2011 Gatorade Duels, Races, Race 1
At the lap six restart, Menard remained the leader ahead of Martin. On the same lap, Martin became the leader, after having assistance from Stewart. By the ninth lap, Martin and Stewart had a 1.7 second lead over the third position. Two laps later, Earnhardt moved to the tenth position, while Harvick became the leader. On the 22nd lap, Johnson moved up to ninth while Harvick and Kurt Busch switched the first position between them. On the following lap, Kahne became the leader, but after four laps, Harvick reclaimed the first position. However, on the 30th lap, Kahne took the lead from Harvick, only to get it removed by Kurt Busch one lap later. At lap 32, Earnhardt moved up to the ninth position, while Johnson moved up to fifth.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Races, Race 1
On lap 34, Harvick took the lead from Kurt Busch, but on the same lap, Busch reclaimed the position. On the following lap, Menard was tenth, while A. J. Allmendinger passed Johnson for the fifth position. On lap 38, green flag pit stops began, as Bill Elliott and Brian Vickers made pit stops. On the following lap, most of the drivers made pit stops for fuel. On lap 41, Matt Kenseth and Kurt Busch made pit stops. Two laps later, Kenseth became the leader, with assistance from Harvick.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Races, Race 1
On the 45th lap, Kenseth was the leader, ahead of Harvick, Kahne, Juan Pablo Montoya, and Regan Smith. Seven laps later, Johnson moved up into the eighth position. On lap 56, the second caution was given after Michael McDowell's engine failed. At the lap 60 restart, Kenseth was the leader, but on the final lap, he was passed by Kurt Busch and Smith. Kurt Busch remained the leader to win the race, ahead of Smtih, Harvick, and Kenseth. Bill Elliott and Yeley earned transfers to qualify for the Daytona 500. There were two cautions and 20 lead changes among nine different drivers during the course of the race. Harvick's total of 20 laps led was the highest of any competitor. Kurt Busch led five times for a total of seven laps.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Races, Race 2
Following the first Gatorade Duel, Murphy Reynolds gave the command for drivers to start their engines. During the pace laps, Casey Mears went to the back of the field because he changed his engine and Truex did the same because he switched to a backup car. At the start, Gordon and Bayne were the leaders. On the first lap, Bowyer became the leader after having assistance from Burton. On the following lap, Jamie McMurray moved into the third position, after drafting with Kyle Busch. On the third lap, the first caution was given because Mears' engine failed.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Races, Race 2
At the lap six restart, Bowyer was the leader, ahead of Burton, Kyle Busch, and Biffle. Two laps later, Busch became the leader. On the 11th lap, Carl Edwards moved up to third, while McMurray moved up to second. Two laps later, Edwards became the leader. On lap 14, Gordon reclaimed the first position, as Bayne moved up to second. On the following lap, the second caution was given after Logano collided into the wall and slid through grass. Most of the drivers made pit stops during the caution. At the lap 20 restart, Edwards was the leader ahead of Kyle Busch.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Races, Race 2
On the 21st lap, Kyle Busch fell to the ninth position, after having no assistance. Two laps later, Bowyer took the first position, but after two more laps, he was passed by Gordon. At lap 27, Truex, with assistance from Hamlin became the leader for only a lap before Edwards reclaimed the position. Afterward on lap 30, Burton became the leader ahead Biffle and Gordon. Seven laps later, Gordon, with assistance from Bayne became moved into the first and second positions.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Races, Race 2
On the 39th lap, Brad Keselowski spun sideways after losing control of his car, prompting the third caution to come out. He slid through grass but continued without any apparent damage. At the lap 43 restart, Gordon remained in the first position, but on the following lap, Edwards retook the lead. On the 46th lap, Hamlin spun sideways to cause the fourth caution. Edwards remained the leader at the lap 49 restart. Five laps later, the fifth caution was given, after Todd Bodine crashed. With three laps remaining in the race, Burton and Bowyer were in the first two positions. Burton remained the leader to cross the finish line in first, ahead of Bowyer in second. Also on the final lap, there was an accident at behind the front runners. Michael Waltrip finished third, Kyle Busch clinched fourth, and Brian Keselowski rounded out the first five positions.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Races, Race 2
In the end, the following five drivers failed to qualify for the Daytona 500 because they could not finish high enough in their respective Duels or turn a fast enough qualifying lap: Casey Mears, Todd Bodine, Derrike Cope, Kevin Conway, and Michael McDowell. The second race had a record-breaking total of 22 lead changes in the Gatorade Duels among seven different drivers and had five caution periods. Burton's total of 17 laps led was the highest of any competitor.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Post-race
Following the first race, Kurt Busch drove to victory lane. During the press conference, Busch said, "To be in those positions, you have to have a good drafting partner. I had that with Regan Smith [Thursday], had it with [Jamie] McMurray on Saturday night [in the Shootout]. But you can't be in those positions if you don't build a great race car." Also by winning the race, Kurt Busch would be the leader at the start of the Daytona 500, after Earnhardt was involved in an accident.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Post-race
Second-place finisher Smith stated: "Kurt (Busch) and I worked good all day and we had good cars hooked up together. I hope we find each other and do the same thing on Sunday." The first event took 58 minutes and 12 seconds to complete and the margin of victory was 0.065 seconds.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Post-race
Once the second race was over, Burton drove to victory lane after winning the race. In the next press conference, he said, "It’s great to be in Victory Lane but we’ve got to keep it in perspective that this wasn’t the Daytona 500. You want me to tell you what’s going to happen on Sunday? We’re going to have 400 miles of some stuff happening, but then 100 miles of a lot of things happening.


2011 Gatorade Duels, Post-race
We’re going to have six or seven cautions in the last 100 laps, it’s going to be a short race to [the] chequered [flag] and that’s what’s going to happen." The second event took one hour, five minutes and 54 seconds to complete and the margin of victory was 0.005 seconds. A crowd of 80,000 people attended the races. The races had a television audience of 3.303 million people.


2011 Gedling Borough Council election
The 2011 Gedling Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2011 to elect members of Gedling Borough Council in Nottinghamshire, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour Party gained overall control of the council from the Conservative Party.


2011 Gedling Borough Council election, Campaign
Before the election the Conservatives ran the council with 28 seats, compared to 9 for Labour, 8 Liberal Democrats and 5 independents.


2011 Gedling Borough Council election, Campaign
A big issue in the election was the introduction of car parking charges by the Conservative council. Labour said that local businesses were suffering because of the charges and proposed to end the charges and cut the number of councillors, while the Conservatives said the charges enabled them to preserve services and keep council tax down. Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrats expected that they and the Conservatives would suffer due to the cuts being made by the national coalition government.


2011 Gedling Borough Council election, Election result
The results saw Labour gain control of the council from the Conservatives, after taking 13 seats from the Conservative party, 5 from the Liberal Democrats and all 5 independent seats. This left Labour with 32 seats, compared to 15 Conservatives and 3 Liberal Democrats. Overall turnout in the election was 45.3%.


2011 Gedling Borough Council election, By-Elections between May 2011 - April 2015
By-elections are called when a representative Councillor resigns or dies, so are unpredictable. A by-election is held to fill a political office that has become vacant between the scheduled elections.


2011 Geelong Football Club season
The 2011 Geelong Football Club season was the club's 112th season in the Australian Football League (AFL). Geelong finished the regular season in second position on the ladder with 19 wins and three losses, resulting in qualification for the 2011 AFL finals series. Geelong then proceeded to win its qualifying and preliminary finals in succession to earn a place in the 2011 AFL Grand Final, where it defeated the minor premiers Collingwood to claim the AFL Premiership.


2011 Geelong Football Club season, VFL season, Squad
The 2011 VFL squad was named on 17 March 2011, consisting of 17 players. An additional four players were able to be listed until 30 June 2011, however, Geelong did not utilise these places. Senior and rookie-listed players for Geelong are also eligible for selection in VFL matches.


2011 General Cup International
The 2011 General Cup was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 4–7 July 2011 at the General Snooker Club in Hong Kong.


2011 General Cup International
Stephen Lee won in the final 7–6 against Ricky Walden.


2011 General Cup International, Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:


2011 Generali Ladies Linz
The 2011 Generali Ladies Linz was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 25th edition of the Generali Ladies Linz, and part of the WTA International tournaments of the 2011 WTA Tour. It was held at the TipsArena Linz in Linz, Austria, from October 10 through October 16, 2011.


2011 Generali Ladies Linz, Champions, Doubles
Marina Erakovic /  Elena Vesnina defeated  Julia Görges /  Anna-Lena Grönefeld, 7–5, 6–1


2011 Generali Ladies Linz, Players, Other Entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:


2011 Generali Ladies Linz, Players, Other Entrants
The following players received entry from a lucky loser spot:


2011 Generali Ladies Linz – Doubles
Renata Voráčová and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová were the defending champions, but Voráčová decided not to participate.


2011 Generali Ladies Linz – Doubles
Záhlavová-Strýcová played alongside Iveta Benešová but were eliminated in the Quarterfinals by Mervana Jugić-Salkić and Sandra Klemenschits.


2011 Generali Ladies Linz – Doubles
Marina Erakovic and Elena Vesnina won in the final, beating Julia Görges and Anna-Lena Grönefeld, 7–5, 6–1.


2011 Generali Ladies Linz – Singles
Ana Ivanovic was the defending champion, but decided not to participate.


2011 Generali Ladies Linz – Singles
Petra Kvitová won the tournament, defeating Dominika Cibulková in the final 6–4, 6–1.


2011 Gent–Wevelgem
The 2011 Gent–Wevelgem was the 73rd running of the Gent–Wevelgem cycling race, held on 27 March 2011. Quick-Step's Tom Boonen won the race in a sprint finish ahead of Leopard Trek rider Daniele Bennati and Tyler Farrar of Garmin–Cervélo.


