1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, The Genesis
On April 1, 1937, two Airborne Infantry Groups were created, the 601st at Reims and the 602nd at Baraki near Algiers. The Airborne Groups conducted their infantry training respectively at the 95th Infantry Regiment (French: 95e régiment d'infanterie, 95e R.I.) (originally the Graubünden 9th Swiss Regiment in service of France) in Bourges and the 4th Zouaves Regiment (French: 4e régiment de zouaves, 4e R.Z) in Tunisia. In 1939, the 601st Airborne Infantry Group joined the 602nd at Baraki and conducted joint military airborne parachute maneuvers at Boghar, Algeria using the Potez 650.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns
With the outbreak of World War II on September 1, 1939, both the 601st and 602nd returned to France. In April 1940, an Air Marching Infantry Company was formed, under the command of Captain Sauvagnac, which served in the Niederbronn-les-Bains region of Alsace. On August 25, 1940, the German offensive of May 1940 pushed the marching company to Marseille-Mérignane, where it boarded for Oran and then Algiers where it was subsequently disbanded.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns
In March 1941, the 1re C.I.A (French: 1re Compagnie d'infanterie de l'air, 1re C.I.A) or Air Infantry Company was formed from components of the two dissolved Airborne Infantry Groups (French: Groupe d'infanterie de l'air, G.I.A),  at Oued Smar near Algiers. The 1re CIA was renamed Air Company n°1 and commanded by Captain Sauvagnac. In January 1943, following the allied landings in North Africa, the 1re C.I.A or 1st Air Company n°1 landed in Fes, Morocco. Subsequently, the 1re C.I.A was transformed into the first battalion of parachute chasseurs n°1 under the command of Commandant Sauvagnac.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns
On February 1, 1943, the 1re C.I.A n°1 became the 1st Parachute Chasseur Battalion (1er BCP n°1) with 4 combat companies and on June 1, 1943, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Battalion (1er BCP) became the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment (1er RCP) with 10 combat companies including a central command and two battalions under the command of Commandant Sauvagnac. Commandant Hartmann took command of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment in June and July 1943 and in August 1943, Commandant Gueille took command of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment while Commandant Faure commanded the 2nd battalion.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns
In October 1943, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment was attached to the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and conducted intense training exercises with Douglas type planes. On September 28, 1944; under the etiquette of engagement as a "light reconnaissance troop"; the regiment was assigned to the 1st Army under disposition orders of Général Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns
Oldest French parachute regiment; the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment of the French Air Force illustrated capabilities during the Liberation combats. The regiment engaged in combat during the campaigns of Vosges and Alsace during World War II. During this time, the regiment was put at the disposition and orders  of the 2nd Armored Division commanded by General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, participating and engaging the paratroopers of the 1st Parachute in the decisive battle for the liberation of Colmar.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns
On January 28 and 29, 1945; with temperatures below −20 °C and under a flood of shrapnel shells " house to house, hall after hall", the regiment seizes the alzace village of Jebsheim while counting 700 injured and dead. During Colmar Pocket, the regiment combat engaged alongside the Commandant Boulanger's III battalion of the Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (III battalion/ R.M.L.E, assigned to CC6) of the French Foreign Legion at Jebsheim (N-E de Colmar) from January 25 to January 30.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns
Whether in the Vosges or Alsace, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment wrote in blood the most glorious pages of the regiment's history: 1150 rapaces were injured and killed in action; the regimental colors received the first two 2 palms at the orders of the Armed Forces. During the final courses of the war, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment of the French Air Force would be seen transferred to the French Army.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, First Indochina War, Battle of Dien Bien Phu
On July 30, 1947, the unit was separated as a regiment and the I, II and III parachute battalions (I/1er RCP, II/ 1er RCP, III/ 1er RCP) took part separately in the First Indochina War and were referred to as the "III Indochina Battalions". The three parachute battalions engaged successively in airborne operations in and around the delta of Tonkin. The rapaces of the 1st Parachute Chasseur were the only ones dropped at night on Dien Bien Phu while encircled by Viêt-minh troops.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, First Indochina War, Battle of Dien Bien Phu
As an old combatant (French: un ancien) recalled: In this month of June, the rice fields were flooded, while we had to land smoothly and softly at night, we still had the inconvenience to extract from our pair of rangers (boots) a beautifully thick and sticky layer. The parachutes where submerged in water and doubled in weight... we tried to remain small because bullets were whistling near our ears. The beginning of May 1954, the Viêt-minh troops gave way to the final assault.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, First Indochina War, Battle of Dien Bien Phu
On the night of May 1 to May 2; the first and second combat company rejoined the support point Eilane 4. One week later, Eliane 4 fell and only 19 survivors all which were taken prisoners. Dien Bien Phu was lost and fell on May 7, 1954, at 1730. The couple of hectares today are filled with corn fields centered by a stele which commemorates the sacrifices of the paratroopers and Legionnaires who served with distinction in the French Foreign Legion and who wrote a painful and glorious page in the history of airborne troops of France. The sacrifice of 400 rapaces of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment since the Indochina engagement in 1947 earned the regiment a new decoration: the fourragère bearing colors of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures with 7 palms.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Algeria, Algerian War
On November 1, 1954; it's "Toussaint Rouge" ( All Saints Red Day ) in Algeria. During the day at Arris, rebel terrorist groups intercepted a transport vehicle carrying dozens of Muslims and one couple of young teachers. The rebel terrorists killed the Qaid and the two Europeans.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Algeria, Algerian War
The insurrectionary debuted and the first bombs exploded in Algiers, and all over Algeria counted thirty-some coordinated suicides are targets. It was the commencement of a seven-year war torn era. Already on the ground since 1949, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment quickly engaged in the first military operations to maintain order. In the city of Alger, the regiment participated to the reestablishing of order and security. Nevertheless, the conflict radicalized itself quickly. The rebellion touched all the regions.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Algeria, Algerian War
Recovery, search and patrol operations in the Djebel were distracted by combat engagements with the rebels that slowed down the progression and lead to the loss of human life from one side like the other. Aflou, Ain Roua, Bordj Gasses, Ain Soltan, Masqueray, El Milia, Djebel Bezzez...combat engagements were violent. Following a 15-year garrison on the Algerian soil; the regiment was repatriated to mainland France before the ceasefire. The regiment headquartered garrison on July 3, 1959, at Moulins-Lès-Metz, Moselle. The following year, the regiment followed Pau in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques. The campaign AFN 1952–1962 was inscribed on the regimental colors of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War
The 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment participated at the request of the Lebanese Government in serving within the ranks of the Multinational Force in Lebanon in 1982. On the morning of October 23, 1983; the bombing of the Drakkar barracks claimed the lives of 55 paratroopers of the 3rd combat company of Captain Jacky Thomas of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and 3 paratroopers of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment. On November 10, 1983; the 1st combat company of Captain Lanoux embarked at Beirut to replace the 3rd combat company.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War
On December 1, 1983; paratrooper Gallais died from his wounds during an ambush in Beirut. Mandated to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the French paratroopers of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment left Lebanon in February 1984. Only two years later; both paratroopers regiments of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment would find themselves back in Lebanon. The 2nd combat company of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment would serve within the ranks of UNIFIL in 1985 and 1986. On the other hand, paratroopers of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment would serve to their turn the ranks of UNIFIL in 1986, 1998 and 1999 before the paratroopers of the 9th merged with the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment in 1999.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations
In 1970, the 1er RCP created and implemented a system of "rotating combat companies" in New Caledonia, Réunion and Gabon and that in order to make ready immediate pre-positioned forces in case of operational necessity. Almost every year, a combat company is sent to these territories for missions lasting 4 months.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations
The Rapaces (term for paratroopers of the 1er RCP) are deployed around the four corners of the globe where conflicts are born and or at the calling of the international community.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations
At the stage theatre of exterior operations, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment has both a military and humanitarian approach on callings. The regiment demined the roads and rice fields in Cambodia, ameliorated and constructed schools and gave French lessons. The regiment also evacuated those exiting French citizens from the Ivory Coast, Gabon, Nouméa, Tchad, Mauritania and ex-Yugoslavia.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations
In a situational crisis, the men of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment are known to always interpose between belligerents and protect civilians at all cost. Dedicated to such a mission, the regiment sometimes pays the price heavily in losses. Ten year later in June 1993, two combat companies of the 1er RCP land at the aerodrome of Phnom Penh, in the greater west of Cambodia. Whether on Patrols in search for opposing rebel groups, or escorting the convoys of the United Nations and Non-governmental organization; the missions of the regiment took place in a tense climate with the Khmer Rouge.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations
Since 40 years, the Cambodians have been living in a civil war. The situation degraded end of June with automatic arms firing and intensifying mortar fire rounds bursting the environment. As a result, to maintain, the primary mission of the paratroopers of the 1er RCP focused on protecting the population. Through the seasonal unpredictable monsoon, the precarious life conditions, tropical diseases, and an operation on the most mined terrain of the world; the men of the 1er RCP reestablished the peace.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations
The arrival of the regiment at Pamiers in 1999 coincided with the professioanlism of the French Army. The 1er RCP changed status from regiment of calling to a professional regiment. The tempo and projection rhythm accelerated and operations commenced.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations
In 2000 in the region of the Balkans, the situation exploded. The 1er RCP landed one reinforcing battalion part of the international brigade in Kosovo, a country ravaged by conflicts between Serbian authorities and Albanian separatists. The principal and immediate mission of the regiment was to ensure the security of the municipal elections. The regiments immediately demonstrated savoir-faire in managing controlled riots and croud dispersions to the point of effect where the mission became a pivot prolongation to maintain status for a long term peace.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations
The beginning of the years 2000 witnessed a recurring engagement of the rapaces (paratroopers of the 1er RCP) on the African soil around Tchad, Gabon and Central African Republic. However, the most marking one would be the Ivory Coast. At the end of 2002, a battalion of the 1er RCP prepositioned in Gabon, was projected in urgency to Abidjan in order to participate in the exiting of French citizens. As a result, the regiment prepositioned a 3-month duration operation to counter the offensives launched by the rebels and moved to the pursuit of other missions. In parallel with the departure and demand of global operations; the combat companies of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment put into motion effect "Guépard Alert", enacted for urgent interventions. In March 2004, the regiment lived the departure of two "Guépard Alerts", one on Haiti and one on Kosovo.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Afghanistan
The 2nd combat company made way to the Afghan capital in January 2006. Near 200 paratroopers were deployed around the vicinity of Kabul or a mission duration of 5 months. France has been engaged since 5 years amongst the ranks of the NATO-OTAN ISAF in this country situated at the intersection of civilizations. Day and night, the 5 combat Para Platoons, patrol, assured a continuous presence, visible and promising near a population torn by more than 25 years of war.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Afghanistan
In 2007, the Rapaces (paratroopers of the 1er RCP) rejoined the Afghan theatre again, this time however as a constituted and formed battalion. 5 new months of presence at Kabul with a principal mission to control the field of Chamalie, a diverse terrain of more than 250 km², as well as protecting Camp Warehouse at the heart of Kabul.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Afghanistan
Following the projection of a team in 2009 to train the Afghan Army in Urozgan Province, it is the Kapisa Province, 80 km north east of Kabul that welcomed in 2011 the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment. One province and year marked the history of the regiment. Engaged at the corps of Battle Group Raptor, more than 600 paratroopers got acquainted with rigorous climate, the language barriers, the different cultures, the violence of combat, the improvised explosive devices and the suicide attacks of Afghanistan.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Afghanistan
The situation menace was permanent and the paratroopers were continuously engaged in fire combat exchanges launched by the insurgency; the intensity of combat clashes are indelible. For combat actions lead in Afghanistan in 2007 and in summer of 2011, the regimental colors were decorated with the Cross for Military Valour with 2 palms.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Mali
On January 11, 2013; France intervened in Mali and launched Operation Serval. Paratroopers of the 1st and 2nd combat company of the 1er RCP were part of the first elements engaged in the conflict. Both combat companies were deployed within the regiment's "Guépard Alert". As of January 26, 2013; both combat companies lead the dispositif and illustrated their tactical capabilities and conquered the Niger river while taking over the airport and the bridge of GAO through an air assault raid.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Mali
Shortly after, the paratroopers of the 1er RCP launched two air assault raids on February 2 at Kidal and February 8 at Tessalit to capture both airports. Subsequently, the paratroopers were engaged in the Battle of Ifoghas at the heart of the enemy's sanctuary where they confronted at short range in heavy combat, determined insurgents tightly attached to the terrain. The regiment imposed heavy casualties on the enemy, captured numerous prisoners and recouped a significant quantity of ammunitions. On March 2, 2013; one rapace (paratrooper) was killed by enemy fire and accordingly a new name would be subsequently inscribed on the regiment's memorial.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Mali
For actions lead in Mali in 2013 within Operation Serval, the regimental colors of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment received, from the Chief of Staff of the French Army général Jean-Pierre Bosser, a citation at the orders of the armed forces with attribution of the Cross for Military Valour with bronze palm.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions
Except for the Legionnaires of the 1er REG, 2e REG, 2e REP who wear the Green Beret, the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions
The Archangel Saint Michael, patron of the French paratroopers is celebrated on September 29.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions
The prière du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by André Zirnheld in 1938.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias
Just like the paratrooper Brevet of the French Army, the insignia of French Paratroopers was created in 1946. The French Army Insignia of metropolitan Paratroopers represents a closed "winged armed dextrochere", meaning a "right winged arm" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents "the right Arm of Saint Michael", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the "Armed Arm of God". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions. The French Army Insignia of Marine Infantry Paratroopers is backgrounded by a Marine Anchor.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias, Regimental colors
bearing, stitched in gold letters in the folds, the following inscriptions:


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias, Regimental colors
The flag was presented to the 1st Battalion of the Regiment 14 April 1944 in Paceco Sicily.


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias, Regimental song
Régiment de RapacesLa gloire de tes anciensMalgré le temps qui passeReste notre destinAu Ménil et en AlsaceLes Paras du PremierOnt déjà délivré la FranceRendu la libertéDu Laos au TonkinLe bataillon sans finDans les rizières et les Maraisfit la gloire du PremierSur la terre africainel'avion les a menésVers des combats et vers des peinesQui furent notre fiertéDu Liban aux BalkansLes Rapaces du premierOnt toujours su verser leur sangPour rétablir la paixRégiment de RapacesReprenant le flambeauPrêt à fondre sur la menacePour l'honneur du drapeauCar sur la terre de FranceEt ailleurs s'il le fallaitNous resterions le fer de lanceDe notre belle armée


1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias, Flag decorations
Mort pour la France following the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing:


1st Parachute Corps (Germany)
The I Fallschirmkorps (1st Parachute Corps) was one of the main German Luftwaffe Corps during World War II.


1st Parachute Corps (Germany), History
This Corps was formed in January 1944 in Rome from the II Luftwaffe Field Corps, and fought exclusively in Italy. During it existence, it was composed of the 1st and 4th Parachute Divisions and several Infantry Divisions. It fought in the Battle of Anzio, Battle of Monte Cassino and Battle of Bologna. The Corps capitulated on 3 May 1945 in the Trento – Bolzano – Belluno area in Northern Italy.


1st Parachute Division (Germany)
The 1st Parachute Division (German: 1. Fallschirmjäger-Division) was an elite German military parachute-landing division that fought during World War II. A division of paratroopers was termed a Fallschirmjäger Division. For reasons of secrecy, it was originally raised as the 7th Air Division, or Flieger-Division, before being renamed and reorganized as the 1st Parachute Division in 1943.


1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history
The division was formed in October 1938 under the command of Major-General Kurt Student. At the start of World War II, the Division contained two parachute regiments; it was brought up to full strength in 1941. In April 1940, the division took part in the invasion of Denmark and Norway during Operation Weserübung, successfully seizing several airfields.


1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history
The German plan for the invasion of Belgium and the Netherlands in May 1940 called for the use of the 7th Fliegerdivision to aid in the advance through the capture of key bridges and the fortress of Eben Emael. The invasion of the Netherlands included the majority of the 7th Fliegerdivision in cooperation with the 22nd Air Landing Division. This force was grouped as the 11th Fliegerkorps, and commanded by Kurt Student. The attack on The Hague was a failure: the high loss of transport planes grew to quite dramatic proportions. Many paratroopers and airlanding troops were captured, hundreds were killed or wounded and 1,536 prisoners of both divisions were transported to England. (The Rotterdam Blitz on 14 May 1940 led to Rotterdam's surrender.) The Eben Emael assault was a complete success with both the fort itself and 1,000+ enemy captured.


1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history
The division took part in the Battle of Crete. The Allied forces on the island put up a stubborn defense and the troops of the 7th Fliegerdivision took heavy losses. With the aid of the follow-on reinforcements, however, the Allies were forced to evacuate the island by 29 May.


1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history
The division took part in the July 1943 fight against the Allied invasion of Sicily. For the remainder of the war, the division fought in the Italian Campaign. From 14–27 December 1943, the division, under General-Lieutenant Richard Heidrich, saw action against the 1st Canadian Division in the Battle of Ortona. Later the division was concentrated in the defense of the Winter Line south of Rome, defending against the advance of the British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese.


1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history
In February to May 1944, the 1st Parachute Division took part in the Battle of Monte Cassino, and in late May and June it fought against the Allied Operation Diadem later retreating to the north of Rome. They formed part of the German I Parachute Corps, along with the German 4th Parachute Division.


1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history
By January 1945, the German I Parachute Corps was deployed to the Adriatic coast behind the Senio Rivier. The Allied advance resumed on 8 April, and the 1st Parachute Division was forced into a steady withdrawal toward the Po River by the British Eighth Army. By 25 April, the division had completed the river crossing. They immediately set off on a final march toward the Alpine Mountains. Finally the German surrender in Italy came on 2 May 1945, and included the men of the 1st Parachute Division. The unconditional surrender of Germany followed a week later.


