently being drafted known as PEC 37 that is seen as a cover-up for corrupt politicians and an attempt to reduce the power of the judiciary in pursuing cases. Though not a main cause for the demonstrations, some protestors also object to socially conservative legislation by the religious benches that is seen as a retrocess to Brazil's LGBT and women's rights, a threat to the state of Brazilian secularism, and even freedom of expression.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 1 to 14
In June 2013, a series of protests in the Brazilian city of São Paulo were organized against bus and metro fare hikes announced by the city mayor Fernando Haddad in January 2013, who stated that the fares would rise from  R$ 3.00 to R$3.20, coming into effect on June 1.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 1 to 14
The first large protest was held on June 6 on Paulista Avenue. In ensuing protests, news reports changed the discourse, mentioning that police had "lost control" on June 13, because they began using rubber bullets not only against protesters but also journalists that were covering the events. Numerous civil rights groups have criticized the harsh police response, including Amnesty International and the Associação Nacional de Jornais.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 17 to 18
An estimated 250,000 protesters took to the streets of various cities on June 17. The largest protests were organized in Rio de Janeiro, where 100,000 attended from mid-afternoon of June 17 to late dawn of June 18.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 17 to 18
Although mostly peaceful, the protests escalated with the invasion of the State's Legislative Chamber, causing riot police to be called in. Three protesters were injured by gunfire, reportedly by police forces, while ten others were hospitalized.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 17 to 18
State government authorities did not intervene, saying this was an issue for the Military Police. Other protests erupted in support of those being detained by police. Demonstrations were held in a number of cities. The ones held in Curitiba were reported attended by over 10,000 people.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 17 to 18
Minor protests staged by Brazilians living abroad were held in several countries including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 19
Protests continued on a smaller scale. Mayors of several Brazilian cities announced reduction of bus fares or cancellation of previously announced increases, including Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, where the largest protests had occurred.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 20
Protests in over 100 cities around the country rallied over 2 million people. Special measures were taken to protect main government buildings on major cities like the federal capital Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Manaus, Belém, Recife, Florianópolis, Belo Horizonte, Goiânia, Curitiba and Porto Alegre, among others. Rafael Braga was arrested, who later received the only conviction of charges related to the 2013 protests in Brazil.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 21 to 23
Protests across Brazil have drawn millions to the streets in a wave of rolling fury that became the biggest demonstrations in decades. A young man was killed in Ribeirão Preto during the protest when a driver ploughed through a peaceful demonstration, also injuring 11 other people. President Dilma Rousseff addressed the nation, recognizing the demands of the protesters and calling a meeting of state governors and mayors of key cities to discuss the requests of the population and propose solutions to solve the issues.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 24
As protests continue on a smaller scale, President Dilma Rousseff along the 27 state governors and the mayors of the 26 state capitals, among other authorities, agree to take measures related to improve funds management, public transport, health care and education. Also announced is a proposal for congress to approve a referendum on widespread political reform.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 25
Almost all members of National Chamber reject controversial law limiting the powers of the Public Ministry to investigate criminal activities in the government, thus accomplishing one of the demands of the protests. President Dilma Rousseff announces that plans for a special constituent assembly on political reform were abandoned, but there are still plans to submit the constitutional amendments in discussion to popular vote.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 26
Almost all members of National Chamber approved the destination of petroleum royalties to education (75%) and health (25%). The congress also approved the end of secret vote for forfeiture of office and the recognition of all forms of corruption and embezzlement as heinous crimes; and the end of all Taxes regarding Public transport, including metro, train, bus and ship. A large protest of 120.000 people is held in Belo Horizonte where the 2013 Confederations Cup semifinal match between Brazil and Uruguay was occurring, and ran with no incidents until small riots began. A young man died after falling from a viaduct.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 30
Protesters in Brazil clashed with police during the Confederations Cup final match between the host nation and Spain in Rio de Janeiro. Earlier that day, a group of demonstrators tried to storm a Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) building in Rio. Police kept them back and the group settled outside the building. In a separate protest, several thousand people marched on the Maracanã stadium banging drums.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, June 30
The protesters demanded free public transport, carrying placards reading "FIFA - you pay the bill". The demonstrators also called for an end to corruption and the resignation of the Rio State governor.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, July 2
The "Gay cure" Bill, PDL 234, which would have authorized psychologists to treat LGBT people was voted down by the National Congress. In 1830, eight years after the end of Portuguese colonial rule, sodomy laws were eliminated from the new Penal Code of Brazil. Since 1985 the Federal Council of Medicine of Brazil has not considered homosexuality as deviant. In 1999, the Federal Council of Psychology published a resolution that has standardized the conduct of psychologists to face this norm: "...[ regulated] psychologists should not collaborate with events or services proposing treatment and cure of homosexuality." In 1990, five years after Brazil removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses, the General Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO), with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, removed homosexuality from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, July 2
PDL 234 dealt only with lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons, as Brazil still pathologizes transgender people. Doctors do not allow hormone therapy for transgender people before age 16, allow gender reassignment surgery for those who have "normal or healthy" genital conditions other than third party-confirmed trans people above the age of 18, and does not ban sexual assignment surgery for intersex newborns and young children. Doctors with parental consent may alter a child's ambiguous genitals without his/her consent and much before gender behavioral characteristics and/or identification would naturally appear.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, July 5
In Seattle Justin Jasper, an armed local was arrested for planning action in support of Brazil protesters.


