1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History
The first training major (TISO) was Major G.D. Issac of the Royal Regiment of Wales, who established battalion headquarters at the Depot Royal Irish Rangers, Ballymena. Where possible accommodation was sought in army bases, as although the old Ulster Special Constabulary (its most notable division being the 'B-Specials') platoon huts were vacant and available, to have used those would have highlighted the 42% continuity in personnel between the Specials and the UDR.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History
One of the first major interventions by the battalion was to, along with elements of the 3rd Battalion, provide support for 7 UDR in implementing the deployment of 31 vehicle checkpoints on all main roads leading into Belfast to prevent the movement of munitions into the city centre. This was mainly done at weekends so that the part-time soldiers could be used day and night.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History
The battalion responded to a general call-out in August 1971 to support regular troops during the first internment sweep of the Troubles. In total, the entire regiment managed to provide 3,100 men during the call-out.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History
During the 1974 Ulster Workers' Council strike, the regiment was placed on general call-out. Forty drivers from 1 UDR, 9 UDR and 10 UDR were drafted into Belfast to assist the Royal Corps of Transport. Over nine days, they logged up 15,000 miles (24,000 km) in the process of delivering rations and supplies to military units throughout Northern Ireland, as well as meeting troop reinforcements arriving at Belfast docks and transporting them to their temporary camps.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History, Early operations
The experience of 1 UDR was the same as that of all battalions of the regiment in the early days. Because of equipment shortages patrols had to be carried out in private cars or in vehicles borrowed from other army units. Instead of torches, patrols carried Hurricane Lamps which had to be lit by hand. These were eventually replaced by the Bardic torches carried by the regular army.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History, Early operations
The 9th (Country Antrim) Battalion was formed on 15 December 1971 from the companies of 1 UDR who were based in the southern half of Country Antrim.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History, Intelligence
Intelligence gathering within 1 UDR was good. The local community responded well and in particular, Catholics were keen to warn individual soldiers of threats to their lives or to phone information through to the barracks advising of potential "happenings" in the battalion area.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure
Company dispositions:  BHQ HQ Coy & A Coy - Ballymena; B Coy – Ballymoney; C Coy – Antrim; D Coy – Lisburn; E Coy – Larne


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company
B Company was formed in March 1970, in the former North Irish Horse barracks at John Street, Ballymoney. The first Officer Commanding (OC) was Major John Munnis, formerly the sub-district commander of the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC). Major Munnis was killed in a traffic accident in 1972. The Company sergeant major was WO2 Willy Mooney who had been a sergeant instructor with the same USC unit.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company
Soldiers in B Company were mostly drawn from the towns and villages of North Antrim such as: Ballymoney, Ballycastle, Bushmills and Dervock. There was a high number of recruits who had been USC men (B Specials) who joined from these areas too, as well as from the village of Stranocum, although incidences of men joining in other groups such as from the same workforce or as neighbours were few.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company
Entire families joined together and this created problems in dividing them up on patrol. There was a fear that two or more members of the same family could be killed or wounded if they were together in the same vehicle which was under attack.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company
In late 1970 a new company was raised in Coleraine as part of 5 UDR and forty experienced soldiers from B Company volunteered to transfer.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company
Because the company base contained the only secure armoury in the area soldiers from Coleraine, Portrush and Portstewart were also based in nearby Henry Street, Ballymoney.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company
In 1983 B Company was transferred to the command of 5 UDR and renamed G Coy, 5 UDR, but remained in the John Street base. The base finally closed in 1992 after further restructuring in 5 UDR.


1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Casualties
1 UDR was unique in the regiment being the only battalion which suffered no casualties as a result of enemy action.


1st Battle Squadron
The 1st Battle Squadron was a naval squadron of the British Royal Navy consisting of battleships. The 1st Battle Squadron was initially part of the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet. After World War I the Grand Fleet was reverted to its original name, the Atlantic Fleet. The squadron changed composition often as ships were damaged, retired or transferred.


1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War
As an element in the Grand Fleet, the Squadron participated in the Battle of Jutland.


1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War, August 1914
On 5 August 1914, the squadron was constituted as follows:


1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War, Battle of Jutland, June 1916
During the Battle of Jutland, the composition of the 1st Battle Squadron was as follows:


1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War, 1917 and 1918
Following the Battle of Jutland, the 1st Battle Squadron was reorganized, with Colossus, Hercules, St. Vincent, Collingwood and Neptune all transferred  to the 4th Battle Squadron. In January 1917, the squadron was constituted as follows:


1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War, 1917 and 1918
By 1918, Agincourt had been transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron, and Resolution, Ramillies and Iron Duke had joined the squadron on completion.


1st Battle Squadron, History, Second World War
For many years the squadron served in the Mediterranean as the main British battle force there. On 3 September 1939 the 1st Battle Squadron, serving in the Mediterranean Fleet, consisted of Barham, Warspite and Malaya, with headquarters at Alexandria, Egypt, under the command of Vice-Admiral Geoffrey Layton.


1st Battle Squadron, History, Second World War
In December 1943 the Squadron was under the command of Vice Admiral Arthur Power. In January 1944 the Eastern Fleet was reinforced by HMS Queen Elizabeth, HMS Renown, HMS Valiant, HMS Illustrious, HMS Unicorn and seven destroyers. The Admiralty sent this force out to India under the title of the First Battle Squadron.


1st Battle Squadron, History, Second World War
From November 1944, the squadron served in the British Pacific Fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral Henry Rawlings, who also served as Second-in-Command of the Fleet. It consisted of HMS King George V, HMS Howe, HMS Duke of York and HMS Anson at various times.


1st Battlecruiser Squadron
The First Battlecruiser Squadron was a Royal Navy squadron of battlecruisers that saw service as part of the Grand Fleet during the First World War. It was created in 1909 as the First Cruiser Squadron and was renamed in 1913 to First Battle Cruiser Squadron. It participated in the battles of Heligoland Bight, Dogger Bank and the Battle of Jutland. After the end of the war it became the sole Battlecruiser Squadron.


1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Formation
The first two British battlecruisers of the  Invincible class—Inflexible and Indomitable—were commissioned into the Nore Division of the Home Fleet in October 1908. In early 1909, the Nore Division became the First Division of a reorganised Home Fleet, and Inflexible and Indomitable were transferred to the new First Cruiser Squadron in March 1909; they were joined by their recently completed sister Invincible. Also part of the squadron were the armoured cruisers Minotaur and Drake (flagship). Rear-Admiral the Honourable Stanley Colville took command of the squadron on 24 February and transferred his flag to Indomitable on 29 July. Drake then became flagship of the Fifth Cruiser Squadron in the Atlantic Fleet.


1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Formation
On 24 February 1911, Rear-Admiral Lewis Bayly assumed command of the First Cruiser Squadron, which had been joined in February by the new  Indefatigable-class battlecruiser Indefatigable. Upon joining on 4 June 1912, Lion became Rear-Admiral Bayly's flagship. Princess Royal joined on 14 November. A reorganisation of the fleet renamed the First Cruiser Squadron to First Battlecruiser Squadron on 1 January 1913. During 1913 gradually all the older battlecruisers left to join the Second Battlecruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet. Rear-Admiral David Beatty was selected to command the squadron and succeeded Bayly on 1 March 1913. The near-sister to the  Lion class—Queen Mary—joined on 4 September.


1st Battlecruiser Squadron, First World War
The First Battlecruiser Squadron at the outbreak of war was composed of the four newest battlecruisers in the Royal Navy. On 3 October, it was joined by the recently completed Tiger. The squadron took part in the successful Battle of Heligoland Bight against the Imperial German Navy on 28 August 1914 and participated in the abortive attempt to engage the Germans during their bombardment of Scarborough, Whitby and Hartlepool on 16 December. On 15 January 1915, New Zealand left to become flagship of the Second Battlecruiser Squadron and was joined by Indomitable, which had served with the First Battlecruiser Squadron over the New Year.


1st Battlecruiser Squadron, First World War
The Squadron took part in the Battle of Dogger Bank, where Beatty's battlecruisers forced the Germans to retreat, and in the process sank the German armoured cruiser SMS Blücher, while Lion suffered heavy damage. As a result of the battle, in February the battlecruiser force was reorganised, and a Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF) was incorporated, with Beatty reappointed to command it. Captain Osmond De B. Brock of Princess Royal was appointed Commodore, First Class and given command of the First Battlecruiser Squadron, until he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral in March.


1st Battlecruiser Squadron, First World War
At the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916, all ships were damaged by German shell fire as the First Battle Squadron under Rear-Admiral Brock and Beatty in Lion lead the British line against the enemy. Early in the action, Queen Mary was lost and all but a small number of her crew were killed. Two other battlecruisers—Invincible and Indefatigable—were sunk during the battle.


1st Battlecruiser Squadron, First World War
The squadron's losses were made up for by the arrival of the new battlecruisers Repulse and Renown in September 1916 and January 1917 respectively. Brock was replaced by Rear-Admiral Richard F. Phillimore. When Phillimore left to become Rear-Admiral Commanding, Aircraft Carriers, he was superseded by Rear-Admiral Henry Oliver on 14 March 1918.


1st Bavarian Landwehr Division
The 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division (1. Bayerische Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Bavarian Army, part of the Imperial German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on August 21, 1914, as the "Reinforced Bavarian Landwehr Division" (Verstärkte Bayerische Landwehr-Division) and was also known initially as the Wening Division (Division Wening), named after its commander, Otto Wening. It became the 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division in September 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.


