1ZM (New Zealand), History, Privatisation
In 1996 the New Zealand Government sold the Radio New Zealand commercial group of stations, the sale included all stations branded as Classics Hits and the ZM stations. From 1998 most Classic Hits stations were reduced to a local breakfast show between 6am and 10am and outside these times took network programming from the Classic Hits Auckland studio. The announcers on Classic Hits 97FM Auckland started producing two voices break outside of breakfast programming, a localized voice break for Auckland listers and a second voice break targeted at a nationwide audience.


1ZM (New Zealand), History, Return of ZM to Auckland
The ZM brand returned to Auckland on 91.0FM as 91ZM Auckland in 1997 on a frequency previously used by local Auckland station 91FM. This station was a completely separate station to the original 1ZM station and is now the host of the ZM network.


1ZM (New Zealand), History, Station today
On 28 April 2014, all stations part of the Classic Hits network were rebranded as The Hits. A networked breakfast presented by Polly Gillespie and Grant Kareama was introduced to almost all The Hits stations with the former breakfast announcer moved to present a 6-hour show between 9am and 3pm. In Auckland the then breakfast announcers Justin Rae and Stacey Morris were moved to the Drive show now presented as a nationwide show for all markets.


1ZM (New Zealand), History, Station today
Estelle Clifford was moved from the night show slot to the 9am to 12pm timeslot presenting her show to regions that take network programming during this time. The former network drive host Dave Fitzgerald, who presented his show from Christchurch, was moved to the 12pm - 3pm show now producing a localized show for Christchurch and Auckland listeners in additional to a network show. Other weekday network days originate from the Auckland studios and usually contain a localized voice break for Auckland and a networked voice break for other regions. In February 2017 The Hits Auckland started a new local breakfast show for Auckland, the show is presented by Sarah Gandy, Sam Wallace and Toni Street. With Polly and Grant leaving The Hits in March 2017 this Auckland breakfast show became the new network breakfast show on The Hits.


1a Palace Gate
1a Palace Gate is a Grade II* listed house on Palace Gate, Kensington in London, England.


1a Palace Gate
Construction of the house began in 1896 and was completed in 1898 by the architect C. J. Harold Cooper for William Alfred Johnstone.


1cP-LSD
1cP-LSD (N1-(cyclopropylmethanoyl)-lysergic acid diethylamide) is an acylated derivative of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which has been sold as a designer drug. In tests on mice it was found to be an active psychedelic with similar potency to 1P-LSD.


1cP-LSD, Legal status
Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying 1cP-LSD as a dangerous substance on 18 December 2019.


1chipMSX
The One chip MSX, or 1chipMSX as the D4 Enterprise distributional name for the ESE MSX System 3, is a re-implementation of an MSX-2 home computer that uses a single FPGA to implement all the electronics (except the RAM) of an MSX-2, including the MSX-MUSIC and SCC+ audio extensions.


1chipMSX
The system is housed in a transparent blue plastic box, and can be used with a standard monitor (or TV) and a PC keyboard. Original MSX cartridges can be inserted, as well as SD and MMC memory cards as an external storage medium. Even though it lacks a 3.5" disk drive, disks are supported through emulation on a memory card, including support for booting MSX-DOS. Due to its VHDL programmable hardware, it's possible to give the device new hardware extensions by simply running a reconfiguration program under MSX-DOS. The "one chip-MSX" is equipped with two USB connectors, that can be used after adding some supporting VHDL code.


1chipMSX, Availability
The ESE MSX System 3 is designed by ESE Artists' Factory and distributed as 1chipMSX by D4 Enterprise and was supposed to be distributed outside Japan by Bazix. However, due to RoHS regulations in Europe, it was claimed it could not be distributed to Europe in its original form and the European market had to wait for an adapted version which would be produced through Bazix and distributed to Europe by Bazix. However, no violation of RoHS has ever been proven, with all identifiable components of the PCB and power supply being RoHS-compliant.


1chipMSX, Availability
Bazix stopped being the representative of MSX Association and thus did not bring the 1chipMSX to the Western market. In the end, MSX Association was dissolved due to a dispute with other parties involved, resulting in a shift of all intellectual property rights concerning MSX to MSX Licensing Corporation. Bazix also dissolved because this dispute made an end to their efforts and ambitions to bring the 1chipMSX to the Western market (along with other projects that were also dependent on the Japanese partners).


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos
1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos was a Fusiliers Marins commando unit of  the Free French Navy, raised in 1942, which served during the Second World War. Its initial Commandant was then-Lieutenant de Vaisseau (Captain) Philippe Kieffer of the Free French Navy, under whose command they participated in the Normandy landings in 1944.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Formation
The creation of the battalion was initially planned for March 1941, but it was delayed until 1942. At this time, Troop 1, "Commandos Français", was formed with the intention of raising the unit to a battalion of 400 personnel in readiness for the expected offensive operations in Europe. Initially, the unit was headquartered in the vicinity of Portsmouth while undergoing training with other units at the Commando Training Centre at Achnacarry, Scotland.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Formation
Initially, the battalion was organized into a headquarters section, medical, radio, and transportation sections, and three troops designated 1, 8 and 9, the last being responsible for using Depth Charge Projector Mark 6, Mod 1, commonly called the "K-Gun"; 177 men in all. In 1944, the battalion was expanded to three troops, with the Headquarters troop and A & B Troops performing the usual land commando role. A large number of the battalion's personnel came from Brittany.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations
Members of Troop 1, under the command of Lieutenant (Navy) Kieffer, took part in the raid on Dieppe (Operation Jubilee) with the British and Canadian commandos on 19 August 1942. In November 1942, the unit became officially known as the 1ère compagnie de fusiliers marins commandos, with members of the unit participating in the night raid on the bridge at Plouézec on 11 and 12 November 1942.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations
French commandos took part in the raid on the beach of Wassenaar in Holland on 28 February 1944, the site of V-2 rocket launches, during which six of them, including Captain Charles Trepel, were killed.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations
In March 1944, the battalion received its official designation, and in May 1944, a few weeks before the Normandy landings, they received their own badge consisting of an ecu of bronze charged with a brig (representing adventure) and the barred dagger of the Commandos with, in the sinistral corner, the Cross of Lorraine and underlined by a streamer carrying the inscription "1er Bn F.M.Commando". The green beret was worn in the British fashion, pulled right with badge over the left eye or temple. The battalion was initially assigned to No.4 Commando of the British Army's 1st Special Service Brigade, serving as its 5th and 6th Troops.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations
The unit began training for the impending invasion of France in March 1944. In the days that preceded the Normandy landings, the commandos were issued with poor quality photographs of the objectives. Because some of the French commandos were from Normandy, they recognised the sites, which concerned the brigade's British staff. As a result, the Frenchmen were temporarily confined to their camp before the landings.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations
Promoted June 5, Capitaine de Corvette (Lieutenant Commander) Philippe Kieffer commanded the operations of the 177 men of the 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, from June 6 in Normandy. They disembarked from landing craft at 07:31 hours on Sword beach, on the east of the Allied landing near Colleville-Montgomery. They were the first to be unloaded in this sector with No.4 Commando's landing craft having to let them pass to the lead as initially planned. Their specific objective was to achieve a breach 500 metres (1,600 ft) to the west of Riva Bella in support of the 3rd Infantry Division.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations
In spite of significant losses, the commandos seized the 50 mm anti-tank gun encuvée – an armoured artillery position like a small bunker – which had disabled LCI 523 (1Re Troop). They then took the former Casino de Riva-Bella before advancing between Colleville and Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay to meet the British paratroopers of the 6th Airborne Division at Pegasus Bridge (Bénouville), arriving around 16:30 hours. There, the French commandos occupied the perimeter of the lime pit towards 20:00 hours. By the evening of June 6, the 1er BFMC had lost almost 25% of its personnel with 27 killed in combat, and many wounded including their commander Kieffer, who had been wounded twice in the course of the day.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations
The French  Commandos Marine fought in Normandy until 27 August 1944, when the battalion was returned to the United Kingdom for rest and to receive replacements. In November 1944, the 1er BFMC was landed on the island of Walcheren in Holland and took Flessingue as part of an combined arms operation undertaken by the British and Allied commandos. By October 1944, the commando battalion had three companies.


1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations
At the end of the Second World War the unit returned to French control, and it currently serves as part of the Naval Commandos of the French Navy. The unit continues to wear the green beret and bronze shield badge.


1er Gaou
"1er Gaou" is a song by Ivorian Zouglou artists Magic System, taken from the album of the same name. The title literally means "First Fool" in Ivorian slang. The song contains an autobiographical account of lead singer Salif "A'Salfo" Traoré about his ex-girlfriend who tried to hook up with him again when he became famous. Originally recorded in 1999, it became smash indie hit in France three years later. The song meant the breakthrough of little-known Magic System.


1er Gaou, Background
"1er Gaou" is based on autobiographical experiences of lead singer Salif "A'Salfo" Traoré. When he was an aspiring, poor artist, his girlfriend left him, but when he became a celebrity with Magic System, she tried to win him back, but Traoré turned her down. The song was first released in 1999 in their native Abidjan and was at first a hit in Côte d'Ivoire and other African countries. When it was remixed in 2002 and released in France for Mélina Forthin, Magic System's song became a major indie hit there as well.


1er Gaou, Lyrics
The lyrics tell the story of an aspiring musician whose girlfriend leaves him because of his poverty. After he becomes rich and she sees him on TV, she tries to win him back. He turns her down, saying her leaving him does not really matter; only if he took her back he would become a "fool once more".


1er Gaou, Lyrics
The lyrics feature a colorful patois of French-Ivorian slang. This is especially evident in the refrain of "Et on dit premier gaou n'est pas gaou oh / C'est deuxième gaou qui est niata oh (ah)" ("They say that the first fool is not a fool / It is the second fool who is a fool"), which expresses that his first folly (her leaving him) is not really a folly at all, only accepting her back would be.


