2013 East–West Shrine Game
The 2013 East–West Shrine Game was the 88th staging of the all-star college football exhibition game featuring NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision players and a few select invitees from Canadian university football. The game featured over 100 players from the 2012 college football season, and prospects for the 2013 Draft of the professional National Football League (NFL). In the week prior to the game, scouts from all 32 NFL teams attended. The proceeds from the East–West Shrine Game benefit Shriners Hospitals for Children. Jerry Glanville and Leeman Bennett were named coaches on December 5, 2012. The game was played on January 19, 2013, at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida; the West defeated the East, 28–13.


2013 East–West Shrine Game, 2013 NFL Draft
Of the players that participated in the 2013 East–West Shrine Game, 35 were drafted during the 2013 NFL Draft. The highest player drafted that played in the game was Christine Michael who was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the second round (62nd overall).


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash
The 2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash was an incident involving a Zlin Z 526 light aircraft which occurred on 29 June 2013 during an unauthorized aerobatics display near Eberswalde Finow Airfield in Germany. The pilot was fatally injured.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Accident
The Roadrunner's Paradise Race 61 festival was taking place at the Luftfahrtmuseum Finowfurt (Finowfurt Aviation Museum), next to Eberswalde Finow Airfield. The pilot involved made an unauthorized demonstration flight.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Accident
The aircraft took off from runway 10 at Eberswalde Finow Airfield shortly after 12:04. After takeoff, the pilot flew to the festival site and then made several low passes. On the final pass, the aircraft made a low inverted pass from an easterly direction. During this manoeuvre, the engine lost power. The pilot attempted to roll the aircraft upright, but the right wing tip tank collided with the ground. This reversed the roll and the aircraft crashed upside down. There was no fire except for a brief flash as the right wing tip fuel tank was ruptured on initial impact.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Accident
The crash destroyed the aircraft and fatally injured the pilot. The aircraft crashed into the Solarpark Finow Tower, destroying a number of solar panels. No one on the ground was injured in the incident.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Aircraft
The Zlin 526 is a low wing single-seat aerobatic aeroplane powered by a 180 hp Avia M 137 6-cylinder in-line engine. The involved aeroplane, serial number 1119, was made in 1967. It was bought by the German pilot in the Czech Republic on 29 March 2013.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Aircraft
The fuel system of the Zlin is optimised for aerobatics. It consists of a fuel tank in each wing feeding by gravity a 5 l (1.3 US gal) collector tank in the fuselage. A fuel pump draws fuel from the collector tank and supplies fuel - via filters - to the fuel injection pump, which in turn delivers fuel via separate lines to each of the engine's six cylinders. During inverted flight, the collector tank receives no fuel from the wing tanks, and a one-way check valve ensures the collector tank's fuel does not flow to the wing tanks. The aircraft involved in this accident was fitted with optional wing tip tanks.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Aircraft
As of 24 November 2012 the aircraft had accumulated 3,284:19 operating hours and 18,243 flight cycles.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Investigation
The German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU) investigated the accident. The investigation revealed that on the day of the crash, the aircraft did not have a valid registration: the purchase contract required the aircraft to be promptly deleted from the Czech register. Furthermore, the liability insurance policy had ended on 1 May 2013.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Investigation
According to BFU, the 47-year-old crash pilot held a valid Private Pilot's License (PPL) and was rated as Pilot in Command (PIC) for Single Engine Piston land (SEP land). His license also had entries for aerobatics and night flight qualifications. The pilot had a valid class 2 medical certificate.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Investigation
The pilot had accumulated 3,127:55 hours and 10,445 flight cycles as per last logbook entry 13 October 2012.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Causes
BFU concluded that engine performance was impaired due to lack of fuel during inverted flight. Subsequent errors in control inputs by the pilot during the roll back to normal flight attitude resulted in the collision with solar panels and, subsequently, the ground.


2013 Eberswalde-Finow Zlin crash, Causes
They further stated that the pilot's decision to conduct aerobatics in close proximity to the ground contributed to the accident.


2013 Ecatepec de Morelos gas tanker explosion
On 7 May 2013, a tanker truck carrying liquefied petroleum gas lost control and ran into several cars and houses before it exploded on Federal Highway 85 in San Pedro Xalostoc community in Ecatepec de Morelos, Mexico. 27 people were killed and more than 30 injured as a result of the accident. The resulting fires damaged 45 homes and 16 vehicles.


2013 Ecatepec de Morelos gas tanker explosion, Background
Prior to 2012, Mexican transport trucks were allowed to carry up to 80 metric tons of cargo, roughly double the limit in the United States or Europe. A series of deadly accidents, including one in April 2012 that killed 43 people, led to protests and calls for reform. In response, the federal government lowered the maximum amount of weight allowed to be carried on freight vehicles by about 4.5 tons. However, such accidents remain common. Compounding the danger, homes are often built on cheap land within a few feet of major highways.


2013 Ecatepec de Morelos gas tanker explosion, Accident
On 7 May 2013, at about 05:15 local time (12:15 GMT), a gas tanker exploded on Federal Highway 85 "México–Pachuca" in Ecatepec de Morelos, a municipality in the State of Mexico about 14 km (8.7 mi) north-east of Mexico City. As a result of the accident, 27 people were killed, including 10 children, and another 31 people were injured. Among the dead was a family of four, including two children aged 11 and 6. Twenty-three people were hospitalized, eight of them in serious condition. Many of the casualties were asleep in their homes along the edge of the road at the time of the accident.


2013 Ecatepec de Morelos gas tanker explosion, Accident
The blast led to extensive fires which damaged 45 homes and 16 vehicles. Local media reports described the area as resembling a "war zone". "It was a ball of fire which exploded as though they'd put a spotlight in the whole window," said an eyewitness. "We opened the door and it was like fire had blown through the whole of the garden." Roughly 100 people were left homeless by the accident. Several animals were killed by the explosion, but some others were rescued. Although Pemex was not involved in the crash, the company said it would help with rescue efforts.


2013 Ecatepec de Morelos gas tanker explosion, Accident
According to early reports, the driver of the tanker, Omar Díaz Olivares, allegedly was speeding and lost control of his vehicle. He then crashed into several cars and homes before the tanker exploded. Díaz was taken to the local hospital, where he was arrested. The highway remained closed for five hours, but later a few highway lanes were opened. According to Díaz' declaration, he lost control of the tanker after he tried to evade a minivan.


2013 Ecatepec de Morelos gas tanker explosion, Aftermath
President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto requested the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, as well as Mexico Civil Protection System, to investigate the causes of the accident. Eruviel Ávila, governor of the State of Mexico, returned to Mexico. Ávila was on an official visit to Vatican City, but after the explosions he decided to cancel his trip. He announced state government-paid funeral expenses of the families of the victims, and affected people will receive MXN$50,000 (about US$5,000) to "rebuild their homes", and MXN$25,000 (about US$2,000) to buy home appliances. The company Termogas, owner of the truck, announced they will be responsible for damages, if their truck was the cause of the accident. Alfredo Martínez Torres, Secretariat of Urban Development of the State of Mexico, announced at least 110 families that live near the highway will be relocated.


2013 Echo Awards
The 22nd Annual Echo Awards were held on March 21, 2013, at the Palais am Berliner Funkturm in Berlin. The show was broadcast on Das Erste and was hosted for the first time by Schlager entertainer Helene Fischer. Nominations for all 27 award categories were announced on January 31, 2013.


2013 Echo Awards
Die Toten Hosen won the most number of awards during the ceremony, with four, including the Echo for Song of the Year for "Tage wie diese" and Album of the Year for Ballast der Republik. In addition, the band was awarded Best National Rock/Pop Group and Producers of the Year along with Vincent Sorg. Other multiple winners include: Cro, Unheilig, Lana Del Rey and host Helene Fischer with two awards each.


2013 Echo Awards, Winners and nominees, Awards
The winners and nominees per category were (Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface):


2013 Echo Awards, Televised ratings
In its original live television broadcast, the ceremony received an 11.4 share/rating among viewers aged 18–49 and was watched by 3.73 million people.


2013 Ecuadorian general election
General elections were held in Ecuador on 17 February 2013 to elect the President, the National Assembly, Provincial Assemblies and members of the Andean Parliament. The incumbent President Rafael Correa was re-elected by a wide margin. Correa's closest electoral rival, Guillermo Lasso, conceded the election shortly after it concluded.


2013 Ecuadorian general election
The vote had been set for January 2013, but was put back a month to allow a full year to elapse after the reform of election rules.