2013 protests in Brazil, Timeline, Later demonstrations
Although smaller than the June demonstrations, another wave of protests occurred in many cities around Brazil on September 7. Protesters organized to challenge military parades that were celebrating Brazil's 1822 independence from Portugal. There were also demonstrations to question government spending on World Cup stadiums and government corruption.


2013 protests in Brazil, Responses
Following a pledge by President Dilma Rousseff to spend 50 billion Brazilian reais on improving urban public transportation after a meeting with protest leaders June 24, the Brazilian real fell on concern of a widening deficit. This followed a nearly 10 percent fall in the currency in the second quarter of 2013, the worst amongst 16 major currencies.


2013 protests in Kosovo
The 2013 protests began in Pristina, Kosovo after people started to receive high electricity bills. Sparked by comments on social media, in February more than 1000 people gathered in front of Kosovo's Electricity Corporation building. The protests continued in the next several weeks, eventually turning into a protest against corruption. Some of the main slogans from the protest where "KEK pumping bills", "No country with thieves" and "Stop the theft, develop the state". Government responded with great caution during the protests, promising fulfillment of all requirements set by protesters.


2013 protests in Kosovo, Corruption
The protest where sparked by high electricity bills but turned soon into a more widespread corruption protest. In May protests spread in other Kosovo cities.


2013 protests in Kosovo, Impact
Because of the protest, a foreseen increase of 5% for the electricity bill was stopped. The Parliament started an investigation which resulted in a detailed report sent to the Government and Electricity Regulatory Authority of Kosovo. It was also seen as an important protest because it was one of the rare ones in Kosovo started by the population without any interference by political parties or NGO's.


2013 raid on Barawe
The 2013 raid on Baraawe was a military operation by Seal Team Six to capture or kill Abdikadar Mohamed Abdikadar "Ikrima", a senior member of the Al-Shabaab insurgent group. It was launched in the southern town of Barawa, Somalia in October 2013.


2013 raid on Barawe, Operation
On 5 October 2013, Al-Shabaab spokesman Sheikh Abdiasis Abu Musab announced that Western naval forces had launched an assault on a house in the insurgent stronghold of Barawe, a town situated around 180 kilometres (110 mi) south of Mogadishu. He stated that the foreign soldiers had silencer guns, and exchanged gunfire and grenades with the militants before being driven away. Musab later asserted that the attack was launched by the UK SAS unit as well as Turkish special forces, and that one British commander was killed during the raid and four other SAS operatives were fatally wounded. Additionally, a Somali intelligence official indicated that a Chechen Al-Shabaab leader was the target of the mission, and that the insurgent commander was wounded during the offensive and one of his guards was killed.


2013 raid on Barawe, Operation
Somali police stated that the operation had the approval of the Somali government, and that seven individuals were killed during the mission. Both NATO and EU Navfor denied involvement in the raid, as did a Turkish Foreign Ministry representative. A spokeswoman for the British Defence Ministry also said that she and her colleagues were not aware of any British involvement in the operation. According to another Somali intelligence official, the target of the raid was Al-Shabaab leader Ahmed Godane (Mukhtar Abu Zubeyr).


2013 raid on Barawe, Operation
A senior US military representative also indicated that Seal Team Six, the special force unit responsible for killing Osama bin Laden in Pakistan in 2011, launched the offensive but later abandoned the mission after coming under more fire than expected. Speaking about the aborted mission, US Secretary of State John Kerry said that the insurgents "can run but they can't hide". A spokesman for the Pentagon likewise asserted that US soldiers had been involved in a counter-terrorism mission in Somalia against a known Al-Shabaab member, but did not elaborate. He also indicated that there were no US fatalities during the operation. US officials later confirmed that the target of the raid was Al-Shabaab commander Abdikadar Mohamed Abdikadar "Ikrima".


2013 raid on Qalandia
The 2013 raid on Qalandia was an arrest raid by Israeli security forces in the refugee camp of Qalandia, between Ramallah and Jerusalem, that provoked a clash with camp residents protesting the attempted arrest. The fighting left three Palestinian civilians dead and 19 others wounded. Three Israeli security personnel were also injured. According to the Los Angeles Times, the raid was "one most violent clashes in years between Israelis and Palestinians in the West Bank."


2013 raid on Qalandia, Raid
Israeli security forces entered Qalandia on 26 August at 4:30 am to arrest Youssef Khatib. Khatib is a member of Fatah and was recently released from Israeli prison. The Israeli Army described him as a "terror operative". Khatib's brother Hatim claimed that security forces dressed in civilian clothes entered Khatib's house, and that Hatim, and the crowd outside with him, subsequently heard the security personnel fire shots inside Khatib's home. Afterward, people in the crowd began hurling stones at the security forces. The crowd of angry residents swelled to 1,500 and attacked the Israeli forces entering the camp.


2013 raid on Qalandia, Raid
Israeli troops, sent as reinforcements, shot at the crowds, resulting in the deaths of Rubeen Abed Fares, Yunis Jahjouh and Jihad Aslan, and the wounding of 19 other residents. Fares had reportedly been on his way to work at the local UNRWA office when he was shot. Three Israeli security personnel were also injured by stones. The Israeli Army stated that "an imminent threat" was posed to the lives of their personnel who had "no other alternative but to resort to live fire in self-defence".