1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own)
The 1st Regiment of the Line (King's Own) or (Italian: 1° Reggimento della Linea (del Re)) was a line infantry regiment of the Royal Army of Naples. The regiment was the first infantry regiment formed by the small kingdom, but by 1811 gained a reputation as an exemplary infantry regiment, and was reformed with the honorary title of "King's Own, or del Re". After the disastrous Neapolitan War, the regiment was disbanded, having never seen action outside of the Napoleonic Wars.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Formation
By decree of 13 June 1806, the 1st Regiment of the Line was formed with Colonel Bigarrè, a Frenchman, as commander together with Major Pegot, another Frenchman, and two Neapolitans as Chef de Bataillons. By August the regiment had grown to 70 officers, but only commanded 496 NCOs and men, taken largely from the Bourbonic prisoners, highlighting the difficulties in recruiting the ranks and file.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Formation
On King Joseph's birthday, 19 March 1807, the regiment paraded with 1,800 men and afterwards marched north to reinforce the French Army of Italy. Along the way, many men deserted as the regiment marched north to join the Mantua Garrison. Upon arriving in Mantua, the regiment was reorganised, taking in many elements from the 2nd, losing its quality by the addition of these pardoned convicts or guerrillas forced to service. In November 1807, the regiment left for Spain, reorganised into two war battalions.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona
In January 1808 the regiment arrived in Spain as part of Lechi's Italian Division which consisted of the Battalion of Vélite Grenadiers (Italians), 5th Infantry Regiment (Italian), 1st Neapolitan Line Infantry, and 2nd Neapolitan Mounted Cacciatori. When the French Army of Spain under Napoléon arrived in Madrid, Spain "erupted in rebellion", especially after news of the Third of May revolt. On 4 June 1808, the 2nd battalion commanded by Major d'Ambrosio formed part of the Corps of Observation of the Eastern Pyrenees and engaged a small "Somatenes" force near the El Bruch Pass in southern Catalonia, where 60 soldiers were killed and wounded.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona
After this small action, the French commander of the Barcelona Regional Garrison; Général de Division Guillaume Philibert Duhesme became increasingly frustrated with the constant guerrilla raids, and began marching north from Barcelon to Girona. This, coming after communications with France having been lost. After seeing the first allied troops arriving in the area of Mataro, the Spanish local guard completely disintegrated and allied troops sacked the town for 24 hours. Though a small action, this battle proved that the Neapolitans were just as bad as the French, in Spanish eyes. This small action became known as the Battle of Mataro.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona
On 17 June 1808, the regiment was again involved in an action at Mataro as part of the 2nd Brigade of the, albeit now expanded, Corps of Observation of the Eastern Pyrenees. As Duhesme moved north, the foreified medieval town of Girona was one of the last towns to take in this small campaign. As the allied force arrived, it attempted to storm the two on three or four occasions, in which all failed and the corps retreated back to Barcelona.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona
Sometime before July, a company was detached to the Montgat castle and tasked with defending the road between Barcelona and Montgat; about 10 km from Barcelona itself. In June 1808, Spain switched allegiance and became an ally of Britain, and Lord Cochrane, a local British naval officer was subsequently given orders by Vice Admiral Lord Collingwood, Commander of the Mediterranean fleet, to assist Spanish efforts to drive the French garrison out of Barcelona.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona
Cochrane then proceeded to disrupt the French supply lines sending landing parties ashore to attack the main coastal road between Barcelona and Blanes and assisted Catalan militia in the capture of a castle at Montgat. On 31 July, the combined Anglo–Spanish arrived in force and laid siege to the small garrison. The garrison surrendered, knowing that the miquelets would murder them to Lord Cochrane, and the entire garrison was taken into captivity.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Fall of Barcelona
After hearing the stunning news of the fall of Montgat, the Corps of Observation of the Eastern Pyrenees was reorganised into the Army of Barcelona (merely a psychological tactic) and reinforced with a provisional French division, which had left from the failed Siege of Zaragoza. After suffering a massive defeat at the hands of local Spanish guerrillas and the British squadron, the Army was forced to abandon Barcelona, and their garrison of Girona.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Back in Naples
Sometime after the failed siege of Girona, the regiment was recalled to Naples, and a new 3rd battalion was raised and joined French Army of Naples for the upcoming Capri Campaign. Ending in a stunning defeat for the British, the regiment again gained their pride which had been lost in Spain. After the end of this small campaign, the 3rd battalion was disbanded, while the 1st and 2nd were moved back into Spain.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Formation
By 1811, the regimental strength was almost halved, totalling only 1,958 men and officers. Since the Neapolitan Army had been formed, a conscription "issue" had been given each year, much like an ordnance or yearly army reorganisation. As part of the 1811 conscription, the old 1st Infantry Regiment was disbanded, and subsequently ordered to reform in Pescara under the new title of the 1st Regiment of the Line (King's Own), taking many veterans which began returning from the Iberian Peninsula. This new regiment was also organised very different from the old 1st, with four battalions now, instead of the old two. Meanwhile, the old 1st and 2nd battalions of the 1st Infantry Regiment were made independent, and shortly after helped form the new 8th Regiment of the Line.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Formation
Though the Kingdom of Naples turned its back on Napoléon in 1813, the regiment, nor any of the other Nepolitan units would see service in the small Northern Italian Campaign of 1814. By 1 February 1814, the Neapolitan Army had been completely reorganised, with new permanent divisions and brigades. As part of these reforms, the 1st was assigned along with the 2nd Light Infantry Regiment to the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division commanded by Generale Pepe and Generale Carasco respectively.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Neapolitan War
Just before the beginning of the disastrous Neapolitan War, the army was again reorganised into two field armies; King Murat's Army and the Army of the Interior (or Reserve). The 1st Infantry were one of the unlucky units chosen to join the ill-fated Field Army. Though still part of Pepe's Brigade, in Carrascosa's Division, the regiment had now expanded to 2,551 men, tho many of these "men" were untrained peasants, former prisoners, guerrillas, or just simply not motivated.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Neapolitan War
The first battle occurred at Modena on 4 April 1815, with the majority of Generale Filangieri and General Carrasscosa's Divisions being captured or wounded. The regiment then saw defeat after defeat at Occhiobello (7 April 1815), Carpi (10 April 1815), Pesaro (28 April 1815), Scapezzano (1 May 1815), and finally the disastrous Battle of Tolentino. The few men who made it out of these battles retreated to the Fortress of Gaeta, where they were then captured after a long and arduous siege, which ended on 8 August 1815.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Neapolitan War
Finally, on 8 August 1815, following the fall of Gaeta, the Kingdom of Naples was abolished, and with it went the 1st Infantry Regiment, which struck its regimental colours that same day.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Structure
The structure of the regiment (under the 1813 regulations) presented below.


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Uniform
All Neapolitan infantry regiments, with the exception of the 7th (Royal Africans) (until 1811), maintained the same uniform, but with different coloured facings. This consisted of; French-style shako with shield-shaped plate bearing the crowned "JN", red, white and black cockade, later blue white and maroon, and blue pom pom for the regiment. White tunics, small clothes, belts and shoulder straps, and brass buttons. Facings were shown on the collar, lapels, cuffs in "Dark Blue", French cuff flaps and turnbacks. Black gaiters were worn. Under the 1811 reorganisations by King Murat, the regimental facings changed to a lighter version of "Royal Blue".


1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Uniform
Drummers uniforms were as for those of the Vélites; they wore a bearskin, green cords and plume with a red tip, crimson top patch with yellow grenade. Dark blue coat with light crimson collar, lapels, cuffs, French cuff flaps and turnbacks, all but the latter piped white. The coat had yellow buttons and two tasselled buttonholes to the collar, two to each cuff and seven to each lapel. Red epaulettes and sabre knots were worn. Small clothes and belts were white. these were the same for the drummers, but reversed colours.


1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment was created from the 1st Nebraska Infantry on October 11, 1863. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Robert Ramsay Livingston. It was later designated 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry on July 10, 1865, after being consolidated with 1st Battalion Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry.


1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to District of Southeast Missouri, Department of the Missouri, to November 1864. District of Northeast Arkansas, Department of the Missouri, to January 1864. District Northeast Arkansas, VII Corps, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to October 1864. 4th Brigade, Cavalry Division, VII Corps, to October 1864. District of Nebraska and District of the Plains, to July 1866.


1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st Nebraska Cavalry mustered out of service on July 1, 1866.


1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
The First Nebraska Cavalry had "veteran volunteered," as it was called. After a person had served in the field eighteen months, then he could "veteranize," as it was said, and enlist for three years longer and get a bounty of $300, so that soldiers and sometimes regiments "veteranized." The First Nebraska was a regiment in which the men had veteranized to such an extent that it was reorganized as a veteran regiment, and bore the name of veteran volunteer in the title of the regiment.


1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
The incursions of the Indians, and the vast damages which they had done in Nebraska, raised such an outcry that the Government had to send Nebraska troops home for the protection of Nebraska, the same as a portion of our regiment was stationed in Iowa. And so it happened that the "First Nebraska Veteran Volunteer Cavalry" was drawn from the field, and the Confederacy, and sent out to fight Indians in the Northwest. The 7th Iowa Cavalry and the First Nebraska got along together very well.


