2 Chronicles 30, Hezekiah celebrates the Passover (30:13–27)
Many participants (especially from the northern tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh, Issachar and Zebulun), the officials, the priests and the Levites had not properly cleansed themselves, but they were trying hard to show their change of heart, and that is what seems most important, so Hezekiah called upon YHWH to pardon those people and YHWH granted the petition (verse 20). According to the law, any person making the sacrifice should be responsible for its slaughter, but since many of them had not been cleansed properly, the Levites assumed this role (verse 16).


2 Chronicles 30, Hezekiah celebrates the Passover (30:13–27)
The important character of the feast (typical in the Chronicles) is the voluntary action with a great sense of unity (involving priests, Levites, and laymen), joy, and generosity prevalent amongst the king and the notables, and many animals are sacrificed. The Chronicler notes that such scenes had not happened since the days of Solomon, referring not just to the celebration alone, but also to an impression of possible reunification since the kingdom fell apart after Solomon's death.


2 Chronicles 31
2 Chronicles 31 is the thirty-first chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah.


2 Chronicles 31, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 21 verses.


2 Chronicles 31, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).


2 Chronicles 31, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 31, The reform of Hezekiah (31:1–10)
Verse 1 parallels to 2 Kings 18:4 summarizing Hezekiah's reforming measures. Once the temple service was reinstalled, Hezekiah reinstated the priestly and Levitical divisions as set out by David (1 Chronicles 23–26; 1 Chronicles 28:13, 21) and implemented by Solomon (cf. 2 Chronicles 8:14; 23:18–19), then Hezekiah organized the tithes. The king also contributed to the support of the Temple and its workers, like David did (1 Chronicles 22:14–16; 29:2–5), and likewise responded by the people with their generosity (cf. 1 Chronicles 29:6–9). The chief priest in Hezekiah's time was Azariah, which has the same name of the chief priest under Solomon, both from the lineage of Zadok, portraying Hezekiah in similar light to David and Solomon although their names were not explicitly mentioned in this chapter.


2 Chronicles 31, Hezekiah organizes the priests (31:11–21)
The abundance of tithes needed to stored so king Hezekiah ordered to build or renovate more chambers for the purpose. Two Levites (Cononiah and Shimei) administered "the offerings and the tithes and the dedicated things", with the assistance of ten 'overseers' (Jehiel, Azaziah, Nahath, Asahel, Jerimoth, Jozabad, Eliel, Ismachiah, Mahath, and Benaiah), leading to the 'round sum of twelve' (verses 11–13).


2 Chronicles 31, Hezekiah organizes the priests (31:11–21)
Verses 14–19 detail the distribution of the offerings as the financial support for the priests and Levites on the basis of the number and size of the family (cf. 1 Chronicles 23:3), both in Jerusalem and in the other cities. Verses 20–21 parallel to 2 Kings 18:5–7 in the assessment of Hezekiah's reign, praising Hezekiah more than for any other king of Judah, describing him in a specific threefold praise: '[gjood and right and faithful before the LORD'.


2 Chronicles 32
2 Chronicles 32 is the thirty-second chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah.


2 Chronicles 32, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 33 verses.


2 Chronicles 32, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).


2 Chronicles 32, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 32, Sennacherib invades Judah (32:1–19)
Owing to his dilligence in performing the reform, Hezekiah was rewarded in the form of deliverance from Sennacherib, 'after these things and these acts of faithfulness' (no mention of 'the fourteenth year of his reign' as in 2 Kings 18). Hezekiah made efforts on military defence measures (cf. 2 Kings 20:20; Isaiah 22:8–11), concentrating on securing the water supply, carrying out the necessary building works, acquiring required weaponry, and organizing his army. He repaired the infrastructure of Jerusalem, including the construction of Siloam water tunnel (cf. 2 Chronicles 32:30), and initiated a program of 'urban mobilization'.


2 Chronicles 32, Death of Sennacherib (32:20–23)
The Chronicler records a shorter report than the books of Kings and the book of Isaiah, generally focusing on the emphasis that Hezekiah's and Jerusalem's (aid and) salvation is due to YHWH (verse 21: 'And the LORD sent an angel'; cf. 2 Kings 19:35–37 and Isaiah 37:36, which only mention the angel as the active party). The prophecy of Isaiah, the number of the Assyrians killed and the names of Sennacherib's sons were not recorded in the Chronicles. The text simply states that the whole Assyrian army was annihilated, so Sennacherib had to return with 'shame of face' (cf. Ezra 9:7; Psalm 44:16) to his land, where his sons slew him in the temple.


2 Chronicles 32, Death of Sennacherib (32:20–23), Verse 21
Herodotus wrote that the Assyrian army was overrun by mice when attacking Egypt. Some Biblical scholars take this to an allusion that the Assyrian army suffered the effects of a mouse- or rat-borne disease such as bubonic plague. Even without relying on that explanation, John Bright suggested it was an epidemic of some kind that saved Jerusalem.


2 Chronicles 32, Death of Sennacherib (32:20–23), Verse 21
In What If?, a collection of essays on counterfactual history, historian Willian H. McNeill speculates that the accounts of mass death among the Assyrian army in the Tanakh might be explained by an outbreak of cholera (or other water-borne diseases) due to the springs beyond the city walls having been blocked, thus depriving the besieging force of a safe water supply.


2 Chronicles 32, Hezekiah’s shortcomings (32:24–31)
Despite experiencing  vast wealth and strong economy for being  God-fearing, Hezekiah was not without faults (2 Chronicles 32:24–26; cf. 2 Kings 20:1–19; Isaiah 38–39; "there is no one who does not sin" in 2 Chronicles 6:36), but like David, (1 Chronicles 21:8, 17) and Rehoboam (2 Chronicles 12:7), Hezekiah prayed and humbled himself before God (cf. 2 Chronicles 7:14), so that the wrath of God did not come during his reign.


2 Chronicles 32, Hezekiah’s shortcomings (32:24–31), Verse 30
The tunnel (now called the "Siloam tunnel") leads from the Gihon Spring to the Pool of Siloam. The curving tunnel is 583 yards (533 m; about 1⁄3 mile) long and by using the 12 inch (30 cm) altitude difference between its two ends, which corresponds to a 0.06 percent gradient, the engineers managed to convey the water from the spring to the pool. According to the Siloam inscription, the tunnel was excavated by two teams, one starting at each end of the tunnel and then meeting in the middle.


2 Chronicles 32, Hezekiah’s shortcomings (32:24–31), Verse 30
The inscription is partly unreadable at present, and may originally have conveyed more information than this. It is clear from the tunnel itself that several directional errors were made during its construction. Support for the dating to Hezekiah's period is derived from the radiocarbon dates of organic matter contained in the original plastering.


2 Chronicles 32, Death of Hezekiah (32:32–33)
This section contains the concluding verdict on Hezekiah's reign, especially his 'good deeds', that are recorded in the book of Isaiah and the books of Kings. Hezekiah's burial was one of the most impressive among those given to kings in the Chronicles.


2 Chronicles 32, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah
Extra-biblical sources specify Hezekiah by name, along with his reign and influence. "Historiographically, his reign is noteworthy for the convergence of a variety of biblical sources and diverse extrabiblical evidence often bearing on the same events. Significant data concerning Hezekiah appear in the Deuteronomistic History, the Chronicler, Isaiah, Assyrian annals and reliefs, Israelite epigraphy, and, increasingly, stratigraphy". Archaeologist Amihai Mazar calls the tensions between Assyria and Judah "one of the best-documented events of the Iron Age" and Hezekiah's story is one of the best to cross-reference with the rest of the Mid Eastern world's historical documents.


2 Chronicles 32, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah
Several bullae  bearing the name of Hezekiah have been found:


2 Chronicles 32, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah
Other artifacts bearing the name "Hezekiah" include LMLK stored jars along the border with Assyria "demonstrate careful preparations to counter Sennacherib's likely route of invasion" and show "a notable degree of royal control of towns and cities which would facilitate Hezekiah's destruction of rural sacrificial sites and his centralization of worship in Jerusalem". Evidence suggests they were used throughout his 29-year reign and the Siloam inscription.


2 Chronicles 32, Extrabiblical documentation, Sennacherib
The accounts of Sennacherib of Assyria, including his invasion into the Kingdom of Judah, especially the capture of Lachish and the siege of  Jerusalem, are recorded in a number of ancient documents and artifacts:


2 Chronicles 33
2 Chronicles 33 is the thirty-third chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). It contains the regnal accounts of Manasseh and Amon, the kings of Judah.


2 Chronicles 33, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 25 verses.


2 Chronicles 33, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).


2 Chronicles 33, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1–20)
Historically, Manasseh was regarded as an 'exceptionally skilful ruler', reigned on David's throne for 55 years, longer than any other king of Israel and Judah. The books of Kings portray him as the most godless king of all and extensively list his disgraceful behavior which mostly contributed to the downfall of Judah (2 Kings 21:1–18), but the Chronicler records his repentance during his deportation to Babylon, that when he returned to Jerusalem, he removed all foreign images, so the long reign was a result of this God-fearing behavior. The Assyrians' treatment of Manasseh (verse 11) was similar to the Babylonian's treatment of Jehoiachin in later date (Ezekiel 19:9; 2 Chronicles 36:10). In his distress, Manasseh did as instructed in  the temple-consecration prayer (cf. 2 Chronicles 6:36–39; 7:14), that he humbled himself and prayed to God, so .