2013 Ecuadorian general election
This was the first election since 1996 held after the natural expiration of a four-year presidential term. This due to a decade of political and economical instability that Ecuador experienced after Abdalá Bucaram was impeached by the former Congress, in late 1997, and that lasted until Correa's inauguration in early 2007.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Background
The call for general elections happened on October 18, 2012. The election campaigns were officially launched on January 4 and ended on February 14, as announced by CNE member Juan Pablo Pozo.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Background
Voters chose the president and vice president of the Republic, as well as national and provincial assembly members, members of the Andean Parliament, mayors, prefects, and other sectional officials.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Background
The seated President Correa, a two-term incumbent, is credited with bringing stability and prosperity to Ecuador's nearly 15 million people. A staunch friend of Venezuela's Hugo Chavez, he is usually described as "leftist" and "socialist." He is committed to poverty reduction through not just economic growth, but redistribution of wealth as well. As he told the CELAC Summit in 2015:


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Background
"For the first time in the history of humanity this poverty is no longer due to a lack of resources, but rather is the fruit of inequality, and this, in turn, the product of perverse relations of power, where few have it all and many have nothing at all. ”This approach has generated fervent support as well as hostility from wealthy sectors in Ecuador; for example, his land reform policies for giving unproductive land to poor peasants has worried agribusiness, particularly the large flower and banana producers.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Background
He has vastly expanded the number of workers on the public sector and made health and education free for all Ecuadorians. Some have argued that Correa has clamped down on dissent in the country's news media, although journalists in Ecuador are not risking their lives as they are in other countries of the region. His government has run record-high deficits. In 2009, Correa became the first president of Ecuador to win re-election in nearly a half-century.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Background, Democracy Code
In late 2012, Ecuador's Constitutional Court (CC) ruled on the adoption of the Democracy Code by a 6 to 3 vote in favor. The new resolution made the D'Hondt method of voting constitutional; therefore it was applied in the 2013 elections. The resolution also states that legal restrictions on the work of journalists during elections are unconstitutional.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Presidential elections, Candidates
Eight presidential candidates were registered in the National Electoral Council. The candidates were: Rafael Correa of the PAIS Alliance movement, Guillermo Lasso of the Creating Opportunities movement, Lucio Gutiérrez of the PSP party, Alberto Acosta Espinoza, candidate of the Coordinating Committee of the Left, Norman Wray, of the Ruptura 25 movement, Nelson Zavala, of the Roldosist Party, Mauricio Rodas, of the SUMA movement, and Álvaro Noboa, of PRIAN.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Presidential elections, Restrictions of the candidate's qualifications
The National Electoral Council (Spanish-language initials, CNE) approved the regulations for the registration and qualification of candidates running for President, Vice President, Assembly and the Andean Parliament for the election. The regulations established that candidates who have contracts with the State or have received final judgments for offenses penalized with imprisonment such as  bribery, illicit enrichment and embezzlement, would not be allowed to participate.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Parliamentary elections
Ecuadorians not only voted on February 17 for their president and vice-president, but as well as for 137 members of the national assembly; drawn from provinces, a national list, and six migrant spots, and for their five Andean Parliament representatives.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Opinion polls
Surveys generally attributed between 50% and 60% of the votes to President Correa. The seven other candidates lagged far behind; Correa's nearest rival, Guillermo Lasso, was credited with 10—20% of the vote.


2013 Ecuadorian general election, Reactions
Banker Guillermo Lasso, the runner-up in the vote, conceded his defeat in broad terms, by stating: “I recognise the triumph of President Correa.” Thousands of Correa's backers celebrated in Quito's main square just after the polls closed. Speaking from the balcony of the Presidential Palace, Correa thanked them for their "immense trust.”


2013 Edmonton Eskimos season
The 2013 Edmonton Eskimos season was the 56th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 65th overall. The Eskimos finished the season in 4th place in the West Division with a 4–14 record and failed to make the playoffs.


2013 Edmonton Eskimos season, Offseason, CFL Draft
The 2013 CFL Draft took place on May 6, 2013. The Eskimos had seven selections in the seven-round draft after trading their first round pick to Montreal for Brody McKnight and acquiring additional third and fourth round picks.


2013 Edmonton Eskimos season, Offseason, Notable transactions
*Later traded to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats**Later traded to the Saskatchewan Roughriders***Later traded back to the Saskatchewan Roughriders


2013 Edmonton Rush season
The Edmonton Rush are a lacrosse team based in Edmonton playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2013 season was the 8th in franchise history.


2013 Edmonton Rush season
After making the Championship game in 2012, the Rush started the 2013 season with only a single win in their first five games. They won 7 of their next 8 games to improve to 8-5, tied for first in the division. Losses to division rivals Colorado and Calgary dropped the Rush to 3rd place and they faced the second place Washington Stealth in the first round of the playoffs.


2013 Edmonton Rush season
But the Stealth ended any thoughts the Rush had of returning to the Championship game, winning 12-11 in the division semi-finals.


2013 Edmonton Rush season, Regular season, Conference standings
x: Clinched playoff berth; c: Clinched playoff berth by crossing over to another division; y: Clinched division; z: Clinched best regular season record; GP: Games PlayedW: Wins; L: Losses; GB: Games back; PCT: Win percentage; Home: Record at Home; Road: Record on the Road; GF: Goals scored; GA: Goals allowedDifferential: Difference between goals scored and allowed; GF/GP: Average number of goals scored per game; GA/GP: Average number of goals allowed per game


2013 Edmonton Rush season, Transactions, Trades
*Later traded to the Minnesota Swarm**Later traded to the New England Black Wolves


2013 Edmonton Rush season, Transactions, Entry Draft
The 2012 NLL Entry Draft took place on October 1, 2012. The Rush made the following selections:


2013 Edmonton Rush season, Transactions, Entry Draft
x  Denotes player who won at least one NLL Award #  Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or playoffs


2013 Edmonton municipal election
The 2013 Edmonton municipal election was held Monday, October 21, 2013 to elect a mayor and 12 councillors to the city council, seven of the nine trustees to Edmonton Public Schools, and the seven trustees to the Edmonton Catholic Schools. Two incumbent public school trustees had no challengers. From 1968 to 2013, provincial legislation has required every municipality to hold elections every three years. The Legislative Assembly of Alberta passed a bill on December 5, 2012, amending the Local Authorities Election Act. Starting with the 2013 elections, officials are elected for a four-year term, and municipal elections are moved to a four-year cycle.


2013 Edmonton municipal election
The 12 electoral wards are the same as that of the 2010 election; each represented by a single councillor. Of the estimated 619,138 eligible voters, only 213,585 turned in a ballot, a voter turnout of 34.5%. A municipal census conducted in 2012 showed a population of 817,498, meaning approximately 75.7% of the population was eligible to vote. Three incumbent councillors retired from politics, Jane Batty, Kim Krushell, and Linda Sloan, while incumbent councillors Kerry Diotte, Don Iveson and Karen Leibovici ran for the position left by incumbent Mayor Stephen Mandel, guaranteeing at least six new councillors. The six vacancies were the only new councillors, as the remaining seven incumbents were re-elected. While the mayoral election was billed as a three-way race between the incumbent councillors, on election night Iveson won by a large margin.


2013 Edmonton municipal election, 2015 by-election
On May 5, 2015, Sarah Hoffman left her position as Ward G trustee for Edmonton Public Schools, and was elected as an MLA in the Alberta general election for Edmonton-Glenora. The 2015 Edmonton municipal by-election was held on Monday September 28, 2015 to elect one trustee to replace Hoffman.


2013 Edmonton municipal election, 2016 by-election
In October 2015 Amarjeet Sohi left his position as Ward 12 city councillor, after being elected as an MP in the Canadian federal election for Edmonton Mill Woods. The 2016 Edmonton municipal by-election was held on Monday February 22, 2016 to elect one councillor to replace Sohi. With 32 candidates running, the by-election had a record number of candidates for a by-election in Alberta.


2013 Egypt Cup Final
The 2013 Egypt Cup tournament came to a close on 9 November 2013 when Zamalek played Wadi Degla at El Gouna Stadium in El Gouna.


2013 Egypt Cup Final
it was Zamalek's 35th final, It was Wadi Degla's first final, Zamalek won the game 3–0, claiming the cup for the 22nd time.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état
The 2013 Egyptian coup d'état took place on 3 July 2013. Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi led a coalition to remove the President of Egypt, Mohamed Morsi, from power and suspended the Egyptian constitution of 2012. The move came after the military's ultimatum for the government to "resolve its differences" with protesters during widespread national protests. The military arrested Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood leaders, and declared Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim president of Egypt. The announcement was followed by demonstrations and clashes between supporters and opponents of the move throughout Egypt.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état
There were mixed international reactions to the events. Most Arab leaders were generally supportive or neutral, with the exception of Qatar and Tunisia who strongly condemned the military's actions. The US avoided describing the action as a coup. Other states either condemned or expressed concern over the removal of Morsi. Due to the regulations of the African Union regarding the interruption of constitutional rule by a member state, Egypt was suspended from that union. There has also been debate in the media regarding the labeling of these events. It has been described by Western mainstream media as a coup or as a revolution by proponents.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état
Ensuing protests in favour of Morsi were violently suppressed culminating with the dispersal and massacre of pro-Morsi sit-ins on 14 August 2013, amid ongoing unrest; journalists and several hundred protestors were killed by police and military force. Muslim Brotherhood members claim 2,600 people were killed. Human Rights Watch documented 904 deaths, describing it as crimes against humanity and "one of the world's largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history," while the government puts the figure at 624.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Background
In February 2011, Hosni Mubarak resigned after 18 days of mass demonstrations that ended his 29-year rule of Egypt. In July 2011 the caretaker government approved an election law, leading to election of a Parliament in December 2011 – January 2012, and an advisory council in January–February 2012. An alliance led by the Freedom and Justice Party won the most seats in each election. An additional 25% of the members of the advisory council were to be appointed by the President.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Background
In June 2012, Mohamed Morsi won the presidential election with 51.73% of total votes to become the first democratically elected president of Egypt. In June 2012, prior to Morsi being sworn in as President, the Supreme Constitutional Court ruled that the election law was unconstitutional and ordered the elected bodies dissolved. After assuming office, President Morsi appointed additional members to the advisory council from 35 political parties and invited the elected bodies to meet to discuss the ruling of the court.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Background
The elected parliament determined that the constitutional court did not have authority to dissolve an elected parliament, then referred the matter to the Court of Cassation. The elected parliament could not pass any laws, but the advisory council continued to give advice on proposed Presidential Decrees. Parliament also proceeded with creation of a new constitutional committee to draft amendments to the Egyptian Constitution, replacing the committee created in March 2012 but dissolved by the constitutional court. Proposed constitutional amendments were approved in December 2012 by a national referendum. New elections were scheduled for April 2013 under a law approved in draft by the constitutional court, but were postponed to October 2013 to comply with a technical order of an administrative court.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Background
In November 2012, following the protests against the Constitutional Declaration by Morsi, opposition politicians – including Mohamed ElBaradei, Amr Moussa and Hamdeen Sabahi, according to The Wall Street Journal – started holding confidential meetings with army leaders, in order to discuss ways of removing President Morsi.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Background
On 28 April 2013, Tamarod was started as a grassroots movement to collect signatures to remove Morsi by 30 June. They called for peaceful demonstrations across Egypt especially in front of the Presidential Palace in Cairo. The movement was supported by the National Salvation Front, April 6 Youth Movement and Strong Egypt Party.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Background
In a poll published by PEW research center in May 2013, 54% of Egyptians approved of Morsi against a 43% who saw him negatively, while about 30% were happy with the direction of the country, 73% thought positively of the army and only 35% were content about local policy authorities. In the lead up to the protests, a Gallup poll indicated that about a third of Egyptians said they were "suffering" and viewed their lives poorly.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Background
At a conference on 15 June, Morsi called for foreign intervention in Syria. According to Yasser El-Shimy, an analyst with the International Crisis Group, this statement crossed "a national security red line." The army rebuked this statement the next day by stating that its only role was to guard Egypt's borders. Although the Egyptian constitution ostensibly declares the president as the supreme commander of the armed forces, the Egyptian military is independent of civilian control.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Background
As the first anniversary of Morsi's presidential inauguration approached in 2013, his supporters such as the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy started demonstrations at multiple places including El-Hossari Mosque, El-Nahda Square, outside Cairo University, outside Al-Rayan Mosque in the posh suburb of Maadi, and in Ain Shams district. They had started open-ended rallies. The largest protest was planned for 30 June.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Causes
The removal of Morsi from office by the coalition was a result of a coup d'état following protests, that were instigated by frustration with Morsi's year-long rule in which Egypt faced economic issues, energy shortages, lack of security, and diplomatic crises. Some of the issues that might have caused the protests and lead to the later removal of Morsi include:


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Planning
Leaked tapes from the summer of 2013 that were later verified by J. P. French Associates recorded figures of the Egyptian military, including former General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, suggesting that the Egyptian military was involved in the mass-protests preceding Morsi's ouster. In one of the leaked tapes, the generals are heard discussing rigging the legal case against Morsi, and in another, authorizing the withdrawal of a large sum of money for the army's use from the bank account of Tamarod, the ostensibly independent grassroots group that was organizing protests against President Morsi.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Planning
The tapes also suggest high-level collusion between the coup plotters and the Government of the United Arab Emirates as the money that was to be transferred from Tamarod's account into the army's account was provided by the UAE. The tapes were first released on the Turkish Islamist channel Mekameleen, a fact that the Egyptian government says discredits the tapes as fakes. American officials later confirmed that the United Arab Emirates was indeed providing financial support for the protests against Morsi that preceded the military coup. There is also evidence on the support of the military coup plotters by the Egyptian economic elites. Egypt’s Interior Ministry was seen as most influential in the lead-up to the coup d’état as a revenge for powers lost during the Egyptian revolution of 2011 according to a Reuters analysis.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events
On 28 June, protests against Morsi started to build throughout Egypt including in such cities as Cairo, Alexandria, Dakahlia, Gharbiya and Aswan as a "warm up" for the massive protests expected on 30 June that were planned by Tamarod. Pro -Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood supporters started counter demonstrations at the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque in Nasr City.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events
Prior to the protests, Christians, particularly in Upper Egypt, received threats from pro-Morsi protestors, pressuring them not to take part in the protests. Sheikh Essam Abdulamek, a member of parliament's Shura Council, said in an interview on television that Christians should not participate in the protests and warned them "do not sacrifice your children [since the] general Muslim opinion will not be silent about the ousting of the president."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events
According to information that came out after President Morsi was removed from office, officials claimed that Morsi stopped working at the Egyptian Presidential Palace on 26 June in anticipation of the coup and moved with his family to El-Quba Palace.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events
On 29 June, Tamarod claimed that it collected more than 22 million signatures from a petition calling for Morsi to step down as president.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events
On the other hand, the coup was preceded by the reconciliation of military and economic elites who organized shortages of fuel to provoke discontent of general population toward the Morsi administration.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 30 June: Anti-Morsi demonstrations
On 30 June, according to unverified military sources, 14 million protesters demonstrated across Egypt against Morsi. The protestors expressed their anger at the Brotherhood, which they accuse of hijacking Egypt's revolution and using electoral victories to monopolize power and impose Islamic law. However, independent observers have raised concerns about wild exaggeration of the number of actual anti-Morsi protestors with one crowd statistical expert study indicating that a total of a little more than 1 million people protested against Morsi across the whole country. Hundreds of thousands in support of Morsi gathered in Rabaa Square in Cairo and other cities. In Damietta, 250 fishing boat sailors demonstrated against Morsi by sailing through the Nile and chanting against him. The president moved that day from Quba Palace to the Republican Guard headquarters, while protesters thought he was at Ittihadeya Palace.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 1 July: Deadlines and options
On 1 July, again more than 1 million demonstrators against Morsi gathered in Tahrir Square and outside the presidential palace, while other demonstrations were held in the cities of Alexandria, Port Said and Suez. Some police officers wearing their uniforms joined the anti-Morsi protests and chanted: "The police and the people are one." In clashes around the Muslim Brotherhood headquarters in Mokattam, eight people died. Their headquarters was ransacked and burned while protesters threw objects at windows and looted the building, making off with office equipment and documents.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 1 July: Deadlines and options
Tamarod gave President Mohamed Morsi until 2 July at 17:00 to resign or face a civil disobedience campaign. That was followed by the Egyptian Armed Forces issuing a 48-hour ultimatum that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 1 July: Deadlines and options
Four ministers also resigned on the same day: Tourism Minister Hisham Zazou (who previously offered to resign a few months earlier after Morsi appointed an Islamist member of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, the group allegedly responsible of the Luxor massacre, though the group has denied this charge, as governor of Luxor), Communication and IT Minister Atef Helmi, State Minister for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs Hatem Bagato, and State Minister for Environmental Affairs Khaled Abdel Aal, leaving the government with only members of the Freedom and Justice Party.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 1 July: Deadlines and options
On the same day, it was reported that Barack Obama called Morsi. The call went along the United States' vision and that the only option out of the stressed situation would be to call for an early general presidential election in which Morsi is not a candidate. Morsi replied, "the Egyptian people decide," before he closed the line.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 2 July: Morsi speech
On 2 July, opponents and supporters of Morsi gathered in the capital, Cairo. The deadline set by the military for Morsi to solve the escalating political problem approached. The military said that they would intervene without eliminating either side, but they betrayed their speech and the president by engineering a coup the next day. Helicopters were also present around Cairo with armored vehicles taking up positions. On 3 July, clashes between protestors and local residents erupted around a pro-Morsi rally near Cairo University, leaving 18 people dead. Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr also resigned, in support of the anti-government protesters.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 2 July: Morsi speech
The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum, vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis. Defense Minister General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was also said to have told Morsi that he would impose a military solution if a political one could not be found by the next day. Incidentally, the Court of Cassation ordered the reinstatement of former general prosecutor Abdel Maguid Mahmoud who was replaced with Talaat Abdallah following the constitutional declaration on 22 November 2012. The presidential spokesman and the spokesman for the cabinet resigned as well.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 2 July: Morsi speech
The newspaper Al-Ahram reported that if there were no political resolution, the military would suspend the constitution of Egypt and appoint a new council of experts to draft a new one, institute a three-person executive council, and appoint a prime minister from the military. Morsi's military advisor, Sami Hafez Anan, also resigned and said that the army would not "abandon the will of the people."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 2 July: Morsi speech
In a late-night television address Morsi declared that he would "defend the legitimacy of his elected office with his life." He added that "there is no substitute for legitimacy" as he vowed not to resign. Morsi accused supporters of Hosni Mubarak of exploiting the wave of protests to topple the government and fight democracy.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 2 July: Morsi speech
After Morsi's statement, an official Facebook page of the Egyptian Armed Forces wrote a post under the title "The Last Hours" saying in response to Morsi: "The Supreme Commander in Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces had mentioned before that it's better for us to die rather than seeing the Egyptian People being threatened or horrified, and we swear that we would sacrifice our lives and our blood for Egypt against every terrorist or extremist or ignorant. Long live Egypt."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action
As the deadline of the Armed Forces's ultimatum approached on 3 July, there was renewed expectation of an increase in violence, according to the media. As in other days, there were both anti-Morsi and pro-Morsi protests, the latter particularly in Nasr City and near Cairo University. Army tanks were reported to surround two smaller pro-Morsi rallies as the demonstrators vowed to defend the government with their lives.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action
As the 16:35 deadline set by the army approached, the coalition met with the military leaders for emergency talks, with the expectation that the army would issue a statement when the deadline passed. Mohamed El-Baradei, who was chosen to represent the National Salvation Front, was also said to have met army chief General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action
That same day, shortly before the deadline, Morsi offered to form a consensus government. An army statement read: "The General Command of the Armed Forces is currently meeting with a number of religious, national, political and youth icons... There will be a statement issued from the General Command as soon as they are done." At the same time the Freedom and Justice Party's senior leader, Waleed al-Haddad, said: "We do not go to invitations (meetings) with anyone. We have a president and that is it."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action
At about 17:30, the head of the Republican Guard Mohamed Ahmed Zaki, joined Morsi with some of the Republican Guard officers and conducted the arrest. It was reported from Morsi's assistant Yahya Hamed the flow of conversation took place as Morsi saying "Mohammed (the head of the of Republican Guard) you know well you are going to be tried for that." And Mohammed Zaki replying: "I know, however I had already told them I don't want in, because of my special good relations with the president."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action, 3 July military coup
On 3 July, General Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that there would be new presidential and Shura Council elections. The coalition appointed Chief Justice Adly Mansour as the interim president and charged him with forming a transitional technocratic government. Military vehicles drove throughout Cairo. Morsi was put under house arrest, and was believed to be at the Republican Guard barracks. According to other sources he was taken to a military base and his travel was restricted. Army troops and tanks were reported to have surrounded key facilities and installations. At noon, the Republican Guard, who had Morsi in their care, left his side to allow Army commandos to take him to an undisclosed Ministry of Defence building. He offered no resistance.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action, 3 July military coup
General al-Sisi said: "The president's speech last night failed to meet and conform with the demands [of the people, prompting the armed forces to consult] with some of the symbols of the national forces and the youths without excluding anyone. [ They agreed on a road map] that includes initial steps that realize the building of a strong and coherent Egyptian society that does not exclude any of its sons and currents and that ends the state of conflict and division."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action, 3 July military coup
He added the army was standing apart from the political process but was using its vision as the Egyptian people were calling for help and discharged its responsibility. Al-Sisi named former Chief Justice Adli Mansour as the interim president and added that he would be sworn in on 4 July. The Shura Council was also dissolved. Morsi condemned his removal as a "full coup" by the general. He also urged everyone to "adhere to peacefulness and avoid shedding blood of fellow countrymen." The Office of Assistant to President of Egypt on Foreign Relations called Morsi's removal a "military coup", and said "there is no democracy without the ballot box".