1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment
The 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was initially organized to protect the Nebraska Territory from Indian attacks, but primarily served in the Western Theater before being reorganized and sent to the frontier.


1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, Service
When the war started, U.S. Regular Army troops were withdrawn from Fort Kearny and Fort Randall to serve in more threatened areas, but at the increased risk to Nebraska settlers from Indian attacks. The Federal government requested that the Nebraska Territory form one volunteer regiment, with some companies supposed to stay behind to protect the territory. The territorial legislature met in special session in Omaha, and agreed to raise the requested local defense force. Thus, the 1st


1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, Service
Nebraska Infantry Regiment was organized at Omaha, between June 11 and July 21, 1861, with the future governor of Nebraska and the Wyoming Territory, John Milton Thayer, as its first colonel. However, the promise was reneged, and the regiment was sent eastward in August to fight the Confederacy. The regiment camped at various sites in Missouri, including Pilot Knob, throughout the fall and winter of 1861–1862.


1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, Service
After joining the Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant, the 1st Nebraska Infantry participated in the successful attack on Fort Donelson in Tennessee, fought at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, and took part in the Union advance on, and siege of, Corinth, Mississippi. The unit then participated in several minor engagements in Missouri and Arkansas. The regiment was redesignated the 1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment on November 6, 1863. It was transferred to the frontier to keep the Plains Indians in check. It was amalgamated with the 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion in 1865, and mustered out of the Union Army in 1866.


1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
A total of 1370 men served in the 1st Nebraska Infantry/Cavalry.


1st Nebraska Militia
The 1st Nebraska Militia was a temporary military force mobilized by Territorial Governor Alvin Saunders in August, 1864 during the Indian uprising of 1864 which threatened travelers on the Overland Trail and settlers on the frontier. The 1st Nebraska Militia reinforced the 7th Iowa Cavalry Regiment, which had previously been deployed and had constructed Fort McPherson near present-day North Platte, Nebraska, and the 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Regiment.


1st Nebraska Militia
The Nebraska MILITIA were frontiersmen who furnished their own horses and arms. They were, as soldiers, first-class in every respect. The companies were small but efficient.


1st Nebraska Militia, Companies
Companies "B" and "C," 1st Nebraska Militia (mounted) were present at the January, 1865 attack on Camp Rankin and Julesburg and under the command of General Robert B. Mitchell were part of the force which engaged in a fruitless pursuit of the marauding Indian forces after the battle.


1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion
The 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion was a cavalry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion, Service
When the 2nd Nebraska Cavalry Regiment was mustered out of service, in the fall of 1863, Governor Alvin Saunders authorized the raising of an independent battalion of cavalry from the ranks of the 2nd Nebraska Cavalry to serve for the balance of the war. The battalion was organized in four companies at Omaha, Nebraska between January and August, 1864 by Major George Anderson.


1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion, Service
It was then attached to the District of Nebraska and operated against Indians in Nebraska and Colorado and guarded the Overland Mail routes. After the end of the Civil War the battalion was consolidated with the 1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment on July 10, 1865.


1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion, Detailed service
Duty at Fort Cottonwood, Nebraska Territory, October and November, 1864. Duty at Gillman's Station until January, 1865. Duty at Cottonwood Springs until February, 1865, and at Gillman's Station until July, 1865. Company "B" at Dakota City until July, 1865. Scout from Dakota City April 12–16, 1865. Scout to Middle Bow River April 22–27. Company "C" had duty at Fort Cottonwood, until July, 1865. Scout from Cottonwood May 12–14, 1865. Company "D" had duty at Omaha until February, 1865. Moved to Fort Kearney February 25 and duty until April, and at Fort Laramie until July.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
The 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly was a unicameral body of 601 members that served from May 28, 2008, to May 28, 2012. It was formed as a result of the first Constituent Assembly election held on April 10, 2008. The Constituent Assembly was tasked with writing a new constitution, and acting as the interim legislature for a term of two years. 240 members were elected in single-seat constituencies, 335 were elected through proportional representation, and the remaining 26 seats were reserved for nominated members.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (CPN (M)) was the largest party in the Constituent Assembly, having won half of the constituency seats and about 30% of proportional representation seats. The Constituent Assembly declared a republic at its first meeting on May 28, 2008, abolishing the monarchy.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
In late June 2008, the parties agreed to divide the 26 nominated seats in the Constituent Assembly between nine parties: the CPN (M) was to receive nine of these seats, while the Nepali Congress (NC) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (CPN (UML)) (which respectively placed second and third in the election) would each receive five, the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum would receive two, and the Sadbhavana Party, the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, Janamorcha Nepal, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) would each receive one nominated seat.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
Due to its failure in drafting a new constitution, the CA was dissolved on May 28, 2012, after its original and extended total tenure of four years. The next Nepalese Constituent Assembly elections initially slated for November 22, 2012 were held a year later on November 19, 2013, after being postponed several times.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Opening of the Constituent Assembly, declaration of the Republic
The official and final list of members elected under the PR system was released on 8 May 2008; this meant the first meeting of the CA (which has to be held within 21 days of the publication of the final result) would be held before the end of May 2008. On 12 May 2008, it was announced that the first session of the CA would be held on 28 May 2008. The members of the CA were sworn in on 27 May 2008.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Opening of the Constituent Assembly, declaration of the Republic
At the first session of the Constituent Assembly on 28 May, it voted to declare Nepal a federal democratic republic, thereby abolishing the monarchy. 564 members of the Constituent Assembly voted on this motion, with 560 in favor and four opposed. Of all the parties represented in the Constituent Assembly, only the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal (RPP-Nepal) opposed the motion. Koirala said that Nepal was entering a new era and that "the nation's dream has come true", while celebrations took place in Kathmandu; May 29 and May 30 were declared to be public holidays by the government. The Constituent Assembly also decided that Gyanendra should leave the Narayanhity Palace within 15 days.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Opening of the Constituent Assembly, declaration of the Republic
Earlier on 28 May, the major parties agreed on the creation of the position of President, while the Prime Minister was to hold executive powers; however, they reached no agreement on exactly what powers the President should have or who should become president, and these deliberations led to a delay in the opening of the Constituent Assembly.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Opening of the Constituent Assembly, declaration of the Republic
On 29 May, the royal standard was removed from Narayanhity Palace and replaced with the national flag. Gyanendra reportedly said on 2 June that he accepted the Constituent Assembly's decision.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
13 parties, including the CPN (M), the NC, and the CPN (UML), met at the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction on June 1; no agreement was reached regarding power arrangements. The CPN (M) pressed its demand for both the positions of President and Prime Minister, but the NC and CPN (UML) were unwilling to accept this. The NC wanted these positions to be chosen through a simple majority vote in the Constituent Assembly.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
Addressing a rally in Gorkha district on June 1, Prachanda gave Koirala an ultimatum to present his resignation to the Constituent Assembly within two or three days, warning that if he failed to do so, the Maoist members of the government would resign and the party would lead street protests.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
After Gyanendra requested that the government make arrangements for his residence on June 1, the government decided on June 4 to give another palace, the Nagarjuna Palace, to Gyanendra. Also on June 4, Prachanda and Koirala met; at this meeting Prachanda demanded that the government step aside by June 5 and again threatened street protests. On the same day, the three main parties held a meeting at which they again failed to reach an agreement, but the parties agreed on the need for a few more days and the CPN (M) postponed its deadline for the government to step aside to allow for this period.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
On June 5, the CPN (M) softened its position, deciding at a meeting of its Central Secretariat that it would not press its claim to the presidency and that it would instead favor having a member of civil society become president. The party expressed continued opposition to a proposal that would allow the Prime Minister to be dismissed by a simple majority vote of the Constituent Assembly. Despite the Maoist desire to have a neutral figure as president, the NC proposed Koirala for the position.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
The Constituent Assembly held its second sitting on June 5; due to the three major parties' deadlock, this sitting was very brief, lasting less than a half hour, and took no major decisions.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
On June 11, Gyanendra gave a brief press conference at Narayanhiti, stating his acceptance of the republic and promising cooperation. He also said that he intended to stay in Nepal, asserted that he held no property outside of Nepal, and expressed his hope that he would be allowed to keep his property. He left Narayanhiti on the same evening and went to his new residence at Nagarjuna.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
Shortly after another meeting between Prachanda and Koirala, the CPN (M) ministers announced their resignations and sent a joint resignation letter to Prachanda on June 12. According to the CPN (M) Minister for Local Development, Dev Gurung, the purpose of the resignations was to "accelerate the process of formation of a new government and bring an end to the current transitional period". However, some considered the resignations to be a means of increasing pressure on Koirala. The resignations were not immediately submitted to Koirala by the CPN (M), and therefore were not made effective. Gurung said that he expected a coalition government to be formed by June 18.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
Also on June 12, CPN (UML) General Secretary Jhala Nath Khanal asserted that a member of his party should become president. On June 14 he blamed the CPN (M) for the deadlock. At a meeting with Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) General Secretary C. P. Mainali on June 14, Koirala stressed the importance of power-sharing according to the popular mandate and consensus.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
Mainali expressed the view that the Maoists should be allowed to lead the government, while the post of President should go to someone from the Nepali Congress and the post of Chairman of the Constituent Assembly should go to someone from the CPN (UML). Meanwhile, Prachanda rejected the possibility of Koirala becoming president, saying that this would be a "dishonour to the people's mandate"; he also expressed concern that having Koirala as president could cause the development of a separate power center from the government, in addition to noting Koirala's advanced age and health problems. Prachanda said that the President should come from a smaller party rather than from the Nepali Congress or the CPN (UML).