2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1–20), Verse 1
Two seals appeared on the antiquities market in Jerusalem (first reported in 1963), both bearing the inscription, “Belonging to Manasseh, son of the king.”  As the term "son of the king" refers to royal princes, whether they eventually ascended the throne or not, the seal is considered to be Manasseh's during his co-regency with his father.


2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1–20), Verse 1
It bears the same iconography of the Egyptian winged scarab as the seals attributed to King Hezekiah, recalling the alliance between Hezekiah and Egypt against the Assyrians (2 Kings 18:21; Isaiah 36:6), and may symbolize 'a desire to permanently unite the northern and southern kingdoms together with God’s divine blessing'.


2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1–20), Verse 1
Jar handles bearing  a stamp with a winged-beetle and the phrase LMLK ("to the king"), along with the name of a city, have been unearthed throughout ancient Judah as well as in a large administrative complex discovered outside of the old city of Jerusalem and used to hold olive oil, food, wine, etc – goods that were paid as taxes to the king, dated to the reigns of   Hezekiah (cf. "Hezekiah's storehouses"; 2 Chronicles 32:27–28) and Manasseh. These artifacts provide the evidence of 'a complex and highly-organized tax system in Judah' from the time of Hezekiah extending into the time of Manasseh, among others to pay the tribute to the Assyrians.


2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1–20), Verse 11–13
Manasseh was thought to have joined a widespread rebellion (or at least been suspected of having supported it) led by Shamash-shum-ukin, the king of Babylon, against his brother, the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, in an attempt to take the empire for himself, in 652-648 BCE.


2 Chronicles 33, Amon, king of Judah (33:21–25)
The record of Amon's rule is brief (as also in 2 Kings 21) and he is mainly portrayed as a godless king.


2 Chronicles 33, Amon, king of Judah (33:21–25), Verse 24–25
The assassination of Amon is thought to be related to the rise of an extensive anti-Assyrian rebellion (recorded in Assyrian sources) organized in ʻEber ha-Nahar, the region between the Euphrates and the Meditteranean Sea, against the rule of Ashurbanipal, and at the same time, an attempt of Egypt under Psamtik I to conquer Assyrian territories in the southern Palestine. The faction in Jerusalem that wanted to throw off the yoke of Assyrian, succeeded in killing Amon who was pro-Assyrian, even as worshipping Assyrian gods. However, Assyrian army soon arrived in Syria and Palestine and suppressed the revolt with 'all the usual severity' (all inhabitants were killed or exiled to Assyria'), so the forces in Judah, who wanted to prevent a military clash with Assyria, exterminated the anti-Assyrian nobles.


2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh
In rabbinic literature on "Isaiah" and Christian pseudepigrapha "Ascension of Isaiah", Manasseh is accused of executing the prophet Isaiah, who was identified as the maternal grandfather of Manasseh.


2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh
Manasseh is mentioned in chapter 21 of 1 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where he is used as an example of ungodly king.


2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh
Manasseh and the kingdom of Judah are only mentioned in the list of subservient kings/states in Assyrian inscriptions of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal.


2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh
Manasseh is listed in annals of Esarhaddon as one of the 22 vassal kings from the area of the Levant and the islands whom the Assyrian king conscripted to deliver timber and stone for the rebuilding of his palace at Nineveh.


2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh
Esarhaddon’s son and successor, Ashurbanipal, mentions "Manasseh, King of Judah" in his annals, which are recorded on the "Rassam cylinder" (or "Rassam Prism", now in the British Museum), named after Hormuzd Rassam, who discovered it in the North Palace of Nineveh in 1854. The ten-faced, cuneiform cylinder contains a record of Ashurbanipal’s campaigns against Egypt and the Levant, that involved 22 kings "from the seashore, the islands and the mainland", who are called "servants who belong to me," clearly denoting them as Assyrian vassals. Manasseh was one of the kings who 'brought tribute to Ashurbanipal and kissed his feet'.


2 Chronicles 34
2 Chronicles 34 is the thirty-fourth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book was compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). It contains the regnal accounts of Josiah the king of Judah.


2 Chronicles 34, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 33 verses.


2 Chronicles 34, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).


2 Chronicles 34, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 34, Josiah king of Judah (34:1–7)
While 2 Kings 22–23 record Josiah's deed from the eighteenth year of his reign, the Chronicler noted that since he was still young (16 years old), Josiah already started to 'seek God', but as he was not yet of age, the public measures he planned were carried out in the twelfth year of his reign (when he was considered an adult at 20 years of age, verse 3).


2 Chronicles 34, Josiah king of Judah (34:1–7)
The inclusion of the area used to belong to the former northern kingdom in his reform showed a legitimate control of the whole Israel (cf. verses 9, 21, 33) and later in 35:17–18. The phrase 'he returned to Jerusalem' (cf. 2 Kings 23:20) underlines the direct involvement of the king for the reform.


2 Chronicles 34, The Book of the Law found (34:8–21)
The collection of donations for the temple's improvement was described in more detail in verses 8–13  than in 2 Kings 22 with the collection of tithes from the entire population (cf. 2 Chronicles 24:5–9 and David's approach for temple's construction (1 Chronicles 29), emphasizing the co-operation of all inhabitants, including people from the north. The Levites have similar duties as in 1 Chronicles 26.


2 Chronicles 34, The Book of the Law found (34:8–21)
The discovery account of the Book of Law (verses 14–33) is very similar to 2 Kings 22, with some minor details, especially linking the finding of the book to the exemplary behavior of Josiah and his people. The Chronicles record that this is "the book of the law, which was written by Moses", so it was not only Deuteronomy, but the entire Pentateuch. Therefore, Shaphan read 'from' it (cf. "read it" in 2 Kings 22) rather than 'all of it', before the king (cf. verse 18). The Chronicles clarify in verse 24 about 'all the curses that are written in the book', instead of 'all the words of the book' in 2 Kings 22, which refer to Deuteronomy 27–29 (and Leviticus 26).


2 Chronicles 34, Huldah prophesies disaster (34:22–28)
The prophetess Huldah pointed out the inevitability that the kingdom of Judah would suffer destruction because of the people's apostasy, although she showed supports for Josiah's reforms and indicated that Josiah's righteousness would earn him a peaceful death before the catastrophe striked.


2 Chronicles 34, Josiah restores true worship (34:29–33)
In verse 30, 'the Levites' replaced 'the prophets' in 2 Kings 22, indicating the Chronicler's conviction that in that period the Levites had a role of announcing God's word, although the prophets still had their place of honour in the books of Chronicles. Verse 33 is an extremely shortened summary of 2 Kings 23:4–20, which together with verses. 3–7, show two different forms of cleansing.


2 Chronicles 35
2 Chronicles 35 is the thirty-fifth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book was compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). It contains the regnal accounts of Josiah the king of Judah.


2 Chronicles 35, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 27 verses.


2 Chronicles 35, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


2 Chronicles 35, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 35, Josiah Restores the Passover (35:1–19)
Unlike the hasty celebration in Hezekiah's time, the liturgy of Passover feast in Josiah's 18th year of reign is performed meticulously on the appointed day in Jerusalem (verse 1), referring to Exodus 12 and Deuteronomy 16, including the involvement of the Levites and musicians in the procedures.


2 Chronicles 35, Josiah's death (35:20–27)
The report in this section has been regarded by some commentaries as historically more reliable and with clearer explanation about the event than that in the Books of Kings. The description of Josiah's armor, his wounding, and his order to be taken to Jerusalem is quite similar to that of Ahab (1 Kings 22:30, 34). Although the passage and the Talmud attribute the lamentations to Jeremiah, Mathys suggests that Zechariah 12:9–14 may be the one referred in verses 24b–25, as it seems to refer to Josiah's death.


2 Chronicles 35, Josiah's death (35:20–27), Verse 20
The reference to Carchemish on the Euphrates (verse 20) uses similar wording as in Jeremiah 46:2. The Battle of Carchemish was eventually fought in 605 BCE where the Babylonian and Median army led by Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed the combined Egyptian and Assyrian forces, ending the existence of the Assyrian empire and eliminating Egypt's significant role in the Ancient Near East since that time.


2 Chronicles 36
2 Chronicles 36 is the thirty-sixth (and the final) chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.


2 Chronicles 36
This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). It contains the regnal accounts of the last four kings of Judah - Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah - and the edict of Cyrus allowing the exiled Jews to return to Jerusalem.


2 Chronicles 36, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 23 verses.


2 Chronicles 36, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


2 Chronicles 36, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 36, Analysis
The final chapter contains shortened history of the four final kings of Judah (to less than half the length in the Books of Kings, although there is a small amount of additions). The omissions are on the details of Jerusalem's destruction (also the reference to Manasseh's sins, 2 Kings 24:3; cf. ), the names of the queen mothers, part of the evaluations on the kings, and some death announcements (such as the death of kings in foreign lands), but giving a more united story than the Books of Kings.