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action, 3 July military coup
The announcement of the removal of Morsi was met with cheers in Tahrir Square. Anti - Morsi protesters shouted "Allahu akbar" and "Long live Egypt" and launched fireworks as green laser lights held by those in the crowd lit the sky. Mohamed el-Baradei says the coup was to rectify the issues of the revolution. The Coptic Pope Tawadros II, Grand Imam of al-Azhar Ahmed el-Tayeb, Mohamed ElBaradei and some of the youth leaders of Tamarod, Mahmoud Badr and Mohamed Abdelaziz, spoke in support of the military intervention.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action, 3 July military coup
The al-Nour party also commented in saying that the events occurred as they were not heard in their call for dialogue. Party Secretary-General Galal Murra commented that: "we took this position (on agreeing to the army political road map) and we took these decisions only so we stop the bloodshed of our people." Pro-Morsi protesters heard a statement from Morsi, which was published on his Facebook page. He called the move a "coup" and rejected the Armed Forces' statement.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action, 3 July military coup
The Freedom and Justice Party's Gamal Heshmat said: "There is absolutely no direction towards violence. The Brotherhood are not raised on violence. Their cause is a peaceful one, defending their rights, which is stronger than a "military coup". The army has perpetrated a "shameful coup". We are still in the street, we still don't know if all of the armed forces will accept what Sisi has done." A party spokesman said that what started as a military coup was "turning into something much more."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, 3 July: Day of Action, 3 July military coup
The National Salvation Front, an alliance of multiple political parties, stated on 4 July that "what Egypt is witnessing now is not a military coup by any standards. It was a necessary decision that the Armed Forces' leadership took to protect democracy, maintain the country's unity and integrity, restore stability and get back on track towards achieving the goals of the 25 January Revolution."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Arrests
According to Morsi, he was abducted by the Armed Forces and held at the Republican Guard headquarters one day before the army announced his removal, and held there until 5 July 2013, after which he and his aide were forcibly moved to a naval base for the next four months. His family had stated earlier Morsi was kidnapped on 3 July 2013. The spokesperson of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Colonel Ahmed Ali later denied allegations that Morsi was badly treated, saying they had nothing to hide.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Arrests
The Egyptian Army later gave Catherine Ashton the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy for the European Union permission to meet Morsi. Ashton later stated that Morsi was doing well: "Morsi was keeping up with the latest developments in the country through television and newspapers. So we were able to talk about the situation, and we were able to talk about the need to move forward. The people around him do care for him. I looked at the facilities." Morsi later met an African Union delegation also.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Arrests
The army arrested the former speaker of parliament and the head of Freedom and Justice Party Saad El-Katatni, along with Rashad al-Bayoumi, a Muslim Brotherhood deputy, as well as other top leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood. Al-Jazeera quoted unnamed security officials saying that "more than a dozen" members of the Muslim Brotherhood had been arrested, while Al-Ahram reported that the Egyptian police had been ordered to arrest more than 300 members of the Muslim Brotherhood.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Arrests
A travel ban was also put on Morsi, the head of his Muslim Brotherhood Mohammed Badie, Badie's deputy Khairat El-Shater, the Muslim Brotherhood's former leader Mahdi Akef, another Muslim Brotherhood figure Mohamed Beltagy, Salafi preacher close to the Muslim Brotherhood Safwat Hegazi and the leader of the al-Wasat Party Abou Elela Mady and his deputy Essam Sultan. Badie and Akef were arrested for "incitement to murder."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Arrests
In December 2013, Morsi as well as high-echelon Muslim Brotherhood leaders were charged with "terrorism and plotting with foreign militants against Egypt" while the Muslim Brotherhood was officially classified as a terrorist group.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Arrests
By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people, mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned since the coup.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Media restrictions and violence against journalists
Police and military forces made statements against four television channels and took them off the air. Misr 25, a channel owned by the Muslim Brotherhood, was shut down and officials said that journalists working for the channel were arrested. The Al Hafez and Al Nas channels were shut down as well. A few hours later, Al Jazeera's Mubasher Misr, which had been criticised for its alleged pro-Morsi slant, was also taken off the air, its offices raided and its employees detained. Five staff were arrested, including managing director Ayman Gaballah, who was still in custody after the others were released.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Media restrictions and violence against journalists
It was also prevented from broadcasting a pro-Morsi rally in northern Cairo. Associated Press Television News was ordered not to provide Al Jazeera with footage of protests in the country or with any filming equipment, while the Cairo News Company was warned against providing broadcasting equipment. Al Jazeera Media Network's acting Director General Mostafa Souag condemned the move, saying "regardless of political views, the Egyptian people expect media freedoms to be respected and upheld. Media offices should not be subject to raids and intimidation. Journalists should not be detained for doing their jobs."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Media restrictions and violence against journalists
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) reported that two journalists and one student were killed while covering Egyptian unrest in the two weeks leading up to 8 July 2013. According to CPJ research, before those deaths only four journalists had been killed in Egypt since 1992. One of the journalists killed while documenting the 2013 clashes was 26-year-old photographer Ahmed Assem el-Senousy, also known as Ahmed Samir Assem. The photographer was shot by a sniper after he recorded security forces firing on protestors. According to media reports, el-Senousy may have captured his own death on film. A video clip posted on his Facebook page shows a sniper firing on crowds before turning toward the camera, at which point the clip abruptly ends.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Events, Media restrictions and violence against journalists
While reporting for the BBC, journalist Jeremy Bowen was hit in the head with birdshot fired by Egyptian security forces on 5 July.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
On 4 July, violence continued with over 100 people wounded and at least two deaths, believed to be that of children. The Muslim Brotherhood's spokesman called for "strictly peaceful" protests to defy the "military coup". Other Islamist groups threatened armed retaliation, while the police arrested four armed men on 5 July over claims that they had planned a reprisal attack, according to state-run Al-Ahram. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces added that it would protect all groups from revenge attacks and that Egyptian values "do not allow for gloating."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
Protests after Friday prayers were called by Morsi supporters, now in opposition, and termed "Rejection Friday." That morning, troops opened fire killing at least 51 pro-Morsi protesters at the Republican Guard headquarters in which Morsi was believed to be held. According to some witnesses, the military opened fire without provocation towards the end of morning prayers, immediately using live ammunition and shooting to kill. At least 51 Morsi supporters were killed and 435 were injured. Though the Egyptian Army denied firing at the protesters, BBC News reporter Jeremy Bowen said he saw soldiers firing on protesters.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
In Qena, security forces opened fire on protesters trying to storm a security building, injuring two of them. Shots were also fired in Alexandria. This occurred as tens of thousands of Egyptians took to the street to condemn the coup and support Morsi. Despite claiming to respect all sides, the military also issued a statement warning Islamists who planned on protesting. Tamarod, which had organised anti-Morsi protests, called for protests to "protect the revolution."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
During the night pro and anti-Morsi demonstrators clashed over the 6th October Bridge; at least two people were killed and more than 70 people were injured, according to state television, who quoted medical personnel at a makeshift hospital in the square. At least three deaths were that of Morsi supporters during the march towards the military barracks after the Friday prayer in Cairo. In all, through the night of rioting, throughout the country 30 people were killed. Pro -Morsi demonstrators continued to call for protests. Protesters continued to demand the reinstatement of Morsi throughout the weekend, some of which were violent protests.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
Palestinian officials in Gaza also said that the Egyptian Armed Forces had shut the Rafah border crossing and that only certain people, such as patients and students, would be allowed through. Egyptian Intelligence Service official Nader al-Asar telephoned Palestinian Prime Minister in Gaza Ismail Haniyeh on the afternoon of 5 July and Haniyeh briefed him about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza as a result of the restrictions on tunnels and the Rafah crossing. Al-Asar promised to seek remedies on the situation


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
After dawn prayers on 8 July clashes erupted between pro-Morsi protesters and the army at the Republican Guard compound. According to the army, "terrorists" tried to storm the compound and one officer and 42 other people were injured. On the other hand, the Muslim Brotherhood said that 42 of its supporters were killed and over 300 were injured after shootings that followed the police storming their peaceful sit-in demanding the reinstatement of Morsi. MP Mohamed Beltagy described the incident as a "massacre" during dawn prayers.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
After the incident, the Freedom and Justice Party, called for "the international community and international groups and all the free people of the world [to] intervene to stop further massacres [...] and prevent a new Syria in the Arab world." The Nour party said it would suspend taking part in the political process as a response to the deadly clashes. And Ahmed el-Hawary, a founding member of the al-Dustour party and a member of 30 June front, said: "We cannot blame the Muslim Brotherhood without blaming the army. They are both held accountable for this catastrophe...


