2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation, Content, Popular consultation questions, Question #6
6. ¿ Do you agree the National Assembly, sin dilaciones dentro del plazo establecido en la Ley Orgánica de la Función Legislativa, a partir de la publicación de los resultados del plebiscito, tipifique en el Código Penal, como un delito autónomoel enriquecimiento privado no justificado?


2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation, Content, Popular consultation questions, Question #7
7. ¿ Do you agree to prohibit in this country businesses based on games of chance such as casinos and gamble arcades?


2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation, Content, Popular consultation questions, Question #8
8. ¿ Do you agree that in the county where you are a resident; shows where animals are killed be banned?


2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation, Content, Popular consultation questions, Question #9
9. ¿ Do you agree con que la Asamblea Nacional, sin dilaciones dentro del plazo establecido en la Ley Orgánica de la Función Legislativa, expida una Ley de Comunicación que cree un Consejo de Regulación que regule la difusión de contenidos de la televisión, radio y publicaciones de prensa escrita que contengan mensajes de violencia, explícitamente sexuales o discriminatorios; y que establezca criterios de responsabilidad ulterior de los comunicadores o medios emisores?


2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation, Content, Popular consultation questions, Question #10
10. ¿ Do you agree con que la Asamblea Nacional, sin dilaciones dentro del plazo establecido en la Ley Orgánica de la Función Legislativa, a partir de la publicación de los resultados del plebiscito, tipifique como infracción penal la no afiliación al Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social de los trabajadores en relación de dependencia?


2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation, Results
In reaction Correa said "The Ecuadorean people have triumphed. [ This was a victory] of this dream that is called citizen's revolution." Of the controversial media ownership amendment he said the approval was "a historic deed. We are going to diffuse the power in this country."


2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation, Results
The chief of the Organisation of American States observer team, Enrique Correa of Chile, said that there were was no evidence of fraud and that the voting appeared to go smoothly.


2011 Edinburgh International
The 2011 Edinburgh International was held from November 25 to 27 at the Murrayfield Curling Club in Edinburgh, Scotland as part of the 2011–12 World Curling Tour. The total purse for the event was GBP£10,000, and the winner, Tom Brewster received GBP£4,000. The event was held in a round-robin format.


2011 Edinburgh Sevens
The 2011 Edinburgh Sevens was a rugby union sevens tournament, part of the 2010–11 IRB Sevens World Series. The competition was held from May 28–29 at Murrayfield Stadium in Scotland and featured 16 teams.


2011 Edinburgh Sevens, Format
The tournament consisted of four round-robin pools of four teams. All sixteen teams progressed to the knockout stage. The top two teams from each group progressed to quarter-finals in the main competition, with the winners of those quarter-finals competing in cup semi-finals and the losers competing in plate semi-finals. The bottom two teams from each group progressed to quarter-finals in the consolation competition, with the winners of those quarter-finals competing in bowl semi-finals and the losers competing in shield semi-finals.


2011 Edmonton Eskimos season
The 2011 Edmonton Eskimos season was the 54th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 63rd overall. The Eskimos improved upon their 7–11 record from 2010, after winning their eighth game on October 10, 2011, while also securing a berth in the playoffs in that same game. The Eskimos finished in 2nd place in the West Division with an 11–7 record and hosted a playoff game for the first time since 2004, ending the CFL's longest active drought. The Eskimos defeated their Alberta rivals, the Calgary Stampeders, 33–19 in the West Semi-Final, but lost to the BC Lions 40–23 in the West Final.


2011 Edmonton Eskimos season, Offseason, CFL Draft
The 2011 CFL Draft took place on Sunday, May 8, 2011. The Eskimos had four selections in the draft, with the first coming in the second spot overall. Edmonton was then able to select the number one ranked player in offensive linemen Scott Mitchell. After a trade with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, the Eskimos acquired the fifth overall pick and selected Nathan Coehoorn, who was described as the most "pro-ready" receiver available in the draft. Edmonton also selected Ted Laurent in the 2011 supplemental draft, and must forfeit a second-round 2012 draft pick.


2011 Edmonton Eskimos season, Offseason, Notable transactions
*Later traded back to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers**Later traded back to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats***Later traded to the Toronto Argonauts


2011 Edmonton Indy
The 2011 Edmonton Indy was the fourth running of the Edmonton Indy and the tenth round of the 2011 IndyCar Series season. It took place on Sunday, July 24, 2011. The race contested over 80 laps at the 2.224-mile (3.579 km) Edmonton City Centre Airport in Edmonton, Alberta. The circuit was modified to facilitate overtaking.


2011 Edmonton Rush season
The Edmonton Rush are a lacrosse team based in Edmonton playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2011 season was the 6th in franchise history. The Rush finished 5-11, tied with the Colorado Mammoth, but ended up in 5th place due to tiebreakers and finished out of the playoffs for the fifth time in their six seasons.


2011 Edmonton Rush season, Regular season, Conference standings
x: Clinched playoff berth; c: Clinched playoff berth by crossing over to another division; y: Clinched division; z: Clinched best regular season record; GP: Games PlayedW: Wins; L: Losses; GB: Games back; PCT: Win percentage; Home: Record at Home; Road: Record on the Road; GF: Goals scored; GA: Goals allowedDifferential: Difference between goals scored and allowed; GF/GP: Average number of goals scored per game; GA/GP: Average number of goals allowed per game


2011 Edmonton Rush season, Transactions, Trades
*Later traded back to the Edmonton Rush**Later traded to the Minnesota Swarm


2011 Edmonton Rush season, Transactions, Entry Draft
The 2010 NLL Entry Draft took place on September 8, 2010. The Rush selected the following players:


2011 Egypt Cup Final
2011 Egypt Cup Final, was the final match of 2010–11 Egypt Cup, when Zamalek played ENPPI at Cairo Stadium in Cairo.


2011 Egypt Cup Final
ENPPIwon the game 2–1, claiming the cup for the 2nd time.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt on 19 March 2011, following the 2011 Egyptian revolution. More than 14 million (77%) were in favour, while around 4 million (23%) opposed the changes; 41% of 45 million eligible voters turned out to vote.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum
The approved constitutional reforms included a limitation on the presidency to at most two four-year terms, judicial supervision of elections, a requirement for the president to appoint at least one vice president, a commission to draft a new constitution following the parliamentary election, and easier access to presidential elections by candidates—via 30,000 signatures from at least 15 provinces, 30 members of a chamber of the legislature, or nomination by a party holding at least one seat in the legislature.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum
The reforms were recognised by both sides to increase democratic safeguards, but opponents argued that they did not go far enough and that an election held too soon could favour the well-organised Muslim Brotherhood and members of the former ruling National Democratic Party of Hosni Mubarak. Supporters cited concerns that waiting too long could increase the chances of the military regaining power or risk destabilisation before an election.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum
A parliamentary election is planned within the next six months, with groups already working to create new political parties, promote candidates and increase turnout among their supporters.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Background
The 1971 constitution was suspended by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces on 13 February 2011, two days after the resignation of Hosni Mubarak. It then organised a committee of jurists to draft amendments to pave the way for new parliamentary and presidential elections.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Background
Had the referendum resulted in a "no" vote, the 1971 constitution would have been nullified and a new one was to be drawn up before elections, which would likely have extended the planned transition period until an election to 2012.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed a number of qualifications for a person seeking to nominate themselves in presidential elections, including:


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed 3 tracks for nomination which candidates may choose in presidential elections:


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
Members of Parliament and voters may not endorse the nomination of more than 1 candidate for president.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed that the term of the President be reduced to four years and that a limit of two terms be adopted.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The issue of limiting presidential powers was postponed until after the elections as part of the new constitution drafting process.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed that elections and referendums, from voter registration to the announcement of results, be administered and supervised by an all-judge High Elections Commission, whose composition and mandate will be defined by law.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
Members of the judiciary nominated by the supreme councils of the judicial agencies and appointed by the High Elections Commission will supervise ballot casting and counting.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The Committee proposed that competence to determine the validity of membership of parliamentarians be transferred from parliament to the Supreme Constitutional Court. Challenges to the validity of the membership of a parliamentarian must be filed with the Court within 30 days of the election of the parliamentarian in question and decided upon by the Court within 90 days. The ruling the Court would be final.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed that the president be required to appoint one or more vice-presidents within 60 days of taking office, and that the president shall determine them and of the vice-president. If the vice-president is dismissed from office, the president must appoint a replacement.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The same qualifications that apply to the presidency would also apply to the vice-president. (See Article 75)


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The Committee proposed that the consent of a majority of the members of the People’s Assembly be required to declare a state of emergency. In addition, the Committee proposed that the state of emergency could only be declared for a period of up to 6 months. Also, a renewal of the state of emergency would require a popular referendum.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed that if the President declares a state of emergency then the People’s Assembly must review the decision within seven days of the declaration. If the People’s Assembly is not in session at the time, the President must immediately call it to session. If the People’s Assembly is dissolved the declaration must be reviewed by it in its first session.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed that the Article be stricken from the constitution. No further information available.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed that that Shura Council function without it appointment members until such time as a president is elected to fill the appointment of 1/3 of its seats


