1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
19 April 2000 – Derby County bring Georgi Kinkladze back to England after two years with Ajax after agreeing a £3 million deal. Manchester United surrender their defence of the European Cup after losing 3–2 at home to Real Madrid in the quarter final second leg.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
21 April 2000 – Charlton Athletic win promotion back to the Premier League after one season away.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
22 April 2000 – Manchester United seal their sixth Premier League title in eight seasons with a 3–1 win at Southampton.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
29 April 2000 – Bradford City boost their survival bid and dent Wimbledon's with a 3–0 win at Valley Parade.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
30 April 2000 – April draws to a close with champions Manchester United an incredible 19 points ahead of second placed Arsenal, who have two games in hand. Liverpool are looking set for the third Champions League place, while Chelsea head the UEFA Cup race. Leeds United meanwhile have fallen to fifth place after a disastrous run of results, and now look unlikely to even qualify for European competition at all. Aston Villa, Sunderland and West Ham United remain in with a slim chance of taking the league's UEFA Cup slot. Charlton Athletic have been confirmed as Division One champions, but the race for second place is still being contested by Manchester City and Ipswich Town.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
7 May 2000 – Chester City are relegated to the Football Conference after 69 years of Football League membership. On the same day, Manchester City secure promotion to the Premier League as Division One runners-up (their second successive promotion), Walsall suffer relegation to Division Two, Burnley secure promotion to Division One as Division Two runners-up, and Northampton seal the third and final automatic promotion place in Division Three. Chester City's place in the Football League will be taken by Conference champions Kidderminster Harriers.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
9 May 2000 – Sheffield Wednesday are relegated from the Premier League after nine successive seasons of top-flight football, but go down fighting with a 3–3 draw against Arsenal.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
14 May 2000 – Wimbledon lose 2–0 at Southampton and are relegated to Division One after 14 years in the top flight. Bradford City, meanwhile, confirm their survival with a 1–0 win over Liverpool who surrender a Champions League place that instead went to Leeds United. Ironically, this came 12 years to the day that Wimbledon achieved their famous FA Cup triumph over Liverpool.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
14 May 2000 – ITV announces a £500 million bid to bring live Premier League matches onto terrestrial television for the first time. If the deal goes ahead, it will be the first time since 1992 (when the Premier League was created from the old Football League First Division) that live top division football has been shown on any terrestrial television channel.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
18 May 2000 – West Ham United sell Marc-Vivien Foé to Olympique Lyonnais for £6 million.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
20 May 2000 – Chelsea beat Aston Villa 1–0 in the last FA Cup final to be played at Wembley before the 77-year-old stadium is rebuilt. Roberto Di Matteo, who scored for Chelsea in the opening minute of their 1997 triumph, scores the only goal of the game.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
29 May 2000 – Ipswich Town seal promotion to the Premier League after a five-year exile by defeating Barnsley 4–2 in the Division One playoff final at Wembley. It is their first win at Wembley since they won the FA Cup in 1978.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
30 May 2000 – Arsenal sign Cameroon defender Lauren for £7.2 million from Mallorca.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
31 May 2000 – Manchester United pay a national record fee for a goalkeeper when they sign AS Monaco and France goalkeeper Fabien Barthez for £7.8 million.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
1 June 2000 – Martin O'Neill leaves Leicester City to take over as manager of Celtic. Tottenham Hotspur pay a club record £11 million for Dynamo Kiev striker Sergei Rebrov.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
2 June 2000 – Chelsea equal the national transfer record (set by Alan Shearer four years ago) with a £15 million move for Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
14 June 2000 – Match of the Day, the longest-running and most popular football programme on British television, is set to end after next season as a result of ITV's £183 million deal to show highlights from Premier League games.


1999–2000 in English football, Diary of the season
20 June 2000 – Chelsea sign Icelandic striker Eiður Guðjohnsen from Bolton Wanderers for £5 million.


1999–2000 in German football
The 1999–2000 season was the 90th season of competitive football in Germany.


1999–2000 in Portuguese football, Portuguese Liga
The 1999/2000 season of the Portuguese First Division began on August 20, 1999, and ended on May 14. Sporting CP became champions for the first time in eighteen years.


1999–2000 in Portuguese football, Promoted teams
These teams were promoted from the Portuguese Second Division of Honour at the start of the season:


1999–2000 in Portuguese football, Relegated teams
These teams were relegated to the Portuguese Second Division of Honour at the end of the season:


1999–2000 in Scottish football
The 1999–2000 season was the 103rd season of competitive football in Scotland.


1999–2000 in Scottish football, League Competitions, Scottish Third Division
In the 1999–2000 Scottish Third Division, Queen's Park pipped Berwick Rangers to the title on the final day of the season with a 3–2 victory at Cowdenbeath, Berwick finished second and due to league reconstruction Forfar Athletic were also promoted in third place.


1999–2000 in Venezuelan football
The following article presents a summary of the 1999–2000 football season in Venezuela.


1999–2000 snooker season
The 1999–2000 snooker season was a series of snooker tournaments played between 23 July 1999 and 28 May 2000. The following table outlines the results for ranking events and the invitational events.


1999–2000 snooker season, Official rankings
The top 16 of the world rankings, these players automatically played in the final rounds of the world ranking events and were invited for the Masters.


1999–2000 Élite Ligue season
The 1999–2000 Élite Ligue season was the 79th season of the Élite Ligue, the top level of ice hockey in France. Nine teams participated in the league, and Hockey Club de Reims won their first league title.


1999–2000 Úrvalsdeild kvenna (basketball)
The 1999–2000 Úrvalsdeild kvenna was the 42nd season of the Úrvalsdeild kvenna, the top tier women's basketball league in Iceland. The season started on October 2, 1999 and ended on April 10, 2000. Keflavík won its ninth title by defeating KR 3–2 in the Finals.


1999–2000 Úrvalsdeild kvenna (basketball), Competition format
The participating teams first played a conventional round-robin schedule with every team playing each opponent twice "home" and twice "away" for a total of 20 games. The top four teams qualified for the championship playoffs while none were relegated to Division I due to vacant berths.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process
The FARC-Government peace process (1999–2002) (Spanish: Proceso de Paz entre las FARC y el gobierno Pastrana), from January 7, 1999, to February 20, 2002, was a failed peace process between the Government of President Andrés Pastrana Arango and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla group in an effort to bring to an end the ongoing Colombian armed conflict.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Prelude
The FARC began their rebel activities in the early 1960s during the National Front years in which bipartisan hegemony controlled and held political power. In an effort to exterminate the armed guerrilla movements the Colombian government aided by the United States launched an attack to destroy the "Marquetalia Republic" a guerrilla enclave in central Colombia. After this attack the FARC guerrilla retreated to isolated or poor government presence areas and began establishing a parallel state governed by them. The guerrillas began extorting and kidnapping landowners and assaulting local agrarian banks (Caja Agrarias).