2 Chronicles 36, Analysis
The additions refer to the temple, a strong theological argument of the people's responsibility for their downfall), the deportation of the survivors of Judah  (verse 20) and the mention of the Persian successors to Babylon. In particular, verse 21 contains an interpretation (instead of a "description") of the exile ('until the land had made up for its sabbaths') and part of Cyrus's edict, which is more completely cited in the opening part of the book of Ezra, allowing the deported Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple.


2 Chronicles 36, Jehoahaz king of Judah (36:1–4)
The regnal account of Jehoahaz is brief and omits details of the  journey to the land of Hamath as well as the concluding judgement  (as with the account Abijah, the only other king to get this treatment). Mathys links this to the positive verdict in the Book of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 22:15–16).


2 Chronicles 36, Jehoiakim king of Judah (36:5–8)
The regnal account of Jehoiakim is much reduced compared to the Book of Kings: omitting the attacks of the Chaldeans, Arameans, Moabites, and Ammonites (2 Kings 24:2) and adding the information about Nebuchadnezzar's attack in 597 BCE, placed Jehoiakimin fetters and intended to take him to Babylon, although it is unclear how far the journey was, since the Hebrew text allows multiple interpretations (verse 7). More attention is given to the fate of the temple and its equipment (cf. verses 10, 18–19) which links to Daniel 1:2.


2 Chronicles 36, Jehoiachin king of Judah (36:5–8)
The regnal account of Jehoiachin focuses on the deportation of the king along with temple equipments (cf. verse 7). The Babylonian Chronicles record 2 Adar (16 March), 597 BCE, as the date that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem, putting an end to the reign of Jehoaichin and installing Zedekiah as king of Judah (verse 10).


2 Chronicles 36, Jehoiachin king of Judah (36:5–8), Verse 10
The Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle attested the replacement of the king of Judah as follows:


2 Chronicles 36, Zedekiah king of Judah (36:11–16)
The regnal account of Zedekiah is similarly short as those of the previous three kings, even for the account of 'the pillage of the cultic vessels' (verse 18 compared to 2 Kings 25:13-17), because the emphasis is on the sin of the people and their kings (the Exile is seen as the result of Manasseh's sin), that Zedekiah 'did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, just as Jehoiakim had done' (2 Kings 24:19). In addition, Zedekiah was also disobedient towards the prophet Jeremiah and did not want to repent.


2 Chronicles 36, The fall of Jerusalem (36:17–21)
The climax of temple plundering: 'All the vessels of the house of God' in verse 18 is followed by the taking away of the king's and princes' private treasures (verse 19) with very little words about Jerusalem's actual destruction and nothing about vineyard and field workers who were left behind on the land. Instead, it directly relates the end of exile when the kingdom of Persia ruled over Babylon. The sentence in verse 21 combines Jeremiah's prophecy of 70 years of exile (Jeremiah 25:11–12) with the warning in Leviticus 26 regarding the consequences of abusing the sabbath years.


2 Chronicles 36, The edict of Cyrus (36:22–23)
The last section of the chapter (and the whole books of Chronicles) relates Cyrus's edict, allowing the exiled Jews to return to their land and to rebuild the temple. The text could be based on Ezra 1:1–3, but it was left as an open ending, with the appeal, 'Let him go up', which may serve as a link to the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah or as a general reference to the future.


2 Chronicles 36, The edict of Cyrus (36:22–23), Verse 23
In the Cyrus Cylinder there is a statement related to the Cyrus's edict which gives the historical background to the book of Ezra:


2 Chronicles 36, The edict of Cyrus (36:22–23), Verse 23
Cyrus's edict is significant to the return of the Jews, because it shows that they did not slip away from Babylon but were given official permission by the Persian king in the first year of his rule, and it is a specific fulfillment of the seventy years prophecy of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 25:11–14; Jeremiah 29:10–14).


2 Chronicles 4
2 Chronicles 4 is the fourth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is the construction of the temple's interior decoration.


2 Chronicles 4, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 22 verses.


2 Chronicles 4, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.


2 Chronicles 4, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 4, The bronze altar and molten sea (4:1–5)
This section records the construction of the bronze altar (verse 1; cf. 1 Kings 8:64; 2 Kings 16:14–15; 2 Chronicles 1:5; Ezekiel 43:13–17) and the molten sea (verses 2–5; cf. 1 Kings 7:23–26). The altar was a formidable object, probably made of wood and covered with bronze, with the measures probably referring to the base.


2 Chronicles 4, The bronze altar and molten sea (4:1–5), Verse 2
The approximation of the mathematical constant "π" ("pi"), defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, can apparently be calculated from this verse as 30 cubits divided by 10 cubits to yield "3". However, Matityahu Hacohen Munk observed that the spelling for "line" in Hebrew, normally written as קו , in  is written (ketiv) as קוה . Using gematria, qaweh yields "111" whereas qaw yields "106", so when used in calculation 3010∗111106{\displaystyle {\frac {30}{10}}*{\frac {111}{106}}} it results in π =  "3.1415094", very close to the modern definition of "3.1415926".


2 Chronicles 4, The bronze altar and molten sea (4:1–5), Verse 2
Charles Ryrie gives another explanation based on verse 5 (cf. 1 Kings 7:26) that the molten sea has a brim of a handbreadth (about 4 inches or 10 cm) wide, so when the inside diameter, subtracting 10 cubits (about 180 inches or 4.6 meter; from outer "brim to brim") with 2 times 4 inches (two handbreadth) to yield 172 inches (4.4 meter), is divided by π, it results in 540 inches (45 feet or 14 meter or 30 cubits) which is the circumference given in this verse.


2 Chronicles 4, The temple's interior (4:6–22)
Verse 10–22 closely parallel 1 Kings 7:39–50 except for the omission of materials in 1 Kings 7:27–37. 1 Kings 7:38 corresponds to 2 Chronicles 4:6, while 1 Kings 7:38–39a is reworked at 2 Chronicles 4:6a, but verses 6b–9 have no parallel in Kings, and 1 Kings 7:39b—51 corresponds to 2 Chronicles 4:10-5:1. The (lengthy) passage in Kings concerning the stands for the basins is only found in verse 14. The function of the basin (verse 6) is related to Exodus 30:17-21, where a copper basin is used for ceremonial washing.


2 Chronicles 4, The temple's interior (4:6–22)
The list of golden materials in verses 7–9 corresponds to that in 1 Kings 7:48–50 (cf. verses 19–22), presented in the order of the Chronicler's (original) list in 1 Chronicles 28:15–18. Whereas the tabernacle was equipped with only one lampstand (Exodus 25:31–40; 31:8; Leviticus 24:1–4; Numbers 8:2–4), an interesting similarity to 13:11, there were ten in the Temple (verse 7; cf. multiple lampstands in 1 Chronicles 28:15; 2 Chronicles 4:20; 1 Kings 7:49).


2 Chronicles 4, The temple's interior (4:6–22)
Both the tabernacle (Exodus 25:23-30; 26:35; Leviticus 24:5–9; 2 Chronicles 13:11) and Solomon's temple according to 1 Kings 7:48 only mention one shewbread table, but there were ten in verse 8, and by contrast to the one, the ten tables in the Chronicles (1 Chronicles 28:16) are not explicitly characterized as covered in gold. Whereas 1 Kings 6:36 only briefly mentions the inner courtyard, the Chronicler clearly distinguishes between the priests' court (1 Kings 6:36; 7:12) and the precinct for laymen.


2 Chronicles 5
2 Chronicles 5 is the fifth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bibles or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is the installation of the Ark of the Covenant in the temple.


2 Chronicles 5, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 14 verses.


2 Chronicles 5, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


2 Chronicles 5, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 5, The construction of the Temple completed (5:1)
This verse concludes the section started in 2 Chronicles 4:6 with the placement of temple decorations into the finished building.


2 Chronicles 5, The construction of the Temple completed (5:1), Verse 1
The construction of the temple started in Solomon's fourth year of years, took seven years to complete (1 Kings 6:1) and another thirteen years in furnishing it (1 Kings 9:1, 2), but this is not mentioned in the Chronicles.


2 Chronicles 5, The Ark brought into the Temple (5:2–14)
The section parallels 1 Kings 8:1–13, except for verses 11b–13a, which points to the implementation of David's Levitical and priestly orders (1 Chronicles 15–16; 25–26). All participants were sanctified (cf 1 Chronicles 15:14) and all three musician families were present to play musical instruments and sing in unison 'For he is good, for his steadfast love endures for ever' (verse 13; cf. 1 Chronicles 16:41). Once the music begun, a cloud fill the house (verse 13), recalling the cloud which came down on the tent of meeting in the desert (cf. Numbers 12:5).


2 Chronicles 5, The Ark brought into the Temple (5:2–14), Verse 2
The transfer of the ark from Mount Zion to the temple on Mount Moriah was the first part of the celebration.


2 Chronicles 5, The Ark brought into the Temple (5:2–14), Verse 4
The Levites carried the ark in conformation with Moses' instructions (Deuteronomy 10:8; 31:25) and David's orders (1 Chronicles 15:2). In 1 Kings 8:3, 6 it was specified that the "priests" (who must be from the tribe of Levi) carried the ark, as Levites who were not priests were forbidden to enter the most holy place (as shown in verses 7 and 29:16).