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed that the president or at least half the members of the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council may request the drafting of a new constitution.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Proposed amendments
The committee proposed that within six months of their election the elected members of the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council must appoint, by majority vote, a 100-member constituent assembly to draft a new constitution. The constituent assembly would have to complete the draft within six months of its creation, and within 15 days of the completion of the draft constitution the president must call for a referendum on it.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Polls
A March 13 poll by the Egyptian government on its Information and Decision Support Center website said that 24,121 Egyptians (57 percent of the total number of voters) would vote against the amendments, while 15,173 Egyptians (37 percent) supported them. Five percent were undecided.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Campaign
The Egyptian military called for a media silence over the referendum. It also set up a committee to review the proposed amendments. Later saying it would help to secure a vote on the proposed amendments.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Campaign
Though 16,000 members of the judiciary were scheduled to supervise the referendum, 2000 judges threatened to boycott the supervisory process.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Campaign
Amidst other controversy, a court ruled against canceling the referendum following an appeal.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Campaign, Opponents
An opposition coalition (including presidential candidates Amr Moussa and Mohamed ElBaradei, the New Wafd Party, the Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution, the National Progressive Unionist Party, the el-Ghad Party and the Egyptian Arab Socialist Party) criticised the proposed amendments as not enough and that the new constitution needs to be written immediately to regulate the process and the requirements for members of parliament. They also said that the President's power was not limited enough under the proposed changes.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Campaign, Opponents
The Christian Church was also opposed to the amendments, as was the reformist faction of the Muslim Brotherhood.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Campaign, Proponents
The Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafi movement (including preachers such as Sheikh Mohammed Hassan and Mohammed Abdel Maksoud), among other Islamist groups, think that the amendments are suitable for the time being and that the situation in Egypt is not suitable to write a new constitution at the moment. They have suggested that Article 2 of the constitution (which states that "Islam is the Religion of the State.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Campaign, Proponents
Arabic is its official language, and the principal source of legislation is Islamic Jurisprudence") will be removed or altered if the proposed changes are not approved even though the constitutional amendment committee said that Article 2 will not be touched. Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi advised Egyptians to approve the referendum. The NDP also have asked their base to vote Yes.


2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Campaign, Proponents
The Muslim Brotherhood and the NDP are also perceived to be in favour of an approval because early elections could benefit them the most as they already have the biggest grassroots support while smaller and newly founded parties would have little time to prepare for elections in the planned schedule.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
The 2011 Egyptian protest movement (Arabic: 2011 الحركة الاحتجاجية المصرية) was protest rallies and nationwide unrest characterised by Riots and civil unrest against the military regime in power as a result of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution in Egypt.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
April:On 1 April, protesters called for a "Save the Revolution" day in which thousands of demonstrators filled Tahrir Square after Friday prayers demanded that the ruling military council move faster to dismantle lingering aspects of the old regime; it was the largest protest since Mubarak's resignation.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 3 April, the Muslim Brotherhood called on its members to participate in the demonstrations in Tahrir Square on 8 April. Having withheld support for demonstrations held on 1 April because they coincided with Orphans' Day, the Brotherhood called for a large turnout to pressure the government to pursue cases against members of the old regime who remained in positions of influence after the revolution. The Brotherhood also suggested the name "Friday of Purging" for the event. The next day, employees of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Amonsito Textile Company demonstrated outside cabinet offices.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 5 April, Egyptian authorities arrested Omneya Soliman, the former housing minister.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 7 April, the National Association for Change seemed to accept the Brotherhood's proposal, calling for the "Friday of Prosecution and Purging", a million-man march on Tahrir Square, on 8 April. The NAC also proposed holding a mock "people's trial" of the regime figures for whom they demand the prosecution and/or removal of. While Friday protests in Tahrir Square had been a weekly event, million-man protests had not been seen for some time. The following day, protesters called for a "Friday of Cleansing" in which hundreds of thousands of demonstrators filled Tahrir Square again. They criticised the ruling SCAF for not following through on the protesters' previous demands. They called for the resignation of the remaining Mybarak-era figures and the removal of Egypt's public prosecutor due to the slow pace of investigations of corrupt former officials.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 9 April, the military used force to break up a camp that protesters had set up in Tahrir Square, as tensions also continued to build between the protesters and the military leadership that were running the country in the interim.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 12 April, Hosni Mubarak was questioned in hospital by prosecutors. The following day the country's Prosecutor General ordered the detention of Mubarak and his two children, Alaa Mubarak and Gamal Mubarak, for 15 days. A statement from the Attorney General Egyptian published on its Facebook page said that the arrest warrant was issued after the prosecution presented the charges against them and in accordance with the development of the criminal investigations around the rioting that led to the fall of the regime.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 15 April, thousands of protesters again marched from Shoubra to Tahrir in support of minority rights for Coptic Christians.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 16 April, the National Democratic Party was dissolved and its assets transferred to the state. Mubarak's name was also removed from all public places on 21 April 2011.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 23 April, Egypt ordered the former energy minister to stand trial for the natural gas deal with Israel. Three days later, the pipeline to Israel and Jordan was again attacked.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 18 April, Iran appointed its first ambassador to Egypt since the Islamic Revolution.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 29 April, demonstrators in Tahrir Square expressed solidarity with other Arab uprisings.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
May:On 24 May, it was announced that Mubarak and his two sons, Gamal and Alaa, would be tried over the deaths of anti-government protesters. On 28 May, Mubarak was fined $34m (£20m) for cutting off communications services during the uprising. Hundreds of thousands assembled in Tahrir Square in May to protest the military regime, calling on the military forces to transfer power and elections to be held as soon as possible. Tear gas was used on protesters.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
Egypt also eased the blockade at the Rafah border crossing with Gaza. Women, children, and men over 40 were allowed to pass freely while men aged between 18 and 40 would still require a permit. Though trade across the border remained prohibited, the crossing was opened between 9:00 – 21:00 every day except on Fridays and public holidays. The move was strongly opposed by Israel.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
June:On 6 June, crowds of Egyptians dressed in black held demonstrations to honour Khaled Said, a young man from Alexandria who was beaten to death in 2010 in a savage attack which was blamed on police. This attack helped inspire the uprising that brought down Egypt's president. Pictures of his body, taken by his family in a morgue, caused public outrage that caused the January 2011 uprising. Hundreds of protesters stood side by side on Stanley Bridge in Alexandria in a silent protest commemorating the death of Said.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
The protesters neither held pictures or banners of Said; they only carried the Egyptian flag. They then marched to Said's family's home in Cleopatra. By the time they arrived there, more people joined, and the number of protesters reached about 1,500. They set a big monitor on the street screening a documentary on Said's case and its development.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 12 June, Ilan Grapel, accused for being an Israeli spy, was arrested by Egyptian authorities, who claimed that Grapel was sent to Egypt to build a team that had been "trying to gather information and data and to monitor the events of 25 January revolution." The authorities also claimed that Grapel tried to incite violence amongst Egyptian protestors, hoping to spark a face-off with the military "and spread chaos in the Egyptian public and harm the state's political, economic, and social interests."


2011 Egyptian protest movement
Grapel appears to be the same man who told Haaretz that he moved to Israel three years before its 2006 war with Lebanon and ended up enlisting in the Israeli Defense Force. Israel, however, has denied the reports, stating that "There is no such thing, no Israeli agent has been arrested in Egypt. These reports are false." Friends and relatives of Grapel said that he is a law student in Atlanta with an avid interest in the Middle East, and not a Mossad agent out to sabotage Egypt's revolution, as Egyptian authorities have charged.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
His mother said he arrived in Cairo in May, countering implications that he was involved in protests as early as February. The arrest of 27-year-old Ilan Grapel has sparked fears in Israel that relations with Egypt will sour now that Hosni Mubarak has been deposed. Later that year, Egyptian officials admitted Ilan Grapel was not a spy, and he was scheduled for release in exchange for 25 Egyptian prisoners held in Israel.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 19 June, the military prosecution released the editor-in-chief of Al-Fagr, Adel Hammouda, and journalist Rasha Azab without bail pending further investigation. They were both interrogated on charges of publishing false news that disturbed the peace and negligence in the editorial process. Hammouda was released at around 13 pm, while Azab was released at around 16:30 pm after which she immediately led chants of "down with military rule."


