1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Detailed service
Defense of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, April 12–13, 1861. Evacuation of Fort Sumter April 13. Reached Fort Hamilton, New York Harbor, April 19. Moved to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, June 3. Ordered to Washington, D.C., August 26, 1861. Duty at the federal arsenal and at Camp Duncan, defenses of Washington, until March 1862. Moved to the Virginia Peninsula. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 26-July 1. Savage's Station and Peach Orchard June 29. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Detailed service
At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Moved to Fortress Monroe, then to Centerville August 16–28. Pope's Virginia Campaign August 28-September 2. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6–22. Battle of Antietam September 16–17. Shepherdstown Ford September 19–20. At Sharpsburg until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Virginia, October 29-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 11–15. At Falmouth, Virginia, until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Aldie June 17. Middleburg June 19. Upperville June 21. Ashby's Gap June 21.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Detailed service
Battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3. Near Harpers Ferry July 14. Shepherdstown July 16. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advanced to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Custer's Raid into Albemarle County February 28-March 1, 1864. Near Charlottesville February 29. Stannardsville March 1. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 8. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania May 8–21. Milford Station May 21. Chesterfield May 23. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Mechump's Creek May 31. Cold Harbor June 1–5. Sharp's Farm June 3. Moved to Washington, D.C., June 18. Garrison duty at Fort Willard and Fort Strong, defenses of Washington, D.C. until October 1865.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Later service
One of the most notable actions of Battery E, 1st U.S. Artillery was in support of the Colonel James W. Forsyth's 7th U.S. Cavalry at the now-controversial engagement at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. The battery was commanded by Captain Allyn Capron and equipped with four Hotchkiss M1875 mountain guns which were used against the Wounded Knee encampment with devastating effect after the fight broke out. Some estimates report that as many as 200 Lakota Indians were killed or wounded in the engagement, the majority of whom were women and children.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Later service
Battery E continued in service with the 1st Artillery until the regiment was dissolved by the reorganization of all U.S. Artillery units in 1901.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G
Battery "G" 1st Regiment of Artillery was a light artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G, Service
The battery was stationed at Fort Pickens, Florida, January to May 1861. It moved to Fort Hamilton, New York Harbor, May 13–26, then to Washington, D.C., July 8 where it was attached to Richardson's Brigade, Tyler's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia, to August 1861. Richardson's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October 1861. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac (temporarily attached to Batteries E and K, 1st U.S. Artillery, February to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, V Corps, to October 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, V Corps, to May 1863. 2nd Regular Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, Horse Artillery, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to October 1865.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G, Detailed service
Reconnaissance from Alexandria on Fairfax, Richmond and Mt. Vernon Roads July 14. Advanced on Manassas, Va., July 16–21. Occupation of Fairfax Court House July 17. Blackburn's Ford July 18. First Battle of Bull Run July 21. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until March, 1862. Moved to the Virginia Peninsula. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 26-July 1. Golding's Farm June 27. Savage's Station and Peach Orchard June 29. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G, Detailed service
Moved to Fort Monroe, then to Centerville August 16–28. Pope's campaign in Virginia August 28-September 2. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6–22. Crampton's Pass September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16–17. Shepherdstown Ford September 19–20. At Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Moved to Falmouth October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 11–15. At Falmouth until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–6. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Aldie June 17. Middleburg June 19. Upperville June 20–21. Ashby's Gap June 21.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G, Detailed service
Battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3. Shepherdstown July 16. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advanced to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Custer's Raid into Albemarle County February 28-March 1. Near Charlottesville February 29. Stannardsville March 1. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 5. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania May 8–21. Milford Station May 21. Chesterfield May 23. North Anna May 23–26. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Machump's Creek May 31. Cold Harbor June 1–5. Sharp's Farm June 3. Moved to Washington, D.C., June 18. Garrison duty at Fort Willard and Fort Strong, defenses of Washington, D.C. until October 1865.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I
Battery "I" 1st Regiment of Artillery was a light artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Service
The battery was stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in January 1861 before moving to Washington, D.C. where it was attached to Wilcox's Brigade, Heintzelman's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia, to August 1861. Stone's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October 1861. Stone's (Sedgwick's) Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to November 1862. Reserve Artillery, II Corps, to May 1863. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, Horse Artillery, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 1865. Defenses of Washington, D.C., XXII Corps to August 1865.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Detailed service
Moved to Washington, D.C., January 7–29, 1861, and served duty there until July. Advanced on Manassas, Va., July 16–21, 1861. First Battle of Bull Run July 21. Moved to Poolesville, Md., August 7–15. Duty there and at Edward's Ferry until March 1862. Ball's Bluff October 21, 1861. Edward's Ferry October 22. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula March 1862. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 25-July 1. Peach Orchard and Savage Station July 29. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Detailed service
Moved to Alexandria, Va., August 16–23. Maryland Campaign September 6–22. Battle of Antietam September 16–17. At Harpers Ferry until October 30. Movemed to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 11–15. "Mud March" January 20–24, 1863. At Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3. Advance to line of the Rapidan September 13–17. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Bristoe Station October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Detailed service
Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House May 8–21. Battle of North Anna May 23–26. Battle of Totopotomoy Creek May 28–31. Battle of Cold Harbor June 1–7. Gaines's Mill, Salem Church, and Haw's Shop June 2. Sheridan's Trevilian Raid June 7–24. Trevilian Station June 11–12. Black Creek or Tunstall Station and White House or St. Peter's Church June 21. St. Mary's Church June 24. At Light House Point June 29-July 27. At Camp Barry, Washington, D.C. until September. Arthur's Swamp September 29. Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 1. Wyatt's Road October 1.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Detailed service
Boydton Plank Road October 27–28. Warren's Raid on Weldon Railroad December 7–12. Dabney's Mills February 5–7, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Dinwiddie Court House March 30–31. Five Forks April 1. Namozine Church April 3. Paine's Cross Roads April 5. Sailor's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D.C., May. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K
Battery "K" 1st Regiment of Artillery was a light artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K, Service
The battery was stationed at Eagle Pass, Fort Duncan, Texas January–February 1861 before moving to Fort Taylor, Florida where it served until January 1862. It then moved to Washington, D.C. where it was attached to Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September 1862. Reserve Artillery, V Corps, to December 1862. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June, 1862. 2nd Brigade, Horse Artillery, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. Camp Barry, Washington, D.C., to August 1864. Horse Artillery, Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to December 1864. Horse Artillery Reserve, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. Cavalry Brigade, Army of the Shenandoah.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K, Detailed service
Moved from Washington, D.D. to the Virginia Peninsula March 1862. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Battle of Seven Pines May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 25-July 1. Malvern Hill July 1. Moved to Fort Monroe, then to Centerville August 16–28. Pope's campaign in northern Virginia August 28-September 2. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Battle of Chantilly September 1. Maryland Campaign September 6–22. Battle of Antietam September 16–17. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 11–15. At Falmouth, Va., until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K, Detailed service
Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Brandy Station or Fleetwood and Beverly Ford June 9. Upperville June 21. Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3. Williamsburg and Hagerstown, Md., July 6. Boonsboro July 8. Benevola or Beaver Creek July 9. About Funkstown July 10–13. Brandy Station August 1–4. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13–15. Culpeper Court House September 13. Robertson's Ford September 15. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Jeffersontown October 12–13. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Reconnaissance from Bealeton to Front Royal January 1–4, 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12.


1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K, Detailed service
Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania Court House May 8–21. North Anna May 23–26. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Ream's Station June 21. Wilson's Raid on Southside & Danville Railroad June 22–30. Nottaway Court House June 23. Sappony Church or Stony Creek June 28–29. Ream's Station June 29. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 12–14. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Near Kearneysville August 25. Leetown and Smithfield August 28. Smithfield Crossing, Opequan Creek, August 29. Savior's Ford, Opequan Creek, September 15. Third Battle of September 19. Fisher's Hill September 21. Milford September 22. Mt. Jackson September 23–24. Port Republic September 26–27. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty in the defenses of Washington and the Shenandoah Valley until August 1865.


1st Ubootgeschwader
The 1. Ubootgeschwader (1. UG) (1st Submarine Squadron) is a submarine squadron of the German Navy. It is based at Eckernförde, Schleswig-Holstein, and forms part of Einsatzflottille 1, headquartered in Kiel.


1st Ubootgeschwader, History
The 1st Ubootgeschwader (1st UG) was set up on 1 October 1961 in Kiel. It was initially under the control of the Amphibische Gruppe, before it was subordinated to the newly established Ubootflottille on 1 November. The 1st UG received its first submarine, the newly-commissioned Type 201 submarine U-1, on 21 March 1962. The U-1 was the first submarine constructed in post-war Germany. U-1's sister ship, U-2 followed in May 1962. The former R boat Merkur was assigned to the squadron as a support ship. The Type 201 submarines were eventually found to be unsatisfactory and were decommissioned early.


1st Ubootgeschwader, History
The successor class, the Type 205 submarine, entered service in the following years, with eleven boats joining the squadron between 1962 and 1969. In 1964, the two submarine tenders Lahn and Lech entered service with the 1st UG. Lech was decommissioned in 1966 and assigned to the Reserve Fleet. Merkur left service the same year.