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
Koirala said on June 15 that he would not "run around pleading" for the presidency. Prachanda, meanwhile, said that he expected the new government to be formed imminently, calling on other parties to support this and warning that anyone contravening the people's mandate would have a "heavy price" to pay. Another meeting of the three main parties on June 16 ended in continued disagreement on the key issues, and the CPN (M) said that it would submit the resignations of its ministers to Koirala if the next meeting on June 17 did not produce an agreement.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
CPN (UML) General Secretary Khanal said on June 17 that it was important for the left-wing parties to work together. While saying that the CPN (UML) and the CPN (M) would cooperate in the future, he noted that it would be necessary for the parties to improve their difficult relationship. The CPN (M) Central Secretariat met on the same day and approved the decision to hold firm on the key issues and for its ministers to resign if an agreement was not reached later in the day. The party chose to support Ramraja Prasad Singh for the presidency.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
Upendra Yadav, the Coordinator of the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum, also said on June 17 that his party would not participate in the government and would instead be an opposition party, and he stressed the importance of cooperation among the Madhesi parties. Although he criticized the three main parties for focusing on their power struggle, he endorsed the Maoist claim to lead the government, while asserting that some of the key portfolios should be given to other parties.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
The Constituent Assembly went into indefinite recess on June 18. The three main parties continued their discussions on that day, but did not reach an agreement. However, CPN (M) spokesman Krishna Bahadur Mahara said that they were getting closer to an agreement, and he said that the party had postponed its deadline to June 19.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
On June 19, the three main parties reached an agreement providing for a constitutional amendment that would enable a government to be formed or dismissed by a simple majority vote of the Constituent Assembly, rather than the previously required two-thirds majority vote. An agreement was also concluded on the issue of integrating Maoist fighters into the national army. However, the parties did not yet agree on a way to resolve the question of power-sharing. Later that day, the Seven-Party Alliance held a meeting at which Koirala said that he was prepared to resign at any time.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
The CPN (M) and the CPN (UML) leadership met early on June 20, and afterwards Khanal said that the CPN (M) had "responded positively" to the CPN (UML)'s proposal to have someone from the CPN (UML) as president. A leading member of the CPN (UML) said that the two parties had agreed on the candidacy of Madhav Kumar Nepal, the former General Secretary of the CPN (UML).


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
However, a leading member of the CPN (M) disputed this, saying that the two parties were closer to an agreement but that their party had not agreed to support a CPN (UML) candidate; he said that both Nepal and Sahana Pradhan (whose name was proposed by the CPN (M)) had been discussed as candidates.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
The Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NFIN) met with Koirala on June 20, seeking a recommendation that indigenous peoples not already represented in the Constituent Assembly be included in it through the 26 nominated seats. Koirala, who was supportive of the NFIN's request, also sharply criticized his rivals on this occasion, saying that they were practicing petty politics and were not respecting the people's mandate to work on a consensus basis. The Maoist ministers submitted their joint resignation at a meeting of the seven parties on June 20.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
Sher Bahadur Deuba of the Nepali Congress said on June 24 that the CPN (M) was responsible for the deadlock and claimed that it was working to divide the Seven-Party Alliance. He also said that Koirala would resign after the election of a President and that the CPN (M) had no authority to demand his resignation before then. Also on June 24, the seven parties agreed on the introduction of a constitutional amendment providing for the election of a President and the formation of a government through simple majority votes.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
There was, however, disagreement over the Nepali Congress proposal to include a member of the opposition on the National Security Council; the CPN (M) and the CPN (UML) described this as undemocratic. There was also a proposal to include members of each of the seven parties on the National Security Council. Despite the failure to agree about the opposition's inclusion on the National Security Council, it was agreed to give the opposition a place on the Constitutional Council. The parties also reached agreement on a number of issues related to peace, disarmament and reintegration.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions
A decision was also reached with to divide the 26 nominated seats in the Constituent Assembly among nine parties: the CPN (M) was to receive nine of these seats, while the Nepali Congress and the CPN (UML) would each receive five, the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum would receive two, and the Sadbhavana Party, the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, Janamorcha Nepal, and the Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist would each receive one nominated seat.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
The Council of Ministers approved the constitutional amendment late on June 25. At a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on June 26, Koirala announced his resignation, although it will not be finalized until after the election of a President, to whom the resignation must be submitted. Although it was expected that the constitutional amendment would be approved at the same meeting, it was not introduced after Madhesi members of the Constituent Assembly demanded that the amendment be expanded to incorporate a March 2008 agreement between the Madhesis and the government that provided for Madhesi autonomy, among other things.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
As a result of this, the Constituent Assembly meeting was suspended until June 28. After meeting with Koirala on June 27, Hridayesh Tripathy of the Terai Madhes Loktantrik Party (TMLP) said that Koirala was in favor of incorporating the Madhesi agreement into the amendment and that he asked the Madhesis not to disrupt the Constituent Assembly again.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
On June 28, the seven parties met to discuss the Madhesi demands; although no decision was reached, all of the parties opposed the Madhesi demand for a single province. The Constituent Assembly met later that day and was again disrupted by representatives of the Madhesi parties, forcing the cancellation of the meeting after only a few minutes. The next Constituent Assembly meeting on June 29 was also disrupted by the Madhesis and was cancelled.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
Jaya Prakash Gupta, a leading figure in the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum (MJF), also warned on June 29 that the Madhesi parties would "not only obstruct the Constituent Assembly but also paralyse the entire nation to force [the seven parties] to meet our demands." Prachanda, in an interview on June 30, expressed frustration with the Madhesi parties' disruption, which occurred just after Koirala's resignation, when it appeared the road to forming a new government was clear. He said that he favored Madhesi autonomy, but opposed their demand for all of Terai to become one Madhesi province. Khanal, the CPN (UML) General Secretary, flatly rejected the demand for a single Madhesi province, condemning it as "a game to disintegrate the nation". He said that the demand ignored the wishes of other ethnic groups in the Terai.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
The Constituent Assembly met on June 30 but was again disrupted by the Madhesis and the meeting was cancelled. The three main parties reached an agreement with the three Madhesi parties, the MJF, the TMLP, and the Nepal Sadbhavana Party, on July 1, providing for a supplementary amendment bill that would meet the Madhesi demands. Another meeting of the Constituent Assembly was disrupted by the Madhesis and aborted on July 2, while the CPN (M), Nepali Congress, and CPN (UML) met to decide the draft text of the supplementary amendment bill.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
The CPN (M) and MJF met on July 3, and the CPN (M) agreed to include a reference to Madhesi autonomy in the bill, while also saying that it wanted the bill to mention other indigenous groups' desire for autonomy. 13 small parties in the Constituent Assembly said on July 3 that they were completely opposed to the Madhesi demand for a single autonomous province, and they criticized the larger parties for the political deadlock that prevented discussion of the issues from taking place in the Constituent Assembly.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
Sessions of the Constituent Assembly were attempted on July 3 and July 4, but both were immediately disrupted by the Madhesi members and were aborted. On the latter occasion, Kul Bahadur Gurung, who chaired the session, urged the Madhesi members to respect the right of other members to be heard, but they ignored him. On July 4, the CPN (M), Nepali Congress, and CPN (UML) agreed on a draft supplementary amendment bill intended to satisfy the Madhesi demands.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
The draft requires the State Restructuring Commission to consider the March 2008 agreement between the government and the Madhesis when drawing up Nepal's federal structure. A meeting of the Seven Party Alliance followed the three-party agreement, and at this meeting, the People's Front Nepal, United Left Front, and Nepal Workers and Peasants Party objected to the draft, saying that it would endanger national unity. The cabinet approved the bill late on July 4; at the same time, it decided to nominate the 26 remaining members of the Constituent Assembly, dividing the seats between nine parties in accordance with the parties' earlier agreement and the lists of names they presented.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
The Madhesi parties quickly deemed the supplementary amendment bill to be an unacceptable "betrayal". Khanal, the CPN (UML) General Secretary, said that the bill should satisfy the Madhesi demands, and he warned that opposition to the bill would not be in Madhesi interests or in the interests of any of the peoples of Terai. He called on the Madhesi members to make proposals and engage in discussion in the Constituent Assembly instead of disrupting it.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
On July 6, at a meeting between the three main parties and the Madhesi parties, the former agreed to formulate a new bill to replace the one agreed upon two days prior, while the latter agreed to stop disrupting the Constituent Assembly. 23 of the 26 nominated members of the Constituent Assembly were sworn in on July 7; the remaining three were unable to attend the swearing in ceremony. On July 8, the Seven Party Alliance, with the exception of the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, agreed on the content of a new draft bill, according to which federal structures would be created in line with the wishes of the Madhesis and other ethnic groups.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
The Constituent Assembly was able to meet and function on July 9, for the first time since the Madhesis began pressing their demands on June 26. Although they did not disrupt the Constituent Assembly on this occasion, the three Madhesi parties furiously condemned the proposed bill and vowed that their struggle would continue. During the Constituent Assembly meeting, they submitted a protest notice, and when this was rejected, they chose to boycott the Constituent Assembly's proceedings. Narendra Bikram Nemwang, the Minister for Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, tabled the bill regardless.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
Koirala said on July 11 that forming a government was the responsibility of the CPN (M). However, the CPN (M) criticized the Nepali Congress on July 12 for "obstructing the process [of forming a government] for the past three months". To protest the amendment bill, the Madhesi parties boycotted the Constituent Assembly meeting held on July 13, at which the amendment bill was considered. The bill was passed on the same day; 442 members of the Constituent Assembly voted for the amendment and seven voted against it. It thus became the interim constitution's Fifth Amendment.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
The amendment allows for the formation of a government based on a Constituent Assembly majority; it also allows the President, vice-president, Chairman of the Constituent Assembly, and the Deputy Chairman of the Constituent Assembly to be elected by majority vote if there is no consensus. In addition, the amendment provides for the Leader of the Opposition to become a member of the Constitutional Council; however, the Constituent Assembly rejected a proposal from the cabinet that the Leader of the Opposition be included on the National Defense Council.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands
In a meeting with the Nepali Congress on July 14, the CPN (M) urged it to participate in the new government. A Nepali Congress leader replied that the party had still not decided whether to participate.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Election of Nepal's first president
An indirect presidential election was held in Nepal on 19 July 2008 with a presidential run-off on 21 July. The Nepalese Constituent Assembly (CA) elected in April 2008 elected a new president and vice-president after the Fifth Amendment to the Interim Constitution was passed on July 14. This would be the first President to be elected after Nepal became a republic a few months earlier.