2011 Egyptian protest movement
Azab had written an article about a meeting between SCAF and prominent members of an advocacy group against military trials for civilians called "No to Military Trials" in which group members provided SCAF with proof and evidence of military violations against civilians. Azab said that Major General Hassan El-Roweiny was astonished when he saw the pictures and testimonies. She added that El-Roweiny apologized to one of the female witnesses for being violated in military prison, adding that individual actions don't represent the morals or principles of the army.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 20 June, Mubarak's lawyer, Farid el-Deeb, said that in 2010 the former president underwent "critical surgery" in Heidelberg, Germany to remove his gallbladder and part of his pancreas which were cancerous. el-Deeb told The Associated Press that "there is evidence suggesting that there is a recurrence of cancer and that it has reached the stomach,". He called Mubarak's condition "horrible" and said the former leader "doesn't eat and he loses consciousness quite often." Mubarak is hospitalized in Sharm el-Sheikh, the Red Sea resort where he has been living since he was removed from power.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 21 June, Egypt's military rulers launched an online poll to test the popularity of potential presidential candidates, a move that could be aimed at judging public opinion for former officials who were trying to run for positions of parliament again. The list includes at least four ex-military officers as well as Islamists, judges, diplomats and others. Most have declared that they will run, including two former officers.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 22 June, Egypt's cabinet approved a budget for the 2011–2012 fiscal year, boosting spending in social programs to meet the growing demands from the people after the uprising. The budget totals £490.6 billion ($83 billion), reflecting a spending increase of 14.7% over the current fiscal year, while revenues are forecast at $59 billion. On the same day, leaders of the youth wing of the Muslim Brotherhood have split with their elders to form an independent political party.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
This has deepened the fractures within the group as some of its prominent members have moved towards a more centrist and liberal version of Islamist politics. The new group, the Egyptian Current Party, is expected to advocate the separation of religion from politics, the protection of individual freedoms and the embrace of Islamic morals and culture without the enforcement of Islamic religious law. Its founders, including Islam Lotfy, Mohamed el-Kasaas and Mohamed Abbas, were amongst the young leaders of the Egyptian revolution and broke with the Brotherhood to help lead the first day of protests that brought down Hosni Mubarak.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 26 June, John McCain and John Kerry visited Egypt at the head of a U.S. business delegation. Both politicians said that it was in America's national security interests to see that the uprising succeeded. They said that Washington was not interested in dictating policy to Egypt. Instead, the focus was on finding ways to help the Arab world's most populous nation boost its economy and address the needs of its people.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 28 June, Egyptian security forces clashed with around 5,000 protesters in central Cairo. According to witnesses and medical officials, dozens of demonstrators were injured. Clouds of tear gas engulfed Tahrir Square as the security forces battled to regain control of the central plaza from the demonstrators, many of whom had family members who were killed during the revolution. The families were frustrated with what they perceived to be the slow prosecution of security officers who were believed to be responsible for the deaths of some 850 protesters during the 18-day uprising in February.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
As Tuesday's clashes moved into early Wednesday morning, rocks and shattered glass littered the streets around Tahrir, as protesters chanted "Down with the military junta". The demonstrators used motorcycles to ferry the injured to safety. According to the Health Ministry some 1,036 people were injured, among them at least 40 policemen. Early the next day there were still some demonstrators who were hurling stones at police near the ministry as commuters went to work.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
July:A Facebook page entitled "The Second Egyptian Revolution of Rage" read: "Seeing that the situation, under the leadership of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, is only going from bad to worse, and since the council has proven from day one that public pressure is the most effective policy for achieving the demands of the legitimate revolution, we have decided to take to the streets and squares [once again] and demonstrate throughout Egypt until our demands are met ..." On 1 July, tens of thousands of protesters gathered for what they termed the "Friday of Retribution" in Suez, Alexandria and Tahrir Square in Cairo to voice frustrations with the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces for what they perceived to be the slow pace of change five months after Mubarak's ousting.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 4 July, an explosion at the pipeline near Nagah in the Sinai Peninsula halted natural gas supplies to Israel and Jordan. This was the third attack on Egyptian gas pipelines since Mubarak was removed from power. There was also a failed attempt to attack the pipeline in March.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 8 July, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered for what they called the "Friday of Determination” or the "March of the Million" in Suez, Alexandria, Cairo and other cities. They demanded immediate reforms and swifter prosecution of former officials from the ousted government. Revolutionaries in Tahrir square also began another sit-in which is still ongoing.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
Most of Egypt's political parties and coalitions supported widespread calls for the protest to be staged across Egypt. The protesters hoped to start a "second revolution".


2011 Egyptian protest movement
The main demand of these groups is to combine efforts toward achieving the goals of the revolution, including: banning the trial of civilians by military courts; setting a minimum wage; bringing Mubarak, his sons and the senior officials to justice quickly; banning former National Democratic Party (NDP) members from political activity for five years; releasing all political prisoners; purging the police, the legal system, the media, the universities and the banks of members of the former regime; electing new municipal councils; stopping the export of natural gas to Israel; the arrest and trial of those responsible for killing protesters; and restructuring the ministry of interior. An employee of the Suez Canal University said that in Ismailiya, there were also protests for higher wages and stable employment contracts. Protesters also called for the removal of Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, who was said to be emblematic of the old regime.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
Several stages have been set up by the Revolution Youth Coalition (a coalition of liberal parties and movements), the Muslim Brotherhood, the Wafd party and leftist parties in order to organise the protests. As the Muslim Brotherhood's stage was the highest and largest, many protesters complained that they were attempting to gain an unfair advantage over the other political parties. These accusations were also compounded by the Muslim Brotherhood's opposition to a sit-in called by other political groups to pressure the Supreme Council of Armed Forces (SCAF) into meeting their demands. Though the Muslim Brotherhood decided to join the protests only two days before the event, it said that it would avoid the sit-in and leave by 17:00. The event was used to rally support for the various groups by organizing their own tents and passing out paraphernalia.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 9 July, Minister of Interior Mansour Essawy sacked the head of the Suez Security Police Osama El-Taweel and appointed Adel Abd El-Hamid as his replacement following clashes between families of those killed during the revolution and the Suez police. The clashes, in turn, followed accusations that the head of the Suez police had helped the police officers accused of killing protesters to escape trial after a court ruling released the officers on bail.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
Prime Minister Essam Sharaf also responded to the protests, saying that any member of the security forces who was accused of killing protesters would be sacked: "I have issued new instructions as a matter of urgency for the minister of interior to suspend any officers implicated in the killing of protesters. I have also demanded a swift return to the highest levels of security on the streets of Egypt to make them safe again and give our citizens the dignity they deserve." On the night of 10 July, gunmen blew up an Egyptian natural gas pipeline to Israel and Jordan in the town of El-Arish in the Sinai Peninsula. This is the fourth time this has occurred this year and the second time in less than a week.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 11 July, Prime Minister Essam Sharaf made a televised statement reassuring protesters that the government would respond to public demands and also included a timeline in which these demands would be met. The changes included a new cabinet to be formed within one week and a change in provincial governors before the end of the month. The protesters responded with calls for a million-man march the following day and continuation of their sit-in in Tahrir Square. The Muslim Brotherhood responded that they will not participate in the sit-in. The next morning the SCAF issued a statement, which was perceived as aggressive.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 13 July, state television reported that Egypt's government had met a key demand of protesters by firing nearly 700 top police officers in order to cleanse the discredited and widely unpopular force. It was also reported that 37 of the dismissed officers face charges of killing protesters. Among those dismissed were 505 major-generals, including 10 of the interior minister's top assistants, 82 colonels and 82 brigadiers.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 14 July, Mubarak told prosecutors that he did not order security forces to open fire on protesters during the initial uprising in February. Transcripts of prosecutors questioning Mubarak were published in two Egyptian newspapers, and judicial officials confirmed the authenticity of the documents. Mubarak said he issued clear instructions for police not to use force against the protesters. He also denied charges that he ordered or had knowledge of security forces firing on the demonstrators.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 16 July, Maj. Gen. Tarek el-Mahdi briefly visited a protest camp in Tahrir Square but left after protesters, some holding shoes in anger, booed him off a stage. He had come to persuade a dozen demonstrators to end a hunger strike which had begun several days ago. El-Mahdi later told state television that he was disappointed that a small crowd of protesters managed to drive him out of the square before he could reach the tent housing the hunger strikers. Prime Minister Essam Sharaf also accepted the resignation of Foreign Minister Mohammed el-Orabi. He then appointed two new deputies, one of which was prominent economist and former head of the U.N. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Hazem el-Biblawi.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 17 July, Sharaf named 12 new Cabinet members. State television dubbed the new government lineup the "Revolution Cabinet". Most of the ministers were newcomers as the government sought to placate further criticism by the protesters. Despite the cabinet reshuffle, many of the protesters said that they had no intention of calling off their week-old sit-in. One of the members of the "Revolution Cabinet" was the Chief of Antiquities Zahi Hawass. Hawass is a prominent member of Egypt's archaeological community but has been the target of protests himself.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
These protests were begun by archaeology students who accused him of falsely claiming publicity for himself and corruption. Sharaf also accepted the resignation of Finance Minister Samir Radwan (the reason for his resignation was because his new budget was deemed by many protesters to be too conservative in dealing with the poverty which had been one of the main catalysts of the uprising) and the foreign minister, who was replaced by the former ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Kamel Omar. Radwan's position was taken by economist Hazem el-Biblawi, who had also been appointed deputy prime minister. There were also changes in the ministries of transport, military production, higher education, communication, agriculture, health, religious endowments, local development, trade and industry and civil aviation, with ministers being replaced.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 21 July, the SCAF announced that it would bar foreign monitors in the upcoming parliamentary election because of what it claimed was the preservation of Egyptian sovereignty.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On 23 July, thousands of protesters tried to march to the Defense Ministry of Egypt in Cairo when they were attacked by groups of men wielding knives, sticks, stones and Molotov cocktails. It was the second time in two days that crowds had tried to march to the headquarters located in Heliopolis. The march started moving from Tahrir Square at 4:00 pm, picking up more and more protesters as the march went on to Ramsis and then to the eastern Abbasiya neighbourhood, where it was stopped by army barricades.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
The march was a reaction to the SCAF accused 6 April Youth Movement and Kefaya of treason and that their movements are harming "national interests" a day earlier. The violence broke out following a televised speech commemorating the 1952 coup by Field Marshal Mohammed Hussein Tantawi, head of the ruling military council, who attempted to defuse tensions by praising young people who led the uprising that toppled Mubarak. The clashes broke out after civilians threw rocks from rooftops in adjacent buildings.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
Many in the crowd were thought by protesters to be thugs but some residents of the Abbassiya district were fearful protests in their neighborhood were obstructing business and normalcy. State media said the civilians fighting with the demonstrators were from "people's committees" protecting the neighborhood and the army had maintained all self-restraint, blaming the violence on protesters. Some Abbasiya residents appeared to believe protesters were seeking to create rifts between the army and the people. Military police, armed with Tasers and batons, fired in the air to stop the demonstrators from approaching the Defense Ministry. A Reuters witness said tear gas fumes were wafting outside the area as military helicopters circled overhead. The Health Ministry stated a total of 231 people were wounded in the violence.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
August:On 1 August, the first day of Ramadan, Egyptian soldiers clashed with protesters in Tahrir Square, tearing down tents the activists had used for the sit-in and where hundreds of protesters had been sleeping in the square since 8 July. Egyptian forces swinging electrified batons and shouting the battle cry "God is great" swiftly chased off dozens of activists who had refused to end four weeks of renewed protests at Tahrir Square to pressure the country's transitional military rulers.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
Hundreds of riot police backed by armored vehicles and soldiers moved in to tear down the camp of dozens of tents after a group of holdout activists — some of them relatives of people killed in the uprising that toppled Hosni Mubarak in February — refused pleas over loudspeakers to go home. Some in the crowd hurled stones at the police. Protesters' rights groups said that the military police detained 66 people in the process. The removal of the Tahrir sit-in was a calculated political move. Average citizens had been growing weary of the lack of mobility in the central square, so when the military showed up on early Monday afternoon they were met with cheers. Most Egyptians supported the military's actions.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
On Friday, 6 August, protesters reassembled in Tahrir, this time to hold a funeral prayer for one who died during the Abasseya clashes. Around 200 attended, and were prevented from moving to Tahrir Square. Later during the day, a festive iftar was held in the square by protesters. After finishing, they were attacked by military police and central security forces, who dispersed them using force.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
September:On 9 September, tens of thousands of protesters gathered for what they called the "Friday of Correcting the Path" (or the "Correct the Path") in Suez, Alexandria, Cairo, and other cities, in the absence of supporters of Islamic political movements.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
The major demands of the Friday were relieving the Mansour el-Essawy (The current Minister of the Interior), maintaining independence of the judiciary, closing the Israeli embassy in Cairo, amending the laws of the People's Assembly and Shura Council, and stopping military trials for civilians that began under the SCAF.