2 Chronicles 6
2 Chronicles 6 is the sixth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's prayer and speech at the consecration of the temple.


2 Chronicles 6, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 42 verses.


2 Chronicles 6, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.


2 Chronicles 6, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1–11)
The first part of this chapter starts with a doxology, followed by Solomon's speech about God's choice of Jerusalem and David for  the temple's construction, that Davidic promises regardingthem (1 Chronicles 17:1–15) have been fulfilled.


2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1–11), Verse 1
The Hebrew expression that God 'wished to dwell in darkness' links to God's manifestation on Mount Sinai (Exodus 20:21; Deuteronomy 4:11; 5:22).


2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1–11), Verse 11
The Chronicler sharpens the portrayal of David in relationship with Moses, most significantly in this verse where at three points the Chronicler eliminated or altered allusions to the exodusthemes found in Samuel-Kings (1 Kings 8:21):


2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1–11), Verse 11
wherein is the covenant of the Lord, which he made with our fathers,when he brought them out of the land of Egypt.


2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1–11), Verse 11
wherein is the covenant of the Lord,that he made with the children of Israel.


2 Chronicles 6, Solomon's prayer of dedication (6:12–42)
The second part of the chapter contains a prayer of dedication that consists of seven petitions concerning a variety of predicaments in which Israel may find, including defeat by enemies (verses 24–25), drought (verses 26–27), open pitched battles (verses 34–35) or exile (verses 36–39), in each case of which Solomon asks God to be attentive to the prayers of His people from His heavenly dwelling. Verses 32–33 concern with foreigners, whose significance to the people of Israel would be increased in the time between the writing of the books of Kings and that of the books of Chronicles.


2 Chronicles 6, Solomon's prayer of dedication (6:12–42)
The theme of Babylonian Exile in 1 Kings 8 had developed into the theme of diaspora (for examples, in Babylon and Egypt) in the Chronicler's time, so the phrase 'and grant them compassion in the sight of their captors, so that they may have compassion on them' in 1 Kings 8:50 is omitted in the Chronicles here, although interestingly it is taken up in the letter written by Hezekiah to the rest of the northern kingdom(2 Chronicles 30:9).


2 Chronicles 6, Solomon's prayer of dedication (6:12–42)
In contrast to 1 Kings 8 the Chronicler omits the reference to the Exodus and therefore to Moses in verse 40 (as in verse 11), but ends in a more positive tone by taking and changing Psalm 132:8–10 to enhance the importance of the ark and the anointed (such as the terms 'salvation' in place of  'righteousness', 'rejoice' in place of 'shout for joy', and goodness).


2 Chronicles 7
2 Chronicles 7 is the seventh chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is the conclusion of dedication ceremony and God's covenant for the temple.


2 Chronicles 7, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 22 verses.


2 Chronicles 7, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.


2 Chronicles 7, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 7, Fire from heaven (7:1–3)
This section reports God's positive response to the plea in 2 Chronicles 6:41 that He accepted the temple as His own, applying Leviticus 9:22–24 (without the people's blessings by Moses and Aaron in Leviticus 9:23).


2 Chronicles 7, Fire from heaven (7:1–3)
God's glory took provisional possession of the temple as in 2 Chronicles 5:13–14, but now with an endorsing fire falling from the heavens, which was witnessed by the religious elite as well as all the Israelites, because God's glory does not only fill the temple, but is also above it (cf. Exodus 40:34 for verse 2, which can be rendered as 'and during all this time the glory of YHWH still filled the temple').


2 Chronicles 7, Fire from heaven (7:1–3), Verse 1
The 'divine consecration' of the burnt offering and the sacrifices by fire coming down from heaven (not found in 1 Kings 8–9) 'dramatically legitimates' Solomon's Temple as 'an enduring fixture of Israelite life' (cf. Leviticus 9:24; 1 Kings 18:36-39; 1 Chronicles 21:26).


2 Chronicles 7, Fire from heaven (7:1–3), Verse 3
The song refrain is found in Psalm 136 (cf. 2 Chronicles 5:13; 7:6; 20:21; Ezra 3:11), which became a significant element in the postexilic Temple liturgy.


2 Chronicles 7, Sacrifices of dedication (7:4–10)
The celebration of the temple's dedication and the Feast of Tabernacles were two separate feasts, each lasting seven days, for a total of 14 days (clarifying 1 Kings 8:66): the temple dedication took place from the 8th to the 14th of the seventh month, while the Feast of Tabernacles lasted from the 15th until the 21st of the same month with the concluding feast (as in Leviticus 23:36, 39; cf. Numbers 29:35–38; Nehemiah 8:18) is on the 22nd, then Solomon dismissed the festive community on the 23rd, as stated in verse 10, showing a strict adherence to the festal calendar according to Moses' law.


2 Chronicles 7, God's response to Solomon (7:11–22)
Verse 11 bridges the previous section to the next showing that Solomon was successful because he behaved in an exemplary manner. God lists four ways in which the Israelites could move Him to action (verse 14): humility, prayer, seeking His face, and turning from wicked ways; all these becoming repeated themes in the following chapters of Chronicles, whereas verses 17–22, a form of theodicy, lays out the explanation for the future collapse of David's monarchy and the destruction of the temple.


2 Chronicles 7, God's response to Solomon (7:11–22)
The unique phrase in verse 18 'a successor to rule over Israel' (instead of  'a successor on the throne of Israel' in Kings9:5 and also excluding the phrase 'over Israel for ever') parallels Micah 5:1 with messianic undertones, followed by the exclusion of the phrase 'or your children' in verse 19 to invoke the responsibilities of the current generation.


2 Chronicles 8
2 Chronicles 8 is the eighth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's other building projects and commercial efforts.


2 Chronicles 8, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 18 verses.


2 Chronicles 8, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.


2 Chronicles 8, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 8, Solomon's other building projects (8:1–11)
This section reports that Solomon received additional cities from Hiram the king of Tyre, whereas reported in 1 Kings 9, Solomon gave Hiram 20 cities, probably in exchange. Solomon sent Israelites to settle in those cities, similar as the policy of the Assyrian towards the defeated northern kingdom in 2 Kings 17:24–8. The remaining population of non-Israelites wereemployed as slave workers by Solomon, with Israelites as guards exempted from the works (verses 7–10). Solomon was proud to have Pharaoh's daughter as his wife, so he built her a special house, also that she, as a woman (and foreigner), was not to come into contact with holy things.


2 Chronicles 8, Public worship established at the Temple (8:12–16)
The passage details how Solomon kept the commandments of Moses in offerings and David's ordinances in the appointments of priests and Levites (1 Chronicles 22:7–16; 28:6–10, 20–21). The three annual festivals are named here, along with the daily sacrifices as well as for sabbath and the new moons.


2 Chronicles 8, Solomon's fleet (8:17–18)
This part parallels 1 Kings 9:26-28, with "the sea" refers to the Red Sea.


2 Chronicles 9
2 Chronicles 9 is the ninth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's fame and wealth with the visit of the queen of Sheba and the list of his treasures, ending with the report of his death and the history books containing his activities.


2 Chronicles 9, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 31 verses.


2 Chronicles 9, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.


2 Chronicles 9, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


2 Chronicles 9, The queen of Sheba's visit (9:1–12)
The story of the Queen of Sheba's visit to Jerusalem was almost identical with that in 1 Kings 10 and fits extremely well for international recognition of Judah's rulers in the Chronicles (cf. e.g. 1 Chronicles 14:17).


2 Chronicles 9, Solomon's wealth (9:13–28)
This section with substantial information regarding Solomon's splendor and power largely parallels with 1 Kings 10:14–28a, describing how the promise of unmatched wealth and wisdom (2 Chronicles 1:11–12) was fulfilled in Solomon. Verse 25a corresponds with 1 Kings 5:6, verse 25b with 1 Kings 10:26b, whereas verse 26 includes information recorded in 1 Kings 5:1 and verses 27–28 with 1 Kings 10:27–28. Some materials in 1 Kings 10 with no parallel in this chapter can be found in 2 Chronicles 1:14-17.


2 Chronicles 9, The death of Solomon (9:29–31)
The Chronicles report that Solomon enjoyed a peaceful reign of unified Israel kingdom from the beginning to the end ('from first to last'; instead of 'all that he did' in 1 Kings 11:41), omitting any negative information found in other documents (1 Kings 9:11–16; 11:1–38) and also not to present Solomon's wisdom as his most significant quality.


2 Chronicles 9, The death of Solomon (9:29–31)
Instead of using 'the Book of the Acts of Solomon', the Chronicles use 'the history of the prophet Nathan, and in the prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite, and in the visions of the seer Iddo concerning Jeroboam son of Nebat' – three prophetic sources just like David (1 Chronicles 29:29) – covering the beginning of Solomon's reign (Nathan, cf. 1 Kings 1), to its end (Ahijah; cf. 1 Kings 11:29), whereas Iddo is mentioned again as a source in 2 Chronicles 12:15 (Rehoboam) and 13:22 (Abijah).


