1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 1st session (28 August)
Ho Kuh-bong, a delegate from Hamgyong-Pukto, proposed making Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the honorary chairman of the congress, as a thanks for the Soviet Union's contribution to liberating Korea from Japan and for future help in supporting the construction of Korea. Delegates from the Democratic Youth League of North Korea, the North Korean General Federation of Labour Unions, the North Korean Federation of the Peasants Associations and the Korean Democratic Party gave congratulatory remarks to the party. After these speeches, the 1st session was adjourned.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)
The 2nd session was presided over by Kim Tu-bong, the former leader of the New People's Party (which consisted of Korean communists from China), and the session "lasted from nine in the morning to seven in the evening." The meeting commenced with a statistical report from Pak Il-u, a member of the Yanan faction, about the composition of the delegates. Kim Il-sung and Kim Tu-bong addressed the congress with the main speeches of the day.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)
Kim Il-sung condemned the nationalist leaders in South Korea, criticizing by name Kim Gu and Syngman Rhee, and the general standard of living in the southern half under American occupation. He then outlined the reason for the establishment of the WPNK, claiming the democratic strength of the working class as its purpose.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)
His speech also condemned the former members of the Communist Party of North Korea who opposed the merger of the party with the New People's Party (to establish the  WPNK), declaring that those communists who opposed the merger "were a small group of arrogant leftists who thought they were the only true Communists in Korea." He further added that the merger would only strengthen the progressive forces in the country, while in tandem making sure that the WPNK leadership would ensure ideological unity within the party.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)
Kim Tu-bong's speech was similar to Kim Il-sung's; he criticized those members of the New People's Party who opposed the merger with the Communist Party of North Korea (claiming that these members had committed the error of right opportunism). He concluded his speech by outlining a five-point agenda to strengthen the newly established party.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)
The merger had, as outlined by both Kim Il-sung and Kim Tu-bong, angered several members within both parties. However, Colonel Alexander Ignatiev of the Soviet Civil Authority, who was the mastermind behind the merger, attended the congress to ensure its success. Of the 801 delegates, 15 discussed the two speeches; the discussions were concluded with a remark from Kim Il-sung who approved of the merger. After a brief discussion, a resolution was passed which approved of the merger, named the new party the "Workers' Party of North Korea" (which was designated as the party of the working masses) and a thirteen article platform suggested by Choe Chang-ik. The congress was then adjourned for the day.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 3rd session (30 August)
The 3rd, and last, session was presided over by Chu Yong-ha, a member of the domestic faction. Kim Yong-bom, a member of the domestic faction, was in charge of drafting the party's by-laws; the party's proposed by-laws were approved after a "brief discussion". Then Tae Song-su, a member of the Soviet-Korean faction, proposed the merger of Chongno (Correct Path) and Chonjin (Forward), the newspapers of the Communist Party of North Korea and the New People's Party respectively, and the creation of Rodong Sinmun (Workers' Daily), as the WPNK's main newspaper. The proposal was approved by the congress.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 3rd session (30 August)
The last speech was given by Choe Chang-ik from the Workers' Party of South Korea (WPSK). He talked about the situation for the South Korean communist movement, the establishment of the WPSK, and the WPSK's decision to expel six dissident elements who had opposed the Communist Party of South Korea's merger with other progressive forces. The merger and the expulsion of the six members were approved by the congress.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 3rd session (30 August)
Last on the agenda was the election of the 1st Central Committee (CC) and the 1st Inspection Commission (IC). A prepared list for nominees for the CC and IC was approved beforehand by the party leadership, and approved by the congress delegates. The 43 nominees to the CC and the 11 nominees to the IC were approved unanimously "after each nominee was introduced."


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 3rd session (30 August)
Of the members elected to the 1st Central Committee, 13 belonged to the domestic faction, 12 to the Yanan faction, 6 to the Soviet-Korean faction, 4 belonging to Kim Il-sung's partisan faction, and the affiliation of the remaining 8 members was unknown. The congress, after issuing an open letter to the people of Korea, then adjourned.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, The merger
The merger of the Communist Party of North Korea and the New People's Party was met with lukewarm response within the two parties. What became evident to all observers was that few if any Korean communists wanted to create a mass party (as the Soviets insisted), and the leadership of Kim Il-sung was not accepted by the majority in the communist movement at the time. Kim Il-sung had been appointed to leadership by the Soviets, rather than being promoted by his associates.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, The merger
Leading figures from the New People's Party, such as Kim Tu-bong, Mu Chong and Choe Chang-ik, were far more popular with the Korean people then Kim Il-sung; Kim retained his position because the Soviets made it clear that opposition to Kim meant opposition to the Soviet Civil Authority (the Soviet administration in North Korea). Presumably, for this reason alone leading officials at the 1st Congress began adoring Kim Il-sung with compliments; Pak Pyong-so remarked that the Koreans needed a leader and accused everyone opposing Kim Il-sung of being a reactionary.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, The merger
Pak Chong-ae, a delegate from Pyongnam, claimed that Pak Pyong-so's comments were unnecessary since Kim Il-sung "was already recognized as the leader of the entire Korean people." It was because of the Soviets that Kim Il-sung was able to preside over the congress, delivering the political report and presenting the nominees to the Central Committee and the Inspection Commission. His rivals acquiesced to Kim Il-sung's domineering because of the Soviets; the leaders of the rival factions, the Soviet-Korean, domestic and Yanan factions played a small role in the congress' affairs.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, Election
The 1st Plenary Session of the 1st Central Committee convened after the 1st Congress on 31 August. It elected the 1st Political Committee (composed of five members), the party's chairman (who concurrently has to serve as a member of the Political Committee) and two deputy chairmen. Why the members of the Central Committee did not elect Kim Il-sung chairman is unknown; either Kim Il-sung gave the position to Kim Tu-bong as an honorary position, or the Central Committee members who voted in a secret ballot chose their most preferred candidate.


1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, Election
Whatever the case, Kim Tu-bong's ascension to the top party position did not reflect his real power, and Kim Il-sung was the de facto leader under Kim Tu-bong's chairmanship. Kim Il-sung and Chu Yong-ha were elected the party's deputy chairmen, while Ho Ka-i, a Soviet Korean, and Choe Chang-ik, from the Yanan faction, together with the other three were elected to the 1st Political Committee.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment was organized at West Meriden, Connecticut, on November 2, 1861, initially as the 1st Battalion Connecticut Cavalry under the command of Major Judson M. Lyon.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Railroad District, Mountain Department, to April 1862. Schenck's Brigade, Mountain Department, to June 1862. Cavalry Brigade, I Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Cavalry Brigade, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. Defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to July 1863. Maryland Heights Division, Department of West Virginia, to October 1863. Cavalry Brigade, 1st Division, Department of Western Virginia to January 1864. Cavalry Reserve, VIII Corps, defenses of Baltimore to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to June 1865. Cavalry Division, XXII Corps Department of Washington to August 1865.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st Connecticut Cavalry mustered out of service on August 2, 1865.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to Wheeling, Virginia, February 20–24, 1862, and duty there until March 27. Operations against guerrillas in Hardy County, Virginia, until May 1862. Action at Moorefield, Virginia, April 3. March to relief of Milroy May 2–7. McDowell May 8. Franklin May 10–12. Strasburg May 24. Wosdensville May 28. Raid to Shaver River May 30. Strasburg June 1. New Market June 5. Harrisonburg June 7. Cross Keys June 8. Port Republic June 9. Movement down the valley to Madison Court House June 10-July 28. Scout from Strasburg June 22–30 (Company B). Scouting in vicinity of Madison Court House until August.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Pope's campaign in northern Virginia Aug. 16-Sept. 2. Provost duty during the Bull Run battles Aug. 27-30. Duty at Tennallytown, Fairfax Court House, Kalorama Heights, and Hall's Farm until December. March to Fredericksburg, Virginia, and duty at Stafford Court House until January 1863. Kelly's Ford December 20–22, 1862. Moved to Baltimore, Maryland, and duty there, organizing as a regiment until March 1864 (Companies A, B, C, D, and E). Moved to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, July 5, 1863, and duty in that vicinity until January 1864. Skirmish at Waterford Aug. 8, 1863 (detachment). Berryville October 18.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Expedition from Charlestown to New Market November 15–18. Operations in Hampshire and Hardy Counties, West Virginia, January 27-February 7, 1864. Moorefield, February 4, 1864 (detachment). Regimental organization completed at Baltimore January 1864, and duty there until March. Moved to Annapolis Junction March 8, then to Brandy Station, Virginia, March 15. Joined brigade March 15. Rappahannock April 1. Rapidan Campaign May–June. Craig's Meeting House May 5. Todd's Tavern May 5–6. Alsop's farm, Spotsylvania, May 8. Sheridan's raid to James River May 9–24. North Anna River May 9–10. Ground Squirrel Bridge and Yellow Tavern May 11.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Brook Church or fortifications of Richmond May 12. Strawberry Hill May 12. Demonstration on Little River May 26. Line of the Totopotomoy May 28–31. Mechump's Creek and Hanover Court House May 31. Ashland June 1. Totopotomoy and Gaines' Mills June 2. Haw's Shop June 3. Cold Harbor June 3–12. Bethesda Church June 11. Long Bridge June 12. St. Mary's Church June 15. Cold Harbor June 18. Wilson's raid on south side and Danville Railroad June 20–30. Black and White Station and Nottaway Court House June 23. Staunton Bridge or Roanoke Station June 25. Sappony Church or Stony Creek June 28–29.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Ream's Station June 29. Siege of Petersburg until August. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Winchester August 17. Abraham's Creek September 13. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Near Cedarville September 20. Front Royal Pike September 21. Milford September 22. Tom's Brook, "Woodstock Races", October 8–9. Battle of Cedar Creek October 10. Cedar Creek October 13. Cedar Run Church October 17. Newtown, Cedar Creek, November 12. Rude's Hill, near Mt. Jackson, November 22. Raid to Lacy Springs December 19–22. Lacy Springs December 21. Expedition from Winchester to Moorefield, West Virginia, February 4–6, 1865. Sheridan's Raid February 27-March 25.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Occupation of Staunton March 2. Waynesboro March 2. Charlottesville March 3. Ashland March 15. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Dinwiddie Court House March 30–31. Five Forks April 1. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Namozine Church April 3. Sailor's Creek April 6. Appomattox Station April 8. Appomattox Court House, April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Expedition to Danville April 23–29. Moved to Washington, D.C., May. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Provost duty at Washington until August.