2011 Egyptian protest movement
After gathering in Tahrir Square, the protest moved to the MOI, then to the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt, and finally towards the Israeli embassy. The 2011 Israeli embassy attack occurred later in Cairo, when Egyptian protesters entered the Israeli embassy after tearing down the wall surrounding the building that housed it. Police fired tear gas into the crowds. Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Yigal Palmor said that about 3,000 protesters had torn apart the wall, forcing the Israeli ambassador to Egypt to flee. The military restored a state of emergency; Egyptian activists denounced the political manipulation of doing so.


2011 Ehime FC season
The following are the results of Ehime Football Club of Japan's 2011 season.


2011 Elite League speedway season
The 2011 Elite League speedway season (also known as the Sky Sports Elite League for sponsorship reasons) was the 77th season of the top division of UK speedway and took place between 26 March and 20 October 2011. The Coventry Bees were the defending champions after winning in 2010.


2011 Elite League speedway season, Summary
It was a great season for the Poole Pirates, who won the Elite League, the Pairs Championship and the Knockout Cup. Claiming a clean sweep of honours. Throughout the 2010 season, it was rumoured that the Ipswich Witches would prefer to compete in the Premier League from 2011 onwards. Although they survived the promotion/relegation battle with the Newcastle Diamonds, it was decided that they would swap divisions with the Birmingham Brummies.


2011 Elite League speedway season, Summary
On 27 November 2010, The BSPA announced that both Coventry Bees and Peterborough Panthers would not be riding in the top flight after they failed to declare their intent to compete in the 2011 competition. This then led to the King's Lynn Stars being promoted from the Premier League due to the Elite League needing a minimum of 8 teams. On 15 March 2011 it was announced that both the Coventry Bees and Peterborough Panthers would be part of the 2011 Elite League after all.


2011 Elite League speedway season, Summary
Poole Pirates made up for the previous season's disappointment by winning the league and cup double. The Australian quartet of Darcy Ward, Chris Holder, Davey Watt and Jason Doyle were supported well by Swedes Thomas H. Jonasson and Dennis Andersson as the Poole team deservedly won the title after finishing top of the regular season table for the second consecutive year. The Australian domination also extended to the league averages, which were topped by Chris Holder and the Elite League Riders' Championship won by Rory Schlein of Belle Vue.


2011 Elite League speedway season, League table
Home: 3W = Home win by 7 points or more; 2W = Home win by between 1 and 6 points Away: 4W = Away win by 7 points or more; 3W = Away win by between 1 and 6 points; 1L = Away loss by 6 points or lessM = Meetings; D = Draws; L = Losses; F = Race points for; A = Race points against; +/- = Race points difference; Pts = Total Points


2011 Elite League speedway season, Championship play-offs, Grand final
Poole Pirates were declared Elite League Champions, on winning on aggregate 98-85.


2011 Elite League speedway season, Elite League Knockout Cup
The 2011 Elite League Knockout Cup was the 73rd edition of the Knockout Cup for tier one teams. Poole Pirates were the winners of the competition for the second successive year.


2011 Elite League speedway season, Elite League Knockout Cup, Final
The Poole Pirates were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 102-86.


2011 Elon Phoenix football team
The 2011 Elon Phoenix football team represented Elon University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Phoenix were led by first-year head coach Jason Swepson and played their home games at Rhodes Stadium. They are a member of the Southern Conference. They finished the season 5–6, 3–5 in SoCon play to finish in a tie for sixth place.


2011 EmblemHealth Bronx Open
The 2011 EmblemHealth Bronx Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 12th edition of the tournament which is part of the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in The Bronx, United States between 8 and 14 August 2011.


2011 EmblemHealth Bronx Open, WTA entrants, Other Entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:


2011 EmblemHealth Bronx Open, Champions, Doubles
Megan Moulton-Levy /  Ahsha Rolle def. Han Xinyun /  Lu Jingjing, 6–3, 7–6(7–5)


2011 EmblemHealth Bronx Open – Doubles
Kristina Barrois and Yvonne Meusburger were the defending champions, but both chose not to participate. Megan Moulton-Levy and Ahsha Rolle won the title by defeating Han Xinyun and Lu Jingjing in the final 6–3, 7–6(7–5).


2011 EmblemHealth Bronx Open – Singles
Anna Chakvetadze was the defending champion, but chose not to participate. Andrea Hlaváčková won the title by defeating Mona Barthel in the final 7–6(10–8), 6–3.


2011 Emir of Qatar Cup
The 2011 Emir of Qatar Cup is the 39th edition of a cup tournament in men's football (soccer). It is played by the 1st and 2nd Level divisions of the Qatari football league structure.


2011 Emir of Qatar Cup
The top four sides of the 2010–11 Qatar Stars League season enter at the Quarter-final stage.


2011 Emir of Qatar Cup
Al-Rayyan were the defending champions and successfully defended the title.


2011 Emir of Qatar Cup
The cup winner were guaranteed a place in the 2012 AFC Champions League.


2011 Emir of Qatar Cup, First round
The first round of the competition involves four teams from the 2nd tier league.


2011 Emirates Cup
The 2011 Emirates Cup was a pre-season football friendly tournament hosted by Arsenal at its home ground, the Emirates Stadium in London. It was the fifth Emirates Cup, an invitational competition inaugurated in 2007. Held on the weekend of 30–31 July 2011, the participants were Arsenal, Boca Juniors, Paris Saint-Germain, and New York Red Bulls. The inclusion of the Red Bulls meant Thierry Henry returned to play against his former club, Arsenal. The 2011 edition, with the Red Bulls and Boca Juniors, also marked the first time clubs outside of UEFA's jurisdiction had participated in the competition.


2011 Emirates Cup
The Emirates Cup follows a point scoring system much like the Amsterdam Tournament, whereby each team plays two matches, with three points awarded for a win, one point for a draw and none for a loss. For this event Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain did not play each other, nor did Boca Juniors face New York Red Bulls. Unlike previous editions, additional points were not awarded for every goal scored. The Red Bulls won the Emirates Cup after beating PSG on the first day and then earning a point against Arsenal on the second. Paris Saint-Germain finished runners-up, while Arsenal came in third and Boca Juniors last.


2011 Emirates Cup, Background
The Emirates Cup began in July 2007 once Arsenal finalised plans to stage a pre-season competition at its home ground. Named after Arsenal's main sponsor Emirates, the competition's inaugural edition was attended by more than 110,000 people across the two days.


2011 Emirates Cup, Background
Argentine club Boca Juniors, French side Paris Saint-Germain and American club New York Red Bulls were confirmed as participants for the 2011 edition, alongside hosts Arsenal. The inclusion of Boca Juniors and New York Red Bulls marked the first time clubs outside of the UEFA zone had participated in the competition. The involvement of New York Red Bulls had added significance because Thierry Henry, who formerly played for Arsenal, faced his old club.


2011 Emirates Cup, Summary
The opening match of the 2011 Emirates Cup saw New York Red Bulls taking on Paris Saint-Germain. Defender Tim Ream captained the Red Bulls in place of Henry, who was rested, while Péguy Luyindula started up front for Paris Saint-Germain; the forward was the top scorer in the inaugural Emirates Cup. The only goal of the match came in the 27th minute. Joel Lindpere passed the ball to teammate Juan Agudelo, and made a darting run towards the Paris Saint-Germain penalty area.


2011 Emirates Cup, Summary
Agudelo passed it back to Lindpere, who evaded his closest opponent and placed the ball into the far right side of the net, past goalkeeper Salvatore Sirigu. For most of the game, Paris Saint-Germain struggled to get past the Red Bulls, who were comfortable in defence and "looked extremely dangerous on the counter attack" according to match reporter Joe Prince-Wright. Paris Saint-Germain enjoyed plenty of possession during the second half; Jérémy Ménez almost equalised but for Frank Rost's save. New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe was pleased with his team's defensive performance and told reporters after the match: "For a U.S. team playing a team like Paris, I think it's a massive result for us."


2011 Emirates Cup, Summary
Paris Saint-Germain's second match of the tournament was against Boca Juniors. The French side named a much-changed team from the defeat against the Red Bulls; Alphonse Areola started in goal, while Kevin Gameiro provided an attacking threat up front. In the 8th minute, Paris Saint-Germain went ahead when Jean-Eudes Maurice scored, and doubled their lead minutes before the break through Guillaume Hoarau's strike. Ceará scored directly from a free kick in the 79th minute and the final score was 3–0 in Paris Saint-Germain's favour.