1st Bavarian Landwehr Division
The division was formed from various separate Landwehr units. Although called Bavarian, the division initially included several non-Bavarian units: the 14th Landwehr Infantry Brigade included one Bavarian and one Württemberg regiment; the 60th Landwehr Infantry Brigade (initially commanded by Lt. Gen. Hans von Blumenthal, who had come out of retirement) comprised a regiment formed in Alsace-Lorraine and another formed in Thuringia (which included Prussians and soldiers from the principalities of the Reuss Junior Line and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen). The 60th Landwehr Infantry Brigade would be transferred to the newly formed 13th Landwehr Division in May 1915. In January 1916, the 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division was reorganized and became all-Bavarian.


1st Bavarian Landwehr Division, Combat chronicle
The 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division served on the Western Front, initially seeing action in the Battle of the Frontiers. From September 1914 to the end of May 1915, it fought south of Dieuze. From June 1915 to November 1918, the division occupied the line in Lorraine. Allied intelligence rated the division as fourth class; it was considered primarily a sector holding unit and remained generally on the defensive except for various raids.


1st Bavarian Landwehr Division, Order of battle on formation
The 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division was formed as a two-brigade square division, and received a third brigade in September 1914. The order of battle of the division on December 4, 1914, was as follows:


1st Bavarian Landwehr Division, Late-war order of battle
The division underwent a number of organizational changes over the course of the war. It was triangularized in September 1916. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full battalion. The order of battle on February 15, 1918, was as follows:


1st Bavarian Reserve Division
The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division (1. Bayerische Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army, part of the German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of I Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was raised and recruited in Bavaria. As a reserve division, it included many recalled reservists and war volunteers.


1st Bavarian Reserve Division, Combat chronicle
The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division fought in the opening phases of the war in the Battle of the Frontiers. It then participated in the Race to the Sea, including the Battle of Arras in October 1914. It remained in the trenchlines in Flanders until 1916, when it entered the Battle of the Somme in August 1916. In April 1917 the division, now redeployed to the Vimy sector, participated in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. In late 1917, it participated in the Battle of Passchendaele. In 1918, the division fought in the Battle of the Lys. The division ended the war still fighting in the Lys region. Allied intelligence rated the division as a good division in 1917, but third class in 1918.


1st Bavarian Reserve Division, Order of battle on mobilization
The order of battle of the 1st Bavarian Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:


1st Bavarian Reserve Division, Order of battle on March 1, 1918
Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division was triangularized in April 1915, losing the 2nd Bavarian Reserve Infantry Brigade headquarters and the 12th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. Over the course of the war, other units were exchanged with other divisions, cavalry was reduced, engineers increased, and an artillery command and a divisional signals command were created. The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division's order of battle on March 1, 1918, was as follows:


1st Beijing College Student Film Festival
The 1st Beijing College Student Film Festival (simplified Chinese: 第一届北京大学生电影节; traditional Chinese: 第一屆北京大學生電影節) was held in 1993 in Beijing, China. San Mao Joins the Army was the biggest winner, receiving three awards, including Best Film Award, Best Visual Effects Award, and Artistic Exploration Award.


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment
The 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment was a special police unit which was established by the German Gestapo in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia during World War II.


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Background
On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and poorly trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated. The country was then dismembered, with Serbia being reduced to its pre-1912 borders and placed under a government of German military occupation. With their forces in the Balkans depleted by the need to send troops to the Eastern Front, the Germans sought to find local leaders to police the region for them. In Serbia this came in the form of Milan Nedić, a pre-war politician who was known to have pro-Axis leanings.


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Formation
The Germans then utilized a series of irregular armed formations to help stabilize the region. One of these formations was the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, formed in mid-1942 by the German Gestapo without the knowledge of Nedić or his government. It was the intention of SS-Oberführer Emanuel Schäfer, the newly appointed chief of the German Security Police in Serbia, to create "an indigenous Serbian entity through which the Gestapo could exert more control over the Nedić regime.


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Formation
Captain Strahinja Janjić, a reported German agent and member of the Serbian fascist movement Zbor, was selected by Schäfer to lead the new organization. Janjić proceeded to recruit members of quisling formations such as the Serbian State Guard and the Serbian Volunteer Corps, as well as high school students, merchants and officials from Nedić's administration. Members of the detachment then began calling themselves the Serbian Gestapo (Serbian: Српски Гестапо, romanized: Srpski Gestapo).


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Formation
Meanwhile, Janjić began to see himself as replacing Nedić and becoming the Führer of a national socialist Serbia with the first twelve members of his detachment, whom he called his "apostles", taking the highest state positions. Furthermore, Janjić proposed to Felix Benzler of the Reich Ministry of Foreign Affairs and August Meyszner of the Schutzstaffel (SS) that he should be entrusted with the creation of two Serbian SS divisions, one for the Eastern Front and one for the front in North Africa. When Nedić heard of Janjić's intentions, he ordered his arrest and the disbanding of the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment. Janjić was subsequently detained at the Banjica concentration camp, before being released at the behest of the German Gestapo.


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Operations
Between 1942 and 1944, the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment was active in the Syrmia region of the Independent State of Croatia. At the end of 1942, it was recorded as having 145 members. Headquartered in a reconfigured primary school where torture and murders occurred, it was envisioned by the Germans as being an elite formation which would operate against the Yugoslav Partisans. However, Janjić was more concerned with usurping Nedić than fighting the Communists. On 22 February 1943, Nedić sent a memorandum to Schäfer, protesting the activities of Janjić's detachment.


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Dissolution
After receiving the memorandum, Schäfer divided the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment into two parts. Subsequently, Janjić and twenty-six of his men left Belgrade and travelled to Berlin, where they continued to work for the German Gestapo. Another thirty-three members of the detachment remained in Belgrade under the leadership of Janjić's deputy, Svetozar Nećak. Here, they worked to fulfill specific tasks set out to them by the Germans, were not permitted to wear German uniforms, and were ordered to undermine the actions of the Partisans rather than Nedić's administration.


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Dissolution
Headquartered in his Berlin apartment, Janjić had his men infiltrate the ranks of the Yugoslav forced labourers there, using methods such as blackmail, robbery, and entrapment to expose Partisan sympathizers. Despite these efforts, Janjić's actions were seen as being "[harmful] to German interests," and in May 1944 he was replaced by two other members of his detachment.


1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, Uniform
Occasionally, members of the detachment wore the uniform of Draža Mihailović's Chetniks. At other times, however, they dressed in German military uniforms while pretending not to know the Serbian language.


1st Belorussian Front
The 1st Belorussian Front (Russian: Пéрвый Белорусский фронт, alternative spellings are  1st Byelorussian Front) was a major formation of the Soviet Army during World War II, being equivalent to a Western army group.


1st Belorussian Front, Creation and initial operations
Initially, the Belorussian Front was created on 20 October 1943 as the new designation of the existing Central Front. It was placed under the command of General Konstantin K. Rokossovsky, who had been commanding the Central Front. It launched the Gomel-Rechitsa Offensive in 1943 and then the Kalinkovichi-Mozyr Offensive in 1944.


1st Belorussian Front, Redesignation and 1944 operations
It was then renamed the 1st Belorussian Front (1BF) on 17 February 1944 following the Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive. A few days later, on 21 February, the Rogachev-Zhlobin Offensive commenced, which continued until 26 February. The next operation was the Bobruysk Offensive, part of Operation Bagration, and on 26 June the attacks of 1BF encircled Bobruisk, trapping 40,000 troops of the German 41st Panzer Corps (part of 9th Army). From 18 July-2 August the Front was part of the Lublin-Brest Offensive.


1st Belorussian Front, Redesignation and 1944 operations
From 2 August to 30 September, the Front was engaged cleaning out Germans to the east of the Vistula (during which the Battle of Radzymin took place from 1–10 August). Its 8th Guards, 28th, 47th, 65th, 69th, and 70th Armies were involved at Radzymin. Later during that same period, on 14 September, 1BF with the support of Polish forces it captured Praga, a suburb of Warsaw.


1st Belorussian Front, Operations in 1945
The next attack was the Warsaw-Poznań Operation, a part of the Vistula-Oder Offensive. On 13 January, 1BF began an offensive toward Pillkallen (Schlossberg between 1938 and 1945) in East Prussia, against which they met stiff resistance from the 3rd Panzer Army. The 1st Belorussian Front opened its attack on the German Ninth Army from the Magnuszew and Puławy bridgeheads at 08:30 on 14 January, again commencing with a heavy bombardment.


1st Belorussian Front, Operations in 1945
The 33rd and 69th Armies broke out of the Puławy bridgehead to a depth of 30 km, while the 5th Shock and 8th Guards Armies broke out of the Magnuszew bridgehead. The 2nd and 1st Guards Tank Armies were committed after them to exploit the breach. On 25 January, the Front cut off the fortress city of Poznań which held 66,000 Germans, and continued its 80 km a day advance, leaving the 8th Guards Army to lay siege to the city, which they finally took on 23 February.


1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin
Along with the 1st Ukrainian Front, 1BF then stormed Berlin in the climactic Battle of Berlin.


1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin
Marshal Georgy Zhukov was appointed commander of the 1BF, in November 1944, for its last two great offensives of World War II. After the capture of Poland and East Prussia (its capture was finished on 25 April with capture of Pillau) from January–March 1945, the Soviets redeployed their forces during the first two weeks of April. Marshal Georgy Zhukov concentrated 1BF, which had been deployed along the Oder river from Frankfurt in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the Seelow Heights. The 2nd


1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin
Belorussian Front moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress gaps were left in the lines and the remnants of the German II Army which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig managed to escape across the Oder.