1st Ubootgeschwader, History
As part of the reforms of the Bundeswehr the Submarine Training Centre was made a part of the 1st UG on 29 August 2013. Since October 2016 the German submarine arm consists of six Type 212 submarines. However because of damage and missing spare parts, none of the six boats were in active service as of October 2017.


1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions
The 1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions was a cavalry unit of the Polish Legions during World War I. Members of the unit were named "Beliniaki", after their original leader Władysław Zygmunt Belina-Prażmowski.


1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions
The regiment was created on August 13, 1914 from a squadron composed of 140 soldiers formed by Belina-Prażmowski. The unit was based on The Seven Lancers of Belina, the vanguard of the march of the First Cadre Company on August 6, 1914. The cavalry unit  was composed of Janusz Głuchowski "Janusz", Antoni Jabłoński "Zdzisław", Zygmunt Karol Karwacki "Stanisław Bończa", Stefan Kulesza "Hanka", Stanisław Skotnicki "Grzmot", and Ludwik Kmicic-Skrzyński  "Kmicic" under Prażmowski's command.


1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions
In February and March 1917, the regiment organized and implemented officer training (for officers and non-commissioned officers) and administrative courses.


1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions
On August 10, 1917, the leader of the Polish Legions handed over the command of the regiment to captain Albert Kordecki of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment.


1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions, Medal
The medal, designed by corporal Kajetan Stanowicz, was instated on the 5th of November 1916. It has a round shield of a 41 to 45mm diameter with a twisted-rope-like edge. On it is engraved the monogram "1PU" on the background of an Uhlan hat and two dates: "II VII 1914" the date on which Belina's patrol left Galicia for the kingdom; and "V XI 1916" the day the medal was instituted. The medal was approved by the Minister of Military Affairs on the 5th of May 1920. Bearing it required being part of the regiment for at least a year. All in all 800 medals were issued.


1st Ukrainian Corps
The 1st Ukrainian Corps was a Ukrainianized combined–arms military formation created during the "democratization" of the army in Russia in August 1917 based on the 34th Army Corps of Lieutenant General Pavlo Skoropadskyi. After the October Revolution, the 1st Ukrainian Corps became part of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, but it ceased to exist in January 1918.


1st Ukrainian Corps, Background
On January 22, 1917, Lieutenant General Pavlo Skoropadskyi was appointed commander of the 34th Army Corps by the All–Russian Emperor.


1st Ukrainian Corps, Background
After the Kerensky Offensive's failure by the Russian Army, coupled with the Tarnopol breakthrough by the Austro–Hungarian and German troops, General Lavr Kornilov, the 8th Army's commander, who managed to hold the front in a difficult situation, was appointed commander–in–chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. On the evening of the same day, Kornilov sent a telegram to the Provisional Government with a description of the situation at the front ("The army of maddened dark people ... is running ...") and his proposals for rectifying the situation (the introduction of the death penalty and field courts at the front).


1st Ukrainian Corps, Background
Two weeks later, he was appointed the Supreme Commander–in–Chief. Before accepting this position, he stipulated the conditions on which he would agree to do so – one of such conditions was the implementation of the army reorganization program. To restore discipline, at the request of General Kornilov, the Provisional Government returned the death penalty in the army. By decisive and harsh methods, with the use of deserters in exceptional cases, General Kornilov restored the army's combat capability and restored the front.


1st Ukrainian Corps, Background
According to Kornilov, one of the measures that could radically increase the troop's combat capability was the creation of large national military formations – primarily Ukrainian ones. Kornilov noted that it was the Ukrainians who directly defended their native land that showed the greatest stamina and discipline in battle. In August 1917, at Lavr Kornilov's suggestion, Skoropadsky began to "Ukrainize" his corps (104th and 153rd Infantry Divisions). For reorganization, the corps was transferred to the Medzhybizh Region.


1st Ukrainian Corps, Background
The 34th Army Corps was "Ukrainized" with all the Russian soldiers and officers in the unit being transferred to the 41st Army Corps, with their places, both soldier and officer, being substituted with Ukrainians from other parts of the front; in the regiments, along with the all–Russian, national symbols and the Ukrainian language were introduced.


1st Ukrainian Corps, Background
It was assumed that the 1st Ukrainian Corps, consisting of 8 regiments, united in two divisions, would have a total strength of 60,000 soldiers.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
The date of creation of the 1st Ukrainian Corps in several sources is July 2, 1917, although in fact, Ukrainization began only in August and ended at the end of September.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
In October 1917, after the Bolsheviks came to power, Skoropadskyi, having changed his oath to the emperor, recognized the Central Council of Ukraine's power, although its leaders socialist ideas seemed unacceptable to him.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
In November–December, the corps implemented the plan developed by the corps' chief of staff, General Yakov Safonov, to neutralize the "Bolshevized" military units of the 2nd Guards Corps, which had left the front and were advancing on Kyiv. Parts of the corps occupied strategically important railway stations – Vinnytsia, Zhmerynka, Koziatyn, Berdychiv, Bila Tserkva and Fastiv – and blocked the way for the Bolsheviks to Kyiv from the south. The "red" echelons were intercepted, disarmed and sent to Soviet Russia.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
However, the leadership of the Central Council and the Ukrainian People's Republic continued to treat Skoropadskyi with prejudice, considering him as a future rival in the power struggle or not believing that an aristocrat and one of the wealthiest people of the former empire could sincerely defend the interests of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Skoropadskyi's growing popularity is atested by the fact that he was elected General Ataman on 6 October 1917, at the All–Ukrainian Congress of Free Cossacks in Chigirin, which aggravated relations with the Central Council. This was a manifestation of special trust and respect, testifying to great authority among the masses.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
After Symon Petliura's dismissal from the post of Secretary-General of Military Affairs and the appointment of Mykola Porsh in his place, Skoropadsky's relations with the Ukrainian Central Council's leaders completely broke down. The combat general, who was awarded the highest military awards, could not understand why the army's organizational problems were entrusted to a person who never had anything to do with it.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
All of Skoropadskyi's efforts to prove the necessity of the existence of the Ukrainian regular army were in vain. On winter's eve, the corps was without food, winter clothing and shoes. This demoralized the fighters, and they began to go home. Experiencing constant pressure from the Central Council's leadership, General Skoropadskyi, to save the corps, on the eve of 1918 was forced to resign from the post of ataman – the commander–in–chief of the Central Rada troops. At the same time, he left the post of commander of the 1st Ukrainian Corps. With the departure of Skoropadsky from the post of commander–in–chief, the Ukrainian Army practically collapsed.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
Formally, the 1st Ukrainian corps until the end of 1917 was part of the 7th Army of the Southwestern Front, although the front itself and the army as a single structure did not actually exist anymore.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
After General Skoropadskyi's resignation, the corps was actually headed by General Yakov Gandzyuk, head of the 1st Ukrainian Division.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
On January 16, 1918, the Central Council issued a temporary "Law on the Formation of the Ukrainian People's Army", according to which the Ukrainianized regiments of the regular army were to be disbanded, replacing them with the people's militia. On January 17, Nikolay Porsh issued an order for the army's complete demobilization, which finally disoriented and demoralized the Ukrainianized units.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
In January 1918, the corps was split into parts and stationed in Bila Tserkva, Berdichev, Fastov and Vinnytsia to maintain order there and protect the local population from deserters and local gangs. Covering Kyiv from the south, the corps did not have sufficient forces to effectively resist the attack on Kyiv by the Bolshevik troops of Mikhail Muravyov, which unfolded in January 1918.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
On February 9, Kyiv was taken by Soviet troops, and the day before, on the night of February 7–8, the Ukrainian government and the remnants of the troops of the Ukrainian People's Republic left Kyiv along the Zhytomyr Highway. On one of the last days of Kyiv's defence, General Gandzyuk with the chief of staff, General Safonov, left the corps headquarters for a meeting in Kyiv, not expecting such a sharp change in the situation. At one of the outposts of Soviet troops, they were captured and sent for interrogation to the commander–in–chief Muravyov. Refusing to accept his offer to go into the service of Soviet Russia, on February 9, both generals were shot.


1st Ukrainian Corps, History
Left without command, units of the corps also lost discipline in an atmosphere of general anarchy, and by mid–February, general desertion began. In February 1918, the corps was demobilized. A small part of it, led by Colonel Nikonov, after the arrival of the Germans, joined the army of the Ukrainian State of Hetman Skoropadsky.


1st Ukrainian Corps, Composition
The 1st Ukrainian Corps consisted of 8 infantry and two artillery regiments and other formations.


1st Ukrainian Front
The 1st Ukrainian Front (Russian: Пéрвый Укрáинский фронт) was a major formation of the Soviet Army during World War II, being equivalent to a Western army group.


1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime
During 1943–1944, the Red Army recruited, more than 3 million people or 10% of the total population of Ukraine (in the Volyn region, this figure was 16%). In the troops of 1–4 Ukrainian fronts (mainly in infantry units and other formations), Ukrainians accounted for 60–80%


1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime
On October 20, 1943, the Voronezh Front was renamed to the 1st Ukrainian Front. This name change reflected the westward advance of the Red Army in its campaign against the German Wehrmacht, leaving Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic behind and moving into Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The front participated or conducted battles in Ukraine, Poland, Germany, and Czechoslovakia during 1944 and 1945.