2011 Emirates Cup, Summary
Boca Juniors faced Arsenal the day before and came from 2–0 down to draw against the hosts. Gervinho assisted Robin van Persie's goal in the first half a minute before the half-hour, and substitute Aaron Ramsey scored Arsenal's second, a long-range strike in the 46th minute. Poor defending on Arsenal's part allowed Lucas Viatri to get a goal for Boca Juniors in the 68th minute and three minutes later Pablo Mouche equalised. The post-match reaction in The Telegraph made reference to the futures of certain Arsenal players, particularly Cesc Fàbregas and Samir Nasri. Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger reiterated his desire to keep hold of his squad, saying: "We are not in a position where we have to sell our players, we want to keep our players and we are not looking for money."


2011 Emirates Cup, Summary
The final match of the 2011 tournament was between Arsenal and New York Red Bulls. As expected Henry started for the Red Bulls, and Rafael Márquez also came into the lineup. For the hosts, Thomas Vermaelen, Jack Wilshere and Bacary Sagna all started in a strong first eleven. Van Persie's header in the 42nd minute looked to be enough for Arsenal to retain the trophy, but the Red Bulls capitalised on their opponents' carelessness in front of goal by equalising. Henry found his teammate Roy Miller, whose cross was diverted into the net by defender Kyle Bartley.


2011 Emirates Cup, Summary
The 1–1 draw meant the Red Bulls won the competition as they picked up more points than the other participants. Arsenal were booed off the pitch by their supporters, something Wenger said he understood, before adding "I don’t think we need to put any extra pressure on us now."


2011 Emirates Cup, Summary
He revealed he wanted Henry "to play the last five minutes" of the match for Arsenal which was denied by the referee, and paid tribute to his former player: "They say great clubs never die, it looks like great players never die as well, because Thierry showed us today he is still top quality with his feet and with his head".


2011 Emirati parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the United Arab Emirates on 24 September 2011 to elect the half of the members of Federal National Council. The elections were held using electoral colleges, which were expanded from around 6,000 members in the 2006 elections to 129,274. However, only 35,877 voters voted, with a voter turnout of 28%.


2011 Emirati parliamentary election, Electoral college
The 2011 parliamentary elections had an expanded electoral college constituting 129,274 members, made up of 46% females and 54% males, of which 35% were younger than 30 years.


2011 Emirati parliamentary election, Candidates
Nominations of candidates took place between 14 and 17 August. On 20 August 2011, the National Elections Commission announced the preliminary list of candidates, stating that 469 members of the electoral college nominated themselves to be candidates to run for the parliamentary elections. Of those 469 nominees, 85 were women.


2011 Emirati parliamentary election, Candidates
After last-minute applications were taken into account, the final list included 477 candidates.


2011 Emirati parliamentary election, Campaign
The campaign period lasted from 4 to 21 September 2011. Some observers called for a delay in the voting process to allow for more time for candidates to campaign.


2011 Emirati parliamentary election, Campaign
Candidates were prohibited from using religion in their campaign, and were limited to spend 2 million dirhams.


2011 Emirati parliamentary election, Aftermath
Mohammed Al-Murr was elected unopposed as Speaker of the Federal National Council.


2011 Emperor's Cup
The 91st Emperor's Cup (第91回天皇杯) was a regular edition of an annual Japanese national cup tournament. It started on 3 September 2011 and ended on 1 January 2012 with the final at National Stadium in Tokyo, Japan, won by FC Tokyo 4–2 against Kyoto Sanga.


2011 Emperor's Cup
The cup winner were guaranteed a place in the 2012 AFC Champions League.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Calendar
(*1)a total number of four games were postponed to 7 or 14 September due to tropical storm. (*2)a total number of eight games were postponed to 12 October due to event clashes of quarterfinals of 2011 J.League Cup, and November 9 was reserved for Cerezo Osaka and Hokkaido University of Education Iwamizawa Campus in case of event clashes if Cerezo entered the 2011 AFC Champions League semi-finals (but game was not postponed as Cerezo was eliminated in quarter-finals). (*3)Kashiwa Reysol's game was postponed to 21 December due to the participation in 2011 FIFA Club World Cup.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Participating clubs, Starting in the Second Round
※Clubs that occupied two top places at the end of the 17th round (11th week) of 2011 Japan Football League.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Matches, First Round
Due to Tropical Storm Talas (Japanese: 台風12号, 2011 Japanese Typhoon 12), four matches were postponed.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Matches, First Round
Note: The original schedule was 3 September 13:00 but postponed due to tropical storm.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Matches, First Round
Note: The original schedule was 3 September 15:00 but postponed due to tropical storm.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Matches, First Round
Note: The original schedule was 3 September 13:00 and but postponed due to tropical storm. The original venue was Naruto Otsuka Sports Park Pocarisweat Stadium but changed as a result of the postponement.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Matches, Second Round
Note: The venue of the match was originally planned to be Hiroshima Big Arch football ground 1 but changed on June 28.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Matches, Third Round
Note: The venue of the match was originally planned to be Kashiwanoha Park Stadium but changed due to stadium maintenance.


2011 Emperor's Cup, Matches, Fourth Round
Note: The original schedule was December 17 13:00 but changed due to Reysol's participation in 2011 FIFA Club World Cup.


2011 Emperor's Cup Final
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2011 Emperor's Cup Final
The Final of the 2011 Emperor's Cup was held at National Olympic Stadium in Shinjuku, Tokyo on 1 January 2012. The match was contested between two second division sides, Kyoto Sanga FC who were defeated by FC Tokyo in regulation time.


2011 Empire Trnava Cup
The 2011 Empire Trnava Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the third edition of the tournament, part of the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Trnava, Slovakia between 1 and 7 August 2011.


2011 Empire Trnava Cup, WTA entrants, Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:


2011 Empire Trnava Cup, Champions, Doubles
Janette Husárová /  Renata Voráčová def. Jana Čepelová /  Lenka Wienerová, 7–6(7–2), 6–1


2011 Empire Trnava Cup – Doubles
Iveta Gerlová and Lucie Kriegsmannová were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.


2011 Empire Trnava Cup – Doubles
Janette Husárová and Renata Voráčová won the tournament by defeating Jana Čepelová and Lenka Wienerová in the final, 7–6(7–2), 6–1.


2011 Empire Trnava Cup – Singles
Sandra Záhlavová was the defending champion, but lost in the Quarterfinals to Magda Linette.


2011 Empire Trnava Cup – Singles
Yvonne Meusburger won the title, defeating Elitsa Kostova in the final, 0–6, 6–2, 6–0.


2011 Empress's Cup, Overview
It was contested by 32 teams, and INAC Kobe Leonessa won the championship.


2011 Empress's Cup Final
2011 Empress's Cup Final was the 33rd final of the Empress's Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on January 1, 2012. INAC Kobe Leonessa won the championship.


2011 Empress's Cup Final, Overview
INAC Kobe Leonessa won their second title by defeating Albirex Niigata – with Chiaki Minamiyama, Megumi Takase and Asuna Tanaka goal. This was the second consecutive win for INAC Kobe Leonessa.


2011 Eneco Tour
The 2011 Eneco Tour was the seventh running of the Eneco Tour cycling stage race. It started with an individual time trial in Amersfoort in the Netherlands on 8 August and finished on 14 August 2011 in Sittard-Geleen, also in the Netherlands.


2011 Eneco Tour
The race consisted of seven stages, including the race-commencing prologue, as well as another individual time trial held in Roermond in the Netherlands. It was the 20th race of the 2011 UCI World Tour season. The race was held one week earlier than during the previous season and also one day less in length. Like the previous years, parts of the Netherlands and Belgium were covered.


2011 Eneco Tour
The race was won by Team Sky rider Edvald Boasson Hagen, who claimed the leader's white jersey for the second time in three years – after his previous triumph in 2009 – after a strong finish on the individual time trial stage, and maintained his advantage to the end of the race, winning the race's final stage in Sittard-Geleen. Boasson Hagen's winning margin over runner-up Philippe Gilbert of Omega Pharma–Lotto was 22 seconds, and Garmin–Cervélo's David Millar completed the podium, 6 seconds behind Gilbert and 28 seconds down on Boasson Hagen.


2011 Eneco Tour
Boasson Hagen also played a prominent part in the other classifications, as six top-ten placings over the week earned him victory in the points classification, while his overall triumph also meant victory in the young rider classification. Team RadioShack finished on top of the teams classification, after finishing tied with Team Sky in the standings. Team Sky had originally been classed as winners by a second, but a protest from Team RadioShack general manager Dirk Demol, overturned a one-second split in the field and Team RadioShack won the countback on time trial timings.


2011 Eneco Tour, Teams
The 18 teams from the UCI World Tour automatically take part in this edition of the Eneco Tour.


2011 Eneco Tour, Teams
4 teams have been awarded a wildcard; Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator on 10 June, Skil–Shimano on 24 June and on 14 July, Cofidis and Veranda's Willems–Accent.