1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Election of Nepal's first president
In the newly passed amendment, the majority party will form the government, the CA will elect the new president on the basis of majority and a new provision that the Opposition Leader will be a member of the Constitutional Council. The leading political parties, Nepali Congress, Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) engaged in discussions regarding who would be the new president. The Nepali Congress wanted Prime Minister and interim Head of State Girija Prasad Koirala while the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) wanted its former Secretary-General Madhav Kumar Nepal as president. However, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) wants an independent figure as president rather than party figures such as Koirala or Nepal. The Maoists won the most seats in the CA however needs to form a coalition government with the other parties.


1st Neva Infantry Regiment
The 1st General Field Marshal Count Lacy's, His Majesty King of the Hellenes' Neva Infantry Regiment (Russian: 1-й пехотный Невскийгенерал-фельдмаршала графа Ласси, ныне Его Величества Короля Эллинов полк) was an infantry regiment of the Russian Imperial Army. It was known by different names for much of its existence but most of its designations included "Neva Infantry Regiment." It served in several conflicts, including the Great Northern War, Seven Years' War, the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, and the Russo–Japanese War. By 1914, the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment was part of the 1st Infantry Division, and it fought in World War I before being dissolved in 1918, after the events of Russian Revolution.


1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization
The unit was first formed in Saint Petersburg on 21 July 1706 as the "Kulikov Infantry Regiment" by order of Russian Emperor Peter the Great. On 10 April 1708 it was renamed "Neva Regiment" and in 1711 it became the "Neva Infantry Regiment". On 16 August 1712 its surviving members were merged into another regiment after sustaining heavy losses during the Great Northern War (the regiment would later be disbanded in 1731). On 15 July 1713 a new Neva Regiment was created, named after the original.


1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization
In 1727 it was briefly designated as the "2nd Vladimir Infantry Regiment" before being renamed "Neva" again. It was reformed in 1731 and a decade later its total strength was 1,557 men. By 1753 the regiment's battalions each consisted of one grenadier and four fusilier companies, for a total strength of 2,859 men.


1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization
In the mid-1750s two of its grenadier companies were reassigned to form other units. In 1762 the Neva Regiment was reformed and came to consist of 3 fusilier battalions, each of which included one grenadier and four fusilier companies. The following year it gained two new battalions, and its official strength was listed as 2,092 men during wartime and 1,880 during peacetime. On 29 November 1796 it was renamed "Neva Musketeer Regiment". On 31 October 1798 it was renamed "1st Lieutenant General Duke Volkonsky's Musketeer Regiment" and later "Lieutenant General Duke Gorchakov's" on 26 January 1800.


1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization
In 1800 its numerical designation was changed to 2nd before being renamed "Neva Musketeer Regiment" on 31 March 1801. In 1811 it was renamed "Neva Infantry Regimen"t. In January 1833 the 1st naval battalion was added to the unit, and it was later renamed the "Neva Naval Regiment". In 1846 it became the "His Majesty King of Naples Regiment" before being changed back to "Neva Infantry Regiment" the following year.


1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization
In April 1863 it lost three battalions which were reassigned to form the new "Neva Reserve Infantry Regiment". It was in 1867 that it first gained the name of "1st His Majesty King of the Hellenes' Infantry Regiment". In 1913 it was renamed "1st Neva Infantry Regiment". Part of the unit was transferred to form the new 221st Roslavl Infantry Regiment in August 1914, and the unit was disbanded in 1918.


1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Combat chronicle
The regiment saw its first action during the Great Northern War, fighting in the Battle of Poltava (1709), Battle of Vyborg Bay (1711), and during a naval battle that resulted in the capture of four frigates (1719). From 1716 to 1717 it took part in a 20-month march through Prussia to the shores of Sweden. The Neva Regiment took heavy losses during the conflict. In 1760, during the Seven Years' War, the regiment was decorated for taking part in the raid on Berlin. It might also have taken part in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) and the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90).


1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Combat chronicle
In 1812 it took part in fighting the French invasion of Russia and until 1815 the regiment was fighting abroad, including at the Battle of Leipzig. The Neva Infantry Regiment later took part in crushing the January Uprising in Russian Congress Poland. It later fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, during which the regiment's 1st battalion earned a decoration for distinguished service in battle. In 1905 the unit was deployed to Manchuria to fight in the Russo–Japanese War, but the conflict ended by the time they arrived in Harbin. Between 1907–08 the regiment took part in putting down revolutionary unrest in Voronezh. During that time all men of the unit received a marking which stated "For Accomplishment in the Turkish War of 1877 and 1878."


1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Combat chronicle
During World War I the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment participated in the East Prussian Operation, including the Battle of Tannenberg, in 1914 and was part of the 1st Infantry Division. It saw action as part of 2nd Army, 10th Army, 5th Army, and 12th Army; on the Northwestern Front and the Northern Front. It was dissolved by the Bolsheviks in 1918 and some of its members fought for the White movement in the Russian Civil War.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion
The 1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, or the Nevada Territory Cavalry Volunteers, was a unit raised for the Union army during the American Civil War. It remained in the west, garrisoning frontier posts, protecting emigrant routes, and engaged in scouting duties. The unit was disbanded in July 1866.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment
In the spring of 1862, recruiting for the army in the Nevada Territory began in Virginia City. These early volunteers were mustered into the 3rd California Cavalry Regiment, and occupied military posts within the territory. The following spring, Nevada was authorized to raise their own battalion of cavalry for three-years service. Recruitment offices were first opened at Gold Hill and Silver City, and the first men began mustering in on 17 June 1863. Other recruiting stations were later opened in Aurora, Carson City and Genoa and the battalion of six companies would be completed in April 1864.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment
Company A was recruited in Silver City under Elias Brevoort "Buck" Zabriske who then became captain. Company B was recruited in Gold Hill under Joseph H. Matthewson who became lieutenant and Noyes Baldwin became captain. These two companies were mustered into service in Salt Lake City. Being the ranking captain, Zabriske was offered command of the two companies but declined. Baldwin was then placed in command.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment
Four more companies were added to the battalion after its mustering. Company C was recruited throughout the state with John H. Dalton as captain. Company D was recruited in Gold Hill with Milo George as captain. Company E was recruited at Genoa, Carson City and Silver City with Robert Lyon as captain. Company F was recruited in Aurora with Joseph W. Calder as captain.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment
Having never reached full regimental strength, no colonel was appointed to command. Alfred A. C. Williams was appointed major of the battalion on March 18, 1864, and served as the completed battalion's first commander. A month later on April 6, Williams was promoted to lieutenant colonel and Milo George of Company D became major.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment
Major George served as the post commander of Camp Nye in Carson City, Nevada, with Companies D and E. Williams resigned on December 21, 1864, and George was promoted to the lieutenant colonelcy the following day with Noyes Baldwin eventually succeeding to the position of major on March 31, 1865. Lieutenant Colonel George was in command of the battalion when it was mustered out of service in 1865.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations
The companies, or detachments of, were engaged in various scouting missions and fort garrisoning during their service. Companies A and B left for the Utah Territory in 1864, where they encamped at Fort Bridger, Companies C and F manned Camp Douglas in Utah, while the other two were engaged in numerous skirmishes with hostiles throughout Nevada.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations
The Expedition to the Humboldt River took Captain Wells and Company D on a 1,200 mile scouting operation, from their camp at Fort Churchill north and west to the California border and back. In the 84 days, they never engaged or saw any hostile Indians.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations
The Pyramid Lake, Walker Lake and Mud Lake operations in March 1865 involved Companies D and E investigating the murders of miners and the theft of cattle from settlers. The 10 March incident at Walker Lake with Capt Wallace and Company E was settled quickly, with the suspected murderers being handed over by the Northern Paiute band. For Capt Wells and Company E, however, encountering the Smoke Creek Paiutes at Mud Lake (now Winnemucca Lake) on 14 March became a battle (see "Battle of Mud Lake"). Though only one man was wounded, twenty-nine Indians were killed in the action. Reports from both sides offer largely different versions of the incident, like the question of whether or not members of Company E did things like throwing an infant onto a fire to die.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations
Table (or Godfrey's) Mountain, 20 May 1865. Capt Littlefield, with 35 men of Company D, while on a scouting run near Paradise Valley, encountered a large band of Northern Paiutes. Largely outnumbered, he returned to camp to notify Captain Almond Wells, who gathered up Co. E and returned to the scene with a force of 65 soldiers. Chief Zeluawick, with 500 Paiute, Shoshone and Bannock warriors, held a position on top of a butte. Wells, Littlefield and 40 men (the remainder of the force keeping the horses) charged up the hill and fought until night fall, when a retreat was ordered. Two soldiers were killed and four wounded in the attempted assault.