1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin
In the early hours of 16 April the Berlin Offensive Operation started with the objectives of capturing Berlin and linking up with Western Allied forces on the Elbe. The operation started with an assault on the Seelow Heights by 1BF and by Marshal Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front (1UF) to the south. Initially the 1BF had great difficulty smashing through the German lines of defence, but after three days they had broken through and were approaching the outskirts of Berlin. By 22 April 1BF had penetrated the northern and eastern suburbs of Berlin.


1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin
They finished the encirclement of Berlin on 25 April when units of the 1BF and 1UF met at Kietzen west of Berlin. After heavy street by street and house to house fighting, General Weidling, the commander of Berlin's garrison, met with Marshal Chuikov and surrendered Berlin unconditionally at 15:00 hours local time on 2 May.


1st Belorussian Front, Post-war
On 8 May, after a signing ceremony in Berlin, the German armed forces surrendered to the Allies unconditionally and the war in Europe was over. Following the war, the Front headquarters formed the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.


1st Belorussian Front, Component armies
The armies that were part of the 1st Belorussian Front included:


1st Berlin International Film Festival
The 1st annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 6 to 17 June 1951 at the Titiana-Palast cinema. The opening film was Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca. At this very first Berlin Festival, the Golden Bear award was introduced, and it was awarded to the best film in each of five categories: drama, comedy, crime or adventure, music film, and documentary. This system disappeared already the following year because FIAPF (Federation Internationale des Associations des Producteurs de Films) stated that the awarding of prizes by an expert jury was reserved for "A-festivals" only. Instead, the next year's festival awards were voted on by the audience.


1st Berlin International Film Festival, Jury
The following people from West Germany were announced as being on the jury for the festival:


1st Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition
The following films were in competition for the Golden Bear awards:


1st Bersaglieri Division "Italia"
The 1st Bersaglieri Division "Italia" (Italian: 1ª Divisione bersaglieri "Italia") was one of four divisions raised by Mussolini's Italian Social Republic. It existed from 25 November 1943 until 29 April 1945.


1st Bersaglieri Division "Italia", History
The Division was formed from Italian POW's in Germany and new conscripts from Northern Italy. The Division was trained in Germany and was only ready for combat in December 1944.


1st Bersaglieri Division "Italia", History
The 14,000 men strong Division was then sent to join the Monterosa Division at the Gothic Line. Many soldiers were from the south of Italy and crossed the frontline to be able to return home. Other units fought well and resisted several allied attacks on their positions.


1st Bersaglieri Division "Italia", History
In April 1945 the Gothic Line collapsed under the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy. The 1st Italia Division was defeated by the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in the Battle of Collecchio and surrendered.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment
The 1st Bersaglieri Regiment (Italian: 1° Reggimento Bersaglieri) is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Cosenza in the Calabria region. The regiment is part of the Italian infantry corps' Bersaglieri speciality and operationally assigned to the Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi". The Regiment is among the most experienced units of the Italian Army in missions abroad, and is the regiment with the highest number of decorations for military valour of the army.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History
Despite how the Bersaglieri speciality can trace its origins back to 1836, until 1861 only Bersaglieri Battalions existed.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915
The Bersaglieri Command of the 1st Army Corps of the Royal Italian Army was established on 16 April 1861; under the Bersaglieri Command were placed 6 Bersaglieri Battalions, which took part in the First Italian War of Independence, the Second Italian War of Independence and the Crimean War. The Bersaglieri Command included I, IX, XIII, XIX, XXI, and XXVII Battalions, as well as a Depot Battalion.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915
The I Battalion was established in 1848, and it included the 1st Company, i.e. the first Bersaglieri unit ever established.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915
The Bersaglieri Command was renamed 1st Bersaglieri Command on 31 December 1861; the Regiment, at first, did not have operational tasks, but only disciplinary and administration powers. In 1865 VI and VII Battalions were moved from the disestablished 4th Bersaglieri Regiment to the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment. In 1866 the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment participated in the Third Italian War of Independence.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915
The 1st Bersaglieri Regiment, after having acquired operational tasks, was moved to Turin on 1 January 1871. The Regiment consisted of I, VII, and IX Battalions. The Regiment took part in later years to Battle of Dogali and to the First Italo-Ethiopian War.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915
The I Cyclists Battalion was established on 1 October 1910. In 1911 the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment took part in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939
The 1st Bersaglieri Regiment did not take part in the Italian front. On 19 May 1915 the whole Regiment (with the exception of the I Cyclists Battalion) arrived in Libya. The Regiment gained the LV Battalion (established on 5 January 1915); the Battalion was sent to Misurata and fought in Ras-Bu-Kormar, Funduk ad in Marmarica. In February 1916 the Regimental Command was repatriated leaving the Battalions, now autonomous, in Libya until 1918. A provisional Company drawn from the Regiment was assigned to the expeditionary corps in Palestina in 1917.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939
On 15 May 1918, the 3 autonomous Battalions were repatriated back into Italy and the 1st Regiment was reestablished and sent to Vicenza, which were reached by the LV Battalion on 7 July 1918; however, I, VII, and IX Battalions were assigned to the various Assault Groups and sent in various locations.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939
The I Cyclists Battalion fought valiantly and was decorated with the Bronze Medal of Military Valour.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939
During World War I, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was headquartered in Naples, and recruited from Cefalù, Frosinone, Ivrea, Lecco, Mondovì, Pesaro, Pistoia, Reggio Calabria, and Siena Districts, while it mobilized also from Avellino, Benevento, Campagna, Nola, Salerno, and Castrovillari Districts.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939
The IX and VII Battalions were transformed in cadre units in 1920. The VII Battalion was re-established on 30 April 1923. From July 1924 to 1936, the Regiment was transformed into a Cyclists Regiment. In 1926 the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment consisted of the Regiment Command, the I and VII Battalions, and Depot.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939
In 1939, the IX Battalion was re-established within the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment and a Motorcyclists Company was added to the Regiment. In April 1939, The Regiment took part in the Italian invasion of Albania.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943
The 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought on the Western Front, in Albania, and in Southern France.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943
With the beginning of World War II, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was placed within the Celere Group of the 1st Army, moving its headquarters in Naples.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943
In November 1940, the IX Battalion crossed the Yugoslavian border; the VII Battalion was assigned to Division "Bari" and employed in border clashes. On 14 November, the I Battalion was assigned to the Alpine Division "Julia"; in Albania, the I and VII Battalions were employed on 17 November.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943
As a whole, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment counter-attacked around Vrumbellake mountain, but soon retreated, in order to protect the left flank of the Division "Vicenza". From 29 November 1940 to 28 February 1941 the Regimental Command and the IX Battalion fought on the Greek front in Ezeke, Ocrida and Kalase mountain.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943
On 22 January 1941, the IX Battalion was assigned to the III Army Corps; on 15 February, the remaining Regiment incorporated the 81st Replacements Battalion of the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment. In early March 1941, the Regiment supported the Armoured Division "Centauro", being tasked with the defence of Scutari.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943
In April 1941, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment counter-attacked and on 17 April 1941 it reached Ragusa. After two more months, the Regiment came back to Italy on 24 June 1941. On 31 July 1941, the Regiment was assigned to the 8th Army, tasked with the defence of Southern Italy, and on 15 August 1941 it was moved to Calabria.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943
A year later, in August 1942, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was moved to Piedmont and, in November, into France around Draguignon. From January to August 1943 the Regiment carried out police operations; the II Battalion was moved to Nice on 28 April 1943 in order to deal with public order service, while in late June 1943 the Motorcycles Company participated in an important police operation around Entreveaux.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943
Bersaglieri in Naples fought against German troops on 8 September 1943. Due to the Armistice of Cassibile, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was disbanded in Turin area.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976
After World War II, Bersaglieri Regiments were the infantry element of the armoured brigades, which were considered to be a quick reaction force.p. 60 According to 1951 organic tables, Bersaglieri regiments had a Regimental Command, 3 Battalions and an Anti-tank Company each.p. 58


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976
The 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was re-established on 1 January 1953. The Regiment was subordinated to the Armoured Division "Pozzuolo del Friuli"; the Regiment included the I and VII Battalions and, since 1 March 1954, the IX Battalion. While the Regiment as a whole was headquartered in Viterbo, I and VII Battalions were based in Rome and IX Battalion was based in Civitavecchia.p. 70


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976
In 1956 the Army structure was modified again. The new organization of a Bersaglieri Regiment consisted of a Regimental Command Company (Command Platoon, Signals Platoon, Services Platoon), an Anti-tank Company (with three Platoons) and three Battalions. Each Battalion, in turn, consisted of a Command Company, 3 Bersaglieri Companies and 1 Support weapons Company.p. 117


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976
1958 was a year full of modifications. On 30 April 1958, the IX Battalion became IX Mechanized Bersaglieri Battalion and it was moved to the 4th Armoured Infantry Regiment. The following day, the I and III Tank Battalions were transferred from the 4th Armoured Infantry Regiment, making the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment an armoured unit, with 2 Bersaglieri Battalions (I and VII Battalions) and 2 Tank Battalions (I and III Battalions).