1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime
During 1944, the front participated with other fronts in the battles of Korsun-Shevchenkivskyy, and the battle of Hube's Pocket in Ukraine. It conducted the Lviv-Sandomierz Offensive, during which the Front was controlling the Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army, 3rd Guards Tank Army, 4th Tank Army, 3rd Guards, 5th Guards Army, 13th, 38th, and 60th Armies. It then took part in the battle for Ternopil'.


1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime
In 1945 the front participated in the Vistula-Oder offensive, and conducted the Silesian and Prague Operations, and the siege of Breslau. It also participated in the Berlin operations in Germany and Poland. The front also conducted the major part of the Halbe Encirclement, in which most of the German 9th Army was destroyed south of Berlin. By this time the Polish Second Army was operating as part of the Front. Finally 1st Ukrainian Front provided the defence against the counter-attacks by Armee Wenck which aimed to relieve Berlin and the 9th Army. The Prague Offensive was the final battle of World War II in Europe.


1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime
Following the war, the Front headquarters formed the Central Group of Forces of the Red Army in Austria and Hungary till 1955, and reinstituted in 1968 in Czechoslovakia as a legacy of the Prague Spring events.


1st Ukrainian Front, Armies
The armies that were part of the 1st Ukrainian Front included:


1st Ukrainian Soviet Army
The 1st Ukrainian Soviet Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, which existed between April 15, 1919 and June 25, 1919 when the Ukrainian Front was abolished. The troops were the transferred to form the 12th Army of the Western Front.


1st Ukrainian Soviet Army, History
The First Ukrainian Soviet Army fought against the UNR Army west of Kiev and by the end of May occupied Rivne, Dubno and Sarny, having cleared a considerable part of the Western Ukraine from the enemy and interrupted the connection of the UNR Army with Galicia. In May, the Army participated in the elimination of the Grigoriev Uprising. On May 28, 1919, the Army transferred part of its troops to the Southern Front and went on the defensive, continuing to fight against Petlyura and local armed formations in the districts of Rivne, Ostroh, Sarny, and Proskurov.


1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment
The 1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.


1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service
The 1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment was organized at Washington, D.C. beginning May 19, 1863 and mustered in June 30, 1863.


1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to United States Forces, Norfolk and Portsmouth, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, July to October 1863. United States Forces, Yorktown, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, Hincks' Colored Division, XVIII Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XV Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXV Corps, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Department of North Carolina, to August 1865. Department of North Carolina to September 1865.


1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service
The 1st U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service September 29, 1865.


1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
After its formation the regiment saw duty at Norfolk, Portsmouth and Yorktown in Virginia until April 1864. It then went on an expedition from Norfolk to South Mills, Camden Court House, N.C. from December 5 to December 24, 1863. Butler's operations south of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond, Va., May 4 – June 15. Action at Wilson's Wharf May 24. Assaults on Petersburg June 15–18. Siege of Petersburg and Richmond June 16 to December 7, 1864. Explosion of Mine, Petersburg, July 30. Demonstration on the north side of the James River September 28–30.


1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Battle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28–30. Fort Harrison September 29. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27–28. Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., December 7–27. Second Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 7–15, 1865. Assault on and capture of Fort Fisher January 15. Sugar Loaf Hill January 19. Sugar Loaf Battery February 11. Fort Anderson February 18–20. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Northeast Ferry February 22. Carolinas Campaign March 1 – April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Cox's Bridge March 23–24. Advance on Raleigh April 9–13. Occupation of Raleigh April 13. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty in the Department of North Carolina until September.


1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 185 men during service; 4 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 113 enlisted men died of disease.


1st United States Congress
The 1st United States Congress, comprising the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791, during the first two years of George Washington's presidency, first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new (and current) frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution.


1st United States Congress
The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution. Both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution were passed by this Congress and sent to the states for ratification; the ten ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, are collectively known as the Bill of Rights, with an additional amendment ratified more than two centuries later to become the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.


1st United States Congress, Major legislation, Session 1
Held March 4, 1789, through September 29, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City


1st United States Congress, Major legislation, Session 2
Held January 4, 1790, through August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall in New York City


1st United States Congress, Major legislation, Session 3
Held December 6, 1790, through March 3, 1791, at Congress Hall in Philadelphia


1st United States Congress, Party summary
There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.


1st United States Congress, Party summary
Details on changes are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.


1st United States Congress, Party summary, Senate
During this congress, two Senate seats were added for North Carolina and Rhode Island when each ratified the Constitution.


1st United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives
During this congress, five House seats were added for North Carolina and one House seat was added for Rhode Island when they ratified the Constitution.


1st United States Congress, Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.


1st United States Congress, Members, Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, all Senators were newly elected, and Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1790; Class 2 meant their term ended with the next Congress, requiring re-election in 1792; and Class 3 meant their term lasted through the next two Congresses, requiring re-election in 1794.


1st United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are listed by their districts.


1st United States Congress, Changes in membership
There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.


1st United States Congress, Changes in membership
New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island, were the last states to ratify the U.S. Constitution, and because of their late ratification, were unable to send full representation at the beginning of this Congress. Six Senators and nine Representatives were subsequently seated from these states during the sessions as noted.


1st United States Congress, Changes in membership, Senate
There was 1 resignation, 1 death, 1 replacement of a temporary appointee, and 6 new seats. The Anti-Administration Senators picked up 1 new seat and the Pro-Administration Senators picked up 5 new seats.


1st United States Congress, Changes in membership, House of Representatives
There was 2 resignations, 1 death, and 6 new seats. Anti -Administration members picked up 3 seats and Pro-Administration members picked up 2 seats.


1st United States Sharpshooters
The 1st United States Sharpshooters were an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. During battle, the mission of the sharpshooter was to kill enemy targets of importance (i.e., officers and NCOs) from long range.


1st United States Sharpshooters
The first regiment of volunteers began service in late November 1861. During their service, they fought in every Eastern battle up until autumn of 1864. During their tour, the Sharpshooters were noted for efficient service in the battles of Yorktown, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Atlanta, Spotsylvania and Petersburg.


1st United States Sharpshooters
The 1st and 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters were consolidated on December 31, 1864.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Founder
Hiram C. Berdan was the founder of the Sharpshooters. Berdan was born in the town of Phelps, New York, on September 6, 1824. Not only was Berdan a military officer in the Civil War and creator of the Sharpshooters regiment, he was also an American mechanical engineer and creative inventor. Some of Berdan's inventions included the Berdan rifle (a repeating rifle) and the Berdan center fire primer, a range finder torpedo boat for evading torpedo nets during and after the Civil War. Berdan also developed the first commercial gold amalgamation machine to separate gold from ore.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Founder
Berdan was also known for being an amateur champion marksman in the United States. Berdan's interest in rifles and shooting led him to the idea of creating a regiment full of men who all had notable shooting skills: the Sharpshooters. On November 30, 1861, Berdan was named colonel of both the first and second Sharpshooter regiments. After serving for three years, Berdan resigned his position as colonel on November 30, 1864, in order to return to his life as a mechanical engineer and inventor. Berdan died on March 31, 1893, and was buried in the Arlington National Cemetery.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Raising the regiment
During the Civil War, regiments were usually composed of companies all from the same state. On the other hand, due to the strict qualifications and special skills in order to become a member of the Sharpshooters, each regiment was assembled of companies from various different Union states. Below is a list of each company in the first regiment, their origin and date of establishment.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Company commanders
The first United States Sharpshooter regiment consisted of the following commanding officers (listed by company):