2011 Gent–Wevelgem, Teams
As this is a UCI World Tour event, the organisers are obliged to give a place to each of the 18 ProTour teams. They also invited 7 wild card teams, indicated with an asterisk below. Each of the 25 teams were permitted up to eight riders: 196 riders began the race.


2011 Georgetown Hoyas football team
The 2011 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Hoyas were led by sixth-year head coach Kevin Kelly and played their home games at Multi-Sport Field. They were a member of the Patriot League. They finished the season 8–3, 4–2 in Patriot League play to finish in a tie for second place.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Bulldogs were led by 11th-year head coach Mark Richt and played their home games at Sanford Stadium. They are a member of the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference. They finished the season 10–4, 7–1 in SEC play to be champions of the Eastern Division. They represented the division in the SEC Championship Game where they lost to Western Division representative LSU 42–10. They were invited to the Outback Bowl where they lost to Michigan State 33–30 in three overtimes. The 2011 season marked the first time since 1981 that UGA swept three of its biggest SEC rivals: Florida, Auburn and Tennessee; this feat would be repeated in the 2012 season.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Boise State
Georgia opened up the 2011 season against the Boise State Broncos in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game held in the Georgia Dome. The matchup was only the second in both schools' history, the previous meeting being in 2005 where Georgia won 48–13 in Athens. The game initially got off to a slow start, until Georgia scored first late in the first quarter. However, in the second half, Boise State was able to pull away with 3 touchdowns to make the final score 35–21. Notably, both teams wore Nike Pro Combat jerseys as part of an agreement.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, South Carolina
Georgia's first conference game was against the South Carolina Gamecocks, the defending champion of the SEC's Eastern Division. Despite major improvements following the Boise State game, as well as three Carolina turnovers, the Bulldogs failed to win their first SEC game of the season.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Coastal Carolina
Following two losses, Georgia looked to get its first victory over the FCS Chanticleers. For the first time since 2000, the game was not sold out. However, Georgia outplayed the Chanticleers to get their first win as well as their first shutout since a 2010 win over the Vanderbilt Commodores.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Ole Miss
Georgia game against the Ole Miss Rebels was considered the first true road game of the season. While Bulldogs were able to rack up 24 points in the first half, they would only score 3 points in the second half. However, the Georgia defense was able to hold Ole Miss to 13 points, granting the Bulldogs their first conference win.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Mississippi State
In a home game against the Mississippi State Bulldogs, the Georgia offense manages to rack up 21 points during the first half while holding Mississippi State to a field goal. However, Georgia again had issues scoring in the second half, only scoring a field goal. However, Mississippi State would only score one more touchdown in the fourth quarter, allowing Georgia to improve to 3–2.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Tennessee
Coming into this game, Georgia had not won an away game at Tennessee since 2005. In addition, the last two visits to Tennessee had been lopsided victories in favor of Tennessee. Early offensive problems led to a tie game at halftime. However, Georgia would score 14 points in the second half, for a 20–12 win. The win was historic in that it was the 100th career win at Georgia for head coach Mark Richt.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Vanderbilt
Georgia's game against Vanderbilt was a difficult win, though the Bulldogs would eventually win 33–28.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Florida
Georgia and Florida both came off a bye week coming to the game, with the game considered a must-win for Georgia coach Mark Richt. Meanwhile, Florida coach Will Muschamp had guaranteed a win over Georgia. Florida quarterback John Brantley made his return following an ankle sprain four weeks prior. During the game, Georgia's special teams problems became apparent as Florida was able to make huge returns, while Georgia kicker Blair Walsh missed two field goals.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Florida
Near the end of the first half, the Gators were up 17–3, when Georgia chose to convert a 4th down and long for a touchdown rather than attempt a field goal. In the second half, the Gators were held to 3 points, but maintained a lead well into the 4th quarter, when Georgia running back Richard Samuel scored on a 4 yd run. Georgia would manage to hold off Florida despite poor field position to win 24–20.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, New Mexico State
The 2011 Homecoming game saw one of the all-time great performances over a single quarter by a Georgia Bulldogs teams. QB Aaron Murray threw for 238 yards and 5 touchdowns as Georgia scored 42 points in the second quarter to open up a 49–3 lead at the half. Murray never came back into the game and the second and third strings added 14 more points on their way to a 63–16 rout of the Aggies. The games marks the most yards gained and the most points scored in the Mark Richt era.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Auburn
This matchup was played on November 12, 2011 3:30 PM Considered the "Deep South's Oldest Rivalry"Pregame The Georgia Bulldogs are favored to win by 17 but Auburn Tigers fans are hungry to disrupt Georgia's seven-game winning streak. Both teams strike quickly with Georgia scoring first a few minutes into the first quarter. Auburn immediately answered on the ensuing drive with a touchdown making it 7–7. Auburn sputtered and never scored again or had the lead.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Auburn
Georgia went on a romp with QB Aaron Murray throwing four touchdown passes in the first half going 14–18 (no interceptions) surpassing former Georgia QB (current NFL QB of the Detroit Lions) Matthew Stafford's single season touchdown record of 25. Georgia Safety Bacarri Rambo's pick six on Auburn QB Clint Moseley seals the momentum for the Bulldogs and after an impressive start Georgia Bulldogs are up 35–7 over Auburn Tigers at the half. Georgia's defense stepped up again to hold Auburn to 51 yards rushing and 144 yards passing in the game with 3 forced turnovers. In the second half Georgia pounded the ball on the ground and only tried two pass plays, scoring a field goal and touchdown dominating the 2010 defending national champion Auburn Tigers 45–7, the largest routing of Auburn by a Georgia Bulldogs team since 1946.


2011 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Auburn
Time Of Possession was lopsided. Georgia TOP 40:55  Georgia total offense: 528Georgia Rushing: 304Georgia Passing: 224Georgia 3rd Down: 12 of 15Georgia Turnovers: 2Auburn TOP 19:05Auburn total offense: 195Auburn Rushing: 51Auburn Passing: 144Auburn 3rd Down: 3 of 11Auburn Turnovers: 3


2011 Georgia Force season
The 2011 Georgia Force season was the eighth season for the franchise in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by Dean Cokinos and played their home games at the Arena at Gwinnett Center. This was the first season for the Force since 2008, after the league went on hiatus in 2009 and the franchise was not active in 2010. In the regular season, the Force went 11–7, qualifying for the playoffs as the 3rd seed in the American Conference. They defeated the Cleveland Gladiators 50–41 in the conference semifinals, but lost 55–64 to the Jacksonville Sharks in the conference championship.


2011 Georgia Force season, Standings
z - Clinched division and conference's best recordx - Clinched playoff berth


2011 Georgia Force season, Schedule, Regular season
The Force began the season at home against the Tulsa Talons on March 13. They will finish the regular season on the road against the Iowa Barnstormers on July 23.


2011 Georgia Southern Eagles football team
The 2011 Georgia Southern Eagles team represented Georgia Southern University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Eagles were led by second-year head coach Jeff Monken and played their home games at Paulson Stadium. They are a member of the Southern Conference. They finished the season 11–3, 7–1 in Southern Conference play, winning the conference championship outright. They received the conference's automatic bid into the FCS playoffs where they defeated Old Dominion in the second round and Maine in the quarterfinals before falling to North Dakota State in the semifinals.


2011 Georgia Southern Eagles football team, Rankings
On November 13, 2011 they received one vote in the AP Top 25 poll.


2011 Georgia State Panthers football team
The 2011 Georgia State Panthers football team represented Georgia State University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Panthers were led by second year head coach Bill Curry and played their home games at the Georgia Dome. Although Georgia State is a full member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA), the Panthers played as an FCS independent. This was their second season in program history and last as an independent. They became a football member of the CAA in 2012. They finished the season with a record of 3-8.


2011 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 2011 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Yellow Jackets were led by fourth year head coach Paul Johnson and played their home games at Bobby Dodd Stadium. They are members of the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They finished the season 8–5, 5–3 in ACC play to finish in a tie for second place in the Coastal Division. They were invited to the Sun Bowl where they were defeated by Utah 27–30 in overtime.


2011 Georgian protests
The 2011 Georgian protests were a series of anti-government protests in Georgia against President Mikheil Saakashvili.


2011 Georgian protests, Events
The protests began on 21 May 2011 when over 10,000 Georgians attended a demonstration in Tbilisi demanding Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili's resignation. In the southwestern city of Batumi some demonstrations also occurred with some protesters attempting to break into television building. Nino Burjanadze, an ex-parliamentary speaker and leader of the Democratic Movement-United Georgia party, has been a lead figure in the demonstrations. The protesters in Batumi briefly clashed with police.


2011 Georgian protests, Events
On 26 May at about 00:15, Georgian police began to suppress the protests with tear gas and rubber bullets, and the protests soon ended.


2011 Georgian protests, Events
On 28 May, a separate demonstration was held with thousands of participants, protesting against violence both by the protesters and by the police.


2011 Georgian protests, Arrests
In early June, Georgian authorities arrested and charged Badri Bitsadze, husband of former parliament speaker Nino Burdzhanadze, with attempting to orchestrate the government takeover using paramilitary groups during the violent anti-government protests. There have been 105 other arrests of protesters.


2011 Georgian protests, Reactions
Mikheil Saakashvilli stated that he believed the protestors were backed by Russia and had provoked the violence. Likewise John R. Bass, the American ambassador to Georgia, stated that "here were clearly a number of people included in that protest who were not interested in peacefully protesting, but were looking to spark a violent confrontation." The Georgian Interior Ministry released video recordings that it claims show opposition members discussing how to instigate clashes with police The Economist, meanwhile, spoke of an attempt by Burjanadze to "claw her way back to power".