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976
In the late 1958, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment lost the I Bersaglieri Battalion and the III Tank Battalion to the 182nd Armoured Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi". The remaining structure consisted of Regimental Command, VII Bersaglieri Battalion and I Tank Battalion, with the name of 1st Armoured Bersaglieri Regiment. At the end of 1958, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was assigned to the Armoured Division "Pozzuolo del Friuli" in Civitavecchia.p. 121


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976
In January 1959, the Regiment was assigned to the Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna", headquartered in Aurelia, Civitavecchia. The I Tank Battalion was renamed IX Tank Battalion; on 24 May 1961 the 2 Battalions were renamed I Bersaglieri Battalion and XVIII Tank Battalion.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976
The 1st Armoured Bersaglieri Regiment was moved to the Armoured Division "Centauro" on 1 September 1964; the same day the Regiment incorporated the VI Tank Battalion.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976
With the 1975 Italian Army reform, on 1 June the XVIII Tank Battalion was disestablished and on 1 August the Regiment was moved back to the Granatieri di Sardegna Division. The 1st Armoured Bersaglieri Regiment itself was disbanded on 31 October 1976.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Post-Cold War: 1995-present
The 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was re-established again on 18 September 1995, consisting of the 1st Bersaglieri Battalion "La Marmora" within the Mechanized Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna".


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Post-Cold War: 1995-present
The Regiment, reduced in numbers, was disbanded in 2000; in 2002 it was re-established by renaming the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Current structure
The Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with tracked Dardo infantry fighting vehicles. The Maneuver Support Company is equipped with M106 120mm mortar carriers and Dardo IFVs with Spike LR anti-tank guided missiles.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations
Through its history, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment took part in several feats of arms.


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, 19th Century
During the 19th century, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought in:


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, World War I
During World War I, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought in:


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, Inter-war
From 1916 to 1939, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought in:


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, World War II
During World War II, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought in:


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, Cold war to present
During and after the Cold War, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment provided resources for:


1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Commanders
During its periods of existence, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment has been led by several Commanders.


1st Bihać Infantry Brigade
The 1st Bihać Infantry Brigade was formed on September 19, 1992, in Kamenica near Bihać, becoming part of the 5th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the command of then Brigadier General (now Lieutenant General) Atif Dudaković.


1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
The 1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards were held on June 3, 1995 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles. The awards originally had categories for both video and theatrical releases. Below is a complete list of winners.


1st Bodil Awards
The 1st Bodil Awards was held at the Palace Hotel's night club Ambassadeur in Copenhagen, Denmark, honoring the best in Danish and foreign film of 1947. Jenny and the Soldier took home three awards, winning Best Danish Film, Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Leading Role. Ta', hvad du vil ha' took home both awards for supporting performances. The event was hosted by Lilian Harvey and Victor Borge.


1st Bombardment Wing
The 1st Bombardment Wing is a disbanded United States Army Air Force unit. It was initially formed in France in 1918 during World War I as a command and control organization for the Pursuit Groups of the First Army Air Service.


1st Bombardment Wing
Demobilized after the Armistice in France, it was re-established in the United States as the first wing formed in the reorganized United States Army Air Service, created in August 1919 to control three groups patrolling the border with Mexico after revolution broke out there.


1st Bombardment Wing
As the 1st Wing, the unit was one of the original wings of the GHQ Air Force on 1 March 1935. During World War II, it was one of the primary B-17 Flying Fortress heavy strategic bombardment wings of VIII Bomber Command and later, Eighth Air Force. Its last assignment was with the Continental Air Forces, based at McChord Field, Washington. It was inactivated on 7 November 1945.


1st Bombardment Wing, History, World War I
Organized at Croix de Metz Aerodrome, Toul Sector, France, during World War I as the 1st Pursuit Wing on 6 July 1918, it was a command and control organization in the First Army Air Service for several pursuit groups in the American Sector of the Western Front in France.


1st Bombardment Wing, History, World War I
Served in combat on the St. Mihiel offensive in September, flew reconnaissance sorties, protected observation aircraft, attacked enemy observation balloons, strafed enemy troops, flew counter-air patrols, and bombed towns, bridges, and railroad stations behind the enemy's lines. Moved to Chaumont-Sur-Aire Aerodrome, and during the Meuse-Argonne offensive (26 September – 11 November 1918) bombardment aircraft continued their attacks behind the lines while pursuit ships concentrated mainly on large-scale counter-air patrols. Demobilized in France, December 1918.


1st Bombardment Wing, History, Inter-War Period
Authorized in the Regular Army on 15 August 1919 as the 1st Wing Headquarters. Organized on 16 August 1919 at Kelly Field, Texas. Provided command and control of all United States Army Air Service units conducting patrol duties 1919–22 along the Mexican Border from Brownsville, Texas, to the California-Arizona border, Assigned to the GHQ, US Army in 1921. Reorganized 19 July 1922 as 1st Wing (Provisional) Headquarters and assigned responsibility to perform duties as the headquarters for the Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field. Inactivated on 26 June 1924.


1st Bombardment Wing, History, Inter-War Period
Allotted to the Eighth Corps Area on 29 February 1927. Fort Sam Houston, Texas, designated as headquarters on organization, but the unit was never organized at that location. Designated headquarters location changed on 14 September 1928 to Kelly Field. Re -designated as Headquarters, 1st Bombardment Wing on 8 May 1929. Activated on 1 April 1931 at March Field, California. Re -designated as Headquarters, 1st Pursuit Wing on 18 August 1933.


1st Bombardment Wing, History, Inter-War Period
Was responsible for the supervision and administration of twenty-five camps in the southern California Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) District, 1933–34. Re -designated Headquarters, 1st Wing on 1 March 1935 and assigned to the General Headquarters Air Force (GHQAF). Transferred on 27 May 1941 to Tucson Municipal Airport, later Tucson Army Air Field, Arizona, under IV Bomber Command.


1st Bombardment Wing, History, World War II
After the Pearl Harbor Attack, initially supervised Heavy Bomber Operational Training at Tucson AAF. Re -designated as 1st Bombardment Wing and reassigned to VIII Bomber Command and deployed to England July–August 1942.


1st Bombardment Wing, History, World War II
In England, mission was command and control of B-17 Flying Fortress bombardment groups stationed in East Anglia, receiving operational orders from VIII BC headquarters and mobilizing subordinate groups for strategic bombardment attacks on enemy targets in Occupied Europe. Operated primarily from RAF Bassingbourn, Cambridgeshire. Served in combat in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) from August 1942 until 25 April 1945, receiving a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for an attack on aircraft factories in Germany on 11 January 1944. Returned to the United States in August 1945. Inactivated on 7 November 1945.


1st Born
1st Born is a 2019 American-Iranian comedy film directed by Ali Atshani and starring Taylor Cole, Reza Sixo Safai, Jay Abdo, Tom Berenger, Val Kilmer and Denise Richards. It is the first co-production between the United States and Iran.


1st Born, Reception
Renee Schonfeld of Common Sense Media awarded the film one star out of five.


1st Born Second
1st Born Second is the debut album by the American singer-songwriter Bilal, released on July 27, 2001, by Interscope Records. Bilal recorded the album at Electric Lady Studios in New York with a host of record producers, including Aaron Comess, Dr. Dre, Mike City, Megahertz, Raphael Saadiq, and J Dilla. It was a critical success and charted at number 31 on the U.S. Billboard 200, eventually selling 319,000 copies. According to AllMusic biographer Andy Kellman, the album was an "exemplary" release of the retro-inspired neo soul genre, although Bilal's subsequent work would become increasingly distinctive and modern.


1st Born Second, Background
Bilal developed an interest in singing while growing up in the Germantown area of Philadelphia, where he participated in a church choir at the behest of his Baptist mother. On occasional trips to the city's jazz clubs with his father, he witnessed the working habits and lifestyles of musicians, which inspired him to pursue music seriously. Starting as a vocal student at the Philadelphia High School for the Creative and Performing Arts, Bilal advanced to studying the music theory and language shared by the instrumentalist students so he could socialize with them.


1st Born Second, Background
In 1999, Bilal went to New York City to train at the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music, where he developed a reputation among his peers for challenging their musical sensibilities. He also frequented the city's Wetlands Preserve nightclub and met members of the Soulquarians (including Common, The Roots, and Erykah Badu), a rotating collective of experimental black music artists who often collaborated on each other's recordings.


1st Born Second, Background
A demo recorded with the musician Aaron Comess, who Bilal met at a jam session set up by New School professors, earned the singer a recording contract from Interscope Records and encouraged his exit from the school to concentrate on music professionally. His performance at a 1999 Prince tribute concert generated much buzz in the music industry.


1st Born Second, Recording and music
After signing to Interscope in 1999, Bilal wrote songs and improvised with a band at a warehouse in New Jersey in preparation for the album's recording, which took place at Electric Lady Studios in New York around 1999 and 2000. In December 1999, while reviewing Bilal's Prince tribute performance at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, The Village Voice reported that the album was expected by Spring of next year.


1st Born Second, Recording and music
However, the release encountered delays as Interscope pressured the singer into collaborating with more popular record producers, including Dr. Dre and Soulquarians member J Dilla, who helped refine Bilal's stylistically-varied and free-form approach into more structurally-defined songs to the label's liking. This process extended the recording for approximately another year. Comess participated in the recording as a bassist, drummer, producer, and engineer. The Soulquarians also contributed production.


1st Born Second, Recording and music
1st Born Second features an eclectic sound with elements of jazz, hip hop, scat, reggae, and rock music. According to Mark Anthony Neal, its title originates from the idea that Bilal is the "first born prodigal son of the second generation of contemporary soul stirrers", referring to the group of artists associated with the neo soul movement. The singer's name also serves as an acronym for "Beloved, Intelligent, Lustful and Livin' It".


1st Born Second, Critical reception
1st Born Second was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album has an average score of 82, based on 17 reviews.