1st Parachute Division (Germany), War crimes
Members of various units of the division committed war crimes in Italy between 1943 and 1945. A massacre by members of the 1. Fallschirmjäger Regiment occurred on November 21, 1943 in Pietransieri, a frazione of Roccaraso in Abruzzo. A total of 128 unarmed civilians, mostly women and children, were slaughtered in the Massacre of Pietransieri. After they refused to leave the village, civilians were rounded up and executed by gunfire and explosives and their farms were set on fire and demolished.


1st Parachute Division (Germany), War crimes
According to a project funded by the German federal government and led by a commission of historians Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia (Atlas of the Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy), nearly 400 Italian civilians were murdered by members of the 1st Parachute Division by the end of the war.


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment
The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment (French: 1er Régiment de Hussards Parachutistes, 1er RHP) is an airborne cavalry unit in the French Army, founded in 1720 by Hungarian noble Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny. It is stationed in Tarbes and is a part of the 11th Parachute Brigade.


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions
Except for the Legionnaires of the 1er REG, 2ème REG, 2ème REP that conserve the Green Beret; the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions
The Archangel Saint Michael, patron of the French paratroopers is celebrated on September 29.


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions
The prière du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by André Zirnheld in 1938.


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Insignias
Just like the paratrooper Brevet of the French Army; the Insignia of French Paratroopers was created in 1946. The French Army Insignia of metropolitan Paratroopers represents a closed "winged armed dextrochere", meaning a "right winged arm" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents "the right Arm of Saint Michael", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the "Armed Arm of God". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions.


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Colors
Regimental Colors of the 1st Parachute Hussars Regiment with battle respective honours


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song
Based on the melody of the revolutionary Polish song Whirlwinds of Danger :


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song
Pour libérer le pays qu'on enchaîne,Briser ses liens, massacrer ses ennemis,Il est des gars endurcis à la peineChacun pour tous et tous pour un réunis. Voyez, bonnes gens, largués sur la plaine,Tombant du ciel et rampant seuls dans la nuit,Ne craignant rien, ni la peur, ni la haine,Voyez, ce sont les hussards de Bercheny. Autour de nous, attendant l'esclavage,Les libéraux se vautrent dans leur veulerie. Pour eux la paix, mais pour nous le courageDe risquer tout pour secourir la Patrie. Ô parachutiste, voilà l'orage,Montrons-nous fiers de nos anciens d'Algérie,Rien n'est trop dur pour un gars de notre âge,S'il est Para de Bercheny Cavalerie.


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song
Pour libérer le pays qu'on enchaîne,Prêts au combat pour repousser ses ennemis,Il faut des gars endurcis à la peine,Chacun pour tous et tous pour un réunis. Voyez, braves gens, largués sur la plaine,Tombant du ciel et progressant dans la nuit,Ne craignant rien, ni la mort, ni la haine,Voyez ce sont les hussards de Bercheny. Autour de nous la bataille fait rage,Si certains tombent sous les coups de l'ennemi,Pour eux la paix et à nous le courageDe risquer tout pour secourir la Patrie. Ô parachutiste, voilà l'orage,Montrons nous fiers de nos anciens de Hongrie,Rien n'est trop dur pour un gars de notre âge,S'il est para de Bercheny Cavalerie


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song
Gyenge violánakLetörött az ágaAz én bánatomnakNincs vigasztalásaRefrain :Suhog a szélKésmárk felettÉdes rózsámIsten veledNagy Bercsényi MiklósSirdogál magábanElfogyott szegénynekMinden katonájaRefrain :Suhog a szélKésmárk felettÉdes hazámIsten veled


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song
Dienne guen vi o la nackLes teureute aze agaAze éne bana tome nackNintche vigas ta la chaRefrain (bis) :Chou hogue a sellKéchemark failetteEdeche ro jameIchtene velaideNadie Bertchényi MiclocheChir do gal ma gabaneElfodiote se guénie neckMine daine cato nayaRefrain (bis) :Chou hogue a sellKéchemark failetteEdeche hazameIchtene velaide


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song
Giroflée frêleÀ cassé sa brancheMa tristesseReste sans consolationRefrain (bis) :Hurle le ventAu-dessus de KésmarkMa chère amie,Adieu, Adieu ! Nicolas de Bercheny, le Grand,Pleure en lui-mêmeIl a perdu, le pauvre,Tous ses soldatsRefrain (bis) :Hurle le ventAu-dessus de KésmarkMa chère patrie,Adieu, Adieu !


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Decorations
Croix de guerre 1914-1918 with one vermeil star (Citation at the orders of the armed forces).


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Decorations
Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with one palm (citation at the orders of the armed forces).


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Decorations
Croix de la Valeur militaire with one palm in 2012 following engagement of the regiment in Afghanistan (Operation Pamir).


1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Regimental Commanders of the 1st Hussars Regiment, From 1945 till present
(*) Officers which subsequently were promoted to Brigade generals. (**) Officers which subsequently were promoted to Divisional generals(***)Officers which subsequently were promoted to Corps generals(****)Officers which subsequently were promoted to Army Generals.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium)
The 1st Paratroopers Battalion (French: 1er Bataillon Parachutiste, Dutch: 1 Bataljon Parachutisten) or 1 PARA was a military formation of the Belgian Army and part of the Paracommando Brigade from 1946 to 2011. Its regimental traditions, including its badge and motto, were heavily influenced by the experience of many of its personnel in British SAS during the Second World War. The battalion was disbanded on 1 July 2011.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Special Air Service
Many personnel who had served in the Belgian 5th Special Air Service during the Second World War chose to re-enlist in the army following the war. These included the first commander of the unit, Eddy Blondeel, who had served in France and the Ardennes during the war.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Congo Crisis
During political instability in the former Belgian colony of the Republic of Congo, soldiers from the 1st Paratroopers Battalion (with an attached company from the 2nd Commando Battalion and elements of the 3rd Paratroopers Battalion) were sent to capture the airfield at Stanleyville. In November 1964, 299 Belgian paratroopers, under Colonel Charles Laurent jumped on Simi-Simi Airport from USAF C-130 aircraft.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Congo Crisis
After securing the airfield, the paratroopers made their way to the Victoria Hotel, where several hundred (mostly Belgian) civilians were being held by Simba rebels. Though 60 civilians were killed, Belgian paratroopers were still able to evacuate 1,800 Europeans and Americans, as well as 400 Congolese during the operation.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Rwandan Genocide
In the period leading up the Rwandan genocide, soldiers from 1st Paratroopers Battalion formed the Belgian contingent of the United Nations force in the country, known as UNAMIR which was commanded by the Canadian Brigadier-General Roméo Dallaire, from 1993. UNAMIR was tasked with maintaining the precarious balance between the Hutu-backed Rwandan government and the Tutsi rebels, known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front. As the former colonial power, Belgian forces made up the brunt of UNAMIR (around 400 men), but it also included soldiers from Ghana, Tunisia, Bangladesh, and Canada.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Rwandan Genocide
In March 1994, the 1st Paratroopers Battalion handed over to the 2nd Commando Battalion. In April 1994, 10 commandos would be murdered by Rwandan soldiers in Kigali - the largest single military loss for Belgium since the Second World War - and all Belgian personnel were controversially withdrawn from the country.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Balkans
In February 1992, the Belgian government decided to actively participate in the United Nations UNPROFOR force. The first Belgian troops (known as BELBAT 1), including 97 paratroopers, arrived in Croatia in April 1992.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Balkans
A Belgian battalion, known as BELKOS, also served in the KFOR mission.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Balkans
Between 1999 and 2000, 87 soldiers of 1st Paratroopers Battalion formed part of the international peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Afghanistan
Since 2007, Belgian troops have been tasked with defending Kabul International Airport, which 1st Paratroopers Battalion have been actively involved in.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Peacekeeping, Somalia
In December 1992, 1st Paratroopers Battalion deployed to Somalia as part of US-led United Nations mission Operation Restore Hope. Part of their role involved protecting UN aid distribution, as well as searching out militants. In March 1993, three Belgians were killed and two wounded when their Jeep was attacked.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Peacekeeping, Lebanon
Soldiers from 1st Paratroopers Battalion have been deployed to peace-keep in Lebanon as part of the United Nations UNIFIL mission. The Belgian force, known as BELUBAT (since it is also joint with Luxembourg) has been made up of soldiers from 1st and 3rd Paratroopers Battalions.


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Standard
In a ceremony in Brussels on 22 October 1946, Prince Charles presented lieutenant-colonel Eddy Blondeel with the standard of the Paratroopers Regiment, carrying the following citations, inherited from the 5th SAS in the Second World War:


1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Standard
The standard also carries the fourragère of the Order of Leopold and the French croix de guerre.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece)
The 1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greek: 1η ΤΑΞΚΔ-ΑΛ - 1η Ταξιαρχία Kαταδρομών-Αλεξιπτωτιστών, romanized: 1 TAXKD-AL - 1 Taxiarhia Katadromon-Alexiptotiston), is a brigade-sized formation of elite Greek light infantry and special operations forces. The formation is more commonly referred to as the Raider Forces (Greek: Δυνάμεις Kαταδρομών, romanized: Dynamis Katadromon), and a soldier belonging to the Brigade a Raider (Greek: Kαταδρομέας, Kαταδρομείς, romanized: Katadromeas, Katadromis).