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Prelude
During the 1980s and 1990s the Colombian drug cartels had increased their power and in some cases had hired the guerrillas such as the FARC and ELN guerrillas to protect illicit cultivations from the government forces. The most powerful of the cartels; the Medellín and Cali Cartels had engulfed in a war with the government. The Medellín Cartel led by Pablo Escobar also became an enemy later of the FARC in a struggle to control the profitable illegal drug trafficking business. Escobar helped create right wing paramilitary groups. The FARC guerrilla used the revenues from taxing drug lords, and cultivation and production of these to finance their rebel activities.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Prelude
On August 18, 1989, the Medellín Cartel assassinated the liberal presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán. César Gaviria replaced him and was then elected president of Colombia. Gaviria avenged the death of Galan by dismantling the Medellín Cartel, but the gap left by this organization was quickly filled by the Cali Cartel and the FARC, which began expanding its influence and armed power in the countryside mainly.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Prelude
During the government of Ernesto Samper the opposing candidate Andrés Pastrana accused President Samper of financing its campaign with money from the Cali Cartel. The political scandal known as the "8000 Process" surged and weakened the presidency and government institutions. The United States also conditioned its support for the government, focusing mainly on aiding the military forces on operations against narcotics, that would ultimately help bring down the Cali Cartel.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Prelude
Without any major adversaries in the drug business other than the growing AUC paramilitary group, the FARC gained control of most of the drug production and trade, as well as financing its political rhetoric and influence over most of the regions in Colombia. With the weakening of the drug cartels the guerrillas became the main issue affecting Colombia. Andrés Pastrana ran for the presidential office again and as a candidate his campaign sustained negotiations with the FARC for a possible peace process.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process
Pastrana then appointed Victor G. Ricardo as High Commissioner for Peace and held conversations with Manuel Marulanda Velez (aka Tirofijo) top commander of the FARC on June 15, 1998. On July 9 elected president Pastrana travelled to the mountains of Colombia and personally met with rebel commanders including "Tirofijo" himself.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process
On October 8 both sides agreed to create a demilitarized zone in the region of El Caguan, a jungle region in south central Colombia made up by the municipalities of Vista Hermosa, La Macarena, La Uribe and Mesetas in Meta Department, and San Vicente del Caguán in Caquetá Department.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process
On August 7, 1998 Pastrana becomes president of Colombia for the period 1998–2002.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process
On December 14, 1998, the Pastrana administration and the FARC agreed to begin formal peace talks on January 7, 1999.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Demands and proposals
The FARC demanded and proposed certain issues in order to begin; the following were proposed to quell the armed conflict: vision of the conflict, negotiation criteria, preparation of the negotiation, political legitimacy, security, participation, negotiated political settlement, civilian population, recommendations to the civilian population and rules of behavior regarding the masses. The group also considered fundamental topics: democracy, functioning of the state, the public force, social and economic aspects, agrarian reform, natural resources, sovereignty, drug trafficking, paramilitarism and CONVIVIR security groups.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Demands and proposals
On the other hand, the government tried to persuade the FARC to leave the Colombian Army Cazadores Battalion, stationed in the area of El Caguan, but FARC opposed. Victor  G Ricardo agreed to withdraw the Battalion without consulting military officials. The government urged the FARC to support projects to manually eradicate illegal crops.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin
As planned the formal dialogues began on January 7, 1999, in a ceremony at El Caguan with the presence of President Pastrana, but without the presence of "Tirofijo". The FARC argued that there was a possible threat to assassinate their commander "Tirofijo". FARC negotiator Joaquín Gómez acted on behalf of Tirofijo. President Pastrana said that "the absence of Manuel Marulanda Velez cannot be a reason to not continue with the instalment of the dialogue to agree on an agenda that will conduct us to peace". On January 8, "Tirofijo" showed up and insisted that there had been a possible assassination attempt.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
On January 11, guerrilla commander Jorge Briceño threatened to kidnap high-profile people if the government did not comply with FARC's demands for a prisoner exchange. Some years before, the FARC had kidnapped  a considerable number of military personnel, high-profile politicians and government officials. Pastrana replied with a threat to end the peace process if the FARC carried out the kidnappings. On January 19 the FARC froze the dialogues that the AUC paramilitary groups were resurging and demanded the government to act against these groups and its supporters within the government.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
On February 6 President Pastrana extends the duration of the demilitarized zone and sets it to expire on May 7. Three days later, Pastrana and "Tirofijo" finally met publicly and set a new meeting on February 14 to resume dialogues. The FARC had purportedly frozen the peace talks because of the government's spraying of glyphosate to eradicate illegal crops as stated in the Plan Colombia.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
Between February 25 and March 11, three American indigenous-rights activists, Terence Freitas, Lahe'ena'e Gay, and Ingrid Washinawatok were abducted by the FARC in Arauca Department and later assassinated. The FARC admitted the assassination and apologized. The Colombian government then accused a high ranking FARC member known as Germán Briceño (brother of Jorge Briceño) of the assassination and the United States demanded the FARC to hand over the perpetrators. The FARC refused.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
From April 20 to May 1, both parties met unofficially in El Caguan to discuss the paramilitary issue and the FARC's demands to expand the area of the demilitarized zone, which was due to expire on May 7, and to extend  the timeframe.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
On May 2, President Pastrana travelled to the demilitarized zone and personally met with "Tirofijo" for a second time. Pastrana convinced him to begin formal peace-talks on May 6. It was agreed that the demilitarized area would remain in size, but its expiration would be postponed. Another decision was to form an International Verification Commission to observe the agreements and the FARC's actions in the area.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
On May 26, Colombian Minister of Defense, Rodrigo Lloreda resigned after criticising the president's handling of the peace process. Lloreda opposed the indefinite extension of the timeline of the demilitarized area. The High Commissioner for Peace's remarks suggesting an extension of the demilitarized area for the FARC triggered a discontent in some servicemen in the Colombian military; 18 generals also tried to resign but the president only accepted Lloreda's. The head of the armed forces, Gen. Fernando Tapias, offered President Pastrana a public show of support. Pastrana then appointed Luis Fernando Ramírez as Defense Minister.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
The Center for International Policy led a delegation of US Congressmen to Colombia. Among the representatives was William Delahunt (D-MA) and six other members of Congress, who met with government officials and representatives of political parties, church groups, peace groups, human rights groups, US government employees stationed in Colombia and the United Nations. On June 4 the delegation of US representatives travelled to El Caguan to meet with rebel leaders. They held talks without results with guerrilla commander Raúl Reyes regarding the drug trade, kidnappings and the assassination of US citizens, specially related to the three US indigenous workers.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
The government then announced that the formal negotiations with the FARC would begin on July 7. But a day before, both parties postponed the peace talks until July 19 alleging that three of FARC's negotiators could not arrive on time to the meeting, the FARC argued that they also needed more time to organize their positions regarding the International Commission, as agreed between  "Tirofijo" and President Pastrana.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
Between 8–12 July the FARC launched an armed offensive (called by them as "armed strikes" from the Spanish: paro armado), in which the guerrilla group attacked 15 small towns and targeted infrastructure; mainly commercial banks, bridges and energy infrastructure, random kidnappings (Colloquially called in Colombian Spanish: pescas milagrosas) as well as assaulting numerous National Police small posts. The Military of Colombia, with the help of the U.S. government, counterattacked by bombing guerrilla enclaves using U.S. provided satellite intelligence.


1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues
On July 15, 1999 Defense Minister Luis Fernando Ramírez and the Colombian General of the Chief of Staff Fernando Tapias requested US$500 million as aid to fund counter-narcotics and counter-insurgency warfare. The then head of the US Office of National Drug Control Policy Barry McCaffrey called for a billion dollar as supplemental assistance for the war on drugs in South America, half of it to be assigned to Colombia.


199Quad
199Quad is the debut studio album by American miami bass group 69 Boyz. It was released in 1994 through Rip-It Records. Recording sessions took place at the Bass Station in Orlando, Florida. Production was handled entirely by 95 South. It features guest appearances from 95 South, Big Tyme and Booty Man. The album reached number 59 on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on July 11, 1995 for selling 1,000,000 copies. The album spawned two charted singles: "Tootsee Roll" and "Kitty Kitty", which made it to the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at #8 and #51 respectively.


199Quad, Track listing
All tracks are written by Da S.W.A.T. Team (Jay McGowan and Van Bryant).


199X
199X is the debut extended play by South Korean co-ed group, Triple H, composed of solo singer Hyuna and Pentagon members Hui and E'Dawn. It was released by Cube Entertainment and LOEN Entertainment on May 1, 2017. The song "365 Fresh" was released as the title track.


199X, Background and release
On April 13, 2017, the first teaser images were released, revealing the three members of Triple H. A few days later, a concept preview video was released setting a release date for May 1, 2017, at 12 pm. On April 20, the full track list was released, revealing the name of the title track as "365 Fresh" and for the EP of five songs as 199X. On April 26, an audio teaser of the upcoming EP was released, revealing a short version of each song. From April 27 to April 29, individual teasers were released, starting with Hyuna, followed by Hui and E'Dawn.


199X, Background and release
The EP was released on May 1, 2017, through several music portals, including Melon in South Korea and iTunes for the global market.


199X, Promotion, Single
"365 Fresh" was released as the title track from the EP. The song debuted at number 81 on the Gaon Digital Chart with 26,199 digitals downloads sold. A music video was released in conjunction with the EP on May 1. The story follows as each member committed a crime that leads them to find each other and be followed by the police.


199X, Commercial performance
199X debuted at number 4 on the Gaon Album Chart on the chart issue dated April 30 - May 6, 2017. In its second week, the EP fell to number 32.


199X, Commercial performance
The EP also charted at number 10 on Billboard's World Albums on the week ending May 20, 2017.


199X, Commercial performance
The EP entered at number 22 on the Gaon Album Chart for the month of May 2017 for 5,157 physical copies sold.


199th (Manchester) Brigade
The 199th (2/1st Manchester) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of  the British Army that saw active service during the First World War as part of 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division and was reformed as 199th Infantry Brigade in the Second World War, serving with 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division until August 1944 when it was redesignated 166th Infantry Brigade.


199th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War
It was raised as a second line brigade, and was formed as a duplicate of the Manchester Brigade, originally with the title of 2/1st Manchester Brigade. The brigade, composed of four battalions of the Manchester Regiment, was part of the 2nd East Lancashire Division, and consisting of the men in the Territorial Force who, upon being asked to serve overseas after the outbreak of war, originally had not agreed to serve overseas. The brigades' original intention was to provide drafts of replacements for the first line units serving overseas.


199th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War
However, due to conscription being introduced and the Military Service Act of 1916, the brigade, by now titled 199th (2/1st Manchester) Brigade, eventually ended up serving with the 66th Division as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. The brigade fought in the Battle of Passchendaele in late 1917. The brigade also saw service during Operation Michael in March 1918, part of the German Army's Spring Offensive, and, as with the rest of the division, suffered extremely heavy casualties. The brigade and division were later reformed and saw service during the final Hundred Days Offensive, which ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.


199th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade was disbanded after the war along with the whole of the Territorial Force which was reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army. The brigade was also reformed in 1939 just before the Second World War as the war clouds with Nazi Germany were fast approaching and war was becoming increasingly likely. The brigade was reformed as the 199th Infantry Brigade and was again assigned to the 66th (East Lancashire) Division. However, after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from France, the 66th Division was disbanded in June 1940.


199th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade was later assigned to the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, serving with it for the rest of the war, and in 1944, was redesignated the 166th Infantry Brigade. The brigade saw many changes in its infantry battalions throughout the war and never saw active service outside the United Kingdom.