1st Born Second, Critical reception
The album received rave reviews from The Village Voice, Chicago Sun-Times, and USA Today, and it also received comparisons to the music of Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Sly & the Family Stone, Prince, and Curtis Mayfield. Reviewing for PopMatters, Neal hailed the album as "one of the most significant debuts in black pop during the past 25 years". Vibe's Tamika Andeson called it "one of the best R&B albums of the year".


1st Born Second, Critical reception
According to AllMusic's Andy Kellman, "at that point, the closest points of comparison were D'Angelo and Maxwell, yet Bilal was more dynamic than the former and less mannered than the latter. 1st Born Second carried an energy that neither one of those singers, as hot as they were at the time, could boast."


1st Born Second, Critical reception
Some reviewers were less impressed. Spin magazine's Tony Green said that the album is musically expansive but lacking "that killer tune or two that would bring it all home, that one memorable melody that would make the album more than the sum of its incense 'n' dreads textures". In an essay accompanying the Pazz & Jop critics poll, in which 1st Born Second finished in the top 100, Robert Christgau named Bilal among the "profusion of R&B also-rans" that he hopes "will develop material nobody can deny".


1st Bosai Cup
The 1st Bosai Cup was the first edition of the Bosai Cup.


1st Bosai Cup, Participants
The top players from China, Japan, and South Korea were invited to Chongqing to take part in an invitational tournament.


1st Bosai Cup, Results, Game 1
China representative Gu Li drew a bye in the first round, setting up a first round matchup between Japan's Iyama Yuta and South Korea's Lee Sedol. Yuta, taking black, defeated Sedol by resignation.


1st Bosai Cup, Results, Game 2
Yuta's defeat of Sedol matched-up the BC Card Cup champion with Gu Li, who received a bye in the first-round. Sedol, taking white for the second match in a row, lost again by resignation.


1st Bosai Cup, Results, Final
Yuta faced Li in the final, winning by resignation in 208 moves. An Younggil, 8p from South Korea, commented on the game, saying "[Yuta] played this game wonderfully. White 112 was the winning move. [ Yuta]’s endgame was perfect, and [Li] didn’t get any chances afterwards. This game should be one of [Yuta]’s best games, I’m sure".


1st Brahmans
The 1st Brahmans was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised at Oudh by Captain T Naylor in 1776 for service in the army of Nawab Wazir of Oudh, and was known as the Nawab Wazir's Regiment. It was transferred to the East India Company in 1777. In 1922, it was designated as the 4th Battalion 1st Punjab Regiment. The regiment was disbanded in 1931.


1st Brahmans, Designations
Over the years the regiment was known by a number of different designations:


1st Brahmans, History, East India Company service
While in the service of the East India Company the regiment was awarded battle honours for service in the Second Maratha War 1803-05, the Anglo-Nepalese War 1814-16, the Second Anglo-Burmese War 1824-26 and the Bhurtpore Campaign 1826.


1st Brahmans, History, Post Mutiny
The regiment was the senior-most among the twelve Bengal Native Infantry regiments that survived the Great Indian Rebellion of 1857-58. It was accordingly one of the small number of Bengal regular infantry regiments to retain the traditions of East India Company service in the new post-Mutiny army. Renumbered as the 1st of the Bengal line, it subsequently saw active service in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885-87. Following the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army, when the names of the presidencies were dropped, the regiment became the 1st Brahman Infantry in 1901.


1st Brahmans, History, World War I
In 1914, the regimental centre of the 1st Brahmans was located at Allahabad and it was linked with the 3rd Brahmans. The regiment was recruited mostly from Bhumihaar and Kanyakubja Brahmins of United Provinces, Garhwali Brahmins and some Punjabi Mussalmans. Full dress uniform of the sepoys included a high khaki turban with red fringe, a scarlet kurta (long coat) with white facings, white waist-sash, dark blue trousers and white leggings.


1st Brahmans, History, World War I
The regiment spent part of World War I in India before being posted to Aden, then under threat from Ottoman forces. A second battalion raised in 1917 saw service in the Persian Gulf.


1st Brahmans, History, Post-war service and disbandment
After the war, a major reorganization was undertaken in the Indian Army and the various single-battalion infantry regiments were grouped together to form larger regiments of four to six battalions each. The 1st Brahmans became the 4th Battalion of the 1st Punjab Regiment in 1922. It was disbanded in 1931 due to retrenchment in the Indian Army.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron
The 1st Fighter Aviation Group (Portuguese: 1º Grupo de Aviação de Caça, 1st GAvCa), very well known in popular culture for its battle cry, Senta a Púa! (In literal translation: Send a Bullet!) It is the first fighter aviation group of the Brazilian Air Force, well known for having participated in the Second World War in the Italian Campaign and in the South Atlantic Campaign, it was created by the first Minister of Aeronautics and first Commander of the Brazilian Air Force, Joaquim Pedro Salgado Filho and Major Nero Moura and aeronautical engineer and Major José Vicente Faria Lima.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation
With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 after the invasion of Poland, many countries around the world began to get involved, including the United States in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After the United States entered the war, it was only a matter of time before Brazil entered the war.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation
On January 20, 1941, with the intention of strengthening the Brazilian Air Force, the Ministry of Aeronautics was founded by the lawyer and politician Joaquim Pedro Salgado Filho, by Major Nero Moura, by the military engineer José Vicente Faria Lima and others including Nélson Freire Lavanère-Wanderley. Together with the Ministry of Aeronautics, the National Air Force was created, which would later be called Brazilian Air Force (FAB).


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation
The following year, on August 26, 1942, Brazil declared war on Axis forces after a series of attacks on merchant ships and with that began a series of preparations so that Brazil could enter the war, with that on December 18, 1943, Decree No. 6123 was issued, which gave rise to the 1st Fighter Aviation Group (1st GAvCa).


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation
The Minister of Aeronautics, Salgado Filho, wanted to choose Faria Lima as Commander of the group, but Nero Moura argued saying that if Faria Lima were shot down they would lose an engineer and aviator, if they lost they would lose only one aviator, so Nero Moura was appointed Commander of the squadron, with Nélson Freire Lavanère-Wanderley as Lieutenant Colonel and Faria Lima as Symbolic Commander for his achievements to create the FAB, acting as Cabinet Officer of the Minister of Aeronautics.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation
After the leaders of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group were integrated into the new corporation, a training process began so that the air forces were well prepared to go to war, Major Nero Moura went to Orlando to negotiate agreements with the United States government. to begin FAB training internships in Panama and the United States.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation
Major Nero Moura started a search for pilots who were experts in all flight categories and who wanted to volunteer across the country in the war. Among the new members of the body, the first non-commissioned officers, 16 officers and 16 sergeants were chosen.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation
After the first stage, the second now was that each sergeant and officer was responsible for a task, such as the selection of auxiliaries, the Squadron Leaders and the choice of pilots; to the non-commissioned officers, they were assigned to heads of maintenance, supply, armament, communication, intelligence and also medical service, after the function of each one was established, the 1st Fighter Aviation Group was ready.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Training in Panama and the United States
In January 1944, members of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group went to Orlando, Florida in the United States, did a 60-hour training period using the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters and adapted to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) standards at the School of Tactics Aerial.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Training in Panama and the United States
In March of the same year after training began, the group went to Aguadulce in Panama, where Commander Nero Moura was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel; in April of that year, the group had already improved to such an extent that the unit started to operate independently and took part in the Panama Canal Zone Air Defense System complex.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Training in Panama and the United States
After extensive training, about 110 hours of flight on Curtiss P-40 fighters and dedicated programs for jobs in Panama, the group returned to the United States in June, at Suffolk County Army Air Field in New York, where they were introduced to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, the newest fighter of the USAAF so far, there the group performed training as hard as Aguadulce's but soon after the course the pilots and support were ready for action.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Training in Panama and the United States
The pilots of the group went by ship to Italy and landed at the Port of Livorno, on October 6, 1944, and were about to pass the final test, the so-called blood baptism; the planes used by the FAB in the war were taken from the USAAF warehouse.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy
In the Italian Campaign, the 1st Fighter Aviation Group acted in conjunction with the 1st Liaison and Observation Squadron, a group that belongs to the Division Artillery and that had the objective of carrying out works to regulate the artillery fire, to observe the field of fire. battle and liaison missions and that was integrated into the FEB.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy
During the war the Jambock group received this identification name in the city of Tarquinia, it was divided between four squads that were identified by a letter and a number, the groups were the red squad (identified by the letter A), the yellow squad (identified by the letter B), the blue squadron (identified by the letter C) and the green squadron (identified by the letter D); in February 1945 the yellow squadron ceased to exist because of the low number of pilots belonging to the group, since of the eleven pilots in the squadron, six were killed or injured, the remaining members joined the other squadrons.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy
After the missions in the Mediterranean Theater, the Nazi forces retreated to a region known as the Gothic Line, there it was determined by the Allied forces that there was an offensive against the enemies called the Spring Offensive. There was a meeting with the leaders of each squad organized by the American Commander Nielsen, leader of the 350th Fighter Group of the 62nd Fighter Wing of the Twelfth Air Force of the USAAF, of which the 1st GAvCa was subordinate, where it was said that between the 6 and the 29 of April the squadrons should carry out a maximum daily effort of 44 sorties against the enemy forces, where several offensive attacks against the Axis were carried out.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy
Throughout the Italian campaign, the pilots of the 1st GAvCa made several attacks against refineries, stockpiles, railway bridges, railways, buildings that served as bases for enemies, plants and warehouses, in addition to attacks against accommodations, vehicles offered and participating together with the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in battles such as the Battle of Monte Castello and, among other battles, always with the objective of paving the way so that the allied troops could advance towards the imminent victory that was to had in the Italian campaign.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy
Many pilots were shot down in the midst of attacks against German forces, and many of the pilots who were captured were imprisoned in the Nuremberg Concentration Camp in Germany and were later rescued by Allied troops; with each step taken by the allies towards victory over the Germans and Italians, the prisoners were evacuated from the camps and taken to more distant ones, such as Stalag VII-A at Moosburg an der Isar, the prisoners of that camp were not rescued until the end of the war, when the soldiers led by General George S. Patton arrived in the city and rescued the prisoners, including Brazilian pilots and soldiers.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy
The 1st