2 Close Support Battalion REME
2 Close Support Battalion REME is a battalion of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers of the British Army.


2 Close Support Battalion REME, History
The battalion was formed in 1993, through the re-designation of 7 Armoured Workshop, at St Barbara Barracks, Fallingbostel. The battalion's initial role was supporting 7th Armoured Brigade, just like its predecessor unit did. The battalion is due to amalgamate with 27 Regiment RLC, to provide a specialist combat service support unit to the 2nd Strike Brigade.


2 Coelhos
2 Coelhos (Lit: 2 Rabbits) is a 2012 Brazilian action film written and directed by Afonso Poyart. The film features innovations that were not common in Brazilian films, including explosions, animations, elaborate special effects and pop culture references. It was released in Brazil on January 20, 2012.


2 Coelhos, Plot
Edgar is arrested for killing a woman and child in a car crash, but is bailed out by state representative Jader Kerleis. After two years on vacation in Miami, Florida, Edgar returns to the city of São Paulo with a plot to pit Jader, infamous for multiple corruption cases, against Maicon, a criminal notorious for bribing influential politicians to keep him free, to bring both of them to justice.


2 Coelhos, American remake
Tango Pictures bought the rights to remake this film with a title Two Rabbits. The film will be the second project for the development of new production, directed by Andrew Lazar, Christina Lurie and Steven Shainberg. Afonso Poyart says it should take the executive production, but not the direction. Poyart said, "The idea is to make another movie. At the moment, the Tango is hiring writers that will give a new treatment history and acclimation to the American public". The budget of the film should cost between $10 million and 12 million.


2 Cold Scorpio
Charles Bernard Scaggs (born October 25, 1965) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name 2 Cold Scorpio (sometimes spelled Too Cold Scorpio). He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling, Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation (as Flash Funk) throughout the 1990s, along with his appearances in Japan for New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Noah.


2 Cold Scorpio
Championships held by 2 Cold Scorpio over the course of his career include the ECW World Tag Team Championship, ECW World Television Championship, GHC Tag Team Championship and WCW World Tag Team Championship.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Early career (1985–1992)
Scaggs made his professional wrestling debut in 1985, adopting the ring name 2 Cold Scorpio. He wrestled in various independent promotions in the United States, until, on the recommendation of Big Van Vader, he decided to go to New Japan Pro-Wrestling, where he trained in the NJPW Dojo. He also wrestled in Europe and Mexico.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, World Championship Wrestling (1992–1994)
2 Cold Scorpio debuted in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) on November 18, 1992, as Ron Simmons' mystery partner at Clash of the Champions XXI. In June 1993, he challenged Barry Windham for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, but lost to Windham at Clash of the Champions XXIII. He had a brief reign as World Tag Team Champion with Marcus Alexander Bagwell in October 1993. Although he was released in April 1994, 2 Cold Scorpio competed on the WCW-promoted pay-per-view When Worlds Collide in November 1994 and the WCW/New Japan produced pay-per-view Collision in Korea in April 1995.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Extreme Championship Wrestling (1994–1996)
2 Cold Scorpio debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in 1994, where he had four reigns as World Television Champion and one reign as World Tag Team Champion with The Sandman. He had feuds with wrestlers such as Taz, Shane Douglas, Sabu, and Mikey Whipwreck. In August 1994, Scorpio had another chance at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, this time in a tournament; he made it all the way to the finals, before losing to Shane Douglas in the finals. Following his departure for the WWF, 2 Cold Scorpio returned to ECW for one night at House Party in 1998 as a mystery opponent for Taz. In 1996, he would return to Japan to wrestle for Tokyo Pro Wrestling, under the masked alter-ego, Black Wazuma.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, World Wrestling Federation (1996–1999)
2 Cold Scorpio made his WWF debut on November 17, 1996, at Survivor Series, under the name Flash Funk. His gimmick involved wearing tights with large lapels, and entering the arena dancing with a pair of "Fly Girls" or "Funkettes" while wearing a large hat and fur coat. Towards the end of his first WWF run, Funk reverted to his 2 Cold Scorpio name, later shortening it to "Scorpio", and began teaming with former WCW teammate and friend Ron Simmons, as well as Terry Funk through most of 1998. In mid-1998, he competed in the WWF's Brawl for All tournament, replacing Ken Shamrock. He lost in the quarterfinals to The Godfather.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, World Wrestling Federation (1996–1999)
In late 1998, Scorpio became a member of Al Snow's J.O.B. Squad, often being a regular on WWF Shotgun Saturday Night. In February 1999, 2 Cold Scorpio requested time off due to personal problems, but was instead released from the WWF. Scorpio's last WWF match would be him and Hardcore Holly losing to Owen Hart and Jeff Jarrett on the February 6, 1999 edition of Shotgun Saturday Night, ultimately being the J.O.B. Squad's last televised match.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999–2006)
2 Cold Scorpio next made sporadic appearances for ECW, which included a challenge against then-champion Mike Awesome for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship on the December 10, 1999, edition of ECW on TNN. 2 Cold Scorpio competed for All Japan Pro Wrestling until native members of its roster defected to form Pro Wrestling Noah in 2000, and both Scorpio and Vader followed.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999–2006)
Scorpio would team with Vader when he debuted in October 2000. Both had a strong dominance in the tag team division, where they had a great number of victories on television and pay-per-views. Like Vader, Scorpio earned many singles victories against several of the roster's Japanese wrestlers. At this time Scorpio would receive major pops and fanfare from the Japanese audience, who would often cheer and jive for his charismatic entrances and root for him in matches as a babyface. Because Vader already had a grudge feud with Jun Akiyama, Scorpio would take Vader's side and help him defeat Akiyama and whatever Japanese wrestler Akiyama teamed with at the moment.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999–2006)
Vader and Scorpio would emerge victorious in the grudge feud by defeating Jun Akiyama and Akitoshi Saito on an October 19, 2001 pay-per-view, where they became the inaugural GHC Tag Team Champions. They would lose the titles to Mitsuharu Misawa and Yoshinari Ogawa on November 30.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999–2006)
Scorpio and Vader continued teaming throughout 2002, and despite them not winning the titles again, they continued having many victories in the tag team and singles division throughout 2002. Vader's last appearance in NOAH was in January 2003, and Doug Williams would become Scorpio's replacement that spring.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999–2006)
Scorpio and Doug Williams won the GHC Tag Team Championship in January 2005. On November 5, 2005, Scorpio won the GHC Openweight Hardcore Championship against Yoshinobu Kanemaru in a pay-per-view match.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to WWE (2006–2007)
In 2006, 2 Cold Scorpio signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. Upon joining the promotion, he returned to using his Flash Funk character in the WWE developmental promotion Deep South Wrestling until he was released on May 11, 2007, without ever appearing on WWE television. On the 15th anniversary of WWE Raw on December 10, 2007, 2 Cold Scorpio participated in a battle royal as "Flash Funk", eliminating Steve Blackman while eliminating himself in the process.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005–present)
On June 10, 2005, 2 Cold Scorpio wrestled at the ECW reunion event Hardcore Homecoming, defeating Kid Kash. In late 2007, 2 Cold Scorpio joined Booker T's Pro Wrestling Alliance promotion, based in Houston, Texas. He wrestled occasionally in Pasadena, Texas, at the city's convention center, and he participated in a feud with heel wrestler and student Gustavo Mendoza. His last PWA match was in February 2008 at Texas Tapout against Mendoza. On August 8, 2010, 2 Cold Scorpio wrestled at Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's ECW reunion show, Hardcore Justice, defeating C.W. Anderson.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005–present)
On April 28, 2012, 2 Cold Scorpio wrestled Shane Douglas in the main event of Extreme Reunion (a wrestling event promoted by Douglas) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the match, two masked men got involved. One was Kevin Sullivan, who attacked Douglas. The other was former ECW owner Tod Gordon, who hugged 2 Cold Scorpio. Douglas pinned 2 Cold Scorpio with a twisting sunset flip.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005–present)
2 Cold Scorpio made his debut for Chikara in September 2012, when he, Jerry Lynn and Tommy Dreamer entered the 2012 King of Trios as "The Extreme Trio", defeating Team WWF (1-2-3 Kid, Aldo Montoya and Tatanka) in their first round match. The following day, The Extreme Trio was eliminated from the tournament by Team ROH (Mike Bennett, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson).


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005–present)
On February 2, 2013, 2 Cold Scorpio defeated ACH in the main event of the first ever National Pro Wrestling Day to become the 2013 Rey De Voladores. On June 23, 2013, 2 Cold Scorpio was defeated by John Hennigan in a match for the FWE Heavyweight Championship at House of Hardcore 2. On September 2, 2017, 2 Cold Scorpio unsuccessfully challenged Hannibal for the Great North Wrestling Canadian Championship at the Hawkesbury Bike Fest 2017 in Hawkesbury, Ontario. On February 18, 2018, 2 Cold Scorpio won the WPW Heavyweight title at Cheltenham Town Hall by defeating Kendo Kashin.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005–present)
On August 3, 2018, 2 Cold Scorpio competed in the 2018 Scenic City Invitational Tournament held in Soddy Daisy, Tennessee, losing in the first round to AJ Gray. The following night Scorpio defeated Darius Lockhart in non-tournament action. As of July 2019, 2 Cold Scorpio has taken the role of head trainer at the Rocky Mountain Pro Wrestling Academy in Golden, Colorado. Within the Rocky Mountain Pro promotion, he also has a large role in producing the live television product they air on Right Now TV, Fight Network UK and Twitch.tv.