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
The Brotherhood is playing victims to gain international sympathy yet losing whatever is left of the sympathy at home. A speedy formation of the new cabinet is essential at this point, and although consensus is critical. Egypt must not be the hostage of a concurrence based on non-pertinent arguments." At the same time, Morsi supporters were said by the military of having forced two soldiers, Samir Abdallah Ali and Azzam Hazem Ali, to make pro-Morsi statements on a loudspeaker and that one of them was "severely beaten up" and filmed while making the statements. However, an army official later said that they had "managed to escape their captors."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
On 8 July, following reports that many fighters in Syria were returning in support of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt slapped restrictions on Syrians entering the country and required them to obtain visas before entering the country. An arrest warrant was issued against Mohamed Badie also as the party refused to join a transitional government. The Investigative Reporting Program at the University of California at Berkeley showed that a State Department programme ostensible to support democracy provided funds to activists and politicians for fomenting unrest in Egypt after the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
The Muslim Brotherhood vowed to continue its resistance to the military's ouster of Morsi. In a statement it disavowed itself from an assassination attempt against a senior army commander in the Sinai Peninsula on 10 July and said it adheres to peaceful measures. The statement also read: "We will continue our peaceful resistance to the bloody military coup against constitutional legitimacy. We trust that the peaceful and popular will of the people shall triumph over force and oppression."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
The public prosecutor issued a freeze on the assets of the Muslim Brotherhood's leaders, as well as other supporters pending investigations in ongoing cases related to events in al-Mokatam, al-Nahda square and the Republican Guards Club. This would affect Mohamed Badie, Khairat al-Shater, Mahmoud Ezzat, Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Saad El-Katatni, Essam el-Erian, Mohamed Beltagy and the Muslim Brotherhood's allies, including Essam Sultan, Assem Abdul Majed, Safwat Hegazi and Hazem Salah Abu Ismail, will also be affected by the freeze.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
In addition to continuing daily protests, the Muslim Brotherhood called for more protests after Friday prayers on 19 July. The protests were held in Cairo and Alexandria with two formations of fighter jets flying over both cities after noon prayers ended and some military helicopters flew low over roof tops in Cairo. Amongst the tens of thousands of protesters present, they chanted "Islamic, Islamic" calling for an Islamic state. The protests again turned violent and fatal in Cairo and Qalyub on 22 July. Morsi's family also held a press conference in Cairo in which his children accused the military of kidnapping him, as well as announcing local and international legal measures they had initiated against General Abdul Fatah al-Sisi.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
In mid-August, the violence against Islamists by the army escalated further, with at least hundreds killed, and the government declaring a month-long nighttime curfew.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath
Following the mid-August incidents and the imposition of a state of emergency, security forces targeted the Brotherhood and its allies with a wave of arrests of leaders and senior members.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, 14 August crackdown
On 14 August 2013, Egyptian security forces raided two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque. The two sites had been occupied by supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi, who was removed from office by the military after mass street protests for and against his rule. The camps were raided after initiatives to end the six-week sit-ins failed and as a result of the raids the camps were cleared out within hours.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, 14 August crackdown
The Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim announced that police used water hoses to disperse the campers. Yet, all videos and photos from the scenes of the raids never showed water or hoses. Tents and bodies were on fire, and the main mosque of Rabaa Al-Adawiya was burned with hundreds of unidentified bodies.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, 14 August crackdown
According to Human Rights Watch at least 904 people were killed in what was described as crimes against humanity. However, the Egyptian Health Ministry claimed 638 people were killed and at least 3,994 injured. According to the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy (NCSL), the number of deaths from the Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque sit-in alone were some 2,600. Violent retaliation followed in several cities across the country. The military appointed interim government declared a month-long state of emergency in response and curfews were instituted in many areas. The total casualty count made 14 August the deadliest day since the 2011 Egyptian revolution which toppled former President Hosni Mubarak. The violent dispersals carried out by the security forces were widely denounced by world leaders, with the exception of Gulf Arab states: the U.A.E., Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, 14 August crackdown
A study conducted by the Egyptian Centre for Media Studies and Public Opinion revealed that 79% of Egyptians believe the massacres on 14 August were crimes against humanity. 73% hold General Al Sisi, the Defence Minister, responsible for the massacres. Another poll by Egyptian Centre for Public Opinion Research later showed that 67 percent of Egyptians were satisfied about the method in which the Rabaa al-Adaweya and Nahda sit-ins were dispersed.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, 14 August crackdown
On 10 December, thirteen Egyptian and international human rights organizations urged Cairo's interim authorities to probe the mass killing of protesters in the capital on 14 August. The joint call issued by organizations that included Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, said an investigation must be launched into the killing of "up to 1,000 people by security forces" almost four months ago when they dispersed sit-ins by supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, 14 August crackdown
"There can be no hope for the rule of law and political stability in Egypt, much less some modicum of justice for victims, without accountability for what may be the single biggest incident of mass killing in Egypt's recent history," said Gasser Abdel-Razak, associate director at the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. "As a first step toward accountability, the government should establish an effective independent fact-finding committee to investigate responsibility throughout the chain of command for the unlawful killings," the rights groups said. They said that on 14 August a "small minority of protesters used firearms...


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, 14 August crackdown
but the police responded excessively by shooting recklessly, going far beyond what is permitted under international law." "After the unprecedented levels of violence and casualties seen since the ousting of Mohamed Morsi, investigations must provide real answers and cannot be another whitewash of the security forces' record," Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui of Amnesty International said in the statement. "Egypt's authorities cannot deal with the carnage through PR in world's capitals, rewriting events and locking up Morsi's supporters." The groups also said the probe should determine whether there is any evidence of a policy to kill protesters or commit other serious crimes.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Violence against Coptic Christians
Since Morsi's overthrow, Egypt's Christian minority, a reported 6 to 12% of the population, have been the target of sectarian divide tactics by unidentified groups. On 5 July 2013 – two days after Morsi was ousted— mobs rampaged through the Christian village of Nagaa Hassan, burning over seventy churches, as well as burning dozens of homes, ransacking stores and stabbing to death at least four people. This included pro-military Christian activist Emile Naseem, who was hacked and beaten to death. Dozens of Christian families sought protection in a local church.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Violence against Coptic Christians
In Port Said's al-Manakh, masked gunmen opened fire at the Mar Mina Church. Since 30 June, mobs carried out attacks on Christians in six out of Egypt's twenty-seven provinces. Churches across Egypt cancelled their evening Mass and social activities. Other incidents include Coptic Christian priest Mina Abboud Sharobeen being killed in an outdoor market.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Violence against Coptic Christians
Ramy Jan, a Christian journalist and activist, claims that Islamic violence against Copts is rather fabricated and that Muslims would not commit any type of sectarian violence. He considered all previously-mentioned incidents as "accusations" to Islamists, to which he reacted by starting the Christians Against the Coup movement in demand of "reestablishing democracy", joining with his movement the Anti-Coup Alliance. However, Jan's credibility and that of the group he supposedly represented was severely challenged when it was revealed that he was also in fact a member of the Egyptian Nazi Party.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Violence against Coptic Christians
In 2011, Egypt opened a probe on former Interior Minister Habib el-Adly's reported role in the New Year's Eve bombing of al-Qiddissin Church in Alexandria in which twenty-four people were killed. According to the UK diplomatic sources quoted in the reports, the former interior ministry had masterminded the deadly church attack with the intent to blame it on Islamists, escalate government crackdown on them, and gain increased western support for the regime.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Violence against Coptic Christians
The former interior minister had built up in over six years a special security system that was managed by twenty-two officers and that employed a number of former radical Islamists, drug dealers and some security firms to carry out acts of sabotage around the country in case the regime was under threat to collapse.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Violence against Coptic Christians
The proclamation also pointed, sourcing reports on UK intelligence services, that interior ministry officer Maj. Fathi Abdelwahid began on 11 December 2011, preparing Ahmed Mohamed Khaled, who had spent eleven years in Egyptian prisons, to contact an extremist group named Jundullah and coordinate with it the attack on the Alexandria church. Khaled reportedly told the group he could assist with providing weapons he had allegedly obtained from Gaza and that the act was meant to "discipline the Copts."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Other incidents
The day after the coup, militant gunmen staged multiple attacks on security forces in the Sinai and Suez. One soldier was killed and two others were wounded at a police station near the local headquarters of military intelligence in Rafah as it was attacked by rocket fire. Attackers also fired rocket-propelled grenades at army checkpoints guarding El Arish airport. A protest by hundreds of people occurred in Al-Arish the day after the ouster with calls to form a war council to combat the army. Ten areas in north Sinai were witness to clashes, including the Central Security Force camp and a number of checkpoints along the ring road. The airport was also closed after being targeted by unidentified armed men.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Other incidents
In late July 2013 the Egyptian military reportedly launched "Operation Sinai" in an effort to quash the militants.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Other incidents
On 5 December, a court in Egypt sentenced Mohammed Badie, the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, to life imprisonment for his part in the violence in 2013.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, 2014 referendum
According to the official results 38.6% of eligible voters participated in a referendum held on 14–15 January 2014 on a new constitution; 98.1% of those who voted supported the new constitution.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Propaganda
In April 2021, an Egyptian series called ‘The Choice’ received condemnation on social media platforms for depicting the controversial Rab’a massacre by apparently adopting the state’s narrative. The depiction has also been disputed by human rights organizations for the glorification of the Egyptian army and security forces. On the contrary, rights organizations like Human Rights Watch claim that the security forces crushed demonstrators at the peaceful sit-ins in Rab’a and Al-Nahda squares, killing approximately 800 people in the 2013 massacre.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Aftermath, Propaganda
According to media reports, ‘The Choice’ has been produced by an Egyptian production house called Synergy, which allegedly has links to the Egyptian regime and thus, is in line with the regime’s propaganda. The team behind the series claims to have used archival footage of the event issued by news media like Al-Jazeera and the Egyptian Center for Human Rights, along with witness testimonies. However, a careful selection of short clips and pictures was done, not masking, but manipulating the reality concerning the Egyptian security personnel and their role in the massacre, portrayed as a terror event in the series.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, Domestic
Amid months of protests, and after his trial had started, Morsi said on 13 November that he was kidnapped by the military the day before his removal and that the move was treason.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, Domestic
A poll by the Egyptian Centre for Public Opinion Research (Baseera) showed 17% of Egyptians believed that the sit-ins were peaceful, while 67% believed they were not. Another poll by Baseera showed 69% of Egyptians do not approve of the Muslim Brotherhood's continuation (in politics) and 57% of Egyptians feel the Muslim Brotherhood is responsible for all instances of violence since the sit-in dispersals.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, International, States
The decision by the Egyptian military to take state authority out of the hands of the ruling Muslim Brotherhood government marks another sharp turning point in Egypt's incomplete revolution. What the Brotherhood neglected to understand is that democracy means more than simply holding elections. Real democracy requires inclusiveness, compromise, respect for human and minority rights, and a commitment to the rule of law. Morsi and his inner circle did not embrace any of these principles and instead chose to consolidate power and rule by fiat. As a result the Egyptian people and their economy suffered greatly.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, International, States
It is now up to the Egyptian military to demonstrate that the new transitional government can and will govern in a transparent manner and work to return the country to democratic rule. We are encouraged that a broad cross-section of Egyptians will gather to rewrite the constitution. All parties in Egypt must show restraint, prevent violence, and prepare to be productive players in the future democratic Egypt. We encourage the military to exercise extreme caution moving forward and support sound democratic institutions through which the people and future governments can flourish