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy
GAvCa had sixteen planes shot down, losing five of its airmen in combat and another three in accidents; between November 1944 and April 1945 the group completed only 5% of its planned route, but did not complete it due to the end of the war, even so the group was responsible for the destruction of 85% of ammunition deposits, 36% of the deposits of fuel, and 15% of enemy motor vehicles in its entire 7-month campaign, exceeding the expectations of both its allies and its enemies, because of its performance it received the honorable quote from the United States Congress.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera
Something that marked the participation of the 1st GAvCa in the war was the story of Lieutenant Danilo Moura, Commander Nero Moura's younger brother. On February 4, 1945, after his aircraft was shot down by Nazi anti-aircraft artillery in Italy, he parachuted from his aircraft and survived. He was aided by a group of Italian partisans who took care of him, and, after recovering, the Lieutenant made a journey of 386 km (240 mi), walking 24 days, and losing 19 kg (42 lb), to return to his base.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera
In this way he had to go unnoticed by the Nazi bases, counting on the help of the Italian population, he managed to get to the allied base in Pisa, where he recovered, and then returned home. His survival story gave rise to the Danilo Opera, an event that is staged and honored every year on Fighter Aviation Day, on April 22, the date on which the 1st GAvCa reached the peak of its performances, having performed 44 sorties, distributed in 11 missions.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera, Similar cases
Captain Joel Miranda was also shot down on the February 4, mission at Castelfranco Veneto, in an attempt to attack a railway bridge, on the same mission as Danilo. In addition two other American pilots were shot down, but his whereabouts are unknown. Miranda was hit and his plane started to catch fire, which forced him to jump with a parachute, but when he went to jump his phone got stuck in it and fell next to his plane.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera, Similar cases
After loosing himself a few meters from the ground, the captain opened the parachute, but it hit the ground, and broke his arm. He got up for help and fleeing the German troops who were looking for the pilots, he found a boy who took him home. The boy's father took him to a South African soldier in the 8th British Army named Steve Grove. The soldier and Captain Joel Miranda became friends and Steve took Joel undercover to an Italian doctor at a Camposampiero hospital, which was controlled by the Germans.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera, Similar cases
Captain Joel joined a group of Italian partisans, which Grove was part of, where they participated in guerilla action against German forces for a few days, until Grove was captured and killed by an SS officer. After several events of resistance he was taken by the partisans, after the end of the war, back to the base where the Captain went to the English Secret Service to sign a document saying that he would not disclose the names or dates of all the people who helped him.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, The end of the war
On April 28, 1945 the Italian resistance captured and executed the fascist leader Benito Mussolini and other members of the Italian government. The following day Italy's surrender was signed and on the same day the Brazilian armed forces captured an entire German regiment, the 148th Infantry Division at the Battle of Collecchio. On April 30, German leader, Adolf Hitler committed suicide and on May 2, Nazi Germany surrendered to Allied forces, bringing an end to World War II in Europe. Many pilots remember that day, as they were on an attack mission and shortly before attacking they were warned on the radio that the war was over and that it was no longer necessary to attack. Lieutenant Alberto Martins Torres recalls:


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, The end of the war
We were on a mission, until we received radar control solemnly transmitted ... "Attention, all units ... attention, all units ... don't attack, don't attack. The war is over. Fly back to your bases, immediately." At that moment I felt a shiver and started thinking about my parents, the parents of (pilots) who had died ... in short, it was an indescribable emotional cluster, and as I always say, this was the mission that moved me the most, it was my last mission, and I did not attack, the war was over and we would no longer lose any companions.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil
After the surrender of Italy and Germany in the war, the group had already fulfilled its role and had no more reason to continue fighting, so in June 1945, all 26 P-47Ds that were used by the 1st Fighter Aviation Group were taken to what is now Naples International Airport at Capodichino. They were dismantled and sent to Naples, where they would be loaded on the ship SS W. S. Jennings that would take them to Brazil. All aviators and members of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force were transported back to Brazil on the American ship USS General M. C. Meigs.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil
For the crossing between Brazil and the United States the pilots who were killed in combat and those who were rescued from the enemy prisoners camp were sent first. They were sent in descending order from the pilots with the greatest number of missions. A group of 19 officers left Pisa for New York to receive the new aircraft for the FAB. From New York the officers traveled to the American capital Washington, D. C. by train and there they were met by the United States Army Air Forces at the Shoreham Hotel and later by generals Ira C. Eaker and Hoyt Vandenberg at the Pentagon.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil
On July 16, 1945 the first pilots of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group landed in Campo dos Afonsos arriving from the war, with them accompanied by the new FAB Thunderbolt that were escorted by a Douglas C-47. In the latter came Second Lieutenant Marcos Eduardo Coelho de Magalhães and First Lieutenant Roberto Brandini, who were recovering from war injuries. The ship USS General M. C. Meigs, which carried the rest of the FAB pilots and the FEB soldiers, arrived in Rio de Janeiro on July 18, 1945.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil
The heroes of the FAB were received by President Getúlio Vargas, who, together with the high command of the FAB, decorated the national heroes for their achievements in the Second World War.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil
The pilots who brought the new fighters joined the rest of the group and with the FEB and 1st ELO troops for a popular parade that had the destination of Praça Mauá, this event became known as the "Parada da Vitória". The members of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group were in open vehicles and directly behind them the FEB infantry troops, celebrating the Brazilian victory and the return of the heroes of the Second World War.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Postwar recognition
In 1986 the achievements of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group in the Italian Campaign were recognized once again, the 1st GAvCa became the third unit that does not belong to the United States Armed Forces to receive the Presidential Unit Citation, on request the United States government due to the important advances of the Brazilian hunting group in the campaign in Italy. In addition to the Brazilian unit, only two other foreign units received such an honor, both from the Royal Australian Air Force.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years
Since then the base of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group is the Santa Cruz Air Force Base, located in Rio de Janeiro in an old Zeppelin hangar, the group is composed of two squadrons, the Jambock of the 1st Squadron of the 1st Aviation Group of Caça follow the motto Senta a Púa!


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years
And the Pif-paf of the 2nd Squadron of the 1st Aviation Group of Caça follow the motto Rompe Mato! ; in addition, the base houses other units, the 1st and 2nd squadron of the 1st and 16th Aviation Group, the 4th and 7th Aviation Group and the 2nd Connection and Observation Squadron.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years
In 1953, the 1st GAvC began operating Gloster F-8 Meteor fighter jets that were used until 1968, when they were replaced by the Lockheed TF-33A T-Bird, which were operated until 1972, when they started using the national aircraft Embraer AT-26 Xavante. In 1975 the unit also used the Northrop F-5B Freedom Fighter and F-5E Tiger II fighters. At that time there was a change in camouflage to the current standard, where the insignia of the 1st squadron (Jambock) and the 2nd Squadron (Pif-paf) were added on the right side of the vertical stabilizer, with the insignia of the 1st


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years
GAvC being used on the left side of all aircraft. Its aircraft, the Tiger II, were modernized through a revitalization program developed by Embraer for the FAB, which greatly extended the useful life of these aircraft. The Northrop / Embraer F-5EM and F-5FM Tiger II are the current aircraft used by the 1st Fighter Aviation Group.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years
As of 2021, the 1st GAvC starts operating the F-39 Gripen aircraft, starting after the second half of the year.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History behind the emblem
Senta a Púa! is the symbol and war cry of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group (1º GAvCa) of the Brazilian Air Force, it is similar to the British "Tally-ho" or the French "À la chasse", the cry "Senta a púa", before military use, it was an everyday expression.


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History behind the emblem
The 1st Ten. Av. Firmino Ayres de Araújo, from the Salvador Air Force Base, already used the expression to rush someone. Coming from the same base, Ten. Av . Rui Barbosa Moreira Lima introduced the expression in the daily life of the 1st GAvCa. It was only after the training, towards the European Theater that Cap. Av . Fortunato Câmara de Oliveira drew the symbol (whose face of the ostrich refers to the features of the 2nd Lieutenant Aviator Pedro de Lima Mendes).


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History behind the emblem
Hence, the group gave itself identity and the expression started to gain strength, as in the words of Austragésilo de Athayde: "Senta a Púa: to launch yourself against the enemy with decision, sight and desire to annihilate him. Who will senta a púa does not quibble. Throw a red-hot iron and gum the brute ".


1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History behind the emblem
In combat, the expression was used to confirm an order of attack, given the distinction of the words: A pilot reports to the leader "I saw a target" - to which the expected answer would be: "Senta a púa! ".


1st Brigade (Australia)
1st Brigade is a combined arms formation of the Australian Army. Formed in 1903 as a militia formation based in New South Wales, it was reconstituted as part of the Australian Imperial Force in 1914 for service during World War I, the brigade fought at Gallipoli and on the Western Front before being disbanded in mid-1919. In 1921, the 1st Brigade was re-raised as a unit of Australia's part-time military forces, based in New South Wales. During World War II the brigade undertook defensive duties before being disbanded.