1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 193 men during service; 4 officers and 36 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 149 enlisted men died of disease.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment
1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment was an artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service
The 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment was organized in Washington, D.C., from the 4th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry and mustered on January 2, 1862, under the command of Colonel Robert O. Tyler.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to the Military District of Washington to April 1862. Siege artillery, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to July 1862. Siege artillery, Army of the Potomac, to August 1862. Artillery defenses Alexandria Military District of Washington, to February 1863. Artillery defenses of Alexandria, XXII Corps, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, defenses south of the Potomac River, XXII Corps, to May 1863. 3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to March 1864.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service
4th Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to May 1864. (Batteries B and M attached to Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, October 1862 to January 1864.) Point of Rocks, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina to June 1864. Siege artillery, Department of Virginia and North Carolina in the field, and siege artillery, Army of the Potomac, to May 1865. Siege artillery, Department of Virginia, to July 1865. 4th Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to August 1865. 3rd Brigade, Department of Washington, to September 1865.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service
The 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery mustered out of the service September 25, 1865.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service
Duty at Fort Richardson, defenses of Washington, D.C., until April 1862. Ordered to the Peninsula, Va., in charge of the siege train, Army of the Potomac, April 2. Siege of Yorktown April 12 – May 4. Battle of Hanover Court House May 27. Operations about Hanover Court House May 27–29. Seven days before Richmond June 25 – July 1. Gaines Mill June 27. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 15. Moved to Alexandria, Virginia, August 16–27. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until May 1864, as garrison at Fort Richardson.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service
Batteries B and M detached with the Army of the Potomac, participating in the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12–15. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 – May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Stafford Heights June 12. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock River November 7–8. Brandy Station, Virginia November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26 – December 2. Rejoined regiment in defenses of Washington January 1864. Regiment ordered to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, May 13, 1864.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service
Engaged in fatigue duty and as garrison for batteries and forts on the Bermuda front and lines before Petersburg during siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, May 1864 to April 1865. Occupy Fort Converse, Redoubt Dutton, Batteries Spofford, Anderson, Pruyn, and Perry on the Bermuda front, and Forts Rice, Morton, Sedgwick, and McGilvrey, and Batteries 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, Burpee, Drake, and Sawyer, on the Petersburg front, and at Dutch Gap, north of the James River. Assaults on Fort Dutton June 2 and 21, 1864 (Battery L).


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service
Attacks on the lines May 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 27, 30, 31, June 1, 2, 5, 9, 18, 20 and 23. Battle of the Crater July 30, August 25, November 17, 18 and 28, 1864. Repulse of rebel fleet at Fort Brady on James River January 23–24, 1865. Expedition to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 3–15, 1865 (Batteries B, G, and L). Capture of Fort Fisher January 15 (Batteries B, G, and L). Assaults on and fall of Petersburg, Virginia, April 2, 1865. Duty in the Department of Virginia until July 11. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty in the defenses of that city until September.


1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 227 men during service; 2 officers and 49 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 172 enlisted men died of disease.


1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment
The 1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, officially designated the 1st Regiment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry, was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Men were recruited under the calls of President Lincoln on 15 April, 1861 and Governor Buckingham the following day.


1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
Many Connecticut residents had anticipated a call to arms, and, as a result, several companies had already reached their manpower requirements by the 16th. The 1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized in Hartford, Connecticut and was mustered in for three months service on April 22, 1861 under the command of Colonel Daniel Tyler. John Speidel was elected Lieutenant Colonel. The regiment left for Washington D.C. on 18 May on the steamer Bienville and served at Camp Corcoran as part of the capitol garrison. It was attached to Mansfield's command in the Department of Washington until 1 June.


1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was assigned to Key's 1st Brigade, Tyler's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia on 1 June and advanced to Vienna and Falls Church in northern Virginia between 1 and 8 June. It served on picket duty there until 16 July, then participated in the advance on Manassas, occupying Fairfax Court House on 17 July. The regiment fought in the First Battle of Bull Run on 21 July, and was lauded for maintaining discipline during the retreat of the Union troops. It spent the next few days packing up the abandoned camps of other regiments. The 1st began to march to New Haven on 27 July, and was mustered out of service on 31 July.


1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
During the unit's service, 6 men were wounded, 6 were captured, and 25 were discharged for disability.


1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery
The 1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, recruited from the state of Connecticut, served in the Union Army between October 26, 1861 and June 11, 1865 during the American Civil War.


1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service
The 1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, under the command of Captains Alfred P. Rockwell and James B. Clinton, was organized in October 1861, and recruited from the state of Connecticut. The members joined at Meriden (Hanover village) and were mustered, for three years, into U.S. service on October 26, 1861.


1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service
The battery consisting of 156 men, embarked for New York on January 13, 1862, leaving there on the 21st on the Ellwood Walter for Port Royal, South Carolina, and arriving at Beaufort, South Carolina February 6. The battery was drilled in artillery tactics during the next three months and saw its first actual service at Pocotaligo. During General David Hunter's movement in June against Charleston, the battery took an active part, receiving honorable mention in General Orders for good conduct and for well served guns. The left section of the battery shared in an expedition to Florida in September and October, 1862, and was active at Fort Finnegan.


1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service
During the second movement against Charleston in April 1863, the battery was present but not actively engaged and shortly after returned to Beaufort. An expedition, commanded by Lieutenant Clinton, to destroy the railroad bridge above Willstown. This resulted in the loss of two of its guns through the grounding of the steamer, the guns being sunk in the river to prevent their capture. In July, the battery was engaged on James Island and was complimented by General Alfred Terry. Following this the battery was ordered to Folly Island and for nine months it formed part of the reserve under General Quincy Adams Gillmore. In December, 1863, while stationed at Folly Island, forty-six men reenlisted for another three-year term.


1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service
On April 18, 1864, the battery embarked for Fort Monroe from where it proceeded to Gloucester Point and on May 4, it joined General Benjamin Butler's forces at Bermuda Hundred. It was actively engaged at Chester Station on the Richmond and Petersburg turnpike and at Proctor's Creek, losing two killed and ten wounded among the former being Lieutenant George Metcalfe. They then returned to Bermuda Hundred until June 27, taking an active part in the actions at Grovert's House and at Ware Bottom Church. Following the affair at Deep Bottom in August it was almost constantly engaged before moving to Petersburg on September 23. It then moved across the James River to a point near Fort Harrison. Following this it was assigned to the light artillery brigade of XXV Corps under General Godfrey Weitzel.


1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service
It was active at Chaffin's Bluff and Johnson's Farm in October. Following this it was ordered to City Point, where it exchanged its James Rifles for 12-pound Napoleons. The unit was comparatively inactive during the winter of 1864–1865. But on April 3, 1865, the Confederates abandoned their defences and the battery entered Richmond with the XXV Corps, where they received news of Lee's surrender. The unit continued to serve in the vicinity of Richmond until June 11, when it was mustered out at Manchester, Richmond. It started for home the following day and reached New Haven on June 14. The battery was the first of the veteran troops to return to Connecticut. Having been in service three years and eight months, it participated in about twenty engagements.


1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Casualties
The battery started out with one-hundred and fifty-six men, forty-six of whom had reenlisted and altogether received about one-hundred and forty recruits. Its casualty list consisted of two killed, eighteen wounded, two accidentally wounded, twenty died of disease, and four discharged for disability.


1st Connecticut Regiment
The 1st Connecticut Regiment was a unit of the Continental Army, and was involved in the American Revolutionary War. The regiment was initially formed in 1776, and was active in various forms until 1783.


1st Connecticut Regiment, 1776–1780
The 1st Connecticut Regiment was authorized on 16 September 1776 in the Continental Army. The regiment was organized between 1 January 1777 at Norwich, Connecticut, with eight companies from the counties of New London, Windham, and Hartford of the state of Connecticut. It was assigned to the 2nd Connecticut Brigade of the Highlands Department on 3 April 1777. On 12 June 1777 it was reassigned from the 2nd Connecticut Brigade to the 1st Connecticut Brigade. Three days later, 15 June 1777 this brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army.