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Sacred Squadron
The nucleus of the Raider units was the Sacred Squadron (Ieros Lochos), a Free Greek unit of commandos attached to the Allied 1st Special Air Service (1 SAS) Brigade during the Second World War. Its members consisted of mainly officers and NCOs who had fled to North Africa after the fall of Greece to Axis forces. After its formation in 1942, the Sacred Squadron, along with a unit of Free French troops and British commandos, formed the basis of L Detachment, a component of the SAS which specialised in hit-and-run raids on Axis airfields, ports and fuel dumps throughout North Africa.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Sacred Squadron
The Sacred Squadron was later transferred to the Greek theatre of operations, where they recaptured several eastern Aegean islands from Axis forces. After the liberation of Greece from German occupation, a proposal was made for the reformation of the Hellenic Armed Forces under British guidance. This proposal included the establishment of a small, highly trained, special warfare unit.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Mountain Raider Companies
When the Greek Civil War broke out in 1946, the Greek Government formed a special warfare unit, primarily to help Greek royalist capture territory which was still in the hands of communist-inspired guerrillas. Mountain Raider Companies (LOK) (Greek: ΛΟΚ - Λόχοι Ορεινών Καταδρομών, Lochoi Oreinōn Katadromōn), were formed on 20 January 1947 and began operations almost immediately in Greece's mountainous terrain. The Beta Raider Squadron was formed at Vouliagmeni, Athens in August 1947 and took part in civil war operations in Thessaly, Central Greece, Epirus, West Macedonia and Euboea.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Mountain Raider Companies
The Delta Raider Squadron was established at the port city of Volos, Thessaly in December 1947 and operated in all regions of Greece during the Civil War. The Epsilon Raider Squadron was formed in April 1949 and took part in Civil War operations until December 1949. By 1949, the LOK squadrons were so successful against the communist insurgents that the Raider Forces Command was expanded to two brigades. Gamma Raider Squadron, also formed in 1949, was redesignated as an amphibious-capable unit in 1963, while Alpha Raider Squadron, disbanded at the end of the Civil War, was reactivated in 1968, and later re-formed as an amphibious unit in 1974, after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Mountain Raider Companies
In the late-1960s, the Greek Central Intelligence Service (KYP), and the CIA became secretly involved with training and arming the Lokatzides. A tool of the KYP and CIA, a LOK detachment played a part in the 1967 Greek coup d'état by storming and securing the Army General Staff buildings at Cholargos, Athens.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Raider Forces
After the fall of the Papadopoulos regime, and the establishment of a democratic republic in 1975, the LOK were dismantled and re-formed as the Raider Forces (Greek: Δυνάμεις Kαταδρομών), and placed under the command of the Hellenic Army's Special Forces Command (Greek: Διοίκηση Ειδικών Δυνάμεων). A further restructuring of the Greek Army in 1996 saw the amalgamation of all Raider Forces regiments into the current brigade formation.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), Uniform and unit insignia
1st Paratroopers Brigade soldiers wear the standard-issue 'Greek Lizard' camouflage battle dress uniforms (BDU) of the Hellenic Army. Members of the Special Paratrooper Unit (ETA) and Z' MAK may occasionally wear non-standard issue BDUs depending on mission requirements.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), Uniform and unit insignia
All members of the brigade wear the unit insignia depicting a winged sword, representative of the "deadly, silent and swift" nature of special forces operations. A scroll runs across the sword and wings with the motto "Who Dares Wins" (Greek: Ο ΤΟΛΜΩΝ ΝΙΚΑ - O Tolmon Nika), a tribute to the Free Greek Special Forces that served with the 1 SAS Brigade during World War II. The unit flash is emblazoned with ΔΥΝΑΜΕΙΣ ΚΑΤΑΔΡΟΜΩΝ (Raider Forces). While on operations, low-visibility patches are worn.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), Uniform and unit insignia
All Raiders wear the green beret with the national emblem on the left.


1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), Structure, Special Paratroopers Unit
Members of the Special Paratroopers Unit (a HALO/HAHO-qualified long-range reconnaissance patrol (LRRP) unit are all professional NCOs and officers. They are the brigade's contribution to the Defence Ministry's DESAA (Diakladiko Epihirisiako Stratiyio Amesis Adidrasis), the Multi-Branch Operational Rapid Response Command, along with the Hellenic Navy's DYK, and the Hellenic Air Force's 31 MEE. The formation is also known as Force Delta (Dynami Delta).


1st Parliament of Botswana
The 1st Parliament of Botswana, composed of 31 members of the National Assembly, met in Gaborone from September 1966, when Botswana gained independence from the United Kingdom, to 1969. Its membership was set by the 1965 Bechuanaland general election, which gave the Botswana Democratic Party control of Parliament with 28 members, while the Botswana People's Party received the remaining three seats.


1st Parliament of Botswana, List of members
The following is a list of members of the 1st Parliament of Botswana:


1st Parliament of British Columbia
The 1st Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1871 to 1875. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in October 1871. John Foster McCreight was called upon to form a cabinet. In December 1872, the government was defeated on a confidence motion and Amor De Cosmos subsequently formed a new cabinet. After De Cosmos was elected to the House of Commons in February 1874, George A. Walken became premier.


1st Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 1st General Assembly
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1871:


1st Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections
By-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time. All cabinet members were re-elected by acclamation:


1st Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections
By-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:


1st Parliament of Ceylon
The 1st Parliament of Ceylon was a meeting of the Parliament of Ceylon, with the membership determined by the results of the 1947 parliamentary election between 23 August and 20 September 1947. The parliament met for the first time on 14 October 1947 and was dissolved on 8 April 1952.


1st Parliament of Lower Canada
The 1st Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from December 17, 1792, to May 31, 1796. Elections for the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in June 1792. All sessions were held at Quebec City.


1st Parliament of Ontario
The 1st Parliament of Ontario was in session from September 3, 1867, until February 25, 1871, just prior to the 1871 general election. This was the first session of the Legislature after Confederation succeeding the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (last session was the 8th Parliament of the Province of Canada). The 1867 general election produced a tie between the Conservative Party led by John Sandfield Macdonald and the Liberal Party led by Archibald McKellar. Macdonald led a coalition government with the support of moderate Liberals.


1st Parliament of Queen Anne
The 1st Parliament of Queen Anne was summoned by Queen Anne of England on 2 July 1702 and assembled on 20 August 1702 (but prorogued until 20 October 1702). Its composition was 298 Tories, 184 Whigs and 31 others, representing a large swing to the Tories since the previous election. Robert Harley, the member for Radnor, was re-elected Speaker of the House of Commons.


1st Parliament of Queen Anne
Queen Anne's new ministry was Tory dominated, led by Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin at the Treasury and Marlborough as the commander of the army  (The major War of the Spanish Succession was now in full progress). Anne's commitment to the Church of England also ensured the presence of several High Church Tories in the government, including her uncle Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester. However, disputes between Godolphin and Rochester forced the latter's resignation from the Cabinet in February 1703.


1st Parliament of Queen Anne
The attitudes of the High Church Tories hardened against the expensive war and they became obstructive to the point that Queen Anne was obliged to replace them at the end of the second session. The speaker Robert Harley replaced Lord Nottingham as Secretary of State for the Northern Department in addition to his Parliamentary role.


1st Parliament of Queen Anne
The third session saw the Aliens Bill introduced, which threatened that unless Scotland agreed to negotiate terms for union with England and accepted the Hanoverian succession by 25 December 1705, there would be a ban on the import of Scottish products. In addition Scots would also lose the privileges accorded to English nationals, endangering their rights to any property they held in England.


1st Parliament of Queen Anne
Following a prorogation in March 1705, the Parliament was dissolved on 5 April 1705.


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I
The 1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I was summoned by Queen Elizabeth I of England on 5 December 1558 and assembled on 23 January 1559. This Parliament would restore many of the laws created by Henry VIII and the English Reformation Parliament. Queen Elizabeth's 1st Parliament passed some 24 public statutes and 17 private measures by the time it was dissolved on 8 May 1559.


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Background
At the state opening of Parliament the Lord Keeper Sir Nicholas Bacon informed the house that one of the main reasons for summoning the Parliament was to establish ‘an uniforme order of religion’. He also drew attention to the recent loss of Calais and the need to maintain the England's navy and coastal defences. The speech summarised Elizabeth’s manifesto for the whole of her reign i.e. to restore stability, prosperity and peace to the country. She approved the appointment of Sir Thomas Gargrave, sitting for Yorkshire, as Speaker of the House.


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Background
The membership of the Lower House (the House of Commons) numbered 402, of whom only a quarter had survived from the previous Parliament in the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary. The membership of the Upper House (the House of Lords), however, still favoured Catholicism. After much debate the Commons held sway and two important acts were passed into law, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. Collectively referred to as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, the former confirmed the break from Rome and the latter more Protestant practices for the Church of England.


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Background
A committee was established to guarantee the Queen's financial stability. She was also petitioned to marry and secure the succession, notwithstanding their concern about the approach from Queen Mary's widower, the Catholic King Philip II of Spain, which in the event was rebuffed by Elizabeth.


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts
The major pieces of legislation from the Reformation Parliament included:


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts, 1558 Act of Supremacy
This act gave full ecclesiastical authority to the monarchy and abolished the authority of the Pope in England. This act restored a law that had previously been issued by Henry VIII in 1534, and partially repealed by Mary I in 1555.