199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF
The 199th (Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during the First World War.


199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, History
The battalion was founded by the CEF to improve their recruitment success by having an all-Irish regiment. They were also called the "Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers", as a tribute to Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, who funded the battalion. Based in Montreal, Quebec, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city.


199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, History
After sailing to England in December 1916, the battalion was sent on a tour of Ireland at the request of the Colonial Secretary, the Canadian-born Bonar Law. On its return to England, the battalion was absorbed into the 23rd Reserve Battalion, CEF, on May 11, 1917.


199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, History
The 199th (Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers) Battalion, CEF, had two commanding officers: Lieutenant-Colonel H. J. Trihey (December 26, 1916 – January 10, 1917) and Lieutenant-Colonel J. V. O'Donahoe (January 10, 1917 – April 11, 1917).


199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, History
In 1920, the perpetuation of the 199th Battalion was assigned to the Irish Canadian Rangers, a Montreal infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia that disbanded in 1936.


199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, References, Sources
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199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, References, Sources
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199th Fighter Squadron
The 199th Fighter Squadron (199 FS) is a unit of the Hawaii Air National Guard 154th Wing located at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Honolulu, Hawaii. The 199th is equipped with the F-22A Raptor.


199th Fighter Squadron, Overview
The 199th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the 154th Wing. They operate the F-22A Raptor, the Air Force's 5th generation fighter aircraft with a select component of active duty personnel acting in the cadre role. Its combination of stealth, supercruise, maneuverability and integrated avionics, coupled with improved supportability, represents an exponential leap in warfighting capabilities. The Raptor performs both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions allowing full realization of operational concepts vital to the 21st-century Air Force.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Established in late 1944 at Peterson Field, Colorado, as the 464th Fighter Squadron. Trained under XXII Bomber Command  as a Very Long Range P-47N Thunderbolt bomber escort squadron, programmed for B-29 Superfortress escort duty from Okinawa. For four months they received combat training for long-range escort, strafing, and dive-bombing. Training delayed due to P-47N aircraft non-availability, finally equipped in the late spring of 1945 with the long-distance fighters.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Deployed to Okinawa in June 1945 as part of the 507th Fighter Group and prepared for the invasion of Japan along with the 413th and 414th Fighter Groups, all equipped with P-47N. On 1 July 1945 it began flying airstrikes from Ie Shima, targeting enemy ships, railroad bridges, airfields, factories, and barracks in Japan, Korea, and China. On 8 August 1945 the group escorted B-29 bombers on a raid, shooting down several Japanese fighters.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron flew some long distance fighter-bomber sweeps over Japanese Home Islands 1 July 1945 – 14 August 1945 but never performed operational B-29 escort missions due to the end of the war in August. Last "Ace in a Day" of World War II was 1st LT Oscar Perdomo of the 464th.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard
The wartime 463d Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 199th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Hawaii Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Bellows Field, Waimanalo, Hawaii, and was extended federal recognition on 4 November 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 199th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 463d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-47N Thunderbolts and was operationally gained by Seventh Air Force. Its mission was the air defense of Hawaii.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard
Bellows Field, which was attacked during the 7 December 1941 Japanese attack on Oahu, was excess after World War II ended, and it served as home for the Hawaii Air National Guard.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard
In 1947, the costs to operate Bellows as an active Air National Guard station led the Territorial government to negotiate with the Army about its future. The Army indicated that it wanted to retain the field in a commissioned status but that it had no funds to maintain the field. The Army offered the Aviation Unit of the Hawaiian National Guard joint use of the field provided all maintenance was assumed by the Guard. A settlement was reached to move the 199th to Hickam Field, and to use excess facilities there.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The Very-Long-Range (VLR) F-47N was used for air defense patrols over the Islands and had a range which could extend its interception ability over a thousand miles from Hickam. The 199th was not federalized during the Korean War, however many of its members volunteered to serve.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The 199th joined the jet age in 1954 when it finally retired its aging Thunderbolts for F-86E Sabre day fighters that were made available after serving in combat over the skies of Korea. The squadron stood runway alert as part of the air defense forces in Hawaii beginning in 1954, having alert pilots in the cockpit from 30 minutes before sunrise to 30 minutes after sunset each day. Beginning in 1958, the squadron received F-86L Sabre Interceptors which could be controlled by Ground Control Interceptor station radar and could operate 24/7/365 in all weather conditions.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
On 1 December 1960, the 199th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 154th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 199th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 154th Headquarters, 154th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 154th Combat Support Squadron, and the 154th USAF Dispensary.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
Along with the change to Group status, on 7 December the Hawaiian Air National Guard began receiving Mach-1 F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors eventually 29 F-102s were received. This was in line with the policy of equipping ANG units with one generation of aircraft behind the active-duty Air Defense Command forces. For the next sixteen years, the 154th FIG operated the Delta Daggers establishing an excellent safety record. In December 1961, The new Hawaii Air National Guard (HANG) complex was completed and consisted of 60 acres. The land was originally part of Fort Kamehameha and had been acquired in 1960 by permit from the U.S. Army to the Hawaii ANG.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The 154th flew the Delta Dagger throughout the 1960s, and although the Hawaii ANG was not activated during the Vietnam War, several of its pilots volunteered for combat duty in Southeast Asia. The group was the longest user of the interceptor, being equipped with the F-102 long after most of its Air National Guard counterparts were upgraded to the F-106.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Tactical fighters
The last F-102A finally left ANG service in October 1976, when the 199th FIS of the Hawaii ANG traded in their Delta Daggers for F-4C Phantom II and the 154th became a Tactical Fighter Group. The F-4C was a workhorse tactical fighter-bomber during the Vietnam War, and could also be used as an effective interceptor. The Hawaii ANG used the Phantom in both roles, employing it during training exercises with Army and Marine units in ground exercises, as well as retaining the standing air defense alert at Hickam. On 3 November 1978, the 154th became a Composite Group with the addition of a C-130A Hercules and a C-7A Caribou flight


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Tactical fighters
After a decade flying the F-4C, the 154th received F-15A Eagles in 1987 along with a twin-seat F-15B trainer as part of the retirement of the F-4 from the Air Force inventory. The F-15As were received from the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, which was upgrading to the F-15C model. The Eagles received from Alaska had been upgraded though the F-15 Multi-Stage Improvement Program (MSIP) and were used in an air defense mission, which the Hawaii ANG had taken over. In mid-1991, early F-15C versions were received, and the Hawaii ANG operated both the A and C models of the Eagle for the next two decades.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Tactical fighters
In 1989 with inactivation of the PACAF 326th Air Division, the 154th Composite Group took over the air defense Radar mission in Hawaii. The 169th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron began operating a JSS radar site at Mount Kaala, Oahu along with the FAA, and the 150th Aircraft Control and Warning Flight operates a joint-use JSS radar site at Kokee Air Force Station, Kauai. These radar sites are linked to the NORAD Hawaii Region Air Operations Center (HIRAOC) at Wheeler Army Airfield, Oahu, . With these two sites, 24/7 air surveillance of the Hawaiian island chain is provided. The 154th Aircraft Control Squadron on Kauai also provides a mobile, self-sustainable, combat ready, forward extension and control element equipped to meet the Air Force's ground theater air control systems.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Modern era
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 154th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 154th Group. In January 1993, the 203d Air Refueling Squadron was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 203d assumed the rotating deployments of KC-135s to Hickam which started in the 1970s by SAC-gained stateside Air National Guard squadrons. On 1 August 1994 the C-130 flight was expanded and the 204th Airlift Squadron was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Modern era
In 1995, in accordance with the Air Force "One Base-One Wing" directive, the 155th was changed in status to a Wing, and the 199th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 154th Operations Group.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Modern era
In July 2010, the Hawaii Air National Guard welcomed the first of its new inventory of F-22A Raptors. The 154th Wing was the second ANG unit to be equipped with the F-22. The 199th is planned to have 20 aircraft, the initial aircraft being transferred from the 325th Fighter Wing, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida; the remaining 18 aircraft will come from the 1st Fighter Wing, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.