1st United States Sharpshooters, Selection of recruits
Hiram C. Berdan of New York state created the Sharpshooters. Berdan began recruiting men for the first Sharpshooter regiment in 1861. He recruited men from New York City and Albany and from the states of New Hampshire, Vermont, Michigan and Wisconsin. The volunteer recruits had to pass a rifle test in order to qualify to be a member of the Sharpshooters; each man had to be able to place ten shots in a circle of 10 inches (250 mm) in diameter from 200 yards (180 m) away.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Selection of recruits
They were able to choose a rifle and position of their preference for the test. A man eligible to be a Sharpshooter had to possess a keen eye, steady hands and a great deal of training and skill with a rifle. In addition to that, for a man to be a Sharpshooter, it took cool nerves in order to be able to estimate their target carefully, determine the high trajectory needed and to take in consideration the effect that any current wind may have.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Weapons
The men of the Sharpshooters regiment were armed with various types of rifles, including the Sharps rifle, the Whitworth rifle, sporting arms, and various other custom-made privately owned target weapons. Some of these rifles weighed up to 30 pounds (14 kg) because they contained the first breed of telescope sights. At first, many of the Sharpshooter riflemen used their own weapons, but this began leading to problems when it came to ammunition supply. As a result, Berdan made a request to receive issuance of Sharps rifles to his men.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Weapons
Christian Sharps invented the Sharps rifle in 1848 in Hartford, Connecticut. It was a single shot percussion lock breech loader that could be fired eight to ten times per minute (three times the rate of the Springfield rifle), weighed about 12 pounds (5.4 kg), was 47 inches (1,200 mm) in length with a 30-inch (760 mm) barrel and fired cartridges with a .52 caliber conical ball. The Sharps rifle was accurate up to 600 yards (550 m), so the typical Sharpshooter was able to put twenty bullets in a 24-inch (610 mm) pattern from 200 yards (180 m) away. The first Sharps rifle in the regiment was purchased by Private Truman "California Joe" Head while the regiment was at the camp of instruction outside Washington, D.C. during the winter of 1861-1862.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Weapons
Berdan chose the Sharps rifle mainly because of its fast breech loading and outstanding accuracy from long-range distances. Unfortunately, though, Lieutenant General Winfield Scott denied Berdan's request because he feared the issuance of Sharps rifles would lead to a waste of ammunition. Lt . General Scott insisted that Berdan's men use a standard Springfield rifle. Berdan was not at all satisfied with Scott's ruling, so he took his request for Sharps rifles directly to President Abraham Lincoln.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Weapons
After Lincoln watched Berdan perform a demonstration of the Sharps rifle's extreme speed and accuracy he was so impressed that he ordered them to be immediately issued to both Sharpshooter regiments. Nevertheless, many of the men still continued to use their own rifles, no matter how heavy and bulky they were, probably because that is what they had training and experience with. The sharpshooters were finally issued their Sharps rifles on May 8, 1862.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Uniform
The most notable aspect of the Berdan Sharpshooter uniform is the green color, rather than the standard Union blue. They were one of only a few regiments that went outside the typical Potomac Army's uniform. The green uniform gave the sharpshooters the clear advantage of camouflage, but also sometimes was a disadvantage because they were easy to distinguish against the rest of the Union soldiers for Confederate marksmen to spot and target. Sharpshooters were high-priority kills amongst the Confederate army, because they had such high skills and good salvageable equipment.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Uniform
Sharpshooters used more guerrilla warfare battle tactics than the rest of the Union infantry. Along with the green uniform, a soldier was to have no brass on any of their buttons. Their shoes were standard Union issue, but their pants were made of green wool just like the frock coats, with a pair of gaiters. Furthermore, Sharpshooter knapsacks were a Prussian-style fur sack fitted over a wooden frame, as opposed to the usual tarred canvas. However, as the war went on the men were not reissued this clothing and many of the men received standard federal clothing making them harder for rebel troops to notice their elite capabilities. By the Gettysburg campaign most of the men were wearing modified blue uniforms.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Total strength and casualties
Ten of the regiment's officers and 143 enlisted men were killed in action or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 128 enlisted men died of disease, for a total of 282casualties.


1st United States Sharpshooters, Total strength and casualties
Lieutenant Colonel William Y. W. Ripley was wounded and later received the Medal of Honor for his heroism as second in command of the 1st U.S. Sharpshooters at the Battle of Malvern Hill.


1st Utah State Legislature
The 1st Utah State Legislature was elected on Tuesday, November 5, 1895, and convened on Monday, January 13, 1896.


1st Utah Territorial Legislature
The 1st Utah Territorial Legislature was convened on September 22, 1851, and ended on March 6, 1852.


1st Uttar Pradesh Assembly
The First Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (a.k.a. First Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) was constituted in May 1952 as a result of Indian general election, 1951–52. First Legislative Assembly had total of 431 MLAs (later revised to 426 including one nominated Anglo-Indian member).


1st Uttarakhand Assembly
The 2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election were the First Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) elections of the state when the Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party with 36 seats in the 70-seat legislature in the election. The Bharatiya Janata Party became the official opposition, holding 19 seats.


1st Valley Bank
1st Valley Bank is a development bank (3rd in terms of assets) in the Philippines, based in Baroy, Lanao del Norte and servicing various areas in Mindanao, specifically the provinces of Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga Sibugay.


1st Valley Bank
The bank's primary clientele include small and medium enterprises and farmers in the communities served by it. Loans granted by the bank are primarily channeled to help finance the production of coconut, corn, rice and fish. The bank also provides capital and other banking services, as a co-partner of the Department of Agriculture, to small-scale commercial, industrial and agri-aqua business or diversified farming in line with the government’s program in agricultural development to uplift the socio-economic welfare of the people. The bank has also a special loan program to accommodate salaried individuals and micro entrepreneurs.


1st Valley Bank, History
1st Valley Bank was originally two banks: the Rural Bank of Kapatagan Valley and the Rural Bank of Sinacaban in Misamis Occidental.


1st Valley Bank, History
The Rural Bank of Kapatagan Valley was incorporated on September 11, 1956, and was granted an authority to operate on November 24 of the same year, becoming the Philippines' seventy-fifth rural bank, initially starting with an initial capital of forty thousand pesos. It eventually became a member of the prestigious Rural Bankers Association of the Philippines on April 5, 1957.


1st Valley Bank, History
On April 3, 2004, the stockholders of the Rural Bank of Kapatagan Valley approved the recommendation of its Board of Directors to consolidate with the Rural Bank of Sinacaban. On August 30, 2005, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued the consolidated bank’s Certificate of Consolidation and the corresponding certificate of incorporation of the merged institution, by then known as 1st Valley Bank.


1st Valley Bank, History
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas granted 1st Valley Bank’s authority to operate on September 21 of that year. The corporate culture and mission and vision (Increase income by increasing market share at a lower cost leveraging on the expertise of human resources) of the Rural Bank of Kapatagan Valley were since adopted by the merged institution.


1st Valley Bank, History
In 2007 the bank was one of several rural banks enabled with wireless ATMs.


1st Vanier Cup
The 1st Vanier Cup was played on November 20, 1965, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided Canada's university football champions by way of a national invitation to participate in the game. The Alberta Golden Bears and the Toronto Varsity Blues were invited by a national panel to compete in a single elimination game to decide the Canadian college football champion for the 1965 season. The Varsity Blues won the game for their first ever championship by defeating the Golden Bears by a score of 14-7.


1st Venezuelan Rifles
The 1st Venezuelan Rifles (Spanish: 1.er Regimiento de Rifles de Venezuela) was a nominally Irish regiment that took part in the Venezuelan War of Independence. Commanded by Colonel Donald Campbell, a Scottish Protestant. Battalion Rifles was created on August 13, 1818 with the British Riflemen under the command of Colonel Robert Piggot, survivors of the Battle of La Puerta (1818), formerly called the Line Battalion or Fusiliers of the Honor Guard. Its nucleus was recruited by the British and its ranks were completed with Creole peoples and natives of the Caribbean. Later, the unit participated in actions that included expeditions through the Llanos and the Andes and the Boyacá Campaign, 1819. He fought until 1824, in the Battle of Ayacucho, saving with his sacrifice the army of Sucre, trapped in the Corpahuaico Gorge, a few days before.


1st Venice International Film Festival
The 1st annual Venice International Film Festival was held between 6 and 21 August 1932. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was the first film to be screened at the festival. No official prizes were awarded, so an audience referendum took place to determine the winners.


1st Vermont Brigade
The First Vermont Brigade, or "Old Brigade" was an infantry brigade in the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. It suffered the highest casualty count of any brigade in the history of the United States Army, with some 1,172 killed in action.


1st Vermont Brigade, Organization and early battles
The "Old Brigade" served from 1861 to 1865 and was one of two brigades from Vermont, both famous in their own right.


1st Vermont Brigade, Organization and early battles
The First Vermont Brigade was organized in October 1861, primarily through the efforts of Maj. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith. It was composed of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Vermont regiments, which had been individually mustered into service between June and September, for a time, it also included the 26th New Jersey Infantry. Its first commander was Brig. Gen. William T. H. Brooks.


1st Vermont Brigade, Organization and early battles
In April 1862, the brigade was incorporated into the Army of the Potomac as the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, and first saw action during Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the battles of Williamsburg and Savage's Station. It later was present at Antietam and Fredericksburg. Under the command of Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant, the Vermonters fought in the campaign culminating in the Battle of Chancellorsville. The Vermonters participated in VI Corps' capture of Marye's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg and then were prominent in the fighting at Salem Church. They were held in reserve during the Battle of Gettysburg, holding a flank guard position behind Big Round Top, losing only one man wounded. After the Gettysburg Campaign, elements of the Vermont Brigade were sent to help quell the draft riots in New York City.


1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign
The depleted brigade received reinforcements in May 1864 when the 11th Vermont Infantry was assigned to the organization. That same month, the Army of the Potomac, under the overall supervision of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, began its spring offensive (the Overland Campaign) towards Richmond. The Vermont Brigade mustered approximately 2,850 soldiers at the start of the campaign.


1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign
On the morning of May 5, the Union army attacked Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at the Battle of the Wilderness. While the initial Union attack was successful, rough terrain and stubborn resistance ground down the attack. By midday, Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill's Confederate corps had been brought up and was attacking the weak Union center along the Orange Plank Road. Maj. Gen. George W. Getty's brigades were ordered by Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, who was still bringing up most of his corps, to hold the road and counterattack.


1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign
The Vermont Brigade took the southern flank and charged the advancing Confederates. Ordered to retreat, the 5th Vermont regiment instead launched a bayonet charge, buying time for Union troops and the rest of the Vermont Brigade to fall back to their hasty works. The Confederates continued to attack until the Union line was stabilized. Losses by the brigade totaled 1,269 killed, wounded, and missing in less than 12 hours of fighting.