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts, 1558 Act of Uniformity
Re -introduced the English Book of Common Prayer, with the order of prayer changed to make the Protestant book more acceptable to traditional Catholic worshippers and clergy. It also established that all persons go to Church once a week or suffer a fairly steep fine.


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts, 1558 Treason Act
Declared that directly saying, publishing, declaring, or holding the opinion that the Queen or her heirs are not the rightful Queens or Kings was Treason. Anyone so accused would lose their land and property to the Crown before being imprisoned for the rest of their lives.


1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts, 1558 First Fruits and Tenths Act
and Tenths”, a Tax on the clergy of Great Britain. The clergy would pay a portion of their first year’s earnings, and thereafter pay a tenth of their revenue once per year. This tax had originally been established by Henry VIII to claim money intended for the papacy.


1st Parliament of Singapore
The 1st Parliament of Singapore was a meeting of the Parliament of Singapore. It commenced its first and only session on 8 December 1965 and was dissolved on 8 February 1968.


1st Parliament of Singapore
The members of the 1st Parliament had been elected in the 1963 general election to the 3rd Legislative Assembly of Singapore, which was renamed as the Parliament of Singapore following Singapore's independence in 1965. Parliament was controlled by a People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his Cabinet. The Speakers were A P Rajah and Punch Coomaraswamy.


1st Parliament of Singapore, Members
This is the list of the members of the 1st Parliament of Singapore on 8 December 1965.


1st Parliament of Turkey
The first parliament of Turkey existed from 23 April 1920 to 11 August 1923. This parliament existed before the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed.


1st Parliament of Turkey, Background
The parliament of the Ottoman Empire was in Constantinople (now Istanbul). But after the First World War, İstanbul was occupied by the Allies of World War I (United Kingdom, France and Italy). The Ottoman sultan was still living in his palace; but on 16 March 1920, the parliament was abolished by the Allies. Some MPs were arrested and later expelled to Malta.


1st Parliament of Turkey, Ankara parliament
The nationalists in Anatolia called for another parliament in Angora (now Ankara), which was not under Allied occupation. All former Ottoman MPs were invited to this parliament. Most MPs who were had not been arrested accepted the invitation and came to Angora. There were also new MPs which were elected in the 66 provinces. But due to time limitations and the fact that the most of the country was under Allied control, they were elected by the Turkish National Movement members instead of the general vote.


1st Parliament of Turkey, Ankara parliament
(see Sivas Congress) Ankara then was a small city without the amenities of a comfortable life. The MPs began living in Ankara citizen's houses or even in dormitories. Even the parliament building was an inconvenient building, built shortly before 1920 as a branch office building of the Committee of Union and Progress. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the leader of the nationalists was serving in the train station building. (But he transferred to a house in Çankaya district, which later on became the mansion of the Turkish presidents)


1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term
The parliament was opened on 23 April 1920. The total number of representatives were 422 . (Later in 1922, with the addition of the former Ottoman MPs released in Malta the number of representatives increased to 436.) 88 of these were former Ottoman MPs.


1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term
The parliament was an all-powerful parliament. The government members were elected by the parliament one by one and the government was named İcra vekilleri heyeti ("Committee of Executive ministers"). Thus parliament had both the legislative and the executive powers. Professor Tarık Zafer Tunaya compares this parliament with the National Convention parliament of France. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was the chairman of the Parliament.


1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term
On 21 January 1921 the parliament ratified the constitution which would be valid during the Turkish War of Independence.


1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term
During the Greek offensive in the war, parliament asked Mustafa Kemal to be the commander of the army. Mustafa Kemal was planning a large scale mobilization and accepted the offer on the condition that he would be authorized to exercise the power of the parliament for three months. On 5 August 1921, Mustafa Kemal Pasha became the commander of the army.


1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term
After the victory, this authorization caused an opposition in the parliament (see Second Group).


1st Parliament of Turkey, End of the term
The first parliamentary term of Turkey was ended by the general elections held on 28 June 1923 which immediately followed the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne.


1st Parliament of Turkey, List of the prime ministers served before the Republic
The governments (Prime ministers of executive council) following several-days temporary government were the following,


1st Parliament of Turkey, List of the prime ministers served before the Republic
(After the proclamation of the Republic the governments were renumbered beginning from 1st government of Turkey)


1st Parliament of Upper Canada
The 1st Parliament of Upper Canada was opened 17 September 1792. Elections in Upper Canada had been held in August 1792. All sessions were held at Navy Hall in Newark, later Niagara-on-the-Lake. This parliament was dissolved 1 July 1796.


1st Parliament of Upper Canada
This House of Assembly of the 1st Parliament of Upper Canada had five sessions 17 September 1792 to 3 June 1796:


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada
The First Parliament of the Province of Canada was summoned in 1841, following the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Province of Canada on February 10, 1841. The Parliament continued until dissolution in late 1844.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada
The Parliament of the Province had two chambers: the elected lower house, the Legislative Assembly, and the appointed upper house, the Legislative Council. The first general election for the Legislative Assembly was held in April, 1841. Canada East (formerly Lower Canada) and Canada West (formerly Upper Canada)) each had forty-two seats in the Legislative Assembly. The members of the Legislative Council, twenty-four in number, were appointed by the British Governor General, Lord Sydenham.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada
All sessions were held at Kingston, Canada West, with the first session of the Parliament called in June 1841. The Parliament had three annual sessions, but then was prorogued for close to a year due to a political crisis in the relations between the Legislative Assembly and the Governor General. The Parliament was dissolved in September, 1844, triggering the second general election for the Province.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada
In 1841, the District Councils Act was passed which established a system of local government in Canada West based on district councils. Prior to 1841, local affairs were dealt with by the District Court of Quarter Sessions.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election
The Governor General, Lord Sydenham, appointed the first members to the Executive Council on February 13, 1841.  All of the members were anglophones, with no francophones. They were appointed as advisors to the Governor General, who continued to exercise the executive powers of the government.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election
The first general election for the new Legislative Assembly was held in the spring of 1841. There was no single election date. The returning officer in each electoral district chose the date for the election in their district.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election
The Governor General, following the policy of assimilation set out in Lord Durham's Report, drew boundaries and chose the location of polling stations in Canada East in anglophone areas, in an effort to favour voters of British stock and to make it more difficult for francophone voters to exercise their franchise.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election
There was electoral violence during the elections. In one case, the threat of riots at the polling station forced Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, a proponent of responsible government, to withdraw his candidacy from the riding of Terrebonne in Canada East. In response, Robert Baldwin in Canada West, also a supporter of responsible government, proposed to his father, William Warren Baldwin, that they should assist Lafontaine's election. Baldwin senior was a candidate for a riding in the Toronto area. He withdrew his nomination to allow Lafontaine to stand for election. Lafontaine was elected. This was the beginning of the Lafontaine-Baldwin alliance which ultimately led to responsible government in the Province of Canada.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election
Candidates at this time would be loosely affiliated in early political parties, but party structure was not strong, and there were different party groups in Canada East and Canada West. The election resulted in a Legislative Assembly with no single party group with a majority.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Canada East, Members elected in the general election
The following members were elected to the Legislative Assembly from Canada East in the 1841 general election.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Canada East, By-elections during the First Parliament
The following members were elected in by-elections during the First Parliament.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Canada West, Members elected in the general election
The following members were elected to the Legislative Assembly from Canada West in the 1841 general election.


1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Canada West, By-elections and election petitions during the First Parliament
The following members were elected in by-elections during the First Parliament, or installed as a result of election petitions challenging an election.


1st Parliament of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
This is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the Assembly of the Republic for the 1st Parliament of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus at the 1985 parliamentary election, which was held on 23 June 1985.


1st Parliament of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
The list below indicates the MPs in the parties in which they were elected.


1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (15th Reserves / 44th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army as part of the Pennsylvania Reserves infantry division during the American Civil War.


1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (Companies A through G) was organized at Camp Curtin in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania as the "44th Volunteers" and mustered in for state service in July and August 1861 under the command of Colonel George Dashiell Bayard.


1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service
Companies H, I, and K were organized at Camp Wilkins in Pittsburgh, August 1861. Company L was organized as an independent company on July 30, 1861 and served duty at Baltimore until January 7, 1862 when it joined the regiment. Company M was organized as an independent company August 5, 1861. At Baltimore until October 3, 1861, then on the eastern shore of Maryland under Lockwood picketing and scouting until January 7, 1862 when it joined the regiment.


1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to McCall's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Cavalry, McDowell's I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Bayard's Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.


1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry ceased to exist on June 17, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry and 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry to form the 2nd Regiment Pennsylvania Provisional Cavalry.


1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 201 men during service; 9 officers and 87 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 104 enlisted men died of disease.


1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Monuments and memorials
Among the tributes paid to the regiment, during and after the Civil War, were the Congressional Medal of Honor awards conferred upon members of the regiment for valor and the placement of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry monument on the battlefield at the Gettysburg National Park.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 1st Pennsylvania Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War that served for three months at the beginning of the war.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
On April 13, 1861, Northampton County residents held a public meeting at Easton to discuss the secession of southern states from the United States of America. Several in attendance, including Charles Heckman and Captain Samuel Yohe, began recruiting local militia members and other volunteers willing to support and protect the federal government. Yohe, the owner-operator of a local distillery, mill and store, previously served his community as an associate judge, county treasurer and prothonotary, as well as the commanding officer of the Washington Grays, an Easton-based militia unit.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Two days later, when President Abraham Lincoln issued his call for 75,000 volunteers to defend Washington, D.C., community leaders in Easton and neighboring cities offered the services of the local residents they had begun recruiting. Three days later, these volunteers left their respective cities and headed for Dauphin County, where they mustered in at Camp Curtin, a military training camp on Agricultural Society land in northern Harrisburg.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
On April 20, the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment was officially organized at the camp with Yohe commissioned as colonel and appointed commanding officer. The Washington Grays were designated as Company C while the men recruited by Heckman were assigned to company D. Commissioned as captain, Heckman was then placed in charge of that unit.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Lehigh County native Tilghman H. Good, commanding officer of the Allen rifles, a highly regarded militia unit based in Allentown, was named lieutenant colonel and second in command of the regiment. During the summer of 1861, as the war intensified, Good went on to establish another new regiment, the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
George Warren Alexander, the captain of the Reading Artillerists who later became Good's second in command with the 47th Pennsylvania, and William H. Gausler, the captain of the Jordan Artillerists from Allentown, who also later joined the 47th Pennsylvania, were placed in charge of their recruits as they were assigned, respectively, to the 1st Pennsylvania's Company G and I. Also commissioned as officers on the regimental command staff were Thomas W. Lynn (major) and James W. Militmore (adjutant). The regimental band, composed of musicians from the city of Lancaster, was led by Daniel Clemens.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
That evening, after being equipped with muskets and twelve rounds of ball cartridge, haversacks and food rations (bacon and hard tack) and placed under the command of Brigadier General George C. Wynkoop, the members of the 1st Pennsylvania marched to Harrisburg's train station and boarded Northern Central rail cars. Transported to Maryland, they disembarked near Cockeysville. Within short order, they were pulled back to York, Pennsylvania, where they trained at Camp Scott until May 14. At this point, they were assigned to guard the Northern Central Railroad from Pennsylvania to Druid Park in Baltimore, Maryland. The regiment was ordered to Catonsville, Maryland and then onward on May 25, once again assigned to guard duty protecting roads leading to Harpers Ferry and the cities of Frederick and Franklintown.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Transported back to Pennsylvania on June 3, the regiment underwent additional training at Chambersburg before reassignment to the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division of the Army of the Shenandoah commanded by General Robert Patterson. Ordered back to Maryland, the regiment moved between Hagerstown, Funkstown and Williamsport before occupying Frederick from June 22, where they continued to drill until receiving orders two weeks later to head for Martinsburg, Virginia. Moving through Boonsboro and Williamsport, the 1st Pennsylvanians forded the Potomac River, advancing toward Falling Waters and then reaching Martinsburg.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Yohe and his 1st Pennsylvanians were ordered to assume garrison duty in the vicinity of Martinsburg by army Assistant Adjutant General Fitz John Porter on July 8, in order to protect Union supplies and railroad lines. They remained there when the remainder of Patterson's army moved on to Bunker Hill on July 14. Two days later, they rejoined the army at Charlestown. Ordered to Harpers Ferry on July 21, the 1st Pennsylvania Volunteers marched to Sandy Hook, boarded train cars to return to Harrisburg on the evening of July 23, where they were honorably discharged. Many then promptly chose to re-enlist for three-year terms of service.


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
According to official historian Samuel P. Bates, "During the time that the regiment was in service, it did not participate in any battles; but its timely arrival in the field accomplished much good by checking any rash movement on the part of Rebels in arms along our borders. The duties it was called upon to perform were faithfully done, and its good conduct, under all circumstances, was appreciated and acknowledged by its superior officers."


1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Organization
Per historian Samuel P. Bates, based on information taken from muster rolls throughout the regiment's tenure of service, the officers serving with the 1st Pennsylvania's central command and in command of its individual companies were:


1st Pennsylvania Regiment
The 1st Pennsylvania Regiment - originally mustered as the 1st Pennsylvania Rifles; also known as the 1st Continental Line and 1st Continental Regiment, was raised under the command of Colonel William Thompson for service in the Continental Army.


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
The Congressional resolution of June 14, 1775, authorized ten companies of expert riflemen to be raised for one-year enlistments as Continental troops. Maryland and Virginia were to raise two companies each, and Pennsylvania six. Pennsylvania frontiersman, however were so eager to participate that on June 22 Pennsylvania's quota of two was increased to eight, organized as a regiment  known as the "Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment." A ninth company was added to the regiment on July 11. All thirteen companies were sent to Washington's army at Boston for use as light infantry and later as special reserve forces.


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
Seven companies of the regiment (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 8th, and 9th) were made up of Germans, Welsh, the rare Manx, Free Quakers, even English but mostly Irish from Lancaster; the 6th and 7th companies were mostly German, from Berks and Northampton counties. Their standard weapon was the long rifle, which had greater range and accuracy than the muskets used by most of the British Army and Continental Army, but less weight of shot, slower rate of fire, and were without bayonets, making the regiment unsuitable for line-of-battle.


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
Doctor James Thacher, a young doctor from Barnstable who observed the regiment during many of its battles, provided this description of the riflemen:


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
They are remarkably stout and hardy men; many of them exceeding six feet in height. They are dressed in white frocks or rifle shirts and round hats. There men are remarkable for the accuracy of their aim; striking a mark with great certainty at two hundred yards distance. At a review, a company of them, while in a quick advance, fired their balls into objects of seven inches diameter at the distance of 250 yards . . . their shot have frequently proved fatal to British officers and soldiers who expose themselves to view at more than double the distance of common musket shot. (Source: James Thacher, "Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783".)


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
As described under colours, the regiment in 1776 wore green hunting shirts with black caps trimmed white adorned with feather while the officers wore green coats with red facings and similar caps. By the Battle of Boston and by regulation at Valley Forge, blue coats with red facings were issued to the regiment, while most of the regiment's Riflemen continued to wear hunting shirts until wars end.


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
The regiment saw action during the New York Campaign, Battle of Trenton, Second Battle of Trenton, and Battle of Princeton. At the Battle of Brandywine the regiment was led by Colonel James Chambers and assigned to Colonel Thomas Hartley's 1st Pennsylvania Brigade. Under the direction of acting division commander Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment fought near Chadds Ford where it held the "post of honor", the far right flank of the division. At the Battle of Germantown the regiment was brigaded with the 2nd, 7th, and 10th Pennsylvania Regiments.


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
The unit again fought on the extreme right flank of the division just east of Germantown Road. Afterward, the regiment's Major Henry Miller boasted to his family about how the division routed the British troops opposed to them and overran their camp. The 1st was in action at the Battle of Matson's Ford on December 11, 1777. That same year, Robert Blackwell became the chaplain and surgeon of the regiment—despite having no medical experience.


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
The unit also fought at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778 and the Battle of Springfield in 1780. Two companies, those of Captain William Hendricks and Captain Matthew Smith, accompanied Arnold's expedition to Quebec and were captured in the Battle of Quebec. The regiment was furloughed June 11, 1783, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and disbanded on November 15, 1783.


1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History
Company C of the 337th Engineer Battalion claims lineage from Captain Michael Doudeis Company of York, Pennsylvania, of the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment.


1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment
The 1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, also known as the 30th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was a part of the famed Pennsylvania Reserve division in the Army of the Potomac for much of the war, and served in the Eastern Theater in a number of important battles, including Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg.


1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service
The 1st Pennsylvania Reserves were assembled at Camp Wayne near West Chester, Pennsylvania on June 9, 1861 and mustered into the service on July 26, 1861 at Camp Carroll near Baltimore, Maryland under the command of Colonel Richard Biddle Roberts.


1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to the following throughout the war:


1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to Harrisburg, Pa., July 20; then reported to General Dix at Baltimore, Md., July 22, 1861. Moved to Annapolis, Md., July 27. Duty at Annapolis, Md., July 27 to August 30, 1861. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Tennallytown, Md., August 30–31. Marched to Langley October 10, and duty at Camp Pierpont until March 1862. Reconnaissance to Dranesville December 6, 1861. Action at Dranesville December 20 (Company A). Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10–15. McDowell's advance on Fredericksburg, Va., April 9–19. Duty at Fredericksburg until May 31. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula June.


1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service
Seven Days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Battles of Mechanicsville June 26, Gaines Mill June 27, Charles City Cross Roads and Glendale June 30, and Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to join Pope August 16–26. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6–24. Battle of South Mountain September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16–17. Duty in Maryland until October 30. Movement to Falmouth October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12–15. "Mud March" January 20–24, 1863.


1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to Washington, D.C., and duty in the defenses there until June 25. Rejoined the Army of the Potomac. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3. Pursuit of Lee July 5–24. Williamsport July 13. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Mine Run November 26–30. Rapidan Campaign May and June 1864. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7; Laurel Hill May 8; Spotsylvania May 8–12; Spotsylvania Court House May 12–21. Assault on the Salient May 12. Harris Farm May 19. North Anna River May 23–26. Jericho Ford May 25. Line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Left front June 1.


1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 174 men during service; 6 officers and 102 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 64 enlisted men died of disease.


1st People's Choice Awards
The 1st People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1974, was held in 1975 and broadcast on CBS.


1st Personnel Command
The 1st Personnel Command was a command of U.S. Army Europe responsible for personnel management and administration. 1st Personnel Command was in existence from 20 October 1978 until 26 June 2008. The command was granted campaign participation credit for the Global War on Terrorism. 1st Personnel Command was formed to replace the U.S. Army Military Personnel Center, Europe, a staff activity created in 1974. Upon disbandment, the mission of the 1st Personnel Command was taken over by the 21st Theater Sustainment Command.


1st Philippine Legislature
The First Philippine Legislature was the first session of the Philippine Legislature, the first representative legislature of the Philippines. Then known as the Philippine Islands, the Philippines under the sovereign control of the United States through the Insular Government. The Philippine Legislature consisted of an appointed upper house, the Philippine Commission, and an elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly. These bodies were the predecessors of the Philippine Senate and Philippine House of the Philippine Congress.


1st Philippine Legislature, Legislation
The First Philippine Legislature passed a total of 170 laws (Act Nos. 1801–1970)


1st Photographic Group
The 1st Photographic Group is an inactive United States Army Air Forces unit. It was last assigned to the 311th Photographic Wing, stationed at Buckley Field, Colorado. It was disbanded on 5 October 1944, but reconstituted in 1985 as the 358th Special Operations Group.


1st Photographic Group, History
Established in mid-1941 as a GHQ Air Force aerial mapping and reconnaissance group based at Bolling Field. Mission was to conduct long-range photo reconnaissance after the pattern developed by the British. Each of the four initial assigned squadrons of the group (1st, 2d, 3d, 4th) was assigned to one of the four continental air forces (1st, 2d, 3d, 4th).


1st Photographic Group, History
The unit had almost no opportunity for training because each of its squadrons was busily engaged in carrying out mapping missions for hemisphere defense. The Photographic Squadrons were largely equipped with short-range second-line aircraft from the 1930s. Not until the end of 1942 were the first modern aircraft, B-25 (F-10) Mitchells, were assigned to observation groups


1st Photographic Group, History
Long-range reconnaissance squadrons were established as part of combat bombardment groups in the Continental United States as well as the Caribbean and in Hawaii. These squadrons were associated with the 1st Photographic Group for crew training in aerial photography and reconnaissance. These bomber reconnaissance squadrons were designed to provide a long-range reconnaissance capability with each group. However, with the entry of the United States into World War II after the Pearl Harbor Attack, these units could no longer serve as both reconnaissance training and photo-mapping squadrons. The bombers were needed for combat bombing missions more than for reconnaissance. In April 1942 these squadrons were absorbed by those groups and were redesignated as bombardment squadrons.


1st Photographic Group, History
During World War II, the group charted and mapped areas of the United States and sent detachments to perform similar functions in Alaska, Canada, Africa (including Operation Rusty), the Middle East, India, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Kurils. Inactivated in late 1944.


1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons
Associated 1st Air Force (later I Bomber Command) Reconnaissance Squadrons (all stationed at Langley Field, Virginia)


1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons
These units were assigned to antisubmarine patrols along the Atlantic coast and convoy patrol duty over the North Atlantic shipping lanes in the immediate months after the Pearl Harbor Attack.


1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons
Associated 2d Air Force (later II Bomber Command) Reconnaissance Squadrons


1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons
Associated 3d Air Force (later III Bomber Command) Reconnaissance Squadrons


1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons
These units were assigned to antisubmarine patrols along the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico s in the immediate months after the Pearl Harbor Attack.


1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons
Associated 4th Air Force (later IV Bomber Command) Reconnaissance Squadrons


1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons
Associated Panama Canal/Puerto Rican Department (later Caribbean Air Force) Reconnaissance Squadrons


1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons
Associated Hawaiian Air Force (later 7th Air Force) Reconnaissance Squadrons


1st Photographic Group, History, Heraldry
Per pale, vert and azure, a pile or debruised by a barrulet arched of the field upon and over the pile a camera lens proper rimmed sable. Motto: FIDELITER ET DILIGENTER —Faithfully and Diligently. (Approved 24 October 1942)


1st Photographic Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia)
The 1st Pioneer Battalion was an Australian infantry and light engineer unit raised for service during the First World War as part of the all volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Formed in Egypt in March 1916, the battalion subsequently served on the Western Front in France and Belgium, after being transferred to the European battlefields shortly after its establishment. Assigned to the 1st Division, the 1st Pioneer Battalion fought in most of the major battles that the AIF participated in between mid-1916 and the end of the war in November 1918. It was subsequently disbanded in early 1919.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
The 1st Pioneers were raised in Egypt, on 10 March 1916, from volunteers drawn from New South Wales who were subsequently assigned to the 1st Division. The battalion was formed in the aftermath of the failed Gallipoli campaign when the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) was expanded as part of plans to transfer it from the Middle East to Europe for service in the trenches along the Western Front. This expansion saw several new infantry divisions raised in Egypt and Australia, as well as specialist support units such as machine gun companies, engineer companies, artillery batteries and pioneer battalions.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
Trained as infantrymen, the pioneers were tasked with light combat engineer functions in the field, with a large number of personnel possessing trades from civilian life. The concept had existed within the British Indian Army before the war, but was adopted by the Australian Army in early 1916 to meet a need for troops with construction and engineering skills to assist with digging trenches, labouring, constructing strong points and undertaking battlefield clearance. At the same time, they could be pressed into the line to fight alongside regular infantry where required.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
A total of five pioneer battalions were raised by the AIF during the war, with one being assigned to each of the five infantry divisions that the Australians deployed to the battlefield in France and Belgium. The battalion consisted of four companies, under a headquarters company. To identify the battalion's personnel, they were issued with a purple and white unit colour patch. The colours were in common with other Australian pioneer battalions, while the horizontal rectangle shape denoted that the unit was part of the 1st Division.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
After a short period of training at Serapeum, in Egypt, in late March 1916 the 1st Pioneer Battalion embarked on a troopship from the port of Alexandria, bound for Marseilles. After landing in France, they boarded a train and were subsequently transported to the Somme. From there, the 1st Pioneers moved  to Armentieres where they established a camp, in an area which was dubbed a "nursery" sector by the Allies, where newly arrived units could gain their first experience of fighting on the Western Front. They subsequently entered the front line around Fleurbaix.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
At Fleurbaix, the 1st Pioneers received new equipment and in late May were tasked with assisting the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company in digging a mine towards German lines around the Cordonnerie Salient, where they were positioned opposite the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division. On the night of 30/31 May, the sector of the line the pioneers were digging under was subjected to a heavy artillery bombardment, followed by a trench raid. In the confusion that followed several of the battalion's personnel were killed or taken prisoner. One member of the battalion, Private William Cox, was subsequently nominated for a posthumous Victoria Cross for his actions during the raid, refusing to leave his pumping station  despite the danger and despite already having been wounded. The award was later downgraded to a Mention in Despatches.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
The battalion subsequently served on the Western Front until the end of the war in late 1918. After the battalion's introduction to trench warfare around Fleurbaix it was committed to the Battle of Pozieres in July 1916 where, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Edmund Nicholson – an artillery officer who had served at Gallipoli – they laid the form-up trench for the attack, before being committed to the capture of the village itself. The battalion's losses in its first battle amounted to 180 killed or wounded.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
During the next two-and-a-half years, the battalion fought in most of the main battles that the Australians fought in along the Western Front. They took part in the Battle of Mouquet Farm later in 1916, and in early 1917, they were tasked with extending a light railway system towards Fremicourt as part of preparations for the Battle of Bullecourt. Later in the year, they took part in the Third Battle of Ypres, taking part in actions around the Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde Ridge and Passchendaele. Later, around Ypres in October, the battalion worked to clear the Ypres–Zonnebeke road, which had virtually disappeared under a layer of thick mud and debris due to a prolonged artillery bombardment.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
In early 1918, the Germans launched their Spring Offensive during which the 1st Pioneer Battalion, which had spent the winter around Messines, supported the 1st Division's operations around Hazebrouck in April, establishing the division's trench systems. From April 1918 until the end of the war, the battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Murdoch. After the defeat of the German offensive, a lull period followed during which the Allied armies sought to regain the initiative through a series of small scale actions dubbed peaceful penetrations, which were carried out throughout June and July 1918.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History
During the Allied Hundred Days Offensive that was launched in August, which finally brought about an end to the war in late 1918, the pioneers took part in the Allied offensive around Amiens, supporting the capture of Lihons and then the exploitation beyond Proyart, losing around 80 casualties during the month. The following month they followed up the drive through the Somme until the 1st Division was withdrawn from the line in late September 1918. They remained out of the line until the armistice in November 1918 and did not see any further action. After the war, the battalion was disbanded in May 1919 as part of the demobilisation of the AIF and its personnel were repatriated back to Australia.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Legacy
Within the AIF, according to historian William Westerman, the pioneer battalion concept was not "effectively employed by Australian commanders". In this regard, Westerman argues that the AIF pioneer battalions were rigidly utilized as either engineers or infantry, instead of "integrating those two functions". Additionally, while he argues that they were under utilised in their infantry roles, and that the amount of time that was spent training as infantry and the resources consumed was disproportionate for the amount of time they spent in the line undertaking infantry tasks.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Legacy
While some battalions, such as the 2nd Pioneers at Montrebrehain undertook successful infantry actions, units such the 1st and 4th Pioneers never saw action directly in their infantry role. Additionally, the units' separation from the field engineers resulted in "administrative, organisational and command and control problems" which even limited their utility as engineering formations.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Legacy
After the war, the concept of pioneer battalions was discontinued in the Australian Army. In the immediate aftermath of the war, as plans were drawn up for the shape of the post conflict Army, a proposal was put forth to raise six pioneer battalions in the peacetime Army, but a combination of global disarmament and financial hardship  resulted in this plan being scrapped. As a result, pioneer battalions disappeared from the Australian Army order of battalion until the Second World War, when four such battalions were raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force.


1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Legacy
According to Alexander Rodger, as a result of the decision not to re-raise pioneer battalions in the interwar years, no battle honours were subsequently awarded to the 1st Pioneer Battalion – or any other First World War pioneer battalion – as there was no equivalent unit to perpetuate the honours when they were promulgated by the Australian Army in 1927.


1st Place
1st Place is an album led by trombonist Jimmy Knepper which was recorded in 1982 and originally released on the BlackHawk label in 1986.


1st Place, Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states "Trombonist Jimmy Knepper is well featured on this out of print LP from the defunct Black Hawk label, both as a highly original trombonist and as a composer".


1st Platino Awards
The 1st Platino Awards were presented at the Teatro Anayasi in Panama City, Panama on April 5, 2014 to honour the best in Ibero-American films of 2013.


1st Platino Awards
Nominations were announced on 13 March 2014. The German Doctor received the most nominations with five.


1st Platino Awards
Gloria won three awards including Best Ibero-American Film and Platino Award for Best Actress for Paulina García.


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia
The 2010–2015 Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia was the first class of the Bolivian legislature, also known as the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, to go by that name. The Assembly was controlled in both houses by the governing Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP), elected with a 2/3 supermajority, although some members later separated themselves from the majority. Just four incumbent members of the 2005–2010 Congress returned: Deputy Antonio Franco; Deputy Javier Zabaleta (MAS-IPSP/MSM); Senator René Martínez (MAS-IPSP), who was a deputy; and Senator Róger Pinto, previously of Podemos and now representing PPB-CN.


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia
The Assembly was elected as part of general elections on 9 December 2009. After the votes were counted, party strengths in Congress were as follows:


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia
As part of a break between the MAS-IPSP and its ally the Without Fear Movement (MSM), the latter party's four deputies, elected on the MAS slate pledged in late March 2010, "to act in accord with our political identity, with our conscience, and with the people who elected us with their vote." Consequently, MAS-IPSP had 84 members in the Chambers of Deputies, while the MSM has four. However, two MSM deputies re-affiliated with the MAS-IPSP.


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia
In late 2011, at least five indigenous deputies distanced themselves from the MAS-IPSP and announced the formation of an Indigenous Bloc in the Assembly, independent of the MAS. While the Assembly's leadership has yet to officially recognize these two defections, the MAS now controls less than two-thirds of all Assembly seats.


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Senate
The latest President of the Senate, elected on 19 January 2010 and serving until her death on 26 October of that year, was Ana María Romero de Campero (MAS-IPSP, La Paz). Romero had been on medical leave since February 2010, and René Martínez (MAS-IPSP, Chuquisaca) served as interim President in her absence. Martínez was confirmed as Senate President on 1 November. Martha Poma Luque (MAS-IPSP, La Paz) was elected the same day to serve as Vice President of the Senate, the first woman de pollera to hold that office. Seventeen of 36 members of the Senate are women. The 26-member MAS-IPSP majority includes all four senators from La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí; three senators from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca; and two senators from each of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija.


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Senate
Romero's alternate, Javier Hurtado Mercado, served as senator in her place, but resigned 15 May 2010. Her seat was filled by Mary Constancia Medina Zabaleta, the alternate for Eugenio Rojas.


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Senate, Commissions
The Senate has ten legislative commissions (Spanish: comisión legislativa), each with two subordinate committees, whose leadership is chosen annually. Their current leadership, chosen on 2 February 2011, is as follows:


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Chamber of Deputies
The President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected on 19 January 2010, is Héctor Arce (MAS-IPSP). 33 of 130 deputies (25.38%) are women.


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Chamber of Deputies
Four parties elected deputies, the MAS-IPSP (including members of the Without Fear Movement) holds 88; the Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence holds 37; the National Unity Front has 3; and Social Alliance holds 2. Sixty-nine seats were elected by individual districts (uninominal seats); 53 were elected from lists provided by each party in each department, with the number of such deputies determined by population (plurinominal seats); and seven were elected by minority indigenous peoples in the seven of the country's departments (all except Chuquisaca and Potosí). Altogether, 41 of the deputies were indigenous, including 9 women.


1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Chamber of Deputies, Commissions
The Chamber of Deputies has twelve legislative commissions (Spanish: comisión legislative), whose leadership is chosen annually. Their current leadership, chosen on 28 January 2011, is as follows:


1st Podemos Citizen Assembly
The 2014 Podemos state assembly—officially the 1st Citizen Assembly, and more informally referred to as the Yes We Can assembly—was held between 15 September and 15 November 2014.


1st Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba
The 1st Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) was elected in 1975 by the 1st Plenary Session of the 1st Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 1st Party Congress.


1st Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba, References, Bibliography
This Cuba-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1st Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba, References, Bibliography
This article about politics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly
After the de facto merger on 1 November 1954 and before the legal integration with the Indian Union on 16 August 1962, general elections were held in 1955 and 1959. The first general elections to the Pondicherry Representative Assembly were held in 1955 from July 18 to 23 for 39 constituencies. The election were held on the basis of adult franchise under the State of Pondicherry (Representation of the People) Order, 1955 which prescribed the rules and regulations for the conduct of elections, more or less on the pattern adopted in the Indian Union.


1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly, Dissolution
However, the government was not stable as the ruling party was ridden with personal strifes and factions. Finally, the Government of India had to intervene finally by dissolving the Assembly following the instability caused by the change of party affiliation of members. Then, the Chief Commissioner took over the administration in October 1958. Later, after nine months, second general elections were held to the Pondicherry Representative Assembly in 1959.


1st Pornhub Awards
The 1st Pornhub Awards was held on September 6, 2018 at the Belasco Theater in Los Angeles. It was hosted by Asa Akira and featured a performance by Kanye West.


1st Pornhub Awards, Production
On August 7, 2018 Pornhub announced Asa Akira would host the award show. In early September 2018 reports stated Kanye West would be a creative director for the show. On September 3, 2018 Pornhub and West confirmed the partnership. Unlike other award shows such as the AVN's or XBIZ Awards winners would be decided on users streaming data from the website. The data compiled from mid-March 2018 until the day before the show on September 5 were used to find the winners of the categories. There was also a fan award portion which fans vote in a poll-style system from mid-August 2018 until the event in September on pornhub.com.


1st Pornhub Awards, Production
Kanye West and Teyana Taylor performed at the show. The show was held at the Belasco Theater in Downtown Los Angeles.


1st Primetime Emmy Awards
The 1st Emmy Awards, retroactively known as the 1st Primetime Emmy Awards after the debut of the counterpart Daytime Emmy Awards, were presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club in Los Angeles on Tuesday, January 25, 1949. Only shows produced in Los Angeles County, California and aired in the Los Angeles media market were eligible to win. The awards were hosted by Walter O'Keefe who substituted for Rudy Vallée when he had to leave town at the last minute. A special award category was introduced and awarded to Louis McManus for designing the actual Emmy Award statuette.


1st Primetime Emmy Awards, Winners and nominees, Hosting, Special Award
McManus was presented with a plaque as an award instead of a copy of the very statue which he was being honored for.


1st Prince
1st Prince was an electoral district in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, which elected two members to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1873 to 1993.


1st Prince
The district comprised the westernmost portion of Prince County. Communities in the district included Alberton and Tignish.


1st Prince
When the provincial electoral districts were reorganized into conventional single-member districts in 1996, 1st Prince was replaced by the districts of Tignish-DeBlois, Alberton-Miminegash and West Point-Bloomfield.


1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans)
The 1st Proletarian Brigade, later the 1st Proletarian Division, was the first brigade-size formation raised by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II. The unit was one of the elite formations of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Its combat value was respected by the enemy. Artur Phleps, V SS Mountain Corps commander, in his war journal in 1944 assessed  as a serious opponent, very well managed and well trained, who fights like a regular troop.


1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans), Chronicle
It was formed by Josip Broz Tito and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia on 22 December 1941 in the village of Rudo in eastern Bosnia. Initially comprising 1,200 of the best Serb and Montenegrin Partisans under the command of the Spanish Civil War veteran Koča Popović, it began to take on a more multi-ethnic character from March 1942 when 15 Bosniaks from Sarajevo joined the brigade.