199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Modern era
The F-22 is designed to counter advanced surface-to-air missile systems and next-generation fighters equipped with launch-and-leave missile capability. The F-15s were sent to the boneyard, the last Eagle leaving in 2011. The 199th operates with the active-duty 19th Fighter Squadron as their cadre unit, although the Hawaii ANG is responsible for seventy-five percent of the mission configuration. This is the first time an Air National Guard unit, the 199th Fighter Squadron, has taken the position of only having an active duty squadron as a cadre flying unit.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 199th Infantry Brigade (Light) is a unit of the United States Army which served in the Army Reserve from 1921 to 1940, in the active army from 1966 to 1970 (serving in the Vietnam War), briefly in 1991–1992 at Fort Lewis, and from 2007 as an active army training formation at Fort Benning.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Early history
Constituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 199th Infantry Brigade, an element of the 100th Division. Organized in December 1921 at Huntington, West Virginia. Redesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 199th Brigade. Location changed 27 October 1931 to Parkersburg, West Virginia. Redesigned 24 August 1936 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 199th Infantry Brigade.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Early history
Converted and Redesignated 23 February 1942 as 100th Reconnaissance Troop (less 3rd Platoon), 100th Division (Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 200th Infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3rd Platoon, 100th Reconnaissance Troop, 100th Division). Troop ordered into active military service 15 November 1942 and reorganized at Fort Jackson, South Carolina as the 100th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 100th Infantry Division. Reorganized and Redesignated 2 August 1943 as the 100th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. Reorganized and Redesignated 7 September 1945 as the 100th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop. Inactivated 11 January 1946 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Early history
Redesignated 15 October 1946 as Reconnaissance Platoon, 100th Airborne Division. Activated 2 December 1946 at Louisville, Kentucky. (Organized Reserves Redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; Redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve). Reorganized and Redesignated 31 August 1950 Anti-tank Platoon, 100th Airborne Division. Reorganized and Redesignated 12 May 1952 as the 100th Reconnaissance Company, an element of the 100th Infantry Division. Inactivated 22 April 1953 at Louisville, Kentucky. Activated 9 April 1955 at Neon, Kentucky. Disbanded 17 April 1959 at Neon, Kentucky.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Early history
Reconstituted (less 3rd Platoon) 23 March 1966 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 199th Infantry Brigade (3rd Platoon, 100th Reconnaissance Company- hereafter separate linage.) Activated 1 June 1966 at Fort Benning, Georgia. Inactivated 15 October 1970 at Fort Benning, Georgia.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War
The unit was formed for the second time. It trained at Fort Benning, Georgia and Camp Shelby, Mississippi from September to November 1966 in preparation for deployment to Vietnam from Fort Benning, Georgia. The 199th was the only combat unit to train at Camp Shelby during the Vietnam War.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War
Nicknamed "the Redcatchers", the unit was hastily moved to Sông Bé, Vietnam on 10 December 1966 to provide an increased U.S. presence in the III Corps Tactical Zone and remained there until its return to Fort Benning on 11 October 1970, where it was inactivated. The unit was briefly reactivated at Fort Lewis Washington from the remains of the 9th Infantry Division.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War
The brigade was conducting Operation Uniontown in Đồng Nai Province when the 1968 Tet Offensive began. It immediately began a defense of U.S. II Field Force headquarters at Long Binh Post against attacks by the VC 275th Regiment. One battalion was moved by helicopter to attack a Viet Cong command post at the Phu Tho racetrack inside Saigon, then engaged in house-to-house fighting in Cholon.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War
During 1969, the 199th was responsible for the security of the region north and east of the capital, and in 1970 moved into the "Iron Triangle" when other units participated in the Cambodian Incursion.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War
The brigade was deactivated in 1970 until it was reactivated in 1991 and 2006, but some and few units of the 199th Infantry Brigade were retained by the army. When the tension was increased between the Warsaw Pact and NATO to breakout the war and necessary to be reinforced, the 199th Infantry Brigade will be fully mobilized immediately and sent to Berlin to take on the duty and defend.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Recent history
During the drawdown of the 9th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis in 1991–1992, a residual brigade, based around the division's 3rd Brigade, was briefly active as the 199th Infantry Brigade (Motorized) from 16 February 1991 before being reflagged on 16 July 1992 as the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Recent history
The structure of 199th Infantry Brigade at that time was:


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Recent history
Then-Lieutenant Colonel Peter W. Chiarelli commanded the 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Recent history
On 27 June 2007, the 11th Infantry Regiment was reflagged as the 199th Infantry Brigade at Fort Benning. In October 2013, the brigade underwent changes to its task organization as part of restructuring within the Maneuver Center. The brigade was designated as the Leader Development Brigade and reorganized to contain both Armor and Infantry BOLC, OCS, and the MCCC.


199th Infantry Brigade (United States), In popular culture
Michael Lee Lanning, a retired lieutenant colonel, served a tour in Vietnam with the Redcatchers as a lieutenant. He reported to Vietnam where as a second lieutenant he served as an infantry platoon leader and reconnaissance platoon leader. After his promotion to first lieutenant, he commanded a rifle company, Bravo Company of the 2d Battalion, 3d Infantry. He wrote two books about his experiences there: The Only War We Had: A Platoon Leader's Journal of Vietnam (New York: Ivy Books/Random House, 1987); and Vietnam 1969-1970: A Company Commander's Journal (New York: Ivy Books/Random House, 1988).


199th Infantry Division (German Empire)
The 199th Infantry Division (199. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 199th Infantry Division (German: 199. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II.


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 199th Infantry Division was formed on 1 November 1940 in occupied Norway, with Hans von Kempski as the initial divisional commander. It was assembled at the same time as the divisions of the 13th and 14th Aufstellungswelle, but is considered part of neither, and is instead counted as part of the 7th. The initial divisional personnel was drawn from other divisions in occupied Norway, including the 69th, 163rd, 181st, 196th, and 214th Infantry Divisions. The initial divisional staff was taken from the staff of the Commander of Rear Army Area Norway (German: Kommandeur rückwärtiges Armeegebiet Norwegen), initially formed on 10 January 1940 as Field Command 673. Additional personnel was taken from Landwehr formations.


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
Initially, the 199th Infantry Division consisted of the Infantry Regiments 341, 345, and 357, as well as the Artillery Regiment 199. These regiments were staffed as follows:


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
The military value of the 199th Infantry Division was estimated to be low within the Wehrmacht, and it was kept away from combat until the very end of the war. In late 1940, the division was sent to Oslo. Between June 1941 and February 1945, the 199th Infantry Division was on garrison duty in the Narvik area.


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
On 1 April 1942, Kempski was replaced as divisional commander by Wilhelm Raithel. On 1 June 1942, Infantry Regiment 341 as well as the 3rd Detachment of Artillery Regiment 199 (the latter redesignated Artillery Detachment 270) were transferred to the 270th Infantry Division. As a result, the 199th Infantry Division was switched to a binary model, as it was left with only two Infantry Regiments.


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
On 1 August 1943, Raithel was replaced as divisional commander by Walter Wissmath. Wissmath was in turn replaced by Helwig Luz on 20 June 1944. Luz would command the 199th Infantry Division until the end of the war.


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
In early 1945, the 199th Infantry Division was strengthened with several smaller army formations, including the Fortress Battalions 649, 651, 652, and 1014. These battalions were overseen by elements of the staff of Fortress Infantry Regiment 856.


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
In 1945, the division was rushed to Germany to assist in the Wehrmacht's desperate defensive measures. Before deployment in the Berlin area, the third battalions of the Grenadier Regiments 345 and 357 were used to form a third Grenadier Regiment, numbered 373. This technically returned the 199th Infantry Division from a binary to a ternary model, but the actual fighting strength of the division remained at six infantry battalions.


199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 199th Infantry Division was largely captured by Red Army forces in Mark Brandenburg. Smaller elements escaped via Havelberg to instead go into American captivity.


199th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 199th Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army, Louisiana Army National Guard. They are no longer a maneuver element, and today perform duties as a Regional Training Institute at Camp Beauregard, LA. The 199th Infantry Regiment was formed on 1 May 1952 and served the state of Louisiana until 4 August 1960, when it was consolidated with the 156th Infantry Regiment. Between 1960 and 1997, the remnants of the 199th became known as the Louisiana Military Academy, and conducted training for the Guard.


199th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The regiment was reactivated on 3 July 1997 as the 199th Regiment, in order to serve as the Louisiana National Guard's RTI. Today, they teach the following courses; Officer Candidate School (OCS), Warrior Leadership Course (WLC), Advanced Leadership Course, Military Police School (31B), Horizontal Engineer School (12N), Vertical Engineer School (12W), and Transportation School (88M).


199th Motor Rifle Division
The 199th Motor Rifle Division was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army from 1970 to 1989. The division was based in Krasny Kut, Primorsky Krai and became a storage base in 1989.


199th Motor Rifle Division, History
The division was formed in January 1970 in Krasny Kut, Primorsky Krai. It was subordinated to the 5th Red Banner Army. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 70% strength. On 1 October 1989, it became the 5506th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base.


199th Motor Rifle Division, Composition
In 1988, the division included the following units. All units were based at Krasny Kut unless noted.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The 199th Medium Combined Arms Brigade, formerly the 199th Motorized Infantry Brigade, is one of the six combined arms brigades of the 80th Group Army in the Northern Theater Command Ground Force.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Creation
The 199th Division (Chinese: 第199师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 5th Brigade, 3rd Column of Huabei Military Region Field Force. Its history can be traced to the 7th Brigade of Jicha Column formed in October 1945.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Creation
Under the command of 67th Corps, it took part in many major battles during the Chinese civil war.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Creation
The division was composed of 595th, 596th, and 597th Regiments.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Korean War
In October 1950, Artillery Regiment, 199th Division was activated in Tanggu, Tianjin, which was later redesignated as 579th Artillery Regiment in 1953.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Korean War
In June 1951, the division was deployed into Korea along with its corps HQ. The division took part in the defensive operations in Kumsong area in fall 1951, during which it suffered heavy casualties.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
In June 1954, the division pulled out from North Korea and redeployed in Laiwu. Shandong, where 199th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
In April 1960 the division was renamed as 199th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第199师) . By then the division was composed of:


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
In June 1969, 579th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as Artillery Regiment, 199th Army Division.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
In August 1969, 199th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division and became the 3rd Independent Tank Regiment of Jinan Military Region, which was then attached to the 13th Tank Division in December.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
From March 1985 to June 1986, the division was deployed into the Laoshan area to participate in the Sino-Vietnam War.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
In June 1986, the division was reconstituted as a northern motorized infantry division, category A, and redesignated as  199th Motorized Infantry Division(Chinese: 摩托化步兵第199师):


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
The division maintained as a combat-ready unit in Jinan Military Region. By then the division was composed of:


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
In 1998, the division was transferred to the 26th Army following 67th Army's disbandment.