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, International, States
The military was asked to intervene by millions and millions of people, all of whom were afraid of a descendance into chaos, into violence And the military did not take over, to the best of our judgement – so far. To run the country, there's a civilian government. In effect, they were restoring democracy.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, International, Media
Syrian state-television carried live coverage of the anti-Morsi protests. It also said of the statement that "Syria's people and leadership and army express their deep appreciation for the national, populist movement in Egypt which has yielded a great achievement."


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, International, Media
The United States media pointed out that Obama did not call the removal of Morsi a coup. If Obama accepts that a coup had taken place, then U.S. law requires him to cut off military and economic aid to Egypt such as previous incidents in Mauritania, Mali, Madagascar and Pakistan. The U.S. funds 20% of Egypt's military costs (US$1.3 billion) and gives another US$250 million in economic aid. Al Jazeera noted that the refusal to term the events as a coup were tied with the U.S. stance in stopping military aid to countries that have perpetrated a coup.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, International, Media
The media noted that the U.K. did not condemn the removal of Morsi, nor call for him to be restored to power. Some media reports refer to the events as another "revolution" and there has been debate as to whether events are best named as being a coup or not.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, International, Others
Egyptian Americans, particularly in the Arab-dominated areas of Michigan, had mixed views of the event with some wary of the Muslim Brotherhood, but also wary of usurping democratic rights following a 30-year dictatorship.


2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Reactions, International, Others
Amnesty International called on foreign governments to stop supplying further arms to the country.


2013 Ekayana Monastery bombing
The 2013 Ekayana Monastery bombing was a terrorist attack that occurred in Jakarta, Indonesia on August 4, 2013 at 6:53 p.m. It targeted a Buddhist monastery named Ekayana in Jakarta. This bombing caused injuries to three people.


2013 El Paso mayoral election
The 2013 El Paso mayoral election was held on May 11 and June 8, 2013, to elect the Mayor of El Paso, Texas. Incumbent Mayor John Cook could not seek another term due to term limits. In the nonpartisan preliminary round was held on May 11, 2013, businessman Oscar Leeser and City Councilman Steve Ortega placed first and second with 47% and 21% of the vote, respectively, and because no candidate received a majority, a runoff election was held on June 15. Leeser won the runoff election.


2013 El Reno tornado
During the early evening of Friday, May 31, 2013, a very large and powerful tornado occurred over rural areas of Central Oklahoma. This rain-wrapped, multiple-vortex tornado was the widest tornado ever recorded and was part of a larger weather system that produced dozens of tornadoes over the preceding days. The tornado initially touched down at 6:03 p.m. Central Daylight Time (2303 UTC) about 8.3 miles (13.4 km) west-southwest of El Reno, rapidly growing in size and becoming more violent as it tracked through central portions of Canadian County.


2013 El Reno tornado
Remaining over mostly open terrain, the tornado did not impact many structures; however, measurements from mobile weather radars revealed extreme winds up to 302 mph (486 km/h) within the vortex; these are the highest observed wind speeds on Earth, ahead of the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado with slightly higher wind speeds. As it crossed U.S. Highway 81, it had grown to a record-breaking width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km). Turning northeastward, the tornado soon weakened. Upon crossing Interstate 40, the tornado dissipated around 6:43 p.m. CDT (2343 UTC), after tracking for 16.2 miles (26.1 km), it avoided affecting the more densely populated areas near and within the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.


2013 El Reno tornado
The tornado killed four storm chasers, the first known deaths in the history of storm chasing. Although the tornado remained over mostly open terrain, dozens of storm chasers unaware of its immense size and erratic movement were caught off-guard. Near Highway 81, TWISTEX scientist and engineer Tim Samaras, along with his son Paul and research partner Carl Young, died in the tornado. Paul Samaras and Young were ejected from their Chevrolet Cobalt by the storm's sub-vortex, while Tim was still buckled in the passenger's seat.


2013 El Reno tornado
Local resident Richard Henderson, who decided to follow the storm, lost his life in that same area. He snapped a picture of the tornado from his cellular phone before it struck him. Other chasers, including Mike Bettes of The Weather Channel and Reed Timmer, were either injured or had their vehicles damaged. A Doppler on Wheels-based analysis of how the tornado impacted these teams revealed that they were hit by an intense internal sub-vortex. Overall, the tornado was responsible for eight fatalities and 151 injuries. Due to the ferocity and sheer size, as well as its irregular movement and the deaths linked with this tornado, it has become one of the most studied and infamous tornadoes ever. The National Weather Service referred to the tornado as "the most dangerous tornado in storm observing history."