2011 Eneco Tour, Stages, Prologue
8 August 2011 – Amersfoort (Netherlands), 5.7 km (3.5 mi) individual time trial (ITT)


2011 Eneco Tour, Stages, Stage 1
9 August 2011 – Oosterhout (Netherlands) to Sint Willebrord (Netherlands), 192.1 km (119.4 mi)


2011 Eneco Tour, Stages, Stage 2
10 August 2011 – Aalter (Belgium) to Ardooie (Belgium), 173.7 km (107.9 mi)


2011 Eneco Tour, Stages, Stage 3
11 August 2011 – Heers (Belgium) to Andenne (Belgium), 191.2 km (118.8 mi)


2011 Eneco Tour, Stages, Stage 4
12 August 2011 – Roermond (Netherlands), 14.7 km (9.1 mi) individual time trial (ITT)


2011 Eneco Tour, Stages, Stage 5
13 August 2011 – Genk (Belgium) to Genk (Belgium), 189.2 km (117.6 mi)


2011 Eneco Tour, Stages, Stage 6
14 August 2011 – Sittard-Geleen (Netherlands) to Sittard-Geleen (Netherlands), 201.2 km (125.0 mi)


2011 Eneco Tour, World rankings points
The Eneco Tour was one of 27 events throughout the season that contributed points towards the 2011 UCI World Tour. Points were awarded to the top 10 finishers overall, and to the top five finishers in each stage. Only riders on UCI ProTour teams were eligible to receive rankings points.


2011 England riots
The 2011 England riots, more widely known as the London riots, were a series of riots between 6 and 11 August 2011. Thousands of people rioted in cities and towns across England, which saw looting, arson, as well as mass deployment of police and the deaths of five people.


2011 England riots
The protests started in Tottenham Hale, London, following the death of Mark Duggan, a local man who was shot dead by police on 4 August. Several violent clashes with police followed Duggan's death, along with the destruction of police vehicles, a double-decker bus and many homes and businesses, which rapidly gained the attention of the media. Overnight, looting took place in Tottenham Hale retail park and in nearby Wood Green. The following days saw similar scenes in other parts of London, with the worst rioting taking place in Hackney, Brixton, Walthamstow, Peckham, Enfield, Battersea, Croydon, Ealing, Barking, Woolwich, Lewisham and East Ham.


2011 England riots
From 8 to 11 August, other towns and cities in England (including Birmingham, Bristol, Coventry, Derby, Leicester, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham, West Bromwich, and Wolverhampton) saw what was described by the media as "copycat violence", with social media playing a role. By 10 August, more than 3,003 arrests had been made across England, with more than 1,984 people issued with criminal charges for various offences related to the riots. Initially, courts sat for extended hours. There were a total of 3,443 crimes across London that were linked to the disorder. Along with the five deaths, at least 16 others were injured as a direct result of related violent acts. An estimated £200 million worth of property damage was incurred, and local economic activity – which in many cases was already struggling due to the recession – was significantly compromised.


2011 England riots
The riots generated significant debate among political, social, and academic figures about their causes and context. Attributions for the rioters' behaviour included social factors such as racial tension, class tension, economic decline, and the unemployment that decline had brought.


2011 England riots, Police shooting of Mark Duggan
On 4 August 2011, a police officer shot dead 29-year-old Mark Duggan during an intelligence-led, targeted vehicle stop procedure on the Ferry Lane bridge next to Tottenham Hale station. The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) said that the planned arrest was part of Operation Trident, which at that time investigated gun crime in the black community. The incident had been referred to the IPCC, which is standard practice if death or serious injury follows police contact.


2011 England riots, Police shooting of Mark Duggan
After the shooting, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying that Duggan fired on the police. Friends and relatives of Duggan said that he was unarmed. The police later revealed that initial ballistics tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio indicate that it was a "very distinct" police issue hollow-point bullet. The IPCC later stated that a loaded Bruni BBM blank-firing pistol, converted to fire live ammunition, was recovered from the scene. It was wrapped in a sock, and there was no evidence that it had been fired.


2011 England riots, Police shooting of Mark Duggan
On 13 August, the IPCC stated that Duggan did not open fire: "It seems possible that we may have verbally led journalists to [wrongly] believe that shots were exchanged." The bullet that had lodged in an officer's radio is believed to have been an overpenetration, having passed through Duggan's body.


2011 England riots, Police shooting of Mark Duggan
At lunchtime on 6 August, a meeting was called by police between local community leaders, councillors and members of police advisory groups. In this meeting, police were warned several times that there could possibly be another riot similar to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985 if local concerns regarding the death were not addressed.


2011 England riots, Police shooting of Mark Duggan
On 8 January 2014, a jury at the Royal Courts of Justice concluded that Duggan was lawfully killed. The verdict of lawful killing was upheld by the Court of Appeal in 2017.


2011 England riots, Police shooting of Mark Duggan, Protest march
On Saturday 6 August, a protest was held, initially peacefully, beginning at Broadwater Farm and finishing at Tottenham police station. The protest was organised by friends and relatives of Duggan to demand justice for the family. The group of some 300 people demanded that a senior local police officer come out to speak to them. When Chief Inspector Ade Adelekan arrived, he was met with boos and cries of "murderer", "Uncle Tom" and "coconut".


2011 England riots, Police shooting of Mark Duggan, Protest march
The crowd stayed in front of the police station hours longer than they originally planned because they were not satisfied with the seniority of the officers available at the time. Rumours that a 16-year-old girl had sustained injuries after attacking police with a champagne bottle began circulating on social media. To date, the girl remains unidentified and the report unconfirmed. However the rumour alone was sufficient to further fuel tensions in the area.


2011 England riots, Riots
The peaceful march on Saturday 6 August in Tottenham was followed by rioting and looting, first in Tottenham and later in Tottenham Hale Retail Park. Rioting occurred shortly after about 120 people marched from the Broadwater Farm estate to Tottenham Police Station via the High Road.


2011 England riots, Riots
The spread of news and rumours about the previous evening's disturbances in Tottenham sparked riots during the night of Sunday 7 August in the London districts of Brixton, Enfield, Islington and Wood Green and in Oxford Circus in the centre of London.


2011 England riots, Riots
In the evening of Monday 8 August many areas of London were affected by widespread looting, arson and violence. There were significant outbreaks in parts of Battersea, Brixton, Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, East Ham, Hackney, Harrow, Lewisham, Peckham, Stratford,Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Woolwich, and Wood Green. A man was found shot in Croydon and died later in hospital. Another man who had been assaulted in Ealing died in hospital on Thursday 11 August.


2011 England riots, Riots
Similar riots were reported outside London – notably in Birmingham, Bristol, Gillingham and Nottingham.


2011 England riots, Riots
Following a greatly increased police presence, London was quiet on Tuesday 9 August, but rioting continued in Nottingham and Birmingham (where, according to the police account, eleven shots were fired at police, including at a police helicopter, and petrol bombs thrown at officers) and spread to Leicester, parts of the West Midlands and to parts of Greater Manchester and Merseyside in the north-west of England. On Wednesday 10 August, London remained quiet while hundreds of arrests were being made by the police.


2011 England riots, Riots
Three men were killed in Birmingham in a hit-and-run incident related to the disturbances. Looting and violence continued in two locations around Manchester and Liverpool.


2011 England riots, Social media
The existence of social media made the 2011 riots unparalleled to any before them in terms of the speed at which issues managed to spread and at which rioters were able to mobilise and organise. Many used sites such as Facebook and Twitter to promote and advertise sites for looting and disorder. As a result, many online organisers were handed severe sentences for their roles in the violence.


2011 England riots, Social media
Throughout the rioting, many of the rioters failed to cover their faces. Some posed for pictures with stolen goods, posting them on social-networking sites.


2011 England riots, Social media
Although London employs CCTV cameras to monitor crime and large events, reports indicate that citizen footage contributed more to capturing looters in action than the police force. Beyond the CCTV, looters were filmed and photographed with their faces visible. Police forces and investigators used websites like Flickr to find galleries of the looters to help solve and prevent cases of vandalism and further damage. Facebook pages were also created to identify looters.


2011 England riots, Social media
Several interactive maps were implemented in the Google Maps website that showed satellite views of what was happening in the streets during the rioting. James Cridland, the managing director of the free media resources, created a Google Map that tracked verified locations of rioting. Channel 4 News also had similar maps that progressively tracked the damage in the streets as well. News channels also were able to utilise this public service to capture live footage on the streets and inform citizens of dangerous or crowded areas.


2011 England riots, Social media, BlackBerry Messenger
There were reports that the BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) service was used by looters to organise their activities, and that inflammatory and inaccurate accounts of Mark Duggan's killing on social media sites may have incited disturbances. One of the many messages shared between users was the following:


2011 England riots, Social media, BlackBerry Messenger
"Everyone in edmonton enfield wood green everywhere in north link up at enfield town station at 4 o clock sharp!!! !," it began. "Start leaving ur yards n linking up with your niggas. Fuck da feds, bring your ballys and your bags trollys, cars vans, hammers the lot!!"


2011 England riots, Social media, BlackBerry Messenger
Research in Motion assisted British police in tracking rioters who used BBM, stating, "We comply with the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act and co-operate fully with the Home Office and UK police forces."


2011 England riots, Social media, BlackBerry Messenger
Increased connectivity among individuals led to a greater ability to organise and execute massive gatherings. This not only occurred during the riots in England, but with other collective gatherings such as the Arab Spring and the Egyptian revolution of 2011.


2011 England riots, Social media, Twitter
Much like BBM, activity on social media shaped the London riots. During the Tottenham riots of 1985, citizens had to head into a public place to voice their message. Yet, with access to Twitter as a communication medium, social media was used to rapidly spread messages of the riots.


2011 England riots, Social media, Twitter
On Radio 4, a police official said social media was used to "organize [...] greed and criminality." The Daily Telegraph described Twitter as being an outlet for promoting gang violence. Evidence shows that Twitter is powerful because tweets of individuals were inspired by news content. However, an article in Time magazine suggested that BlackBerry Messenger was more to blame.


2011 England riots, Social media, Twitter
During the riots, Twitter accounted for four out of every 170 UK Internet visits on Monday 8 August. In addition, citizens also used Twitter to band together, after the destruction with hashtags including "#riotcleanup". Evidence shows that people were tweeting and re-tweeting news related to the riots, not original content.