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
In 2003 the division was reduced and reconstituted as  199th Motorized Infantry Brigade(Chinese: 摩托化步兵第199旅).


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
In April 2017 the brigade was reconstituted as  199th Medium Combined Arms Brigade(Chinese: 中型合成第199旅).


199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea
The brigade is now a maneuvering part of PLA 80th Group Army.


199th New York State Legislature
The 199th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5, 2011, to December 31, 2012, during the first two years of Andrew Cuomo's governorship, in Albany.


199th New York State Legislature, State Senate
An extraordinary session of the State Senate was held on December 7, 2011 to codify a tax code reform promoted by Cuomo.


199th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Michael Gianaris, Adriano Espaillat, Greg Ball and Tom O'Mara changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


199th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


199th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


199th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 199th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, alternately known as the Commercial Regiment, was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War. Raised in Philadelphia in  late 1864, the regiment enlisted for one year and was sent to the Army of the James during the Siege of Petersburg. During the Third Battle of Petersburg it assaulted Forts Gregg and Alexander, then pursued the retreating Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, fighting at Rice's Station and Appomattox Court House. Following the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, the regiment moved to Richmond, where it mustered out in late June 1865.


199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment was organized at Camp Cadwalader near Philadelphia during August, September and October 1864, for a term of one year under the command of staff officer Colonel James C. Briscoe. It was also known as the Commercial Regiment, and many of its soldiers had previously served in other regiments, including Lieutenant Colonel Ambrose A. Lechler, former Colonel of the 176th Pennsylvania Infantry.


199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment was sent to the front in October and took positions on the extreme right of the Army of the James on the New Market Road at Deep Bottom Landing, joining the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of X Corps. Shortly after fortifying its position, the 199th went into winter quarters with the army, during which it conducted training while also being employed in picket duty, fortification building, and road construction. In December it was transferred to the newly formed XXIV Corps, still with the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division. With strict discipline and sanitation, the regiment was capable of active service when the northern hemisphere spring arrived.


199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The division crossed the James River on 28 March and moved southwards through the night to arrive in front of the Confederate fortifications on 29 March. The division participated in the Third Battle of Petersburg, during which it attacked Forts Gregg and Alexander on 2 April. The regiment attacked Fort Gregg on the right of the brigade, commanded by Brevet Brigadier General Thomas O. Osborn. Advancing in line of battle at the head of the division, the 199th was to the left of the 67th Ohio and the 39th Illinois.


199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
It counterattacked the Church Road with the brigade at 09:00, forcing back Confederate troops from a salient that they had gained in a counterattack earlier that day. At 13:00 the brigade was committed to the attack on Fort Gregg, advancing through a hail of fire. Briscoe was hit in the leg within the last 300 yards to the fort, but continued onward with others from the regiment into the ditch in front of the fort, partially filled with water.


199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
There, First Lieutenant Oliver Sproul of Company H planted the colors of the 39th Illinois in the parapet of the fort after the 39th's color bearer was shot. Along with other Union troops, the men of the regiment advanced into the fort and captured it. The regiment lost eighteen killed or mortally wounded, and 91 wounded; among the latter were six officers, including Briscoe and two company commanders. Briscoe was made a brevet brigadier general for his gallantry, and was promoted to command the brigade; he was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Robert P. Hughes.


199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Following the breakthrough at Petersburg, the 199th pursued the retreating Confederate Army of Northern Virginia along the Southside Railroad to Burkeville and Appomattox. The regiment fought in skirmishes, and lost two killed and one wounded at the Battle of Rice's Station on 6 April, and two killed and eight wounded at the Battle of Appomattox Court House on 9 April. The division was moved to Richmond and encamped two miles north of the city shortly after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox.


199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment remained at the camp until it was mustered out on 28 June, with its recruits and Briscoe being transferred to the 188th Pennsylvania Infantry, which mustered out on 14 December. During its service, the regiment lost two officers and thirty men killed or died of wounds and 52 men to disease, out of a total enrollment of 1,462 officers and men.


19:19
"'19:19" is the seventh episode of the second season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium. It premiered on the Fox network on November 7, 1997. The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong, and directed by Thomas J. Wright. "19:19" featured guest appearances by Kristen Cloke and Christian Hoff.


19:19
Millennium Group offender profiler Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) investigates the abduction of a bus full of schoolchildren, requiring the help of fellow Group members Peter Watts (Terry O'Quinn) and Lara Means (Cloke) as he tracks a man preparing for a third world war.


19:19
"19:19" featured several minor guest stars who would later return to the series, as well as the second appearance by recurring actor Cloke. The episode was viewed by approximately 5.98 million households in its initial broadcast, and received a mixed response from television critics.


19:19, Plot
In Broken Bow, Oklahoma, Matthew Prine (Christian Hoff) intently watches several televisions simultaneously, scrawling his reactions across every inch of his floor. As he finishes writing, he experiences a vision of the future—nuclear war and its barren aftermath.


19:19, Plot
Later, Millennium Group offender profilers Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) and Peter Watts (Terry O'Quinn) investigate the disappearance of a bus full of schoolchildren. They believe the driver was also a victim, and not responsible; they meet with the local sheriff, John Cayce (Steven Rankin), who has dredged the bus from a lake. It is empty, but inside, Black experiences the same vision as Prine. He also finds paint transfer on the exterior, indicating the perpetrator was driving a white van. A false positive results as police apprehend storm chasers in a different van, who warn that a violent tornado is approaching.


19:19, Plot
Prine is behind the kidnapping, and forces the children and driver into an underground bunker. He and his accomplice count the hostages, realizing that there is one less child than they had anticipated. Black and Cayce realize this too, and race to the home of the child who had not taken the bus that morning. They arrive in time to apprehend Prine as he attempted to snatch the child, and take him into custody.


19:19, Plot
Black believes Prine is not driven by malice; he and Watts use the resources of the Millennium Group to find his home, discovering the dense writings across his floors. They learn that Prine believes a third world war is imminent, and took the children as he believes one of them is destined to bring peace during this time, wishing to protect this child when he learns which one it is destined to be. Black seeks aid from another Group member, Lara Means (Kristen Cloke), who is able to observe Prine's behavioural tells for clues when interviewing him.


19:19, Plot
This, coupled with analysis of soil from his clothing, points to the children being held in an aluminium quarry. The investigators rush to the quarry, where Prine's accomplice engages them in a firefight. However, the advancing tornado forces them to take cover; it kills Prine and lifts the roof from the entombing bunker. It subsides as quickly as it arrived, and the children emerge safely from the wreckage; Black senses that Cayce's daughter may be the prophesied peacemaker. It turns out that the tornado destroyed the school where the children would have been if they weren't abducted, and that Prine had saved their lives.


19:19, Production
"19:19" was written by frequent collaborators Glen Morgan and James Wong. The duo would pen a total of fifteen episodes throughout the series' run. The pair had also taken the roles of co-executive producers for the season. "19:19" was directed by Thomas J. Wright, who helmed a total of twenty-six episodes across all three seasons. Wright would also go on to direct "Millennium", the series' crossover episode with its sister show The X-Files.


19:19, Production
The episode features the second appearance of Kristen Cloke as Millennium Group member Lara Means. Cloke had first portrayed the character in "Monster", and would last appear in the second-season finale "The Time Is Now". Several of the episode's minor guest stars would appear again later in the series. Bill Marchant, who portrayed Prine's accomplice, reappeared in an unrelated role in the third-season episode "Collateral Damage", while Kurt Evans, who played a sheriff's deputy, resurfaced in "Darwin's Eye", also in the third season.


19:19, Broadcast and reception
"I ... wish that one of these episodes would eventually make every idea in its head come together, instead of seeming like a random collection of interesting facts and cool knowledge, like one of those old Reader’s Digest "fun facts" compendiums, assembled into TV episode form".


19:19, Broadcast and reception
"19:19" was first broadcast on the Fox network on November 7, 1997. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 6.1 during its original broadcast, meaning that 6.1 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode. This represented approximately 5.98 million households, and left the episode the eighty-fourth most-viewed broadcast that week.


19:19, Broadcast and reception
The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff rated the episode a "B", finding its final act to be powerful and entertaining. However, he believed that the episode suffered from a poor opening act, and was critical of what he saw as a poor performance by guest star Steven Rankin. Bill Gibron, writing for DVD Talk, rated the episode 3 out of 5, feeling that the episode's police procedural elements did not mesh well with its theological themes. Gibron felt that the plot's resolution was overly contrived, but praised the chemistry between the lead actors, highlighting Henriksen and Cloke in particular.


19:19, Broadcast and reception
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated "19:19" three-and-a-half stars out of five. Shearman felt the episode was a successful blend of the investigative plot structure used in the first season with the themes of religious eschatology introduced in the second season; however, he believed that the plot "ran out of steam" by the final act, sacrificing engaging drama for accurate but dry psychology.