1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations
Skirmishes with these bands of Paiutes continued throughout the summer, with additional troops of the 1st Battalion Nevada Volunteer Infantry and 2nd California Cavalry Regiment taking part. Companies D and E, along with a detachment from Company F, were mustered out on 18 November 1865. Companies A, B and C were be mustered out of service on 12 July 1866, while the remainder of Company F stayed on until 21 July.


1st Nevada Infantry Battalion
The 1st Nevada Infantry Battalion was in infantry unit raised for service for the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Nevada Infantry Battalion
Authorization was given to raise a full regiment. Charles Sumner was commissioned colonel with A. W. Briggs as lieutenant colonel and John G. Paul as major. The unit, however, never reached full regimental strength and these officers were not mustered into service. Three companies were organized at Fort Churchill, Nevada Territory beginning in 1863.


1st Nevada Territorial Legislature
The first Nevada Territorial Legislature first convened on October 1, 1861. It consisted of the Council with ten seats and the House of Representatives with fifteen seats.


1st Nevada Territorial Legislature, Background
The Territory of Nevada was created on March 2, 1861 out of the western part of Utah Territory. On July 24, Governor James W. Nye ordered elections for the territorial legislature and a census to determine the districts. The elections were held on August 31.


1st Nevada Territorial Legislature, Session
One regular session was held between October 1 and November 29, 1861. The meeting place was the top floor of Warm Springs Hotel just outside Carson City, that was owned by Abraham Curry. Laws that were passed included ones creating the original nine counties, determining the county seats, and ratifying Governor Nye's decision to select Carson City as the capital of the territory. A total of 107 pieces of legislation were passed.


1st New Brunswick Legislature
The 1st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between January 3, 1786, and 1792.


1st New Brunswick Legislature
The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick, Thomas Carleton. The first and second sessions were held at the Mallard House, an inn in Saint John. Subsequent sessions were held in Fredericton.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion
The 1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion (1 NGIB) was a battalion of the Australian Army during World War II. One of four infantry battalions raised in New Guinea, 1 NGIB was formed in March 1944. In late 1944, the battalion began deploying company-sized elements in support of combat operations on Bougainville, New Britain and on mainland New Guinea. It later became part of the Pacific Islands Regiment before being disbanded in June 1946.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
Earlier efforts by the Australian Army to raise infantry from local Papuan and New Guinean personnel for service against the Japanese during World War II had resulted in the creation of the Papuan Infantry Battalion (PIB) in 1940. This unit had first seen combat in 1942, and as a result of its successes in November 1943 the Australian Army authorised the establishment of another battalion, recruited from New Guinea. This battalion, the 1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, was formed in March 1944 in the territory of New Guinea. Formed as part of the Australian Army, its soldiers were primarily natives of New Guinea, under the command of Australian officers and NCOs. The New Guinea battalions each had an establishment of about 77 Europeans and 550 native soldiers. Its roles included reconnaissance, harassment and mopping up operations.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
Although it was raised late in the war the battalion would ultimately serve in a number of the Allied campaigns in New Guinea, including during the offensives on New Britain and Bougainville. After forming in the Markham Valley, the battalion concentrated at Camp Diddy, located near Nadzab in August 1944, where they were formed into several rifle companies, which were supported by a depot company for training purposes. In November 1944, the PIB along with the 1st and 2nd New Guinea Infantry Battalions were amalgamated to form the Pacific Islands Regiment. Further units would later be raised as the role of New Guinea troops was to be expanded. The 3rd and 4th New Guinea Infantry Battalions joined the Pacific Islands Regiment in 1945, although 4 NGIB was soon disbanded. A further battalion, the 5th New Guinea Infantry Battalion—although authorised—was never raised.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
The battalion's operations were devolved down to company level, and in November 1944 the battalion began deploying its companies in support of combat operations. The majority of the battalion was deployed in support of operations on New Britain. 'B' Company deployed there in November, and was joined by 'D' Company the following month.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
'B' Company was assigned the southern sector around Jacquinot Bay, patrolling towards Wide Bay in support of the 6th Brigade, while 'D' Company undertook the drive on the northern coast towards Open Bay alongside the 36th Battalion as the Australians established a defensive line between Wide Bay and Open Bay, to confine the Japanese to their base around Rabaul. From March 1945, offensive operations were curtailed and largely focused upon collecting information. Around this time, advanced elements of battalion headquarters moved from Diddy Camp to Rile.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
Elsewhere,  'A' Company was sent to Bougainville in November 1944, initially concentrating around Cape Torokina. Several platoons were sent to support the 29th Brigade's southern drive towards Buin, carrying out reconnaissance and patrol operations, while another platoon supported the 11th Brigade in the centre of the island along the Numa-Numa trail. As these brigades were in turn rotated to the rear for rest, the platoons continued to support the replacement brigades (the 7th, 15th and 23rd). 1 NGIB troops were involved in numerous small scale skirmishes during the course of the campaign.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
In December 1944 alone, these patrols killed 41 Japanese and captured eight others in several engagements, while the battalion also detached guides to the Australian infantry battalions, earning a reputation of being able move silently through the bush and locate Japanese patrols and ambushes. Close to the end of the month, a patrol crossed the Adele River to form a base for further operations, and then held off a Japanese attack around the Hupai River, before withdrawing towards Tavera.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
In late January 1945, a long range patrol was moved by sea to Motupena Point, from where they attacked a Japanese outpost. The following month, a patrol exploited towards Mosigetta. On 29 March 1945, a platoon from 1 NGIB attacked a Japanese camp around Buritsiotorara, killing seven Japanese with machine gun fire and grenades. The next day, the platoon exploited further along the Wakunai River to Aviang, where another three Japanese were killed.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
The battalion undertook operations on Bougainville until May 1945, when the PIB relieved 'A' Company, which was subsequently sent to New Britain to join other elements of the battalion. Meanwhile, 'C' Company moved to Salamaua in November 1944, and carried out patrols around Hansa Bay, looking for small pockets of Japanese resistance that had been left behind following the main operation to clear the area, before linking up with the 8th Brigade to patrol around the Sepik River. Detachments were also contributed to the Australian troops holding Annanberg.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
The area was relatively quiet during this time, although there were some raids by Japanese troops on the forward areas around Marangis. On 19 January 1945, a 1 NGIB patrol attacked a platoon-sized Japanese force around Bosman, killing 22 and capturing a large quantity small arms and a machine gun. Over the period of two months, patrol operations by Australians and New Guineans resulted in 91 Japanese being killed. In March 1945, the company was transferred to Jacquinot Bay on New Britain, travelling from Madang to join the rest of the battalion.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
Battalion headquarters main arrived on New Britain in June 1945 and established itself around the Tol Plantation. During this time, the battalion was under the command of the 5th Division, but was later transferred to the 11th Division. Upon their arrival, 'A' Company concentrated around Wide Bay with 'B' Company, while 'C' Company linked up with 'D' Company at the Mavelo Plantation around Open Bay. Operations continued until the fighting came to an end in mid-August 1945.