2013 El Reno tornado
Alongside rush hour traffic, thousands of residents in Oklahoma City attempted to outrun the storm by taking to the roads in an attempt to drive out of the tornado's projected path. By attempting to escape the storm by vehicle, in direct contrast to the recommended plan of action, residents put themselves at great risk from the storm; had the tornado maintained itself and passed over the congested freeways, more than 500 lives could have been lost.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis
On May 31, 2013, a prominent mid-to-upper level trough and closed mid-level low pressure area moved east-northeastward, with a lead upper low pivoting over the Dakotas and Upper Midwest region. A moderately strong polar jet moved east-northeastward over the southern Rocky Mountains to the southern Great Plains. With a broad influence of moderately strong cyclonic flow aloft, the air mass was expected to become unstable across much of the southern Great Plains, through the Upper Midwest and Mississippi Valley, by the afternoon.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis
Dewpoint values had ranged from the upper 60s °F (20 °C) to the lower 70s °F (20–22 °C), with temperatures in the low to mid-80s °F (27–30 °C), and CAPE (a meteorological concept used to predict the force and power of potential storms and tornadoes) predicting referring to values ranging from 3500 to 5000 J/kg. Deep layer wind shear speeds of 45–55 kn (52–63 mph) would enhance storm organization and intensity.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis
These factors, along with CAPE values in excess of 4000 J/kg and an embedded speed maxima rotating around the southern periphery of the low, made the threat of significant severe thunderstorms increasingly likely. These ingredients were present ahead of a cold front extending from the low from the eastern Dakotas southwestward to western Oklahoma, and ahead of a dry line extending from western Oklahoma southward into western north and west-central Texas. The most intense severe weather activity was expected across the southern Great Plains, specifically central and eastern Oklahoma, during the afternoon hours.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis
As such, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a moderate risk of severe thunderstorms during the early morning hours of May 31 from southeastern Missouri to southwestern Oklahoma. The degree of wind shear, moisture and instability within the warm sector favored the development of discrete supercells. Very large hail and tornadoes were expected with the supercells, with the possibility of a few strong to violent tornadoes.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis
At 3:30 p.m. Central Daylight Time (CDT) early that afternoon, the SPC issued a Particularly Dangerous Situation Tornado Watch from southwestern through northeastern Oklahoma, surrounding the Interstate 44 corridor.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Storm development and track
A quasi-linear complex of thunderstorms began developing near the Highway 81 corridor west of Oklahoma City between 4:00 and 4:45 p.m. CDT, and rapidly reached severe intensity. At 5:33 p.m. CDT (2233 UTC), the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma issued a tornado warning for Canadian County, prompted by increasingly strong tornadic circulation exhibited in the southernmost supercell of this complex.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Storm development and track
At 6:03 p.m. CDT (2303 UTC), a large tornadic wall cloud formed and touched down, initially in the form of several smaller sub-vortices, 8.3 miles (13.4 km) west-southwest of El Reno. The tornado ultimately attained EF3 intensity during its existence, according to ground surveys. As the tornado passed south of El Reno across Highway 81, it grew to an unprecedented width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km), becoming the widest known tornado ever recorded in the United States. At 6:28 p.m. CDT (2328 UTC), the storm began moving into more densely populated areas of Canadian County while maintaining its intensity.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Storm development and track
This prompted the National Weather Service office in Norman to issue a tornado emergency for Yukon, Richland, Wiley Post Airport, Bethany, The Village, and eastern El Reno, as the tornado was projected to track toward western portions of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Within minutes, the tornado turned northeast and soon passed directly over Interstate 40 at around 6:42 p.m. CDT (2342 UTC). Shortly thereafter, the tornado lifted off the ground as it neared Banner Road. Overall, the tornado was on the ground for 40 minutes along a 16.2-mile (26.1 km) path.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Storm development and track
A strong anticyclonic multivortex satellite tornado also formed southeast of the primary tornado at approximately 6:28 pm CDT (2328 UTC), and remained on the ground for 15 minutes before lifting at 6:43 (2343 UTC). Such companion tornadoes tend to be observed with especially large and intense tornadoes, although this was the first documented multiple-vortex anticyclonic tornado of this kind.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Intensity
The intensity of the tornado has been a subject of internal debate within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The agency utilizes the Enhanced Fujita Scale to rate and assess tornado intensity based on the damage left behind. This excludes the use of supplementary measurements, such as those from mobile radar, in concluding a tornado's intensity. Initially receiving an official EF3 rating based on damage, the El Reno tornado was subsequently upgraded to a radar-estimated EF5 rating, the highest on the scale, based on data from a mobile radar.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Intensity
The University of Oklahoma's RaXPol mobile Doppler weather radar, positioned at a nearby overpass, measured winds preliminarily analyzed as in excess of 296 mph (476 km/h). These winds are considered the second-highest ever measured worldwide, just shy of the 302 ± 22 mph (486 ± 35 km/h) recorded during the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado.


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Intensity
Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 302 ± 34 mph (486 ± 55 km/h) well above ground level and ≥291 mph (468 km/h) below 10 m (33 ft), with some subvortices moving at 175 mph (282 km/h). The strongest winds occurred in small subvortices along the south side of the main vortex. The two most intense vortices occurred north and east of the intersection of 10th Street and Radio Road, about 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of El Reno. The main funnel is believed to have had radar-estimated EF4 winds, with wind speeds around 185 mph (298 km/h). Radar-estimated EF5 winds were only found aloft and in the smaller vortices that revolved around this funnel at 110 mph (180 km/h).


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Intensity
Rick Smith, the warning coordination meteorologist at the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, stated that this tornado was among a "super-rare" category within the EF5 rating. Smith also stated that it was fortunate the tornado did not track into more densely populated areas, particularly those within the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, "this would have been … I don't even want to imagine what it would have been." William Hooke, a senior policy fellow at the American Meteorological Society stated that, "[Oklahoma City] dodged a bullet... You lay that path over Oklahoma City, and you have devastation of biblical proportions."


2013 El Reno tornado, Meteorological synopsis, Intensity
On August 30, the National Weather Service office in Norman once again revised the intensity of the El Reno tornado. Keli Pirtle, a Public Affairs worker at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, stated that, "despite the radar-measured wind speeds, the survey team did not find damage that would support a rating higher than EF3. While the wind measurements from the mobile radars are considered reliable, NWS policy for determining EF-ratings is based on surveys of ground damage." The lack of EF5 damage was likely a result of the rural nature of the area, as the sub-vortices that contained the EF5 wind speeds did not impact any structures.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents
The tornado's unusual behavior consisted of these simultaneous occurrences: abrupt changes in direction, rapid enlargement to a width of 2.6 mi (4.2 km) in diameter in about 30 seconds, swift increase in forward motion from about 20 to 55 mph (32 to 89 km/h) within a few minutes, multiple vortices within and around, and an expansive translucent outer circulation without a full condensation funnel while being surrounded and obscured by precipitation made it a worst-case scenario for storm chasers. Several professional and amateur chasers were caught off guard and impacted by the tornado. Many were located in a region northeast of the tornado, known as the "bear's cage". Chasers can generally get a clear view of the tornado from that area; however, it places them at great risk and with little time to react should the storm take a left turn.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents
In the case of El Reno, the wrapping rain bands did not lead to a narrow corridor of clear air close to the tornado. Rather, these rotating curtains of rain were the outer circulation of the tornado itself. Former Discovery Channel storm chaser Tim Samaras (an engineer), his son Paul Samaras (a photographer), and Tim's longtime chase partner Carl Young (a meteorologist), all professional storm chasers with the TWISTEX project, were caught directly by the tornado; all three died in their vehicle, two of them were ejected.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents
Normally, Tim drove a reinforced three-quarter ton truck optimized for hail protection and stability in high winds; however, on May 31, Carl was driving an unmodified Chevrolet Cobalt, a subcompact vehicle with three 45-lb barometric probes in the trunk likened by one TWISTEX chaser to a "pizza delivery car", making it much less suited to high winds and rain-slicked backcountry dirt roads. It was also underpowered, which hampered their escape in the strong inflow winds. Tim's body was found still buckled in the passenger's seat. They were the first known tornado-related deaths of either recreational storm chasers or scientific researchers.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents
Mike Bettes, a meteorologist for The Weather Channel, was also caught in the storm. His sport utility vehicle was severely damaged, having been thrown about 200 yards (180 m); the driver was left with a broken neck, fractured vertebrae, and several broken ribs while Bettes and the other passenger sustained minor injuries. Meteorologist Emily Sutton and storm chaser Kevin Josefy of Oklahoma City NBC affiliate KFOR-TV (channel 4) were also caught in the path of the storm; their vehicle was damaged by debris hurled by the tornado.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents
University of Oklahoma student Billy Prater, along with his father and a friend, sought refuge under an overpass (an action strongly discouraged in these situations) when the tornado changed direction. Near Union City, debris from a barn destroyed by the tornado struck the vehicle of Brandon Sullivan and Brett Wright, breaking their windshield; they escaped without injury. The hood of Reed Timmer's Dominator 2, a vehicle designed for intercepting tornadoes, was torn off. Storm chaser Dan Robinson received injuries after being enveloped within the outskirts of the tornadic circulation. He escaped a few hundred meters ahead of the TWISTEX crew and is believed to be the last person to see Samaras, his son Paul and Young.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents
A Doppler on Wheels-based analysis of how the tornado impacted these teams revealed that they were hit by an intense internal sub-vortex. This analysis showed that both the Weather Channel and TWISTEX vehicles entered the tornado through the less intense north/northwestern side, then were impacted by the internal sub-vortex, which contained radar-indicated winds approaching 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) and was moving in a complex quasi-trochoidal pattern, sometimes nearly stationary, sometimes with forward speeds over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). Entering the larger tornadic circulation without the ability to maintain situational awareness of the internal sub-vortex was likely a key contributing factor to the deaths and injuries.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents, Response
In the wake of the storm chaser deaths, Kansas Emergency Management Association president Brian Stone called for there to be regulations put on future storm chasing; however, he stated that there are questions as to how it would actually be implemented. AccuWeather Senior Vice President Mike Smith urged against overreacting to their deaths, citing that they were the first chasers to be killed in 40 years of the practice and that chasing as a whole is a significant source of real-time and research information.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents, Response
On June 2, dozens of members of the storm chasing and spotting communities coordinated a tribute to Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras, and Carl Young. Using GPS transponders over Spotter Network, they aligned themselves to spell out the initials of the three men in North Dakota, South Dakota and Nebraska for many hours. The Discovery Channel scheduled a special tribute episode of Storm Chasers titled Mile Wide Tornado: Oklahoma Disaster on June 5, both honoring the three chasers and covering the events of the EF5-rated tornado that struck Moore and portions of southern Oklahoma City eleven days earlier on May 20. The November 2013 issue of National Geographic, for its featured cover story, paid tribute to Tim Samaras, a National Geographic Explorer funded in part by the Society, and featured a detailed scientific analysis of the tornado itself.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents, Response
A team of scientists and veteran chasers embarked on a crowd-sourcing survey project to gather storm chaser information, including video and photographic recordings and GPS logs, to piece together precisely what happened. It is, as of February 2014, the largest such visual data set ever collected on a tornado. The chaser information is compiled with radar and lightning data and the project is intended to eventually expand to a standardized open access database covering future events.


2013 El Reno tornado, Storm chaser incidents, Response
In association with the project, software was unveiled in 2015 allowing for the synchronization of maps, radar data, and storm chasers' footage of the storm. The tool was named "Tornado Environment Display" (TED) after Dr. Ted Fujita. Anton Seimon, one of the tool's architects, said that while the tool had only been used in relation to the El Reno tornado, it could potentially be applied to future tornadoes with sufficient footage as well.