19;29 Performance
19;29 was a London-based theatre company who specialised in making work in undiscovered or under-explored sites, interrogating the atmosphere and heritage of these spaces and making performances in response to them.


19;29 Performance
The company was formed in 2005 by Artistic Directors Felix Mortimer and Susanna Davies-Crook.


19;29 Performance, Past productions
A series of projects which investigated the telling and retellings of the Bluebeard myth, this included a film made jointly with Unthank Films, a Museum in Stroud Green, A radio play and A live piece at Traquair House


19;29 Performance, Past productions
An exploration of power and choice at Hornsey Town Hall, North London.


19;29 Performance, Past productions
An exploration of the Orpheus myth at Clyde Road Depot in North London.


19;29 Performance, Past productions
19;29's adaptation of Sarah Kane's seminal 1995 play Blasted premiered at The Mosser Hotel in San Francisco on 19 June 2008. The US production was held in association with Exit Theatre.


19;29 Performance, Past productions
This adaptation of Sarah Kane's play Blasted was performed in the Queens Hotel in Leeds in conjunction with the West Yorkshire PlayhouseThe Guardian's theatre critic Lyn Gardner called the production an "inspired idea" and it formed part of a national debate about subversion of theatrical space, which culminated in artistic director Felix Mortimer responding in The Guardian. The production ran in February 2008.


19;29 Performance, Past productions
This site-specific promenade piece encompassed three locations. The action began in St George's Field cemetery, and ended at DN:10 Railway Arches beneath Leeds railway station. Audiences were transported between the locations by doubledecker bus. The play was a hybrid of Henrik Ibsen's Hedda Gabler and the life of Sylvia Plath. The production ran in March 2007.


19;29 Performance, Past productions
This adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus was performed in the oak lined Special Collections room at the University of Leeds's Brotherton Library in England. The production ran in May 2006.


19LIVE86
19LIVE86 is the first live album by the Serbian rock band Ekatarina Velika, released in 1987. The album marks EKV's rising popularity following the commercial success of their third album S vetrom uz lice. It was recorded on November 2, 1986, at one of the five sold out performances in the famous Kulušić club in Zagreb.


19LIVE86, Track listing
All lyrics are written by Milan Mladenović; all music is composed by Ekatarina Velika, except where noted.


19P/Borrelly
Comet Borrelly /bɒˈrɛli/ or Borrelly's Comet (official designation: 19P/Borrelly) is a periodic comet, which was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 2001. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 28, 2015 and will next come to perihelion on February 1, 2022.


19P/Borrelly
Deep Space 1 returned images of the comet's nucleus from 3400 kilometers away. At 45 meters per pixel, it was the highest resolution view ever seen of a comet.


19P/Borrelly, Discovery
The comet was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly during a routine search for comets at Marseilles, France on December 28, 1904.


19P/Borrelly, Deep Space 1 flyby
On September 21, 2001 the spacecraft Deep Space 1, which was launched to test new equipment in space, performed a flyby of Borrelly. It was steered toward the comet during the extended mission of the craft, and presented an unexpected bonus for the mission scientists. Despite the failure of a system that helped determine its orientation, Deep Space 1 managed to send back to Earth what were, at the time, the best images and other science data from a comet.


19XX: The War Against Destiny
19XX: The War Against Destiny is a vertical scrolling shooter arcade game released by Capcom in 1995. The story takes place before a fictional 20th century war as a lone pilot tries to defeat an entire army and evil organization from starting another World War, which soon escalates to a nuclear apocalypse.


19XX: The War Against Destiny
This game is the fourth in a series of World War II vertical shooters published by Capcom, and is the last game in the series developed by Capcom. The previous games in the series 1942, 1943: The Battle of Midway, and 1941: Counter Attack are on the original Capcom System or CPS-1 hardware and were released from 1984–1990. The CPS-2 platform allows for an art style different from that of previous games. It is followed by 1944: The Loop Master in 2000.


19XX: The War Against Destiny, Gameplay
The player selects one of three different planes, each with different ratings in speed, power, and the strength of their homing attack. When flying through the stages, three primary weapons can be used by picking up their respective items, to fire either spreading vulcan bullets, straight-firing lasers, or multi-directional missiles. By holding button 1, the player can charge a blaster shot. If this shot hits a large enemy, the player will automatically lock on to that enemy, and can fire fast homing laser shots to damage it further.


19XX: The War Against Destiny, Gameplay
There is a supply of smart bombs which can be used to clear away the majority of enemies and their projectiles from the screen. Smart bombs can also be charged up, and each level of charge yields a different effect. If the player is shot down while charging up a bomb, the bomb does not go off.


19XX: The War Against Destiny, Gameplay
At the end of every level, the player receives additional points for the number of bombs held in stock, a rank increase of 1-5 for the percentage of enemies destroyed, a grade for the time it took to defeat the boss, and a bonus for every medal collected which is multiplied by the rank. After beating the last level, the player also gets a large bonus for the number of lives they have remaining.


19XX: The War Against Destiny, Release
19XX: The War Against Destiny has been ported to GameTap but 19XX is not included in the Capcom Classics Collection, because Capcom considers classics as predating 1995. In February 2021, it was included as part of pack 3 in the Capcom Arcade Stadium compilation.


19XX: The War Against Destiny, Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed 19XX: The War Against Destiny in the February 15, 1996 issue as being the tenth most-popular arcade game at the time. A reviewer for Next Generation commented that "it's clean looking animation, multilevel backgrounds, digitized explosions, and various streams of patterned enemies place 19XX among the cream of the crop". He found that the varied methods of attack set it apart from other shooters. Retro Gamer's Stuart Campbell regarded it as one of the worst shooters from Capcom.


19th (Western) Division
The 19th (Western) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, part of Kitchener's Army, formed in the Great War.


19th (Western) Division, Formation history
The 19th (Western) Division was created under Western Command in September 1914, shortly after the outbreak of the Great War, from men volunteering for Lord Kitchener's New Armies. The division, whose first commander was Major General Charles Fasken, a 59-year old Indian Army officer brought out of retirement, was formed as part of Kitchener's Second New Army (K2) and, in common with most other newly-raised Kitchener units, there was a severe shortage of trained officers and NCO's to train the men, alongside a lack of modern equipment, training facilities and billets. However, by June 1915, training had progressed well and the division was sent to the Western Front, where it remained for the rest of the war.


19th (Western) Division, Order of battle
The 19th (Western) Division was constituted as follows during the war:


19th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The 19th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films and television shows released in 2019 and were announced on January 12, 2020. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony on January 19, 2020 was hosted by actor Tony Danza, and was broadcast on PBS as part of its Great Performances series.


19th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


19th AVN Awards
The 19th AVN Awards ceremony, presented by Adult Video News (AVN), took place January 11, 2002 at the Venetian Hotel Grand Ballroom, at Paradise, Nevada, U.S.A. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in more than 80 categories honoring the best pornographic films released between Oct. 1, 2000 and Sept. 30, 2001. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Comedian Bobby Slayton hosted the show for the third time; his co-host was adult film star Teri Weigel.


19th AVN Awards
Fade to Black won eight awards including Best Film and Best Director—Film for Paul Thomas. Other winners included Euphoria with seven trophies, Island Fever with three and numerous movies with two wins apiece.


19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 19th AVN Awards were announced on November 9, 2002. Taboo 2001 and Underworld tied for the most nominations with 12 each, followed by Bad Wives 2, Fade to Black and Taken which each received 11. Euphoria followed with nine and Beast, Marissa and Unreal had eight apiece.


19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 11, 2002. Paul Thomas's win for Best Director—Film was his third; he won previously for Justine (1993) and Bobby Sox (1996). Nikita Denise was first European actress to win Female Performer of the Year.


19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional Award Winners
These awards were announced, but not presented, in two pre-recorded winners-only segments shown on the ballroom's video monitors during the event. Trophies were given to the recipients off-stage:


19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame
AVN Hall of Fame inductees for 2002 were: Christoph Clark, Patrick Collins, Raquel Darrian, Samantha Fox, Janine Lindemulder, Missy, Michael Ninn, Rocco Siffredi, P. J. Sparxxx, Randy Spears, Tianna


19th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers
The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers, comedy or tributes. The show's trophy girls were Carmen Luvana and Monique Alexander.


19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The awards show was held on the four-month anniversary of New York and Washington terrorist attacks and as such, began with a pre-recorded video tribute to post 9/11 U.S.A. featuring industry stars offering personal tributes to the country.


19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The show was not without its share of controversies. To keep the length of the show as short as possible by limiting the number of awards presented on stage, about 50 of the awards split into two groupings are announced in rapid succession on a screen with awards handed out later. In the first of these groupings the announcements were made by the animated characters of 2 Funky 4 U, a forthcoming animated feature by Private North America. However, some of the animated characters "offended some audience members as being allegedly racist."


19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Later, Snoop Dogg generated excitement by appearing on stage to accept the award for Best Selling Tape of 2001. After returning to his seat he was thronged by about 100 fans eager to meet or congratulate him, obstructing the view of people sitting behind, although the crowd did disperse without incident.


19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Then AVN publisher Paul Fishbein went on stage to present the Reuben Sturman Memorial Special Achievement Award to Cincinnati retailer Elyse Metcalf. Fishbein gave a recap of her high-profile obscenity trial and acquittal in the previous year but Metcalf gave the show an awkward moment because she was not there to accept the honor. Metcalf had left earlier "after becoming upset over remarks made to her by a financial supporter."