1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign
After the Wilderness, the Union Army moved south to Spotsylvania Court House, where Lee's army had entrenched. The 11th Vermont Infantry joined the brigade at this point. Early in the battle, elements of the Vermont brigade, defending barricades forward of the rest of the Union Army, were ordered to retreat and spike their supporting artillery field pieces before the Confederates overran them. Disobeying orders, the commander of the brigade ordered the guns to be "spiked with canister," and the brigade was able to defend the guns and works successfully until reinforcements arrived to stabilize the position. The Vermonters suffered heavily during the ensuing assault on the Confederate defenses as The Vermont Brigade led the assault on the "Mule Shoe Salient", a protruding network of trenches in the center of the Confederate lines.


1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign
The final battle of the Overland Campaign was the Battle of Cold Harbor. The Vermont Brigade was one of the units selected to charge Confederate earthworks on June 1, 1864. Grant's attack failed and he suffered heavy losses. In less than 10 minutes, hundreds of soldiers from the Vermont Brigade were killed or wounded. The brigade, in less than one month of fighting, had been reduced from 2,850 men to less than 1,200.


1st Vermont Brigade, Petersburg and the Valley
While the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia dug in at Petersburg, Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early was sent on a mission through the Shenandoah Valley to the outskirts of Washington, D.C. The Vermont Brigade fought in the Valley Campaign against Early, under the overall command of Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan. At the Battle of Cedar Creek, Early launched a surprise attack against Sheridan's army and the First Vermont Brigade covered the Union army's temporary retreat, prior to Sheridan's counterattack and decisive victory.


1st Vermont Brigade, Petersburg and the Valley
Lewis Grant commanded the 2nd Division, VI Corps, during the later stages of this action, when Getty became acting corps commander. Col. George P. Foster led the brigade while Grant was in command of the division. Foster's brigade held the center of the division's line until the entire formation retreated in good order. When Brig. Gen. Daniel D. Bidwell fell and his brigade, of the Vermonters' left, was in danger of losing heart, Lt. Col. Winsor B. French, who took command, is reported to have told his men not to fall back until the Vermonters did so. Six Medals of Honor were awarded to Vermonters at Cedar Creek, and the brigade captured three regimental colors and much of the 12th North Carolina regiment.


1st Vermont Brigade, Petersburg and the Valley
Returning to Petersburg, where it was engaged until the end of the war, the First Vermont Brigade led the attack on the earthworks defending the city, successfully breaking through the Confederate lines on the morning of April 2, 1865. Lewis Grant was wounded in this action and briefly relinquished command. Six members of the brigade were awarded the Medal of Honor for valor for this action. After the surrender of Lee's army later that month, the brigade participated in the victory parade in Washington. It returned to Vermont and the men were mustered out. Many former members of the brigade joined fraternal veterans organizations such as the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and held reunions to recount their days in the First Vermont Brigade.


1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment was a three years' cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the Eastern Theater from November 1861 to August 1865, in the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac.


1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History
The regiment was mustered into Federal service on November 19, 1861, at Burlington, Vermont. Its first commander was Colonel Lemuel B. Platt, and the first lieutenant colonel was George Bradley Kellogg. Platt's appointment was an honor sometimes afforded to an individual who aided in raising and equipping a regiment; subsequent commanders included Jonas P. Holliday, Charles Henry Tompkins, Edward B. Sawyer, Addison W. Preston, William Wells, and Josiah Hall.


1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History
It was engaged in, or present at 76 engagements during the course of the war, from Mount Jackson on April 16, 1862, to Appomattox Court House, on April 9, 1865, including the 1862 and 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaigns, the Gettysburg Campaign, the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg, plus many skirmishes not connected to a particular campaign, such as the Skirmish at Miskel Farm.


1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History
The regiment most notably participated in BG Elon Farnsworth's unsuccessful attack on the Confederate right flank on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Maj William Wells led a battalion in that attack, with Farnsworth by his side. Lieut: Col Addison W. Preston commanded the regiment. The regiment's monument stands on the Sluyder Field, near the site where BG Evander Law's brigade repelled the Union attack.


1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History
The regiment lost during service: 112 killed and mortally wounded, 159 died in Confederate prisons, 7 died from accidents and 114 died by disease; total loss 392.


1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History
The regiment mustered out of service on August 9, 1865.


1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History
The regiment's heritage continues to be celebrated to this day with a state legislative decree naming the Corps of Cadets at Norwich University, the Military College of Vermont, as members of the regiment. Members of the NUCC wear the crossed sabers on all of their uniforms and their insignia.


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment
The 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment was a three months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, in and around Fortress Monroe, Virginia.


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History
Responding to President Abraham Lincoln's call in mid-April 1861, for 75,000 men to serve for three months to help put down the rebellion, Governor Erastus Fairbanks ordered the recruitment of the regiment.


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment was organized from militia companies from the following towns, as follows:


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History
Captain John W. Phelps, of Brattleboro, an 1836 graduate of the United States Military Academy, and a 23-year veteran of the regular army, was chosen to command the regiment and commissioned as a colonel. Militia Captain Peter T. Washburn of Woodstock, later Adjutant General and Governor of Vermont, was appointed lieutenant colonel. Among the officers was future Governor Roswell Farnham and future Medal of Honor recipient William Y. W. Ripley.


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History
The ten companies rendezvoused at Rutland, on May 2, 1861, and went into camp on the fairgrounds south of the city, called Camp Fairbanks, in honor of the governor. The regiment was mustered into United States service on May 8, and the next day departed for New York City, where it arrived on May 10. Rutland businessman Horace Henry Baxter, then serving as Adjutant General of the Vermont Militia, used personal funds to ensure that 1st Vermont soldiers were equipped and paid, and he rode at their head as they left Vermont. On May 11, the regiment embarked the steamer Alabama, and arrived at Fortress Monroe on May 13.


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History
On May 23, the regiment made the first reconnaissance upon Virginia soil by United States troops, marching six miles from Fortress Monroe to Hampton. On May 26, the regiment took the steamers Cataline and Monticello, up Hampton Roads to Newport News, where they made camp, which ended up being their home for the rest of its stay in Virginia.


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History
On June 10, five companies of the 1st Vermont, along with five companies of the 4th Massachusetts Infantry, were at the Battle of Big Bethel.


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History
On August 4, the regiment embarked the steamers Ben de Ford and . R. Spaulding, and sailed to New Haven, Connecticut, then took a train to Brattleboro, arriving there on August 9. The men were paid off and mustered out on August 15 and 16.


1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment mustered in 38 officers and 743 enlisted men. One enlisted man was killed in action, four died of disease, and one died due to an accident. One officer resigned his commission, four enlisted men were discharged for disability, and two deserted. Five-sixths of the members of this regiment subsequently enlisted for three years. Two hundred and fifty served as field and line officers in Vermont and neighboring states' units.


1st Vietnam Film Festival
The 1st Vietnam Film Festival was held from August 17 to August 28, 1970, in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the slogan "For the Fatherland - For the Socialism" (Vietnamese: "Vì Tổ quốc - Vì chủ nghĩa xã hội").


1st Vietnam Film Festival, Event
The first Vietnamese film festival was organized by the Ministry of Culture and Information, the Vietnam Cinema Department and the Vietnam Cinema Association. With the criterion "Summarizing the cinematic works of the 4-year period against the Americans to save the country from 1965 to 1969", the festival aimed to encourage the work of composing and honor the outstanding works of Vietnamese artists in cinema field.


1st Vietnam Film Festival, Event
The opening ceremony was held at the August Cinema Theater. When the festival flag along with the national flag were raised, the film contest begins. The judges, included many famous people in the film industry as well as other art fields, were divided into three juries: feature film, documentary/science film and children/animated film. Members whose films are in attendance will not participate in voting for that film.


1st Vietnam Film Festival, Event
The closing and awarding ceremony were held in Vietnam Museum of Revolution. Everyone was gathered, listening to the name of the award ceremony. Awards include Golden Lotus, Silver Lotus and Certificate of Merit, no individual awards yet. The Golden Lotus is designed like a coin, as big as the mouth of a tea cup, embossed with a golden lotus. From the jury to the award-winning artist, no one received any monetary remuneration as well as material gifts, only such symbolic medals. 29 Golden Lotuses were awarded to 3 feature films, 24 documentary films and 2 animated films.


1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion
The 1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion (Fr: 1er bataillon de parachutistes vietnamiens) was a French-Vietnamese paratroop battalion formed in Saigon, French Indochina in 1951.


1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion, Operational history
The 1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion (5 BPVN) was one of five battalions of Vietnamese paratroopers raised by the French Army between 1951 and 1957 as part of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's policy to establish a Vietnamese Army. Its cadre was drawn from volunteers from 1st Guards Company and from 1st Colonial Commando Parachute Battalion (1 BCCP).


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Organization
The 1st Virginia Cavalry completed its organization at Winchester, Virginia, in July 1861, under the command of Colonel James Ewell Brown (J.E.B.) Stuart at the command of General Thomas Jackson. Unlike most regiments, the First contained twelve companies. The men were from the counties of Amelia, Augusta, Berkeley, Clarke, Frederick, Gloucester, Jefferson, Loudoun, Rockbridge, Rockingham, and Washington.