2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005–present)
2 Cold Scorpio is also the current Rocky Mountain Pro tag team champion alongside tag team partner Airborne Alex Anthony after winning the championship at their Milestone 9 Pay Per View on June 30, 2019. On September 10, 2020 2 Cold Scorpio made his debut for Game Changer Wrestling as part of their For The Culture event. He was defeated by AR Fox.


2 Cold Scorpio, Personal life
During a Ring of Honor's Straight Shootin interview in 2004, Scaggs admitted to hard drug use while he was in ECW and WWF, but it had been significantly accelerated during his stint in WWF due to the fact that he was simply making more money and thus had the opportunity to use more. Scaggs regretted his covert lifestyle at the time, and wondered  that if he had admitted to WWF and himself that he had a problem, his career might have lasted longer in WWF. He also admitted to have kicked his hard drug use several years ago, although still actively using marijuana.


2 Columbus Circle
2 Columbus Circle is a 12-story building located on a small trapezoidal lot on the south side of Columbus Circle on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City. Bordered by 58th Street, 59th Street, Broadway, and Eighth Avenue, it stands on the site of the former seven-story Grand Circle Hotel. It opened in 1964, after A&P heir Huntington Hartford hired architect Edward Durell Stone to build a museum for him at the site.


2 Columbus Circle
Controversy was sparked in 2002 after the Museum of Arts and Design (MAD) purchased the building and planned to significantly alter its design, including modifying its facade. Calls had been made since 1996 for the building to be landmarked, so its proposed landmark status was brought into question with this renovation. The renovations were completed in 2008.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation
The seven-story Grand Circle Hotel, designed by William H. Cauvet, stood at this address from 1874; later called the Boulevard Hotel, it was demolished in 1960.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation
In 1964, A&P heir Huntington Hartford hired architect Edward Durell Stone to build a museum for him at 2 Columbus Circle. At the time Hartford had one of the world's greatest art collections, including works by Rembrandt, Monet, Manet, Turner, and Salvador Dalí. Hartford commissioned Dalí to paint a painting called The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus for the opening, which attracted many celebrities, such as the Duke of Windsor. 2 Columbus Circle opened as the Gallery of Modern Art, displaying Hartford's collection.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation
Until 2005, the building was a 12-story modernist structure, marble-clad with Venetian motifs and a curved façade. It had filigree-like portholes and windows that ran along an upper loggia at its top stories. With architect Philip L. Goodwin, Stone had previously designed the Museum of Modern Art in the International style, which opened to the public on May 10, 1939. Hartford wanted his Gallery of Modern Art to represent an alternative view of modernism.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation
The building was often called "The Lollipop Building" in reference to a mocking review by architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable in which she called it a "die-cut Venetian palazzo on lollipops". However, three decades later she admitted that she got "a little lift, a sense of pleasure" when she walked past it. Nonetheless, Huxtable took issue with the campaign to save the building, writing in The Wall Street Journal that: "It was an unworthy performance that did little credit to anyone who cares about preservation and can only serve as an object lesson of how not to go about it." The Gallery of Modern Art closed by 1969. Fairleigh Dickinson University received 2 Columbus Circle as a gift from Hartford and operated it as the New York Cultural Center, where art exhibitions were sometimes hosted.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation
By 1974, New York Cultural Center's trustees were seeking a buyer for the property. Due to financial shortfalls, the New York Cultural Center closed in September 1975. The following year, Gulf and Western Industries purchased 2 Columbus Circle. In exchange for tax breaks, Sumner Redstone got a clause that Hartford had, which said that the building could never be renovated or destroyed. In 1979, Gulf and Western presented 2 Columbus Circle to the City of New York as a gift. The next year, the Department of Cultural Affairs opened in the building. The New York Convention and Visitors Bureau also began to be housed in 2 Columbus Circle.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation
The Museum of Arts and Design, now at 2 Columbus Circle, was founded in 1956 by the American Craft Council together with philanthropist Aileen Osborn Webb, as the Museum of Contemporary Crafts. It relocated to 40 West 53rd Street in 1986, and was renamed the American Craft Museum. In 2002, it changed its name again to the Museum of Arts and Design.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation
Concurrently, interest in landmarking this building had begun in 1996, soon after the building turned thirty years old and became eligible for landmark designation. In this year, Robert A. M. Stern included it in his article "A Preservationist's List of 35 Modern Landmarks-in-Waiting" written for The New York Times. Stone's design at 2 Columbus Circle was listed as one of the World Monuments Fund's "100 most endangered sites" in 2006. The same year, Jennifer Raab, Chairman of the Landmarks Preservation Commission, reviewed with the Designation Committee of the Commission the possibility of recommending a hearing on 2 Columbus Circle.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation
In 1998, the Department of Cultural Affairs and the Convention and Visitors Bureau vacated 2 Columbus Circle, and in 2002, under Landmarks Preservation Commission Chairman Sherida Paulsen, the Designation Committee reviewed the request to hold a hearing and again voted not to. MAD was designated as the site developer of 2 Columbus Circle by the New York City Economic Development Corporation in June 2002. In 2004, the National Trust for Historic Preservation called it one of America's "11 Most Endangered Historic Places". Despite a serious preservation effort, the New York City Department of Buildings approved the permit for MAD to begin removing 2 Columbus Circle's facade.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation
By the end of renovations in 2008, the museum moved to this building. The new location at 2 Columbus Circle, with more than 54,000 square feet (5,000 m2), more than tripled the size of the Museum's former space. It includes four floors of exhibition galleries for works by established and emerging artists; a 150-seat auditorium in which the museum plans to feature lectures, films, and performances; and a restaurant. It also includes a Center for the Study of Jewelry, and an Education Center that offers multi-media access to primary source material, hands-on classrooms for students, and three artists-in-residence studios.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
The museum's plans to radically alter the building's original design touched off a preservation debate joined by many notable people, including Tom Wolfe (The New York Times; October 12, 2003 and October 13, 2003), Chuck Close, Frank Stella, Robert A. M. Stern, Columbia University art history department chairman Barry Bergdoll, New York Times architecture critics Herbert Muschamp and Nicolai Ouroussoff, and urbanist scholar Witold Rybczynski, among others. Congresswoman Carolyn B. Maloney (D-NY) referred to it as "one of New York's most photographed and readily recognizable buildings." However, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Ada Louise Huxtable, and others supported the redevelopment of the long-neglected site.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
Stone's building was listed as worthy of preservation by organizations, including: the New York/Tri-State Chapter of DOCOMOMO, the Historic Districts Council, the Municipal Art Society, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the New York Landmarks Conservancy, the Preservation League of New York State, and the World Monuments Fund. Despite this, the New York City Landmarks Commission never held a public hearing on its fate.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
E-mails obtained under the Freedom of Information Act between NYC Landmarks Commission chairman Robert Tierney and Laurie Beckelman, who worked for the Museum of Art and Design, suggest that the pair worked behind the scenes to keep the building from being considered by the landmarks panel. A city permit to allow removal of the existing facade was issued on June 29, 2005.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
The August 9, 2005, edition of The New York Times reported that members of the Landmarks Preservation Commission took the rare step of public disagreement over this issue, despite City Hall's insistence that the case against the building had been closed for nine years. Roberta Brandes Gratz, a commission member, said in a letter to The New York Times, "Neither I as an individual commissioner nor the current commission as a whole has rendered a 'professional judgment' on whether there should be a hearing or a designation."


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
In addition, telephone interviews conducted by The New York Times suggested that at least some of the other eleven commissioners also favored a public hearing. Yet the commission's executive director, Ronda Wist, said chairman Tierney "is not inclined to revisit this question." Tierney said his principal architectural education occurred when he took an undergraduate course with Vincent Scully, now the Sterling professor emeritus of art history at Yale University. On August 14, 2005, Scully stated in a letter to Tierney:


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
Something rather wonderful has occurred, by which the building, rarely anyone's favorite in the past, is looking better every day ... Its own integrity, its uniqueness, the indomitable determination to make a point that produced it, are coming to the fore and are powerfully affecting the way we see it. ... It is in fact, becoming the icon it never was, one about which the city now cares a great deal.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
The New York City Landmarks Commission's refusal to hold a public hearing on the building was based on a consensus reached in June 1996 by a four-member committee made up of the Rev. Thomas F. Pike, Charles Sachs, Vicki Match Suna, and Professor Sarah Bradford Landau. However, on August 18, 2005, The New York Times reported that Landau joined other former commissioners – William E. Davis, Stephen M. Raphael, Mildred F. Schmertz, along with Gene A. Norman, a former chairman, and Beverly Moss Spatt, a former chairwoman – in calling for a hearing.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
The redesigned building has the same massing and geometric shape as the original, but has channels carved in its exterior. The original white Vermont Marble has been replaced with a glazed terra-cotta and glass facade.