19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The show was recorded for later broadcast and a video of the awards show was issued by VCA Pictures.


19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Performance of year's movies
Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle was announced as the adult movie industry's top selling movie and Island Fever was the top renting movie of the previous year.


19th AVN Awards, In Memoriam
John Leslie and Joey Silvera ended the show by asking for a moment of silence in memory of late director Alex de Renzy who had died in 2001.


19th Academy Awards
The 19th Academy Awards took place on March 13, 1947, and continued a trend through the late 1940s of the Oscar voters honoring films about contemporary social issues. The Best Years of Our Lives concerns the lives of three returning veterans from three branches of military service as they adjust to life on the home front after World War II.


19th Academy Awards
The Academy awarded Harold Russell—a World War II veteran who had lost both hands in the war and who, despite not being an actor, portrayed Homer Parrish in The Best Years of Our Lives—an Honorary Academy Award for "bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans", believing he would not win the Best Supporting Actor award for which he was nominated. As it happened, he did win the competitive award, making him the only person to receive two Oscars for the same performance.


19th Academy Awards
This was the first time since the 2nd Academy Awards that every category had at most 5 nominations.


19th Academy Awards, Awards
Nominees were announced on February 9, 1947. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.


19th Air Division
The 19th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Eighth Air Force at Carswell Air Force Base, Texas, where it was inactivated on 30 September 1988.


19th Air Division
During World War II, the unit was designated as IX Bomber Command and was the command and control organization for Ninth Air Force in the Western Desert Campaign. Using predominantly B-24 Liberator heavy and B-25 Mitchell medium bombers, it supported the British Eighth Army against the German Afrika Korps from airfields ranging from Palestine in 1942 across North Africa to the final defeat of German forces in the Tunisia Campaign in May 1943.


19th Air Division
Later, during the 1944 Battle of Normandy and the 1945 Western Allied invasion of Germany, as the 9th Bombardment Division, the unit directed B-26 Marauder medium bombers in tactical roles supporting Allied ground forces from D-Day to V-E Day.


19th Air Division, Heraldry
Azure, surmounting a lightning flash gules, a globe argent with latitude and longitude lines dark blue and encircled with a planetary ring of the last strewn with stars of the third and fimbriated of the like all bandwise, in chief an olive branch fesswise or, all within a diminished border of the third. (Approved 11 March 1959.)


19th Air Division, History, Canal Zone
The 19th Air Division was first organized on 30 June 1929 as the 19th Composite Wing at France Field, Canal Zone. It was a consolidation of Air Corps units in the Canal Zone, and was activated on 1 April 1931. It consisted of the following units:


19th Air Division, History, Canal Zone
During the 1930s the 19th Wing participated in maneuvers, flew patrol missions, made good will flights to Central American and South American countries, and flew mercy missions in South America. In January 1939, it flew missions to aid earthquake victims in Santiago, Chile.


19th Air Division, History, Canal Zone
It was redesignated as the 19th Bombardment Wing on 19 October 1940 as the United States prepared for a possible war. By late August 1941, a total of 71 aircraft, consisting of B-18 Bolos; B-17B Flying Fortresses; A-20 Havocs, and A-17A Nomads were assigned to various groups under its control.


19th Air Division, History, Canal Zone
It was replaced by the 13th Bombardment Wing in an administrative reorganization of the Panama Canal Air Force on 25 October 1941.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
Reactivated as IX Bomber Command, the unit was assigned to Ninth Air Force in Egypt on 17 November 1942. Its component groups were:


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
* Formed from HALPRO components along with personnel and equipment sent from Tenth Air Force. B-17s which were assigned were determined to be non-operational and never used in combat.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
IX Bomber Command was quickly put together in late 1942 to aid the British Eighth Army's drive west from Egypt into Libya against Rommel's Afrika Corps during the Western Desert Campaign.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
It consisted of units and aircraft put together for an attack on Japan which was canceled after the Burma Road was captured by Japanese forces, making its planned base in China unable to support the attack (HALPRO Mission); by Pearl Harbor Attack and Philippines survivor early model B-17 Flying Fortresses that had been sent from Australia, and by some early B-24 Liberator and B-25 Mitchells which were sent across the South Atlantic Transport route from Morrison Field, Florida, via Brazil and across Central Africa via Sudan.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) began planning for a buildup of American air power in the Middle East in January 1942 in response to a request from the British Chief of the Air Staff. The initial unit to arrive was given the codename "Halverson Project" (HALPRO). It was under the command of Colonel Harry A. Halverson (formerly Brig Gen Billy Mitchell's Executive Officer) and consisted of twenty-three B-24D Liberator heavy bombers with hand-picked crews. It had initially been assigned to the China Burma India Theatre to attack Japan from airfields in China, but after the fall of Rangoon, the Burma Road was cut, so the detachment could not be logistically supported in China.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
HALPRO's first mission was flown on 12 June 1942 against the Romanian oil facilities at Ploieşti. Thirteen B-24s flew this first U.S. mission against a European target, causing negligible damage. On 15 June, seven planes assisted the Royal Air Force (RAF) in attacking an Italian fleet which had put to sea to intercept a British resupply convoy (Operation Vigorous) on its way to Malta.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
HALPRO then flew in support of British Commonwealth forces fighting in the deserts of Egypt and Libya on the eastern end of the Sahara Desert (the British term Western Desert refers to the Sahara being to the west of Egypt). HALPRO's primary mission became the interdiction of supplies to Rommel's Army in North Africa by bombing strikes on Axis cargo ships at sea or in the ports of Tobruk and Benghazi.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
Reinforced during early 1943, its subordinate units attacked enemy storage areas, motor transports, troop concentrations, airdromes, bridges, shipping, and other targets in Libya, Tunisia, and other areas. In May 1943 after the Tunisian Campaign ended, Tunisia became available for launching attacks on Pantelleria (Operation Corkscrew), Sicily (Operation Husky), and mainland Italy.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
The command attacked airfields and rail facilities in Sicily and took part in Operation Husky, carried paratroopers, and flew reinforcements to ground units on the island. Heavy bomb units of the Ninth also participated in the famed low-level assault on oil refineries at Ploesti (Operation Tidal Wave) Romania on 1 August 1943.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
Later in August 1943, it was decided to reassign Ninth Air Force to England to be the tactical air force in the planned invasion of France scheduled for May 1944. The IX Bomber Command reassigned its groups to Twelfth Air Force, and eventually its heavy bombardment groups became the core of the newly activated Fifteenth Air Force, while its B-25 Mitchell medium bomber groups remained with Twelfth Air Force.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa
The command's headquarters at Soluch Airfield, Libya, was inactivated on 1 October 1943.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, Normandy Campaign
The IX Bomber Command was reassigned to Marks Hall, England on 16 October 1943. It took over the 3rd Bombardment Wing of the Eighth Air Force VIII Air Support Command. It was expanded and consisted of three Wings of medium bomber groups:


19th Air Division, History, World War II, Normandy Campaign
In England, and later on the continent after D-Day, IX Bomber Command became the medium bomber component of Ninth Air Force. Its initial mission was attack to German Atlantic Wall defenses along the English Channel coast of France. After D-Day, its primary mission was changed to fly tactical bombardment missions supporting Allied ground forces as they advanced from the Normandy Beaches across France into Germany.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, Normandy Campaign
In addition, it attacked enemy airfields in Nazi-occupied areas in support of Eighth Air Force strategic bombing missions as well as operations against German V-weapon sites. Additional missions involved attacks on rail marshaling yards, railroads, airfields, industrial plants, military installations, and other enemy targets in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.


19th Air Division, History, World War II, Normandy Campaign
It was redesignated as the  9th Bombardment Division, Medium on 30 August 1944. The last combat missions was flown on 3 May 1945 by the 386th, 391st, 409th & 410th Bomb Groups.


19th Air Division, History, Air Force Reserve
Redesignated as the 19th Bombardment Wing, it served another brief period with the reserve from 1946–1949, carrying out routine training activities.


19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command
It was redesignated again and activated at Carswell Air Force Base, Texas in February 1951 as the 19th Air Division, part of Strategic Air Command (SAC). It commanded the two Convair B-36 Peacemaker wings at Carswell, the 7th and 11th Bombardment Wings. By September 1952, the B-36s assigned to the 7th and 11th Wings comprised two thirds of SAC's intercontinental bomber force. These same units were later equipped with B-52 Stratofortress and KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft training in global strategic-bombardment and air-refueling operations.


19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command
On 1 September 1952, what was then thought to be a tornado rolled across the Carswell flight line, with winds over 90 miles per hour recorded at the control tower. By the time it had passed "the flight line was a tangle of airplanes, equipment and pieces of buildings." None of the 82 bombers on the base escaped damage, and SAC declared the division non-operational. Maintenance personnel of the 7th and 11th Wings went on an 84-hour weekly work schedule and began to restore the least damaged aircraft to operational status.


19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command
More heavily damaged aircraft were worked on by personnel from the San Antonio Air Materiel Area, where the depot for the B-36 was located. The planes that had been most heavily damaged were towed across the field to the Convair plant where they had been manufactured. Within a month, 51 of the base's Peacemakers had been returned to service and the division was again declared operational. By May 1953, all but two of the planes had been returned to service.