1er Gaou, Music videos
There are two "1er Gaou" videoclips. The first one shows Magic System in their native Abidjan, with Traoré being left by his girlfriend at first before she comes back. This main plot line is interspersed by many scenes of daily life in Abidjan. In the second version, Magic System are in an expensive nightclub, again with Traoré left and then pursued by his girlfriend. This second version has a more posh look-and-feel than the first version.


1er Gaou, Chart performances
The single topped at number four on the French charts and remained in the top 100 for 28 weeks, ten of them in the top ten and sold as many as 300,000 copies in France. "It was the number which opened the way for us. Even if we have hit after hit, I don't think there's a hit which can replace Premier Gaou because Premier Gaou came with a novice magic," A'Salfo said later.


1er Gaou, Chart performances
The single was also a top ten hit in Belgium (Wallonia), peaked at number ten in it ninth week, and appeared in the top 40 for 15 weeks. In Switzerland, the single had a moderate success, peaking at number 30 and staying in the top 100 for nine weeks.


1er Mai Station
1er Mai is a transfer station serving the Line 1 of the Algiers Metro.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins
The 1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins 1er RFM French ( 1er RFM, or  first regiment of Fusiliers Marins) was a unit of the Free French Navy during the campaign of Italy, then in the campaign of France.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Creation
On September 24, 1943, the Fusiliers Marins Battalion increased effectifs by integrating volunteers from the naval corps present in North Africa (French: marine d'Afrique du Nord) (particularly radio and mechanic specialists), accordingly being designated as 1er Régiment de fusiliers marins (1er RFM), an armored reconnaissance unit of the 1st Free French Division 1er DFL. Command was entrusted to naval Corvette captain Hubert Amyot d'Inville. The regiment was equipped with U.S. American equipment, notably the M24 Chaffee.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Italy
Following a trained supported phase, the 1er RFM disembarked in Naples at the corps of the 1er DFL, on April 22, 1944. Since May 12, the regiment engaged in intense combats on Garigliano. While bearing the forefront of the division on three axes, the RFM led combats at Montefiascone and Radicofani. The regiment counted 61 killed out of which Amyot d'Inville and 140 wounded.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Provence
At the end of World War II, the regiment was disembarked in Provence, at Cavalaire-sur-Mer, under the command of Corvette captain Pierre de Morsier.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Provence
The unit combatted for the liberation of Toulon and Hyères, then reclimbed through the valley of the Rhône, penetrated in Lyon, then reached Autun; the Savary squadron entered following a hard confrontation during which five men were killed and four were wounded. Savary done, in Côte d'Or, the liaison were assumed with units of the 2e DB (Leclerc) which disembarked in Normandy. The RFM pursues the respective advancement in direction of the Vosgues.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Vallée du Rhône
The regiment conducted the juncture with the 1st Spahi Regiment (Normandy landings with the 2e DB) at Châtillon-sur-Seine on September 12. This juncture is considered as one of the junctures between Allied troops of Normandy and those of Provence.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Haute-Saône
On September 27, the tank squadron led the attack on Clairegoutte before apprehending Ronchamp on October 8, then Vescemont, Rougegoutte, Romagny and Rougemont-le-Château the following month. Distinguished particularly in the following operations: Vessel Ensign Bokanowski, Aspirant Vasseur and, alongside the sailors, the men of the 11th Cuir-Vercors (French: 11e Cuir-Vercors) placed under the orders of the 1er RFM.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Battle of the Royan pocket
Following the campaign in the Vosges, the 1re DFL was sent to the Atlantic front to reduce the Royan pocket and Grave cap (French: poche de Royan), however was it recalled urgently on the eastern front due to a German offensive launched in December 1944 in Alsace.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Alsace
In January 1945, the fusiliers marins distinguished themselves again in Alsace, at Herbsheim and Rossfeld, before pursuing their march towards the Rhin.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Alpes
Retrieved from the Alsace front, the division was assigned to the detachment of the Army of the Alps (French: armée des Alpes) in April 1945, in the massif of Authion, where the 1st squadron fought with distinction, enduring the loss in the offensive of five officers out of six and nearly 50% of its forces that were engaged.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Ordre de la libération
The mechanic sailor Georges Brières, killed at Giromagny, rests in the Mémorial de la France combattante. Brières represents the sacrifice of all sailors lost for the Liberation of France.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Regimental Colors
The regimental colors, memory and tradition of the 1er Régiment de fusiliers marins are confined to the fusiliers school. With the Naval leadership of the Régiment Blindé de Fusiliers-Marins RBFM of the French Navy which was not part of the Free French Forces FFL, nor part of the Free French Naval Forces FNFL, the Naval leadership of the 1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins showcased the valor of French arms.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Regiment combat casualties
Between October 1940 and May 1945, the ensemble of the 1er BFM/ 1e RFM endured the loss of 195 men amongst them 12 officers out of which 2 commandants.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Decorations
The regimental colors of the 1er RFM was awarded 5 citations at the orders of the armed forces obtained for 1939-1945 with attribution of the croix de la Libération, the médaille de la Résistance française and la croix de guerre.


1er Régiment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Decorations
In August 1945, the 1er RFM was reassigned at the disposition of Naval authorities.


1in.am
1in.am Armenian News and Analyses  (Armenian: Առաջին լրատվական Arajin Lratvakan, meaning "First informative"), or simply 1in.am is an Armenian website with hosting based in New York. It is an online newspaper, that covers local and world news and information, has divisions for Armenia, Caucasus, world, press, business and sports (last two in Armenian only). 1in.am is available in three languages, Armenian, Russian and English. As of January 2013 it is the 19th most visited website in Armenia and has about 38,000 visitors daily.


1in6
1in6 is an American nonprofit organization that provides support and information to male survivors of sexual abuse and assault, as well as their loved ones and service providers.


1in6
In January 2007, 1in6 was founded by a group of individuals including Steve LePore, Jim Hopper, Greg LeMond, and David Lisak. In December 2018, the Board of Directors of 1in6 announced that longtime nonprofit leader Matthew Ennis would succeed founder Steve LePore as the organization's President & Chief Executive Officer following LePore's retirement.


1in6
The organization partners with RAINN to provide a free and anonymous 24/7 helpline, as well as confidential weekly online support groups for male survivors. In 2016, nearly 400,000 people visited the 1in6 website. The Bristlecone Project, created by Lisak, is 1in6’s multimedia awareness campaign that features portraits and stories of a community of male survivors.


1in6
Based in Los Angeles, the organization conducts trainings for professionals, organizations, and military branches around the world, including the US Navy, US Army, US Air Force, and the US Marine Corps. 1in6 also provides technical support for various organizations including RAINN, Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape, ECPAT International, National Sexual Violence Resource Center, Your Safe Haven, Centre County Women’s Resource Center, Men Can Stop Rape, Victim Services Incorporated, Family Services of Blair County, and all branches of the United States Military at bases around the world.


1in6, NO MORE Celebrity PSA Campaign - Male Survivors
In 2016, 1in6 partnered with Viacom, NO MORE, and The Joyful Heart Foundation (founded by Mariska Hargitay) to produce public service announcements featuring celebrities and highlighting the prevalence of sexual trauma among males. On March 2, 2016, the broadcast PSAs debuted on Viacom’s networks and in Times Square, during which the PSAs were visible to approximately 21 million people.


1mdc
1mdc was a digital gold currency (DGC) that existed from 2001 to 2007 in which users traded digital currency backed by reserves of e-gold, rather than physical bullion reserves.


1mdc
The website appeared to switch between various offshore hosting locations, and used software designed by Interesting Software Ltd, an Anguilla company.


1mdc
As of April 27, 2007, a US court order has forced e-gold to liquidate a large number of e-gold accounts totalling some 10 to 20 million US dollars' worth of gold. A small part of this seizure was 1mdc's accounts and assets . If the court order in the USA is reversed, a user's e-gold grams remaining in 1mdc will "unbail" normally to the user's e-gold account.


1mdc
Ultimately e-gold is owned and operated by US citizens, so, 1mdc users must respect the decisions of US courts and the US authorities regarding the disposition of e-gold and the safety and security of US citizens. Even though 1mdc has no connection whatsoever to the USA, and most 1mdc users are non-USA, ultimately e-gold is operated from the USA.


1mdc, Features
As with any digital gold currency, one used 1mdc to keep assets away from fiat currencies and avoid inflationary risks associated with them. To open an account, 1mdc required the user to have a functioning e-mail address, an e-gold account, a password, initials and a PIN.


1mdc, Features
1mdc charged 0.05 gold grams per spend for accounts that receive 100 or more spends (total over 500 grams) to their account in any given calendar month. There were no spend fees for accounts that receive 99 or less spends in a calendar month, and no storage fees on all accounts. This was in sharp contrast to e-gold, which charges a storage fee of 1% per annum. Coupled with the quick and easy transfer of funds between e-gold and 1mdc accounts, 1mdc was attractive to persons with large amounts of e-gold, whose balances gradually shrink due to e-gold's storage fees. 1mdc also offered virtually fee free exchange from Pecunix gold to 1mdc, and a 5% fee to exchange from 1mdc to Pecunix gold. It was often said that most or all heavy users of e-gold are 1mdc users, although of course there was no way of confirming this.


1mdc, Criticisms
1mdc's e-gold was held in unallocated (pooled) storage (in several e-gold user accounts) which allowed for extra privacy from e-gold's administrators. However, this increased storage risk, as the client had no precedence on the e-gold they entrusted 1mdc to hold, and there was virtually no way for a user to ensure that 1mdc is maintaining full reserves of their e-gold. The amount of e-gold held in the 1mdc system was undisclosed.


1mdc, Criticisms
Also, since 1mdc was backed by e-gold, events that affect e-gold also affected 1mdc. Once e-gold Ltd. was instructed by the US government to freeze and liquidate all 1mdc accounts, 1mdc became insolvent by default along with all other e-gold accounts seized in the April 27 action.


1nce Again
"1nce Again" is a song by the hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest, released as the first single from their fourth album Beats, Rhymes and Life. The song contains samples of "I'm Your Pal" by Gary Burton and "Chocolate Nuisance" by Cannonball Adderley (note the dialogue in the end of the track), while the chorus is sung by Tammy Lucas. The song is the first A Tribe Called Quest single to feature production by the late Jay Dee, a member of The Ummah.


1nce Again
The chorus is a recreation of the chorus from "Check the Rhime", a previous single from the group's second album The Low End Theory. "1nce Again" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1997, however the group lost to Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's Tha Crossroads.


1nce Again, Music video
The music video, released in August 1996, begins with the group recreating the "Check the Rhime" video, with a crowd cheering. However, Phife notices that the police have come to arrest them, so the group runs into a dry cleaning store to hide. Thought the video, the group runs through different sections of the store while rapping. Tammy Lucas is also present in the store singing the chorus. At the end of the video, the police see the group running away up a flight of stairs. The group get onto the roof, at night, and they jump off the building as the video ends. Busta Rhymes makes an appearance in the music video.


1oT
1oT is a cellular connectivity provider for Internet of Things device makers. 1oT services allow OEMs to connect their devices in more than 150 countries with a single SIM card that is customised for IoT devices and manage their SIM cards on self-service based connectivity platform with API


1oT, 1oT Terminal
The 1oT Terminal is a platform where clients can manage and monitor cellular-based IoT devices. 1oT also licenses its connectivity management platform to MNOs. The platform is addressed to small and medium-sized startups to help them scale worldwide and deploy cellular connectivity.


1oT, 1oT SIMs
1oT SIM cards work worldwide and offer 2G, 3G and 4G cellular connection.


1oT, 1oT eSIMs
1oT launched an eSIM solution for IoT sector at Mobile World Congress 2019.


1oT, 1oT eSIMs
eSIM is technically known as an embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card (eUICC). It is an unlocked SIM card that enables the client to manage different carrier services "over-the-air" without the need to physically change the SIM card. Major automotive companies such as Tesla, Mercedes Benz, and BMW have already deployed commercial services based on eSIM technology. 1oT is opening this revolutionary technology to a wide range of global startups and SMEs.


1oT, Background
The company is part of Mobi Solutions Group. Mobi Solutions is a mobile value-added services provider and developer which during its 15+ years of activity has brought numerous internationally successful telecommunications, IT, and mobile services to the market, for example Fortumo, Messente, Mobi Lab, MobiGW, and Nevercode.


1p36 deletion syndrome
1p36 deletion syndrome  is a congenital genetic disorder characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability, delayed growth, hypotonia, seizures, limited speech ability, malformations, hearing and vision impairment, and distinct facial features. The symptoms may vary, depending on the exact location of the chromosomal deletion.


1p36 deletion syndrome
The condition is caused by a genetic deletion (loss of a segment of DNA) on the outermost band on the short arm (p) of chromosome 1. It is one of the most common deletion syndromes. It is estimated that the syndrome occurs in one in every 5,000 to 10,000 births.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
There are a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of monosomy 1p36, but no one individual will display all of the possible features. In general, children will exhibit failure to thrive and global delays.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Developmental and behavioral
Most young children with 1p36 deletion syndrome have delayed development of speech and motor skills. Speech is severely affected, with many children learning only a few words or having no speech at all. Behavioral problems are also common, and include temper outbursts, banging or throwing objects, striking people, screaming episodes, and self-injurious behavior (wrist biting, head striking/banging). A significant proportion of affected people are on the autism spectrum, and many exhibit stereotypy.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Neurologic
Most people with 1p36 deletion syndrome have some structural abnormality of the brain, and approximately half have epilepsy or other seizures. Almost all children exhibit some degree of hypotonia. Common structural brain abnormalities include agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebral cortical atrophy, gait abnormalities, and ventriculomegaly. Dysphagia, esophageal reflux, and other feeding difficulties are also common.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Neurologic, Vision
The most common visual abnormalities associated with 1p36 deletion syndrome include farsightedness (hypermetropia), myopia (nearsightedness), and strabismus (cross-eyes). Less common but still recognized are blepharophimosis, cataracts, ocular albinism, optic atrophy, optic disk pallor, and optic nerve coloboma.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Distinct facial features
The facial features of 1p36 deletion syndrome have been considered to be characteristic, although few patients have been diagnosed solely on the basis of facial appearance. These features may include microcephaly (small head), which may be combined with brachycephaly (short head); small, deep-set eyes; straight eyebrows; epicanthal folds; a broad, flat nose and nasal bridge; underdevelopment of the midface (midface hypoplasia); a long philtrum; pointed chin; and abnormally shaped, rotated, low-set ears. Infants may have a large anterior fontanelle, or the anterior fontanelle may close late.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Other congenital defects, Skeletal
Short feet, brachydactyly (short fingers), and camptodactyly (permanent flexion of a finger), fifth finger clinodactyly (abnormal curvature) and other skeletal anomalies are sometimes found in conjunction with 1p36 deletion.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Genetics
1p36 deletion syndrome is caused by the deletion of the most distal light band of the short arm of chromosome 1.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Genetics
The breakpoints for 1p36 deletion syndrome have been variable and are most commonly found from 1p36.13 to 1p36.33. 40 percent of all breakpoints occur 3 to 5 million base pairs from the telomere. The size of the deletion ranges from approximately 1.5 million base pairs to greater than 10 million.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Genetics
Most deletions in chromosome 1p36 are de novo mutations. 20% of patients with 1p36 deletion syndrome inherit the disease from one parent who carries a balanced or symmetrical translocation.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Diagnosis
1p36 deletion syndrome is usually suspected based on the signs and symptoms and confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosomal microarray or karyotype analysis may also be used to diagnose 1p36 deletion.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Treatment
There is no cure for 1p36 deletion syndrome, and treatment is focused on relieving symptoms of the disease. Of particular importance are appropriate medication for endocrine and neurologic manifestations, such as anti-seizure medications. Feeding difficulties can be managed with specialized assistive devices or with a gastrostomy (feeding) tube.


1p36 deletion syndrome, Epidemiology
1p36 deletion syndrome is the most common terminal deletion syndrome in humans. It occurs in between 1 in 5000 and 1 in 10000 live births.


1q21.1 copy number variations
1q21.1 copy number variations (CNVs) are rare aberrations of human chromosome 1.


1q21.1 copy number variations
In a common situation a human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1. With the 1q21.1 CNVs one chromosome of the pair is not complete because a part of the sequence of the chromosome is missing, or overcomplete, because some parts of the sequence are duplicated. The result is that one chromosome is of normal length and the other one is too long or too short.


1q21.1 copy number variations, The structure of 1q21.1
The structure of 1q21.1 is complex. The area has a size of approximately 6 Megabase (Mb) (from 141.5 Mb to 147.9 Mb). Within 1q21.1 there are two areas where the CNVs can be found: the proximal area or TAR area (144.1 to 144.5) and the distal area (144.7 to 145.9). A 1q21.1 CNV will commonly be found in one of these areas, but an overlap with the other area or parts that are outside these areas are possible. 1q21.1 has multiple repetitions of the same structure: Only 25% of the structure is not duplicated.


1q21.1 copy number variations, The structure of 1q21.1
There are several gaps in the sequence. There is no further information available about the DNA-sequence in those areas up till now. The gaps represent approximately 700 Kilobase. New genes are expected in the gaps. The area of 1q21.1 is one of the most difficult parts of the human genome to map.


1q21.1 copy number variations, The structure of 1q21.1
CNVs occur due to non-allelic homologous recombination mediated by low copy repeats (sequentially similar regions), commonly found in 1q21.1.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Forms of 1q21.1 CNVs
Four separate forms of 1q21.1 CNVs are mentioned in literature.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Forms of 1q21.1 CNVs
The CNVs lead to a very variable phenotype and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have a CNV can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of mental retardation and various physical anomalies.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome
Meiosis is the process of dividing cells in humans. In meiosis, the chromosome pairs splits and a representative of each pair goes to one daughter cell. In this way the number of chromosomes will be halved in each cell, while all the parts on the chromosome (genes) remain, after being randomized. Which information of the parent cell ends up in the daughter cell is purely decided by chance. Besides this random process, there is a second random process.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome
In this second random process the DNA will be scrambled in a way that pieces are omitted (deletion), added (duplication), moved from one place to another (translocation) and inverted (inversion). This is a common process, which leads to about 0,4% variation in the DNA. It explains why even identical twins are not genetically 100% identical.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome
Problem of the second random process is that genetic mistakes can occur. Especially due to the deletion and duplication process, the chromosomes that come together in a new cell may be shorter or longer. The result of this spontaneous change in the structure of DNA is a so-called copy number variation. Due to the CNV chromosomes of different sizes can be combined in a new cell. If this occurs around conception, the result will be a first cell of a human with a genetic variation. This can be either positive or negative. In positive cases this new human will be capable of a special skill that is assessed positively, for example, in sports or science. In negative cases, you have to deal with a syndrome or a severe disability, as in this case the 1q21.1 CNVs.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome
Based on the meiotic process, the syndrome may occur in two ways.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome
Due to this genetic misprint the embryo may experience problems in the development during the first months of pregnancy. Approximately 20 to 40 days after fertilization, something goes wrong in the construction of the body parts and brain, which leads to a chain reaction.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome
Because of the repetitions in 1q21.1, there is a larger chance on an unequal crossing-over during meiosis.


1q21.1 copy number variations, Related genes
Genes related to the proximal area are HFE2, TXNIP, POLR3GL, LIX1L, RBM8A, PEX11B, ITGA10, ANKRD35, PIAS3, NUDT17, POLR3C, RNF115, CD160, PDZK1, and GPR89AGenes related to the distal area are PDE4DIP, HYDIN2, PRKAB2, PDIA3P, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, NBPF10, GPR89B, GPR89C, PDZK1P1 and NBPF11.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome
1q21.1 deletion syndrome is a rare aberration of chromosome 1. A human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1. With the 1q21.1 deletion syndrome, one chromosome of the pair is not complete, because a part of the sequence of the chromosome is missing. One chromosome has the normal length and the other is too short.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome
In 1q21.1, the '1' stands for chromosome 1, the 'q' stands for the long arm of the chromosome and '21.1' stands for the part of the long arm in which the deletion is situated.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome
The syndrome is a form of the 1q21.1 copy number variations, and it is a deletion in the distal area of the 1q21.1 part. The CNV leads to a very variable phenotype, and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have the syndrome can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of mental retardation and various physical anomalies.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome
1q21.1 microdeletion is a very rare chromosomal condition. Only 46 individuals with this deletion have been reported in medical literature as of August 2011.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Symptoms and signs
It is not clear whether the list of symptoms is complete. Very little information is known about the syndrome. The syndrome can have completely different effects on members of the same family.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Symptoms and signs
A common deletion is between 1.0–1.9Mb. Mefford states that the standard for a deletion is 1.35Mb. The largest deletion seen on a living human is over 5 Mb.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Cause
Meiosis is the process of dividing cells in humans. In meiosis, the chromosome pairs split and a representative of each pair goes to one daughter cell. In this way the number of chromosomes will be halved in each cell, while all the parts on the chromosome (genes) remain, after being randomized. Which information of the parent cell ends up in the daughter cell is purely decided by chance. Besides this random process, there is a second random process. In this second random process the DNA will be scrambled in a way that pieces are omitted (deletion), added (duplication), moved from one place to another (translocation) and inverted (inversion). This is a common process, which leads to about 0.4% variation in the DNA.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Cause
A problem of the second random process is that genetic mistakes can occur. Because of the deletion and duplication process, the chromosomes that come together in a new cell may be shorter or longer. The result of this spontaneous change in the structure of DNA is a so-called copy number variation. Due to the copy number variation chromosomes of different sizes can be combined in a new cell. If this occurs around conception, the result will be a first cell of a human with a genetic variation. This can be either positive or negative. In positive cases this new human will be capable of a special skill that is assessed positively, for example, in sports or science. In negative cases, you have to deal with a syndrome or a severe disability, as in this case the 1q21.1 deletion syndrome.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Cause
Based on the meiotic process, the syndrome may occur in two ways.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Cause
Due to this genetic misprint, the embryo may experience problems in the development during the first months of pregnancy. Approximately 20 to 40 days after fertilization, something goes wrong in the construction of the body parts and brain, which leads to a chain reaction.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, The structure of 1q21.1
The structure of 1q21.1 is complex. The area has a size of approximately 6 Megabase (Mb) (from 141.5 Mb to 147.9 Mb). Within 1q21.1 there are two areas where the CNVs can be found: the proximal area or TAR area (144.1 to 144.5) and the distal area (144.7 to 145.9). The 1q21.1 deletion syndrome will commonly be found in the distal area, but an overlap with the TAR-area is possible. 1q21.1 has multiple repetitions of the same structure (areas with the same color in the picture have equal structures) Only 25% of the structure is not duplicated.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, The structure of 1q21.1
There are several gaps in the sequence. There is no further information available about the DNA-sequence in those areas up till now. The gaps represent approximately 700 Kilobase. New genes are expected in the gaps. Because the gaps are still a topic of research, it is hard to find the exact start and end markers of a deletion. The area of 1q21.1 is one of the most difficult parts of the human genome to map.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, The structure of 1q21.1
Because of the repetitions in 1q21.1, there is a larger chance of an unequal crossing-over during meiosis. CNVs occur due to non-allelic homologous recombination mediated by low copy repeats (sequentially similar regions).


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, Typing
A common deletion is restricted to the distal area. This is a Class I-deletion.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, Typing
In some cases the deletion is so large that the proximal area is involved as well, the so-called Class II-deletion. There are some complex cases in which both the proximal area and the distal area are affected, while the area in between is normal. There are also some a-typical variants.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, Related genes
Genes related to 1q21.1 deletion in the distal area are PDE4DIP, HYDIN2, PRKAB2, PDIA3P, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, NBPF10, GPR89B, GPR89C, PDZK1P1 and NBPF11.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Diagnostics
A 'de novo'-situation appears in about 75% of the cases. In 25% of the cases, one of the parents is carrier of the syndrome, without any effect on the parent. Sometimes adults have mild problems with the syndrome. To find out whether either of the parents carries the syndrome, both parents have to be tested. In several cases, the syndrome was identified with the child, because of a developmental disorder or another problem, and later it appeared that the parent was affected as well.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Diagnostics
In families where both parents have tested negative for the syndrome, chances of a second child with the syndrome are extremely low. If the syndrome was found in the family, chances of a second child with the syndrome are 50%, because the syndrome is autosomal dominant. The effect of the syndrome on the child cannot be predicted


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Diagnostics
The syndrome can be detected with fluorescence in situ hybridization. For parents with a child with the syndrome, it is advisable to consult a physician before another pregnancy.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Management
Treatment of cause: Due to the genetic cause, no treatment of the cause is possible.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Management
Treatment of manifestations: routine treatment of ophthalmologic, cardiac, and neurologic findings; speech, occupational, and physical therapies as appropriate; specialized learning programs to meet individual needs; antiepileptic drugs or antipsychotic medications as needed.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Management
Surveillance: routine pediatric care; routine developmental assessments; monitoring of specific identified medical issues.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Prevalence
As of October 2012, Unique, an international rare chromosome disorder group and registry, has 64 genetically-confirmed cases of this deletion worldwide.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research
On several locations in the world people are studying on the subject of 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. The syndrome was identified for the first time with people with heart abnormalities. The syndrome has later been found in patients with schizophrenia. Research is done on patients with a symptom of the syndrome, to find more patients with the syndrome.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research
There may be a relation between autism and schizophrenia. Literature shows that nine locations have been found on the DNA where the syndromes related to autism or schizophrenia can be found, the so-called "hotspots": 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, 16p13.1, 16q21, 17p12, 21q11.2 and 21q13.3. With a number of hotspots, either autism and schizophrenia were observed depending on the copy-number variation (CNV) at that location.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research
Statistical research showed that schizophrenia is more common in combination with 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. On the other side, autism is significantly more common with 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. Further research confirmed that the odds on a relation between schizophrenia and deletions at 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 22q11.21 en Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) and duplications at 16p11.2 are at 7.5% or higher.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research
Common variations in the BCL9 gene, which is in the distal area, confer risk of schizophrenia and may also be associated with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research
Research is done on 10–12 genes on 1q21.1 that produce DUF1220-locations. DUF1220 is an unknown protein, which is active in the neurons of the brain near the neocortex. Based on research on apes and other mammals, it is assumed that DUF1220 is related to cognitive development (man: 212 locations; chimpanzee: 37 locations; monkey: 30 locations; mouse: 1 location). It appears that the DUF1220-locations on 1q21.1 are in areas that are related to the size and the development of the brain. The aspect of the size and development of the brain is related to autism (macrocephaly) and schizophrenia (microcephaly). It has been proposed that a deletion or duplication of a gene that produces DUF1220-areas might cause growth and development disorders in the brain


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research
Another relation between macrocephaly with duplications and microcephaly with deletions has been seen in research on the HYDIN Paralog or HYDIN2. This part of 1q21.1 is involved in the development of the brain. It is assumed to be a dosage-sensitive gene. When this gene is not available in the 1q21.1 area, it leads to microcephaly. HYDIN2 is a recent duplication (found only in humans) of the HYDIN gene found on 16q22.2. Research on the genes CHD1L and PRKAB2 within lymphoblast cells  lead to the conclusion that anomalies appear with the 1q21.1-deletion syndrome:


1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research
GJA5 has been identified as the gene that is responsible for the phenotypes observed with congenital heart diseases on the 1q21.1 location. In case of a duplication of GJA5 tetralogy of Fallot is more common. In case of a deletion other congenital heart diseases than tetralogy of Fallot are more common.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome
1q21.1 duplication syndrome or 1q21.1 (recurrent) microduplication is a rare aberration of chromosome 1.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome
In a common situation a human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1. With the 1q21.1 duplication syndrome one chromosome of the pair is over complete, because a part of the sequence of the chromosome is duplicated twice or more. In 1q21.1, the '1' stands for chromosome 1, the 'q' stands for the long arm of the chromosome and '21.1' stands for the part of the long arm in which the duplication is situated.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome
Next to the duplication syndrome, there is also a 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. While there are two or three copies of a similar part of the DNA on a particular spot with the duplication syndrome, there is a part of the DNA missing with the deletion syndrome on the same spot. Literature refers to both the deletion and the duplication as the 1q21.1 copy-number variations (CNV).


1q21.1 duplication syndrome
The CNV leads to a very variable phenotype and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have the syndrome can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of developmental delays and various physical anomalies.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Symptoms and signs
It is not clear whether the list of symptoms is complete. Very little information is known about the syndrome. The symptomology may be different among individuals, even in the same family.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause
Meiosis is the process of dividing cells in humans. In meiosis, the chromosome pairs splits and a representative of each pair goes to one daughter cell. In this way the number of chromosomes will be halved in each cell, while all the parts on the chromosome (genes) remain, after being randomized. Which information of the parent cell ends up in the daughter cell is purely decided by chance. Besides this random process, there is a second random process.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause
In this second random process the DNA will be scrambled in a way that pieces are omitted (deletion), added (duplication), moved from one place to another (translocation) and inverted (inversion). This is a common process, which leads to about 0.4% variation in the DNA. It explains why even identical twins are not genetically 100% identical.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause
The second random process can give rise to genetic mistakes. In the deletion and duplication process, the chromosomes that come together in a new cell may be shorter or longer. The result of this spontaneous change in the structure of DNA is a copy number variation. Due to the copy number variation chromosomes of different sizes can be combined in a new cell. If this occurs around conception, there is the first cell of a human with a genetic variation. This can be either positive or negative. In positive cases this new human will be capable of a special skill that is assessed positively, for example, sports or science. In negative cases, you have to deal with a syndrome or a severe disability, as in this case the 1q21.1 duplication syndrome.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause
Based on the meiotic process, the syndrome may occur in two ways.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause
Due to this genetic misprint the embryo may experience problems in the development during the first months of pregnancy. Approximately 20 to 40 days after fertilization, something goes wrong in the construction of the body parts and brain, which leads to a chain reaction.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Structure of 1q21.1
The structure of 1q21.1 is complex. The area has a size of approximately 6 Megabase (Mb) (from 141.5 Mb to 147.9 Mb). Within 1q21.1 there are two areas where a duplication or deletion can be found: the TAR-area for the TAR syndrome and the distal area for other anomalies. The 1q21.1 duplication syndrome will commonly be found in the distal area, but an overlap with the TAR-area is possible. 1q21.1 has multiple repetitions of the same structure (areas with the same color in the picture have equal structures) Only 25% of the structure is unique.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Structure of 1q21.1
There are several gaps in the sequence. There is no further information available about the DNA-sequence in those areas up till now. The gaps represent approximately 700 Kilobase. New genes are expected in the gaps. Because the gaps are still a topic of research, it is hard to find the exact start and end markers of a deletion. The area of 1q21.1 is one of the most difficult parts of the human genome to map.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Structure of 1q21.1, Related genes
Genes related to 1q21.1 deletion in the TAR area are HFE2, TXNIP, POLR3GL, LIX1L, RBM8A, PEX11B, ITGA10, ANKRD35, PIAS3, NUDT17, POLR3C, RNF115, CD160, PDZK1, and GPR89AGenes related to 1q21.1 deletion in the distal area are HYDIN2, PRKAB2, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, and GPR89B.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Diagnostics
A 'de novo'-situation appears in about 75% of the cases. In 25% of the cases, one of the parents is carrier of the syndrome, without any effect on the parent. Sometimes adults have mild problems with the syndrome. To find out whether either of the parents carries the syndrome, both parents have to be tested. In several cases, the syndrome was identified with the child, because of an autism disorder or another problem, and later it appeared that the parent was affected as well. The parent never knew about it until the moment that the DNA-test proved the parent to be a carrier.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Diagnostics
In families where both parents have been tested negative on the syndrome, chances on a second child with the syndrome are extremely low. If the syndrome was found in the family, chances on a second child with the syndrome are 50%, because the syndrome is autosomal dominant. The effect of the syndrome on the child cannot be predicted.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Diagnostics
The syndrome can be detected with fluorescence in situ hybridization and Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software. For parents with a child with the syndrome, it is advisable to consult a physician before a next pregnancy and to do prenatal screening.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research
Several researchers around the world are studying on the subject of 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. The syndrome was identified for the first time in people with heart abnormalities. The syndrome was later observed in patients who had autism or schizophrenia.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research
It appears that there is a relation between autism and schizophrenia. Literature shows that nine locations have been found on the DNA where the syndromes related to autism or schizophrenia can be found, the so-called "hotspots": 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, 16p13.1, 16q21, 17p12, 21q11.2 and 21q13.3. With a number of hotspots, either autism and schizophrenia were observed depending on the copy-number variation (CNV) at that location.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research
Statistical research showed that schizophrenia is significantly more common in combination with 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. On the other side, autism is significantly more common with 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. Similar observations were done for chromosome 16 on 16p11.2 (deletion: autism/duplication: schizophrenia), chromosome 22 on 22q11.21 (deletion (Velo-cardio-facial syndrome): schizophrenia/duplication: autism) and 22q13.3 (deletion (Phelan-McDermid syndrome): schizophrenia/duplication: autism). Further research confirmed that the odds on a relation between schizophrenia and deletions at 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 22q11.21 en Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) and duplications at 16p11.2 are at 7.5% or higher.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research
Common variations in the BCL9 gene, which is in the distal area, confer risk of schizophrenia and may also be associated with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research
Research is done on 10-12 genes on 1q21.1 that produce DUF1220-locations. DUF1220 is an unknown protein, which is active in the neurons of the brain near the neocortex. Based on research on apes and other mammals, it is assumed that DUF1220 is related to cognitive development (man: 212 locations; chimpanzee: 37 locations; monkey: 30 locations; mouse: 1 location). It appears that the DUF1220-locations on 1q21.1 are in areas that are related to the size and the development of the brain. The aspect of the size and development of the brain is related to autism (macrocephaly) and schizophrenia (microcephaly). It is assumed that a deletion or a duplication of a gene that produces DUF1220-areas might cause growth and development disorders in the brain


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research
Another relation between macrocephaly with duplications and microcephaly with deletions has been seen in research on the HYDIN Paralog or HYDIN2. This part of 1q21.1 is involved in the development of the brain. It is assumed to be a dosage-sensitive gene. When this gene is not available in the 1q21.1 area it leads to microcephaly. HYDIN2 is a recent duplication (found only in humans) of the HYDIN gene found on 16q22.2.


1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research
GJA5 has been identified as the gene that is responsible for the phenotypes observed with congenital heart diseases on the 1q21.1 location. In case of a duplication of GJA5 tetralogy of Fallot is more common. In case of a deletion other congenital heart diseases than tetralogy of Fallot are more common.


1s Slater-type function
A normalized 1s Slater-type function is a function which is used in the descriptions of atoms and in a broader way in the description of atoms in molecules. It is particularly important as the accurate quantum theory description of the smallest free atom, hydrogen. It has the form


1s Slater-type function
It is a particular case of a Slater-type orbital (STO) in which the principal quantum number n is 1. The parameter ζ{\displaystyle \zeta } is called the Slater orbital exponent. Related sets of functions can be used to construct STO-nG basis sets which are used in quantum chemistry.


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems
A hydrogen-like atom  or a hydrogenic atom is an atom with one  electron. Except for the hydrogen atom itself (which is neutral) these atoms carry positive charge e(Z−1){\displaystyle e(\mathbf {Z} -1)}, where Z{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} } is the atomic number of the atom. Because hydrogen-like atoms are two-particle systems with an interaction depending only on the distance between the two particles,  their (non-relativistic) Schrödinger equation can be exactly solved in analytic form. The solutions are one-electron functions and are referred to as hydrogen-like atomic orbitals.


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems
The electronic Hamiltonian (in atomic units) of a Hydrogenic system is given byH^e=−∇22−Zr{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {H}} _{e}=-{\frac { \nabla ^{2}}{2}}-{\frac {\mathbf {Z} }{r}}}, where Z{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} } is the nuclear charge of the hydrogenic atomic system. The 1s electron of a hydrogenic systems can be accurately described by the corresponding Slater orbital:ψ1s=(ζ3π)0.50e−ζr{\displaystyle \mathbf {\psi } _{1s}=\left({\frac {\zeta ^{3}}{\pi }}\right)^{0.50}e^{-\zeta r}}, where ζ{\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } } is the Slater exponent. This state, the ground state, is the only state that can be described by a Slater orbital. Slater orbitals have no radial nodes, while the excited states of the hydrogen atom have radial nodes.


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Exact energy of a hydrogen-like atom
The energy of a hydrogenic system can be exactly calculated analytically as follows :E1s=⟨ψ1s|H^e|ψ1s⟩⟨ψ1s|ψ1s⟩{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}={\frac {\langle \psi _{1s}|\mathbf {\hat {H}} _{e}|\psi _ {1s}\rangle }{\langle \psi _{1s}|\psi _{1s}\rangle }}}, where ⟨ψ1s|ψ1s⟩=1{\displaystyle \mathbf {\langle \psi _{1s}|\psi _{1s}\rangle } = 1}E1s=⟨ψ1s|−∇22−Zr|ψ1s⟩{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=\langle \psi _{1s}|\mathbf {-} {\frac { \nabla ^{2}}{2}}-{\frac {\mathbf {Z} }{r}}|\psi _{1s}\rangle }E1s=⟨ψ1s|−∇22|ψ1s⟩+⟨ψ1s|−Zr|ψ1s⟩{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=\langle \psi _{1s}|\mathbf {-} {\frac { \nabla ^{2}}{2}}|\psi _ {1s}\rangle +\langle \psi _{1s}|-{\frac {\mathbf {Z} }{r}}|\psi _{1s}\rangle }E1s=⟨ψ1s|−12r2∂∂r(r2∂∂r)|ψ1s⟩+⟨ψ1s|−Zr|ψ1s⟩{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=\langle \psi _{1s}|\mathbf {-} {\frac {1}{2r^{2}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)|\psi _ {1s}\rangle +\langle \psi _{1s}|-{\frac {\mathbf {Z} }{r}}|\psi _{1s}\rangle }.


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Exact energy of a hydrogen-like atom
Using the expression for Slater orbital, ψ1s=(ζ3π)0.50e−ζr{\displaystyle \mathbf {\psi } _{1s}=\left({\frac {\zeta ^{3}}{\pi }}\right)^{0.50}e^{-\zeta r}} the integrals can be exactly solved. Thus,E1s=⟨(ζ3π)0.50e−ζr|−(ζ3π)0.50e−ζr[−2rζ+r2ζ22r2]⟩+⟨ψ1s|−Zr|ψ1s⟩{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{ 1s}=\left\langle \left({\frac { \zeta ^{3}}{\pi }}\right)^{0.50}e^{-\zeta r}\right|\left.-\left({\frac { \zeta ^{3}}{\pi }}\right)^{0.50}e^{-\zeta r}\left[{\frac {-2r\zeta + r^{2}\zeta ^{2}}{2r^{2}}}\right]\right\rangle +\langle \psi _{1s}|-{\frac {\mathbf {Z} }{r}}|\psi _{1s}\rangle }E1s= ζ22−ζZ. {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}={\frac {\zeta ^{2}}{2}}-\zeta \mathbf {Z} .}


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Exact energy of a hydrogen-like atom
The optimum value for ζ{\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } } is obtained by equating the differential of the energy with respect to ζ{\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } } as zero. dE1sdζ =ζ−Z=0{\displaystyle {\frac {d\mathbf {E} _{1s}}{d\zeta }}= \zeta -\mathbf {Z} =0}. Thus ζ=Z. {\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } =\mathbf {Z} .}


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Non-relativistic energy
The following energy values are thus calculated by using the expressions for energy and for the Slater exponent.


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Non-relativistic energy
Hydrogen : HZ=1{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} =1} and ζ=1{\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } =1}E1s={\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=}−0.5 EhE1s={\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=}−13.60569850 eVE1s={\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=}−313.75450000 kcal/mol


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Non-relativistic energy
Gold : Au(78+)Z=79{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} =79} and ζ=79{\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } =79}E1s={\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=}−3120.5 EhE1s={\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=}−84913.16433850 eVE1s={\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}=}−1958141.8345 kcal/mol.


1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Relativistic energy of Hydrogenic atomic systems
Hydrogenic atomic systems are suitable models to demonstrate the relativistic effects in atomic systems in a simple way. The energy expectation value can calculated by using the Slater orbitals with or without considering the relativistic correction for the Slater exponent ζ{\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } }. The relativistically corrected Slater exponent ζrel{\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } _{rel}} is given asζrel=Z1−Z2/c2{\displaystyle \mathbf {\zeta } _{rel}={\frac {\mathbf {Z} }{\sqrt {1-\mathbf {Z} ^{2}/c^{2}}}}}. The relativistic energy of an electron in 1s orbital of a hydrogenic atomic systems is obtained by solving the Dirac equation. E1srel=−(c2+Zζ)+c4+Z2ζ2{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{1s}^{rel}=-(c^{2}+\mathbf {Z} \zeta )+{\sqrt {c^{4}+\mathbf {Z} ^{2}\zeta ^{2}}}}. Following table illustrates the relativistic corrections in energy and it can be seen how the relativistic correction scales with the atomic number of the system.


1seg
1seg (ワンセグ, wansegu) is a mobile terrestrial digital audio/video and data broadcasting service in Japan, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru and the Philippines. Service began experimentally during 2005 and commercially on April 1, 2006. It is designed as a component of ISDB-T, the terrestrial digital broadcast system used in those countries, as each channel is divided into 13 segments, with a further segment separating it from the next channel; an HDTV broadcast signal occupies 12 segments, leaving the remaining (13th) segment for mobile receivers, hence the name, "1seg" or "One Seg".


1seg
Its use in Brazil was established in late 2007 (starting in just a few cities), with a slight difference from the Japanese counterpart: it is broadcast under a 30 frame/s transmission setting (Japanese broadcasts are under the 15 frame/s transmission setting).


1seg, Technical information
The ISDB-T system uses the UHF band at frequencies between 470 and 770 MHz (806 MHz in Brazil), giving a total bandwidth 300 MHz. The bandwidth is divided into fifty name channels 13 through 62. Each channel is 6 MHz wide consisting of a 5.57 MHz wide signalling band and a 430 kHz guard band to limit cross channel interference. Each of these channels is further divided into 13 segments, each with 428 kHz of bandwidth. 1 seg uses a single of these segments to carry the 1seg transport stream.


1seg, Technical information
1seg, like ISDB-T uses QPSK for modulation, with 2/3 forward error correction and 1/4 guard ratio. The total datarate is 416 kbit/s.


1seg, Technical information
The television system uses an H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video stream and an HE-AAC audio stream multiplexed into an MPEG transport stream. The maximum video resolution is 320x240 pixels, with a video bitrate of between 220 and 320 kbit/s. Audio conforms to HE-AAC profile, with a bitrate of 48 to 64 kbit/s. Additional data (EPG, interactive services, etc.) is transmitted using BML and occupies the remaining 10 to 100 kbit/s of bandwidth.


1seg, Technical information
Conditional access and copy control are implemented in 1seg broadcasting by the use of Broadcast Flag-like structure contained in the "Copy Control Descriptor" within the broadcast. The broadcast contents themselves are not encrypted, but  the Copy Control information forces the device to encrypt stored recordings and disallows making a copy of the recording.


1seg, Broadcast Markup Language
Broadcast Markup Language (BML), is a data-transmission service allowing text to be displayed on a 1seg TV screen.


1seg, Broadcast Markup Language
The text contains news, sports, weather forecasts, emergency warnings such as Earthquake Early Warning, etc. free of charge. Further information can be found through links to content on websites, frequently those belonging to the television station itself.


1seg, Broadcast Markup Language
EPG (program guides) is not included, but transmitted in separate stream (EIT).


1seg, Multiple-program arrangement
On June 23, 2008, broadcaster Tokyo MX officially began using multiple-program arrangement (マルチ編成, Maruchi hensei) technology to simultaneously broadcast two programs on a single divided segment. Most 1seg receivers manufactured after September 2008 are compatible with this technology. Multiple-program arrangement in 1seg is named as 1seg2 or Oneseg2 (ワンセグ2, Wansegu tsū).


1seg, Multiple-program arrangement
NHK Educational TV (from 1 April 2009) and Nara Television (奈良テレビ放送, Nara terebi hōsō) (from 1 December 2009) are also started for several number of programs.


1seg, Popularity
Until the end of March 2008, Japanese regulation required that the programs on 1seg were fundamentally the same as those broadcast on the equivalent HDTV channel. On April 1 the regulation was revised, and experimental programs by 1seg or third parties have begun airing on several stations.


1seg, Popularity
On January 16, 2008, JEITA released their monthly shipping survey showing approx. 4.806 million mobile phones were sold in Japan in November 2007. Of these, approx. 3.054 million phones, 63.5% of the total, can receive 1seg broadcasts.


1seg, Popularity
In the fiscal year of 2007, on average 45% of mobile phones had 1seg reception capability out of the 22.284 million units sold. The percent increased from 26.8% in April 2007 to 64.2% at end of fiscal year March 2008.


1st & Repair
1st & Repair is a 1998 album by Monte Montgomery.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series)
1st & Ten is an American sitcom that aired between December 1984 and January 1991 on the cable television network HBO. Featuring series regulars Delta Burke and veteran Reid Shelton, it was one of cable's first attempts to lure the lucrative sitcom audience away from the "Big Three", by taking advantage of their freedom to include occasional cursing and nudity.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot
The sports-themed series follows the on-and off-field antics of the fictional American football team, the California Bulls. The team changed owners throughout the series' history, with the premise that a woman is in charge.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot
During the first season Diane Barrow (Delta Burke) becomes the owner of her ex-husband's team as part of a divorce settlement, after he has an affair with the team's tight end. She quickly learns the ups and downs of pro football. In one episode, she is forced to coach the team herself after the head coach, Ernie Denardo, is placed in the hospital. She also has constant battles with her General Manager/husband's nephew, who has dealings with the local mob, and fights off advances made by her quarterback (played by Geoffrey Scott).


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot
The second season dealt with two themes: training camp and the playoffs. Barrow was dealing with her players taking recreational drugs during training camp. During this season, O. J. Simpson joined the cast as T.D. Parker, a veteran running back who is forced to make the transition from player to coach. Two real-life football stars made cameo appearances. Marcus Allen portrayed a rookie who was taking over T.D. 's spot on the team. And Vince Ferragamo played "Mainstreet" Manneti, a veteran quarterback. Jason Beghe joined the cast to play Tom Yinessa, a walk-on quarterback who deals with his overnight celebrity.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot
Delta Burke left the show midway through the third season, after committing herself to CBS' Designing Women, which she had begun starring on in 1986, and which was renewed. Diane loses control of the Bulls to Teddy Schraeder, her former lover, who manipulates everyone to his own ends. His antics include having T.D. fire Ernie as coach, let Yinessa practice without a contract, and ignoring the steroids that Manzak is character is using. Legal issues force him to leave the country and turn control over to his daughter, played by Leah Ayres.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot
Season 4 was briefly renamed 1st and Ten: The Bulls Mean Business. Shanna Reed joins the cast as the team's new female president, representing the new owners, the Dodds Corporation. Her attempts to innovate include bringing a female soccer player in to kick, and signing an Olympic sprinter as wide receiver. Joe Namath has a cameo appearance. Shannon Tweed would replace her in Season 5, and remain with the show to the end. The show was renamed 1st and Ten: Do it Again for the fifth season. The final season was 1st and Ten: In Your Face.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Game footage
Footage was used from USFL's Los Angeles Express. During simulated game shots, the Bulls football helmet has a decal of horns on the side. When the show uses actual game footage, you can clearly see the letters "L" and "A" on the helmets side, representing the L.A. Express. The Bulls quarterbacks wore #14 to match the actual game footage of L.A. Express real-life quarterback Tom Ramsey. Many generic shots of USFL stadiums were used to depict where the Bulls were playing. As the series went on, aerial shots were used of Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to represent the Bulls home stadium. Game footage from the USFL stopped midway through the third season, as scripted football plays were being used instead, and the USFL had ceased operations by that point.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Game footage
At one point, Denardo suggests trading for a running back. He mentions the Bulls from "that other league." He was talking about the Jacksonville Bulls from the United States Football League.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Characters
Only Donald Gibb, Cliff Frazier, Prince Hughes, and Reid Shelton appeared in all six seasons. John Kassir and O. J. Simpson joined the cast the second season and stayed till the show's end.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Syndication and DVD release
At the height of the O. J. Simpson murder case, the show made its way to syndicated reruns. The complete series was released on DVD on January 24, 2006.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Syndication and DVD release
The original HBO versions ran for 30 minutes, while the edited-for-syndication versions ran for 22 minutes, and had some dialog and scenes edited for content, as well as the addition of a laugh-track. The majority of episodes on the "Complete Collection" DVD are the syndicated versions.


1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Syndication and DVD release
The original opening credits showed former professional football player Fran Tarkenton introducing the players and the plot points at the beginning of each episode. Completely different closing credits were originally used, too. They showed credits rolling over scenes from the episode. In syndication, these were replaced with later opening credits featuring Miracle Miles Coolidge (even though he did not join the cast until the last season) and a generic "Copyright 1991" disclaimer on a blue background respectively.


1st & Ten (graphics system)
1st & Ten is a computer system that augments televised coverage of American football by inserting graphical elements on the field of play as if they were physically present; the inserted element stays fixed within the coordinates of the playing field, and obeys the visual rules of foreground objects occluding background objects. Developed by Sportvision and PVI Virtual Media Services, it is best known for generating and displaying a yellow first down line over a live broadcast of a football game—making it easier for viewers to follow play on the field. The line is not physically present on the field, and is seen only by the television audience.


1st & Ten (graphics system)
1st & Ten is sometimes used generically to refer to the class of systems capable of adding first down lines and similar visual elements, and not just the Sportvision system. However, PVI's competing system is more accurately named L-VIS, for Live Video Insertion System.


1st & Ten (graphics system)
Over time, usage has evolved. Some football broadcasts change the color of the line from yellow to red on 4th down, or show a second computer-generated line (usually blue in color) that marks the line of scrimmage. Lines can also be projected to show other types of field position, including markings for the red zone and the optimum maximum distance for a placekicker's statistical field goal range. In extreme weather situations, an entire virtual field with yard and boundary markers can be projected onto the field in order to allow league officials, broadcasters and viewers some way to follow action when all field markings are obscured by snow, fog or mud.


1st & Ten (graphics system)
The system makes use of a combination of motion sensors mounted on the broadcast cameras to record what they are viewing, and/or the use of match moving computer graphics technology and an enhanced version of chroma key or "green screen" technology.


1st & Ten (graphics system), History and development
The idea of creating an on-field marker to help TV viewers identify first down distances was conceived and patented in 1978 by David W. Crain, who presented the concept to Roone Arledge and Roger Goodman of ABC News and Sports and to the CBS Technology Center. At the time, both decided the broadcast industry was not ready to use Crain's invention.


1st & Ten (graphics system), History and development
In 1998, ESPN programmer Gary Morgenstern and others revived the idea. ESPN's NFL coordinating producer, Fred Gaudelli, was tasked with overseeing an implementation for his network. The 1st & Ten line was first broadcast by Sportvision, a private company, during ESPN's coverage of a Cincinnati Bengals-Baltimore Ravens game on September 27, 1998. A few weeks later, on Thanksgiving Day in 1998, Princeton Video Image (PVI) aired its version of the virtual yellow down line on a CBS broadcast of a Pittsburgh Steelers–Detroit Lions game. Four years later, SportsMEDIA introduced a third version during NBC coverage of a Notre Dame game.


1st & Ten (graphics system), History and development
The rivalry between PVI and Sportvision began with a collaboration. In July 1995, PVI had successfully used its L-VIS (Live Video Insertion System) match moving technology to broadcast virtual advertising behind the home plate on a local broadcast of a Trenton Thunder baseball game. In January 1996, Roy Rosser, director of special projects at PVI, saw Sportvision's FoxTrax puck on the broadcast of the 1996 NHL All-Star Game and realized that a combination of L-VIS and FoxTrax would allow virtual insertions in a wider range of situations than either could do on its own, given the power of affordable computers.


1st & Ten (graphics system), History and development
He contacted Stan Honey, CTO at Sportvision, and the two companies undertook a joint demonstration of their combined technologies during the 1996 World Series between the Atlanta Braves and the New York Yankees at the Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium. The test was not a success and the two companies parted ways, each developing complementary systems that were eventually used to broadcast Sportvision's "First and Ten" line and PVI's "Yellow Down Line". In October 1999, SportVision sued PVI alleging that PVI's virtual signage, first down line and other products infringed Fox/Sportvision patents. In August 2001, PVI counterclaimed against Sportvision in the federal court action, alleging that Sportvision's virtual strike zone and virtual signage products infringed a PVI patent. In 2002, the companies settled the lawsuits out of court through a cross-licensing deal.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Before the game
Each football field has a unique crown and contour and is not perfectly flat in order to facilitate drainage, so a 3D model is made of the field prior to the game. Due to the low amount of change throughout a football season, this 3D model is usually only generated once a season at most. It also has a unique color palette, typically various shades of green, depending on the type of surface (i.e. real or artificial grass) and the weather (e.g. bright, shady or even snowing). In addition, after cameras are set up, the position of the camera relative to the field is established to be used in conjunction with the previously created 3D model of the field.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Cameras
There are usually a number of cameras shooting the field, but typically only three or four main cameras are used for an American football broadcast (one on the fifty-yard line, and one on each twenty-yard line, with most high profile games also having a Skycam, as described below). The cameras with video that will be used with the graphics system have electronic encoders within parts of the camera assembly (in the lens and the moving platform the camera sits on, sometimes called a "panhead") that monitor how the camera is used during the game (pan, tilt, zoom, focus and extender).


1st & Ten (graphics system), Cameras
The encoders transmit that info live 30 or more times per second to the broadcaster's production truck, where it is processed by Sportvision computers (typically one for each camera). A camera with this type of extra hardware is usually called an "instrumented" camera. This information helps keep the yellow 1st & ten line in the proper place without being distorted whenever the camera follows the players or the ball.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Cameras
In the larger productions, several other cameras can be "instrumented" to work with the graphics system, but these are usually restricted to following additional types: a camera usually placed in a high position to see all twenty-two men on the field, typically called the "all 22" camera, and a camera shooting from above one end zone, called an "end zone camera", or in the industry often just "camera 4". The Skycam (or moving camera attached to cables above the field) can also be used to draw a yellow line over its video, but the mechanism has some major differences from the typical "instrumented" camera.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Crew
For the initial implementation, there were seven computers in total and a crew of four. Recent implementations require around four computers, one computer per camera plus a shared computer for chroma-keying and other tasks, that can be run by a single operator (although two is optimal). The primary operator usually uses a KVM to switch between camera computers and has an extra monitor, keyboard, and mouse setup for the chroma-keying computer.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Crew
Of the original four-member crew, two members, one inside the stadium and one in front of a computer, communicated the position of the real first down line to make sure everything was working. The third crew member was a troubleshooter. The last crew member monitored the various colors that make up the color palette onto which the line is drawn.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Crew
In recent setups only a single operator is required for all cameras. The operator clicks on the ball in the video to set the line of scrimmage and right-clicks where the first down line should be (or presses a button to automatically position it 10 yards in the direction of play). If lighting conditions don't change that much, the primary operator can also monitor chroma-key settings, but often a secondary operator is used when conditions get too variable.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Data
Each set of camera encoders on a camera transmits orientation and zoom data to an aggregator box that translates the digital information into modulated audio where it is sent down to the corresponding camera computer in the truck. This data is synchronized with the video from that camera. At the camera computer the camera position data is demodulated back to digital data for use by the program that draws the "yellow line" over the video.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Data
Separately, the chroma-keying computer is told what colors of the field are okay to draw over (basically grass) and that information is sent to the camera computers.


1st & Ten (graphics system), The old way
The first computer in the truck gathers all the separate readings from the cameras and transmits a single, consolidated data stream to the central computer.


1st & Ten (graphics system), The old way
The central computer takes these readings, the 3D field model and color palette, the knowledge of which camera is on the air, and together using a geometrical calculation determines which pixels in the video frame would make up the first down line. All pixels that are obstructed by a player, a referee, the ball or any other object are identified and not included in the calculation. This will ensure that the 1st & Ten line will be projected only onto the field.


1st & Ten (graphics system), The old way
The PVI Virtual Media system relies on a single spotter to relay the down and distance, and a single operator at the studio as their vision system does not need camera data to perform the insertion. The primary operator of the Sportvision system does the spotting by merely clicking on the video to place the line.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Technology errors
The only pixels that should change are the ones that are the same color as the field, typically several shades of green. As a result, there are a few situations that are difficult. One is when the player's uniform color nearly matches that of the field (for example, the Green Bay Packers' jersey on a bright, sunny day, or for Bronco Stadium at Boise State University, where the field and the home team uniform share the same blue shade). The other is when the field itself changes, like during a rain/snow storm or if the grass field becomes very muddy.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Technology errors
In those cases, the field's color palette would need to include brown and/or white shades. The most difficult situations are when the shade of the field is constantly changing as in situations where moving clouds are shadowing the field on some spots, but not others, but continue to move across the field.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Technology errors
The data collection and computation also requires time. The audio feed goes to an audio delay to be synchronized with the delayed video. The total delay for the viewer from the live feed ends up being about 2/3 of a second.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Final result
After the camera computer has determined which pixels represent the 1st & Ten line, it takes that pixel information and draws the yellow line in video format at around 60 times per second (depends on video refresh frequency). A 2011 study conducted by SportVision determined the yellow line has an average margin of error of 1.38 inches compared to the official first down marker.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Final result
In recent years the system has been upgraded to add more features. During Fox broadcasts, the Sportvision system also generates an arrow-like graphic on the field with down and distance text information inside of an arrow pointing in the direction of play. Competitors have also added this feature in recent years.


1st & Ten (graphics system), Final result
Additionally, the Sportvision system can also place virtual graphics that have another embedded video feed inside them like a video picture frame. This is sometimes called "video-in-perspective".


1st & Ten (graphics system), Final result
This technology is also the basis for showing ads where they may not appear (i.e. behind home plate in baseball during national broadcasts), and Race F/X in which images can be displayed on the race track, and info can follow a specific car, no matter what the camera does. This technology is used by CBS, ESPN, Fox, NBC, NFL Network, RDS, TSN, and TNT.


1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince"
The 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers was an infantry regiment of Branderburg-Prussia, later Kingdom of Prussia.


1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince", 17th century
The regiment was established in December 1655 by Bogislaw von Schwerin and later partook in the Battle of Warsaw.


1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince", 18th century
The regiment took part in the First and Second Silesian Wars.


1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince", 19th century
During the Napoleonic Wars, the unit was renamed East Prussian Grenadier Regiment No. 1 "Crown Prince".


1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince", 19th century
In 1855, the 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince" was moved from Danzig to Königsberg, where it remained.


1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince", 19th century
The regiment fought in the Austro-Prussian War and later the Franco-Prussian War.


1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince", 19th century
In memory of its former chief, the regiment received the name Grenadier Regiment King Frederick III (1st East Prussian) No. 1 on 21 June 1888.


1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince", 20th century
During World War I, the regiment was assigned to the 1st Infantry Brigade of the 1st Division. After the war, the regiment was demobilized in December 1918, and finally dissolved in June 1919.


1st (African) Division
The 1st (African) Division was a British Empire colonial unit during the Second World War. The division was formed on 24 July 1940 in East Africa. On 24 November of that year, the division was re-designated as the British Army's 11th (African) Division. The division were composed primarily of West African and East African troops. It was disbanded on 23 November 1941 and its component units reassigned.


1st (African) Division
The division should not be confused with 11th (East Africa) Division which was raised in 1943 using solely East African units and which fought in Burma.


1st (African) Division, Background
In 1938, the King's African Rifles (KAR) in Kenya had been composed of 2 brigade-strength units organized as a Northern Brigade and a Southern Brigade. The combined strength of both units amounted to 94 officers, 60 non-commissioned officers, and 2,821 African other ranks. After the outbreak of war, these units provided the trained nucleus for the rapid expansion of the KAR.


1st (African) Division, Background
By March 1940, the strength of the KAR had reached 883 officers, 1,374 non-commissioned officers, and 20,026 African other ranks. The size of a KAR battalion was established at 36 officers, 44 non-commissioned officers and other ranks, and 1,050 African other ranks.


1st (African) Division, Background
Initially the KAR deployed as the 1st East African Infantry Brigade and the 2nd East African Infantry Brigade. The first brigade was responsible for coastal defence and the second was responsible for the defence of the interior.


1st (African) Division, Background
By the end of July, 2 additional East African brigades were formed, the 3rd East African Infantry Brigade and the 6th East African Infantry Brigade. Initially a Coastal Division and a Northern Frontier District Division were planned. But, instead, on 19 July, the 1st (African) Division and the 2nd (African) Division were formed. On 24 November, these divisions became the 11th African Division and the 12th African Division.


1st (African) Division, Background
By July 1940, under the terms of a war contingency plan, the Royal West African Frontier Force provided 2 brigades for service in Kenya. One brigade was from the Gold Coast (Ghana) and one brigade was from Nigeria. The 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, together with 2 East African brigades (KAR brigades) and some South Africans, formed 11th African Division. The 12th African Division had a similar formation with a Ghanaian brigade taking the place of a Nigerian brigade.


1st (African) Division, Combat history
The 1st (African) Division fought in East Africa. Between 4 February to 26 February, during the East African Campaign, the division fought its only battle on the Juba. On 28 July 1941 the headquarters closed in Ethiopia, transferring to Nairobi, where it opened again on 20 August. It took command of new formations upon the transfer to Kenya. On 23 November 1941 the division headquarters ceased to exist.


1st (African) Division, Headquarters
This is a list of higher formations British 1st (African) Division served under.


1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers)
1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) was an infantry battalion in the British Army.


1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Rifle Volunteers 1859-1908
It originated in 1859 as the 19th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps, being renumbered the 10th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps in 1880. On the creation of the Volunteer Force in 1881 it was made 1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment).


1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Territorial Force 1908-1945
On the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908, the unit became 1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers). In 1913 Yeomanry House, Bloomsbury was constructed forming the headquarters and drill hall for the battalion. The Battalion was mobilised here in August 1914 and was deployed on railway guarding duties before sailing for Malta and, ultimately, for the Western Front. It is mentioned on both the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial and London Troops Memorial, whilst its World War One casualties are listed by name in the roll of honour at the Royal Fusiliers Chapel in St Sepulchre-without-Newgate.


1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Territorial Force 1908-1945
When the London Regiment disbanded in 1937, the battalion was re-attached to the Royal Fusiliers and renamed 8th (1st City of London) Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment).


1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Post war
The battalion remained with the Royal Fusiliers in the initial post-war period, becoming The City of London Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) in 1961, absorbing 624th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment Royal Artillery (Royal Fusiliers). In the army re-organisation of the late 1960s the four regular fusilier regiments of the British Army merged to form the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. The City of London was reduced to company-strength and became C Company within the new regiment's 5th (Volunteer) Battalion.


1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Post war
In 1988 that battalion was switched to a dual affiliation with the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers and The Queen's Regiment, meaning it was renamed 8th (Volunteer) Battalion The Queen's Fusiliers (City of London), still with a C (City of London) Company. In 1993 a new London Regiment was established.


1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Post war
8th Battalion, Queen's Fusiliers was split up, with A Company and one platoon of C Company merged to form the new regiment's C (City of London Fusiliers) Company, the rest of C Company forming part of the new HQ (Anzio) Company and with B Company becoming the new B (Queen's Regiment) Company. In 2006 C (City of London) Company of the London Regiment was renamed 3 (City of London Fusiliers) Company.


1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers
The 1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers (German: Kaiser Alexander Garde-Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 1, briefly Alexander-Regiment or Alexandriner) were an infantry regiment of the Guard Corps within the Royal Prussian Army and a Guards Grenadiers regiment of the Imperial German Army.


1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers, History
The regiment's tradition dated back to 1626, when Elector George William of Brandenburg had a standing mercenary unit established during the Thirty Years' War, in order to defend the borders of his margraviate. The 1st Grenadier regiment was formed after the Napoleonic Wars of Liberation on 14 October 1814 by order of King Frederick William III of Prussia and was named in honour of Tsar Alexander I of Russia, who was also its first colonel-in-chief. Parts of the formation had distinguished themselves in the 1807 Siege of Kolberg, most of its officers had been decorated with the Iron Cross or the order Pour le Mérite. The regiment was elevated to the rank of a royal guard on 18 February 1820.


1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers, History
First based near Alexanderplatz in Berlin, the garrison about 1900 moved into larger barracks near Friedrichstraße station, which until 1990 were occupied by the Friedrich Engels Guard Regiment of the East German National People's Army. The former parade ground today is the site of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.


1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers, History
After World War I, the regiment was demobilized on 27 November 1918, though volunteers were still employed by the Weimar government in the Silesian Uprisings and against the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Officially disbanded with effect of 31 December 1920, the remaining forces formed the 9th and 12th company of the Infantry Regiment 9 Potsdam, carrying the Alexandriner tradition further in the new Reichswehr military organization.


1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment
The 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, is a Canadian Forces reserve artillery regiment. It is located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 73 Hobson Lake Drive. The unit consists of two batteries, 51st and 84th Field Batteries (87th Field Battery existing only on paper since the late 1990s). There are two units located within 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment. One is in Halifax and the other is the 84th Independent Field Battery located in Yarmouth NS. Both share the same Commanding Officer.


1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, History, Pre and Postconfederation
The regiment traces its lineage back to the Halifax Volunteer Artillery, which may have been in existence as early as 1776. The unit was officially recognized in 1791 and served into the mid-19th century, when it underwent a series of name changes. In 1885, the unit, then known as the 1st "Halifax" Brigade of Garrison Artillery, sent two batteries with the Halifax Provisional Battalion to participate in the suppression of North-West Rebellion.


1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I
At the onset of World War I the 1st Halifax, by then designated as the 1st "Halifax" Regiment, CA, was called to active duty. It provided home defence in Halifax and served as a training unit for new artillery recruits throughout the war. It reverted to militia status after the end of the conflict and went through another series of name changes.


1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II
In 1939, as World War II loomed, the unit, by then known as the "1st (Halifax) Coast Brigade, RCA", was again called to active service. As in World War I, the 1st Halifax served in a home defence capacity and trained new recruits. The unit was re-designated as the "1st (Halifax) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RCA" in 1942 and armed with British-made QF 3.7 inch AA guns.


1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post War
After the end of World War II, in 1955, the unit was re-armed with American-made 90 mm guns and re-designated as a Medium Anti- Aircraft Regiment. It acquired its current name, the 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, in 1960 when it was issued 105 mm howitzers and merged with the 36th Medium Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RCA, from Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia.


1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
The unit perpetuates the No. 9 Canadian Siege Battery, CEF which was stood up by combining multiple local batteries in 1869 and then attached to the 1st (Halifax) and again made independent in 1924. Over the course of the 20th century the Siege Battery was attached and detached until on the 1st of April 1946 it was amalgamated to the 1st (Reserve) (Halifax) Coast Brigade, RCA. All battle honours of the No. 9 Canadian Siege Battery are born by 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment.


1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Today
The Halifax-Dartmouth today parade at 73 Hobson Lake Drive, Halifax, NS. The unit parades 7-pm to 10-pm on Tuesday Evenings and one weekend per month in Bayers Lake, NS. Trades that are available in this unit are, Artillery Officer, Gunner, Financial Services Administrator and Human Resources Administrator. 2501 1st Halifax-Dartmouth Field Artillery Regiment Cadet Corps is affiliated with the unit. On paper the unit is composed of three batteries


1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Today
The Unit is under 36th Brigade, 5th Division which alongside other units of the formation, garrison the East Coast.