2011 Georgian protests, Reactions
Irakli Alasania (an opposition leader who disassociated himself from the protests early on) opined that the protests were doomed to failure because:


2011 Georgian protests, Reactions
The era when politicians can just call people on the streets is over. Georgia is building a new political culture. People want to determine Georgia’s future through elections.


2011 Geox–TMC season
The 2011 season for the Geox–TMC cycling team, its last, began in February at the Gran Premio della Costa Etruschi and ended in October at the Tour of Hainan. With new financial backers and a greatly improved roster over their meager 2010 season, the team had hoped to retain UCI ProTeam status in the offseason. Instead, they rode as a UCI Professional Continental team, meaning that they had to be selected by the organizers of any UCI World Tour event if they were to compete. This included each of the season's Grand Tours.


2011 Geox–TMC season
The team's manager and license-holder was former Liège–Bastogne–Liège winner Mauro Gianetti. Though both Geox and TMC expressed desire to replace him with former Mapei manager Álvaro Crespi, since the team did not attain ProTeam status, nothing came of this during the season. Crespi held an official role with the team as a consultant.


2011 Geox–TMC season
For the second successive year, the team's roster was drastically changed, though in contrast to 2010, many top-level riders joined the team for 2011, including Denis Menchov and Carlos Sastre, who between them had won all of cycling's Grand Tours. The 2011 season added another Grand Tour winner to the team's stable, as Juan José Cobo was the surprise winner of the Vuelta a España.


2011 Geox–TMC season
The overall, a stage, and three classifications at the Vuelta provided for the vast majority of Geox-TMC's victories in 2011, as they had not won any race prior to the Vuelta for two months, and only one in the preceding four months. Neither Menchov nor Sastre had any wins in 2011.


2011 Geox–TMC season
Geox withdrew sponsorship after the 2011 season, later paving the way for the team to collapse.


2011 Geox–TMC season, One-day races
Before the spring season and the races known as classics, the team was active in the Vuelta a Mallorca series of one-day races. After the team's best rider outside the top 50 in each of the first two races, Durán featured highly in the Trofeo Inca after pulling away from the main field on the descent of the final climb of the race, the Puig Major, along with Team RadioShack rider Ben Hermans and Movistar Team's Xavier Tondo.


2011 Geox–TMC season, One-day races
With 5 km (3.1 mi) remaining, the trio were a minute clear of the field, and were left to fight it out for the race's honours, where Hermans won ahead of Durán and Tondo. The following day, Cheula was part of a five-man breakaway in the Trofeo Deià that remained out front for 75 km (46.6 mi), but ultimately the race came down to a sprint for victory, which was claimed by Movistar Team's José Joaquín Rojas. Cobo was the best of the team's riders, as he finished in third place. Ratto finished tenth in the Gran Premio dell'Insubria-Lugano at the end of February, before Duarte finished second the next day, in the Gran Premio di Lugano.


2011 Geox–TMC season, One-day races, Spring classics
Neo-pro Pelucchi took the team's first – and ultimately, only single-day – win at the Clásica de Almería in late February, coming home first in a full field sprint. In April, Ardila finished tenth in Klasika Primavera, while Ratto finished second to Barbot–Efapel rider Santiago Pérez in the Gran Premio de Llodio, and Ardila also finished inside the top ten.


2011 Geox–TMC season, One-day races, Spring classics
The team also had two riders place within the top six of the following day's race, the Vuelta a La Rioja, as Ratto finished fifth and Felline sixth, within a field of around 20 riders, eight seconds down on race-winner Imanol Erviti for the Movistar Team. Ratto completed the team's first half of single-day races with eighth place in June's Giro di Toscana.


2011 Geox–TMC season, One-day races, Spring classics
The team also sent squads to the Gran Premio della Costa Etruschi, Trofeo Palma, Trofeo Cala Millor, Trofeo Palmanova, Montepaschi Strade Bianche, Milan–San Remo, the GP Miguel Indurain and the Philadelphia International Championship, but placed no higher than 13th in any of these races.


2011 Geox–TMC season, One-day races, Fall races
In a full field sprint at the end of July's Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie – Coppa Città di Stresa, Colli was the team's best placed finisher, taking eighth place on the line. In the following day's Coppa Papà Carlo element to the race, Felline finished 15 seconds down on Liquigas–Cannondale rider Simone Ponzi in ninth position, just beating UnitedHealthcare's Charly Wegelius. In August, Ratto placed highly in the Coppa Ugo Agostoni and Trofeo Melinda races, taking seventh and fourth places respectively.


2011 Geox–TMC season, One-day races, Fall races
Colli was tenth in the Gran Premio Industria e Commercio Artigianato Carnaghese towards the end of August, eighth in Paris–Brussels, after Ratto had made his way into the breakaway, and seventh in the Gran Premio Industria e Commercio di Prato, both of which held in September. The team's last notable results in a single-day race were seventh and ninth places for Felline and Cobo – after a spell in the breakaway – in the Memorial Marco Pantani race, and eighth for de la Fuente in the Coppa Sabatini five days later.


2011 Geox–TMC season, One-day races, Fall races
The team also sent squads to Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia, the Clásica de San Sebastián, Circuito de Getxo, Trofeo Matteotti, Tre Valli Varesine, the Coppa Bernocchi, the Grand Prix de Fourmies, the Giro dell'Emilia, the Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli, the Giro del Piemonte, the Giro di Lombardia and the Chrono des Nations, but placed no higher than 11th in any of these races.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
The Vuelta a Murcia was the first race of the season for co-leaders Menchov and Sastre. Sastre lost 37 seconds on the flat first stage, but Menchov made all the selections and finished with the overall contenders at the front of the race. In stage 2, Alberto Contador beat Menchov and Saur–Sojasun's Jérôme Coppel on a downhill finish, after having been first to the top of the Alto del Collado Bermejo. Menchov finished third in the final day time trial, securing that same position on the event's final podium. The squad also won the teams classification.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
Duarte showed his climbing prowess at the Giro del Trentino, winning stage 3 which finished with the first-category ascent of Fai della Paganella. He also outkicked Team RadioShack's Tiago Machado in view of the finish line, as the two of them finished three seconds clear of the next group on the road.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
In July's Tour of Austria, the race splintered on the second stage, a summit finish to the Kitzbüheler Horn. Sastre and Menchov both attacked out of the lead chase group, after a number of riders had reached the bottom of the climb with an advantage of several minutes. Sastre fared better of the pair, as he finished fourth, 1' 22" down on stage winner Fredrik Kessiakoff (Astana).


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
Wyss tried to take a stage victory the following day, having been part of a 13-man breakaway for much of the stage, but fell metres short and was swept up by a further 23-rider group which included four of his team-mates. After Ratto placed fifth on stage 6, Sastre moved into third place overall after BMC Racing Team's Mauro Santambrogio, a rider not known for his time trial ability, lost sufficient time on stage 7 to fall from second place to sixth overall.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
Menchov moved into the top five with his time trial placing, and both riders held their respective positions to the end of the race. In the Brixia Tour later in July, Felline finished third on the opening stage, before winning stage 2a, leading home Colli in a 1–2 finish to a 30-rider sprint. Colli took another second-place finish on stage 3, and a fifth place on the final stage, to win the points classification.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
At August's Vuelta a Burgos, Menchov took fourth place on the opening stage of the event, losing out in a sprint with Sergio Pardilla of the Movistar Team; Cobo and Blanco also finished inside the top ten, several seconds later. The next day, Cobo again finished well inside the top ten, with a fifth-place result, and Felline led home an eleven-rider group for eighth place.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
After an average team time trial in which the squad ranked eighth of the 15 taking part, Cobo placed fifth once again on the fourth stage, with Blanco and Menchov taking their second top-ten placings of the race, in eighth and tenth places respectively. Cobo made a bid for victory in the final stage, but was out-sprinted to the line by Euskaltel–Euskadi rider Mikel Landa, but still did enough for second on the stage and an eventual third-place finish overall.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
The team also won lesser classifications at the Tour of Oman, the Tour de Romandie, the Circuit de Lorraine, and the Tour of Hainan.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Stage races
The team also sent squads to the Tour of Qatar, Vuelta an Andalucía, Rutas de América, the Volta a Catalunya, the Settimana internazionale di Coppi e Bartali, the Tour of the Basque Country, Vuelta a Castilla y León, Vuelta a Asturias, Vuelta a la Comunidad de Madrid, the Tour de Luxembourg, the Tour of Slovenia, the Tour of Austria, the Danmark Rundt, the Tour of Elk Grove, the Tour of Utah and the Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda, but did not achieve a stage win, classification win, or podium finish in any of them.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours
As a Professional Continental team, Geox-TMC needed to be selected by the organizers of any of the Grand Tours in order to participate. They were selected to ride the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España, but not the Tour de France.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Giro d'Italia
Menchov was the squad's leader at the Giro, with Sastre riding in support, and added help from Blanco, Valls and Wyss. Also named to the squad were the team's Colombian pairing of Ardila and Duarte, Cheula and Kozonchuk. The team's struggled in the stage 1 team time trial, as they came home 18th of the 23 teams, 53 seconds off the winning pace set by HTC–Highroad; as a result, Menchov and Sastre were left handicapped in the general classification, losing time to many of the other overall contenders.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Giro d'Italia
Duarte and Valls kept their two protected riders clear of any danger up to stage five, where Duarte finished second to Rabobank's Pieter Weening, leading home a number of riders eight seconds behind. Duarte moved up to 13th place overall after his result, and trailed Weening's team-mate Steven Kruijswijk by 15 seconds for the lead in the young rider classification. Duarte abandoned the race three days later, as he was physically unable to carry on in the race, after a stage three incident left him with a knee injury that became worse up until his withdrawal.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Giro d'Italia
A quiet week followed for the squad, before Valls made it into the breakaway on stage 13, as the race headed into Austria to the finish on the Grossglockner. Valls was one of 16 riders to venture out front, but did not last in the breakaway, and ultimately lost almost 19 minutes to stage-winner José Rujano of Androni Giocattoli by the end of the stage. Menchov finished 1' 36" down on Rujano in tenth place, and moved into eleventh place in the general classification, already over five minutes down on Alberto Contador (Saxo Bank–SunGard).