19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command
In 1959, the 3958th Operational Training and Evaluation Squadron was reassigned to the division from SAC headquarters. At the same time the squadron was upgraded to a group and assigned the 3958th Combat Crew Training Squadron and the 3958th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron.


19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command
The 3958th, along with its counterpart 6592d Test Squadron of Air Research and Development Command, representatives of Air Materiel Command, Convair and other contractors formed the Convair B-58 Hustler test force, and, at the time of the 3958th's transfer, was involved in Category II testing of the B-58. This testing phase included tests of aircraft subsystems and its J79 engines. Before Category II tests were completed, seven aircraft were lost.


19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command
Category II tests, led by the 6592d, were completed by the end of June 1960, and, Category III tests (operational testing) began in August. These tests were conducted primarily by the division's 43d Bombardment Wing (Carswell AFB, Ft. Worth, Texas) with the technical assistance of the remainder of test force. In anticipation of its expanded testing and crew-training mission for the Hustler, SAC had inactivated the 3958th and transferred its mission, personnel and equipment to the 43d Bomb Wing.


19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command
In January 1967, the division began deploying B-52 aircraft and aircrews to Southeast Asia for combat operations, continuing until 1973. In 1975, the 19th provided air-refueling support for the evacuation of Vietnamese and Americans from South Vietnam. With the end of the Vietnam War, the division began transitioning control of most of its B-52 wings (with the exception of the 7th Bombardment Wing at Carswell AFB) into KC-135 Stratotanker air refueling and LGM-25C Titan II ICBM wings.


19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command
With the retirement of the Titan II in 1987, the 19th Air Division was itself inactivated in September 1988.


19th Air Division, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


19th Air Refueling Squadron
The 19th Air Refueling Squadron (19 ARS) is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force. At the time of its inactivation, it was based at Otis Air Force Base.


19th Air Refueling Squadron
On 19 Sep 1985 the 19th Air Refueling Squadron,(Medium), was consolidated with the 19th Ferrying Squadron, a unit that was last active 31 Mar 1944. This action was directed by Department of the Air Force Letter DAF/MPM 662q Attachment 2 (Inactive Units), 19 Sep 1985. The Consolidated Unit will retain the Designation of 19th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy".


19th Airlift Squadron
The 19th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 60th Operations Group, Travis Air Force Base, California. The last sortie was flown on 2 August 1996 and the unit inactivated effective 30 September 1996.


19th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The 19th Airlift Squadron was constituted as the 19th Transport Squadron on 22 November 1940. Activated on 1 January 1941 at Hickam Field, Hawaii, the squadron was assigned to Hawaiian (later, Seventh) Air Force, flying the Douglas C-33 (DC-2). During the course of World War II, the squadron would conduct aerial transportation within the Hawaiian Islands and to forward bases in the Pacific. In May 1942, the squadron was moved over to the adjoining John Rogers Airport (now Honolulu International Airport) due to space issues at Hickam.


19th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was re-designated the 19th Troop Carrier Squadron on 5 July 1942. That same year, the unit transitioned to the C-53 aircraft. The following year, it converted to the C-57 and C-47. In 1944, it added the C-45 to its inventory. On 15 August, the 19th became assigned to VI Air Service Area Command and the following year, on 15 December 1945, to AAF, Middle Pacific.


19th Airlift Squadron, History, Cold War
With the end of the war, the 19th continued its intra-theater operations in the Hawaiian Islands. It was reassigned 4-engined C-54 Skymasters and also C-46 Commandos. In 1948 it was transferred to Bergstom AFB in Texas and assigned to Tactical Air Command. However, the squadron deployed to Wiesbaden Air Base in Germany in June 1948 in response to the urgent need for C-54 transports due to the Berlin Airlift. There it flew constant missions in the Berlin Air Corridor to airports in West Berlin and back to Wiesbaden. The 19th remained in Occupied Germany until it was inactivated on 26 August 1948, its aircraft assigned to other units in Occupied Germany.


19th Airlift Squadron, History, Cold War
Re -designated as the 19th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium, on 23 May 1952, the squadron was reactivated on 10 June 1952 at Brady AB, Japan. The squadron flew with the C-46 aircraft under the 315th Troop Carrier Group. Its mission at Brady was to provide passenger transportation between South Korea, Japan and other US bases in the western Pacific. The squadron inactivated on 18 January 1955 due to budget reductions.


19th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era
The last generation of the squadron was activated as the 1403d Military Airlift Squadron, which was designated, and activated, on 1 August 1984 at Yokota Air Base in Japan. The squadron had been attached to 316th Tactical Airlift Group, and then the 374th Tactical Airlift Wing starting on 1 October 1989. Its mission was to provide intra-theater airlift for high-ranking PACAF and civilian officials and small mission–essential equipment, flying C-12 Huron twin-engine prop planes, and in 1985, upgrading to the C-21 Learjet. The squadron was designated the 19th Airlift Squadron on 1 April 1992 and assigned to the 316th Airlift Support Group, before being reassigned on 1 June 1992 to the 374th Operations Groups.


19th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era
The 19th AS transferred to the 60th Operations Group, Travis AFB, California on 1 November 1993, in a name-only re-designation of the 7th Airlift Squadron. Its VIP aircraft at Yokota were transferred back to the United States. In turn, the 19th took over the C-141B Starlifters and mission of the 7th as part of the re-designation, as part of an Air Force initiative to retain low-numbered units on active duty. With a final flight and inactivation ceremony on 2 Aug 1996, the squadron was inactivated on 30 September 1996 as part of the retirement of the C-141 fleet.


19th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


19th Airlift Wing
The 19th Airlift Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Mobility Command's Eighteenth Air Force. It is stationed at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. The wing is also the host unit at Little Rock.


19th Airlift Wing
The Wing provides the Department of Defense its largest Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport fleet, supplying humanitarian airlift relief to victims of disasters, to airdropping supplies and troops into the heart of contingency operations in hostile areas.


19th Airlift Wing
Active for over 60 years, the 19th was a component wing of Strategic Air Command's deterrent force during the Cold War. The wing served in the Korean War and Operation Desert Storm. Its component units are currently engaged in combat operations as part of the Global War on Terrorism.


19th Airlift Wing
The 19th Airlift Wing is commanded by . Its Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant Justin Strain.


19th Airlift Wing, Units
The 19th Airlift Wing is organized into a quad-group structure:


19th Airlift Wing, Units
The 19th Airlift Wing staff includes a variety of agencies that directly support the wing commander, group commanders and the base population.


19th Airlift Wing, History
The 19th Bombardment Wing was formed in 1948 from resources of the former North Guam Air Force Base Command (Provisional). The 19th, with the 19th Bombardment Group as its operational flying unit, operated Andersen Air Force Base and maintained proficiency in Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. In May 1949, headquarters Twentieth Air Force moved from Guam to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa and its former staff was assigned to the 19th Bomb Wing.


19th Airlift Wing, History
At Andersen, the wing assumed responsibility for administering two active and one semi-active bases plus an assortment of communication, weather, radar, rescue and other facilities and units including the Marianas Air Materiel Area, a wing size unit. Many of the units and facilities were inactivated with a few months.


19th Airlift Wing, History
In October 1949, the 19th Wing again became subordinated to Twentieth Air Force and the remaining units in the Marianas and Bonin Islands were transferred to other organizations. From 17 October 1949 until 28 June 1950, the wing continued B-29 training, operation of Anderson and some rescue and reconnaissance missions.


19th Airlift Wing, History, Korean War
When the Korean War broke out in late June 1950, the 19th Bombardment Group was immediately detached from the wing for combat operations from Kadena. From Kadena, the wing's operational squadrons (28th, 30th, 93d) attacked North Korean invasion forces. The first Superfortress unit in the war, the group on 28 June attacked North Korean storage tanks, marshalling yards, and armor. In the first two months, it flew more than six hundred sorties, supporting United Nations ground forces by bombing enemy troops, vehicles, and such communications points as the Han River bridges.


19th Airlift Wing, History, Korean War
At Kadena, the group was initially under the operational control of Twentieth Air Force. After 8 July 1950, it was attached to Far East Air Forces Bomber Command (Provisional). Many of the aircraft flown by the 19th Bomb Group squadrons in combat were refurbished B-29s that were placed in storage after World War II, then brought back into operational service.


19th Airlift Wing, History, Korean War
In the north, its targets included an oil refinery and port facilities at Wonsan, a railroad bridge at Pyongyang, and Yonpo Airfield. After United Nations ground forces pushed the communists out of South Korea, the 19th Group turned to strategic objectives in North Korea, including industrial and hydroelectric facilities. It also continued to attack bridges, marshalling yards, supply centers, artillery and troop positions, barracks, port facilities, and airfields.


19th Airlift Wing, History, Korean War
In accordance with organizational change within the Strategic Air Command (SAC) and later throughout the entire Air Force, the 19th Bomb Group was inactivated on 1 June 1953 and its squadrons assigned directly to the 19th Bomb Wing, which moved its headquarters to Kadena.


19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War
In May 1954, the Wing was reassigned from Far East Air Forces to SAC and moved to Pinecastle Air Force Base, Florida, turning in its war-weary and obsolete B-29s at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, en route.