2011 England riots, Social media, Mobile phones
Other than BlackBerry Messenger and social networking sites, mobile phone operators T-Mobile and Orange prioritised police requests for information about the phones that were used to plan the riots that hit British cities. Under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, phone companies were required to hand over data about the locations calls were made from, the owners of phones, and lists of calls made to and from a particular handset.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Trevor Ellis
Trevor Ellis, a 26-year-old man from Brixton Hill was shot dead in Croydon, South London, on 8 August. His family denied reports that Ellis, who had come from the Brixton area to Croydon with a group of friends, had been involved in looting. 13 people were arrested in connection with the murder. All were later bailed and then released without action. On 16 December, the eve of Ellis's birthday, detectives opened up a fresh appeal into the murder, asking for witnesses to come forward. As of 2020, no one has been charged.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Haroon Jahan, Shahzad Ali and Abdul Musavir
On 10 August, in Winson Green, Birmingham, three men – Haroon Jahan, 21, and brothers Shahzad Ali, 30, and Abdul Musavir, 31 – were killed in a hit-and-run incident while attempting to protect their neighbourhood from rioters and looters. On 19 April 2012, eight men, each indicted on three counts of murder, were tried at Birmingham Crown Court before Mr Justice Flaux; the jury acquitted all of the defendants on all charges.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Richard Mannington Bowes
A 68-year-old man, Richard Mannington Bowes, died on 11 August after he was attacked while attempting to stamp out a litter-bin fire in Ealing on the evening of 8 August.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Richard Mannington Bowes
The attacker inflicted severe head injuries which resulted in a coma. The assault was caught on CCTV and reportedly filmed on mobile phones by associates of the alleged assailant. The attack on Bowes was witnessed by several police officers, but due to the number of rioters they were unable to come to his aid until riot squad officers pushed back the rioters while being attacked to reach Bowes. A line of officers then held back the rioters as paramedics arrived. Bowes' wallet and phone had been stolen, and police faced difficulty in identifying him. He died of his injuries at St Mary's Hospital on 11 August 2011 after being removed from life support.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Richard Mannington Bowes
Many tributes were paid to Bowes, including Ealing Council, who flew the Union Flag at half-mast over its town hall and announced the launch of a relief fund in his name, and then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson, who described him as a hero.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Richard Mannington Bowes
16-year-old Darrell Desuze, of Hounslow was charged with the murder of Bowes, violent disorder and four burglaries. He appeared at Croydon Magistrates' Court on 16 August 2011, where he was remanded in custody until his appearance at the Central Criminal Court on 18 August 2011. His 31-year-old mother, Lavinia Desuze, was charged with perverting the course of justice. On 12 March 2012 at the Crown Court at Inner London, Darrel Desuze pleaded guilty to manslaughter, after previously pleading guilty to burglary and violent disorder. The following day the Crown withdrew the murder charge against him.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Richard Mannington Bowes
After a trial at the Crown Court at Inner London before Mr Justice Saunders and a jury, Lavinia Desuze was convicted of perverting the course of justice after she destroyed the clothing her son wore on the day of Bowes' death. On 17 April 2012, Mr Justice Saunders sentenced Darrell Desuze to detention for a term of eight years, and Lavinia Desuze to imprisonment for eighteen months.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Injuries
In London, between Monday afternoon and the early hours of Tuesday, 14 people were injured by rioters. These included a 75-year-old woman who suffered a broken hip in Hackney.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Injuries
In Barking, East London, 20-year-old Malaysian student Ashraf Haziq was beaten and then robbed twice by looters emptying his rucksack. Footage of the second mugging, which appears to show the second set of muggers pretend to help him then proceed to ransack his rucksack, was uploaded onto YouTube. He suffered a broken jaw, requiring surgery. On 2 March 2012, two men, John Kafunda of Ilford and Reece Donovan of Romford, were found guilty of the robbery of Rossli and also violent disorder by a jury at Wood Green Crown Court. The convictions were quashed by the Court of Appeal on 29 November 2012.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Injuries
In Chingford, East London, three police officers were hit by a car used as a getaway vehicle by a group who had looted the Aristocrat store on Chingford Mount Road. Two of the officers were seriously injured and taken to hospital.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Injuries
In total, 186 police officers were injured as well as 3 Police Community Support Officers. Five police dogs were also reported injured.


2011 England riots, Effects, Deaths and injuries, Injuries
Ten firefighters were injured as the London Fire Brigade dealt with over 100 serious fires caused by the disturbances. The LFB also reported that eight of its fire appliances had their windscreens smashed and that two fire cars were attacked.


2011 England riots, Effects, Property and business damage
Vehicles, homes and shops were attacked and set alight. At least 100 families are thought to have been made homeless by arson and looting. Shopkeepers estimated the damages in their Tottenham Hale and Tottenham branches at several million pounds. The riots caused the irretrievable loss of heritage architecture. It was estimated that retailers lost at least 30,000 trading hours.


2011 England riots, Effects, Property and business damage
The Association of British Insurers said that they expected the industry to pay out in excess of £200 million. Estimated losses in London were indicated to be in the region of £100m.


2011 England riots, Effects, Property and business damage
On 8 August 2011, a Sony DADC warehouse in Enfield at Enfield Lock, which also acted as the primary distribution centre for independent music distributor PIAS Entertainment Group, was destroyed by fire. Initially, because millions of items of stock were lost, including most of PIAS's inventory, it was thought that long-term damage to the British independent music industry might result. On 18 August 2011, PIAS confirmed that their operations were back to normal. On 11 August 2011, London police reported that they had arrested three teenagers in connection with the warehouse fire.


2011 England riots, Effects, Property and business damage
The Financial Times reported that an analysis showed that 48,000 local businesses – shops, restaurants, pubs and clubs – had suffered financial losses as a result of the looting and rioting in English streets.


2011 England riots, Effects, Property and business damage
According to BBC News, a total of 2,584 businesses were attacked and looted, 231 homes were targeted by burglars and vandals, 664 people were robbed or injured.


2011 England riots, Effects, Personal attacks and thefts
A 15-year-old was accused in August 2011 of raping a 13-year-old girl while the riots were taking place. The prosecution described the incident as being geographically "close" to the riots.


2011 England riots, Effects, Personal attacks and thefts
A 20-year-old student, Ashraf Haziq, was attacked while cycling along Queen's Road in Barking. The prosecution said that the victim was punched in the face by one of a group of 100 youths. His bike, PlayStation Portable and mobile phone were stolen. In September 2011, an accusation of robbery was made against 24-year-old Reece Donovan. The same month, a 17-year-old, Beau Isagba, was accused and in February 2012 convicted of breaking the victim's jaw with an unprovoked punch. In February 2012, John Kafunda and Reece Donovan were convicted of stealing from Rossli, after being identified on camera pretending to help him. Sony offered to replace his PSP after a video of the attack became popular, and Namco Bandai sent him a package of games.


2011 England riots, Effects, Transport
Four London buses were set on fire during the riots (two of which were completely destroyed, one suffered serious damage but was subsequently repaired, and one suffered less serious damage and was also repaired) and other buses suffered broken windows and other minor damage.


2011 England riots, Effects, Transport
On 9 August, Croydon's Tramlink was partly shut down due to damage inflicted along its route. Transport for London, London Overground and London Underground shut Barking, Peckham Rye and Harrow-on-the-Hill and Hackney Central stations. The train operating company Southern later announced that trains were not stopping at many stations in south London. National Express Coaches stopped serving Wolverhampton and suburban stops in the Birmingham area (but not Birmingham Coach Station itself) and Manchester (but not Manchester Airport).


2011 England riots, Effects, Sporting fixtures
Five Football League Cup games due to be played on 9 and 10 August were postponed after requests from police due to the riots. The games at Bristol City, Bristol Rovers, Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace and West Ham United were all postponed, as they were all situated within a short distance of areas which had seen some of the worst disturbances. There was also uncertainty as to the Third Test cricket match between India and England, at Edgbaston in Birmingham, but the match was played.


2011 England riots, Effects, Sporting fixtures
The international football friendly match between England and the Netherlands at Wembley Stadium due to take place on 10 August was cancelled, as well as the international friendly between Ghana and Nigeria scheduled for 9 August at Vicarage Road, Watford.


2011 England riots, Effects, Sporting fixtures
Tottenham Hotspur's opening game of the 2011–12 Premier League season against Everton on 13 August was postponed. The League Two game between Cheltenham Town and Swindon Town, due to be played the same day, was also initially postponed until further consultation allowed Gloucestershire Police to provide the required resources.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
Following the initial disorder in Tottenham, the constituency Labour MP David Lammy appealed for calm, saying that "true justice can only follow a thorough investigation of the facts" and that Tottenham had had its "heart ripped out" by the riots. He said that rioters were not representative of the local community as a whole and insisted that the Independent Police Complaints Commission must fully establish the circumstances of Mark Duggan's death. Lammy voiced concerns that the EDL and BNP were playing on the London riots and people's fears to advance their political motives.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
Streatham's Labour MP Chuka Umunna condemned the violence in Brixton and Tottenham. Umunna called for the BlackBerry Messenger service, used by some of the rioters to co-ordinate their activities, to be "temporarily disabled" between 6 pm and 6 am BST.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
The use of BlackBerry Messenger to encourage violent disorder led to arrests – a Colchester man was detained under the Serious Crime Act.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
John Randall, the Conservative MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip said: "It’s a small minority of people causing the trouble. The events in Ealing brought it home, it’s just down the Uxbridge Road." Hackney North and Stoke Newington MP Diane Abbott called for the introduction of a curfew.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
Newark MP Colonel Patrick Mercer called for the deployment of water cannon. In December 2010 Theresa May, the Home Secretary, had said that the deployment of water cannon by police forces on the British mainland was an operational decision which had been "resisted until now by senior police officers." On 9 August 2011, May rejected their use and said: "The way we police in Britain is not through use of water cannon. The way we police in Britain is through consent of communities."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
Ken Livingstone, the former London mayor, said "The issue of water cannon would be very useful given the level of arson we are seeing here." Scotland Yard said officers did not have any water cannon and if their use was approved they would have to be brought over from Northern Ireland.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
May said: "I condemn utterly the violence in Tottenham... Such disregard for public safety and property will not be tolerated, and the Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order." She returned to the UK from holiday early to meet senior police officials on 8 August.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
A spokesman for the Prime Minister's office added: "The rioting in Tottenham last night was utterly unacceptable. There is no justification for the aggression the police and the public faced, or for the damage to property."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
The deputy prime minister Nick Clegg said that the riots were "completely unacceptable" and described the violence as "needless and opportunistic".