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
The First Virginia Cavalry participated in more than 200 engagements of various types throughout the American Civil War, during which it was reorganized several times. Its significant casualties at the First Battle of Bull Run led to reorganization and placement under the command of Brigadier General J.E.B. Stuart. However, members were allowed to elect their lower officers, and they failed to re-elect career U.S. army officer and future Confederate general William E. Jones, who was then transferred to lead the 7th Virginia Cavalry. Thus, Gen. Stuart relayed his orders to Lt. Col. (and future Virginia governor)Fitzhugh Lee.


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
In 1863, further Confederate Army reorganization placed the First Virginia Cavalry under the command of General Williams Carter Wickham (formerly of the 4th Virginia Cavalry). Although decimated by casualties and surrenders under General Jubal Early as it defended the Shenandoah Valley at the war's end, the First Virginia Cavalry technically ended the war under the command of Gen. Thomas T. Munford (formerly of the 2nd Virginia Cavalry).


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
During 1862, the First Virginia Cavalry participated in the Seven Days Battles and Stuart's ride around McClellan. The regiment then participated in cavalry clashes at Gainesville, Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Kelly's Ford, Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, Gettysburg, Bristoe Station, the Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, Spotsylvania, Bethesda Church, and Cold Harbor.


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
In 1864, the First Virginia was involved in Jubal Early's operations in the Shenandoah Valley. Although many of the remaining soldiers either became casualties or were allowed to return to their homes by early 1865, members did participate in the defense of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign. The remains of the cavalry unit cut through the Federal lines at Appomattox, shortly before it was formally disbanded. Only one man from this unit was present at the surrender. In April 1862, the First Virginia Cavalry totaled 437 men.


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
It lost eight percent of the 310 engaged at Gettysburg in July 1863, and had 318 fit for duty in September 1864. Other field officers (alphabetically) included Colonels R. Welby Carter (of Company H; son of Sen.John A. Carter), James H. Drake, and William A. Morgan; Lieutenant Colonels L. Tiernan Brien and Charles R. Irving; and Major Robert Swan.


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
Future U.S. Solicitor General Holmes Conrad enlisted in Company A at the beginning of the war. He was commissioned a lieutenant and eventually transferred to division headquarters.


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
Company F boasted a namesake to Abraham Lincoln, a Private from Jefferson County. However, in 1864, he deserted.


1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Temporary Attachments
Captain Martin's Independent Company Mississippi Cavalry and Captain Stone's Independent Company Alabama Cavalry were temporarily attached to this regiment as Company N and O.


1st Virginia Infantry Battalion
The 1st Battalion, Virginia Infantry Regulars, also known as the Irish Battalion, was raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and, served as infantry. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.


1st Virginia Infantry Battalion
The battalion was organized in May 1861, with men from the city of Richmond and Hanover County in five companies. It moved to western Virginia and participated in Lee's Cheat Mountain Campaign, then fought at First Kernstown, McDowell, and in Jackson's Valley Campaign. The unit was then assigned to General J.R. Jones' Brigade and was involved in many conflicts of the Army of Northern Virginia from the Seven Day's Battles to Fredericksburg. Later it was assigned to General Headquarters and in November 1864, Provost Guard.


1st Virginia Infantry Battalion
It lost twenty-five percent of the 187 engaged at First Manassas, had 3 wounded during the Seven Days' Battles and 3 killed and 19 wounded at Second Manassas. The unit surrendered 18 officers and 120 men.


1st Virginia Infantry Battalion
Majors D.B. Bridgford, John D. Munford, and John Seddon were in command.


1st Virginia Infantry Regiment
The 1st Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in the Commonwealth of Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.


1st Virginia Infantry Regiment
The 1st Virginia completed its organization at Richmond, Virginia, in May, 1861. At the outbreak of the war it had ten companies, but in April three were detached. Thus the unit contained seven companies from Richmond and in mid-July a company from Washington, D.C. was added. Its first colonel, Patrick T. Moore, was severely wounded on July 18, 1861, in the skirmish at Blackburn's Ford, and Lt. Col. W.H. Fry commanded at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas). The companies (with original commanders) were:


1st Virginia Infantry Regiment
It fought at the Battle of First Bull Run (First Manassas) in a brigade under James Longstreet and in August totaled 570 men. During April, 1862, when the regiment was reorganized, it contained only six companies. The 1st Virginia Infantry was assigned to A. P. Hill's, Kemper's, and W. R. Terry's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. It was active from the Battle of Williamsburg to the Battle of Gettysburg, except when it was with Longstreet at the Siege of Suffolk, Virginia.


1st Virginia Infantry Regiment
Later the unit was involved in the capture of Plymouth, the conflicts at Drewry's Bluff and Cold Harbor, the Siege of Petersburg south and north of the James River, and the Appomattox Campaign. This regiment lost twenty-two percent of the 140 engaged at the Battle of Second Bull Run (Second Manassas), had 9 wounded at the Battle of Fredericksburg, and had more than half of the 209 at Gettysburg disabled. Its casualties were 12 killed and 25 wounded at Drewry's Bluff, 1 killed and 77 wounded at the Battle of Five Forks, and 40 captured at the Battle of Sayler's Creek. Only 17 surrendered at Appomattox on April 9, 1865.


1st Virginia Infantry Regiment
The field officers were Colonels Patrick T. Moore, Franklin G. Skinner, and Lewis B. Williams, Jr; Lieutenant Colonels William H. Fry and Frank H. Langley; and Majors John Dooley, William P. Mumford, George F. Norton, and William H. Palmer.


1st Virginia Regiment
The 1st Virginia Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Virginia Line that served with the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.


1st Virginia Regiment, Origins
Its origins go back to the Charles City-Henrico County Regiment of Militia founded in 1652. During the French and Indian War, the Virginia Regiment was organized and was the only colonial regiment incorporated into the British line (1754-1763) and saw action at the Battle of Jumonville Glen, Fort Necessity, and the Braddock and Forbes expeditions. Its most notable Commander was Colonel George Washington.


1st Virginia Regiment, Involvement in American Revolutionary War
With the heightened political tensions of the 1770s, the regiment was raised again, on July 17, 1775, at Williamsburg, Virginia. As the primary state militia unit, the Virginia regiment later saw service with the (U.S.) Continental Army. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Great Bridge, New York Campaign, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Princeton, Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth, Battle of Stony Point and the Siege of Charleston. Most of the regiment was captured at Charlestown, South Carolina, on May 12, 1780, by the British and the regiment was formally disbanded on November 15, 1783.


1st Virginia Regiment, Later Years
During the Mexican American War 1846–1848, the 19th regiment of the Virginia Militia was mustered into Federal Service and renamed the 1st Virginia Volunteers. However, this regiment did not have the regimental lineage of the original Virginia Regiment, but was the descended from the Richmond City Regiment. During the American Civil War (1861-1865) there was a 1st Virginia Infantry raised in the Confederate Army, but disbanded after the war. Today the 276th Engineer Battalion (United States) of the Virginia National Guard maintains the regimental lineage of the 1st Virginia Volunteers. The regimental lineage of the Colonial, the French and Indian War, and the American Revolution 1st Virginia Regiment is maintained in the Department of Military Affairs by the Office of the State Adjutant General of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the Virginia Defense Force.


1st Virginia State Regiment
The 1st Virginia State Regiment was a regiment of regular state troops from Virginia which fought during the American Revolutionary War.


1st Virginia State Regiment, Formation
The regiment was authorized by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia in December 1776 as a force of regular troops for the Commonwealth's defense.


1st Virginia State Regiment, In the Contintenal Army
In 1777, Virginia had difficulty meeting its quota for the regular line of the Continental Army. As a result, in July 1777 under the command of Colonel George Gibson, the regiment began a march North to temporarily join the Continental Army in the Philadelphia Campaign. In January 1778, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act directing that the 1st Virginia State Regiment "now in Continental service, be continued in said service instead of the Ninth Virginia Regiment, made prisoners by the enemy in the Battle of Germantown." The regiment camped at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-78 and at Middlebrook in the winter of 1778-79 and participated in the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment remained in the service of the Continental Army until late 1779 when redeployed Virginia.


1st Virginia State Regiment, Organization
Unlike the standard division of eight found in the regular line regiments of the Continental Army, the 1st Virginia State Regiment consisted of ten companies including one of light infantry.


1st Visual Effects Society Awards
Best Visual Effects - Motion Picture: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers


1st Visual Effects Society Awards
The 1st Visual Effects Society Awards, given on February 19, 2003 at the Skirball Cultural Center, honored the best visual effects in film and television from 2002.