1st Connecticut Regiment, 1776–1780
On 17 July 1777 the brigade was reassigned to the Highlands Department. The Regiment was reassigned to the 2nd Connecticut Brigade on 12 September 1777 and two days later 14 September 1777 the brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army. On 2 May 1779 the brigade was reassigned to the Highlands Department and the regiment was reorganized to nine companies on 11 July 1779. On 16 November 1779 the 2nd Connecticut Brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army. One year later, 27 November 1780 the brigade was reassigned to the Highland Department. On 1 January 1781 the regiment was consolidated with the 8th Connecticut Regiment and was re-designated the 5th Connecticut Regiment. The regiment would see action in the New York Campaign and the Battle of Monmouth.


1st Connecticut Regiment, 1781–1783
The re-newed 1st Connecticut Regiment was formed from the merger of the old 3rd Connecticut Regiment with the old 4th Connecticut Regiment, on 1 January 1781. On 1 January 1783 it was reassigned from the 1st Connecticut Brigade to the Connecticut Brigade in the Highland's Department. The regiment was re-designated the Connecticut Brigade on 15 June 1783 and reassigned to the Main Continental Army. The regiment was disbanded at West Point, New York on 15 November 1783.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775)
The 1st Connecticut Regiment (1775) was raised on 27 April 1775 at Norwich, Connecticut in the Connecticut State Troops. The regiment consisted of ten companies of volunteers from New Haven and Litchfield counties of the state of Connecticut.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775)
It was adopted into the Main Continental Army on 14 June 1775 and then was assigned 24 June 1775 to the New York (Northern) Department. Two companies (Captain Bradford Steel's and Captain Caleb Trowbridge's) were detached 13 July 1775 and reassigned to the Main Continental Army and participated in the siege of Boston. The two companies were disbanded on 20 December 1775 at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The regiment was reassigned to the Canadian Department and was disbanded between 1 December 1775 and 15 April 1776 in Canada. The regiment would see action in the Invasion of Canada and the Battle of Trois-Rivières.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775)
According to the national archives, enclosed below is a letter from the 1st Connecticut Regiment to General Washington dated March 31, 1778. In this letter, the regiment is requesting the appointment of a colonel to their regiment and requesting specifically that the colonel assigned be Colonel Sherman. But Colonel Sherman was not assigned to the 1st Connecticut Regiment in 1778. The post was appointed to Lt. Colonel Josiah Starr.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment
To His Excellency Geo. Washington Esq. ; General and Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States of America: The Petition of the commissioned Officers of the first Connecticut Regiment, Humbly Sheweth, That Your Petitioners, since they took the field the last Campaign to the present time, have been destitute of a chief Colonel to the Regimt—Our Lieut: Colonel, daily expecting some other gentleman would be put over him to command the Regiment, did not exert himself for the honor & benefit of the same, as he probably would have done had his situation been otherwise.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment
The necessary inconveniences then, we have laboured under on this account, are too obvious to be particularis’d to Your Excellency: To avoid which, in future, and that the regiment may make that respectable & martial appearance which was intended by the first worthy Colonel of it;1 Your Petitioners humbly beg leave to request of your Excellency that a Colonel be appointed to the said regiment before the opening of the approaching campaign. And Your Petitioners further beg leave to petition your Excellency, that we may be indulged in having Lieut.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment
Colonel Sherman; (whose accomplishments as an Officer, & a Gentleman, we highly vallue,) appointed to the command of said regiment,2 which we humbly concieve would greatly add to the peace & honour of the Same; and Your Petitioners, as in duty bound shall ever pray. Signed in behalf of the comission’d Officers of the afforsd Regiment.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment
1. The petitioners are referring to Jedediah Huntington, who had been promoted to brigadier general in May 1777. Since then the 1st Connecticut Regiment had been commanded by Lt. Col. Samuel Prentice, who resigned in May 1778 after being passed over for the colonelcy of the 6th Connecticut Regiment. The petitioners had previously spoken to Huntington about their opposition to an appointment of Prentice.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment
2. Lt . Col. Isaac Sherman did not get this appointment, which went instead to Lt. Col. Josiah Starr, whose commission as colonel evidently was backdated to May 1777.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), Major General David Wooster
Born in Derby, Connecticut on March 2, 1710, General David Wooster was a Yale graduate and took part in several early conflicts including the Spanish War, the Seven Years' War, and the Revolutionary War. On June 22, 1775 General Wooster was one of the eight Brigadier-Generals appointed to command the Connecticut Regiment. Of the eight generals, he was third in rank. General Wooster spent most of 1775 in the Boston area. He later took part in the Canada expedition while under the command of General Montgomery.


1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), Connecticut in the American Revolution
Immediately following the Battle at Lexington and Concord, Connecticut sent more than 3,700 men to help in the war against Great Britain. Six Connecticut regiments were adopted on June 14, 1775. These regiments were divided up geographically. Three were sent from the eastern and central parts of the colony to help defend Boston. In addition to supplying troops, Connecticut also aided the war effort by supplying food, clothing, and munitions for the Continental Army. Connecticut's numerous contributions led to the nickname of "The Provisions State."


1st Constitution Bancorp
1st Constitution Bancorp is a bank holding company based in Cranbury, New Jersey that operates 1st Constitution Bank.


1st Constitution Bancorp, History
In 1999, 1st Constitution Bancorp was established as a bank holding company.


1st Constitution Bancorp, History
In October 2010, the company repaid the $12 million that it received from the Troubled Asset Relief Program.


1st Constitution Bancorp, History
In 2013, the company acquired Rumson-Fair Haven Bank and Trust for $24.3 million.


1st Constitution Bancorp, History
In June 2016, the company expanded the size of its board of directors from 5 to 8 members.


1st Constitution Bancorp, History
In 2017, the company acquired New Jersey Community Bank for $7.6 million.


1st Constitution Bancorp, History
In June 2019, the company announced its intent to acquire Shore Community Bank in a deal valued at $53.1 million. The deal was approved and closed in November 2019.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment
The 1st Continental Artillery Regiment, also known as Harrison's Continental Artillery Regiment, was authorized on 26 November 1776 as Colonel Charles Harrison's Continental Artillery Regiment. Raised for service during the American Revolutionary War, as originally organized, the regiment comprised 10 artillery companies from Virginia. Two of the artillery companies existed since early 1776. The regiment was first assigned to the Southern Department, but in March 1778 it was reassigned to General George Washington's main army. In August 1779 the unit was renamed the 1st Continental Artillery Regiment.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment
It continued to serve with the main army until April 1780 when it was transferred to the Southern Department. In May 1780, Maryland artillery companies formally joined the regiment, making a total of 12 companies. In January 1781 the regiment was reorganized with 10 companies. Furloughed in the summer of 1783, the regiment was disbanded in November the same year. Elements of the regiment fought at Monmouth, Charleston, Camden, Hobkirk's Hill, Eutaw Springs, Yorktown, and Combahee River.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
Harrison's Continental Artillery Regiment became part of the Continental Army on 26 November 1776 with Colonel Charles Harrison as commanding officer. The regiment consisted of two companies that were previously in existence. In the spring and summer of 1777 the regiment was organized in the strength of 10 companies. Harrison's second-in-command was Lieutenant Colonel Edward Carrington. The regiment defended Virginia during the remainder of 1777. Each artillery company was composed of four officers, one sergeant, four corporals, four bombardiers, eight gunners, and 48 matrosses. This differed from the organization in the other artillery regiments.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
The first pre-existing unit was the Virginia State Artillery Company which was authorized on 11 January 1776 and organized in the spring of that year at Williamsburg, Virginia. It became part of Harrison's Regiment on 26 November. Its original captain was James Innis and its lieutenants were Harrison, Carrington, and Samuel Denney. On 19 March, the Continental Congress adopted the first company and authorized a French adventurer, Dohicky Arundel to raise a second Virginia artillery company. At some point, Innis transferred to the infantry.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
The second unit became the Virginia Continental Artillery Company which formed in the summer of 1776 at Williamsburg. It joined Harrison's Regiment on 27 November. The Virginia artillery played an active role during the Battle of Gwynn's Island in July 1776. The only casualty was Arundel, who was killed when his experimental mortar burst.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
The regiment was initially assigned to the Southern Department. On 13 March 1778 it was transferred to Washington's main army where elements fought at the Battle of Monmouth on 28 June 1778. In that action, Carrington commanded some guns on the left flank under William Alexander, Lord Stirling. In 1778, three 106-man Maryland artillery companies joined the regiment on a provisional basis. The 1st and 2nd Maryland State Artillery Companies were authorized on 14 January 1776 and the 3rd Company was authorized on 23 October 1776. They joined the main army on 22 November 1777 as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Maryland Continental Artillery Companies. On 9 May 1780, the 1st Maryland Company formally became the 11th Company in the 1st Artillery Regiment and the 2nd and 3rd Maryland Companies became the 12th Company.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
The four artillery regiments received numbers on 10 August 1779. Two boards of generals determined that the artillery regiments of Colonels John Lamb and John Crane could not trace continuity from General Henry Knox's old Continental Artillery Regiment. Therefore, Harrison's Regiment became the 1st Continental Artillery Regiment while Lamb's was renamed the 2nd Continental Artillery Regiment and Crane's was numbered the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment. The regiment of Colonel Thomas Proctor became the 4th Continental Artillery Regiment.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
Henry Knox, Washington's artillery chief, planned to have four 3-pound or 6-pound cannons attached to each infantry brigade. Though Knox preferred the more versatile French 4-pound cannon, he had to abandon a plan to adopt the piece because so much ammunition and material for the other guns were available. The army also maintained an artillery park of two 24-pound cannons, four 12-pound cannons, four 8-inch howitzers, eight 5½-inch howitzers, and 10 smaller field guns. Knox rotated the artillery companies between infantry brigades, artillery park, and garrisons so the men could be sufficiently trained. He discouraged artillery duels and encouraged his artillerymen to reserve their fire for infantry targets. This tactic proved very effective at Monmouth.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
The 1st Artillery was reassigned to the Southern Department on 17 April 1780. Some units of the regiment fought at the Siege of Charleston in the spring of 1780. When General Johann de Kalb was sent south in 1780, Carrington accompanied his division with three artillery companies. Harrison arrived and assumed command, due to his superior rank. At the Battle of Camden on 16 August 1780, Harrison directed six artillery pieces. Two more guns were loaned to Colonel Thomas Sumter's partisans and 10 were left in the rear for lack of horses to pull them.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
The regiment was reorganized to consist of 10 companies on 1 January 1781. At the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill on 25 April 1781, Harrison commanded three 6-pound cannons and 40 artillerists. At the Battle of Eutaw Springs on 8 September 1781, the Americans had two 3-pounders under Captain William Gaines and two 6-pounders under Captain William Brown.


1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History
During the Siege of Yorktown in the fall of 1781, Captain Whitehead Coleman's company of the 1st Artillery fought under the overall command of Carrington. In the Battle of the Combahee River on 27 August 1782, a howitzer and its crew under Captain Smith were captured by the British. The regiment was furloughed in the summer of 1783 at Winchester, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland. It was formally disbanded on 15 November 1783.


1st Continental Light Dragoons
The 1st Continental Light Dragoons, also known as Bland's Horse, was a mounted regiment of the Continental Army organized between 13 June and 10 September 1776 in Williamsburg, Virginia. It was made up of men from eastern and northern Virginia for service with the Continental Army.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
The Revolutionary Virginia Convention held in May 1776 resulted in delegates voting for a resolution to direct Virginia's delegates in Philadelphia to seek independence from the British and form a confederation of the colonies. They knew additional military strength was required. Virginia Governor Patrick Henry authorized Major-Commandant Theodorick Bland to raise a volunteer battalion. Bland had participated in the expulsion of Royal Governor Dunmore.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
The 1st Continental Light Dragoons regiment was first authorized 8 June 1776 in the Virginia State Troops as the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th (Captain Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee) and 6th Troops of Light Horse. On 25 June 1776 it mustered as the Virginia Light Horse Regiment. It was first adopted by and then accepted into the Continental Army, designated as the 1st Continental Light Dragoons on 25 November 1776.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
Six months later, when General George Washington needed cavalry to counter that of the British, the Continental Congress on November 25, 1776 requested that Virginia transfer Major Bland's Light Horse to the Continental Army. Although reluctant, Virginia acceded to the request. Bland's Light Horse became the 1st Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
Bland had six troops of cavalry. Each contained 3 officers, 3 corporals, a drummer, a trumpeter, and 29 privates. Three quartermasters provided logistical support for the group. In March of 1777 this 1st Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons — plus the three other regiments — were reorganized, resulting in a slight increase in their numbers.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
The reorganized regimental headquarters consisted of a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel and a major, who were supported in turn by a staff consisting of a chaplain, a quartermaster, a surgeon and mate, a paymaster, a riding master, a saddler, a trumpet major, an adjutant and 4 supernumeraries—cadets undergoing training who were used as the colonel's messengers.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
Each troop consisted of 32 privates, 1 armorer, 1 farrier, 1 trumpeter, 4 corporals, 1 quartermaster sergeant, a drill or an orderly sergeant, a cornet, a lieutenant, and a captain—a total of 280 men and officers. Whether any of the four regiments of Dragoons was ever at full strength is uncertain. The 2nd Continental Light Dragoons hailed from Connecticut and was led by Elisha Sheldon. It fought with distinction, whether mounted or unmounted, and at war's end had 225 men. The 3rd Regiment—"Lady Washington's Dragoons"—was also from Virginia.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
The 3rd was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel George Baylor and seconded by Major Alexander Clough, one of George Washington's spies. The 3rd was the victim of a heinous act of war when they were attacked in their billet and refused quarter in 1778. The 4th and final regiment drew its membership from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey. The 4th suffered great losses at the Battle of Camden.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
So at the very best in 1777, there were 1120 dragoons in the Continental army, considerably under the 3,000 troops authorized by the Continental Congress. Officers aside, there were no other mounted troops in the whole continental army. The English also had limited cavalry, fielding their 16th Queen's Lancers and 17th Regiment of Dragoons. Light Horse Harry Lee gained national fame from his service with the 1st Continental Regiment at the Battle of Paulus Hook and in the Southern Campaign.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
On 31 March 1777 in General Orders, George Washington named promoted officers of the 1st Light Dragoons.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
Theodorick Bland Esqr., Major, Comdt. to be Colonel thereof. Capt . Benjamin Temple of the 2nd. Troop is appointed the Lt. Col. Capt . John Jameson of the 3rd. Troop is appointed the Major. Lieut. Cuth. Harrison of the 2nd. Troop is appointed Captain of the same. Lieut. Alexander S. Dandridge of the 4th. is appointed Captain of the 3rd. Captain Alexander Johnson, Lieut. John Belfield of the 5th. is appointed Captain of the 6th; vacant by the resignation of Capt. Nelson. Cornet William Lindsay of the 3rd. Troop is appointed Lieutenant of the same.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
Cornet William Watts of the 4th. is appointed Lieut. of the same. Cornet Henry Peyton of the 5th is appointed Lieutenant of the same. Cornet Henry Clements of the 6th. is appointed Lieut. of the second. Mr. Cole Diggs, Cadet, is appointed Cornet of the 3rd. Troop. Mr. Robert Yauncey, Cadet, is appointed Cornet of the 4th. Troop.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
On 7 April 1778 Lee's Troop was replaced by Captain Addison Lewis's Troop. Lee's Troop was expanded into Lee's Legion, designated the 2nd Partisan Corps in 1781. The 1st Continental Light Dragoons were reassigned to the Southern Department on 8 November 1778, when the Corps of Continental Light Dragoons was broken up as an organization. The regiment was officially re-organized on 1 January 1781, consisting of four mounted and two dismounted troops. It was redesignated as the 1st Legionary Corps. Captain Samuel Van Leer was also a member of this regiment. On 2 November 1782, reflecting an amalgamation that had occurred in the spring of 1780, the unit was consolidated with the 3d Legionary Corps, maintaining five troops. The new unit was designated 1st Legionary Corps.


1st Continental Light Dragoons, History
The regiment saw action at the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown and the Battle of Guilford Court House. The regiment was disbanded on November 15, 1783, at Winchester, Virginia.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat. They served as a Coast Artillery unit during both World Wars, and also manned batteries serving overseas. The unit continued in existence until the dissolution of Coast Artillery in the UK in 1956.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859–1908
The Volunteer Force came into existence in 1859 as a result of an invasion scare and the consequent enthusiasm for joining local Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps. By 24 May 1860 there were enough Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) in Cornwall to form an Administrative Brigade with its Headquarters (HQ) at Bodmin to include all the AVCs in the County. From July 1861 the 1st Admin Brigade of Cornwall Artillery Volunteers appeared in the Army List under the title of The Duke of Cornwall's Artillery Volunteers, for which Queen Victoria gave special permission. The brigade had the following composition:


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859–1908
Lieutenant-Colonel W.R. Gilbert, a half-pay officer in the Royal Artillery (RA), was appointed to command the brigade on 24 May 1860. His second in command, Brevet Major Shadwell M. Grylls, was also a half-pay RA officer, while the adjutant, Captain Robert Edyvean, had previously been in the Royal Cornwall and Devon Miners Artillery Militia. Gilbert held the command for over 30 years. In May 1880 the Corps were consolidated as the 1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, with ten batteries distributed as follows:


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859–1908
On 1 April 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the RA and the 1st Cornwall AV became part of the Western Division. On 1 September 1886 it officially became the 3rd Volunteer (Duke of Cornwall's) Brigade, Western Division, RA, but resumed its former title three years later. In 1888 HQ moved to Falmouth. By 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme had allocated the 1st Cornwall Artillery Volunteers to the Plymouth fixed defences.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859–1908
In the 1890s the battery at Polruan was disbanded, a new No 6 Battery was raised at Hayle in 1894 and the higher numbered batteries were renumbered 7–9. Thereafter a new No 10 Battery was raised at Falmouth and Truro and No 11 Battery at Buryan and Newbridge. No 10 Battery had a drill shed at High Street, Falmouth.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859–1908, Royal Garrison Artillery
In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). On 1 January 1902 the RA's divisional organisation was abolished and the titles were changed, the unit becoming the 1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers). Two further batteries were raised in the 1900s.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force
When the Territorial Force (TF) was created from the old Volunteer Force under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Cornwall RGA (V) was to join with the Devonshire RGA (V) to become the Cornwall & Dorset RGA, and also to provide a Cornwall Battery for the 3rd Wessex Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (RFA), but this was changed in 1910 to separate Cornwall and Devon units without the RFA battery. The Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) RGA had the following organisation:


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force
The companies were responsible for manning the batteries of fixed coastal guns, while the heavy batteries were mobile and responsible for the landward defences (TF heavy batteries were usually armed with obsolescent 4.7-inch guns). In 1914 the Falmouth defences consisted of four 6-inch guns.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war the Cornwall RGA mobilised under the command of Lt-Col H. Shapcott, VD and deployed to its war stations guarding the major ports of Cornwall under No 1 Coastal Fire Command. No 1 Heavy Battery was commanded by Maj J.A. Cumberledge and No 2 Hvy Bty by Maj Francis Freathy Oats, son of the mining magnate Francis Oats, who had recruited many miners from his family's St Just mines into his battery. The group of smaller garrison companies were commanded by another major and the individual companies by captains.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation
Shortly afterwards TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate companies and batteries were created, releasing the 1st Line units to be  sent overseas. Recruitment for the Cornwall RGA went well: by January 1915 Maj Oats had recruited two additional batteries. A new 1/8th Company later served in the Plymouth defences.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation
By October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of Heavy and Siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent. In July 1915 1/1st and 1/2nd Heavy Btys of the Cornwall RGA manned 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Bty, RGA, officially formed at Woolwich on 17 August. The battery saw active service in the East African Campaign.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation
Although coast defence companies never left the UK, they did supply drafts of trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. They also provided cadres as the basis on which to form complete new units for front line service. The cadres of the 93rd and 173rd Siege Batteries formed in 1915–16 were provided by the Cornwall RGA, while a number of other siege batteries formed later in the Falmouth Defences (211th, 246th, 266th, 296th) may have included trained men from the unit among the recruits, although the Army Council Instructions did not specifically order this.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home defence
Under Army Council Instruction 686 of April 1917, the coast defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. The Cornwall RGA serving in the Falmouth garrison was reduced from eight companies (1/3rd, 1/4th, 1/5th, 1/6th, 1/7th, 2/4th, 2/6th and 2/7th) to just two (numbered 1 and 2), which were to be kept up to strength with Regular recruits. 1/8th Company disappeared into the reduced Devon RGA.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home defence
By April 1918 the Falmouth defences comprised the following batteries under the control of No 1 Coastal Fire Command:


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery
134th (Cornwall) Heavy Bty was formed in July 1915 by 1/1st and 1/2nd Heavy Btys of the Cornwall RGA. It embarked for the East African Campaign on 26 December 1915, arriving at Mombasa on 1 February 1916. It was equipped with four Indian Army pattern 5.4-inch howitzers, which were drawn by oxen, but it had a motor transport company (No 633, Army Service Corps) as its ammunition column.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery
In  March the battery took part in the Battle of Latema Nek, and later in a long march along the Pangani River, reaching Morogoro by late August. Here the offensive was halted by rain, exhaustion and German defences, so the force paused and reorganised. On 1 January 1917 the battery opened fire from prepared positions to support the attack on the Mgeta river, suppressing the fire of enemy machine guns commanding the bridge but losing one of its howitzers to a premature shell burst.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery
In February 1917 the battery sent a howitzer and its detachment by sea to join the defences of Lindi while the rest of the battery returned to Morogoro for training. At the end of May the battery handed its two remaining 5.4-inch howitzers over to 11th (Hull) Heavy Bty and took over a 5-inch howitzer from that battery. It then joined the detachment at Lindi where it adapted Flat wagons so that a howitzer and its limber could be moved along the German light railway, hauled by local porters.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery
The Lindi Column began probing forward in August, with the battery's howitzer shelling Tandimuti Hill in conjunction with Royal Navy monitors firing from offshore. Until mid-September the 5-inch and 5.4-inch howitzers engaged in shoots on Narunyu on the bank of the Lukuledi River while the Lindi Column waited for reinforcements, including another 5-inch howitzer from Morogoro and the battery's lorries. Between 23 and 25 September, while the battery bombarded the enemy positions on the Lukuledi, a flanking  column manoeuvred the Germans out.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery
The pursuit was slow: the roads were impassable for lorries, so the howitzers had to be dragged forward by porters. From 5 October the battery bombarded the high ground across the Nyengedi River, exchanging fire with a German gun, until the column obtained a bridgehead. Between 15 and 18 October, the Lindi Column fought the Battle of Mahiwa, one of the bloodiest battles of the whole campaign, with the battery firing in support of the failed attack. However, the Germans had also lost heavily, and retired into Portuguese Mozambique where they split up into guerrilla columns.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery
In December the Lindi force was broken up and its exhausted and sickly British units went home. On 19 December 1917, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery embarked from Dar es Salaam for England.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 546th Siege Battery
The veterans of 134th (Cornwall) Hvy Bty were then reorganised into 546th Siege Battery on 27 February 1918. This was one of only two TF siege batteries formed during the war, the other being the 309th formed by the Honourable Artillery Company (93rd and 173rd Siege Batteries (see below) were formally New Army units). The 546th was also the last RGA siege battery to be sent overseas during World War I, reaching the Western Front on 22 August 1918. Equipped with four 6-inch guns it served with Second Army until the Armistice with Germany. It was apparently disbanded before the end of 1918.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
93rd Siege Battery was formed at Plymouth under War Office Instruction 181 of 16 December 1915 from a cadre of three officers and 78 other ranks (the establishment of a TF garrison company) supplied by the Cornwall RGA. It was equipped with four 9.2-inch howitzers and left for the Western Front on 5 May.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
On 29 May the battery was assigned to 35th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) with Third Army, supporting the Attack on the Gommecourt Salient in the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme). Ammunition was short and because of poor weather for observation the attack was postponed for two days; the lack of ammunition resulted in a reduced rate of fire over the additional days.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
At 07.28 on Z Day (1 July), two minutes before H Hour, the heavy howitzers lifted onto their targets in the German support and reserve lines as the infantry got out of their forward trenches and advanced towards Gommecourt. The attack was initially successful, the leading waves getting into the first German trench and some parties entering the second line. But they were hit by enfilade fire and unsuppressed German artillery prevented the follow-up waves and ammunition carrying parties from crossing No man's land. There was little that the battery could do to help: communication with its Forward Observation Officer (FOO) was broken for most of the day, and it had few shells left. The survivors of the attack were back on their start line by the end of the day.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
The Gommecourt attack had only been a diversion for the main attack of the First day on the Somme, and it was not renewed. Third Army was not involved in any major operations for the rest of the year. 93rd Siege Bty remained with Third Army, moving between HAGs as required. In December it came under Fifth Army, which carried out a series of small Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917, and on the fringe of the Arras Offensive.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
In July the battery switched to Second Army in the Ypres Salient, supporting the Third Ypres Offensive. This made little progress, and Second Army took over its direction. The Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to Counter-battery fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
On 14 December the battery was joined by a section from 183rd Siege Bty, bringing it up to a strength of six howitzers with 69th HAG. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 the 69th was converted into a permanent RGA brigade. The battery stayed with 69th Bde until the Armistice a year later.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
69th Brigade was with Fifth Army when was attacked on 21 March 1918, the first day of the German spring offensive. FOOs were blinded by early morning mist and many were overrun along with the infantry in the forward zone. The German bombardment was savage. Some heavy artillery units were caught in the fighting or forced to abandon their guns as the Germans advanced rapidly. Over following days the RGA struggled to get their guns back during the 'Great Retreat'.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
The Allied counter-offensive (the Hundred Days Offensive) opened with Fourth Army's attack at the Amiens at 04.20 on 8 August. 69th Brigade supported the Australian Corps on whose front the heavy artillery barrage was so thick and accurate that all the Australian objectives were secured. On 29 September Fourth Army's IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 69th Bde in support. The heavy guns continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as the infantry scrambled across in the morning mist.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery
On 8 October, IX Corps stormed the Beaurevoir Line, again supported by 69th Bde. The Battle of the Selle began on 17 October, with one German counter-attack being broken up when all available guns were turned onto it. IX Corps renewed its advance on 23 October, with 69th Bde part of a massive corps artillery reserve. The attack went in under moonlight, after the heavy guns had done their work. As the regimental historian relates, "The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23rd October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition". IX Corps stormed across the Sambre Canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving siege guns could play no part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery
173rd Siege Battery was formed at Falmouth under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916, based upon a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks drawn from the Cornwall RGA. It went out to the Western Front on 3 October 1916, manning four 6-inch howitzers.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery
173rd Siege Bty was with Fifth Army during its winter operations on the Ancre, then in March 1917 it was transferred north to join First Army for the Battle of Vimy Ridge. The battery was with 63rd HAG, assigned to I Corps. At Zero hour, while the field guns laid down a Creeping barrage to protect the advancing infantry, the heavy howitzers fired 450 yards (410 m) further ahead to hit the rear areas on the reverse slope of the ridge, especially known gun positions. The attack went in on 9 April with I Corps and Canadian Corps successfully capturing Vimy Ridge


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery
The battery switched to Fifth Army for the Third Ypres Offensive. Gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient where they were under observation and CB fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high, even before the offensive opened on 1 August, when Fifth Army failed to make much progress. A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful. The offensive continued through the summer and autumn of 1917, but 173rd Siege Bty was relieved and sent to Third Army in September.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery
Third Army carried out a surprise attack with tanks at the Battle of Cambrai on 20 November with no preliminary bombardment. The guns opened fire at Zero hour firing 'off the map' at carefully surveyed targets. In most areas the attack was an outstanding success. Exploitation over succeeding days was less spectacular, however. On 30 November the Germans put in a heavy counter-attack against the weakened troops in the ill-organised captured positions, and Third Army had to scramble to set up a defensible line for the winter. 173rd Siege Bty joined 54th HAG in December, and remained with after it converted into 54th Brigade and for the rest of the war.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery
When the German spring offensive began on 21 March 1918, part of Third Army was engaged in the desperate fighting, but overall it was not obliged to retreat as far or to abandon as many heavy guns as Fifth Army further south. The German offensive was halted on Third Army's front by 5 April.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery
Third Army joined in the victorious Hundred Days Offensive with a succession of advances, culminating in the assault crossing of the Selle on 20 October. 54th Brigade was assigned to V Corps for this, which was carried out as a surprise, with no preliminary bombardment, under a full moon. Half of the corps' heavy artillery fired a creeping barrage while the remainder carried out CB fire and bombarded specific targets. The infantry crossed their footbridges, fought their way over the railway, through the village of Neuvilly and up over three successive ridges.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery
After the crossing of the Selle the campaign turned into a pursuit, and most of the siege batteries had to be left behind. 173rd Siege Battery was disbanded in 1919.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years
The Cornwall RGA was placed in suspended animation after demobilisation in 1919. It reformed at Falmouth on 7 February 1920 with just two batteries, 164 from 1 and 2 Heavy Btys and Nos 3–5 and & Companies, and 165 from No 6 Company at Redruth. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the unit was renamed the Cornwall Coast Brigade, RGA, and when the RGA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery in 1924, the unit became the Cornwall Heavy Brigade, RA. It formed part of the coast defence troops in 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area with the following organisation:


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years
In 1926 it was decided that the coast defences of the UK would be manned by the TA alone. In October 1932 the unit's HQ was disbanded; 164 (Cornwall) Bty amalgamated with the Devonshire Heavy Bde (which became the Devonshire and Cornwall Hvy Bde before dropping the Cornwall title in 1936), while 165 Bty was converted into 165 (Cornwall) Anti - Aircraft Bty in 56th (Cornwall) Anti - Aircraft Regiment.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation
Following the outbreak of war, the coast artillery (CA) branch of the RA expanded rapidly. On 1 January 1940 the Devonshire Heavy Regiment (as RA brigades were termed after 1938) split into four new regiments, including the Cornwall Heavy Regiment formed from the Cornish battery. A Regular Reserve officer, Lt-Col M. Carrington-Sykes, MC, was appointed CO and simultaneously appointed Commander Fixed Defences (CFD) Falmouth, which was separated from the Plymouth Fixed Defences on that day. The new Cornwall unit, initially comprising A and B Btys, was redesignated 523rd (Cornwall) Coast Regiment in July 1940.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation
Regimental and CFD HQ were at Pendennis Castle, and the regiment manned St Anthony Battery and the Half Moon Battery at Pendennis Castle with four 6-inch guns. There were also coast defence searchlights operated by No 5 Electric Light & Works Company, Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Royal Engineers, until that unit left in May to be converted into field engineers.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation
The batteries' duties usually consisted of firing warning shots across the bows (or illuminating with searchlights) when vessels approached the harbour without showing the proper recognition signals. Otherwise the batteries continued training, including a draft of 87 young infantrymen who were sent to be trained as gunners. When the Phoney War ended and the British Expeditionary Force was being evacuated from Dunkirk, all training was suspended and the gunners worked to complete the defences. The harbour was crowded with 157 ships carrying refugees from the Continent; the regiment found that a Boys anti-tank rifle salvaged from Dunkirk was an economical gun to fire warning shots to control these vessels. After the surrender of France on 22 June, French vessels were prevented from leaving.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation
After the Dunkirk evacuation a number of emergency batteries of ex-Royal Navy guns were ordered for the Cornish ports, including two 4.7-inch guns at Fowey, where a draft arrived to form a new 364 Coast Bty under training by the Cornwall Heavy Rgt (this later joined a new 557th Coast Rgt based at St Austell). Other emergency coastal batteries at Looe, Par, Penzance, and Newquay (each of two 4-inch Mk VII guns) were manned by the newly-formed 70th Medium Rgt, which established its HQ at Falmouth. 3-pounders were also mounted at Crab Quay and St Anthony Battery as anti-Motor Torpedo Boat guns. There was considerable Luftwaffe activity over Falmouth during the summer and autumn of 1940, mostly dropping Parachute mines near the harbour, bur also some bombing raids.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation
During October a large number of men were drafted into the Falmouth defences from other coast and training regiments, then on 2 November 394 and 395 Coast Btys were formed to relieve 70th Med Rgt at Penzance and St Ives respectively. The regiment also provided drafts to 397 Coast Bty at Padstow (one of the 4-inch emergency batteries) and to 423 Coast Bty. On 31 December 952 Bty of 11th Defence Regiment, RA, took over the 3-pdrs. In July 1941 Royal Marines from the Marine Naval Base Defence Organisation (MNBDO) also manned anti-MTB 2-pdrs at Pendennis Point.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation
Part of 523 Coast Rgt's role was to carry out training for other units. The newly-formed 203 Coast Bty was attached for training on 6-inch guns between 30 September and 9 December before going to Dover, and in January 1941 the regiment began training gunners for Defensively equipped merchant ships (DEMS).


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 300 Coast Battery
In February 1941, 216 Bty arrived at Falmouth to take over duties from the regiment's A Bty. This new battery had been formed for the regiment on 12 December 1940 at 72nd Coast Artillery Training Rgt at Norton Camp, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, and on 7 April 1941 it took over the 6-inch guns at Half Moon Battery. A Bty under Captain E.G.J. Clapham then left 523 Rgt to join the WO Reserve. The gunners went to Aldershot to prepare for overseas service and the battery was renumbered 300 Coast Bty as an independent unit by May 1941. It sailed to the Middle East and joined 14th Coast Rgt, serving in the defences of Haifa in Palestine from September 1941 to January 1945. The battery manned three 6-inch Mk VII* guns and three 90 cm searchlights in protecting this important oil port.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 300 Coast Battery
At 15.09 on 10 August 1942 the battery was ordered to 'Stand To', and at 15.40 a submarine was forced to the surface by depth charges dropped by the armed trawler HMT Islay. The battery opened fire when Islay was clear, firing two rounds per gun before Islay closed in again. Dust kicked up by the guns prevented clear observation but the battery saw one hit on the target. The battery was ordered to 'Cease Fire' at 15.54 when the submarine was seen to be sinking; the stern remained in view for about 8 minutes. The submarine was the Italian boat Scirè, which had successfully launched manned torpedo attacks against British ships in harbour at Gibraltar and Alexandria, and was attempting to do the same at Haifa. The captain of Islay, Lieutenant-Commander John Ross, was awarded a DSC for the sinking.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 300 Coast Battery
300 Coast Bty remained in Middle East Forces until it was disbanded on 4 July 1945.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid-War
523 Coast Rgt's B Bty at St Anthony was redesignated 108 Coast Bty on 11 April 1941. On 16 July 173 Bty arrived from 73rd Coast Artillery Training Rgt to join 523 Rgt and was posted to St Mawes to take over new 6-pounder twin mountings. It was followed in August 1941 by 190 Bty which arrived from 73rd Coast Training Rgt at East Blockhouse, Pembrokeshire, where it had trained as a 6-pounder battery. Unlike the other new batteries, whose cadres came from Southern Command, the cadre for 190 Coast Bty was provided by Scottish Command.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid-War
It was assigned to the anti-MTB defences in Falmouth Fixed Defences, with twin 6-pdrs and also two 12-pounders, which were mounted at St Mawes and on old (1902) emplacements at Pendennis Castle until March 1942 when new emplacements were completed. In the latter part of 1941, members of the Home Guard trained on the 6-pdr anti-MTB guns.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid-War
From August to December 1941, the regiment had the following organisation:


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid-War
Lt-Col W.W. Cowan became CO of the regiment and CFD Falmouth on 19 October 1941.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
On 31 January 1942, HQ Fixed Defences, Falmouth, was disbanded, and the regiment came under the control of the Commander, VIII Corps Coast Artillery (later, HQ Coastal Artillery, South West District). On 11 March 1942 Lt-Col Cowan relinquished command, and Lt-Col W.A. Murley, MC, took over


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
On 27 March 1942, a detachment of 400 Coast Bty arrived at Toll Point from 558th Coast Rgt (based at Barnstaple, Devonshire) to assist in preparing a site for two mobile French 75mm field guns to protect the Helford River, and a month later the battery was incorporated into 523rd Rgt. During April the two 4-inch guns at St Ives were removed  and replaced by two of the 138mm guns removed from the French battleships Courbet and Paris. In June, surface watching radar became operational, under No 14 Army Plotting Room (APR).


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
On 13 June 1942, 395 Coast Bty transferred to 555th Coast Rgt (headquartered at Honiton, Devonshire) in exchange for 390 Coast Bty, which manned Hayle, St Ives. By 8 July 1942, 173 and 190 Coast Btys had swapped positions at Falmouth, taking over St Mawes and Pendennis respectively. The regiment was then disposed as follows:


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
On 19 August  1942, 394 Coast Bty was transferred to  557th Coast Rgt in exchange for 392 Coast Bty at Penzance. On 12 October, 190 Coast Bty (whose cadre had come from Scottish Command) was transferred to 541st Coast Rgt at Lerwick, Shetland, and was replaced by 185 (Independent) Coast Bty, recently returned from Hvalfjörður in Iceland and previously attached to 568th (Devon) Coast Rgt at Plymouth; this took over Pendennis. By 1 November 1942, 400 Coast Bty had moved to Toll Point, and by 7 December RHQ of 532nd Coast Rgt at Falmouth was subordinated to Falmouth Fire Command.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
During April 1943 the APR plotted up a number of 'unknown' and 'hostile' craft out to sea as German E-boats raided convoys, and gunfire could be heard. Usually these were out of range, but on 14 April the Royal Navy refused permission for the guns to fire, because the targets were in amongst the convoy.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
Finally on, on 1 May 1943, a new 442 Coast Bty was formed at Pendennis to replace 185 Bty, which went to Ramsgate, Kent, to join 549th Coast Rgt. After that there were no further changes to the regimental organisation until after VE Day.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
As the war progressed, the defences continued to be improved. In June 1943 392 and 442 Coast Btys received projectors for naval 2-inch rockets, while 108, 216 and 400 Coast Btys each received Bofors guns (40mm light anti-aircraft guns that were also useful against light naval craft). In September, 216 Bty's two World War I-era Mk VII* 6-inch guns at the Half Moon Battery were replaced by new Mk XXIV guns, and in November 442 Bty handed over its old 12-pdrs and received Bofors.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
As the invasion threat receded, the coast defences were seen as absorbing excessive manpower and were scaled back, the gunners being redeployed. During November 1943 the regiment lost a large number of men to other RA branches, to the infantry, to the navy and to coal mining, reducing its strength from around 600 to around 425 by the end of the year, and 108 Bty became non-operational. By March 1944 the old 75mm mobile guns were withdrawn, but on two occasions that month 216 Bty engaged hostile surface vessels using radar for range finding.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
Despite this E-boat activity the coastal artillery branch continued to shrink, a number of officers and other ranks being transferred in from disbanded units, and on 1 April three further batteries (212, 379 and 393) were regimented with 523rd Coast Rgt. Later that month, 18, 79 and 83 CODs were disbanded and a few of their men posted to the regiment, though the overall strength of the regiment remained roughly constant.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
In September the Home Guard was stood down, and its men ceased to do duty with the regiment, while a number of guns and searchlights became non-operational. St Anthony Battery had become an RA Training Centre where 200 men were being trained in light anti-aircraft and field gunnery. In November 390 and 392 Btys became non-operational, then in January 1945 most of the gun positions were reduced to 'care and maintenance' and 130 other ranks were posted to 618th (Dorsetshire) Infantry Regiment, RA, formed for garrison duties. In February another 98 ORs went to 566th Coast Rgt, and the 138mm guns were removed from St Ives to Pendennis for storage. By VE Day, the strength of the regiment had dwindled to about 130 all ranks.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War
On 1 June 1945, 108 Coast Bty (the original B Bty) began passing into suspended animation, completing the process on 22 June. Between 3 March and 27 April 1946, RHQ and 173, 216, 390 392, 400 and 442 Coast Btys also passed into suspended animation.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Postwar
The TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, and the regiment reformed as 409 Coast Regiment RA (Cornwall) (TA) with headquarters at Falmouth. It was part of 102 Coast Brigade, based at Plymouth, within Southern Command.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Postwar
With the disbandment of Coast Artillery in the UK in 1956 the unit was converted to Royal Engineers as 409th (Cornwall) Independent Field Squadron, RE, incorporating a Troop of 571 Construction Squadron from 115 Construction Rgt, RE. In 1961 it dropped its 'Independent' subtitle and was assigned to a new 116 (Devon and Cornwall) Engineer Regiment, RE. The regiment was disbanded on 1 April 1967 when the TA was reduced and converted into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Uniform
The original dress of the 3rd Cornwall AVC at Fowey was a long knitted blue fisherman's jersey  with the collar, cuffs and bottom edge braided in red. Embroidered on the front in red wool was a device 'C.V.A.' over the figure 3, above an inverted triangle of 15 roundels (from the top 5–4–3–2–1) over a scroll embroidered 'ONE AND ALL'. The inverted triangle (or 'pile') of roundels (or 'bezants') derived from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Cornwall. It was designed by the Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall and was worn by all ranks of the 3rd AVC 1860–61.


1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Uniform
By 1872 the uniform of all the Corps consisted of a blue tunic of Royal Artillery pattern with black cord trimmings, blue cloth trousers with red stripes, a black leather waistbelt on which was fixed the pouch, worn on the right hip. On the shoulder straps of the tunic the number of the battery was embroidered in red figures. White cotton gloves were also worn. There was no full dress uniform, and this pattern was worn by both officers and other ranks.


1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
The First Corps was one of seven units of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina established in 1992, in the early part of the Bosnian War.


1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), History
The 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was solely established to defend Sarajevo and some part of the Sarajevo region. In 1997–1998, the 1st, 3rd and 7th Corps were incorporated into the 1st Corps of the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), 1st Corps Operational Zone
The First Corps was responsible for the zone of Sarajevo during the war with the Bosnian Serb and Croat forces and its headquarters were established in Sarajevo. The First Corps had the assignment of protecting the Sarajevo, Gorazde zone from the opponents.


1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Organization 1992–1994
From 1992 to 1994: These brigades were later renamed in the 3-number series.


1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Organization 1995
In January 1995 all Corps operational Groups were transformed into divisions and each division contained numerous brigades, further divided into battalions and detachments and specialized units.


1st Corps (Iraq)
The 1st Corps was a corps of the Iraqi Army, established before the Iran–Iraq War. It was located in the north of Iraq.


1st Corps (Iraq)
In 1977–78 British military attaches' reports from Baghdad said the 4th Infantry Division was part of the corps, with divisional headquarters at Mosul and brigades at Mosul (5th), Dohuk (18th), Sinjar (21st), plus two unlocated reserve brigades, the 93rd and 99th. Other divisions of the corps reportedly included the 2nd Division at Kirkuk with five brigades, including two reserve; the 7th Division at Sulaimaniyah with five brigades (all active); and the 8th Division at Erbil with six brigades, including the 91st, 95th, and 98th Reserve Brigades.


1st Corps (Iraq)
At the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War, Malovany shows corps headquarters at Kirkuk; the 11th Infantry Division with elements north of the Ranwanduz - Rayat road; and the 7th Infantry Division advancing from its bases at Sulaimaniyah towards the border between Penjwin and Sayid Sadiq.


1st Corps (Iraq)
Ahead of Operation Dawn-4, units of the 1st Corps spent two months in their trenches waiting for the Iranians to attack. The offensive came on 19 October 1983 as the Iranians and Peshmerga guerrillas of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan took 250 square miles (650 km2) of territory. This included a number of Kurdish villages and exerted a significant amount of pressure on Penjwin. Saddam Hussein responded with a counterattack, using the Iraqi Republican Guard and poison gas. However, they failed to dislodge the Iranians, who were dug-in and reinforced by Kurdish fighters.


1st Corps (Iraq)
The anti-Kurdish Anfal campaign was mounted between February and September 1988. While the Anfal campaign may have been initially conceived by the Iraqi government as a purely military campaign to destroy an insurgent movement, Kurds were killed for being Kurds, and it became ethnicised. The 1st Corps, under Lieutenant General Sultan Hashem, at Kirkuk, handled most Anfal operations, alongside the 5th Corps.


1st Corps (Iraq)
Units were transferred south out of the 1st Corps to build up Iraqi forces in the south after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. In early 2003 before the U.S. invasion of Iraq, it was located near Kirkuk, consisting of the 5th Mechanized Division, 2nd Infantry Division, 8th Infantry Division and the 38th Infantry Division.


1st Corps (Iraq)
The corps was battered by the U.S. Task Force Viking (CJSOTF-North) during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Among other actions, U.S.-led forces seized Kirkuk. The successful occupation of Kirkuk came as a result of approximately two weeks of fighting that included the Battle of the Green Line (the unofficial border of the Kurdish autonomous zone) and the subsequent Battle of Kani Domlan Ridge (the ridgeline running northwest to southeast of Kirkuk), the latter fought exclusively by 3rd Battalion, 10th SFG and Kurdish peshmerga against the 1st Corps.


1st Corps (Iraq)
Remnants of the corps lasted until the dissolution of the Iraqi Army by Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2 in May 2003.


1st Corps (Syria)
The 1st Corps is a corps of the Syrian Army that was first formed in the 1980s.


1st Corps (Syria)
Richard Bennett wrote in 2001 that "three corps [were] formed in 1985 to give the Army more flexibility and to improve combat efficiency by decentralising the command structure, absorbing at least some of the lessons learned during the Israeli invasion of the Lebanon in 1982." He said that the 1st Corps covered southern Syria, in particular the heavily fortified defense zone between Damascus and the Golan Heights and south to Daraa near the border with Jordan.


1st Corps (Syria)
Bennett said the 1st Corps also had four independent special forces regiments, including two trained for helicopter-inserted commando operations against the Israeli signals intelligence and observation posts on Mount Hermon and elsewhere in the Golan Heights.


1st Corps (Syria)
Cordesman et al said from 2002 to 2005, the command of the 1st Corps was replaced three times.


1st Corps (Syria)
Tom Cooper wrote that prior to the Syrian Civil War, the 1st Corps' main role was defence against an Israeli invasion over the Golan Heights or through Jordan. It had two lines of defence stretching along the cease-fire lines from 1973, and controlled over four divisions (three mechanised and one armoured), a special forces division and two independent infantry brigades (seemingly the 61st and 90th).


1st Corps (Syria), 2013 structure
In addition, the 1st Corps force structure still included the 61st and 90th Infantry Brigades (Independent). Within the last one/two years, Brigade 90 has been reported in the Quneitra area, but its base was reportedly overrun by rebels in February 2014.


1st Corps (Vietnam)
1st Corps (Vietnamese: Quân đoàn 1) or Quyết thắng Corps (Vietnamese: Binh đoàn Quyết thắng, literally: Determined Victory Corps) is one of the four regular army corps of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). First organised in 1973 during the Vietnam War, 1st Corps had a major role in the 1975 spring offensive that ended the war. Today the corps is stationed in Tam Điệp, Ninh Bình.


1st Corps (Vietnam), History
In 1972, after the failure of the air raid in Operation Linebacker II, the Federal government of the United States was forced to sign the Paris Peace Accords, according to which in 1973 the United States had to withdraw all troops home. However, the military situation in 4th Military Region of the People's Army of Vietnam is also unfavorable. The Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam sent a few divisions that were suffering heavy losses to the North to reinforce.


1st Corps (Vietnam), History
In July 1973, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam after its 21st conference issued a resolution of strengthening the armed forces to unify the country. In executing the issue, three months later the Ministry of Defence and the Central Military Commission approved the plan of organising regular army corps for the Vietnam People's Army. On October 24, 1973, General Võ Nguyên Giáp, Minister of Defence, signed the edict No. 142/QĐ-QP that led to the establishment of the 1st Corps in Tam Điệp, Ninh Bình. The first headquarters of the corps was composed of party committee secretary (bí thư) Lê Quang Hòa and commander (tư lệnh) and deputy secretary Lê Trọng Tấn.


1st Corps (Vietnam), History
After the PAVN victory in the Battle of Ban Me Thuot in March 1975, 1st Corps was ordered to move to Southern Vietnam and participate in the 1975 spring offensive. During the last days of the war, 1st Corps had a major role in the attack on Saigon, in which it was assigned the mission of capturing the headquarters of the Joint General Staff. The corps was awarded the title Hero of the People's Armed Forces (Anh hùng Lực lượng vũ trang nhân dân) in 1985.


1st Corps (Vietnam), Development process
According to the decision of the Ministry of Defence, the organisational structure of the Corps includes: Corps Command. Three corps agencies: the General Staff, the Political Bureau, and the Logistics Department. Units upon establishment: 308th Infantry Division, 312th Division, 320B Infantry Division (later changed to 390th Division), 367th Air Defense Division, 202nd Tank-Armored Brigade, 45th Brigade Artillery, 299th Engineer Brigade and 140th Information Regiment.


1st Corps (Vietnam), Development process
On March 15, 1975, while the Battle of Ban Me Thuot was gaining a crushing victory. 1st Corps was ordered to move into Southern Vietnam ready to fight. In just 12 days and nights, the entire formation of the corps (except for the 308th Division soldier who remained in Northern Vietnam on diversionary duty), had traveled over a distance of 1,789 km from the North to the South along the Ho Chi Minh trail, in time to enter the war zone directly participated in the fighting in the North of Saigon.


1st Corps (Vietnam), Development process
After that, the corps moved into the battlefield along Highway 1 - Road 9 - through Lao Bao to Laotian territory - back to Kon Tum along route 14 through Buon Ma Thuot, on April 14, 1975 to Dong Xoai - Phuoc Long prepares for the final battle.


1st Corps (Vietnam), Development process
During the Ho Chi Minh Campaign, Army Corps 1 received the task of attacking from the North of Saigon, encircling and destroying the enemy in Phú Lợi, Bến Cát, Bình Dương, Lai Khê, Tân Uyên; prevent the Army of the Republic of Vietnam's 5th Division from withdrawing to the inner city and neutralize this unit; attacked and captured the Chief of the Joint General Staff, the army command posts in Gò Vấp, Bình Thạnh; organized a combined attack force with other corps at the Independence Palace. Due to the urgent need to march from the North by all means of water, land and air. 1st Corps started the attack a day later than the other units.


1st Corps (Vietnam), Organisation
The command structure of 1st Corps consists of the High Command (Bộ tư lệnh), the Staff of 1st Corps (Bộ tham mưu), the Political Department (Cục chính trị), the Department of Logistics (Cục hậu cần) and the Department of Technique (Cục kỹ thuật). The combat forces of the corps include the 308th Division, 312th Division, 390th Division, 367th Air Defence Division, 202nd Tank Brigade, 45th Artillery Brigade and 299th Engineer Brigade.


1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)
The 1st Proletarian Corps (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Prvi proleterski korpus) was a Yugoslav Partisan corps that fought against the Germans, Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Chetniks in occupied Democratic Federal Yugoslavia during World War II.


1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)
It was created on 5 October 1943 from the 1st Proletarian and 6th "Nikola Tesla" Divisions. On 15 September 1944 the "Operational Group of divisions" (5th, 17th and 21st Divisions) became also part of the 1st Corps. Its first commander was Koča Popović, succeeded in July 1944 by Peko Dapčević.


1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)
Until the middle of June 1944, the 1st (Proletarian) Corps operated in Western and Central Bosnia and Lika, where it fought heavy battles with units of the German 15th Mountain, 5th SS Mountain and 69th Corps. In 1943-1944, it participated in the Banja Luka Operation and Drvar Operation. In May 1944 it withstood the German Operation Rösselsprung (1944). In August 1944 it made an attack over Zlatibor into Serbia and defeated the Chetniks at Maljen and Suvobor. In autumn 1944, it fought in the Belgrade operation and then on the Syrmian Front.


1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)
On 1 January 1945 the 1st Corps was reformed into the 1st Army.


1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense
The 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense (Serbo-Croatian: 1. korpus ratnog vazduhoplovstva i protivvazdušne odbrane/ 1. корпус ратног ваздухопловства и противваздушне одбране) was a joint unit of Yugoslav Air Force established in 1986.


1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense, History
The 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense was formed on February 28, 1986, by order to organize three corps of Air Force and Air Defense. It was created by reorganization of 11th Air Defense Division. The corps area of responsibility was central of Yugoslavia. It's aviation units were based at Batajnica, Tuzla, Rajlovac, Mostar, Divulje and partly Zemunik military airports.


1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense, History
Units of 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense have participated in combat operations since end of June 1991. During May 1992 most of its units located at territory of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have been dislocated to territory of Serbia and Montenegro.


1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense, History
By June 1992 the 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense has been disbanded, and its command was reorganized into command of Air Defense Corps of newly formed Air Force of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.


1st Cossack Cavalry Division
The 1st Cossack Cavalry Division (German: 1. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division) was a Russian Cossack division of the German Army that served during World War II. It was created on the Eastern Front mostly out of Don Cossacks already serving in the Wehrmacht, those who escaped from the advancing Red Army and Soviet POWs. In 1944, the division was transferred to the Waffen SS, becoming part of the XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps, established in February 1945. At the end of the war, the unit ceased to exist.


1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Origin
Adolf Hitler authorised the formation of the division on 6 April 1943, ordering that all Cossacks serving in the Wehrmacht to be concentrated into the division.


1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Formation and training
The division was and trained at Mielau (Mława) in the spring-summer of 1943. The Cossacks brought their wives and children with them, forcing the Germans to establish another camp to house the dependents.


1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Formation and training
The division was formed starting 4 August 1943 by merging the Cossack regiments Platow and von Jungschulz under the command of the Reiterverband Pannwitz, all of which existed since 1942. To these further new regiments were added. Some of the other units brought in were the Cossack Reconnaissance Battalion led by the Don Cossack Nikolai Nazarenko; the Cossack Detachment 600 led by Ivan Kononov, also a Don Cossack; and a force of Terek Cossacks led by ataman Nikolai Kulakkov of the Terek Host.


1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Composition
Many of the German officers were Baltic German émigrés who possessed the necessary knowledge of Russian.


1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Composition
However, owing to a shortage of officers with the necessary Russian language skills, the Wehrmacht was forced to relax its policy against accepting émigré officers, and a number of Cossack émigré officers living in Yugoslavia, France, Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (modern Czechia) were recruited into the division. Other officers were the sons of Cossack émigrés who had served in the armies of France, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria before the war. A disproportionate number of the German officers were cavalrymen, and of these officers Austrians were over-represented as it was felt that Austrians were more "tactful" in dealing with Slavs rather than the Prussians.


1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Anti-Partisan operations
Initially organized to fight the Red Army in Southern Russia, the division was deployed to the puppet Independent State of Croatia, where they were placed under the command of the Second Panzer Army and were used to protect the railroad line from Austria through Zagreb to Belgrade. Some units were also used to fight partisans.


1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Anti-Partisan operations
The division's first fighting engagement was on 12 October 1943, when it was dispatched against Yugoslav partisans in the Fruška Gora Mountains. In the operation the Cossacks, aided by 15 tanks and one armored car, captured the village of Beocin, the location of a partisan HQ. During that operation many villages were burned, including a monastery on Fruška Gora, and around 300 innocent Serbian villagers were killed. Subsequently, the unit was used to protect the Zagreb-Belgrade railroad and the Sava Valley. Several regiments of the division took part in security warfare (Bandenbekämpfung) and guarded the Sarajevo railroad. As part of a wide security sweep, Napfkuchen, the Cossack division was transferred to Croatia, where it fought against partisans and Chetniks in 1944.