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History
The final months of the battalion's service on New Britain saw some unrest amongst the soldiers over pay and treatment, which later resulted in criticism from the unit's commander about how the troops had been employed on New Britain. Following the end of the war, the demobilisation process began and the battalion disbanded in June 1946.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment
The 1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Service
Four companies of cavalry were organized in Concord, New Hampshire, October 24-December 21, 1861, as a battalion and attached to the 1st New England Cavalry as Companies I, K, L, and M.  (For the service of these companies, see the history of the 1st Rhode Island Cavalry.) The regiment did not reach full strength of twelve companies until July 1864.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Service
The battalion was detached on January 7, 1864, and officially designated the 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Cavalry. The regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. Cavalry, Department of the Shenandoah, to July 1865.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st New Hampshire Cavalry mustered out of service in July 1865.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to New Hampshire and on veteran furlough and organizing regiment, February to April 1864. Seven companies organized and ordered to Washington, D.C., April 23, 1864. At Camp Stoneman, Washington, D.C., until May 17, 1864. Moved to Belle Plains, Virginia. Guarded Aquia Creek and Fredericksburg S. R., and at Belle Plains until June 6, then moved to White House. (A part of the regiment was at Hanover Court House and Cold Harbor June 1–12.) Long Bridge June 12. Riddle's Shop and White Oak Swamp June 13. Smith's Store June 15. Wilson's Raid on Southside & Danville Railroad June 22–30.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Ream's Station June 22. Nottaway Court House and Black and White Station June 23. Staunton Bridge (or Roanoke Station) June 25. Sappony Church (or Stony Creek) June 28–29. Ream's Station June 29. On picket duty at Light House Point and City Point June 30-August 8. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Winchester August 17. Summit Station August 20–21. Berryville August 21. Kearneysville August 25. Darkesville September 3. Near Brucetown and Winchester September 7. Abrams Creek September 13. Battle of Opequon, Winchester, September 19. Near Cedarville September 20. Front Royal September 21. Fisher's Hill September 22. Milford September 22.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Waynesboro September 29 and October 2. Mt. Crawford October 2. Near Columbia Furnace October 7. Tom's Brook ("Woodstock Races") October 8–9. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Near Kernstown November 10. Newtown and Cedar Creek November 12. Rude's Hill, near Mt. Jackson, November 22. Expedition from Kernstown to Lacy Springs December 19–22. Lacy Springs December 20–21. Duty at Winchester until February 1865. Sheridan's Raid into Virginia February 27-March 3. Waynesboro March 2. Regiment led charge on enemy's works, capturing with the sabre 1,500 prisoners, all their artillery and the flag of every regiment engaged.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Detached from division, to guard prisoners back to Winchester, Mt. Jackson March 4. Mt. Sidney March 5. Lacy Springs March 5. New Market March 6. Duty at and in the vicinity of Winchester, and in the Department of the Shenandoah, also at Poolesville, Maryland, July 1865. Five companies completed organization July 1864, and ordered to Washington, D.C. Guard and patrol duty and operations against Mosby's guerrillas in the Defenses of Washington March 1865. Joined regiment in the Shenandoah Valley.


1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 147 men during service; 5 officers and 28 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 112 enlisted men died of disease.


1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment
The 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment was an American Civil War regiment, first raised in 1863 for the defenses of Portsmouth Harbor in New Hampshire and Maine. They were later transferred to garrison the numerous fortifications of Washington, D.C..


1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment, History
With the 17th New Hampshire Infantry failing to reach regiment strength and its organization halted, Lt Col Charles H Long was commissioned captain of the First Company NH Heavy Artillery Volunteers, ordered by the War Department for use in the defenses of Portsmouth harbor. The men were mustered into service on 22 July 1863, and stationed at Fort Constitution in New Castle. On 17 September 1863, the Second Company was mustered in, and garrisoned Fort McClary in Kittery Point, Maine. They remained at these posts until the following spring when, on 6 May 1864, both companies were ordered to Washington, D.C., for the defense of the capital; detachments of them spread between a dozen forts and batteries. Following this, a third company had begun recruiting in Manchester.


1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment, History
In August 1864, Ira McL. Barton, the captain of Company B, requested further recruits and, with authorization granted to organize a battalion-sized unit, returned to New Hampshire to take part in the raising of an additional four companies. Recruiting within the cities of Nashua, Concord, Laconia and Dover, the number of volunteers exceeded what was needed. The state adjutant applied to the War Department for authority to continue the formation of companies, and by November 1864 nearly had the required number of men to be organized into a proper regiment. To do so, the 1st New Hampshire Light Battery, who had just gone through its reenlistment following the end of a three-year term of service, became "Company M" of the 1st NH Heavy Artillery on 9 November. However, they were soon detached and returned as light artillery in Hancock's II Corps.


1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment, History
As soon as each unit was organized, they were sent to Washington and assigned to different divisions, though seven companies remained together under Lt Col Barton in DeRussey's Division, 3rd Brigade. Col Long was mustered in as the regiment's commander on 16 November and took command of the 1st brigade, Hardin's Division, XXII Corps, on the 21st. While Company A returned to Portsmouth Harbor in November 1864 and Company B did the same the following February, the remainder of the regiment stayed in the vicinity of Washington.


1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment, History
On 15 June 1865, the regiment was mustered out, arriving in New Hampshire on the 19th for final pay and discharge.


1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment
1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment filled its ranks within two weeks of President Lincoln's call for 70,000 men on April 15, 1861. Between April 17 and 30, 1861, not less than 2,004 men volunteered to fight for the Union in the American Civil War. The volunteers organized and mustered at "Camp Union," the Fair Grounds of the Merrimack County Agricultural Society on the east side of the Merrimack River, in Concord between May 1 and May 7, 1861.


1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment
After the 1st NH was filled, volunteers were given their choice to enlist in the 2nd New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment or serve their three months as the garrison of Fort Constitution at Portsmouth Harbor. Four hundred and ninety-six (496) enlisted in the 2nd NH, and the remainder were sent to Fort Constitution.


1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment
In early May 1861, Baldwin's Cornet Band, of Manchester, under the leadership of Edwin T. Baldwin, joined the regiment. The law at the time made no provision for regimental bands, thus band members were not mustered in until vacancies occurred in companies, and where they became as privates or company musicians but continued their duty in the band.


1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment
The 1st NH was commanded by Colonel Mason Tappan and later assigned to General Patterson's Army of the Shenandoah. In August 1861, the 1st NH was mustered out at the end of its three months. The average age of the officers was 36 and enlisted men was 24.


1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Further reading
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1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Further reading
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1st New Hampshire Light Battery
1st New Hampshire Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Service
The 1st New Hampshire Artillery was organized in Manchester, New Hampshire and mustered in September 21, 1861, for three years service under Captain George A. Gerrish.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Service
The battery was attached to McDowell's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. Artillery, King's Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863. 3rd Volunteer Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863. Artillery Brigade, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Service
The 1st New Hampshire Artillery mustered out of service June 9, 1865.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service
Left New Hampshire for Washington, D.C., November 1, 1861. Duty at Munson's Hill, defenses of Washington, D.C., until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10–15. Camp at Upton's Hill until April 9. Advance on Falmouth, Va., April 9–18. Occupation of Fredericksburg April 18 and duty there until May 25. McDowell's advance on Richmond May 25–29. Operations against Jackson June 1–21. Duty at Falmouth until July 28, and at Fredericksburg until August 5. Expedition to Fredericks Hall and Spotsylvania Court House August 5–8. Thornburg Mills August 5–6.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service
Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21–23. Rappahannock Station August 22. Sulphur Springs August 26. Battle of Groveton August 29. Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September–October. Battle of Antietam, September 16–17. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Union November 2–3. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 11–15.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service
"Mud March" January 20–24, 1863. At Belle Plains until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29–30. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Battle of Gettysburg, July 2–4. Funkstown, Md., July 12–18. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Kelly's Ford November 7. Brandy Station November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service
At Brandy Station until April 1864. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6–7. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River May 3-June 12. Battles of the Wilderness May 5–7; Spotsylvania May 8–12; Po River May 10; Spotsylvania Court House May 12–21. Assault on the Salient, "Bloody Angle," May 12. North Anna River May 23–26. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 16–19. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22–23. Deep Bottom July 27–28. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Demonstration north of the James August 13–20.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service
Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14–18. Duty in the trenches before Petersburg August 20–30. At Fort Hill until September 7. At Battery 18 until October 22. Non -veterans mustered out September 28, 1864. Battery attached to 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery as Company M November 5, 1864, but remained detached as a light battery in the field.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service
Duty in the trenches before Petersburg until March 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. White Oak Road March 30–31. Sutherland Station and fall of Petersburg April 2. Sayler's Creek April 6. Farmville and High Bridge April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D.C., May 1–12. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.


1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Casualties
The battery lost a total of 12 men during service; 6 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 6 enlisted men died of disease.


1st New Hampshire Regiment
The 1st New Hampshire Regiment was an infantry unit that came into existence on 22 May 1775 at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. John Stark was the regiment's first commander. The unit fought at Chelsea Creek and Bunker Hill in 1775. On 1 January 1776, while engaged in the Siege of Boston, the unit was renamed the 5th Continental Regiment. In the spring it was sent to Canada where the New Hampshire soldiers fought at Trois-Rivières and later helped defend the area around Lake Champlain. Late in the year, the 5th Continental Regiment was transferred south to George Washington's main army where it fought at Trenton.


1st New Hampshire Regiment
On 1 January 1777 the unit was renamed the 1st New Hampshire Regiment and it saw action at Princeton before being sent back to the Northern Department. The regiment fought at Saratoga in the fall of 1777. That winter it was transferred to Washington's army and fought at Monmouth in the summer of 1778. The troops participated in Sullivan's Expedition in the summer of 1779. The unit stayed with the main army until August 1781 when it was left to defend the Hudson Highlands. The regiment rejoined the main army in late 1782 and was renamed the New Hampshire Regiment in early 1783. After first being reduced to a battalion, the unit was disbanded on 1 January 1784.