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook, Alex Funke


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Sum of All Fears – Glenn Neufeld, Derek Spears, Dan Malvin, Al DiSarro


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Richard Baneham, Eric Saindon, Ken McGaugh, Bay Raitt


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
Stuart Little 2 – Tony Bancroft, David Schaub, Eric Armstrong, Sean Mullen


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Steve Ingram, Blair Foord, Rich Cordobes, Scott Harens


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones – Paul Huston, Yusei Uesugi, Jonathan Harb


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Richard Taylor, Paul Van Ommen, Matt Aitken


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Alex Funke, Brian Van't Hul, Richard Bluck


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Alan Lee, Jeremy Bennett, Christian Rivers, Gino Acevedo


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Mark Lewis, GG Heitmann Demers, Alex Lemke, Alfred Murrle


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Andy Serkis, Elijah Wood, Sean Astin


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Firefly - Serentity (Pilot) – Emile Smith, Rocco Passionino, Loni Peristere, Kristen Branan


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Dinotopia – Mike McGee, Tim Webber, Alec Knox, Ben Morris


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Xbox - Mosquito – William Bartlett, Andrew Daffy, Jake Mengers, Helen Mackenzie


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
So to Speak – Andrew Honacker, Steven Wagner, Sean Capone, Talon Nightshade


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Dinotopia – Michael Eames, Quentin Miles, Dadi Einarsson, Ben White


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Dinotopia – Daren Horley, Jason Horley, Craig Lyn, Martin McRae


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Enterprise - Dead Stop – John Teska, Koji Kuramura, Pierre Drolet, Sean Scott


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Adidas - Mechanical Legs – Eric Barba, Bernd Angerer, Jeff Julian, Feli di Giorgio


1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Dinotopia – Christian Manz, Pedro Sabrosa, Nicolas Cotta, Tor Bjorn


1st Višegrad Brigade
The 1st Višegrad Brigade (Bosnian: Prva višegradska brigada) was a brigade of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. Its commander was Ahmet Sejdić. The brigade was established on 9 June 1992, made up of refugees and survivors of the 1992 massacres from Višegrad, mostly ethnic Bosniaks.


1st Višegrad Brigade, History
Most of the members of the unit had no military training, but they were praised for their professionalism and bravery by Bosnian leaders at the time. 1,975 people were part of the brigade at some point, and 234 of them were killed in action.


1st Višegrad Brigade, History
It successfully defended pockets of the Višegrad area from mid-1992 until May 1993. After the fall of positions in the Rogatica area, faced with the possibility of being cut off from Goražde and dwindling supplies, the decision was made to safely pull out towards Goražde. It was done with the aim to one day liberate Višegrad, which before the genocide had a large Bosniak population. Unfortunately for the members of the brigade, that day never occurred, and today Višegrad is a primarily Serb town in Republika Srpska.


1st Ward of New Orleans
The 1st Ward or First Ward is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans, divisions of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is geographically one of the smaller wards of the city. Roughly triangular in shape, the boundaries are Thalia Street (below which is the city's 2nd Ward), Felicity Street (above which is the 10th Ward), and the Mississippi River. The majority of this is in the historic Lower Garden District.


1st Ward of New Orleans, History
This was an area of Uptown New Orleans urbanized in the early decades of the 19th century. Despite the "First" designation, this was neither the oldest section of the city nor its seat of government. The current "1st  Ward" was a result of a redrawing of divisions within the city in 1852, prior to which the city had been governed for a generation as 3 separate municipalities, each with its own wards. The First Ward of the newly unified city was designated as identical to the boundaries of the First Ward of the old 2nd Municipality as designated in 1847.


1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade
The 1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade (Polish: 1 Warszawska Brygada Pancerna) is a brigade of the Polish Armed Forces, based in Warsaw.


1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, History
Polish 1st Armoured Brigade " defenders of Westerplatte" (Polish: 1 Brygada Pancerna im. Bohaterów Westerplatte) or Polish 1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade (Polish: 1 Warszawska Brygada Pancerna) was a military unit in the Ludowe Wojsko Polskie. It was formed on August 19, 1943, from a regiment (pułk) of the same name.


1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, History
The unit fought at the Battle of Lenino (September 1943) and at the Battle of Studzianki during the Lublin-Brest Offensive (Magnuszew bridgeheads in August 1944). From mid-August it was subordinate to the Polish First Army. Later the unit fought in the East Pomeranian Offensive.


1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, History
In January 1945 it received another honorary name, Warszawska (of Warsaw). In July and August 1945 fought against Polish anti-Communist guerrilla. In January 1946 it was downsized to regiment (becoming 1st Warsaw Tank Regiment), and from June it was stationed in the Modlin area.


1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, History
The modern version of the 1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade was formed in 1994 and was subordinated to the 16th Pomeranian Mechanised Division. On August 29, 2019, the brigade was transferred under the command of the newly formed 18th "Żelazna" Mechanised Division, which is intended to help safeguard Poland's eastern border.


1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, Popular culture
The Polish TV series Czterej pancerni i pies (Four tank men and a dog)  featured the adventures of a tank crew from this brigade.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment
The 1st Regiment of Washington Territory Volunteer Infantry (or 1st Washington Territory Volunteers) was a unit of infantry raised by the Washington Territory for service in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Under Colonel Justus Steinberger, organization for a three-year regiment began on 19 October 1861, with recruiting taking place within the territory as well as California. Company A, B, C and D were organized at Alcatraz Island, San Francisco, California, January to April, 1862. By May 1862, four companies had been mustered, with 17 officers and 317 men. Ten companies would eventually be raised, being mustered in from the end of March until December 1862.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
The majority of the volunteers would muster in at Alcatraz Island (Co A-E, G, and H), two others at Fort Vancouver (Co F and I) and one at Fort Steilacoom, Washington (Co K). The headquarters for the regiment was first at Fort Vancouver, and by July 1862 moved to Fort Walla Walla.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
The companies, and/or detachments thereof, were stationed throughout the territories of Washington and Idaho, and in Oregon. They were used for the protection of miners and settlers, emigrant parties and other travellers along the roads from the east, and participated with the 1st Oregon Cavalry in expeditions against Shoshone, Snake, and other hostile Indian groups. They were also used to protect the Nez Perce, an ally of the United States, against those encroaching on their lands.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
When the three years terms of service had expired for the earlier formed companies and the men were mustered out, the remaining three companies (Co E, H, and I) became the 1st Battalion on 7 March 1865. Co H would be consolidated with Co E in July, and was the last of the former Washington regiment to muster out of service in December.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
As the companies were detached and participated in individual operations, their service records are best if listed separately:


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company AOrganized 21 March 1862, they were stationed at Fort Walla Walla. Originally being recruited for a two-year term, some of the men were leaving or reenlisting in early 1864. Once replaced by a company of the 1st Oregon Infantry, they left to be mustered out around February 1865.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company BOrganized 1 April 1862, they were stationed at Fort Colville until 25 May 1864, when ordered to Fort Walla Walla. They remained here until receiving orders for their return to Fort Vancouver for discharge in the spring of 1865.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company COrganized 7 April 1862 and sent to Fort Colville for their term of service. They were mustered out at Fort Vancouver in April 1865.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company DOrganized 12 April 1862, they were stationed at Fort Hoskins in Oregon by December 1862. Orders in March 1863 sent them to Fort Boise in Idaho Territory, where they remained stationed during their service.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company EMustered in at Alcatraz, they were ordered on 19 October 1862 to Camp Lapwai (would fall within the bounds of the Idaho Territory when created the following March), near the Nez Perce Agency. Here, they were to build their encampment in what became Fort Lapwai. By June 1864, they would be stationed at Fort Vancouver. Co H would be consolidated with them in July 1865, and they would be the last of the Washington Territory volunteers to be mustered out, doing so on 11 Dec 1865.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company FMustered at Fort Vancouver, the company was stationed at Fort Dalles, Oregon in 1863 and 1864. The majority of the troops were mustered out in July 1865.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company GOne of the three Washington companies encamped at Fort Boise, Idaho Territory in March 1863, previously being at Fort Steilacoom.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company HMustered at Alcatraz, they first encamped at Fort Walla Walla. On 25 May 1864, they transferred to Fort Vancouver. On 22 July 1865, they would be consolidated with Company E.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company IEncamped at Ft Vancouver in December 1862, it transferred to Fort Boise in March 1863. With Company H, the 1st Oregon Cavalry and Nez Perce Scouts, they made an expedition to Snake River in early June, 1863 to clear the area of the Snake Indians, who had been attacking travellers here for several years. As a band of emigrants, and their US Army escort, were due to pass through the Emigrant Road in August, additional troops were called on for protection. The pass safely made, Company I returned to Fort Boise, where it remained until its mustering out on 20 November 1865.


1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service
Company KMustered in at Fort Steilacoom, where they were stationed during their enlistment.


1st Weather Group
The 1st Weather Group (1 WXG) is a group of the United States Air Force. It oversees all six operational weather squadrons; the 15th OWS at Scott AFB, Ill.; the 17th OWS at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii; the 21st OWS at Kapaun Air Station, Germany; the 25th OWS at Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.; the 26th OWS at Barksdale AFB, La. ; and the 28th OWS at Shaw AFB, SC. The 1st WXG is a subordinate of the 557th Weather Wing.


1st Weather Group, Mission
"Provide accurate, timely, and relevant weather analyses, forecasts, warnings and briefings to Air Force, Army, Guard, Reserve, and Combatant Command forces operating in the continental United States."


1st Weather Group, Mission
"Provide initial qualification and up-grade training for weather forecaster apprentices and new weather officers."


1st Weather Group, Personnel and resources
The 1st Weather Group is part of the 557th Weather Wing's worldwide organizational force of more than 1,100 professionals. The 1st WXG manning consists of active duty, reserve, civilian and contract personnel and is headquartered on Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.