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
London's mayor, Boris Johnson, who cut short a holiday in Canada to return to the UK on 9 August, said: "I'm appalled at the scenes of violence and destruction in Tottenham" whilst his deputy Kit Malthouse told a Sky News reporter that "criminal elements were to blame for the trouble."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
Prime Minister David Cameron condemned the "terrible scenes of people looting, vandalising, thieving, robbing" and told rioters "You will feel the full force of the law. And if you are old enough to commit these crimes, you are old enough to face the punishment."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
Croydon Central MP Gavin Barwell called the damage caused in the London Borough of Croydon "sickening".


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
In a strongly worded criticism of what he deems to be a misplaced "hyper-sensitivity about race", dating back to the Macpherson Report of 1999, Civitas director David Green attributed the reluctance by police to use force to a fear of disciplinary action. He said that "officers in charge of [handling] a riot think it safer to wait for orders from the top".


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
In a public speech on 15 August, David Cameron blamed a "broken society" in "moral collapse" – broad societal change themes common to his party's election campaign theme Broken Britain.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Political
The city councils of Manchester and Salford are reported to be investigating their powers for ways of evicting tenants if they, or their children, have been involved in violence or looting in their cities. The London Borough of Greenwich also stated on its website: "We shall seek the eviction of anyone living in council property if they are found to have been engaged in criminal acts."


2011 England riots, Reactions, International
Several countries issued warnings advising caution to travellers visiting the United Kingdom during the riots.


2011 England riots, Reactions, International
Khaled Kaim, the Deputy Foreign Minister of the Gaddafi government in Libya, called on Cameron to resign over the riots, stating that "Cameron has lost all legitimacy and must go", he also called for an international intervention in the UK against Cameron and accused Cameron of using Irish and Scottish mercenaries against rioters, mocking Cameron's comments on Gaddafi during the First Libyan Civil War that year.


2011 England riots, Reactions, International
In 2012, The Syrian Ambassador to the UN, Bashar Jaafari compared the situation and government response of the Syrian uprising to that of the 2011 England riots.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
The riots were described by one journalist as "the worst disturbances of their kind since the 1995 Brixton riots".


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
Commentators likened the riots to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985, during which a police officer, Keith Blakelock, was murdered. The disturbances were preceded by calls for better oversight of the Metropolitan Police, repeating observations which go back to the death of Stephen Lawrence and the New Cross Fire. In April 2011 there was a large nonviolent march to Scotland Yard as a result of the death of Smiley Culture. The very widespread scale of the violence prompted comparisons with the Gordon Riots of 1780.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
The Daily Telegraph's editorial said: "What we have experienced in London and elsewhere since Saturday night is a wholly new phenomenon: violent disorder whose sole intent is criminal... In such circumstances, there can be only one response if the law-abiding majority is to be protected: the thugs must be taught to respect the law of the land the hard way."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
The Telegraph also reported: "Tottenham riots: police let gangs run riot and loot: Britain’s biggest police force is facing criticism after it let looters run riot in north London for almost 12 hours..."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
The Guardian called on the public to back the police: "... Britain's 2011 riots have become a defining contest between disorder and order. In that contest, important caveats notwithstanding, there is only one right side to be on. The attacks, the destruction, the criminality and the reign of fear must be stopped. The rule of law in the cities of Britain must not only be defended against delinquent destruction. It must also be enforced."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
During the height of the riots, The Guardian was accused of anti-Semitic incitement by the media monitoring organisation, Comment Is Free Watch (CiFW), after Guardian journalist Paul Lewis singled out Hasidic Jewish residents who were not involved in the rioting. The content of his report stated, "The make-up of the rioters was racially mixed. Most were men or boys, some apparently as young as 10….But families and other local residents, including some from Tottenham's Hasidic Jewish community, also gathered to watch and jeer at police."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
CIFW responded by condemning the newspaper saying, "A 1,800 Guardian report doesn't mention the race, ethnicity, or religion of the rioters, somehow found it pertinent to note that some of those who gathered to jeer police were, allegedly, Hasidic Jews." As a result of the negative publicity, The Guardian revised the story.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
In its 9 August leading article, The Independent said the police's handling of Mark Duggan's death "looks to have been poor", and that there is "context of mistrust of the police here." The paper added that "it is spurious to draw a connection between that disaffection [by the inner-city youth] and specific outbreaks of violence of the sort we have seen in recent days."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
Psychiatrist Theodore Dalrymple wrote an opinion piece for the New York Daily News, in which he blamed the "sense of entitlement" that he sees as being common among Britain's youth as a cause for the riots, and said that British youth are today among "the most unpleasant and violent in the world" as a result.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
Some journalists made comparisons between these riots and the 2005 riots in France. In both cases, the unrest started with the death of a young person during a confrontation with the police. In fact, a television report by France 2, broadcast in November 2005, showed a visit by a delegation from Évry (just outside Paris) to Tottenham, with the report calling "Tottenham part of London 'regularly shaken by riots' in earlier decades, where 'a lot of money was invested' and 'the promotion of ethnic minorities', had been made a priority."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Press
Writing in Pakistan's Newsline, Mahir Ali likened the government's response to that of Margaret Thatcher to the 1981 England riots.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
Many people called for the government to urge the police to deploy anti-riot methods often used outside Great Britain, such as water cannon and baton rounds (which have been used in Northern Ireland), the use of which has long been resisted by senior police commanders and politicians.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
Pauline Pearce, a 45-year-old woman from Hackney, was filmed close to the rioting, furiously chastising looters over their criminal behaviour. She is seen holding a walking-stick and gesturing. The resulting Heroine of Hackney video subsequently went viral. Its rapid spread was helped by tweeting from famous people such as newspaper editor Piers Morgan. Pearce was hailed as a heroine for helping to ease tensions in Hackney; her influence was acknowledged by politicians and the national press. MP for Hackney South and Shoreditch, Meg Hillier, has invited Pearce to the Houses of Parliament.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
Speaking to The Australian newspaper, Pearce described the looting and vandalism as being "heart-breaking" and also contrasted people's relative poverty with expenditure for the Olympic Games. Pearce has since been featured in The Spectator, dismissing David Starkey's view that hip-hop culture was partly to blame for the riots. In September 2011, she was awarded the Team London Award at the annual Peace Awards by Boris Johnson.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
On Amazon, sales of baseball bats and truncheons increased significantly overnight. Deputy Assistant Commissioner Stephen Kavanagh stated: "We are already seeing a community kickback. People are angry. This is their neighbourhoods that are at stake." Political commentator and foreign affairs analyst Nile Gardiner suggested that the British Government should prompt a debate which will allow British business owners the right to keep and bear arms.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
Three men killed in a hit-and-run incident in Birmingham, Haroon Jahan, Shazad Ali, and Abdul Musavir Tariq, were described as heroes for dying while attempting to defend their neighbourhood. Tariq Jahan, the father of 21-year-old victim Haroon Jahan, gave a speech appealing for calm, social unity and an end to the violence, hours after his son's death. Jahan was hailed as a hero and a patriot for helping to ease tensions in Birmingham; his influence was acknowledged by politicians and the national press, receiving an award at the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan said of him: "Uncomplaining, in control of his emotions, Tariq Jahan reminds us of what it means to be British." The Financial Times described Jahan as eloquent and inspiring, and said "His selfless intervention contrasted with the rapacious self-interest of the looters, and was a timely reminder of the obligations of community."


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
Tens of thousands of users of social networking sites coordinated clean-up operations of their local shopping areas and streets. Social media sites Twitter and Facebook were also used for reporting information on the riots and to co-ordinate a voluntary citizens' operation to clear up riot-hit areas. In Clapham Junction, dozens of volunteers carrying brooms turned out to assist with clean-up efforts. On Facebook, over 900,000 people joined a group entitled 'Supporting the Met Police against the London rioters'.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
Manchester City Councillor Pat Karney, the city centre spokesperson for Manchester City Council, said: "The true Mancunian civic spirit has been shown in Manchester today." Staff from city centre businesses and Manchester Metropolitan University joined the volunteers, as food outlets gave out free drinks and snacks. There were several fundraising initiatives to help independent business owners re-build their businesses and livelihoods.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
A petition was submitted to the UK government proposing that any convicted rioters have their benefit payments cut. This petition has been signed by over 200,000 people.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public
A petition on the UK government website demanding convicted rioters to be banished to the Outer Hebrides of Scotland was set up in the summer of 2011. The reaction caused a public outcry in Scotland and eventually Westminster offered an apology to Western Isles MP Angus Brendan MacNeil.


2011 England riots, Reactions, Public, Vigilantism
By 20:00 on 7 August, the major rioting had spread to Wood Green, but some riot police were on hand. Again, the police did not intervene to stop the looting. The mostly Turkish and Kurdish shop owners along Wood Green, Turnpike Lane and Green Lanes, Harringay, were said to have formed local 'protection units' around their shops.