1st Brigade (Australia)
In 1948, it was re-raised as an integral part of the Australian Regular Army. Currently the brigade is based at Robertson Barracks in Darwin and at RAAF Base Edinburgh near Adelaide, South Australia. It is the first of the Australian Army brigades to be re-organised as a combat brigade under Plan Beersheba.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Formation
Originally formed in 1903 as a Militia unit of the Commonwealth Military Forces, it was established in New South Wales and consisted of four battalion-sized units—1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Australian Infantry Regiments. In 1912, the compulsory training scheme was introduced and at this time, the brigade was reorganised as part of the 1st Military District, with constituent units were spread across various locations in Queensland including Townsville, Cairns, Charters Towers, Mackay, Rockhampton, Mount Morgan, Bundaberg, Maryborough, Gympie, and Brisbane.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, World War I
The 1st Brigade was re-constituted in Sydney, New South Wales, shortly after the start of World War I in August 1914 for service overseas as part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Upon formation it consisted of four infantry battalions—the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th—however, later it received organic fire support when the 1st Australian Machine Gun Company (February 1916 to February 1918) and 1st Australian Trench Mortar Battery (from April 1916) were added to its order of battle. Assigned to the 1st Division, the brigade's first commanding officer was Colonel Henry MacLaurin.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, World War I
During the war, the 1st Brigade took part in the fighting at Gallipoli between April and December 1915, before being evacuated to Egypt at the end of the campaign. There, it was brought back up to strength and in mid-1916 the brigade was transferred to Europe, where it took part in the fighting on the Western Front in France and Belgium between 1916 and 1918, before being disbanded in April 1919. Notable battles in which the brigade fought include: Lone Pine, Pozières, Bullecourt, Passchendaele, Hazebrouck, Amiens and the Hindenburg Line. Five soldiers from 1st Brigade units received the Victoria Cross, Australia's highest military decoration, for their actions during the war. These were: John Hamilton, George Howell, Thomas Kenny, Leonard Keysor and Alfred Shout.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II
In 1921, the Australian military part-time forces were re-organised to perpetuate the numerical designations and structures of the AIF. As a result, the 1st Brigade was re-raised as a part-time formation of the Citizens Forces based in Newcastle, New South Wales, and consisting of four infantry battalions: the 13th, 33rd, 35th and 41st Battalions.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II
Initially, the brigade was staffed through the compulsory training scheme, which meant that the brigade was able to maintain its numbers, however, in 1922, following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, Australia's security concerns were reduced. As a result, the Army's budget was halved and the scope of the compulsory training scheme was scaled back; with this the authorised strength of each infantry battalion was reduced to just 409 men of all ranks.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II
In 1929, the compulsory training scheme was suspended by the newly elected Scullin Labor government and was replaced by a voluntary system, under the new name of the "Militia". This, coupled with the financial hardships of the Great Depression, meant that there were few volunteers available for service and many units had to be amalgamated or disbanded.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II
As a result, the 1st Brigade was reduced to just three infantry battalions. Upon the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the 1st Brigade consisted of the 13th, 33rd and 41st Battalions. Initially, upon the commencement of hostilities it was decided to call up the Militia to undertake periods of continuous training in order to boost the nation's readiness for war, however, following Japan's entry into the war in December 1941, they were mobilised for defensive duties.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II
Although some Militia units were committed to combat operations in New Guinea from 1942 onwards, the 1st Brigade remained in Australia for the duration of the war, headquartered around Parramatta, New South Wales, where it formed part of the 1st Division. Later the brigade became part of the Newcastle Covering Force and then the 10th Division. In 1942, the brigade moved to Sydney, and from 1943 it was reduced to meet operational manpower needs elsewhere. In September 1944, the brigade moved to Singleton, New South Wales, where the two of its three infantry battalions were disbanded. By the end of hostilities, it consisted of only one battalion—the 41st/2nd Battalion—as other units had been transferred, amalgamated or disbanded. Between May 1942 and August 1945 it was commanded by Brigadier Frederick Burrows.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Post World War II
Following the end of hostilities in August 1945, the existing structures were disbanded throughout 1945 and into 1946 and the Interim Army was raised. As a part of this, the 34th Brigade was raised for occupation duties in Japan. In 1948, with the establishment of the reformation of the Regular Army and the raising of the Australian Regiment (later known as the Royal Australian Regiment), the 34th Brigade was renamed the 1st Brigade following its return to Australia. During the Korean War, individual elements of the brigade were detached for combat in Korea, although they were subsequently placed under the command of other formations.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Post World War II
In 1960, the Australian Army adopted the Pentropic divisional establishment. This saw the adoption of the five battalion division and resulted in the disbandment of the old three battalion brigade formations. As a result, the 1st Brigade, including its headquarters, was disbanded. In late 1964, however, the decision was made to end the experiment with the Pentropic establishment, partly because of the difficulties it created with allied interoperability. Early the following year the brigade formations were re-established, although they were designated "task forces" instead of brigades.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Post World War II
In mid-1965 1 RAR, was sent to Vietnam as part of Australia's commitment to the ongoing conflict in that country. In early 1966, the decision to increase the Australian Army's presence in Vietnam from one infantry battalion to two was announced. In order to command this force, it was decided to form an Australian task force. Shortly after this, the 1st Task Force, consisting of the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5 RAR), undertook a readiness exercise around Gospers in New South Wales. Once this exercise was successfully completed, the 1st Task Force's headquarters was used to raise the 1st Australian Task Force and was dispatched to Vietnam, where it would remain until the end of the Australian involvement. In 1972, the task force returned to Australia and had units located at Holsworthy in New South Wales, Woodside in South Australia and at Puckapunyal in Victoria.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Post World War II
In 1982, the "brigade" designations were readopted. Brigadier John Sheldrick was in command of the brigade at the time and early the year the 1st Armoured Regiment was placed under the 1st Brigade's command as part of the Army's mechanisation trials. The new role of the 1st Brigade as a mechanised force was confirmed in 1983 and following this the capability was developed. This saw the 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5/7 RAR), re-equipped with armoured personnel carriers, which they began to receive in July 1983. During the 1980s, one of the brigade's other infantry battalions, the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, began developing the Australian Army's parachute capability, and by late 1983 it had become a specialised parachute infantry battalion. They were later transferred to the 3rd Brigade.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Recent years
In 1992, the brigade began the process of moving to Darwin as part of a force structure review focused upon relocating defence assets in the north. By 2000, the brigade had completed its move and was headquartered in Robertson Barracks in Darwin. Before the move was complete, the brigade was warned out to support the 3rd Brigade's deployment to East Timor and in October 1999, 5/7 RAR began deploying. They returned to Australia in April 2000.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Recent years
As part of the Hardened and Networked Army initiative 5/7 RAR was de-linked in 2006 to form two mechanised battalions. 5 RAR remained in Darwin, while the 7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (7 RAR), along elements of the 1st Combat Service Support Battalion was moved to Adelaide, where they are now based at RAAF Base Edinburgh. Although the brigade is split, the Adelaide–Darwin Railway can be used to transport heavy vehicles and equipment north. In its current configuration, the brigade is currently capable of operating three battlegroups, one formed around 1st Armoured Regiment as an armour-heavy formation and the other two around 5 RAR and 7 RAR operating as mechanised infantry formations.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Recent years
In the first decade of the 21st century, units of the brigade have undertaken deployments to East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan.


1st Brigade (Australia), History, Planned restructure
In late 2011, the Australian government announced that under a restructuring program known as Plan Beersheba, the 1st, 3rd and 7th Brigades would be reformed as combined arms Combat Brigades. Each will have a similar structure and capabilities, consisting of: a Brigade Headquarters, an Armoured Cavalry Regiment, two Standard Infantry Battalions, an Artillery Regiment, a Combat Engineer Regiment, a Combat Service Support Battalion and a Combat Signals Regiment. Under the new plan, the 2nd Cavalry Regiment was transferred to the 3rd Brigade in October–November 2014, transitioning to the ACR structure.


1st Brigade (Australia), Present formation
As at 2011 the 1st Brigade was made up of the following units:


1st Brigade (Australia), Present formation
In October 2017, the 1st Armoured Regiment moved from Robertson Barracks in Darwin to RAAF Base Edinburgh, joining 7 RAR which moved there in 2010–2011.


1st Brigade (Ireland)
The 1st Brigade (1 BDE) (Irish: 1ú Briogáid) is a brigade of the Irish Army. The brigade, which was known as 1st (Southern) Brigade until the 2012 reorganisation of the army, has its headquarters in Collins Barracks in Cork. The 1st Brigade is responsible for military operations in the south of Ireland. Its area of responsibility includes the counties of Galway, Offaly, Laois, Carlow, Kilkenny, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary.


1st Brigade (Ireland)
It is also responsible for the security of a number of "vital installations" including civil transport infrastructure sites such as Cork Harbour, Cork Airport, Shannon Airport and Farranfore Airport.


1st Brigade (New Zealand)
The 1st Brigade is currently the largest unit of the New Zealand Army, and contains most of the army's deployable units. The brigade was formed on 13 December 2011 by amalgamating the 2nd Land Force Group and 3rd Land Force Group. Its establishment formed part of the 'Army 2015' package of reforms.