2013 El Reno tornado, Casualties and impact
Since the tornado remained over mostly open terrain, damage was relatively light – although still significant in isolated locations – in comparison to its extreme intensity. Surveys from the National Weather Service revealed that structures in its path sustained EF3-level damage at most. The Oklahoma City West Livestock Market was described as a "war zone," sustaining extensive damage. Several large steel-frame warehouse type buildings were destroyed at that location.


2013 El Reno tornado, Casualties and impact
Multiple large brick buildings at the nearby Canadian Valley Technology Center were heavily damaged or destroyed, and a large metal wind turbine prop blade was thrown 100 yards (91 m) into the side of a daycare building on the property. Damage totals at that location alone were estimated at up to $40 million. One farmstead, consisting of a large barn, a cattle barn, three machine sheds, granaries and the owner's home, was also completely destroyed.


2013 El Reno tornado, Casualties and impact
Several other rural homes were destroyed, and large amounts of gravel was blown off of gravel roads in the area, with only the dirt underneath left at some locations. Several large metal electrical transmission poles were downed, trees were snapped and defoliated, and multiple vehicles were tossed from roadways in the area. At least 29 buildings and 40 vehicles were damaged or destroyed by the tornado, with repairs in the El Reno area expected to take at least a year.


2013 El Reno tornado, Casualties and impact
On June 1, the American Red Cross set up a shelter at the Redlands Community College in El Reno for victims of the storm. The following day, Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin toured damaged areas of El Reno. Due to the tornadoes that occurred previously on May 20, a state of emergency was already in place for the affected areas, allowing residents to quickly obtain emergency assistance. Residents left homeless were provided with temporary housing constructed from shipping containers. Each container was fitted with a kitchen, bedroom, living room, and bathroom.


2013 El Reno tornado, Casualties and impact
Overall, eight people lost their lives as a result of the tornado, all of whom were killed in vehicles. Local hospitals in Oklahoma City, including OU Medical Center and INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center, and Mercy Hospital in El Reno, reported receiving at least 115 injured, including five critical patients. Overall, 151 injuries were attributed to the tornado.


2013 El Reno tornado, Casualties and impact, Evacuations
As the tornadoes approached the Oklahoma City metro, thousands of residents decided to leave the area for safety, possibly due to the still fresh memories of the devastation caused by the EF5 tornado that struck Moore on May 20. Already congested with rush hour traffic, Interstates 35, 40, 44 and 240, became "parking lots" as the storms neared. Residents reported the highways to be a scene of chaos, "people were going southbound in the northbound lanes. Everybody was running for their lives."


2013 El Reno tornado, Casualties and impact, Evacuations
It has been suggested that the evacuation was partially caused by a controversial call to action on-air by KFOR-TV chief meteorologist Mike Morgan, who suggested on-air during coverage of the storm – as the tornado was projected to track into Oklahoma City – that residents without underground storm shelters or safe rooms get into their cars and evacuate south of the track. This advice was contrary to the recommended plan to go to an interior room, bathtub or closet with no windows if no basement or other underground shelter is available. These locations are typically much safer than an automobile in tornadic winds. Dr. Jeff Masters of Weather Underground stated that had the tornado tracked directly over one of the congested highways, the death toll could have easily exceeded 500.


2013 Elgeyo-Marakwet local elections
Local elections were held in Elgeyo-Marakwet County to elect a Governor and County Assembly on 4 March 2013. Under the new constitution, which was passed in a 2010 referendum, the 2013 general elections were the first in which Governors and members of the County Assemblies for the newly created counties were elected.


2013 Elgeyo-Marakwet local elections, Prospective candidates
The following are some of the candidates who have made public their intentions to run:


2013 Elite League speedway season
The 2013 Elite League speedway season (also known as the Sky Sports Elite League for sponsorship reasons) was the 79th season of the top division of UK speedway and the took place between March and October 2013.


2013 Elite League speedway season, Summary
The Swindon Robins were the defending champions after winning in 2012.


2013 Elite League speedway season, Summary
Birmingham Brummies finished top of the regular season table but lost in the play off to Poole Pirates, who continued to enjoy British League success. It was their fifth success in ten years and was instrumented by their Australian duo Chris Holder and Darcy Ward and Poles Maciej Janowski and Przemysław Pawlicki.


2013 Elite League speedway season, League table
Home: 3W = Home win by 7 points or more; 2W = Home win by between 1 and 6 points Away: 4W = Away win by 7 points or more; 3W = Away win by between 1 and 6 points; 1L = Away loss by 6 points or lessM = Meetings; D = Draws; L = Losses; F = Race points for; A = Race points against; Pts = Total Points


2013 Elite League speedway season, Championship play-offs, Grand final, Second leg
The Poole Pirates were declared Elite League Champions, winning on aggregate 104-79.


2013 Elite One
The 2013 Elite One was the 53rd season of the Cameroon Top League.


2013 Elite One, League table
Owing to an expansion of the 2014 Elite One into 19 teams, no teams were relegated.


2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs
The 2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs was the 40th time a spot in the Norwegian top flight was decided by play-off matches between top tier and second level clubs.


2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs
At the end of the 2013 season, Tromsø and  Hønefoss were relegated directly to the 2014 1. divisjon, and was replaced by Bodø/Glimt and Stabæk who were directly promoted.


2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs, Background
The play-offs between Eliteserien and 1. divisjon have been held every year since 1972 with exceptions in 1994 and 2011. They take place for the two divisions following the conclusion of the regular season and are contested by the fourteenth-placed club in Eliteserien and the four clubs finishing below the automatic promotion places in 1. divisjon. The fixtures are determined by final league position – the first to knockout-rounds begins with the four teams in the 1. divisjon: 3rd v 6th and 4th v 5th, and the winner then play each other to determine who meet the Eliteserien club in the final.


2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs, Qualified teams
Five teams entered a play-off for the last Eliteserien spot for the 2014 season. These were:


2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs, Qualified teams
The four 1. divisjon teams first played a single game knockout tournament, with the winner (Ranheim) advancing to a two-legged tie against the Eliteserien team (Sarpsborg 08) for the 16th and final spot in the 2014 Eliteserien season. Sarpsborg 08 maintained their position in the top flight with a 3–0 win on aggregate against Ranheim.


2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs, Matches
The third to sixth-placed teams in 2013 1. divisjon took part in the promotion play-offs; these were single leg knockout matches, two semi-finals and a final. The winners of the second round, Ranheim, advanced to play the 14th placed team in Tippeligaen over two legs in the Eliteserien play-offs for a spot in the top flight the following season.


2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs, Matches, Final
The 14th-placed team, Sarpsborg 08, took part in a two-legged play-off against Ranheim, the winners of the 2013 1. divisjon promotion play-offs, to decide who would play in the 2014 Tippeligaen.


2013 Eliteserien Promotion/Relegation play-offs, Matches, Final
Sarpsborg 08 won 3–0 on aggregate and maintained their position in the 2014 Tippeligaen; Ranheim stayed in the 1. divisjon.


2013 Elon Phoenix football team
The 2013 Elon Phoenix football team represented Elon University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by third-year head coach Jason Swepson and played their home games at Rhodes Stadium. They were a member of the Southern Conference. This was their final season as a member of the SoCon as they joined the Colonial Athletic Association in 2014. They finished the season 2–10, 1–7 in SoCon play to finish in a tie for eighth place.


2013 Elon Phoenix football team
On November 25, 2013 Jason Swepson was fired after 3 consecutive losing records with a compiling record a 10–24 in those three seasons.


2013 Elon Phoenix football team, Preseason outlook
The Elon Phoenix began the season with four players named to the preseason All-Southern Conference teams:  Linebacker Jonathan Spain was joined by second-team selections Clay Johnson for offensive line, Kierre Brown as a wide receiver, and defensive back Chandler Wrightenberry. The team began the season picked next to last in the conference.


2013 Elon Phoenix football team, Preseason outlook
In May 2013, the school announced that the program will be leaving the Southern Conference to join the Colonial Athletic Association in 2014 as an all-sports member. The 2013 football season was their last season in the Southern Conference.


2013 Elon Phoenix football team, Media
Every Elon game will be broadcast on WPCM AM 920. Select games will be streamed online by ESPN3.


2013 Emakumeen Euskal Bira
The 2013 Emakumeen Euskal Bira will be the 26th edition of the Emakumeen Bira, a women's cycling stage race in Spain. It was rated by the UCI as category 2.1, and was held between 6 and 9 June 2013.


2013 Embu local elections
Local elections were held in Embu to elect a Governor and County Assembly on 4 March 2013. Under the new constitution, which was passed in a 2010 referendum, the 2013 general elections were the first in which Governors and members of the County Assemblies for the newly created counties were elected. They will also be the first general elections run by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission(IEBC) which has released the official list of candidates.


2013 Embu local elections, Prospective candidates
The following are some of the candidates who have made public their intentions to run:


2013 Emir of Qatar Cup
The 2013 Emir of Qatar Cup will be the 41st edition of the cup tournament in men's football. It is played by the 1st and 2nd level divisions of the Qatari football league structure.


2013 Emir of Qatar Cup
The draw for the competition is on 1 April 2013.


2013 Emir of Qatar Cup
The cup winner is guaranteed a place in the 2014 AFC Champions League.


2013 Emir of Qatar Cup, Round 1
Four teams from the 2nd Division enter this round, the winners qualify for round two.


2013 Emir of Qatar Cup, Round 3
1 Al Kharitiyath were deemed to have played an ineligible player and Al-Gharafa were later awarded a 3:0 victory to proceed to the next round.