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Giro d'Italia
Menchov again featured highly the following day, on stage 14 and its finish atop Monte Zoncolan. He was part of a group consisting of himself, Astana's Roman Kreuziger, Liquigas–Cannondale rider Vincenzo Nibali and several other riders. Menchov and Nibali both got away from Kreuziger, but Nibali himself attacked Menchov and went clear. Menchov eventually finished the stage in fifth place, losing another 48 seconds to Contador, who was second to Euskaltel–Euskadi's Igor Antón; Menchov's placing allowed him to move up to seventh overall.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Giro d'Italia
On stage 15, after a previous breakaway had been brought back, eleven riders counter-attacked the field including Sastre, and their advantage over the main field quickly extended to nearly ten minutes while on the slopes of the day's second climb, the Passo Cibiana. While the lead pack were on the Passo Giau, a number of riders including Menchov attacked from the front end of the peloton. The remnants of the breakaway were eventually caught by the Passo Fedaia.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Giro d'Italia
Menchov eventually finished over four minutes down in eleventh place, but maintained seventh place in the overall classification, nine seconds behind Rujano and twelve ahead of Kreuziger. Menchov maintained seventh overall with a seventh place on the stage 16 individual time trial, 52 seconds on Contador, who won his second stage of the Giro. With Kanstantsin Sivtsov of HTC–Highroad being part of a successful breakaway the next day, Menchov dropped down to eighth in the general classification.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Giro d'Italia
Sastre again was part of a large lead group the next day, but failed to make inroads on a small move within the pack, and eventually finished at the rear of the breakaway, along with Kozonchuk, some 80 seconds ahead of the main field. After losing eighth place overall on stage 19, Menchov profited from time lost by Euskaltel–Euskadi rider Mikel Nieve, who had been sixth, to move back into eighth place overall; a position he finished the race in, but over 12 minutes down on Contador.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Just like the Giro, Menchov was the squad's leader at the Vuelta, with Sastre riding in support, and added help from Blanco, de la Fuente and Cobo. Ardila and Duarte were again named to a Grand Tour for the team, with Brändle and Kozonchuk completing its nine-rider entry. The squad started with another mediocre performance in the team time trial, coming in second last of the 22 teams, with only Andalucía–Caja Granada recording a slower time.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Menchov struggled on the third stage, as he gave up nearly 90 seconds on most of the other favourites for the race, by failing to keep with their pace on the day's final climb, the Alto de la Santa. De la Fuente tried to make a late-race escape on stage 6 along with three other riders, but the quartet were quickly caught, as they could only muster a maximum advantage over the main field or around ten seconds. Menchov earned the team's first top-ten stage placing of the race on stage 8, as he finished eighth on the steep hill into San Lorenzo de El Escorial.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
The following day, Cobo and Menchov were both present in a small lead group that pulled back the breakaway within the final 10 km (6.2 mi) of the stage to La Covatilla. After several moves attempted to get away, Cobo and three other riders bridged up to Dan Martin (Garmin–Cervélo) and Liquigas–Cannondale's Vincenzo Nibali, and although Cobo could only manage third behind Martin and Rabobank's Bauke Mollema, the bonus seconds awarded on the line helped Cobo to move into the top ten overall.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Menchov finished nine seconds further back in eighth place, which helped the squad move to the top of the teams classification. Cobo moved up to eighth overall after the stage 10 individual time trial, thanks to a decent showing – 23rd; the team's second best behind Menchov, who was 13th – and the fact that several riders ahead of him in the classification were less proficient in time-trialling; a performance that left Cobo satisfied after the stage.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Duarte was part of a 19-man breakaway on stage 11, but faltered on the final climb and eventually finished 27 seconds behind the main race favourites, including Cobo, but finished in the same time as Menchov, Sastre and Blanco. A 20-man escape group made a successful breakaway on stage 13, with three of the riders – de la Fuente, Blanco and Sastre – being members of the squad, and de la Fuente earned fourth place in the final sprint to the line, with Blanco also breaking into the top ten positions, with eighth place.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
As the race began to take shape in the Cantabrian Mountains, de la Fuente again made the breakaway the following day, with 17 riders in attendance as their gap over the main field extended to over seven and a half minutes with 77 km (47.8 mi) remaining on the roads. Around 40 km (24.9 mi) later, de la Fuente attacked with Cofidis rider Rein Taaramäe, and the two riders held a healthy advantage of around a minute into the final 10 km (6.2 mi) of the stage.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Back in the main pack, Cobo – riding in his home region – attacked with Team Katusha's Daniel Moreno in the closing stages, and after dropping Moreno, Cobo linked up with de la Fuente on the road after he had been dropped in turn by Taaramäe. The pair tried to catch Taaramäe but ultimately fell 25 seconds shy of doing so, with Cobo crossing the line second, and de la Fuente third, four seconds in arrears; his efforts on the day were rewarded with the most combative rider honours for the stage.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Menchov finished the stage eighth, and helped the squad regain the lead of the teams classification, with Cobo moving up to fourth place overall, 55 seconds down on leader Bradley Wiggins of Team Sky. The race changed again as it went into its final week, with the 15th stage – the queen stage of the Vuelta – to the Angliru, with an average gradient of 10% and a maximum gradient of over 23% at the Cueña les Cabres section of the climb.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Prior to the main field reaching the climb, Sastre and three other riders formed a small group that chased down Skil–Shimano's Simon Geschke, who had been out front for a period of time. Sastre attacked at the front building an advantage of over 15 seconds over his companions, and was later joined by Igor Antón (Euskaltel–Euskadi) for a short time before Antón overhauled him and rode off on his own. Cobo was next to make a move, as he accelerated away from the main field on the Les Cabañes section, soon joining Antón at the head of the race.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Menchov was part of the group that was behind Cobo on the road, along with several other riders including overall leader Wiggins. Cobo continued to extend his lead on the road, and ultimately soloed to the stage victory. His attack on the climb was also rewarded with the overall lead of the race, as Wiggins cracked on the climb and lost 81 seconds – not including Cobo's 20-second bonus on the finish line – to Cobo, and fell to third overall behind his team-mate Chris Froome, who finished the stage fourth behind Vacansoleil–DCM rider Wout Poels and Menchov. Menchov moved into sixth place overall, three minutes behind Cobo.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
A split in the field on the run-in to the finish of stage 16 in Haro meant that Cobo, who finished the stage in tenth, extended his lead to 22 seconds over Froome and 51 seconds over Wiggins. The following day was the last real summit finish of the race, the climb to Peña Cabarga, at an altitude of 565 metres (1,854 ft).


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Froome shadowed Cobo on the slopes of the climb, and it was not until the final 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) that Froome and Cobo managed to pull clear of the remaining riders of their group, including Wiggins, after pulling back Omega Pharma–Lotto's Jurgen Van den Broeck. After the duo had pulled clear, Froome attacked Cobo and looked to have gained enough of an advantage to make his way back into the lead of the race, but Cobo managed to bridge back to Froome with around 150 metres (490 ft) left.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Cobo kicked for the line from there, but Froome took the inside line on the final corner and managed to win the stage, but could only gain nine seconds – one second on the road plus eight bonus seconds on the line – on Cobo, to reduce his advantage to 13 seconds.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Menchov finished the stage ninth, 31 seconds behind Froome, but moved into fifth place overall ahead of Leopard Trek's Maxime Monfort. Froome tried to make his move in the Basque Country on stage 19, but was well guarded by Cobo, and resulted in no change in the general classification. De la Fuente led home a group of 20 riders, in sixth place, 1' 33" down on stage winner Igor Antón, with Menchov also in the group.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Froome made a decisive error in the penultimate stage, misjudging an intermediate sprint banner, and as a result went for the points and elusive bonus seconds 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) too soon, and as a result, could not affect Cobo's 13-second lead prior to the final stage. Cobo secured victory at the end of the final stage, a processional affair until hitting the streets of Madrid, with Froome finishing just in front on the stage results.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Grand Tours, Vuelta a España
Cobo's winning margin of 13 seconds over Froome was tied for the third-closest in Vuelta history, and was his first overall victory in a stage race, since he won the 2007 Tour of the Basque Country for Saunier Duval–Prodir. As well as winning the general classification, Cobo won the white jersey for the combination classification, a classification calculated by adding the numeral ranks of a cyclist in the general, points, and mountains classifications. The squad also handily won the teams classification, by over ten minutes ahead of the next closest team, Leopard Trek, in what would ultimately turn out to be the team's final Grand Tour race.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Team dissolution
Despite Cobo's victory in the Vuelta a España, Mario Moretti Polegato, the president of the team's sponsor Geox, stated that he would review his sponsorship of the team at the end of the season. On 5 October, it was announced that the squad had not applied for a licence to compete in 2012. Two weeks later, it was announced that Geox would be pulling their sponsorship from the team, and as a result, did not raise enough capital by a registration deadline in order to acquire a licence for the 2012 season.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Team dissolution
The Union Cycliste Internationale later ruled that as Geox-TMC's licence application was incomplete, riders could freely leave the team and seek contracts with other teams. The squad's directeur sportif, Joxean Fernández Matxin, appealed to other companies for their backing, but later allowed the likes of Cobo and de la Fuente to search for new teams for the 2012 season.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Team dissolution
Matxin and Gianetti travelled to Venezuela later in November, in the hope of instigating a sponsorship package from the country, primarily with the tourist board of the country. Venezuela – País de Sueño, had been reported to be interested about investing into the sport of cycling as a whole. Ten days later, Gianetti stated that the team had two concrete offers from potential backers, including the Venezuelans, and stated that he was hopeful of concluding a deal for the squad's continuation in 2012.


2011 Geox–TMC season, Team dissolution
On 6 December, team management were reported to have given up on finding a sponsor for the 2012 season, and decided to focus their attentions of finding their riders an alternative team to ride for. Matxin originally stated that he wished to continue looking for sponsors until the end of the year, but backtracked a week later, giving up on the search for a new backer. UnitedHealthcare team director Mike Tamayo later confirmed that Gianetti had approached him in November to consider a potential merger between the two teams, but plans did not materialise.


2011 German Athletics Championships
The 2011 German Athletics Championships were held at the Auestadion in Kassel on 23–24 July 2011.


2011 German Census
The census 2011 (in Germany census 2011) was the first common census in the member states of the European Union. The deadline for the survey was Monday, 9 May 2011 (Europatag). The results of the evaluation have been published step by step since May 2013. In Germany, the population figures for the federal government, the Länder and communes as well as results from the building and housing census were announced on 31 May 2013.


2011 German Census, Framework of the European Union, Prehistory
In the past, Member States of the European Union have carried out censuses in self-government, which were difficult to compare with each other due to different catalogs of questions. The different surveying dates and periods also differed significantly. For example, the last census in the Federal Republic of Germany took place in 1987. [ 1] At the time, Germany was still divided. The last census in the GDR took place in 1981. In Austria, every 10 years has been raised (intermittently), since the census of 2011 is in the time series of the last census of 2001. In 2000/2001 an EU-wide census took place, but Germany and Sweden did not participate . In the future, every ten years Europe-wide censuses are to follow.


2011 German Census, Framework of the European Union, Objectives
Through the common census, various data used by Eurostat, which play an important role in the policy of the European Union, are to have a common basis and be reliable and comparable. For example, the allocation of funding from EU structural funds depends on the demography of a region. The number of inhabitants also plays an important role for a country's vote weight in the Council of Ministers.


2011 German Census, Framework of the European Union, Objectives
With the census, at least from November 2012 complete statistics are to be produced Europe-wide. Individual countries have published an overview of the evaluation just a few months after the census.


2011 German Census, Framework of the European Union, EU legal foundations
EU Regulation 763/2008 of 9 July 2008 obliged the Member States of the European Union to collect data from a fixed catalog of characteristics for the 2011 census. This is intended to make the results comparable across the EU. How the data are collected in the individual Member States is optional.


2011 German Census, Framework of the European Union, EU guidelines on the topics of the census
As the 2011 census is held throughout the European Union, the Community has defined valid criteria for all Member States to obtain comparable data. In Regulation (EC) No 763/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 on population and housing censuses which was published in the Official Journal of the European Union (edition L218 of 13 August 2008) and entered into force on 2 September of that year. The NUTS and LAU systems are used to define the administrative units. In addition, there is a distinction between derived and non-derived themes in the subject list of the population and the housing.


2011 German Census, Framework of the European Union, EU guidelines on the topics of the census
On the NUTS 3 and LAU 2 levels, personal data such as place of residence, gender, age, family status and nationality are collected from which findings on the total population, households and core families are derived. At national level and with NUTS 1 and NUTS 2, information on education and professional activity is added. The statistics on the dwellings include, among other things, the type of accommodation / dwelling, the inhabitants, the usable area and the year of construction as well as the derived theme of the housing density.


2011 German Census, National census
In Germany the Census 2011 was carried out in a register-based procedure.


2011 German Census, National census, Census Covenants
With a cabinet decision of 29 August 2006, the then federal government of the CDU / CSU and the SPD decided that Germany would participate in the EU-wide Census 2011 with a register-based procedure


2011 German Census, National census, Census Covenants
On December 12, 2007 the Census Preparation Act 2011 was announced in the Federal Law Gazette Which entered into force the following day. The preparatory work, which was regulated by this Act, included the setting up of an address and building register as well as the transmission of the addresses of the owner of the apartment. The concrete implementation of the Census 2011 in Germany took place according to the 2011 Census Act, which was announced in the Federal Law Gazette on 15 July 2009 And entered into force the day after.


2011 German Census, National census, Census Covenants
This law defined the deadline (9 May 2011), the survey characteristics (age, sex, school leaving, living space etc.) and the persons liable to pay. In addition, it contained statements on the aggregation of the survey parts and the eradication periods of the auxiliary features. Under this Act, the Federal Government granted the Länder a financial allocation of EUR 250 million on 1 July 2011 to offset the costs.


2011 German Census, National census, Census Covenants
On 16 July 2010, the Arbeitskreis Census imposed a constitutional complaint against the Census Act (Az 1 BvR 1865/10), which was supported by 13.077 citizens. The Federal Constitutional Court did not accept the appeal by decision of 21 September 2010.


2011 German Census, National census, Census Covenants
On its own information portal [6] the initiative provides independent information.


2011 German Census, National census, E register-supported census
Unlike previous decades, there was no traditional census, in which all residents were questioned. Instead, most of the data were collected from administrative registers - especially those from municipalities and the Federal Agency for Labor.


2011 German Census, National census, Surveys
In the building and housing census, the owners provided information on their properties, which did not provide administrative data covering the entire area. In the household survey, interviewers identified personal data of residents in randomly selected households. These samples are about 10% of the population. Data on the inhabitants of nursing homes, correctional institutions and other special facilities were collected during the survey of the special areas.


2011 German Census, National census, Surveys
The procedure of the register-based census should lead to equally robust results as a traditional census. At the same time, taxpayers should incur lower costs. While a new census according to the conventional method would have cost an estimated one billion euros, according to the German Institute for Economic Research, the new model costs about 300 million euros. Estimates by the Federal Statistical Office estimated to be about 1.4 billion euros for a traditional census and around 450 million euros for a register-based census. The information portal www.zensus2011.de mentions total costs of €710 million.


2011 German Census, National census, Surveys, Building and Housing Counting
All owners or administrators of buildings and apartments received a questionnaire by mail and were obliged to provide true information. The questions concerning the buildings related to the type, the year of construction and the property conditions as well as the heating. In the dwellings, information about the occupants, the owners, the usage and the size were required. The homeowners had to return the questionnaires to the authorities within 14 days, in order to avoid a dunning procedure.


2011 German Census, National census, Surveys, Household survey
In order to carry out the household survey, the survey sites nationwide cited around 80,000 interviewers. All selected citizens were legally obliged to answer the questions truthfully; In the case of refusal, the order of a compulsory money threatened.


2011 German Census, National census, Surveys, Household survey
The questionnaire consisted of a total of 46 questions. These were related to nationality, religion, family status, immigration to the Federal Republic, school and vocational training and current professional activity. People who were not members of a public-law religious society could state their faith in the eighth question. This was the only question to be answered voluntarily


2011 German Census, National census, Surveys, Survey of special areas
The survey of citizens in dormitories and community accommodation took place in a similar way to the household survey. In the non-sensitive special areas, the residents had to state whether a household could be run.


2011 German Census, National census, Surveys, Survey of special areas
In sensitive institutions, such as prisons, emergency accommodation or psychiatric hospitals, the data on the people living there were indirectly collected with the aid of the facility managers. In order to protect the inhabitants particularly in their precarious situation, the questions were very limited


2011 German Census, National census, Scientific check
Official statistics have tested the new method of the census in the years 2001 to 2003 The Mannheim Center for Surveys, Methods and Analyzes and the Chair for Economic and Social Statistics at the University of Trier under the direction of Ralf Münnich dealt with the research of a methodology for the small-scale evaluation of the sample results (small area methods). A sample plan was developed that combines moderate costs and a low level of interviews with high-quality data from the census. For this purpose, new survey methods should be investigated and tested for their practical suitability.


2011 German Census, National census, Scientific check
On 14 September 2007, the Federal Minister of the Interior convened a scientific commission to scientifically support and support the census and the evaluation of their data The President of the Council for Social and Economic Data, Gert G. Wagner, professor of economics at the TU Berlin and research director at the DIW Berlin (German Institute for Economic Research), was appointed chairman of the "Census Commission". The task of the Census Commission is to examine the concepts, methods and procedures developed by the Federal, State and Federal Statistical Offices for the Census-based Census 2011, including the supplementary sample, to accompany the relevant implementation work critically and constructively, as well as recommendations for further action .


2011 German Census, National census, Scientific check
On January 22, 2009, the Zensus Commission adopted an opinion on the feature catalog in the Cabinet drafting of the Census Ordinance (CensusG2011). In doing so, it explicitly regrets the fact that the EU is compulsorily restricted by the EU Statute and maintains the additional features required by it. A census feature of the language spoken in the household, the scientists consider the integration indicator to be much more meaningful than their religious affiliation. Further required characteristics are number of children per woman, commuter connections, energy source of the heating as well as net-net rent.


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Privacy policy
"Do you want the total coverage? ": Protest banner at the old main post office in Leipzig (26 June 2011)Data protectors criticize the extensive collection of personal data by the state without sufficient education of the citizens and fears in the face of possible covetousness in the state and economy an abuse of the sensitive information. Since personal data are gathered from numerous sources without the consent or notification of the data subjects, the data from the reporting offices and authorities would be misused.


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Privacy policy
This is in breach of the requirements of the 1983 censorship verdict. The data protection authorities also see a problem in the fact that, for example, a central data collection system collects and records, among other things, who has set up an information block. People from witness protection programs, former Nazis and radicals, stalking victims, certain judges or celebrities are affected.


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Privacy policy
The Federal Statistical Office refers to the so-called prohibition, which excludes the transfer of the collected data to other authorities, and the earliest possible deletion of charac- teristics such as names and addresses. These measures are not sufficient for data protectionists. Even after a distance of personal data from the database, they can re-identify themselves from the "anonymous" data using computers and information from other sources. A true anonymisation is thus not given.


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Questions about religion
The questions about belonging to a religious society and the creed also provide for controversial discussions. According to critics, they go beyond what is required by the EU.


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Questions about religion
The question 8 (the direction of faith) is voluntary and can only be answered if, in question 7 (religious society), the membership of "no public-law religious society" has been crossed. Thus, a user of the census data could automatically view members of a public-law religious community as followers of the religion, regardless of their actual belief. In addition, Question 8 is not further broken up between other religious world views and non-religious views of the world (e.g., humanism, atheism, pacifism) in the possibility of answering "other religion, faith or belief".


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Questions about religion
The spokesman of the Federal Statistical Office stated in this context: "The consequence of this is that the group of atheists (but also those of the other religions) can not be proven in the censorship results. The results of the census will therefore be that we have information about the large religious currents explicitly listed in the questionnaire, but will not know about the spread of other religions and atheism. "The EU Eurobarometer" Social Values, Science and Technology " In 2005, atheists had previously been recorded as a separate group


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Interviewers
Some surveyors ended their activities prematurely. They criticized the perceived too great workload in the household survey and criticized the unfriendly and repulsive reactions of some citizens who had to be paid.


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Mishaps
In Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein unjustified warnings against allegedly defaultered house and apartment owners caused anger. In January 2012, 50,000 complaints were sent by order of the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein with the threat of compulsory measures, On which a week later 40,000 had to be declared void due to errors in a commissioned company.


2011 German Census, National census, Criticism, Posting permissions
With the issuance of the questionnaires, the preliminary questionnaire, as well as the actual building and housing census, an envelope for the reply was enclosed by the statistical offices of the Länder. These envelopes were not postage-free, and a reimbursement of costs was not foreseen under Section 15 (3) of the Bundesstatistikgesetz. In the case of parts of the interviewees, the collection of the posture caused displeasure.


2011 German Census, National census, Result
The population of Germany, which was updated as of December 31, 2011, was subsequently adjusted to 80.3 million on the basis of census results. It is thus about 1.5 million inhabitants lower than the figures reproduced on the basis of the update of the census of 1987 (Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West)) and the registry data of the New Federal States of 3 October 1990. This corresponds to an error of 1.9%


2011 German Census, National census, Result
A correction of the population update by 31 December 2012 on the basis of the results of the 2011 census is to be made by 5 August 2013. The population level as at 31 March 2013 should be published again on the regular date (15 August 2013)


2011 German Census, National census, Result
As a result of the changed relative population shares of the federal states, there will be redistributions for country financings and sales tax distribution for the years 2011 and 2012. In the run-up to the census, the Länder had agreed to limit the additional payments for 2011 to one third and for 2012 to two-thirds. From 2013 onwards the changed population will be fully taken into account.


2011 German Figure Skating Championships
The 2011 German Figure Skating Championships (German: Deutsche Meisterschaften im Eiskunstlaufen 2011) took place between January 7–9, 2011 at the Eissportzentrum Oberstdorf in Oberstdorf. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior, junior, and novice levels. The results were among the criteria used to choose the German teams to the 2011 World Championships and 2011 European Championships.


2011 German Football League
The 2011 German Football League season was the thirty third edition of the top-level American football competition in Germany and twelfth since the renaming to German Football League.


2011 German Formula Three Championship
The 2011 ATS Formel 3 Cup was the ninth edition of the German F3 Cup and the last one with FIA specification F3 engines. For the 2012 season, the series will use Volkswagen engines only. The season began on 23 April at Oschersleben and finished on 2 October at Hockenheim after nine race weekends, totalling eighteen races.


2011 German Formula Three Championship
New Zealander Richie Stanaway clinched title on the penultimate round, becoming the first Kiwi to win the championship. Danish driver Marco Sørensen, despite missing the round at Assen, finished the season as runner-up. Third place was claimed by Austrian Klaus Bachler. Maxim Travin won the Trophy class after seven wins.


2011 German Formula Three Championship, Calendar
The provisional 2011 calendar consisted of nine meetings of which five were due to take place in Germany. A support race to the World Series by Renault meeting at the Nürburgring was later dropped from the calendar in favour of an additional foreign round at Belgium's Spa-Francorchamps. The Rizla Race Day at Assen was also replaced with a Superleague Formula meeting at the circuit.


2011 German Formula Three Championship, Calendar
The final calendar consists of nine meetings of which seven are part of the ADAC Masters Weekend package.


2011 German Grand Prix
The 2011 German Grand Prix, formally the Formula 1 Grosser Preis Santander von Deutschland 2011, was a Formula One motor race that was held on 24 July 2011 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. It was the tenth round of the 2011 Formula One season. The 60-lap race was won by McLaren's Lewis Hamilton, who had started from second position on the grid. Ferrari's Fernando Alonso finished in second place, and Mark Webber, who had started the race from pole position, completed the podium in third position for Red Bull Racing. Webber's teammate and championship leader Sebastian Vettel finished fourth, ending an eleven-race streak of finishing in the podium placings.


2011 German Grand Prix
As a consequence of the race, Vettel's lead in the World Drivers' Championship was cut by Webber to 77 points. Hamilton's victory allowed him to move into third place in the championship, five points behind Webber in second, and four ahead of Alonso. In the World Constructors' Championship, Red Bull extended their championship lead to 112 points over McLaren, with Ferrari a further 51 points behind in third position.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Background
On the Thursday before the race, Team Lotus announced that Karun Chandhok would replace Jarno Trulli for the race weekend.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Background
The start line was moved 240 m (790 ft) closer to Turn 1 than it had been before, for the weekend. This meant that the race start could be less crucial for the drivers as the distance to the first corner was roughly half what it had been before.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Background
Tyre supplier Pirelli brought its white-banded medium compound tyre as the harder "prime" tyre and the yellow-banded soft compound as the softer "option" compound.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Background
Before the race, Sebastian Vettel had an 80-point lead in the World Drivers' Championship - at the time, the record for the largest lead. Despite controversial team orders at the previous race in Silverstone, Mark Webber stayed second in the standings - 12 points ahead of Fernando Alonso, who had moved up to third in the standings on 112 points after his victory two weeks previously. McLaren teammates Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button both stood on 109 points before the Grand Prix, but Hamilton was fourth through countback because he had one more second place.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Background
As far as the Constructors were concerned, Red Bull Racing were looking good on 328 points - 110 ahead of a McLaren who had faltered somewhat at the last two races. Ferrari were third on 164 points, 54 behind McLaren, but 103 ahead of Mercedes GP who were ahead of Renault for the first time this season, after the deterioration of Renault's form had already begun. Before the race, all teams and all drivers were in Championship contention, but many were not after this race. Also, Red Bull Racing, McLaren or Ferrari couldn't have lost their respective Constructors' Championship placings during this event.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Background
There were six German drivers at this race - including Michael Schumacher, who had won at this track 5 times in his career.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Practice
After Friday's two practice sessions, Lewis Hamilton bleakly summed up his chances of challenging Red Bull and Ferrari saying: "We won't find an answer tomorrow. We definitely can't challenge them for pole." Yet, he ended up marginally behind the pole position time, and on the front row.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Practice
In the first free practice session, Fernando Alonso set the fastest time followed by Mark Webber and then Sebastian Vettel. This started speculation that Ferrari would be matching Red Bull Racing's pace in Qualifying. It seemed likely at this point that Alonso would be on the front row of the grid – however, this was eventually not the case. Lewis Hamilton was fifth, and his teammate Button down in 11th after having no KERS for both Friday Practice sessions. With only half a minute left in the session, Sébastien Buemi made a mistake and was flung sideways across the gravel; he later missed the second Friday session because of a fuel pressure problem.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Practice
Webber led Alonso in Free Practice 2. This session also featured an extraordinary number of lock-ups and off track excursions. It was in this session Michael Schumacher left the track at Turn 7 whilst exploring the track's limits and waved to his home crowd. Another home driver, Timo Glock, also left the track, spun on the wet grass at the bottom of a hill, and luckily escaped being beached on the high curb.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Kamui Kobayashi was the most surprising driver to drop out in the first part of qualifying, where he only set a time fast enough for his Sauber to be in 18th place. Heikki Kovalainen out-qualified new, temporary, Lotus teammate Karun Chandhok by eight tenths of a second. The Indian said he was happy with his lap as he had never driven the circuit as an F1 driver, run the car with low fuel and slicks, used brakes not suited to his style, or used much KERS or DRS before.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Chandhok was 21st fastest (which became 20th later), he and Kovalainen separated by Timo Glock's Virgin. The other Virgin of Jérôme d'Ambrosio was ahead of the two very closely matched times of the HRTs; Vitantonio Liuzzi was just ahead of new driver Daniel Ricciardo although he would start 24th (later 23rd) due to a gearbox change. Out of the fastest four teams, Felipe Massa was the only driver feeling the need to use a set of soft tyres in Q1.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
After qualifying was over, Sébastien Buemi was excluded due to a fuel irregularity demoting him to 24th place, therefore every driver below 16th gained a place. After Q1, on the way back to the pit lane, Timo Glock commented to his engineers on the car-to-pit radio that they were making it "difficult for him". Glock later tried to cover up his comments by saying they were meant in a joking way. Glock announced the following day he would be staying with the team until 2014.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
The remaining 17 drivers all participated in the second qualifying session, and all drivers decided to use the option tyres. The two Toro Rosso cars were slowest in Q2, Buemi ahead of teammate Jaime Alguersuari. Although, Alguersuari moved up to 16th and Kobayashi into 17th once Buemi was excluded form qualifying due to a fuel irregularity demoting him to 24th position. Mexican rookie Sergio Pérez out-qualified his teammate again with 15th spot, behind the two Williams cars; Pastor Maldonado not in Q3, yet ahead of F1 veteran Rubens Barrichello on the seventh row.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Force India's Paul di Resta and Nick Heidfeld in the Renault were very close to making the cut, but were both beaten by their teammates and stayed 12th and 11th respectively. This was only the 3rd time in 10 races that Force India driver Adrian Sutil out-qualified his rookie teammate, and Vitaly Petrov's Renault entered the top 10 for the first time since Canada. Paul di Resta later said he suffered from grip problems in Qualifying.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
For the final part of qualifying, all the remaining drivers went out on the option tyres, and all except the two Mercedes cars and Sutil's Force India chose to do two runs – who chose to do only two flying laps at the end of the session. Lewis Hamilton started the session by initially setting provisional pole, although he was quickly beaten by Ferrari's Fernando Alonso. Ferrari looked on very good form at the last race in Silverstone and continue that good form by matching Red Bull Racing in practice.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Alonso's pole looked like a solid time until Red Bull came out of the pit lane, Mark Webber beating Alonso by four tenths and Sebastian Vettel fitting in between the two. On these four drivers last efforts, Alonso went faster but failed to improve his time and stayed third. Webber then went quicker by another tenth on a great lap, and then Hamilton posted a stunning lap – only five hundredths slower than Webber's and beating all the critics who said McLaren had easily fallen behind Ferrari. This pushed Alonso down to fourth.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Vettel then improved his lap, but stayed third – the first time since Monza the previous year he had not qualified on the front row; but, he was only 0.137 seconds behind pole position. This was Webber's second successive pole, and his third of the season. Home favourites Mercedes qualified sixth and tenth with Nico Rosberg ahead of Michael Schumacher – who had won at this circuit five times – for the ninth time this season. Ferrari's Felipe Massa was sixth tenths behind his teammate, as Alonso continued to outclass him, in fifth place.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Jenson Button was disappointed after he qualified seventh, 1.2 seconds behind Hamilton, he stated it was due to lack of grip and understeer during his lap. Adrian Sutil (eighth), Vitaly Petrov (ninth) and Michael Schumacher rounded out the top 10. Four of the six Germans in the field qualified in the top ten at their home Grand Prix.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
At the start of the race, Mark Webber made a slow start from pole position; he 'bogged down' with too low revs, allowing Hamilton to take the lead. The Ferraris were on the inside and outside of Vettel as they approached the first turn, and Alonso managed to get ahead of Vettel. Massa had made another good start but after being on the outside of Vettel at Turn 1, he eventually slipped behind Nico Rosberg into sixth place. Jenson Button had a poor start, slipping down from seventh to tenth in the first lap.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Contrastly, Michael Schumacher had another good start moving from tenth to eighth on lap 1. Meanwhile, further back Nick Heidfeld and Paul di Resta made contact and dropped to the back of the field. After that, Hamilton was leading the race from Webber, Alonso, Vettel, Rosberg and Massa. Sutil was in seventh, after a good start, followed by Schumacher, Petrov and Button completing the top 10.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
On the fourth lap, Alonso ran wide at Turn 2 getting a wheel on the wet grass, forcing him onto the tarmac. This allowed Vettel to gain third place. Only a few laps later though, Alonso repassed Vettel into Turn 1. Later, on lap 16, Rubens Barrichello suffered an engine failure, however he was able to limp back to the pits.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Heidfeld received a drive-through penalty for causing an avoidable accident with di Resta, but did not have time to serve it. Whilst trying to make progress through the field, he was squeezed off the track by Sébastien Buemi at the chicane and crashed out. Buemi had to pit for new tyres, and was later given a five-place grid penalty at the next race, the Hungarian Grand Prix. Di Resta, fought his way through the field to finish in thirteenth by the end of the race.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Vitaly Petrov was defending very well against Button's McLaren for ninth place; whilst Felipe Massa overtook Rosberg's Mercedes for fifth place after Massa's Ferrari engineer, Rob Smedley, had told him it was necessary for his strategy to work. Button eventually passed Petrov and started closing on Schumacher. Before the first round of pit stops, Hamilton ran wide allowing Webber to come up the inside of him through the final corner. Hamilton instantly dived up the inside on the run down to Turn 1 and repassed Webber.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Vettel spun at Turn 10 putting him eleven seconds behind third placed Fernando Alonso, the first three positions were covered by just three seconds and Vettel was lapping half a second slower than them. At the pit stops, Webber pitted first in an attempt to get the undercut and came out behind Sutil, but managed to work it out, passing Vettel and catching Massa when Hamilton and Alonso pitted at the same time, bringing them just out of the pits as soon as Webber and Massa were braking for turn 1.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Massa took the lead ahead of Webber, Hamilton and Alonso with Vettel pitting to ninth place. When Massa pitted he dropped to eighth, just in front of Vettel starting a new battle. After these stops Webber had undercut Hamilton into the lead – leading a race for the first time in the season – with Alonso in third position. During the pit stop phase the two Mercedes cars were closing on Petrov's Renault in the DRS zone leading to the Veedol Chicane. Rosberg passed Petrov on the straight and Schumacher followed him through. Schumacher later spun at exactly the same place as Vettel, falling behind both Sutil and Petrov.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
It looked as if Sutil and Button's two-stop strategies were successful as Sutil got ahead of Rosberg in the later pit stops and finished the race in sixth place. Button was also going strong – catching and passing many drivers including Rosberg for sixth at Turn 1 when Rosberg outbraked himself and ran wide. Button, like Sutil, was only passed in the pit-line and not on the track, although his back luck continued from Silverstone and he suffered his second successive mechanical retirement, with a hydraulics failure. Only two laps later, Vitantonio Liuzzi became the fourth and final retirement of the race when his car had an electrical failure.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Towards the front, Massa and Vettel started to move through the field, passing Kobayashi and Petrov. In the second pit-stop phase Webber pitted first, but was lapping slowly after stop struggling to get the new tyres up to temperature. The mechanical grip of Hamilton's McLaren in cold conditions helped him, and he got past Webber in the stops with the opposite effect of the undercut. Webber tried to overtake Hamilton on the outside of Turn 2, Hamilton kept him behind. Alonso was the last to pit, and came out in the lead, but due to his tyres not being at operating temperature, Hamilton made an easy pass at Turn 2 and got past Alonso to retake the lead.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Hamilton was then first to pit for the medium compound tyres and got out in front of Alonso and Webber, he pulled away and took the race victory. All the drivers on three-stop strategies pitted for the primes in the last ten laps – not wanting to go on to the medium compound, which was 1.5 seconds slower per lap than the softer tyres, for too long.


2011 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
The battle between Massa and Vettel for fourth went to the pits on the penultimate lap, Massa had a slower pit stop than Vettel, and Vettel got out in front after he had not been able to pass on track. After the top 3, Vettel, Massa and Sutil completed the top six with Rosberg ahead of Schumacher, Kobayashi, from 17th on the grid, finished in ninth and Petrov completed the points finishers in tenth, ahead of Kobayashi's teammate Sergio Pérez. After the race, Fernando Alonso stopped his Ferrari on the circuit, and got a lift back to parc ferme on the sidepod of Mark Webber's Red Bull.


2011 German Masters
The 2011 German Masters was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 2–6 February at the Tempodrom in Berlin, Germany.


2011 German Masters
The event was last held in 1998, but it was non-ranking. John Parrott won in the final 6–4 against Mark Williams.


2011 German Masters
Mark Williams won his 18th ranking title by defeating Mark Selby 9–7 in the final.


2011 German Masters, Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for 2011 is shown below:


2011 German Masters, Prize fund
Winner: €50,000Runner-up: €30,000Semi-finalists: €15,000Quarter-finalists: €9,000Last 16: €6,000Last 32: €3,750Last 48: €1,500


2011 German Masters, Wildcard round
These matches were played in Berlin on 2 and 3 February 2011.


2011 German Masters, Qualifying
These matches were held between 14 and 17 December 2010 at the World Snooker Academy, Sheffield, England.


2011 German Open Grand Prix Gold
The 2011 German Open Grand Prix Gold was a badminton tournament which took place at the RWE-Sporthalle in Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany on 2–6 March 2011 and had a total purse of $120,000. This is for the first time this tournament was graded as a Grand Prix Gold event, where before rate as Grand Prix event with a total pursue of $80,000.


2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the ninth round of the 2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 15–17 July 2011 at the Sachsenring, located in Hohenstein-Ernstthal, Germany. The 125cc race was notable for producing a dead heat for first place between Héctor Faubel and Johann Zarco. After a photo finish could not separate the riders, Faubel was awarded first place on the basis that he set a faster laptime during the race.


2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix, MotoGP classification
Loris Capirossi was replaced by Sylvain Guintoli after the first practice session due to injuries sustained at the Dutch TT.


2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round nine has concluded.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
A novel strain of Escherichia coli O104:H4 bacteria caused a serious outbreak of foodborne illness focused in northern Germany in May through June 2011. The illness was characterized by bloody diarrhea, with a high frequency of serious complications, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a condition that requires urgent treatment. The outbreak was originally thought to have been caused by an enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) strain of E. coli, but it was later shown to have been caused by an enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) strain that had acquired the genes to produce Shiga toxins, present in organic fenugreek sprouts.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
Epidemiological fieldwork suggested fresh vegetables were the source of infection. The agriculture minister of Lower Saxony identified an organic farm in Bienenbüttel, Lower Saxony, Germany, which produces a variety of sprouted foods, as the likely source of the E. coli outbreak. The farm was shut down. Although laboratories in Lower Saxony did not detect the bacterium in produce, a laboratory in North Rhine-Westphalia later found the outbreak strain in a discarded package of sprouts from the suspect farm. A control investigation confirmed the farm as the source of the outbreak. On 30 June 2011, the German Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) (Federal Institute for Risk Assessment), an institute of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, announced that seeds of organic fenugreek imported from Egypt were likely the source of the outbreak.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
In all, 3,950 people were affected and 53 died, 51 of whom were in Germany. 800 people suffered hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can lead to kidney failure. A handful of cases were reported in several other countries including Switzerland, Poland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, the UK, Canada and the USA. Essentially all affected people had been in Germany or France shortly before becoming ill.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
Initially, German officials made incorrect statements on the likely origin and strain of Escherichia coli. The German health authorities, without results of ongoing tests, incorrectly linked the O104 serotype to cucumbers imported from Spain. Later, they recognised that Spanish greenhouses were not the source of the E. coli and cucumber samples did not contain the specific E. coli variant causing the outbreak. Spain consequently expressed anger about having its produce linked with the deadly E. coli outbreak, which cost Spanish exporters US$200 million per week. Russia banned the import of all fresh vegetables from the European Union from early June until 22 June 2011.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Background
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli has been linked to foodborne outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome around the world since at least the early 1980s. The majority of disease has been attributed to E. coli with the serotype O157:H7; however, over 100 E. coli serotypes have been associated with human diarrheal disease.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Background
In the five years before the outbreak (2006 to 2010) Germany experienced an average of 218 cases of EHEC gastroenteritis and 13 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome each year. According to the German National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Other Enteric Pathogens, the most common serotypes in those years were O157, O26, O103, and O91. Serotype O104 was relatively rare in Europe in the years preceding the outbreak, with just 11 reported cases in the EU and Norway between 2004 and 2009.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Cases
Cases began as early as 1 May 2011 with a man in Aachen reporting bloody diarrhea. Cases then rapidly increased, with over 100 cases of EHEC gastroenteritis and/or HUS were being reported each day by 16 May. The outbreak centered on the five northern German states of Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen, Lower Saxony, and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Cases would eventually be reported in all 16 German states; however most cases outside of the northern states were linked to travel in northern Germany.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Cases
Additionally, a small number of cases were reported from other countries, although most of those ill had previously travelled to Germany. The most substantial outbreak outside of Germany was in Bordeaux, France where 15 cases of EHEC gastroenteritis were associated with the same strain of E. coli which caused the outbreak in Germany. The French cases had not previously travelled to Germany, suggesting they acquired the bacteria from contaminated sprouts grown in France. Cases of EHEC HUS and gastroenteritis peaked on 21 and 22 May respectively. Cases then slowly decreased over the following month, with cases reported throughout the month of June and ending during July 2011. German authorities deemed the outbreak over in early July 2011.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Cases
The outbreak disproportionately affected adults and the elderly. 88% of hemolytic-uremic syndrome patients were over 17 years of age, and the median age of hemolytic-uremic syndrome patients was 42 years. The median age of patients who died of gastroenteritis was 82 years, while the median age of patients who died from hemolytic-uremic syndrome was 74 years.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Cases
Most or all victims were believed to have become infected in Germany or France. Confirmed cases are listed below according to their location when diagnosed.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
The investigation into the cause of the outbreak officially began with the notification of the Robert Koch Institute on 19 May concerning three cases of HUS in children in Hamburg. On 26 May, German health officials hastily and prematurely announced that cucumbers from Spain were identified as a source of the E. coli outbreak in Germany, when in fact the source were Egyptian sprouts. On 27 May 2011, German officials issued an alert distributed to nearby countries, identifying organic cucumbers from Spain and withdrawing them from the market.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
The European Commission on 27 May said the two Spanish greenhouses suspected to be the sources had been closed, and were being investigated. The investigation included analyzing soil and water samples from the greenhouses in question, located in the Andalusia region, with results expected by 1 June. Cucumber samples from the Andalusian greenhouses did not show E. coli contamination, but cross-contamination during transport in Germany and distribution in Hamburg are not discounted; in fact, the most probable cause is cross-contamination inside Germany. The Robert Koch Institute advises against eating raw tomatoes, cucumbers, and lettuces in Germany to prevent further cases.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
On 31 May, an EU official said the transport chain was so long, the cucumbers from Spain could have been contaminated at any point along the transit route. Spanish officials said before, there was no proof that the outbreak originated in Spain; Spanish Secretary of State for European Affairs Diego López Garrido said, "you can't attribute the origin of this sickness to Spain."


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
On Tuesday 31 May, lab tests showed two of the four cucumbers examined did contain toxin-producing E. coli strains, but not the O104 strain found in patients. The bacteria in the other two cucumbers have not yet been identified.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
Genomic sequencing by BGI Shenzhen confirm a 2001 finding that the O104:H4 serotype has some enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC or EAggEC) properties, presumably acquired by horizontal gene transfer.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
The only previous documented case of EHEC O104:H4 was in South Korea in 2005, and researchers pointed at contaminated hamburgers as a possible cause.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
On 4 June, German and EU officials had allegedly been examining data that indicated an open catering event at a restaurant in Lübeck, Germany, was a possible starting point of the ongoing deadly E. coli outbreak in Europe. German hospitals were nearly overwhelmed by the number of E. coli victims.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
A spokesman for the agriculture ministry in Lower Saxony, warned people on 5 June to stop eating local bean sprouts, as they had become the latest suspected cause of the E. coli outbreak. A farm in Bienenbuettel, Lower Saxony, was announced as the probable source, but on 6 June, officials said this could not be substantiated by tests. Of the 40 samples from the farm that were being examined, 23 had tested negative.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
But on 10 June, the head of the Robert Koch Institute confirmed the sprouts were the source of the outbreak, and people who ate the sprouts were nine times more likely to have bloody diarrhea. The WHO have confirmed on 10 June this statement on the update 13 of the EHEC outbreak.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
According to the head of the national E. coli lab at the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, the strain responsible for the outbreak has been circulating in Germany for 10 years, and in humans not cattle. He said it is likely to have gotten into food via human feces.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
A joint risk-assessment by EFSA/ECDC, issued 29 June 2011, made a connection between the German outbreak and a HUS outbreak in the Bordeaux area of France, first reported on 24 June, in which infection with E. coli O104:H4 has been confirmed in several patients.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
The assessment implicated fenugreek seeds imported from Egypt in 2009 and 2010, from which sprouts were grown, as a common source of both outbreaks, but cautioned, "there is still much uncertainty about whether this is truly the common cause of the infections", as tests on the seeds had not yet found any E. coli bacteria of the O104:H4 strain. The potentially contaminated seeds were widely distributed in Europe. Egypt, for its part, steadfastly denied it may have been the source of deadly E. coli strain, with the Minister of Agriculture calling speculations to that effect "sheer lies".


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, Outbreak, Source investigation
Using epidemiological methods the outbreaks in 2011 were traced to a shipment of seeds from Egypt that arrived in Germany in December 2009.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, European Union
On 22 May, Health Commissioner John Dalli of the European Commission declared the issue to be an 'absolute priority', saying the commission is working with member states, particularly Germany, to identify the source of the outbreak. Speaking again on 1 June, Commissioner Dalli noted the outbreaks have been limited in origin to the greater Hamburg area and declared any product ban would be disproportionate. He also said he is working with Agriculture Commissioner Dacian Cioloş "to address the hardship faced by this group of our citizens that has also been hit hard by the E. coli outbreak". He also said, "In the future, we need to see how the timing of the alerts can be closer to the actual scientific basis and proof."


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, European Union
By 7 June, EU Ministers held an emergency meeting in Luxembourg to discuss the growing crisis, which had left 23 people dead, and more than 2,000 ill so far. Germany's Federal Agriculture Minister, Ilse Aigner, repeated her warnings to EU consumers to avoid eating any bean sprouts, cucumbers, tomatoes, and salads.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, European Union
The United States Center for Disease Control and the United States Department of Agriculture has long been concerned regarding risks involving the E. coli risk in raw bean sprout production.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, EU member states
Apart from the German government, which warned against the consumption of all raw cucumbers, tomatoes, and lettuce, several countries implemented restrictions or bans on the import of produce.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, Non-EU European nations
Many other European countries took restrictive actions or lost sales of produce, including Albania, Croatia, and Russia.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, Non-EU European nations
The ban on EU vegetables was lifted on 10 June, but stiff safety measures remained in place.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, Middle East
Many countries took restrictive action. Egypt was a focus of the epidemiological investigation because the fenugreek seeds were imported into Germany from Egypt.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, Middle East
Egypt's Minister of Health Ashraf Hatem denied his nation had any patients infected with the new E. coli strain, due to the strict precautions brought in to test overseas tourists entering the country on 2 June.


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, Middle East
Responding to claims that Egyptian fenugreek seeds were the cause of the E. coli outbreak, Egyptian Minister of Agriculture Ayman Abu-Hadid told the Egyptian press the problem had nothing to do with Egypt and instead asserted, "Israel is waging a commercial war against Egyptian exports."


2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, International response, North America
Canada and the United States reported cases of E. coli infection that had been acquired in Europe.