1st Brigade (New Zealand)
Previous 1st Brigades in the New Zealand Army have included a brigade in the Middle East and France, 1916–19, a home defence formation active during the Second World War (part of the North Island home defence 1st Division), and a 1 Brigade / Integrated Expansion Force formed to direct three Territorial Force-formed battalions in the 1970s and 1980s.


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, First World War
The 1st Brigade came into being in Egypt in early 1916, when the New Zealand and Australian Division was re-organised in the wake of the Gallipoli Campaign, and the New Zealand Division was formed. Under the command of Brigadier General Harry Fulton, the brigade initially consisted of four infantry battalions, being the 1st Battalions of the Auckland, Canterbury, Otago and Wellington Regiments. In this configuration, the brigade was transferred to the Western Front in Europe, and fought through the Battle of the Somme before the New Zealand Division was restructured.


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, First World War
This saw the brigade reconfigured, swapping its two South Island battalions (the 1st Canterbury and 1st Otago) with the two North Island battalions (2nd Auckland and 2nd Wellington) of the 2nd Brigade. This placed all the North Island battalions in the 1st Brigade while all the South Island formations were in the 2nd Brigade.


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, First World War
Following this, the brigade fought in the Battle of Messines and the Third Battle of Ypres during 1917, before helping to turn back the German spring offensive in early 1918, and then taking part in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in the final months of the war. After the armistice, the brigade was committed briefly to post war occupation duties until the New Zealand Division disbanded in early 1919.


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Second World War
The 1st Infantry Brigade was re-established prior to the Second World War as a Territorial Force formation manned by part-time reservists. At the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, it formed part of the field force for the Northern District. At this time it commanded the 1st Hauraki Regiment (headquartered at Paeroa), 1st North Auckland Regiment (Whangarei) and 1st Waikato Regiment (Hamilton).


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Second World War
On 1 November 1941, the 1st Brigade became part of the newly formed Northern Division in the Northern Military District. The division's two brigades were the 1st and 12th Brigade Groups. Later the Northern Division became the 1st Division. The 12th Brigade Group was one of the new headquarters, and both these units continued to be manned by reservists. During early 1942, camps were constructed for the 1st Brigade Group in South Auckland and the 12th Brigade Group at Kaikohe. The 1st Brigade subsequently moved to a camp near Warkworth.


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Second World War
After the threat of invasion passed, the 1st Brigade and the other home defence formations were reduced in size during 1943. By the end of the year the seven brigade (including 1st Brigade) and three divisional headquarters comprised a total of 44 personnel, with the soldiers assigned to the Territorial Force units they once commanded having been demobilised. All of these headquarters were disbanded on 1 April 1944.


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Post war
In 1950, Northern Military District directed four subordinate Area Headquarters, being Area 1 (HQ Auckland), Area 2 (HQ Tauranga), Area 3 (HQ Whangarei), and Area 4 (HQ Hamilton).


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Post war
In 1963, the Combat Brigade Group (1st Brigade) was established, based on the Northern Military District headquarters at Auckland. Headquarters Northern Military District was disestablished in 1970 and the headquarters became home to Field Force Command.


1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Reformation
In 2011 the 1st Brigade was reformed from the headquarters of the 2nd Land Force Group at Linton Camp. Its role upon formation was to command all of the New Zealand Army's operational units, other than the 1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment.


1st Brigade (Slovenian Armed Forces)
1st Brigade (Slovene: 1. brigada) is one of two Infantry brigades of the Slovenian Armed Forces and provides combat forces. The other is the 72nd Brigade, which provides combat support forces.


1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines)
The 1st Brigade Combat Team, Philippine Army, is the Philippine Army's current primary combined arms and rapid deployment unit. It was formed out of a new concept that was among the lessons learned from the Battle of Marawi against terrorist forces in urban environment. It would also be the primary unit for territorial defense.


1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines)
The maneuver components of the 1BCT are two infantry battalions and one mechanized infantry battalion plus maneuver support consisting of specialized enablers such as field artillery and engineer combat battalions, reconnaissance company and units from signal, intelligence, civil-military operations, military police, explosive ordnance, CBRN (chemical biological radiological and nuclear), and sustainment components composed of a forward service support unit and a forward medical platoon. It should have around 1,500 officers and enlisted personnel at full strength.


1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines), History
It is expected that the unit will undergo its first joint military training with US forces in the upcoming Salaknib and Balikatan Exercises slated for 2019.


1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines), History
It has been reported by Philippine Media on 30 May 2019 that the 1st Brigade Combat Team will be assigned to the 11th Infantry Division in Sulu to aid in the operations against the Abu Sayyaf. These troops arrived on board the BRP Tarlac (LD-601) on 31 May 2019.


1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines), History
On 28 June 2019, two suicide bombers detonated themselves at the gate of the tactical command post of the First Brigade Combat Team (1BCT) in Sitio Tanjung, Barangay Kajatian, Sulu. The blast killed three soldiers and three civilians as well as the bombers. It is believed that this is the first instance of a suicide bombing conducted by native Filipinos.


1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines), Current Units (as of December 2018)
The following are the units attached with the 1st Brigade Combat Team:


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)
The 1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division is an active Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the United States Army based at Fort Drum in New York. The brigade headquarters carries the lineage of the 10th Mountain Division's original headquarters company, and served as such in World War II, and in peacetime at Fort Riley, Fort Benning, and West Germany in the 1940s and 1950s.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)
The brigade was activated in April 1986, at Fort Drum, New York, when the 10th Mountain Division was reactivated as one of the Army's new Light Infantry Divisions. 1st Brigade and its subordinates saw numerous deployments to contingencies around the world in the 1990s. With the Global War on Terrorism the brigade has seen multiple deployments to Afghanistan to support Operation Enduring Freedom and to Iraq to support Operation Iraqi Freedom.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), Organization
The brigade currently consists of seven subordinate battalions. The core of the brigade's combat power are its three infantry battalions: 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment; the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment; and the 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment. The 3rd Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment provides reconnaissance to the Brigade Combat Team, while the 3rd Battalion, 6th Field Artillery Regiment provides field artillery support. The 7th Brigade Engineer Battalion provides combat engineering, military intelligence, and signal services, and the 10th Brigade Support Battalion provides the brigade's logistics support.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), Organization
1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) "Warrior", 10th Mountain Division


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1980s
On 13 February 1985, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) was reactivated at Fort Drum, New York. In accordance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan, the division was no longer centered around regiments, instead two brigades were activated under the division. The 1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division was activated at Fort Drum while the 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division was activated at Fort Benning, moving to Fort Drum in 1988.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s
Hurricane Andrew struck South Florida on 24 August 1992, killing 13 people, leaving another 250,000 homeless and causing damages in excess of 20 billion dollars. On 27 September 1992, the 10th Mountain Division assumed responsibility for Hurricane Andrew disaster relief as Task Force Mountain. Division soldiers set up relief camps, distributed food, clothing, medical necessities and building supplies, as well as helping to rebuild homes and clear debris. The last of the 6,000 division soldiers to deployed to Florida returned home in October 1992.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s, Operation Restore Hope
On 3 December 1993, the division headquarters was designated as the headquarters for all Army Forces (ARFOR) of the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) for Operation Restore Hope. Major General Steven L. Arnold, the division Commander, was named Army Forces commander. The 10th Mountain Division's mission was to secure major cities and roads to provide safe passage of relief supplies to the Somali population suffering from the effects of the Somali Civil War. Due to 10th Mountain Division efforts, humanitarian agencies declared an end to the food emergency and factional fighting decreased.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s, Operation Restore Hope
When Task Force Ranger and the SAR team were pinned down during a raid in what later became known as the Battle of Mogadishu, 10th Mountain units provided infantry for the UN quick reaction force sent to rescue them. The 10th had 2 soldiers killed in the fighting, which was the longest sustained firefight by regular US Army forces since the Vietnam War. The division began a gradual reduction of forces in Somalia in February 1993, until the last soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry returned to the United States in March 1994.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s, Operation Uphold Democracy
The division formed the nucleus of the Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) and Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190) in Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy. More than 8,600 of the division's troops deployed during this operation. On 19 September 1994, the 1st Brigade conducted the Army's first air assault from an aircraft carrier. This force consisted of 54 helicopters and almost 2,000 soldiers. They occupied the Port-au-Prince International Airport. This was the largest Army air operation conducted from a carrier since the Doolittle Raid in World War II.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s, Operation Uphold Democracy
The division's mission was to create a secure and stable environment so the government of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide could be reestablished and democratic elections held. After this was accomplished, the 10th Mountain Division handed over control of the MNF-Haiti to the 25th Infantry Division on 15 January 1995. The Division redeployed the last of its soldiers who served in Haiti by 31 January 1995.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism
In late 2001, following the 11 September 2001 attacks, elements of the brigade's 1-87th Infantry, deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. These forces remained in the country until mid-2002, fighting to secure remote areas of the country and participating in prominent operations such as Operation Anaconda, the Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, and the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi. The division also participated in fighting in the Shahi Khot Valley in 2002. Upon the return of the battalions, they were welcomed home and praised by President George W. Bush.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism
In summer 2003, the TF Warrior returned to Afghanistan, relieving TF Devil from the 82nd Airborne Division for Operation Enduring Freedom IV. For more than 6 months, they operated in the frontier regions of the country such as Paktika Province, going places previously untouched by the war in search of Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. Fighting in several small-scale conflicts such as Operation Avalanche, Operation Mountain Resolve, and Operation Mountain Viper, the division maintained a strategy of small units moving through remote regions of the country to interact directly with the population and drive out insurgents. The 1st Brigade also undertook a number of humanitarian missions.