1st Weather Group, Organization
The 1st Weather Group is organized into six squadrons. Each of the squadrons produces forecasts for a specified area of the world. The squadrons also serve as training hubs for new weather professionals – both enlisted and officers.


1st Weather Group, History
The 1st Weather Group starts as the Far East Air Forces Weather Group in October 1944. In September 1945, the 1st WXG was assigned to the 43rd Weather Wing and later that year to the Headquarters Army Air Forces Weather Service. They were inactivated in 1948, and reactivated and assigned to the Air Weather Service at Offutt AFB through the Military Air Transport Service from 1952 to 1956, after which they were again inactivated. The group reactivated once again under the 1st Weather Wing from 1966 to 1972 at Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam. The most recent period of activation was at Fort McPherson, Ga., from 1992 to 1994 under the Air Combat Command.


1st Weather Group, History
The Group was distinguished with service and campaign streamers from World War II and Vietnam. They also earned four outstanding unit awards and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross.


1st Weather Group, History
The realignment began with the reactivation of the 1st Weather Group, at Offutt AFB, Neb., 25 May. The 1st WXG continues its long and decorated history of providing weather products and service to Air Force and Army units, and is now part of the Air Force Weather Agency.


1st Weather Group, History
The 15th Operational Weather Squadron, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, was the first operational weather squadron to align under the newly formed 1st WXG during a ceremony 25 May 2006. The 26th Operational Weather Squadron was realigned at Barksdale Air Force Base on 22 June 2006. Next was the 25th Operational Weather Squadron at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base on 6 July 2006, and the last 2006 addition to the team was the 9th Operational Weather Squadron which was reactivated on 20 July 2006 at Shaw Air ForceBase. The 9th was subsequently inactivated on 31 May 2008. When the Air Force Weather Agency became the 557th Weather Wing in March 2015, three more OWSs aligned under the group: the 17th Operational Weather Squadron at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam; the 21st Operational Weather Squadron at Kapaun Air Station, Germany; and the 28th Operational Weather Squadron at Shaw AFB.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
The 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron is an inactive United States Army Air Force unit. It saw service between April 1943 and May 1945. On 21 December the squadron was inactivated at Grenier Field, New Hampshire.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
During World War II the United States had to move large numbers of aircraft to the European and Mediterranean Theaters via the North Atlantic ferry route, a series of short flights between Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland, Iceland and the UK. Weather conditions in winter closed the route and made crossing perilous at any time. The amount of time the route was open could be increased and the losses en route decreased by accurate weather forecasting. Land based weather stations left large gaps; the solution was the development of airborne meteorology.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
The 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron was formed to gather weather data for the North Atlantic ferry routes, particularly the segments over the ocean. This data was used to provide forecasts for the safe passage of aircraft flying between North America and Britain. It became operational in April 1943 and operated throughout the North Atlantic region.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background
During World War II, the United States had to move large numbers of aircraft to the European and Mediterranean Theaters. Nearly 15,000 were sent across the North Atlantic to Britain before being dispersed to their areas of operations. Even before the US entered the war, the British were buying thousands of US planes to build up the Royal Air Force and replace aircraft lost in the Battles of France and Britain. While larger, four engine planes could be flown directly, one and two engine planes did not have the necessary range. At first, these smaller planes were partially disassembled and carried across on cargo ships but that was inefficient, slow, and the ships were often attacked by German submarines.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background
Work started in 1940 on an alternative, the North Atlantic ferry route, a series of shorter flights across Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland and Iceland to the UK. The necessary airfields and resources were in place by summer of 1942 for the first large scale flights by the Eighth Air Force. Large numbers of aircraft were ferried during the summer but weather conditions in the winter closed the route and made any crossing more perilous.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background
The stormy and erratic weather in the North Atlantic region presented the same problem faced by ships sailing between North America and Britain, and required the same solution: accurate weather forecasting. With the defeat of France, and Germany's aerial attacks on Britain in midyear 1940, it was clear that the Army Air Forces' (AAF) weather services would soon be inadequate to the need. Facilities and personnel were rapidly produced to provide weather stations, weather observers and weather forecasters.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background
Importantly, the AAF's weather services were fundamental for the growth of air transport services and the ferrying of aircraft. Weather stations for the North Atlantic ferry route were developed from Eastern Canada north to the Arctic Circle and east to Iceland. In addition to readings collected by land stations, data was also available from United States Coast Guard ships on weather patrol in the North Atlantic. On 13 August 1941, a detachment of weather officers and men was activated at Gander Airport, Newfoundland, to coordinate and extend the network of facilities and provide forecasts for the area.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background
However, these facilities were still sparse considering the immense region to cover and forecasts were necessary limited. Data was unavailable for large sections of land and large stretches of the ocean where storm systems could hide. The problem was how to cover this expanse with the scarce resources at hand. The solution was the flying meteorologist.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Mission
The squadron’s mission was to gather weather data over the North Atlantic ferry routes, particularly from the segments over the ocean. This data was used to provide forecasts for the safe passage of aircraft flying between North America and Britain. There were three routes used for this. Two routes had short flights from Canada to Greenland to Iceland and to Scotland. Airplanes could also fly directly from Canada to Scotland.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization
Shortly before the US declared war on the Axis powers in 1941, there were discussions at AAF headquarters about organizing several weather reconnaissance squadrons. As a result, the Army Air Forces Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (Test) Number One was constituted in August 1942. It was assigned to the 2d Weather Squadron and stationed at Patterson Field in Ohio. It was tasked with finding the types of equipment, personnel, and procedures necessary for gathering and reporting weather data during flight. The results of this research were supposed to be the basis for forming operational squadrons. But the program lacked support and languished until the next spring.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization
In April 1943, the squadron was made operational and assigned to Flight Control Command. It moved to Truax Field in Madison, Wisconsin for training. In June, its headquarters moved to Presque Isle Army Air Field, Maine under command of Lt. Col. Clark L. Hosmer. In July, it was assigned to the recently activated Army Air Forces Weather Wing.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization
Hosmer was an important personality in AAF weather circles. He was a pilot, a graduate of West Point and trained in meteorology at the California Institute of Technology. In August 1941, he was assigned command of the small weather detachment at Gander Airport in Newfoundland, working alongside the Canadian weather unit until their own facilities were ready. Under Hosmer, the detachment developed weather facilities stretching across the North Atlantic Region from Canada to Iceland, and eventually became the 8th Weather Squadron. When Eighth Air Force moved to Britain in 1942, he stationed his most experienced forecasters along the route.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization
He also persuaded Eighth Air Force commanders to scout the legs of the route ahead of the fighter aircraft with B-17 bombers. As a result, the accident ratio was 5.2%, about half of what was expected. When the Army Air Forces Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (Test) Number One went operational, his knowledge of weather and advocacy of weather reconnaissance made him a natural fit as its commander. Hosmer served for 14 months before he was reassigned to Headquarters AAF. During that time, he and 58 of his aircrew were awarded medals for their performance.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization
In December 1943, the squadron was redesignated the 30th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, Air Route, Medium and assigned to Air Transport Command (ATC). ATC grew out of the Air Corps Ferrying Command that started in 1941 when America was still nominally neutral. The Ferrying Command's sole duty was flying Lend-Lease aircraft from the manufacturers on the West Coast of the US to points in Canada and the East Coast. From there the planes were sent to Britain, either by ship or flown by British pilots.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization
Starting in 1942, the ATC became a worldwide delivery system, carrying cargo and passengers, and flying replacement aircraft, to all theatres. ATC served the material needs of all the services in the war, not just the AAF. Notably, ATC operated the North Atlantic ferry route, and the reassignment was in line with their preference for unified commands.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization
Hosmer was replaced by Maj. Karl T. Rauk in August 1944 and the squadron redesignated the 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron. In September, the squadron headquarters moved to Grenier Field near Manchester, New Hampshire.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization
With the failure of the last German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in early 1945, German forces were fatally damaged and the effects were felt on the ferry routes to the European Theater. The monthly averages for aircraft arriving in Europe fell from 1551 in 1944 to 681 in 1945. With the end of the war in sight, the squadron was reorganized in February. Rauk was promoted to Lt. Col. and assigned command of the 3d Reconnaissance Squadron, Weather, Heavy(3d RS). The 3d also received the 1st Squadron's RB-17 flight and its mission. Rauk was replaced by Capt. Sidney C. Bruce and the 1st Squadron was reassigned to the 311th Photographic Wing, Mapping and Charting. By September, the squadron was operating only a single flight. The squadron was inactivated in December.


1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Aircraft
When interest in the AAF Weather Reconnaissance (Test) Number One renewed in spring of 1943, it was assigned a single Lockheed Hudson. Originally, in August 1943, it was intended to equip it with six Consolidated B-24 Liberators but heavy demands for combat aircraft kept the squadron unsupplied and unattended until March 1943.The Hudson was unsuitable and would soon be unobtainable since Lockheed was stopping production. A modified version of the North American B-25 Mitchell was chosen instead. The armaments were removed, eliminating the weight from the guns, turrets, armor plating and bombsight. In their place, additional fuel tanks were installed in the bomb bay. This modification was later redesignated the TB-25D. The crew complement was pilot, co-pilot, navigator, weather officer, radio operator and flight engineer.