1st New Hampshire Regiment, History
The 1st New Hampshire Regiment was authorized as New Hampshire State Troops on 22 May 1775, and was organized as 10 companies of 800 volunteers from Hillsborough and Rockingham counties of the colony of New Hampshire at Medford, Massachusetts, commanded by John Stark. The regiment was adopted into the Continental Army on 14 June 1775, and assigned to General John Sullivan's brigade on 22 July 1775. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Bunker Hill.


1st New Hampshire Regiment, History
The regiment was redesignated the 5th Continental Regiment on 1 January 1776, as eight companies in Sullivan's Brigade in the main Continental Army. On 27 April 1776, the regiment was relieved from the brigade and assigned to the Canadian Department. On 2 July 1776, the regiment was reassigned to the Northern Department, and on 20 July 1776, it was assigned to General John Stark's brigade. On 26 November 1776, the regiment was reassigned to the main Continental Army and later assigned to Sullivan's brigade.


1st New Hampshire Regiment, History
On 1 January 1777, the 5th Continental Regiment was re-organized to eight companies and redesignated as the 1st New Hampshire Regiment. The regiment was relieved from the brigade on 14 February 1777, and assigned to the Northern Department. On 28 April 1777, the regiment was assigned to the New Hampshire Brigade. On 20 October 1777, the brigade was reassigned to the main army and re-organized to nine companies on 23 December 1778. The brigade was reassigned to the Highlands Department on 19 August 1781. Between 10 and 14 October 1781, the brigade was reassigned to the Northern Department. On 12 November 1782, the brigade was reassigned to the main army. The regiment was redesignated as the New Hampshire Regiment and re-organized as nine companies on 1 March 1783.


1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment
The 1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment was a Union Army regiment from the U.S. state of New Jersey that participated in the American Civil War.


1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment, Organization and Unit History
The 1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment was organized at Trenton, New Jersey, under authority of the United States Department of War on August 14, 1861, by William Halstead, a former congressman who served as first Colonel of the regiment.


1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment, Organization and Unit History
Twelve enlisted soldiers of the regiment performed actions which later earned them the Medal of Honor. These men included:


1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment, Organization and Unit History
The regiment was mustered out at Cloud's Hills, Virginia, on July 24, 1865. During its service it lost 12 Officers and 116 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 4 Officers and 185 Enlisted men by disease; for a total of 317.


1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment, Successor Unit
The 102nd Cavalry Regiment, part of the New Jersey Army National Guard, was originally designated the 1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment. It was composed of existing cavalry troops throughout the state when it was established in 1913. While it is informally considered to be the successor to the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Cavalry, the official lineage was not carried over due to the nearly half-century lapse in regimental structure.


1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment
The 1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment was an American Civil War Union Army regiment of infantry from New Jersey that served in the Army of the Potomac.


1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment
1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment was recruited and mustered into Federal service in May 1861, and was brigaded with the 2nd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, and the 4th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry to make up what became famed as the "First New Jersey Brigade". The regiment and brigade served as the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of the VI Corps, and participated in numerous battles from the June 27, 1862, Battle of Gaines's Mill, Virginia, to the final Union assaults on Confederate positions at Petersburg, Virginia, in April 1865.


1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment
The remnants of the regiment were mustered out in June 1865.


1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The 1st New Jersey lost 244 men during their service. 153 men were killed in battle or died of wounds, 91 men died of disease and other causes.


1st New Jersey Regiment
The 1st New Jersey Regiment was the first organized militia regiment in New Jersey, formed in 1673 in Piscataway "to repel foreign Indians who come down from upper Pennsylvania and western New York (in the summer) to our shores and fill (themselves) with fishes and clams and on the way back make a general nuisance of themselves by burning hay stacks, corn fodder and even barns." The first commander and founder of the regiment was Captain Francis Drake (1615-1687) who served from 1673 to 1685. All of New Jersey's regular organized military forces trace their lineage to this first provincial militia unit.


1st New Jersey Regiment
The regiment's allegiance was to the British Crown until 1775, when the regiment was raised for service in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.


1st New Jersey Regiment, "Jersey Blues"
Although the unit had existed long beforehand, it was not until the mid-eighteenth century that the term "Jersey Blues" came into popular usage. The term "Jersey Blues" derives from the uniform adopted by the New Jersey provincial legislature for its troops, which were assigned to service under the British Crown Provincial Forces. The coats of these Jersey units were blue with red lapels and cuffs. The men also wore blue breeches or leggings and red waistcoats. (In some cases, sturdier buckskin or leather breeches were authorized.)


1st New Jersey Regiment, "Jersey Blues"
The term "Jersey Blues" continued to be used well into the early nineteenth century in reference to the state's military units. The regiments of the Jersey Line during the American Revolution and those of the New Jersey Volunteers, raised for Federal service during the Civil War, adopted the term. It was actually even used by New Jersey's National Guard unit after WWII – 50th Armored Division; as well as in 2008 when the N. J. Guard was sent to Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom – 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, King George's War
In 1744, during King George's War (1744–1748) the New Jersey legislature appropriated money and raised 500 volunteers to assist New York in capturing the French fort at Crown Point. Bad food, ill discipline and a mutiny resulted in the abandonment of the expedition, however.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
During the French and Indian War (1755–1763) New Jersey's participation was remarkable, and "Colonial Tribulations" (2007) documents the service of the New Jersey Regiment (the "Jersey Blues") throughout that period. Just as in the previous colonial wars their existence began with the N. J. Assembly ordering the muster of 500 men to respond to the larger war looming on the New York frontier.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
Indian raids by tribes allied with the French along the colony's northwest border in the summer of 1755 also prompted the raising of a different unit known as the New Jersey Frontier Guard (not to be confused with the regular provincial or "Blues" regiment). The Frontier Guard responded to localized Indian incursions, as well as garrisoned the forts along the Delaware River.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
Contrastingly, in 1755 the entire contingent of 500 men known as the Jersey Blues was stationed at the lightly fortified trading village of Oswego, N.Y., where they constructed the first documented military hospital. They also assisted with improving the fortifications in order support the British offensive against French Fort Niagara which wound up bring delayed until 1756. During that following year only a part of the regiment had returned to the 'three' forts on Lake Ontario, and they were engaged in and bore the suffering of several skirmishes. However, in August the all out attack on their outpost by French commander the Marquis de Montcalm resulted in many Jerseymen becoming prisoners of war who experienced many documented tribulations. At least one NJ Indian is documented among the ranks.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
By 1757, the Jersey Blues were re-mustered and assigned to Fort William Henry where they comprised one third of its garrison. In July about 150 were taken as POWs while another 50 died during the battle of Sabbath Day Point on the northern part of Lake George. The 100 men who escaped that day returned to William Henry to join the 200 others who remained in garrison. A short few weeks later those 300 were again attacked by Montcalm which was immortalized in the book and movie "The Last of the Mohicans". Most in the general public have no idea that the Jersey troops were present or what they experienced. Importantly, the unit continued to include several Native Americans from the province who experienced harsh consequences following the fort's capitulation.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
In 1758, the unit was again re-mustered and engaged in the attack of French Fort Carillon, where Montcalm was able to repel a massive British force. Several Jersey Blues were killed in action. A part of the unit was later engaged in the successful taking of the strategic French outpost, Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
By 1759, they were again on the N.Y. frontier, when a small party was ambushed by Indians allied with the French near Lake George of July 2, 1759. "16 of the Jersey Blues were sent without the camp to gather a little brush for the General's Baker, but were not an hour gone before they were surprised in sight of the camp by a party of the enemy, consisting of about 240, who killed and scalped six, wounded two, took four prisoners, and only four of the whole party escaped.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
They shewed themselves plainly to the whole Army after they got the scalps, gave a hollow, and then made off to their Battoes, which were not more than two miles from the Head of the Lake. A large party was ordered out after them, but in vain. They butchered our people in a most shocking manner, by cutting pieces of flesh out of their necks, thighs and legs" – New York Mercury


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
The N.J. Historical Society stated that in 1760 the regiment was part of the final campaign against the French in Canada. Remarkably, one of the soldiers (a N. J. Native American) who was taken as a POW at Fort William Henry in '57 was reunited with the unit and returned home with them.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War
By 1761, existing payroll accounts verify that the unit was indeed mustered, and by 1762 they had formed a part of the expedition against Havana, Cuba. There is also oral tradition that one of the cannons at the Old Barracks in Trenton, N. J. was a spoil of war for the Jersey Blues. Payroll accounts also verify that the unit remained activated through 1765. The Old Barracks Museum put forth a nice exhibit about the F & I War which includes rare artifacts of the Blues.


1st New Jersey Regiment, The American Revolution
The 1st New Jersey Regiment, which was known as part of the famed "Jersey Blues," was authorized on October 9, 1775, by the Continental Congress to be raised for service with the Continental Army under the command of Colonel William Alexander, better known as Lord Stirling for his (unsuccessful) claims to that Scottish title. It was also known as "First or Eastern Battalion of Foot of New Jersey Troops" while the Second New Jersey, authorized at the same time, was raised in the western counties of provincial New Jersey. Eight companies of the 1st


1st New Jersey Regiment, The American Revolution
New Jersey were raised in Essex, Middlesex, Morris, Somerset, Monmouth, and Bergen counties. One of the first activities of the newly formed unit was subduing and capturing Tories on Long Island. After Stirling was elevated to the rank of general, command of the 1st New Jersey was given to Colonel William Winds. Winds suffered humiliation after pressing for the regiment to leave Fort Ticonderoga in November 1776 after enlistments for the Jerseymen expired.