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
James Gardner, architecture critic for the New York Sun wrote that the original building "was indubitably a landmark; the best that can be said for its replacement is that, if we're lucky, no one will ever notice it." Francis Morrone, also of the Sun, wrote: "Where Stone's original building read as neatly scaled to its setting, Mr. Cloepfil's redesign reads as a piece of abstract sculpture that, at building scale, seems all wrong."


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
Witold Rybczynski wrote in Slate that the new design "feels like an alien presence", and architecture critic Justin Davidson said, "This version won't satisfy those who thought it should never have been touched." In 2008, New York Times architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff named the renovated building as one of seven buildings in New York City that should be torn down because they "have a traumatic effect on the city."


2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy
Some critics defended the new facade. Ada Louise Huxtable, who had originally coined the term "Lollipop Building" for the original structure, wrote that "criticism of the structure has been alarmingly out of proportion and flagrantly out of control". Paul Goldberger praised the new building's "functional, logical, and pleasant" interior in a review in The New Yorker, even though th "proportions and composition seem just as odd and awkward as they ever did".


2 Combat Engineer Regiment
2 Combat Engineer Regiment is a regiment of the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers; a subdivision of the Canadian Military Engineers. It is located at Garrison Petawawa, and is part of 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. 2 CER was redesignated from 1 Field Engineer Squadron in 1977.


2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, Formation
In 1903, following the Boer War, the Royal Canadian Engineers were founded as the basis for the permanent military engineers and the Canadian Engineer Corps was created as a militia unit.


2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, World War I
One of the first tasks given to the Canadian engineers after the declaration of World War I was the construction of the Valcartier training site in Quebec. At its peak, 30,000 men were stationed there before the 1st Canadian Division was deployed. When the 1st Canadian Division arrived in Belgium, they were accompanied by the Canadian Engineer Corps. These troops were responsible for the construction of defences, sanitation systems, water supplies, bridging, and assisting with trench raids. The engineers, known as Sappers, were also tasked with digging tunnels underneath enemy trenches and planting explosives to destroy the trenches. These tunnels were strategic in winning the Battle of Vimy Ridge.


2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, World War II
Canadian engineers spent the early phases of World War II building camps in Canada and as they deployed to the United Kingdom, turned their attention to building camps, defence work, roads and airfields in England. Sappers of the 2nd Canadian Division led the beach assault supporting the Dieppe Raid and took the second highest number of casualties after the infantry. By 1942, divisional and corps engineers turned their full attention to the invasion of Europe. They were fully engaged in the Sicilian and Italian Campaigns, the Normandy Landings and the liberation of France, Belgium and Holland. The majority of their work consisted of constructing bailey bridges, clearing mines and booby traps and building communication networks and field defences.


2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, Postwar to present
After the Canadian Forces unified in 1968, the Royal Canadian Engineers, Royal Canadian Navy Civil Engineers and the Royal Canadian Air Force Construction Division were amalgamated. The new branch went under the name Royal Canadian Engineers until 1973 when they were renamed the Canadian Military Engineers.


2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, Postwar to present
In 2017, 2 Combat Engineer Regiment celebrated its 40th anniversary; and at the same time, the 20th anniversary of the Neder Rijn Engineer Park. A reunion event was held 7–9 July 2017, which was attended by over 500 members of the CME family.


2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, Postwar to present
2 CER is part of this history of Canadian military engineers. It provides combat engineering support to 2 CMBG.


2 Compositions
2 Compositions is an EP by Peter Frohmader, released independently in 1983.


2 Compositions (Ensemble) 1989/1991
2 Compositions (Ensemble) 1989/1991 is an album featuring ensemble performances of compositions by Anthony Braxton which was recorded in Germany in 1989 and 1991 and released on the HatART label.


2 Compositions (Järvenpää) 1988
2 Compositions (Järvenpää) 1988 is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded in Finland in 1988 and first released on the Leo label on CD in 1996.


2 Compositions (Järvenpää) 1988, Reception
The Allmusic review by Chris Kelsey stated "Recorded with a septet of Finnish musicians that manifests a pronounced affinity for his music, Braxton's Compositions No. 144 and 145 are given a vigorous, warm, and reasonably tight rendering, of a sort made difficult by the usual lack of rehearsal time and scarcity of appropriate collaborators. The soloists, including and especially the leader, are uniformly excellent, but most importantly, the written parts are realized in a way that does justice to the concept".


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten
2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten is a 2016 Filipino coming-of-age drama film directed by Petersen Vargas in his feature-length directorial debut and written by Jason Paul Laxamana. The film stars Khalil Ramos, Ethan Salvador and Jameson Blake. It depicts the mysterious coming-of-age tale of Felix after he met half-American Snyder brothers, Magnus and Maxim.


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten
The film premiered on November 17, 2016 at the 2016 Cinema One Originals Film Festival, where it won three awards, including Best Picture. It was commercially released by Star Cinema on March 15, 2017 in selected theaters nationwide.


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Synopsis
The film depicts the coming-of-age story of Felix (Khalil Ramos), a friendless and smart high school sophomore, who lives in post-lahar Pampanga in the late 1990s. His life takes a turn after the two new half-American students, the Snyder brothers, Magnus (Ethan Salvador) and Maxim (Jameson Blake), transfer to his school. He finds himself drawn toward them, especially Magnus, who becomes his classmate. Magnus befriends him and he infiltrates the private lives of the Snyder brothers. He interweaves himself to the dark and mysterious motives of the Snyder brothers and at the same time, his interactions with them uncover desires within him that he has never confronted before.


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Production
Director Petersen Vargas started his career in filmmaking by producing short films and shooting music videos. He became prominent after he won the Best Direction award for his short film, Lisyun qng Geografia, in the 2015 Cinemalaya Film Festival. In early 2016, Vargas approached fellow Kapampangan filmmaker Jason Paul Laxamana to collaborate for an entirely different story concept he had in mind. But instead, Laxamana offered him to direct a script he has written which was originally entitled Dos Mestizos.


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Production
Laxamana's script focused on the effect of the arrival of the half-American Snyder brothers in their new school and Vargas made some revisions to this script to focus on their relationship with Felix. Later on, Vargas and the film's creative consultant, Jade Castro, decided to change its title from Dos Mestizos to 2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten to reflect the youthful spirit of the film. The title was inspired by Lucinda Williams' 1998 song, "2 Kool 2 Be 4-gotten".


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Production
They finished filming the film in just 8 days in order for it to be completed in time for the 2016 Cinema One Originals Film Festival.


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Release
The film originally received a R-13 rating during its screenings at the 2016 Cinema One Originals Film Festival. When it was submitted for a review for its nationwide commercial release, the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) gave it a R-16 rating. The producers appealed the rating but instead, the MTRCB slammed the film with a R-18 rating as it said that “the film lacks any social redeeming value.” This caused an outrage from some netizens and filmmakers.


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Critical reception
Maridol Ranoa-Bismark of Philippine Entertainment Portal writes, "2 Cool has the potential to affect viewers with its versions of unconditional love." Philbert Dy of The Neighborhood gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars, commending the cinematography and the acting of the ensemble cast. Oggs Cruz of Rappler praised Laxamana's screenplay by describing it "as intelligent as it is emotionally potent." Cruz further described the film as "a work of gorgeous sentimentality."


2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Critical reception
Rito Asilo of the Philippine Daily Inquirer highlighted the performances of Ramos and Salvador by saying that the film "gets its main thespic tag-team boost from Salvador and Ramos’ complementary portrayals, each in thoughtful sync with the other." Status Magazine stated that it would "keep the audience on their toes with gripping scenes and a conflicted narrative." Prominent writer J. Neil Garcia described the film as "textured and outstanding". Furthermore, he praised the "deft and beautiful direction" of Vargas and the "comparably strong and noteworthy" performances of Ramos, Salvador and Blake. Movies for Millennials calls it "...sweet, humorous, romantic... An experience that's too cool to be forgotten. No pun intended."


2 Cool 4 Skool
2 Cool 4 Skool is the debut single album released by South Korean boy band BTS on June 12, 2013 through Big Hit Entertainment and distributed by Loen. The album was supported by two singles "No More Dream" and "We Are Bulletproof Pt.2". Commercially, it peaked at number five on the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea, and at number ten on Billboard's World Albums Chart in the United States. The album has sold over 300,000 copies as of June 2021.


2 Cool 4 Skool
A 3-disc version of the album was released in Japan through Pony Canyon in 2014.


2 Cool 4 Skool, Background and release
On May 21, 2013 Big Hit Entertainment launched a countdown clock on BTS website and uploaded a debut trailer on May 26 on YouTube in preparations for BTS' debut album, 2 Cool 4 Skool and comeback promotions. It featured hip-hop beat with requisite deep voice over raps with the caption "Finally BTS will make their debut!" which packs a punch for a debut trailer. The image teasers of the confirmed members as well as concept photo of the album was then released on their official Facebook page.


2 Cool 4 Skool, Background and release
Big Hit Entertainment revealed the track list for this upcoming album on their official Twitter account. They also released the design and details of the physical album which it will be accompanied with its photobook and postcard. They later released the first teaser, revealing that "No More Dream" would be their title track.


