200 West Street, History, Construction
On December 14, 2007, a nylon sling on a crane failed, sending a 7-ton load to the ground. It crushed two trailers and severely crippled the legs of an architect inside. Work at the site was halted for several days to remedy the safety violations. Construction was again halted in March 2008 after city inspectors discovered an unauthorized crane operator on-site. Another construction accident occurred on May 17, 2008, when a 30-by-30-inch (76 cm × 76 cm) piece of steel fell eighteen stories onto a neighboring baseball field where children were playing; no one was injured.


200 West Street, History, Construction
The city issued a stop-work order and cited the general contractor, Tishman Construction, for five violations. Interior work restarted two weeks later on the lowest thirteen stories, where windows had been installed. Goldman Sachs requested that Tishman erect safety netting on the entire building, and Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein requested regular reports on the status of 200 West Street's construction. Work was stopped again in April 2009 when a hammer fell 18 stories and broke the window of a taxicab passing by.


200 West Street, History, Construction
Further controversies relating to 200 West Street's construction arose when, in May 2008, the Daily News reported on the 2005 money-back guarantee. The state and city governments would forfeit a combined $321 million if infrastructure improvements to the World Trade Center site were not completed by 2009. The state would waive $160 million of tax payments, which were instead placed in an escrow account, while the city would waive $161 million of lease payments on the site through 2069.


200 West Street, History, Construction
The improvements included the reconstruction of West Street around the new World Trade Center, the completion of the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, and a ferry landing on the Hudson River near Vesey Street. According to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which was not a party to the agreement, most of these projects were not slated to be completed on time. After the agreement was reported, city and state leaders started negotiating with Goldman Sachs to reduce the penalty.


200 West Street, History, Opening
By late 2008, Goldman Sachs intended to sublet its other space in Lower Manhattan once the 200 West Street headquarters was complete. The first of 7,500 employees arrived in November 2009, with the building officially opening on November 16. The building had ultimately cost $2.1 billion to construct, which was $200 million less than Goldman Sachs had originally projected. Shortly after the first workers moved into the building, glass pieces fell from the upper floors, forcing street closures in the neighborhood. That December, Goldman Sachs decided to give the city $161 million in lease payments. However, the firm was scheduled to collect $160 million in the escrow account instead of paying taxes to the state. With the development of its new headquarters, Goldman Sachs also announced plans to convert the adjacent Embassy Suites hotel into a Conrad Hotel.


200 West Street, History, Opening
By April 2010, most of the employees had moved in, with 6,500 workers at the building. In 2010, shortly after the building opened, some employees expressed dissatisfaction at the layout of the offices. Several vice presidents objected that they were working at communal desks, rather than their own office suites, as they had at the  85 Broad Street. The last employees had moved into the building by December 2010.


200 West Street, Critical reception
Upon the building's completion, architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote for The New Yorker that Goldman Sachs succeeded in keeping "its risk-taking entirely out of sight" with 200 West Street's design, though he deemed it "unfortunate that almost all the daring touches at 200 West Street are inside, hidden from view". Jacqueline Pezzillo of the Center for Architecture described the building as "an indelible legacy of the financial giant [Goldman Sachs] and a tribute to teamwork, creativity, and diversity".


200 days of dread
The 200 days of dread (Hebrew: מאתיים ימי חרדה; matayim yamei kharada) was a period of 200 days in the history of the Yishuv in British Palestine, from the spring of 1942 to November 1942, when the German Afrika Korps under the command of General Erwin Rommel was heading east toward the Suez Canal and Palestine.


200 days of dread, History
The question of whether the Yishuv would need to defend itself against a possible German invasion rose twice during the Second World War. The first major threat was a German invasion from the north, from the pro-Nazi Vichy regime in control of Syria and Lebanon. This danger ended after Operation Exporter, the allied invasion of these countries on 8 June 1941, and their liberation from Vichy control.


200 days of dread, History
In 1942 a more serious threat emerged as the German Afrika Korps, under the command of Erwin Rommel, threatened to overrun British possessions in the Middle East. The "200 days of dread" ended after the Allied victory in the Second Battle of El Alamein.


200 days of dread, History
According to historians Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers, based on archival research, Einsatzgruppe Egypt was to carry out a mass killing of the Jewish population in Palestine and Egypt. Despite the word "Palestine" never being mentioned in the archival documents, the researchers state that the unit's objective was to go there in order to enact systematic mass murder of Jews. The unit was standing by in Athens and was ready to disembark for Palestine in the summer of 1942, to be attached to the Afrika Korps. Given its small staff of only 24 men, Mallmann and Cüppers theorize the unit would have needed help from local residents and from the Afrika Korps to complete their assignment.


200 days of dread, History
According to historian Haim Saadon, Director of the Center of Research on North African Jewry in World War II, there was no extermination plan: Rauff's documents show that his foremost concern was assisting the Wehrmacht, and his plan for this was to place the Jews in forced labour camps to achieve this. In relative terms, the North African Jews escaped the Final Solution.


200 days of dread, History
The Hebrew term "200 days of dread" was coined only later by the contemporary journalist Haviv Canaan, as taken from the title of his 1974 book on this period. In 1941–42 the Haganah was preparing a last stand in the event that the British would retreat from the German army as far as Syria and Iraq. The "Plan of the North" was also called "Masada on the Carmel", and "Haifa–Masada–Musah Dag". The British plan was called Palestine Final Fortress.


200 euro note
The two hundred euro note (€200) is the second-highest value euro banknote (and the highest value banknote in production) and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The note is used in the 23 countries which have the euro as their sole currency (with 22 legally adopting it); with a population of about 343 million. In May 2021, there were about 734,000,000 €200 banknotes in circulation around the eurozone. It is the second least widely circulated denomination, accounting for 2.7% of the total banknotes.


200 euro note
It is the second-largest note, measuring 153 × 82 mm, and has a yellow colour scheme. The two hundred euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways in Art Nouveau style (19th and 20th centuries). The €200 note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity.


200 euro note
The new banknotes of the Europa series 200 euro banknote was released on 28 May 2019.


200 euro note, History
The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Finnish markka.


200 euro note, History
Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia joined on 1 January 2014 and Lithuania joined on 1 January 2015.


200 euro note, The changeover period
The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months after that. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for ten years or more.


200 euro note, Changes
Notes printed before November 2003 bear the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, who was replaced on 1 November 2003 by Jean-Claude Trichet, whose signature appears on issues from November 2003 to March 2012. Notes issued after March 2012 bear the signature of the third president of the European Central Bank, incumbent Mario Draghi.


200 euro note, Changes
Until now there has been only one series of euro notes; however a new series, similar to the current one, is planned to be released. The European Central Bank will in due course announce when banknotes of the first series lose legal tender status.


200 euro note, Changes
As of June 2012, current issues do not reflect the expansion of the European Union: Cyprus is not depicted on current notes, as the map does not extend far enough east; and Malta is also missing as it does not meet the current series' minimum size for depiction. The European Central Bank plans to redesign the notes every seven or eight years, and a second series of banknotes is already in preparation. New production and anti-counterfeiting techniques will be employed on the new notes, but the design will be of the same theme and colours identical to the current series: bridges and arches. However, they will still be recognisable as a new series.


200 euro note, Design
The €200 note measures 153 millimetres (6.0 in) × 82 millimetres (3.2 in) and has a yellow colour scheme. All euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways, each in a different historical European style: the €200 note shows the Art Nouveau era (19th and 20th centuries). Although Robert Kalina's original designs were intended to show real monuments, for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era.


200 euro note, Design
Like all euro notes, it contains the denomination, the EU flag, the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of that bank in different EU languages, a depiction of EU territories overseas, the stars from the EU flag and twelve security features as listed below.


200 euro note, Design, Security features (Europa series)
In addition to the previous series' features the Europa series include a "Satellite Hologram" which shows two small € symbols that circle the denomination number when the banknote is tilted.


200 euro note, Circulation
The European Central Bank is closely monitoring the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes. It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the euro area.


200 euro note, Circulation
In May 2021, there were 734,174,146 €200 banknotes in circulation around the euro area for €146,834,829,200.


200 euro note, Circulation
This is a net number, i.e. the number of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem central banks, without further distinction as to who is holding the currency issued, thus also including the stocks held by credit institutions.


200 euro note, Circulation
Besides the date of the introduction of the first set to January 2002, the publication of figures is more significant through the maximum number of banknotes raised each year. The number is higher the end of the year, except for this note in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2015.


200 euro note, Circulation
On 28 May 2019, a new 'Europe' series was issued.


200 euro note, Circulation
The first series of notes were issued in conjunction with those for a few weeks in the series 'Europe' until existing stocks are exhausted, then gradually withdrawn from circulation. Both series thus run parallel but the proportion tends inevitably to a sharp decrease in the first series.


200 euro note, Circulation
The latest figures provided by the ECB are the following :


200 euro note, Legal information
Legally, both the European Central Bank and the central banks of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the seven different euro banknotes. In practice, only the national central banks of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro banknotes. The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations.


200 euro note, Tracking
There are several communities of people in Europe, in particular EuroBillTracker, who, as a hobby, track the euro banknotes that pass through their hands, recording where they travel. The aim is to record as many notes as possible to know details about their spread, i.e. where the notes travel, and generate statistics and rankings: for example, in which countries there are more tickets. EuroBillTracker has registered over 180 million notes as of September 2018, worth more than €3.317 billion.


200 km de Buenos Aires
The 200 km de Buenos Aires is a 200-kilometre touring car race held annually at Autódromo Juan y Óscar Gálvez in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The race was traditionally run on the last Sunday in October, but is now held on the first Sunday in October.


200 km de Buenos Aires
The race is form part of Súper TC 2000 calendar.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane
200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, also titled t.A.T.u. in Japan, is the second, and first English-language, studio album by Russian music duo t.A.T.u., released on 10 December 2002, by Interscope Records. It is the duo's first studio album to be associated with Interscope after signing to Universal, the label they signed to in 1998. Due to the duo's lack of English vocabulary, the album was produced and written by producers such as Trevor Horn, Martin Kierszenbaum, Sergio Galoyan, Robert Orton and Ivan Shapovalov, who was placed as the duo's manager and executive producer. 200 km/h lyrically explores themes such as teenage rebellion, love, sexuality, sadness, independence and social rebellion.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane
The album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics. Many critics praised the catchiness and production standards, while ambivalent towards the duo's tacky imagery and vocal abilities. Upon its release, it debuted inside the top-ten in many European countries including Denmark, Austria, Finland and Italy. It became the duo's best-selling album on the US Billboard 200, peaking at 13. The album became the highest selling album in Russia, with estimated shipments of one million copies. They went on to promote the album with their Show Me Love Tour.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane
One of the three official singles, "All the Things She Said", became one of the most successful singles of the 2000s, charting at the top spot in over 20 countries. The song was responsible for bringing the group to the spotlight, particularly with the accompanying music video, which caused international controversy. "Not Gonna Get Us" and "How Soon Is Now?" charted moderately worldwide. With the sales, they became the first Russian act to have an album charting in many charts worldwide and the second to chart on the US Billboard 200, following Gorky Park in 1989.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Background
Prior to t.A.T.u., Yulia Volkova and Lena Katina had auditioned as members of Neposedy, a group produced by Ivan Shapovalov and his business partner Alexander Voitinskyi. Shapolavov has said the two girls stood out from the rest of those that auditioned; however, 14-year-old Katina was initially the only one chosen for the group. She sang "It Must Have Been Love" and later recorded a demo release of "Yugoslavia" for the "1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia". When both Katina and Volkova were cast for the group (under the name 'Taty'), they began to record their first album.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Background
Then, in 2001 the duo released "200 Po Vstrechnoy", which became successful in Poland and Russia. While the album was in development, their producer Alexander Voitinskyi left the production, leaving the album unreleased. However, Shapolavov later signed Elena Kiper as the new co-producer and co-writer for the album. With the success, Shapovalov decided to sign the duo to Interscope and its parent Universal at the headquarters in Russia.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Background
The duo started recording the album at Trevor Horn's home studio in London and having some recording sessions in Los Angeles. When the duo were signed and ready for recording, both Volkova and Katina felt it was easy to understand the English language. Volkova stated that Martin Kierszenbaum helped her with pronunciation, while Katina was already speaking English before production of the album. However, during the times recording in studios, Volkova constantly lost her voice.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Recording
Katina commented on the collaborations, saying; "It was great [...] I think he was involved in some translations because we wanted to keep the meaning of the songs, and to keep the structure specifics. I think that Martin [Kierszenbaum] is a little bit of a fan of t.A.T.u, so he was really trying hard to make us big everywhere! We had an opportunity to work with great producer, it was valuable experience. I am talking about Trevor Horn. And in general, just imagine: Two girls are coming from Russia, which is another world compared to the USA, working with a high class producers and writers and management. Everybody is so professional. Working with Martin and Interscope in general brought us to an absolutely different level."


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Composition
The music of 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane is derived from a wide variety of pop and dance genres while heavily incorporating different musical styles not being present on their previous Russian record. It encompasses a broad variety of genres, such as electronic, rock, industrial and Eurodance. It is considered that the album is a departure to their Russian debut, because that contained heavy Europop, Eurodance and techno influences. According to Allmusic, t.A.T.u. have been known for "Eurodance, Europop, electronica and pop rock" music through their career. A lot of fans and, surprisingly, critics have applauded their mix of electronica and pop rock styles. According to Discogs, the album is influenced by musical genres of electronic, pop, rock, Europop, pop rock and balladry.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Composition
The first track, "Not Gonna Get Us" is a Eurodance-inspired song, with influences of dance-pop and rock. "All the Things She Said" was the first single released, but the second track on the album. The song opens with dreamy, trance-gated synthesizers and then shifts into a guitar-based pop rock style with Trevor Horn's trademark huge drum sound. The line "I'm in serious shit, I feel totally lost" in the first verse would be sung normally in live performance; on the album, however, the word is censored and was completely removed in the music video. The third single, "Show Me Love", was released in Poland. The song was described as "neutral". "30 Minutes" was later released as the fourth single. The song has been described as a "slow atmospheric ballad".


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Composition
"How Soon Is Now?" was the band's last single released from this album and was also the fifth track on the album. It is a cover version of The Smiths song of the same name. The song "is transformed by scorched synths, furious power-chords and Katina or Volkova’s defiant roar "You Shut Your Mouth", into an angry punka blast." "Clowns (Can You See Me Now?)" was the sixth track on the album. The song was written by Horn, Ivan Shapolavov and Valery Polienko. It was also scheduled to be the last single, but this plan was scrapped.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Composition
However, for a promotional release, 200km/h in the Wrong Lane was re-issued in their native Russia under the name t.A.T.u. – Clowns. It has a synthpop and electronica style. "Malchik Gay" (translated to: Gay Boy) is the seventh track on the album. AllMusic named it as an album highlight because the lyrics, which were written by their producers, had received a lot of attention. It is an acoustic song concerning homosexuality. "Stars" is the eighth and final original track on the album. The song "tries for smooth world-pop with an extended Russian rap, but doesn't linger in anyone’s memory after it's over."


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Title and artwork
The album's title was revealed as 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, which strikes a similarity to their first album. In a documentary on their DVD Screaming for More, the group revealed that the title of the album was to represent their imagery that was portrayed through the media and that the album represented a "dangerous" side to them. Katina also said of Volkova's dangerous driving that inspired the title.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Title and artwork
The artwork and photoshoot off the album was shot by Sheryl Nields. There are three official covers to the album. The international version featured both Volkova and Katina leaning of a motorbike, with Katina leaning on Volkova. The Japanese version was shot with the duo in catholic school uniforms similar to the clothes they wore in the "All the Things She Said" video. Because the album issued music videos, a "G" rating was issued on the cover off the album physically. The 10th Anniversary Edition takes the artwork off "All the Things She Said" and uses the group's music videos to illustrate the border of the cover.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Media portrayal
When the music video of "All the Things She Said" was released in August 2002, it created an immediate media storm due to the lesbian kiss between the members. The subject matter caused universal controversy, with many media outlets calling it one of the most controversial videos to date. Media outlets, including MuchMusic, FHM Music TV, Virgin Media and The Guardian have regarded it as either a "sexy" or "controversial" music video. William Leith, a publicist from The Guardian, published a separate article on how lesbianism never fails to appeal upon men.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Media portrayal
Leith commented; "the BBC ban on tATu's video, the fact that their manager, Ivan Shapovalov, has said some dodgy things about his marketing strategies, and that Richard and Judy have advised people not to buy the record. But the thing that really starts the conversation going is the mention of lesbianism." He revealed that "So, here we go again. Lesbians! Phwoar! Eyebrows are raised. Sly grins are exchanged. The subject, clearly, is fascinating to us. We approve of it."


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Media portrayal
After their manager admitted to portraying the girls as lesbians to market their music and aimed t.A.T.u. to create a sexual imagery for men who enjoy pornography, media outlets had criticized him and t.A.T.u. Child protection charity had branded the group "disgusting and pathetic" and said that child pornography is not a laughing matter. ITV banned the video from its show CD:UK, as producer Tammy Hoyle responded "We could not show the video on CD:UK because it is not really suitable for children." Despite banning the video, the group performed the song on many live performances including MTV, Top of the Pops and many more.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Media portrayal
Reviews on the group's image were immensely harsh; AllMusic review for 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane labelled the band as a tawdry gimmick. A writer from The Daily Telegraph expressed the video as "clichéd", while it "titillating on a very base and adolescent level, only serves to cheapen the song's lyrical impact. The video is also a sign of how blurred the line between entertainment and exploitation has become".


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Tour
The group's Show Me Love Tour was originally commenced in early 2003. In March 2003, the group announced dates for their "Show Me Love Promo Tour" in the United Kingdom. However the next month, the group dropped the dates and did not perform at the concert, due to poor ticket sales. The concert was just days after the cancellation. BBC News stated that only a fraction of the tickets were sold for the concert and said the stadiums (held in London and Manchester) had around capacities of 10,000. A spokesman from their label Interscope did not understand why the cancellation took place.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Tour
In May 2003, t.A.T.u. 's management were sued by the promoters EEM Group for the cancellations of the concerts. EEM sued their management for £300,000, claiming they put "unachievable and numerous obstacles" in the way of ticket sales for the shows. They also claimed that Yulia's illness was a reason for the cancellation, however due to the lack of evidence, the lawsuit was discarded. After the lawsuit, the group also cancelled their Asian-promo tour for Japan and China, due to Yulia's sickness, who needed urgent surgery.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Tour
The same month, the group postponed their German Promo tour, due to a late invitation to the 2003 MTV Movie Awards, where they performed. The following month they also cancelled their Riga concert and Japan concert in June, which led to a lawsuit from Pasadena Group Promotion, asking $180,000 in damages, as they did not receive any official letters regarding the cancellation.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Live performances
Despite tour cancellations, the group performed in many associations. To promote "All the Things She Said", t.A.T.u. performed the song on many television shows in the United States. They first appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, where the girls created confusion, because they kissed each other without first having been granted permission to do so. They performed the single on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, AOL sessions, MADtv, Carson Daly Show, TRL and the 2003 MTV Movie Awards. They also performed the song on shows in many other countries such as CD:UK in the UK and Top of the Pops in Italy.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles
"All the Things She Said" was released as the first single off the album in August 2002. It initially received mixed reception, praising the catchiness and creativeness, while criticizing the repetition. The song topped many charts around the world, including Australia, Germany, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The song peaked at number twenty on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the highest Russian act to do so. The song was directed by their manager Ivan Shapovalov, with the girls in school uniforms kissing.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles
"Not Gonna Get Us" was released in May 2003 by Interscope Records, both physically and digitally. It was met with favorable reception, praising their departure from their first single and felt it was radio-friendly. The video was also shot by Shapolavov, where it features the girls escaping a supposed prison-like environment and escaping in a construction truck.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles
"Ne Ver', Ne Boysia" was used as the official Russian entry to the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest. Released as a promotional single in May 2003, the song came third in the competition, only because of the lack of voting opportunity from the United Kingdom and Ireland.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles
"Show Me Love" and "30 Minutes" were both released promotionally in Europe, not managing to receive success critically or commercially. Music video's for each single were released though, with "30 Minutes" receiving controversy due to nudity.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles
"How Soon Is Now? ", A cover from The Smiths was the final single from the studio album. The song received mixed reviews, praising the potential while criticizing the production and the duos vocal abilities. The song managed to chart moderately around Europe and Australia.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Critical reception
200 km/h in the Wrong Lane received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics. Entertainment.ie gave it a favorable review, awarding it three stars. They had said "A teenage lesbian duo from Russia may sound like a marketing man's fantasy rather than a living, breathing pop band." and finished saying "Tatu's novelty value won't, of course, last forever. But for now, they're as entertaining as anyone in mainstream chart music."


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Critical reception
Michael Osborn from MusicOMH was positive, saying "Short it may be, but TATU's initial English language offerings are fresh-sounding pop songs of such a high pedigree, that this is an album which will be played to death." They later talked about the girls being on top headlines about the controversy and he stated "Ignore all the headlines - this intriguing Russian act has the ability to hit all the right notes with their music alone, and have more than just one mammoth smash to offer." David Merryweather from Drowned in Sound called the album "the first pop masterpiece of the year" and encouraged people "Don’t pretend you don’t care."


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Critical reception
However, Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic rated the album two stars out of five, first calling the band a marketing gimmick, and adding that the songs could not be fun due to leaning on "heavy, portentous Europop, badly sung by two cute girls with annoying squawks for voices." He ended by saying "With those relentless, gloomy beats and those voices that cut against the grain, it's easy to concentrate on nothing but the gimmick, because it's more fun to talk about Russian teenage lesbians than listen to this noisy, oppressive murk."


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Critical reception
Todd Burns from Stylus Magazine awarded the album with a D rating, and gave it a mixed review. He said "It's obviously pop product and probably not worth the money to buy, but certainly essential pop listening if only for the already European released singles." However, he was positive towards the single releases, calling them "phenomenal confectionary pop constructions."


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Commercial performance
In the United States, the album debuted at number thirty-six on the chart. The album then rose to thirteen, selling 51,000 copies in its second week becoming the best-gaining sales of that week end. staying in the charts for thirty-three weeks in total. In October 2005, the album sold 760,000 copies in North America, according to Nielsen Soundscan. As of a 2012 Niselen SoundScan update, the album has sold 831,000 copies there, becoming the group's best selling album there and was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 copies.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Commercial performance
The album debuted at number nineteen on the Australian Albums Chart on 30 March 2003, the highest debut of that week. It remained in the top forty until its tenth week, where it dropped to forty-four and stayed for eleven runs. The album entered at number nine on the New Zealand Albums Chart, becoming the second highest charting album of that week and the group's only top ten studio album. The album descended all its way to number thirty-eight and stayed at total of twelve runs through the chart. In Japan, the album sold more than 300,000 copies in just two days, making them the most successful Eastern European act to have the most sales in a week. As of 2010, the album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, 10th Anniversary Edition
In October 2012, the group's previous record labels Interscope and Cherrytree Records announced they would be re-releasing the album under the name 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane: 10 Year Anniversary Edition, as recognition of a ten-year anniversary from the original version. The album contains a new song entitled "A Simple Motion", which is the English version of their Russian single, "Prostye Dvizheniya". Back in 2008, there was an interview with the duo where they said that there is still an English version of "Prostye Dvizheniya", but it remained unreleased. This song is the original 2002 version that was never released.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, 10th Anniversary Edition
The album is remastered along with new remixes as well as the explicit versions of "All the Things She Said", "Show Me Love" and the extended version of "Show Me Love". The album features a new artwork that was taken from the 2002 era and was released with a parental advisory sticker on 12 November 2012. Not long after its announcement, new artwork was released on the Cherrytree website. On 17 September 2012, just two months before the announcement, the album was already released on the iTunes Store digitally.


200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Certifications and sales
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.


200 metre backstroke at the Olympics
The 200 metre backstroke event is an event held at the Summer Olympic Games. The men's event was introduced in 1900, then was not held again until 1964, with a 100 metre backstroke) held from 1904 to 1960. When the event returned in 1964, it replaced the men's 100 metre backstroke for that year; in 1968, both the 100 and 200 metre versions were held for men. The 200 metre backstroke has been held at every Summer Games since 1964. The women's backstroke was introduced in 1968, and has been held at every Summer Olympics since.


200 metre freestyle at the Olympics
The 200 metre freestyle event is an event held at the Summer Olympic Games. The men's event was introduced in 1900, held a second time in 1904 (at 220 yards rather than 200 metres), then was not held again until 1968. When the event returned in 1968, both men's and women's events were held. The event has remained on the programme for every Summer Olympics since.


200 metres
The 200 metres, or 200-metre dash, is a sprint running event. On an outdoor race 400 m track, the race begins on the curve and ends on the home straight, so a combination of techniques are needed to successfully run the race. A slightly shorter race, called the stadion and run on a straight track, was the first recorded event at the ancient Olympic Games. The 200 m places more emphasis on speed endurance than shorter sprint distances as athletes predominantly rely on anaerobic energy system during the 200 m sprint.


200 metres
Similarly to other sprint distances, the 200 m begins from the starting blocks. When the sprinters adopt the 'set' position in the blocks they are able to adopt a more efficient starting posture and isometrically preload their muscles. This enables them to stride forwards more powerfully when the race begins and start faster.


200 metres
In the United States and elsewhere, athletes previously ran the 220-yard dash (201.168 m) instead of the 200 m (218.723 yards), though the distance is now obsolete. The standard adjustment used for the conversion from times recorded over 220 yards to 200 m times is to subtract 0.1 seconds, but other conversion methods exist. Another obsolete version of this race is the 200 metres straight, which was run on tracks that contained such a straight.


200 metres
Initially, when the International Amateur Athletic Association (now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations) started to ratify world records in 1912, only records set on a straight track were eligible for consideration. In 1951, the IAAF started to recognise records set on a curved track. In 1976, the straight record was discarded.


200 metres
The race attracts runners from other events, primarily the 100 metres, wishing to double up and claim both titles. This feat has been achieved by men eleven times at the Olympic Games: by Archie Hahn in 1904, Ralph Craig in 1912, Percy Williams in 1928, Eddie Tolan in 1932, Jesse Owens in 1936, Bobby Morrow in 1956, Valeriy Borzov in 1972, Carl Lewis in 1984, and most recently by Jamaica's Usain Bolt in 2008, 2012, and 2016.


200 metres
The double has been accomplished by women eight times: by Fanny Blankers-Koen in 1948, Marjorie Jackson in 1952, Betty Cuthbert in 1956, Wilma Rudolph in 1960, Renate Stecher in 1972, Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988, and Elaine Thompson in 2016 and 2021. Marion Jones finished first in both races in 2000 but was later disqualified and stripped of her medals after admitting to taking performance-enhancing drugs. An Olympic double of 200 m and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, and later by Michael Johnson from the United States and Marie-José Pérec of France both in 1996. Usain Bolt is the only man to repeat as Olympic champion, Bärbel Wöckel (née Eckert), Veronica Campbell-Brown and Elaine Thompson-Herah are the three women who have repeated as Olympic champion.


200 metres
The men's world record holder is Usain Bolt of Jamaica, who ran 19.19 s at the 2009 World Championships. The women's world record holder is Florence Griffith-Joyner of the United States, who ran 21.34 s at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The reigning Olympic champions are Andre De Grasse (CAN) and Elaine Thompson-Herah (JAM). The reigning World Champions are Noah Lyles (USA) and Dina Asher-Smith (GBR).


200 metres
Races run with an aiding wind measured over 2.0 metres per second are not acceptable for record purposes.


200 metres, All-time top 25, Men (outdoor), Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 19.70). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:


200 metres, All-time top 25, Women (outdoor), Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 21.80). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:


200 metres, All-time top 25, Men (indoor), Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 20.30:


200 metres, All-time top 25, Women (indoor), Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 22.45:


200 metres at the Olympics
The 200 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the second edition of the multi-sport event. The men's 200 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 and the women's 200 m has been held continuously since its introduction at the 1948 Games. It is the most prestigious 200 m race at elite level. The competition format typically has three or four qualifying rounds leading to a final race between eight athletes.


200 metres at the Olympics
The Olympic records for the distance are 19.30 seconds for men, set by Usain Bolt in 2008, and 21.34 seconds set by Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988. The men's world record was set at the Olympics in 1956, 1960 (twice), 1968, 1996 (twice) and 2008. The women's world record has similarly been linked to the competition, with records coming at the Olympic Games in 1952 (twice), 1956, 1968, 1972 and 1988 (twice). Griffith-Joyner's 1988 Olympic mark remains the world record for the distance, while Bolt's Olympic record is the third fastest of all-time.


200 metres at the Olympics
Only three athletes have won the title more than once. Bärbel Wöckel of East Germany became the first to defend the title in 1980 and Veronica Campbell-Brown repeated that feat in 2008. Usain Bolt was the first person to win two Olympic 200 m gold medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics, and at the 2016 Summer Olympics he defended his title to win his third Olympic 200 m gold medal. Merlene Ottey is the most decorated athlete, having won four medals in the event (though none of them gold). Allyson Felix has won three medals, as has Poland's Irena Szewińska. Reflecting how sprint athletes often compete over various distances, many of the medalists in the Olympic 200 metres have had success in the Olympic 100 metres and 4×100 metres relay as well.


200 metres at the Olympics
The United States has had by far the most success in the event, having 23 gold medals and 57 medals in total. American men have completed a medal sweep on six occasions. Jamaica is the next most successful, with five gold among their seventeen medals, and became the second nation to sweep the men's medals in 2012. No nation has swept the women's medals; the United States is the only nation to have won both gold and silver in the same year (in 1984).


200 metres at the Olympics
The 1968 medal podium ceremony for the men's 200 metres witnessed a prominent political protest in the form of a Black Power salute by the African-American medalists Tommie Smith and John Carlos. The third medalist, Peter Norman of Australia, wore a badge for the Olympic Project for Human Rights in solidarity.


200 metres at the Olympics, Non-canonical Olympic events
In addition to the main 1900 Olympic men's 200 metres, a 220-yard dash handicap race was also held. The winner was J. McGann for the United States, who ran an estimated 22.8 seconds with a ten-yard start. Frank Lukeman of Canada was second, also with a ten-yard handicap, and American C. Turner was third with a two-yard handicap.


200 metres at the Olympics, Non-canonical Olympic events
This event is no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 200 metres or the athletics programme in general. Consequently, medals from this competition have not been assigned to nations on the all-time medal tables.


200 metres at the World Athletics Championships
The 200 metres at the World Championships in Athletics has been contested by both men and women since the inaugural edition in 1983. It is the second most prestigious title in the discipline after the 200 metres at the Olympics. The competition format typically has two or three qualifying rounds leading to a final between eight athletes.


200 metres at the World Athletics Championships
The championship records for the event are 19.19 seconds for men, set by Usain Bolt in 2009, and 21.63 seconds for women, set by Dafne Schippers in 2015. The men's world record has been broken at the competition on one occasion, and Bolt's championship record set in 2009 remains the world record as of 2015. The women's world record has never been broken at the competition.


200 metres at the World Athletics Championships
Usain Bolt is the most successful athlete of the event, having won four successive titles from 2009 to 2015, and also a silver in 2007. Allyson Felix is the most successful woman, having won three straight titles (2005 to 2009). Two-time champion Merlene Ottey has won more medals in the 200 m than any other athlete, reaching the podium six times in a period stretching from 1983 to 1997. Calvin Smith and Michael Johnson are the only others to have won two world titles over the distance.


200 metres at the World Athletics Championships
The United States is the most successful nation in the discipline, with twelve gold medals among a total of 31. Jamaica is the next most successful with seventeen medals and seven titles. East Germany, with two golds, is the only other nation to have provided multiple gold medallists.


200 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping
The first instances of doping bans affecting the 200 m at the World Championships came at the 2001 edition. The champion Marion Jones was stripped of her gold medal and bronze medalist Kelli White met the same fate. Debbie Ferguson, the sole remaining original medalist, was elevated to the gold medal. A third female athlete, Yekaterina Leshchova who ran in the heats, was also disqualified for doping. The first male doping disqualifications happened the same year, with quarter-finalists Christophe Cheval and Ramon Clay being the offenders. Doping persisted at the 2003 World Championships – White was the champion that year and her retrospective ban also affected this result. The 1997 champion Zhanna Block, fourth in 2003, was also disqualified. Anastasiya Kapachinskaya (herself banned for steroids in 2004) was promoted to the position of 2003 world champion.


200 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping
The next 200 m athlete to be disqualified for doping was Ruqaya Al-Ghasra (a competitor in the heats only). Two positive drug tests were recorded by 200 m athletes at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics: Yelena Ryabova, who ran in the heats, and semi-finalist Yelyzaveta Bryzhina.


200 metres hurdles
The 200 metres hurdles is a rarely run hurdling event in track and field competitions. Sometimes, this event is referred to as the low hurdles. It was run twice in the Summer Olympics, in 1900 and 1904.


200 metres hurdles, All-time top 25, Men, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 22.50:


200 metres hurdles, All-time top 25, Women, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 26.16:


200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics
The event is the official distance for the M80+ and W70+ divisions of Masters athletics. The height for all hurdles in these age groups is 27" (69 cm) and arrangement of the hurdles is different from the previous version. The distance to the first hurdle is 20 metres, which corresponds with the markings for the last half of a 400 metres hurdle race, standard on most tracks. Because, like the flat 200 metres, the race only covers half a standard track, a wind reading is required.


200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics, 27-inch hurdles
The idea of using 27-inch (68.6 cm) hurdles was introduced in Europe in 2000. The increment does not exist on standard hurdles, which caused resistance from some NGBs, but the rules were adopted worldwide. Many modern hurdles will not go to that height or would at least require modification to cut the hurdle. Most facilities that have spent thousands of dollars to buy regulation hurdles would certainly not let their hurdles be damaged like this.


200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics, 27-inch hurdles
Since it is a requirement, major championship meets have purchased a few sets of modern modified hurdles, which then creates the logistical problem of shipping these few hurdles between meets in order for the competitors to have an opportunity to race over proper hurdles. As a substitute, many older hurdle designs are easier to modify to get to the proper height and most facilities are less protective of the old, rusty hurdles in the junk pile. Also many training hurdles (used to teach smaller, youth beginners) will go to 27 inches and lower.


200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics, Records
After setting the world record for the 300 metres hurdles during its last year on the official program at age 80, at age 81, Canadian Earl Fee set the still standing world record of 36.95 (+0.0) at the NCCWMA Regional Championships in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico on September 5, 2010. Almost four years later, Fee also set the M85 record of 42.70 (+0.4) in the same meet, this time being held in San Jose, Costa Rica on August 23, 2014. The M90 record of 51.31 was set a month earlier by American Ralph Maxwell with the benefit of high altitude in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA at the Rocky Mountain Masters Games.


200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics, Records
Australian Marge Allison holds the W70 record of 36.71 (+0.7), set August 12, 2015 in Lyon, France at the 2015 World Masters Athletics Championships. Allison also holds the W65 record set four years earlier at the same championships. Canadian Christa Bortignon set the W75 record of 39.89 (+0.0) at a domestic meet in Kamloops, British Columbia on May 18, 2013. American sprinting legend Irene Obera learned hurdles sufficiently to set the W80 record 42.24 (+1.2) on July 20, 2014 at the USATF Masters Championships in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.


200 metres individual medley
The 200 metres individual medley is a race in competitive swimming in which swimmers compete in all 4 strokes (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle) in one race.


200 metres individual medley, Description
Swimmers start by diving off the block and swimming 50 metres of the Butterfly stroke, then touching the wall with both hands and turning into 50 metres of Backstroke, then touching the wall with one hand (and possibly flipping after touching the wall), they turn into the 50 metres of Breaststroke. They finish the race with 50 metres of Freestyle.


200 metres individual medley, Records
World Record (SCM) men: Ryan Lochte (United States), 1:49.63World Record (LCM) men: Ryan Lochte (United States), 1:54.00Order: 50 metres butterfly, 50 metres backstroke, 50 metres breaststroke, 50 metres freestyleNumber of lengths (SCM): 8Number of lengths (LCM): 4


200 metres straight
The 200 metres straight is a track and field outdoor event of 200 metres on a straight track.


200 metres straight
In the 1960s, the straight 200 metres was a separate world record event for men until IAAF deleted this variation from its list of official records. The race was more common during the early to mid 20th century, when panhandle tracks, with 200 metre straightaways, were common. The United States Olympic Trials held the event on a straight until 1932.


200 metres straight
Interest in the event was revived around 2009. Several street events, primarily in Manchester, Brussels and Boston have constructed special tracks to hold the races, inviting elite sprinters.


200 metres straight, All-time top 25, Men, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 20.71:


200 metres straight, All-time top 25, Women, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 25.25:


200 mph
200 mph is an auto racing action film directed by Cole McKay and distributed by The Asylum. It was released direct-to-DVD April 26, 2011. It is a mockbuster of the 2011 Universal Pictures film Fast Five.


200 mph, Plot
When the older brother (Tommy Nash) he idolizes is run off the road by a ruthless drug dealer (Darren Thomas) during a nighttime street race known as Sepulveda Suicide, Rick Merchant (Jaz Martin) channels his grief into getting revenge behind the wheel. But to win, he'll need to modify his trusty 1988 Mazda RX-7/Nissan 240sx (Zenki/Kouki, chase scenes) -- with help from a mechanic Kelly (Hennely Jimenez) -- to get the maximum performance out of his machinery.


200 mph, Production
The title first appeared November 2010 on the official Asylum website as "200 MPH: Midnight Racers". More details on the film emerged when its official page on the website went live January 2010, around the same time principal photography began, revealing that the subtitle "Midnight Racers" had been dropped, and that the film will be directed by veteran stunts expert Cole McKay (Transformers: Dark of the Moon & Cloverfield) and written by Thunder Levin. Only Jaz Martin, Anna Maria DeMara, Darren Thomas, and Hennely Jimenez were announced for the cast. The film was slated for release on April 26, 2011.


200 mph, Production
During production, the Mazda RX-7 used as Rick Merchant's car was stolen. The RX-7 belonged to award-winning professional drifter Justin Pawlak. The vehicle was inside a 26-foot enclosed Aztex trailer, attached to Pawlak's Chevrolet 2500HD, altogether stolen in the middle of production.


200 mph, Release
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 26, 2011. It was also made available for Video On Demand on cable and other websites including iTunes, Amazon, Zune (Also on Zune via Xbox Live), and Blockbuster.


200 mph, Release
Some foreign releases had given different titles to the film. In Greece it is released as 300 hlm, while in France the title is instead Fast Drive.


200 mph, Release
The film was released a month later, May 26, 2011, on Netflix's instant streaming. In less than 24 hours, the film shot up within the top 5 of the Top 50 Most Popular streaming titles, peaking at the top 3 spot. The list is generated by unofficial Netflix companion website, Instant Watcher.Com.


200 mph, Reception
H. Perry Horton of Asylum films centric blog Committed gave the film a positive review, especially praising the performances of lead actors Jaz Martin and AnnaMaria DeMara. He also praises the film for having "a lot of heart for an action flick, more heart, in fact, than most of the F&F films, without sacrificing action."


200 mph, Reception
Noel Anderson of Goof Roof also gave the film a positive review, praising the performances of actors Hennely Jimenez and Paul Logan, and states that "if you like furious displays of vehicular fury and strippers then this movie is a win win for you."


200 mph, Reception
Christopher Armstead of Film Critics United describes the film as "tolerable" as far as films released by The Asylum. He cites bad acting from the cast, but singles out the performances of actors Darren Thomas, Paul Logan, and Tommy Nash as exceptions. Armstead states that the movie "wasn’t all that bad all things considered. The car racing scenes, minus the CGI cutaways, were far better than I expected them to be."


200 mph, Reception
Trevor Anderson of Movie Mavericks gave the film a mixed review. The negative aspects cited include unnecessary cursing and nudity, and the CGI. The review however, was mostly positive praising director Cole McKay for good acting from the actors and well-framed shots. The actors are especially praised including Zedrick Restauro and Jared Kahn, having added "a much needed spark to the group dynamic, particularly in the scene where they steal a car from an impound lot." The actor described as the one that "shines the brightest" is Tommy Nash, even though only being in the movie for the first fifteen minutes.


200 mph, Reception, Inaccuracy
One of the biggest complaints about this film, being that it is a film aimed at car enthusiasts, is the extremely poor continuity. At one point in the film a car changes make and model with no given explanation and is treated as if it is the same car, all the while being called the name of a third car (The car changes from FC Chassis Mazda RX-7 to a Nissan 240sx during fast scenes). The car is also referred to as a MX-5, which is a Mazda Miata trim.


200 mph, Reception, Inaccuracy
The film also makes many general references to an estimated car capabilities, just like the Nissan 370Z in the beginning of the movie and the Nissan GT-R that it races against. Most of the cars' estimates are not true to actual car potential. The general negative response to this film can be seen by the statistics, which shown that 58.3% of people on IMDb rated the film 1/10  and is often called the worst film ever.


200 new shekel banknote
The two hundred new shekel note (₪200) is the highest denomination banknote of the Israeli new shekel, It was first issued in Series A 1992 with the Series B in 1999 and Series C in 2015 the latest.


200 new shekel banknote, Circulation
The current ₪200 note in circulation are the Series C issued since 2015 with a blue color scheme and the Series B issued since 1999, it measures 71 x 138 mm with a red color scheme.


200 new shekel banknote, Circulation
The ₪200 Series A bank notes were issued from 1992 to 1999 and measured 76 x 138 mm with a red color scheme. The ₪200 Series A bank notes were withdrawn from circulation by 2005.


200 yen note
The 200 yen note (二百円紙幣) was a denomination of Japanese yen issued from 1927 to 1946. These issues were broken up into three different designs including one which has two different varieties. For whatever reason two-hundred yen banknotes were not issued when they were first authorized. The first issuance came as the result of a financial emergency that took place in 1927. Second series notes were also printed for the emergency, but were placed in storage until the end of World War II.


200 yen note
By the time these were released along with a third series of notes, things were changing in Japan's monetary system. Currency could no longer be converted into gold coins making the messages on the long unreleased second series notes obsolete. An end to the series ultimately came in 1946, when all 200 yen bills were demonetized. These notes are now collectables which trade on the marketplace for amounts dependent on condition and rarity.


200 yen note, History
Two hundred yen banknotes were first authorized by law on June 27, 1882 with Article 14 of the Bank of Japan. For one reason or another no notes were issued, and the U.S. Government Printing Office added a footnote as late as 1901 stating: "none have ever been issued". The first two hundred yen bills were eventually printed in response to the Shōwa financial crisis of 1927. The Bank of Japan needed bills to be exchanged with other banks, and decided to issue new 200 yen bills in a hurry to insure against bank runs.


200 yen note, History
With banks in the country all temporarily closed, the printing office took the opportunity to manufacture the new bills. The normal printing process could not be carried out as it took too long to print both sides of the note. To remedy this problem just one side received a simple design. These one sided bills were given the nickname "Urashiro" or "back white" notes.


200 yen note, History
Although the backs of the new notes were blank, the Bank of Japan vice president confidently stated that: "although it looks somewhat flimsy, it has the Bank of Japan watermark so there is no fear that it is counterfeit". Despite his sentiment some of the notes were rejected as possible fakes due to their rough printing on the side that had features. Although 106,000 yen's worth of the 200 yen bill were reported to be in circulation at the end of 1927, by 1929 these notes were described as "almost nonexistent".


200 yen note, History
Notes of the second series were announced by the Ministry of Finance in 1927, and were printed the same year in two different varieties. All of these notes are called "Uraaka" due to the red pattern featured on the reverse side, while the obverse side features Legendary Japanese hero-statesman Takenouchi no Sukune. A majority of the second series banknotes were held back in vaults until the end of World War II. The first variety has a black on green underprint on the obverse, the word "SPECIMEN" is written in red script on the reverse.


200 yen note, History
Second variety notes can be differentiated by a pale blue underprint on the obverse, these notes also feature a different color and shape of the central guilloche. There is no mention of the word "SPECIMEN" on the reverse which has a slightly different red back pattern. There is a message on the obverse side of both varieties that mentions the note as "Bond convertible". By the time the second series was finally issued on August 16, 1945 this message had become dated as the system of converting banknotes into gold coins had been suspended in 1942.


200 yen note, History
Series three notes feature Fujiwara no Kamatari on the obverse next to Danzan Shrine, the reverse designs are printed in blue ink which include another shrine view. These notes were originally part of an overall banknote redesign which took place in 1930, like the previous series these were also issued after World War II had ended. This last series saw light circulation due to the purchasing power the note had at the time. These last two series were short lived issues as they would both expire within a year as Japan's monetary system changed. On March 2, 1946 a new law was passed which demonetized all of Japan's old currency, stripping all 200 yen notes of their legal tender status.


200 yen note, Collecting
Notes printed in 1927 for the first series are very rare today as very few were issued. Specimen banknotes are among the few examples available for collectors to obtain, with prices ranging from $19,550 (USD) in "about uncirculated" condition, to $33,600 (USD) for a "gem" example. Two hundred yen notes of the second series have two different varieties, and first variety notes are considered to be extremely rare. The second variety had a print run of 7.5 million notes which were stocked in the vaults, making them more available to collectors. These notes have been sold at auction in the hundreds of dollars to the low thousands depending on condition. Series three notes are also more available to collectors selling in the hundreds of dollars.


200 yen note, In popular culture
The announcement of redesigned "Series F" banknotes for release in 2024 inspired a Japanese artist to create 200 yen bank notes using a kitten theme.


200 złotych note
The Polish 200 Złotych note is a denomination of Polish currency. It is also the only Polish bill to feature a hologram (only in first, non-modernized version). The bill's dimensions are 144 x 72 mm.


200 złotych note
The obverse of the note features a likeness of King Sigismund I the Old. The reverse depicts the white eagle wrapped in the letter S, inscribed in a hexagon, from the Sigismund's Chapel at the Wawel Castle.


200-foot game
A 200-foot game is an expression used in ice hockey to describe a forward's ability to have strong play at both ends of an ice rink, which is standardized at 200 feet long. Players who can play a 200-foot game are contrasted with players who score a lot of points by avoiding hard forechecking or backchecking, cherry picking their plays perhaps for breakaways, and avoiding fighting for the puck in the corners of the rink, such as Pavel Bure or Brett Hull.


200-foot game
Playing a 200-foot game means fighting for each part of the ice, fighting for control of the puck whether it's in one's possession or not, and engaging using your body in traffic. Classic examples of players who exemplify the 200-foot player include Bryan Trottier, Jari Kurri, Steve Yzerman, Patrice Bergeron, Doug Gilmour, Pavel Datsyuk, Mike Modano, Bobby Clarke, Sergei Fedorov, Joe Sakic, Bob Gainey, Frank Nighbor and Sidney Crosby.


200-foot game
Having players able to play a 200-foot game is widely considered a key to success in the modern game.


200.000 naglbítar
200.000 naglbítar is an Icelandic rock band. In 2003, their song "Láttu mig vera" was the most played Icelandic song on the radio station Rás 2.


200.000 naglbítar
In 1995 they participated in the music competition Músíktilraunir and ended up in third place. Vilhelm Anton, the singer of the band was chosen as the best singer of the competition.


200.000 naglbítar
In 1998 the band published their first album, Neóndýrin which Morgunblaðið reviewed as an promising start for the band.


200.000 naglbítar
In 2000 the album Vögguvísur fyrir skuggaprins was published which Morgunblaðið reviewed as an improvement over their past album and the band still had not reached their full potential.


200.000 naglbítar
In 2003 the album Hjartagull was published. At the 2003 Icelandic music awards it was nominated as the best pop album, and the song "láttu mig vera" was nominated as the best pop song.


200/S-class patrol boat
The 200/S class is a deep-sea patrol boat of the Italian Coast Guard, built by Rodriquez Cantieri Navali Group (Messina) (now Intermarine Group).


200/S-class patrol boat, Features
The 200/S class patrol boats are characterised by high speed and excellent seaworthiness. They have aluminium hulls and have been designed to comply with Italian Coast Guard requirements. Propulsion is provided by two lateral diesel engines, each driving a fixed-pitch propeller, and by one central diesel engine couplet with a “booster” waterjet. The boats are able to achieve a speed of 34 knots. 28 boats have been built.


2000
2000 (MM) was a  century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2000th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1000th and last year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 20th century, and the  1st   year of the 2000s decade.


2000
2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace and the World Mathematical Year.


2000
Popular culture holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium because of a tendency to group the years according to decimal values, as if year zero were counted. According to the Gregorian calendar, these distinctions fall to the year 2001, because the 1st century was retroactively said to start with the year AD 1. Since the Gregorian calendar does not have year zero, its first millennium spanned from years 1 to 1000 inclusively and its second millennium from years 1001 to 2000. (More further information, see century and millennium.)


2000
The year 2000 is sometimes abbreviated as "Y2K" (the "Y" stands for "year", and the "K" stands for "kilo" which means "thousand"). The year 2000 was the subject of Y2K concerns, which were fears that computers would not shift from 1999 to 2000 correctly. However, by the end of 1999, many companies had already converted to new, or upgraded, existing software. Some even obtained "Y2K certification". As a result of massive effort, relatively few problems occurred.


2000 (EP)
2000 is the third and last album and only EP by the Croatian hip hop group, Ugly Leaders. The album was released on 31 December 2000.


2000 (EP), Background
The Intro was recorded in November 1994 at Dom Sportova when they were the opening act to Public Enemy, Ice-T and 5ive-O.


2000 (EP), Background
Tko je u Kući? (RMX) lasts 3:45, then it's followed by silence until 10:54 then its starts playing an apocalyptic outro.


2000 (album)
2000 is the second solo studio album by American rapper Grand Puba. It was released on June 20, 1995, through Elektra Records. Recording sessions took place at Soundtrack Studios, Platinum Island Studios, Battery Studios, V. Dubbs Studios, Acme Recording Studios, Fiber Studios, and Chung King Studios in New York. Production was handled by Mark Sparks, Minnesota, DJ Alamo, Chris Liggio and Dante Ross. The album peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200 and at number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States.


2000 (album)
The album spawned two singles: "I Like It (I Wanna Be Where You Are)" and "A Little of This". Its lead single, "I Like It (I Wanna Be Where You Are)", reached #91 on the Billboard Hot 100, #68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #21 on the Hot Rap Songs, and was featured in the soundtrack for the video game Tony Hawk's Underground 2. The album's second single, "A Little of This" featuring backing vocals from Kid, made it to #90 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and also #21 on the Hot Rap Songs.


2000 (b-boy move)
The 2000 is a B-boying move which resembles a rapidly spinning handstand. It is a type of spin in practice, but many consider it a power move because it is so flashy and is often begun with significant momentum like other power moves. As one might guess from the name, the 2000 developed soon after the 1990, and it is the most recognized variant of its predecessor. The difference between the two is that in the 2000, the non-spinning hand is lifted and placed directly on top of the spinning hand rather than pulled away from the ground (as in the 1990). The rotations appear more symmetrical than 1990s.


2000 (b-boy move)
It is relatively easier in terms of strength than the 1990 because two hands are stronger than one, but it is equally difficult to maintain balance because the body should spin along a perfectly vertical axis. The fastest spins are achieved by beginning with the legs in a wide-open initial position and snapping them closed once the spin begins. This causes a dramatic reduction in rotational inertia, causing rapid angular acceleration (due to the conservation of angular momentum).


2000 (dinghy)
The 2000 (formerly the Laser 2000) is a performance sailing dinghy designed by Phil Morrison and currently sold by RS Sailing. It combines a traditional GRP hull and foam sandwich deck moulding with a modern asymmetric rig including a furling jib, reefing mainsail and single line gennaker hoist system.


2000 (dinghy)
A high boom provides plenty of headroom whilst the self-draining cockpit keeps the crew dry and drains quickly should the boat capsize.


2000 (dinghy)
The 2000 has established an enviable record as a resilient and versatile design; docile and forgiving for novices yet an exhilarating sail for more advanced sailors.


2000 (dinghy)
Since its introduction in 1998 more than 2,200 boats have been built.


2000 (dinghy), History
The 2000 was commissioned by Performance Sailcraft and designed by Phil Morrison in 1997 and launched in 1998.


2000 (dinghy), Construction
The hull is built from glass-reinforced plastic foam sandwich and the spars from aluminium. The hull has been made in a range of colours but so far the deck moulding and hull below waterline have always been Vela Grey. The most common topsides are Purple, Navy Blue and Race Blue, but examples of Yellow, Charcoal Grey and Vela Grey (generally known as 'White') boats can also be found.


2000 (dinghy), Features
The 2000 hosts a number of convenience and family-oriented features:


2000 (dinghy), Identification
On pre-2013 boats, a red Laser 2000 logo is printed on the jib.


2000 (dinghy), Identification
Sail numbers are situated on the main and numbering started at 2000. Issued numbers range 2000-2999 and 21000 onwards.


2000 (number)
2000 (two thousand) is a natural number following 1999 and preceding 2001.


2000 (number)
Two thousand is the highest number expressible using only two unmodified characters in Roman numerals (MM).


2000 (song)
"2000" is a song by Kent, a famous Swedish alternative rock band. It is the theme song for the Swedish TV-series Hemlös (Swedish for "Homeless"), and all proceeds were donated to the Foundation for the Homeless of Stockholm, Stockholms hemlösa. The song topped the Swedish Singles Chart for 1 week on the week ending 13 November 2009.


2000 1. deild
In 2000, 1. deild was the top tier league in Faroe Islands football (since 2005, the top tier has been the Faroe Islands Premier League, with 1. deild becoming the second tier).


2000 1. deild
This article details the statistics of Faroe Islands Premier League Football in the 2000 season.


2000 1. deild, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and VB Vágur won the championship.


2000 1. deild, Results
The schedule consisted of a total of 18 games. Each team played two games against every opponent in no particular order. One of the games was at home and one was away.


2000 1. deild karla
The 2000 season of 1. deild karla was the 46th season of second-tier football in Iceland.


2000 1000 Guineas
The 2000 1000 Guineas Stakes was a horse race held at Newmarket Racecourse on Sunday 7 May 2000. It was the 187th running of the 1000 Guineas.


2000 1000 Guineas
The winner was Hamdan Al Maktoum's Lahan, a British-bred bay filly trained at Manton in Wiltshire by John Gosden and ridden by Richard Hills. Lahan's victory was the first in the race for her trainer. Hamdan Al Maktoum had won the race before with Salsabil (1990), Shadayid (1991) and Harayir (1996), the last of which had given Richard Hills his only previous winner in the race. It was also the first classic success for Lahan's sire Unfuwain who was also the damsire of the runner-up and the sire of the third-placed filly.


2000 1000 Guineas, The contenders
The race attracted a field of eighteen runners, seventeen trained in the United Kingdom and one in Ireland: there were no challengers from continental Europe. The favourite was the unbeaten Michael Stoute-trained Petrushka who had won the Nell Gwyn Stakes on her most recent appearance. The Irish challenger was Amethyst, trained by Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle who had won the Leopardstown 1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes three weeks earlier. The Godolphin Racing stable entered Bintalreef, a filly who had won her only race as a two-year-old before wintering in Dubai.


2000 1000 Guineas, The contenders
The other fancied runners included Seazun, winner of the Cheveley Park Stakes and the Henry Cecil-trained High Walden, the winner of a maiden race at Leicester Racecourse. Major winners who were less well-supported included the Rockfel Stakes winner Lahan, the Cherry Hinton Stakes winner Torgau (voted Cartier Champion Two-year-old Filly of 1999), the Oh So Sharp Stakes winner Agrippina and the Sweet Solera Stakes winner Princess Ellen. Petrushka headed the betting at odds of 6/4 ahead of Bintalreef (5/2) and High Walden (9/1) with Amethyst and Seazun on 10/1.


2000 1000 Guineas, The race
At the start of the race, the fillies looked likely to split into two groups on the wide Newmarket straight, but soon converged to race up the stands side (the left side from the jockeys' viewpoint). The 50/1 outsider Velvet Lady set the pace from the 200/1 shot Claranet with Torgau, Amethyst, Bintalreef, Issey Rose and Princess Ellen close behind. The field bunched a quarter of a mile from the finish, with Petrushka, Lahan, Princess Ellen, Halland Park Girl, Aunty Rose and Bintalreef being affected by the resulting congestion, while Seazun made progress on the outside.


2000 1000 Guineas, The race
Having obtained a clear run, Lahan accelerated through the centre of the field and took the lead approaching the final furlong. Princess Ellen stayed on along the rail to emerge as the only serious challenger, but Lahan won by one and a quarter lengths. Petrushka was three lengths back in third ahead of Seaun and High Walden, Velvet Lady, Torgau and Amethyst. The second favourite Bintalreef finished last of the eighteen runners, having pulled a muscle exiting the starting stalls and never raced again.


2000 1000 km of Nürburgring
The 2000 Bitburger / AvD 1000 km of Nürburgring was the fourth round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at the Nürburgring, Germany, on July 9, 2000.


2000 1000 km of Nürburgring
This was the second European round of the American Le Mans Series season. It, along with the Silverstone 500, served as a precursor to the creation of the European Le Mans Series. It gauged the willingness of European teams from the FIA Sportscar Championship and FIA GT Championship to participate in a series identical to the American Le Mans Series.


2000 1000 km of Nürburgring
This was the first planned 1000 km event at the Nürburgring since 1988, although the World Sportscar Championship had run shorter events until 1991.


2000 12 Hours of Sebring
The 2000 Exxon Superflo 12 Hours of Sebring was the 48th running of the 12 Hours of Sebring as well as the opening round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Sebring International Raceway, Florida, on March 18, 2000. This was the first time ever the 12 Hours was covered flag-to-flag on television with Speedvision doing the honors.


2000 2. deild karla
The 2000 season of 2. deild karla was the 35th season of third-tier football in Iceland.


2000 2. divisjon
The 2000 2. divisjon was the third highest football (soccer) league for men in Norway.


2000 2. divisjon
22 games were played in 8 groups, with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Ørn-Horten, Mandalskameratene, Hødd and Aalesund were promoted to the First Division through playoffs against the other 4 group winners.


2000 2. divisjon
Because of the league being streamlined for the next season, more teams than usual—number nine, ten, eleven and twelve—were relegated to the 3. divisjon. The winning teams from each of the 24 groups in the 3. divisjon faced some teams placed seven and eight (except for the three worst eight-place teams) in the 2. divisjon in three-way playoff matches, resulting in 10 playoff winners which stayed or were promoted to the 2. divisjon.


2000 24 Hours of Daytona
The 2000 Rolex 24 at Daytona was a Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series 24-hour endurance sports car race held on February 5–6, 2000 at the Daytona International Speedway road course. The event was the first round of the inaugural Rolex Sports Car Series season. Victory overall and in the GTO class went to the No. 91 Viper Team Oreca Dodge Viper GTS-R piloted by Olivier Beretta, Karl Wendlinger, and Dominique Dupuy. Victory in the SR class went to the No. 20 Dyson Racing Riley & Scott Mk III piloted by James Weaver, Rob Dyson, Max Papis, and Elliott Forbes-Robinson.


2000 24 Hours of Daytona
Victory in the GTU category went to the No. 56 Haberthur Racing Porsche 996 GT3-R piloted by Luca Drudi, Gabrio Rosa, Fabio Rosa, and Fabio Babini. Finally, the AGT class was won by the No. 84 Comer Racing, Inc. Chevrolet Camaro piloted by John Finger, Doug Mills, Richard Maugeri, Andy McNeil, and Ronald Zitza.


2000 24 Hours of Le Mans
The 2000 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 68th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 17 and 18 June 2000.


2000 24 Hours of Le Mans, Pre-race
After the 1999 race, most of the manufacturers in the top classes went in different directions. BMW and Toyota went into Formula One, while Mercedes-Benz left sportscar racing after the CLR accidents, returning to the DTM. Nissan also left due to financial difficulties. Other than the French privateers Pescarolo, Oreca and DAMS, only Audi and Panoz remained from the previous year, while newcomer Cadillac joined.


2000 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race notes
The 1-2-3 finish of the Audi LMP900s marked the beginning of two dynasties, Audi's and Tom Kristensen's in the top-finishing Audi.


2000 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race notes
The Oreca team's GTS class winning, seventh place, 333 lap finish with the Chrysler Viper was the best ever with that car. It faced serious competition within its class from Corvette Racing's new C5.R., which would within the next two years top the Viper's distance record and establish itself as the car to beat among the GT classes.


2000 24 Hours of Le Mans, Official results
† - #83 Dick Barbour Racing was disqualified for an illegally sized fuel tank in post-race inspection.


2000 3. divisjon
The 2000 season of the 3. divisjon, the fourth highest association football league for men in Norway.


2000 3. divisjon
Between 20 and 22 games (depending on group size) were played in 19 groups, with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Unusually few teams were relegated, as the league was expanded to 24 groups in 2001; several extra groups in Eastern Norway and one extra in the Southwest. All group winners had the chance to be promoted to the 2. divisjon through playoff, but as the playoff contained teams from the 2. divisjon as well, those teams usually prevailed. Only four teams—Nybergsund, Nest-Sotra, Stjørdals-Blink and Hammerfest— won promotion.


2000 4 Nations Cup
The 2000 4 Nations Cup was the fifth playing of the annual women's ice hockey tournament. It was held in Provo, Utah, from November 7–11, 2000. As Sweden joined the tournament, it became the 4 Nations Cup.


2000 A Lyga
The Lithuanian A Lyga 2000 was the 11th season of top-tier football in Lithuania. The season started on 25 March 2000 and ended on 4 November 2000. 10 teams participated with FBK Kaunas winning the championship.


2000 A.D. (chess variant)
2000 A.D. is a chess variant created by V. R. Parton which employs fairy chess pieces on a 10×10 board. Parton published the variant in his 1972 monograph My Game for 2000 A.D. and After.


2000 A.D. (chess variant), Description
Parton describes his invention as "the game for Future Players in the Next Millennium", feeling that to be sufficiently challenging for later generations a variant should possess a larger board and increased possibilities. The distinction between moving and capturing methods of most of the pieces is a feature characteristic of the game.


2000 A.D. (chess variant), Description
The Gorgon, Ximaera (Chimaera), and Fury are all terrifying female monsters from Greek mythology. The Dragon is also referred to by Parton as female (Parton 1974:19). The Attendant stands next to the Empress at the beginning of the game and moves as a chess king, but is stripped of all normal royal powers.


2000 A.D. (chess variant), Game rules
White moves first. Capturing the enemy Empress wins the game. There is no castling or checking in 2000 A.D.


2000 A.D. (chess variant), Game rules, Pieces that move and capture the same way
The following pieces capture the same as they move :


2000 A.D. (chess variant), Game rules, Pieces that move as a queen but have other power
The following pieces move as a chess queen, but capture (or exercise other power) in their own special ways:


2000 A.D. (chess variant), Game rules, Alternate piece
The following is an alternate piece; if used, Furies replace Gorgons in the starting position:


2000 AAA Championships
The 2000 AAA Championships was an outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA), held from 11–13 July at Alexander Stadium in Birmingham, England. It was considered the de facto national championships for the United Kingdom.


2000 AAA Championships
The competition acted as the trials event for selection for Great Britain at the 2000 Summer Olympics.


2000 AAPT Championships
The 2000 Next Generation Adelaide International was a men's ATP tennis tournament held in Adelaide, Australia and played on outdoor hardcourts. It was the 23rd edition of the tournament and was held from 3 through 9 January 2000. Lleyton Hewitt won his first title of the year and the 3rd of his career.


2000 AAPT Championships, Finals, Doubles
Todd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Lleyton Hewitt /  Sandon Stolle 6–4, 6–2


2000 AAPT Championships – Singles
Lleyton Hewitt defeated Thomas Enqvist 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 to secure the title.


2000 ABC Champions Cup
The ABC Champions Cup 2000 was the 11th staging of the ABC Champions Cup, the basketball club tournament of Asian Basketball Confederation. The tournament was held in Beirut, Lebanon between May 14 to 21, 2000. The reigning champions Sagesse from the hosts were the first team to successfully defended their title in this annual tournament.


2000 ABC Under-18 Championship
The ABC Under-18 Championship 2000 is the 16th edition of the ABC's junior championship for basketball. The games were held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from July 18–27, 2000.


2000 ABC Under-18 Championship for Women
The ABC Under-18 Championship for Women 2000 is the 15th edition of the ABC's junior championship for basketball. The games were held at New Delhi, India from December 16–22, 2000.


2000 ABC Under-20 Championship
The ABC Under-20 Championship 2000 is the 3rd edition of the International Basketball Federation FIBA Asia's championship for young men basketball. The games were held at Doha from August 22–30, 2000.


2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament
The 2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 28th edition of the event known that year as the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, and was part of the ATP International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rotterdam Ahoy indoor sporting arena in Rotterdam, Netherlands, from 14 February through 20 February 2000.


2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament
The singles draw was led by ATP No. 2, Australian Open runner-up, Moscow titlist and Rotterdam defending champion Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Australian Open quarterfinalist, and recent Dubai winner Nicolas Kiefer, and Australian Open semifinalist, Auckland titlist Magnus Norman. Also present were Lyon and Indianapolis champion Nicolás Lapentti, Rotterdam defending finalist Tim Henman, Thomas Enqvist, Greg Rusedski and Cédric Pioline. Pioline won the singles title.


2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, Finals, Doubles
David Adams /  John-Laffnie de Jager defeated  Tim Henman /  Yevgeny Kafelnikov 5–7, 6–2, 6–3


2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament – Doubles
David Adams and John-Laffnie de Jager were the defending champions, and won in the final 5–7, 6–2, 6–3, against Tim Henman and Yevgeny Kafelnikov.


2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament – Singles
Yevgeny Kafelnikov was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Tim Henman.


2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament – Singles
Cédric Pioline won in the final 6–7(3–7), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), against Tim Henman.


2000 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 2000 Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 9–12 in Charlotte, North Carolina, at the second Charlotte Coliseum. Duke won the tournament for the second year in a row, defeating Maryland in the championship game. Jason Williams of Duke was the tournament MVP.


2000 ACC Trophy
The 2000 ACC Trophy was a cricket tournament held from 15–24 November 2000 in the United Arab Emirates. It gave Associate and Affiliate members of the Asian Cricket Council experience of international one-day cricket and also helped form an essential part of regional rankings.


2000 ACC Trophy
The tournament was won by the host nation, who defeated Hong Kong in the final by three wickets. This was the United Arab Emirates' first title.


2000 ACC Trophy, Group stages
The eight teams were divided into two groups of four, with the top two from each group qualifying for the semi-finals.


2000 AD (comics)
2000 AD is a weekly British science fiction-oriented comic magazine. As a comics anthology it serialises stories in each issue (known as "progs") and was first published by IPC Magazines in 1977, the first issue dated 26 February. Since 2000 it has been published by Rebellion Developments.


2000 AD (comics)
2000 AD is most noted for its Judge Dredd stories, and has been contributed to by a number of artists and writers who became renowned in the field internationally, such as Alan Moore, Dave Gibbons, Grant Morrison, Brian Bolland, Mike McMahon, John Wagner, Alan Grant and Garth Ennis. Other series in 2000 AD include Rogue Trooper, Sláine, Strontium Dog, ABC Warriors, Nemesis the Warlock and Nikolai Dante.


2000 AD (comics), History
2000 AD was initially published by IPC Magazines. IPC then shifted the title to its Fleetway comics subsidiary, which was sold to Robert Maxwell in 1987 and then to Egmont UK in 1991. Fleetway continued to produce the title until 2000, when it was bought by Rebellion Developments.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication
In December 1975, Kelvin Gosnell, a sub-editor at IPC Magazines, read an article in the London Evening Standard about a wave of forthcoming science fiction films, and suggested that the company might get on the bandwagon by launching a science fiction comic. IPC publisher John Sanders asked Pat Mills, a freelance writer and editor who had created Battle Picture Weekly and Action, to develop it. Mills brought fellow freelancer John Wagner on board as script adviser and the pair began to develop characters. The then-futuristic name 2000 AD was chosen by John Sanders, as no-one involved expected the comic to last that long. The original logo and overall look of the comic were designed by art assistant Doug Church.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication
Mills' experiences with Battle and Action in particular had taught him that readers responded to his anti-authoritarian attitudes. Wagner, who had written a Dirty Harry-inspired tough cop called One-Eyed Jack for Valiant, saw that readers also responded to authority figures, and developed a character that took the concept to its logical extreme, imagining an ultra-violent lawman patrolling a future New York with the power to arrest, sentence, and if required execute criminals on the spot.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication
This would allow the new comic to be as violent as Action had been – a comic which had generated much controversy – but without attracting criticism, because the violence would be committed by an officer of the law. As Sanders put it, "The formula was simple: violence on the side of justice ... Dredd could be as violent as hell, and no one could say a thing."


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication
Meanwhile, Mills had developed a horror strip, inspired by the novels of Dennis Wheatley, about a hanging judge, called Judge Dread (after the reggae and ska artist of the same name). The idea was abandoned as unsuitable for the new comic, but the name, with a little modification, was adopted by Wagner for his ultimate lawman.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication
The task of visualising the newly named Judge Dredd was given to Carlos Ezquerra, a Spanish artist who had previously worked with Mills on Battle, on a strip called Major Eazy. Wagner gave Ezquerra an advertisement for the film Death Race 2000, showing the character Frankenstein clad in black leather, as a suggestion for what the character should look like. Ezquerra elaborated on this greatly, adding body-armour, zips and chains, which Wagner originally thought over the top. Wagner's initial script was rewritten by Mills and drawn up by Ezquerra, but when the art came back a rethink was necessary. The hardware and cityscapes Ezquerra had drawn were far more futuristic than the near-future setting originally intended, and Mills decided to run with it and set the strip further into the future. By this stage, however, Wagner and Ezquerra had both quit.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication
Mills was reluctant to lose Judge Dredd, and farmed the strip out to a variety of freelance writers, hoping to develop it further. Their scripts were given to a variety of artists as Mills tried to find a strip which would make a good introduction to the character, all of which meant that Dredd would not be ready for the first issue. The story chosen was one written by freelancer Peter Harris, extensively rewritten by Mills and including an idea suggested by Kelvin Gosnell, and drawn by newcomer Mike McMahon. The strip debuted in prog 2, dated 5 March 1977.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication
IPC owned the rights to Dan Dare, and Mills decided to revive the character to add immediate public recognition for the title. Paul DeSavery, who owned Dare's film rights, offered to buy the new comic and give Mills and Wagner more creative control and a greater financial stake. The deal fell through, however.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, The opening line-up
Dan Dare was extensively revamped to make it more futuristic. In the new stories he had been put into suspended animation and revived in the year 2177. Several artists were tried out before Mills settled on Italian artist Massimo Belardinelli, whose imaginative, hallucinatory work was fantastic at visualising aliens, although perhaps less satisfying on the hero himself. The scripts were endlessly rewritten in an attempt to make the series work, but few Dan Dare fans remember this version of the character fondly. Belardinelli and Gibbons later switched strips, with Gibbons drawing Dan Dare and Belardinelli drawing the Harlem Heroes sequel Inferno. When Gibbons took over Dan Dare in prog 28 the strip was refashioned as a "Star Trek" style space opera.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, The opening line-up
Mills had also created Harlem Heroes, about the future sport of aeroball, a futuristic, violent version of basketball with jet-packs. Similar future sport series had been a fixture of Action, and the similarly-themed film Rollerball had been released the previous year. Wanting to give the new comic a distinctive look, Mills wanted to use European artists, but the work turned in on Harlem Heroes by Trigo was disappointing. Veteran British artists Ron Turner and Barrie Mitchell were tried out, but the newcomer Dave Gibbons won the editor over with his dynamic, American-influenced drawings and got the job. Mills wrote the first five episodes before handing the strip to Roy of the Rovers writer Tom Tully.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, The opening line-up
The other opening strips were M.A.C.H. 1, a super-powered secret agent inspired by The Six Million Dollar Man; Invasion!, about a "Volgan" (thinly disguised and originally billed as Soviet, but changed before printing to a "neutral" antagonist) invasion of the United Kingdom opposed by tough London lorry driver turned guerrilla fighter Bill Savage; and Flesh, a strip about time-travelling cowboys farming dinosaurs for their meat.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, The opening line-up
After 16 issues, Mills quit as editor and handed the reins to Kelvin Gosnell, whose idea the comic had been in the first place. Gosnell also appeared as the fall guy in the Tharg the Mighty comedy photostrips that were a feature of the comic in its early years.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
Wagner returned to write Judge Dredd, starting in prog 9. His "Robot Wars" storyline was drawn by a rotating team of artists, including McMahon, Ezquerra, Turner and Ian Gibson, and marked the point where Dredd became the most popular character in the comic, a position he has rarely relinquished. Dredd's city, which now covered most of the east coast of North America, became known as Mega-City One.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
Dredd had also been unmasked in issue 8 in a story drawn by Massimo Belardinelli, but the decision was made to make out that Dredd's face had been scarred and the panel had a 'censored' banner slapped on it. After this, there were no further attempts to show Dredd's face again.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
A new story format was introduced in prog 25 – Tharg's Future Shocks, one-off twist-in-the-tail stories devised by writer Steve Moore. 2000 AD still uses this format as filler and to try out new talent.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
Wagner introduced a new character, Robo-Hunter, in 1978. The hero, Sam Slade, was a private detective-type character specialising in robot-related cases. José Ferrer was the original artist, but the editorial team were not happy with his work and quickly replaced him with Ian Gibson, who redrew parts of Ferrer's episodes before taking over himself. Gibson's imaginative, cartoony art helped drive the series' style from hard-boiled detective to surreal comedy. As the series continued Sam was joined by an idiot kit-built robot assistant, Hoagy, and after a crack-down on smoking in IPC comics, a Cuban robot cigar, Stogie, designed to help him cut down on nicotine.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
Other ongoing strips included The Visible Man, detailing the misfortunes of Frank Hart, a man whose skin had been made transparent due to exposure to nuclear waste, and Shako, (which followed the same formula as Hook Jaw from Action but with less success) the story of a polar bear pursued by the Army because it had swallowed a secret capsule.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
M.A.C.H. 1 was killed off in 1978 but a spin-off, M.A.C.H. Zero, continued into the 1980s. Flesh had a sequel in 1978, set on the prehistoric oceans, and Bill Savage appeared again in a prequel, Disaster 1990, in which a nuclear explosion at the north pole had melted the polar ice-cap and flooded Britain.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
In 1977 2000 AD launched the annual 48-page Summer Special, including a full-length M.A.C.H. Zero story drawn by O'Neill. The yearly hardcover annual also started in 1977 (cover dated 1978) and would continue till 1990 (dated 1991).


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
Pat Mills took over writing Dredd for a six-month "epic" called "The Cursed Earth", inspired by Roger Zelazny's Damnation Alley, which took the future lawman out of the city on a humanitarian trek across the radioactive wasteland between the Mega-Cities. McMahon drew the bulk of the stories, with occasional episodes drawn by Brian Bolland. The story saw Dredd moved to the colour centre pages for the first time while Dan Dare was given the front page.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
IPC had launched a second science fiction comic, Starlord. As Gosnell was editor of Starlord and 2000 AD at the same time, 2000 AD sub-editor Nick Landau largely edited the latter comic himself during this time. Starlord was cancelled after only 22 issues and merged into 2000 AD from prog 86, dated 14 October 1978. Two Starlord strips strengthened 2000 AD's line-up: Strontium Dog, a mutant bounty hunter created by Wagner and Ezquerra, and Ro-Busters, a robot disaster squad created by Mills. Ro-Busters gave O'Neill the chance to spread his artistic wings and led to the popular spin-off ABC Warriors.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
Strontium Dog and ABC Warriors continued to feature in 2000 AD for the next 40 years. (A third Starlord series, Timequake, only lasted for four episodes and was not renewed.) Dan Dare was suspended while "The Cursed Earth" was finished in time for the merger. Wagner returned to Dredd following the merger to write "The Day the Law Died", another six-month epic in which Mega-City One was taken over by the insane Chief Judge Cal, based on the Roman emperor Caligula.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
Another cancelled title, Tornado, was merged with 2000 AD a few months later from prog 127, contributing three stories to 2000 AD: Blackhawk, an historical adventure series about a Nubian slave in the Roman Empire which took a science-fictional turn in 2000 AD with him becoming a gladiator in an alien world; The Mind of Wolfie Smith, a coming of age/psychic story of a runaway teenager, and Captain Klep, a single-page superhero parody. These stories, unlike Starlord's, did not continue for very long. The last issue titled 2000 AD and Tornado was prog 177, dated 13 September 1980.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
Steve MacManus took over from Gosnell as editor in 1978.


2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years
2000 AD featured an adaptation of Harry Harrison's novel The Stainless Steel Rat, written by Gosnell and drawn by Ezquerra, beginning in November 1979. Adaptations of two of Harrison's sequels, The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World and The Stainless Steel Rat for President, would follow later. The appearance of the main character, galactic thief "Slippery" Jim DiGriz, was based on James Coburn, evidently a favourite of Ezquerra's; Coburn was also the inspiration for Major Eazy, which Ezquerra drew in Battle, as well as Cursed Earth Koburn, a Dredd-universe reworking of the Major Eazy character, who first appeared in 2003. Gerry Finley-Day contributed The V.C.s, a future war story inspired by the Vietnam War, drawn by McMahon, Cam Kennedy, Garry Leach and John Richardson.