1st New Jersey Regiment, The American Revolution
When the regiment was reorganized in January 1777 as the 1st New Jersey Regiment, Continental Line, command was first offered to Silas Newcomb, but he declined. Matthias Ogden, who had previously served as major and lieutenant colonel of the 1st NJ Battalion of 1775-1776, became regimental commander with the rank of colonel, a position he held virtually until the end of the war.


1st New Jersey Regiment, The American Revolution
The regiment saw action at the Battle of Valcour Island, Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth, Sullivan Expedition, Battle of Springfield and the Battle of Yorktown. Other service included Winter Cantonment at Valley Forge (1776–1777), Battle of Short Hills (1777), Winter Cantonments at Morristown/Pompton Plains. The regiment was disbanded on November 3, 1783, at New Windsor, New York.


1st New Jersey Regiment, Famous members
Other figures associated with the Jersey Blues during the colonial period include:Col. John Parker resumed command during Schuyler's captivity – 1757. He was followed by John Johnston, another commander of the New Jersey Regiment during the French and Indian War; William "Scotch Willie" Maxwell, who was a lieutenant in the New Jersey Regiment during the colonial wars, a commissary in the 1760s, and later served as first colonel of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment (Continental Line) and general commanding the New Jersey Line during the Revolutionary War.


1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized
1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized was a New Mexico Territory Volunteer Regiment of the Union Army.


1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized
The 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized was organized on October 1, 1863, under the command of U. S. Army Major, Henry Raymond Selden, promoted Colonel of New Mexico Volunteers. Colonel Selden, died at Fort Union, aged 44, on February 2, 1865. He was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Francisco P. Abreu on February 4, 1865, who was subsequently promoted Colonel of the regiment before February 28, 1865.


1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized
The regiment was attached to the Department of New Mexico and on garrison duty by detachments at Fort Union, Fort Selden, Fort Craig, Fort Bowie, Fort Cummings, Fort McRae, Fort Goodwin and other points in that Department during its entire term of service. Company “K” garrisoned Fort Lyon, Colorado, from September, 1864, to February, 1865.


1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized, Operations
The regiment was mustered out November 7, 1866 as its last units were replaced by units of the U. S. Army returning from the Union Army after the end of the American Civil War.


1st New Orleans Infantry Regiment
The 1st Louisiana Regiment New Orleans Infantry was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st New Orleans Infantry Regiment
The Regiment was organized in New Orleans, Louisiana, on March 6, 1864, and was on garrison and guard duty in the New Orleans defenses. The unit mustered out in May 1866.


1st New York Cavalry Regiment
The 1st New York Cavalry Regiment was a regiment in the  Union Army in the American Civil War . It was also known as the Lincoln Cavalry, Carbine Rangers, Sabre Regiment, and 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry. It was mustered in from July 16 to August 31, 1861. It was mustered out June 27, 1865.


1st New York Cavalry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment sustained 25 officers and men killed in action, 134 wounded, of whom 23 died and 111 recovered, 384 missing in action, and 120 died of disease and other causes, for a total of 168 casualties. Among its losses were 1st Lieut. Henry B. Hidden, killed March 9, 1862, one of the first Union cavalry officers killed in the Civil War.


1st New York Cavalry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment's list of battles and casualties, cont. (Page 2)


1st New York Dragoons Regiment
The 1st New York Dragoons Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Service
Originally mustered into service as the 130th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment it was converted to cavalry on July 28, 1863, and designated as the 19th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry. The men were recruited from Allegany, Livingston, and Wyoming counties. The 19th Cavalry was officially re-designated as the 1st Regiment of Dragoons on September 10, 1863. The term dragoon generally refers to mounted infantry or light cavalry.


1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Service
Originally assigned to the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac the Dragoons moved to the Army of the Shenandoah with General Philip Sheridan.


1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Service
During its service, the 1st New York Dragoons fought in 64 battles, captured 19 pieces of artillery and four Confederate battle flags. After marching in the Grand Review at Washington D.C. at the close of the Civil War, the Dragoons were mustered out of service at Cloud’s Mills, Virginia, on June 30, 1865.


1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Medals of Honor
Two enlisted men and one officer of the 1st New York Dragoons were awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Civil War.


1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Casualties
The regiment suffered 4 officers and 127 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 142 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 274 fatalities; of whom 36 enlisted men died in Confederate prisons.


1st New York Engineer Regiment
The 1st New York Engineer Regiment was an engineer regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as Serrell's Engineers, New York Volunteer Corps of Engineers, or Engineer's and Artizans. The regiment served initially in the Lower Seaboard Theater, and later in the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, Organization and muster
In 1860 the army Corps of Engineers consisted of just 44 officers and 100 soldiers for an army of 15,000 soldiers. After the formation of the Confederacy and the Battle of Fort Sumter, Congress authorized a massive increase in the number of specialized engineer troops on August 3, 1861, to complement the growing Union Army. Edward W. Serrell, a prominent civil engineer obtained authorization to begin recruiting an engineer regiment which would become known as the 1st New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment, or Serrell's Engineers.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, Organization and muster
The regiment was accepted by the state on September 27, 1861. Serrell was appointed a Lieutenant Colonel of Volunteers on October 11, 1861, and promoted to a full Colonel by December of that year. The regiment was officially organized in New York City, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on October 11, 1861.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, Organization and muster
Upon formation, the volunteer engineers were promised pay wages one-third greater than that of the line. After the unit had been mustered, the Paymaster General refused to recognize the status of the newly formed regiment, and paid them the same rate as infantry. After protests to the War Department failed to rectify the situation, the men refused to take their reduced pay. Finally, after eight months of refusing to accept the lower wages, the order finally came through to increase the soldiers' pay to the agreed amount.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, Department of the South
The 1st New York's was deployed to Port Royal Sound and was formed as the 10th Corps Engineers in the Department of the South. The regiment distinguished itself in the Battle of Fort Pulaski, helping to capture the fort after 30 hours of bombardment, constructing batteries for the new James rifled cannon. The 1st New York was given the honor of having their regimental flag chosen as the first to float over Fort Pulaski after its capture. The regiment was employed throughout the east coast, from South Carolina to Florida.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, Department of the South
While serving in the X Corps, the regiment was involved in capturing several key forts in Charleston Harbor. After the failed infantry assault on Fort Wagner which included the famous charge by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, retold in the climax of the feature film Glory, the 1st New York Engineers were tasked with conducting a traditional siege on the fort. After 60 days of shelling, the defenders abandoned the fort on September 7, 1863.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, Department of the South
Using Morris Island as a staging area, the X Corps could focus on recapturing Fort Sumter, the site of the first military action of the Civil War. During the Battle of Fort Sumter, the 1st New York established watchtowers and built batteries in an attempt to pummel the fort into capitulation. However, in spite of a near constant bombardment, as well as a failed amphibious assault, Union forces were unable to occupy the fort until its abandonment by Confederate forces on February 17, 1865.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel
Unable to recapture Fort Sumter, the X Corps under Gen. Quincy Adams Gillmore turned their attention to the nearby city of Charleston. Gillmore wanted to shell Charleston using Greek Fire to force its capitulation without capturing the harbor forts, so he instructed Serrell to explore the possibilities of constructing a battery in the marshes between James Island and Morris Island.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel
According to legend Serrell gave the duty to a young engineer who declared the project could not be done. Serrell told the doubting engineer that nothing was impossible, and to requisition any necessary materials. A short time later Serrell received a request for twenty men eighteen feet tall. At the same time there was a request to the department's surgeon to splice three six-foot men together to make the needed eighteen footers. The request did not amuse Serrell, and he soon replaced the young officer.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel
Serrell assumed personal responsibility and conducted a series of experiments to establish the capability of the soil to support weight. He believed the soil could be stabilized enough to receive the weight of a siege piece. A plan was presented to Gilmore for the construction of a battery on August 2, 1863. It was immediately accepted, and several days were spent setting up support activities to supply lumber and other materials. Construction began on 10 August.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel
The engineers built a rectangular frame of sheet piling that was driven by a lever activated ram. The first measure to reinforce the soil was "a thick stratum of grass." This was covered by two layers of tarpaulin followed by "15 inches of well rammed sand." A platform consisting of three layers of 3 inch pine planks topped off the position.


1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel
The "Marsh Battery" was completed on August 17, 1863, and stood ready for its armament. The "Swamp Angel," an 8-inch, 200 pound Parrott Rifle was positioned in the battery, and the 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment manned the weapon, firing incendiary shells at the city of Charleston from August 22–23 of 1863. After lobbing 35 shells into Charleston the Swamp Angel burst, and the battery was abandoned. Like Sumter before, Charleston held out under bombardment and did not capitulate until February 18, 1865.