2 Cool 4 Skool, Music videos
The music video for "No More Dream" was released on June 12, 2013 ahead of BTS debut showcase. "No More Dream" dance version was later released on June 16, 2013 in the middle of the group's promotion on music programs. The music video for "We Are Bulletproof Pt.2" was then released on July 16, 2013 for the group's further follow-up promotions. All the dance was choreographed by Son Sungdeuk while both "No More Dream" and "We Are Bulletproof Pt.2" music videos were directed by Zanybros.


2 Cool 4 Skool, Promotions
The group held a press conference and debut showcase on June 12, 2013, performing "No More Dream" and "We Are Bulletproof Pt.2", marked their unofficial debut stage in South Korea music industry. BTS later made a successful debut stage on June 13 on Mnet's M Countdown marked the start of their promotion of the album on various South Korea music programs. Much later in 2015, BTS held a special concert in support of the album. 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode I: BTS Begins was held for two days at Olympic Hall starting from March 28, 2015 with BTS performing songs from 2 Cool 4 Skool & O!RUL8,2? albums.


2 Cool 4 Skool, Commercial performance
BTS entered Billboard World Digital Songs for the first time with lead single, "No More Dream" at number 14 on June 29, 2013. The song stayed on the chart for three consecutive weeks. 2 Cool 4 Skool peaked at number 5 on week 31 Gaon Weekly Album Chart during "We Are Bulletproof Pt.2" promotion. A month and a half after its release, the album peaked at number 10 on July Gaon Monthly Album Chart. It was the sixty-fifth best-selling album of South Korea Gaon Album Chart in 2013.


2 Cool 4 Skool, Track listing
All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.


2 Corinthians 1
2 Corinthians 1 is the first chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE.


2 Corinthians 1, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 24 verses.


2 Corinthians 1, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


2 Corinthians 1, Greetings, Verse 1
Timothy’s name is also associated with Paul's name in the Epistles to the Philippians, Colossians, both of those written to the Thessalonians, and in that to Philemon.


2 Corinthians 1, Preface
Paul's preface to his letter begins in  with a thanksgiving to God the "father of mercies" (Ancient Greek: ο πατηρ των οικτιρμων, ho pater tov oiktirmon), a Jewish term frequently used in prayer. The plural ('mercies') generates a strong sense of God's many mercies alongside God's merciful nature; James uses a similar expression, (Ancient Greek: ο πατηρ των φωτων ho pater tov photon, the father of lights), in .


2 Corinthians 1, Sparing the Church
Paul outlines his aborted plans to travel to Corinth on his way to Macedonia, return to Corinth and then travel to Judea. The letter does not indicate where he is writing from, or would have been travelling from. Easton's Bible Dictionary suggests "it was probably written at Philippi, or, as some think, Thessalonica".


2 Corinthians 10
2 Corinthians 10 is the tenth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE. According to theologian Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer, chapters 10–13 "contain the third chief section of the Epistle, the apostle's polemic vindication of his apostolic dignity and efficiency, and then the conclusion".


2 Corinthians 10, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.


2 Corinthians 10, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


2 Corinthians 10, Verse 4
The weapons (Biblical Greek: ὅπλα, opla) which Paul refers to are "not carnal", (Biblical Greek: ου σαρκικα, ou sarkika). He does not rely on human power and authority or on learning or eloquence.


2 Corinthians 10, Verse 10
Paul knows that he is criticised for being bold and direct in his writings but treated as weak and unassertive when he is present: he has made the same point in verse 1,


2 Corinthians 10, Verse 10
Biblical commentator Edward Plumptre notes also the criticism that Paul's delay in returning to Corinth, which he has explained in , was also considered to be "a proof that he was shirking [an] encounter".


2 Corinthians 10, Verse 17
Believers should not glories in oneself, nor in outward circumstances of life, or inward endowments of mind, but in the Lord Jesus Christ, as the author and donor of all gifts, natural and spiritual.


2 Corinthians 11
2 Corinthians 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE. According to theologian Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer, chapters 10–13 "contain the third chief section of the Epistle, the apostle's polemic vindication of his apostolic dignity and efficiency, and then the conclusion".


2 Corinthians 11, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 33 verses.


2 Corinthians 11, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


2 Corinthians 11, False Apostles
In verse 13, Paul writes of "false apostles" (Greek: ψευδαποστολοι, pseudapostoloi). In verse 5 he has compared himself with the "super-apostles"  or the "apostles-extraordinary"  (Greek: των υπερλιαν αποστολων, tōn hyperlian apostolōn). Meyer asks "Whom does he mean by τῶν ὑπερλίαν ἀποστόλων?".


2 Corinthians 11, False Apostles
He notes that "according to Chrysostom, Theodoret, Grotius, Bengel, and most of the older commentators, also Emmerling, Flatt, Schrader, Baur, Hilgenfeld, Holsten, Holtzmann [among nineteenth century commentators], [he means] the actual summos apostolos, namely Peter, James, and John" but Meyer argues that "Paul is not contending against these, but against the false apostles" and recommends the translation "the over-great apostles". Meyer lists biblical commentators Richard Simon, Alethius, Heumann, Semler, Michaelis, Schulz, Stolz, Rosenmüller, Fritzsche, Billroth, Rückert, Olshausen, de Wette, Ewald, Osiander, Neander, Hofmann, Weiss, Beyschlag and others as having followed Beza's suggestion, according to which the pseudo-apostles were understood to be Judaistic anti-Pauline teachers.


2 Corinthians 12
2 Corinthians 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE.


2 Corinthians 12, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.


2 Corinthians 12, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


2 Corinthians 13
2 Corinthians 13 is the thirteenth and final chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE.


2 Corinthians 13, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 14 verses in most Bible versions, but 13 verses in some versions, e.g. the Vulgate, Douay-Rheims Version and Jerusalem Bible, where verses 12 and 13 are combined as verse 12 and the final verse is numbered as verse 13.


2 Corinthians 13, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


2 Corinthians 13, Verses 12–13
These verses are combined as verse 12 in the Vulgate, Douay-Rheims Version and Jerusalem Bible.


2 Corinthians 13, Verse 14
This verse is number 13 in the Vulgate, Douay-Rheims Version and Jerusalem Bible. It contains a statement of the Holy Trinity of distinct persons in the Godhead.


2 Corinthians 13, Verse 14
The subscription was found in some manuscripts at the end of this epistle stating that it was written by Paul when he was at Philippi, a city of Macedonia, transcribed by Titus and Lucas, and by them sent or carried to the Corinthians; this seems to be agreeable to what is suggested in the epistle itself, though these subscriptions are not to be depended upon. The Syriac version only mentions Luke; and some copies read, by Titus, Barnabas, and Luke.


2 Corinthians 13, Verse 14
Pope Benedict XVI suggests that these words were "probably echoed in the worship of the newborn Church". His analysis, "based on the close parallelism between the three genitives that the text establishes: ("the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ ... the love of God ... and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit), presents 'fellowship' as a specific gift of the Spirit, the fruit of the love given by God the Father and the grace offered by the Lord Jesus".


2 Corinthians 13, Verse 14
This verse, with the wording amended to "... with us all, evermore, Amen" is known as "The Grace Prayer", or simply "The Grace", and is often used at the end of church services and meetings, especially in the Methodist tradition, where it is recited by the whole assembly, generally with each person making eye-contact with the others who are present. The practice of reciting the Grace Prayer was well-established in John Wesley's time:


2 Corinthians 2
2 Corinthians 2 is the second chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE.


2 Corinthians 2, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 17 verses.


2 Corinthians 2, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


2 Corinthians 2, Forgive the Offender
The unnamed offender, Biblical Greek: τοιοῦτος, toioutos, "such a one" (KJV), "a man in his position" (J. B. Phillips' translation) is the man who, in  "has his father’s wife".


2 Corinthians 3
2 Corinthians 3 is the third chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE. Biblical commentator Heinrich Meyer emphasises that the use of the plural 'we' in 2 Corinthians 3:2 ("in our hearts") and 2 Corinthians 3:6 ([we are] "ministers of the new covenant") includes Timothy in the writing of the letter.


2 Corinthians 3, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.


2 Corinthians 3, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


2 Corinthians 4
2 Corinthians 4 is the fourth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE. Twice in this chapter (verses 1 and 16) this sentence occurs: "Therefore, we do not lose heart".


2 Corinthians 4, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.


2 Corinthians 4, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


2 Corinthians 4, We do not lose heart
The Greek οὐκ ἐγκακοῦμεν (ouk enkakoumen) is a Pauline phrase used twice in this chapter, derived from the verb ἐκκακέω (ekkakeó), meaning "to faint". The word is used in three of the other Pauline epistles, and in one other New Testament text: "the example outside the Pauline corpus is found at Luke 18:8. Jesus spoke a parable concerning the constant necessity of prayer and [teaching] that the Christians should not grow weary of prayer".


2 Corinthians 5
2 Corinthians 5 is the fifth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55–56 CE.


2 Corinthians 5
The 17th-century theologian John Gill summarises the contents of this chapter: