1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism
Upon redeployment in 2004, the brigade began the process of transformation into a modular brigade combat team. On 16 September 2004, the brigade officially became the 1st Brigade Combat Team, sending the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment to the newly formed 3rd BCT, and receiving the permanent assignment of the 3rd Battalion, 6th Field Artillery and 10th Support Battalion. The brigade also activated a new special troops battalion to consolidate the formerly separate engineer, signal and military intelligence elements, and the 1st Squadron, 71st Cavalry to provide reconnaissance for the brigade.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism
The brigade returned to Afghanistan from 2010–2011. While one infantry battalion, the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment, deployed in January 2010, the brigade officially assumed responsibilities for its mission in May 2010. The 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry advised the Kabul Military Training Center, the rest of the brigade conducted training and joint operations with Afghan Police and the Afghan National Army 209th Corps in northern Afghanistan, the provinces of Faryab, Balkh, Kunduz and Baghlan.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism
The brigade returned again to Afghanistan from February through November 2013, advising the 203rd Afghan Corps in Ghazni and Paktya Provinces as "Cross Functional Team Warrior". Under the command of COL Stephen Michael, the brigade advised and assisted the 2nd and 3rd brigades of the 203rd Corps, other Afghan National Army units, and various types of Afghan police, and also supervised the retrograde and redeployment of equipment.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism
In October 2014, the brigade reorganized under the BCT 2020 structure. The major changes were the addition of a third infantry battalion, the conversion of the brigade special troops battalion into a brigade engineer battalion, and the reflagging of the brigade's cavalry squadron.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism
In August 2015, 1,250 soldiers from the brigade were deployed to Iraq to support Operation Inherent Resolve.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism
On 5 December 2019, the Department of the Army announced that the 1st Brigade Combat Team would replace the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division as part of a unit rotation in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel. The brigade deployed to Afghanistan February 2020.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), Lineage and honors
The division has received several awards over the course of its history, including the following:


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States)
The 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division is an Armored Brigade Combat Team of the United States Army, stationed at Fort Bliss, TX.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States)
First organized in 1942, as Combat Command A, 1st Armored Division, the unit has fought in North Africa and Italy in World War II, as well as 4 tours in Operation Iraqi Freedom. As the 3rd Constabulary Regiment, the brigade conducted stability operations in Germany after World War II. After service at Fort Hood and in Germany during the Cold War, the brigade conducted three peacekeeping rotations in the Balkans (Bosnia, Macedonia and Kosovo).


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States), Organization
The current organization of the brigade, as of November 2019, is as follows;


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States), Campaign Participation Credit
The 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division participated in the World War II campaigns of: Tunisia; Naples-Foggia; Anzio; Rome-Arno; North Apennines; and Po Valley.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States), Campaign Participation Credit
In the War On Terrorism, the brigade has participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Freedom Sentinel.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)
The 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (the "First Iron Horse Brigade, First Cavalry Division")is a cavalry unit of the United States Army based in Fort Hood, Texas.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
It was constituted 29 August 1917 in the United States Army as Headquarters, 1st Cavalry Brigade. The brigade was organized as part of the 15th Cavalry Division in February 1917 at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
The brigade's initial wartime service was patrolling the United States–Mexico border, until demobilization on 14 July 1919, at Brownsville, Texas. Operating from horseback, the cavalry was charged with halting the band of smugglers that operated along the desolate Mexican border, performing duties that are today performed by the United States Border Patrol.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
The brigade was later reconstituted 20 August 1920 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 1st Cavalry Brigade, an element of the 1st Cavalry Division. On 1 September 1921, the unit organized at Camp Harry J. Jones, in Douglas, Arizona.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
The brigade fought as infantry in the Pacific Theater of World War II, as did the entire 1st Cavalry Division. It fought on New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Philippines, earning both the United States and the Philippines Presidential Unit Citation. The brigade deactivated 2 March 1949 in Japan and was relieved from assignment from the 1st Cavalry Division.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
The 1st Brigade Headquarters was converted and redesignated as Headquarters, 1st Constabulary Brigade, on 20 May 1949, and served in Germany. The brigade was relieved from assignment to the United States Constabulary on 24 November 1950. On 15 August 1951, they deactivated in Germany and disbanded on 5 December 1951.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
The brigade was again reconstituted in the Regular Army, converted, and redesignated on 15 July 1963, as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. The unit was activated on 1 September 1963 in Korea.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
The 1st Brigade was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia, in July 1963 and deployed to Vietnam with the 1st Cavalry Division in 1965; and existed as an Airborne Brigade from July 1965 to July 1966. Major operations included the Pleiku Campaign, operations in War zone C (III Corps), the Cambodian Campaign, and operations throughout War zone D. The brigade returned to Fort Hood in July 1971. In June 1972, the brigade received the official designation of "IRONHORSE".


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
The brigade deployed to Operation Desert Shield/Storm in October 1990 and conducted military operations with allied forces throughout the 6-month Gulf War. The 1st Brigade redeployed to Fort Hood, Texas, in April 1991.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
Since then, elements of the brigade have deployed to Guantanamo Bay from May–June 1992 for Operation Island Sentinel, to the Emirate of Kuwait, and the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, for annual training.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
In April 1998, the brigade was alerted for peace enforcement duty in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of Stabilization Forces (SFOR) 4 on Operation Joint Forge. For this mission, the 8th Cavalry Regiment from the 2nd Blackjack Brigade was attached to the 1st Brigade. The 12th Cavalry Regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade since at the time of deployment they were receiving and fielding the M1A2 tank. The brigade deployed to Bosnia from August 1998 until March 1999 and was crucial to maintaining peace and stability during a very critical and potentially violent time in Bosnia where new governments were forming and the post-war tension was at its peak.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
In 2002 the 1st brigade was the first brigade in the First Cavalry Division to transition to Force XXI and received the new M1A2 SEP (System Enhancement Package) tank into its two tank battalions (1–12 Cav and 2–8 Cav) in addition to other modernized, digitally enhanced equipment. In March 2004 the 1st Bde. Deployed along with the rest of the 1st Cav in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II. It was responsible for securing the eastern part of Baghdad, specifically Sadr City and the surrounding area.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
After a grueling year of combat operations, mostly against Shia Militias, the 1st Brigade redeployed to Ft Hood in March 2005. In November 2006 the 1st deployed yet again to Iraq for OIF 06-08, this time securing the area around Taji 30 miles north of Baghdad. The brigade redeployed to Ft Hood in January 2008.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
About 600 soldiers from the US Army's 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division are to deploy to Poland and the Baltic States in October 2014 to help reassure the European allies of the United States who feel threatened by Russian military moves. The brigade will be the next unit to take part in ongoing land forces exercises that fall under the umbrella of Operation Atlantic Resolve


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History
In May 2018, the Ironhorse Brigade again deployed to Poland and Eastern Europe in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve. In February 2019, the brigade redeployed back to Ft. Hood relinquishing the mission to 1-1 Infantry Division.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), Decorations
The 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division has the following decorations:


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States)
The 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (aka, "Devil Brigade") is a maneuver brigade combat team in the United States Army. It is the oldest permanent brigade in the Army and has some of the oldest units in the United States Army. Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 1st Brigade served in World War I, Vietnam, Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Its most notable campaigns include the Aisne-Marne, Meuse-Argonne, Picardy, Tet Counteroffensive and the Liberation and Defense of Kuwait. Since Desert Storm, the "Devil Brigade" has deployed to Bosnia, Kuwait, and to Korea to participate in a 2nd Infantry Division exercise.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, World War I
Headquarters and Headquarters Company was constituted 24 May 1917 into the Regular Army as Headquarters, 1st Brigade, an element of the 1st Expeditionary Division (later redesignated as the 1st Infantry Division).


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II
The 1st Infantry Brigade was stationed in New York City, as part of the 1st Infantry Division until 11 October 1939, when it was inactivated when the division was converted to a Triangular Table of Organization and Equipment.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II
After the army's conversion to the triangular division, only two separate brigades were formed during World War II, the 1st Airborne Infantry Brigade and the 2nd Airborne Infantry Brigade. The 1st Airborne Infantry Brigade was formed at Fort Benning, Georgia, on 20 July 1942 originally as the 1st Parachute Infantry Brigade. The unit changed its name from "parachute" to "airborne" after having the 88th Glider Infantry Regiment assigned to it. After having its units removed and sent to different theatres the brigade was disbanded seven months later.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Cold War
Under the United States Army's pentomic reorganisation, the 1st Infantry Brigade was recreated as an independent unit at Ft. Benning from 1958 to 1962. When the First Brigade rejoined the 1st Infantry Division the brigade was renamed the 197th Infantry Brigade.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
On 23 July 2003, US Army Forces Command alerted the 1st Brigade for deployment to the Iraq Theater of Operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The brigade deployed its main body starting on 2 September, closing in Kuwait by 11 September. Initially attached to the 82nd Airborne Division, the brigade occupied Area of Operations Topeka and conducted Transition of Authority with the 3rd Squadron, 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment, on 26 September. On 20 March 2004, CJTF-7 attached 1st Brigade to the 1st Marine Division to continue its offensive operations in AO Topeka.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
In the following twelve months, the brigade's offensive operations killed 541 insurgents, wounded 101 more, and detained over 2,081 enemy fighters, including the capture of 18 high-value targets and 20 foreign fighters. The brigade responded to hundreds of small arms and RPG engagements, as well as over 550 IED (improvised explosive device) attacks. In order to disrupt the enemy's ability to conduct operations, the brigade captured 41 heavy machine guns, 175 RPG launchers, 3,134 mortar and artillery rounds, 1,781 rockets, and 17 surface-to-air missiles. In addition to combat operations, the brigade formed and trained the 60th Iraqi National Guard Brigade, including the 500th, 501st, and 502nd ING Battalions. 1st Brigade also sponsored over $23.8 million in civil projects in the Al Anbar province. The BCT returned to Fort Riley in September 2004.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
In January 2005 the 1st Brigade was again called upon to prepare for deployment for OIF. The brigade spent the majority of 2005 refitting and training for deployment in fall 2005. This training culminated with the brigade's deployment to the Joint Readiness Training Center in August and September 2005.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
In January 2006 the 1st Brigade received a mission change and began restructuring in order to better train military transition teams for their deployment.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
Several security force companies, or SECFOR companies, began preparing to deploy to Iraq in the fall of 2006.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
On 23 September 2009, the brigade officially moved the military transition team mission to Fort Polk, Louisiana, and stood up as a deployable heavy brigade combat team. The last of the MiTTs trained by the brigade completed their mission in October 2010.


1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division
The 1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division is an active Airborne Brigade of the United States Army.


1st Brigade Georgia Militia
The 1st Brigade Georgia Militia was raised for service with the Continental Army as part of the Georgia Militia. The regiment was disbanded.


1st Brigade Royal Field Artillery
I Brigade, Royal Field Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery which served in the First World War.


1st Brigade Royal Field Artillery
It was composed of 13th, 67th and 69th Batteries, and on mobilisation in August 1914 was stationed at Edinburgh under Scottish Command. It was attached to 27th Infantry Division in October, when it was reformed to consist of 98th, 132nd and 133rd Batteries. In November, these were joined by 11th Battery from 15th Brigade, and in July 1916 133rd Battery was transferred to 129th Brigade and replaced with B/CXXIX (Howitzer) Battery, renamed D/I Battery. In December 1916, 98th Battery was disbanded, leaving a three-battery establishment.


1st Brigade, 104th Division (United States)
The 1st Brigade, 104th Division is an training brigade of the United States Army. It is a training component of the United States Army Reserve, and subordinate to the 104th Division based in Fort Lewis, Washington. It is primarily responsible for One Station Unit Training, Basic Combat Training and Military Police instruction.


1st Brigade, 104th Division (United States)
The 1st Brigade traces its lineage back to the old headquarters element of the division. The 104th Infantry Division's original headquarters element was first constituted on 24 June 1921 as the 104th Division, before being organized and activated in October of that year in Salt Lake City, Utah. Assigned to the division were the 207th and 208th Infantry Brigades, containing the 413th, 414th, 415th, and 416th Infantry Regiments. As a unit of the Organized Reserves, the division represented assets from the states of Washington and Montana, among other areas of the northwest United States.


1st Brigade, 104th Division (United States)
In 1967, the division's former headquarters element became 1st Brigade, 104th Division, activated at Vancouver Barracks. At this time, the army began consolidating its training units across the country, and as a result, the 104th Division took on missions of One Station Unit Training, Basic Combat Training, Advanced Individual Training, and Combat Support training. 1st Brigade took on basic combat training, a role it continues to this day


1st Brigade, 104th Division (United States)
In the 1970s and 1980s, the brigade also took on One Station Unit Training and training for Military Police units. In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure process included the closure of the Vancouver Barracks, and the 1st Brigade, 104th Division was subsequently relocated to Fort Lewis, Washington, though its duties remained the same.


1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States)
The 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (formerly the 169th Infantry Brigade) was an infantry brigade of the United States Army. Before its most recent deactivation in 2006, it was based at Fort Stewart, Georgia. It was a divisional brigade of the 24th Infantry Division.


1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History
The brigade traces its lineage back to the 169th Infantry Brigade active as a part of the 85th Infantry Division. The 169th Infantry Brigade was active from 25 February 1921 to 1942, when it was disbanded.


1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Cold War
In January 1963 the 24th was reorganized as a mechanized infantry division under the Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD) TO&E, which replaced the Pentomic battle groups with conventionally sized battalions, organized in three combined arms brigades. The 169th Infantry Brigade, previously assigned to the 85th Infantry Division was redesignated the 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division. The 85th Division's 170th Infantry Brigade was redesignated the 2nd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division. The 190th Infantry Brigade, previously assigned to the 95th Infantry Division, became the 3rd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division.


1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Cold War
The division remained in Germany (Augsburg, Munich) until September 1968 when it redeployed 1st and 2nd Brigades Fort Riley, Kansas, as part of Exercise REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) while 3rd Brigade was maintained in Germany. As the Army withdrew from Vietnam and reduced its forces, the 24th Infantry Division and its three brigades were inactivated on 15 April 1970 at Fort Riley.


1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Cold War
On 21 September 1975 the 24th Infantry Division was activated at Fort Stewart, Georgia, as part of the program to build a sixteen-division force. Because the Regular Army could not field a full division at Fort Stewart, the 24th had the 48th Infantry Brigade, Georgia Army National Guard, assigned to it as a round-out unit in place of 3rd Brigade. Targeted for a NATO role, the division was reorganized as a mechanized division in 1979.


1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Gulf War
The following units reinforced the Brigade during the Gulf War:


1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Gulf War
When the United Nations decided to intervene in Kuwait in 1990, the 24th, which was part of the Rapid Deployment Force, was one of the first units deployed to Southwest Asia. Some controversy erupted when the division's round-out unit, the 48th Infantry Brigade, was found to be unprepared for deployment. The brigade was replaced once the division was in Saudi Arabia with the regular Army 197th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized). The division was assigned to XVIII Airborne Corps and, once the attack commenced, the division blocked the Euphrates River valley to cut off Iraqi forces in Kuwait. It then moved east with VII Corps, engaging several Iraqi Republican Guard divisions. At this time, the division ranks swelled to over 25,000 troops in 34 battalions. Iraqi forces defeated, the UN mandated that the US forces withdraw from Iraq, ending the Gulf War.


1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Gulf War
Returning to the United States in the spring of 1991, the 24th was reorganized with all its elements in the Regular Army, two brigades at Fort Stewart and the 3rd Brigade reactivated at Fort Benning, Georgia, replacing the 197th Infantry Brigade. In the fall of 1994 Iraq again menaced the Kuwaiti border, and two brigades from the division returned to Southwest Asia. As part of the Army's reduction to a ten-division force, the 24th Infantry Division was inactivated on 15 February 1996, and reflagged to become the 3rd Infantry Division. Its three brigades were reflagged as 3rd Infantry Division brigades.


1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States)
The 1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division was an infantry brigade of the United States Army, and a part of the 7th Infantry Division. The brigade was based at Fort Ord, California for most of its history. After the Korean War, it was activated as a brigade in 1963, and was returned to the United States where it saw action in Operation Just Cause and Operation Golden Pheasant before being finally deactivated in 1995.


1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States)
The 7th ID remained in Korea near the DMZ from the truce in ‘53 into the early 70’s, participating in “The Second Korean War” from 1967 to 1969.


1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States), History, Post-Korean War
In the wake of the Korean War, between 1953 and 1971, the 7th Infantry Division defended the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Its main garrison was Camp Casey, South Korea. During this period, the division was restructured in compliance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions tables of organization. In 1963, the division's former headquarters company grew into the 1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division. On 2 April 1971, the division and its brigades returned to the United States and inactivated at Fort Lewis, Washington.


1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States), History, Post-Korean War
In October 1974 the 7th and two brigades reactivated at their former garrison, Fort Ord. The division was tasked to keep a close watch on South American developments. It trained at Fort Ord, Camp Roberts, and Fort Hunter Liggett. On 1 October 1985 the division redesignated as the 7th Infantry Division (Light), organized again as a light infantry division. The various battalions of the 17th, 31st, and 32nd Regiments moved from the division, replaced by battalions from other regiments, including battalions from the 21st Infantry Regiment, the 27th Infantry Regiment, and the 9th Infantry Regiment. The 27th Infantry and the 9th Infantry Regiment participated in Operation Golden Pheasant in Honduras. In 1989 the 1st Brigade (or 9th Infantry Regiment as it was more commonly known), 7th Infantry Division participated in Operation Just Cause in Panama.


1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States), History, Post-Korean War
The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the closing of Fort Ord due to the escalating cost of living on the central California coastline. By 1994, the garrison was to be closed and the division was to relocate to Fort Lewis, Washington.


1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States), History, Post-Korean War
In 1993 the division was slated to move to Fort Lewis, WA and inactivate as part of the post-Cold War drawdown of the US Army. The 1st Brigade relocated to Ft. Lewis and was later reflagged as the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division while the division headquarters formally inactivated on 16 June 1994 at Fort Lewis.


1st Brigade, Polish Legions
Brigade I of the Polish Legions (Polish: I Brygada Legionów Polskich, Austrian German: Brigade I der Polnischen Legion, Hungarian: A Lengyel Légió I. Dandárja) was a unit of Austro-Hungarian Army, manned by Poles under Austrian occupation, part of the Polish Legions in World War I, existing from 1914 to 1917.


1st Brigade, Polish Legions, History
The First Brigade was formed on December 19, 1914, as part of the Polish Legions in World War I. Until October 1916 the First Brigade was commanded by Józef Piłsudski, thereafter by Marian Żegota-Januszajtis. The First Brigade and the Third Brigade were disbanded after the 1917 Oath Crisis.


1st Brigade, Polish Legions, History
The March of the First Brigade was one of the best-known songs of the Polish Legions.


1st Brigade, Polish Legions, Organization
The First Brigade comprised 3 infantry regiments (the 1st, 5th and 7th), a cavalry regiment (the 1st), artillery battalions, and support units.


1st Brigade, Polish Legions, Composition
The First Brigade consisted mostly of young soldiers of intelligentsia origin from Congress Poland. Unlike regular military units characterised by military drill, relations between First Brigade soldiers and officers were collegial. The unit was inspired by Napoleonic-era ideas and the Polish uprisings, especially the January Uprising of 1863. Another characteristic of the First Brigade was its total devotion to commander Józef Piłsudski, seen as the only military, moral and political authority by his soldiers.


1st Brigade, Polish Legions, Composition
Many writers, painters and other personalities of cultural life, served in the First Brigade. They include Wacław Sieroszewski, Andrzej Strug, Gustaw Daniłowski, Włodzimierz Tetmajer or Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski.


1st British Academy Film Awards
The 1st British Film Academy Awards (retroactively known as the British Academy Film Awards), were handed out on 29 May 1949 at the Odeon Cinema, Leicester Square, in London, for films shown in the United Kingdom in 1947 and 1948. They were presented by the British Film Academy (currently, British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA)), an organisation established in 1947 by filmmakers from Great Britain, for the "advancement of the art and technique of the film". The Academy bestowed accolades in three categories: Best British Film, Best Picture from any source - British or Foreign and a Special Award. British film producer Michael Balcon chaired the ceremony.


1st British Academy Film Awards
Odd Man Out won Best British Film. Best Film from any source - British or Foreign was awarded to American film The Best Years of Our Lives. Documentary, The World Is Rich received the Special Award. Bronze trophies, designed by Henry Moore were given to the director of the films, on behalf of the motion pictures' production units.


1st British Academy Film Awards, Winners
Winners highlighted in boldface. All sources used in this article make no mention of nominees in any of the categories.


1st British Academy Games Awards
The 1st British Academy Video Games Awards, awarded by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, was an award ceremony held in 2004. The ceremony honoured achievement in 2003. Grand Theft Auto: Vice City was the major winner on the night, taking six out of the eight awards available.


1st Burma Infantry Brigade
The 1st Burma Infantry Brigade was an Infantry formation of the British Burma Army during World War II. It was formed in July 1941, when it was converted from the Maymyo Infantry Brigade Area and assigned to the 1st Burma Infantry Division. In June 1942, it was redesignated 106th Indian Infantry Brigade and became part of the British Indian Army.


1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"
The 1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo" (Italian: 1ª Divisione CC.NN. "23 Marzo") was an Italian CC.NN. (Blackshirts militia division (similar to the Sturmabteilung in Nazi-Germany), formed to participate in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War against Ethiopia in the mid-1930s.


1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"
During the Second World War it was encircled at Bardia and surrendered to British forces in January 1941. It was named "23 Marzo" (23 March) in honor of the founding of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento on 23 March 1919.


1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo", Order of Battle (1935–36)
The supply unit had 1600 mules and the mixed transport unit 80 light trucks. The division engaged in war crimes in Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.


1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo", Order of battle (1940)
The division took part in the invasion of Egypt in 1940 and was destroyed during the British counter-offensive Operation Compass at the Battle of Bardia in Libya in January 1941.


1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo", Russia
For the Italian campaign in Russia the regiment-sized 1st CC.NN. Grouping "23 Marzo" was raised as unit of the Italian Army in Russia:


1st CCNN Division "Dio lo Vuole"
The 1st División "Dio lo Vuole" ("God wills it"), was one of the three Italian Blackshirts Divisions sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the "Corpo Truppe Volontarie" (Corps of Volunteer Troops), or CTV.


1st CCNN Division "Dio lo Vuole"
1st División "Dio lo vuole" – Bgd. Gen. Edmondo Rossi


1st CCNN Division "Dio lo Vuole"
The Blackshirt (Camicie Nere, or CCNN) Divisions contained regular soldiers and volunteer militia from the National Fascist Party. The CCNN divisions were semi-motorised.


1st CIMIC Battalion (Romania)
The 1st CIMIC Battalion, (Batalionul 1 Cooperare Civil-Militară) is the only Civil-Military cooperation battalion of the Romanian Land Forces and was formed in September 2001.


1st CIMIC Battalion (Romania)
It is currently subordinated to the Romanian Staff Land Forces and its headquarters are located in Bucharest. The unit became completely operational in 2007 and it participated in peacekeeping missions in Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Bosnia, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Georgia, Iraq, Kosovo and Sudan.


1st CPLP Summit
The I Conference of Heads of State and Government of the CPLP (Portuguese: I Conferência de Chefes de Estado e de Governo da CPLP), commonly known as the 1st CPLP Summit (I Cimeira da CPLP) was the 1st biennial meeting of heads of state and heads of government of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, held at the Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon, Portugal, on 17 July 1996.


1st CPLP Summit, Outcome
This summit formally created the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, after two years of multilateral negotiations and planning to create an intergovernmental organization around the community of countries with Portuguese as its official language.


1st CPLP Summit, Outcome, Executive Secretary
Marcolino Moco, former Prime Minister of Angola, was elected to serve as the inaugural Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.


1st Cabinet of North Korea
The 1st Cabinet of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly on 9 September 1948. It was replaced on 20 September 1957 by the 2nd Cabinet.


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat. They served as a Coast Artillery unit and continued in existence as part of the Royal Garrison Artillery until being disbanded on the formation of the Territorial Force in 1908.


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force
Enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Caithness Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) was formed on 6 March 1860 at Wick, a 1st Sub-Division was formed at Thurso on 24 April, was increased to a battery and became the 2nd AVC on 28 December, and the 3rd AVC was formed at Lybster on 30 September 1861. In 1863 these units, together with the AVCs from Orkney and Ross-shire, were formed into the 1st Administrative Brigade, Caithness Artillery Volunteers, with its headquarters (HQ) at Wick, to which other Caithness units were added as they were formed:


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force
Once a 5th Orkney AVC had been raised in 1865 there were moves for Orkney to have its own brigade, and this was organised on 15 March 1867; at the same time the 1st Ross-shire joined the 2nd Ross-shire in the 1st Inverness-shire Admin Brigade. In their place, the 1st Caithness Admin Brigade took over the AVCs in Sutherland from the Inverness-shire brigade, giving it the following organisation:


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force
Volunteer corps were consolidated into larger units on 1 May 1880, when the 1st Admin Brigade became the 1st Caithness (Caithness and Sutherland) Artillery Volunteers, with the individual corps as numbered companies:


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force
From 1 April 1882 all AVCs were affiliated to a division of the Royal Artillery (RA), the Scottish Division in the case of the 1st Orkney, moving to the Southern Division when the numbers were reduced on 1 July 1889. In October 1882, the unit's HQ transferred from Wick to Thurso. In 1894, Nos 1 and 2 Companies at Wick ceased to exist, but in 1897 Mo 1 was resuscitated, the corps then consisting of seven garrison companies, No 2 being vacant. It had a drill battery at each station, and possessed six firing ranges for carbine practice.


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery
From 1 June 1899 all artillery volunteers became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), and when the RA abolished its divisional structure on 1 January 1902 the unit was redesignated the 1st Caithness (Caithness and Sutherland) Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers).


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery
The unit's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Sinclair, 7th Baronet of Dunbeath, commanded the 62nd (Middlesex) Company, Imperial Yeomanry, in the Second Boer War and was awarded a Distinguished Service Order.


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery
When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the unit was disbanded on 31 March.


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia
The first uniform of the Caithness corps was similar to that of the Royal Artillery, but with scarlet cuffs and white cord and piping. Busbies and white belts were worn. The officers had silver lace, and their tunics were piped all round with silver cord, and had silver lace on the skirts. The early pattern brass shoulder title read 'C.A.V. ', later '1/RA/Caithness' in three tiers.


1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Commanding officers
The following served as commanding officer of the 1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers and Caithness RGA


1st California Cavalry Battalion
The 1st Battalion of Native Cavalry, California Volunteers was a cavalry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Recruits were largely drawn from the Californio population (colloquially known as "Native Californians"), though its ranks included Yaqui and Mission Indians as well as immigrants from Mexico, Hispano America and Europe (particularly France). In addition to its ethnic makeup, the Battalion is also considered unusual for being one of the few lancer units in the United States Army.


1st California Cavalry Battalion
The Battalion spent its entire term of service in California and Arizona Territory.


1st California Cavalry Battalion, Service in Arizona
After a grueling march across the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, the Battalion arrived at their new duty station, Fort Mason, near the settlement of Calabazas on the border in August, 1865. They were joined there by Companies D, E, and G of the 7th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry. From there, the Battalion was to act against the Apaches as well as patrol the International Line against incursions by the forces of the Mexican Empire and its French allies. The neighboring Mexican State of Sonora had recently fallen to Imperial forces (as part of the French Intervention), forcing Governor Ignacio Pesqueira to flee northward and take up temporary residence at Calabazas.


1st California Cavalry Battalion, Service in Arizona
Service at Fort Mason was generally considered miserable. Because of its somewhat swampy (by Arizona standards) location on the banks of the Santa Cruz River, the men suffered from an epidemic which at one point rendered over half of them too sick for duty and led to 8 deaths, including two of the Battalion's officers. The post suffered from supply problems as well. These conditions caused construction of permanent buildings at the post to slow to a halt, leaving the men to live in tents and temporary brush shelters during their service there and generally curtailing, for a time, operations against the Apaches.


1st California Cavalry Battalion, Service in Arizona
These difficulties did not preclude all active service, however, from time to time, the Battalion was able to organize patrols and scouts. Notably, shortly after their arrival at Fort Mason, Captain Pico led a detachment across the border to Magdalena, Sonora in an unsuccessful effort to recover deserters being held by Imperialist forces there. Likewise, in November, 1865, in response to a cross-border incursion at the settlement of San Rafael by Col. Refugio Tanori and some 350 Opata militia loyal to the Imperialists, a force of Native Cavalrymen pursued the raiders as far south as Ímuris, Sonora. Finally, the Battalion participated in a campaign against the Apaches from December 1865 to January 1866 which took them as far east as the Chiricahua Mountains and as far south as Fronteras, Sonora.


1st California Cavalry Battalion, Service in Arizona
The Battalion left Arizona in February, 1866 and were mustered out in California the following March at Drum Barracks, and Company C in April in San Francisco.


1st California Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was first formed of five companies as 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry between August and October 31, 1861, at Camp Merchant near Oakland. After the battalion was organized it was sent to Southern California, three companies being stationed at Camp Latham, near Los Angeles, and two at Camp Carleton, near San Bernardino.


1st California Cavalry Regiment
November 20–29, 1861, a detachment under Second Lt. C. R. Wellman was stationed at Camp Wright, and pursued and captured Dan Showalter's party west of the San Jose Valley and Warner's Ranch. The battalion remained in Southern California until the spring of 1862, when it became part of the California Column, and formed the advance force of that Column during the march to New Mexico Territory and Texas. In 1863, the Regiment was brought to full strength when seven more companies were raised to bring it to a full strength of twelve companies.


1st California Cavalry Regiment
The five companies first organized were mustered out August 31, 1864, the terms of service of most of the men having expired. Two new companies, B and C, were organized in New Mexico, by consolidation of the few men whose terms had not expired, and by new enlistments, and two new companies were enlisted in California, A and E, which, upon the completion of their organization, were sent to Arizona.


1st California Cavalry Regiment
All of the companies of First Volunteer Cavalry (Companies B, C, F, G, H, K, and M) stationed in New Mexico and Texas, were ordered to assemble at Baird’s Ranch, near Albuquerque, to be mustered out of the service, during the month of September, 1866. Company M was the last mustered out on the September 30, 1866. 1st Volunteer Cavalry Regiment spent its entire term of service in the western United States in California and New Mexico Territory and Texas.


1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran)
The 1st Battalion of California Veteran Infantry was a California Volunteer infantry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States.


1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran), History
This battalion was organized at Franklin, Texas, under the command of Major Joseph Smith, (formerly of 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry) between November and December, 1864, by consolidating the veterans of the 1st Regiment California Volunteer Infantry, into two companies, which became Companies A and B, and consolidating the companies of the 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry into five companies, which became Companies C, D, E, F, and G, of the battalion.


1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran), History
On March 16, 1865, a Company F was broken up for the purpose of distributing the men among the other companies, due to the difficulty in obtaining recruits to keep up all the companies to the minimum required by law. The same order directed Colonel Rigg (formerly of 1st California Infantry) to assume command with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, with headquarters at Fort Craig. The battalion was mustered out in September 1866.


1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran), History
When this battalion was mustered out in September 1866, officers and members who wished to be mustered out in California were consolidated into a company, under Captain William F. French, First Lieutenant Robert Edmiston, and Second Lieutenant William Oman and marched to the Presidio, San Francisco, where they arrived December 28, and were mustered out on December 31, 1866. The men of this company mustered out at the Presidio were accounted for in the individual record as having been "discharged at San Francisco, December 31, 1866, by final muster out of the regiment."


1st California Infantry Regiment
The 1st Regiment California Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States.


1st California Infantry Regiment, History
Most of the 1st California was recruited from August to October 1861, with the exception of Company K, which was organized the following February. Many of its companies were formed from companies of the California Militia taken intact into federal service others from individuals drawn from the militia. James H. Carleton served as colonel, Joseph R. West as lieutenant colonel and Edwin A. Rigg as major. It came under the command of the Department of the Pacific (later it would come under the Department of New Mexico).


1st California Infantry Regiment, History
After some training at Camp Downy near Oakland and Camp Latham near Los Angeles. Companies D, F and G were sent to establish and garrison Camp Wright, in November 1861. Detachments from the camp captured Daniel Showalter's party near Warner's Ranch, November 20–29, 1861. In December, 1861, five companies of the regiment were sent to Fort Yuma on the Colorado River and the others to various posts around Southern California.


1st California Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment was assigned to a force called the California Column, which was commanded by Carleton and composed of one infantry regiment (the 5th) and parts of two cavalry regiments (the 1st and 2nd) of California volunteers and a company of Regular artillery. The Column was formed to drive the Confederate Army of New Mexico out of the eastern part of the New Mexico Territory. Due to supply problems, the force did not move out until February 1862.


1st California Infantry Regiment, History
The 1st Infantry saw fighting at the Battle of Picacho Pass (only Company I) and the Battle of Apache Pass (this battle was against Apache warriors, not Confederates). The regiment continued marching across the New Mexico Territory to Fort Craig. Picacho Pass was the only engagement against Confederate forces, since they had retreated back into Texas before the California Column reached eastern New Mexico and they made no attempt to recover the territory they lost.


1st California Infantry Regiment, History
For the remainder of the war, the 1st California Infantry was engaged in garrison duty dispersed in posts across New Mexico Territory and Texas and fighting Apache and Navajo Indians in these places and in the Utah Territory. The unit was mustered out on October 21, 1866.


1st California Infantry Regiment, Lineage
The lineage of the 1st California continued with the formation of the Coast Artillery Corps (CAC), California National Guard (CANG) on 19 April 1909. Subsequently, this unit was redesignated as the 1st Coast Defense Command (CDC) (1917), 1st Provisional Battalion, CAC, CANG (date unknown), 1st CDC (1921), 250th Coast Artillery (1923), and in 1924 became the 250th Coast Artillery Regiment (Tractor Drawn), which served in World War II.


1st California Mountaineers Battalion
1st Battalion California Volunteer Mountaineers was an infantry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States, attached to the Department of the Pacific. It was organized from men from the counties of Humboldt, Mendocino, Trinity, Klamath, Siskiyou, and Del Norte, and other parts of California, between May 30, 1863, and March 16, 1864, for special service in the redwood forests and mountains that was being fought over in the Bald Hills War in Humboldt County within the Humboldt Military District. The Battalion mustered out June 14, 1865.


1st California Mountaineers Battalion
In a report to Lieut. Col. R. C. Drum, Assistant Adjutant-General, Department of the Pacific on October 13, 1862, following the escape of Lassic and several hundred other warriors from the Smith River Reservation, Col. Francis J. Lippitt, Commander of the Humboldt Military District:


1st California Mountaineers Battalion
In short, the state of things is far worse than when we arrived. My previous reports will suffice, I think, to show that for this result neither I nor my officers and men are responsible. The truth is, two companies of State volunteers could be raised here, consisting of old hunters and mountaineers familiar with the habits of the Indians and accustomed to hunt them, that would be of far more service than a whole regiment of the finest troops in the world, no matter how active and zealous they might be. .


1st California Mountaineers Battalion
Governor Stanford called for the organization of the Mountaineer Battalion on the recommendation General Wright on February 7, 1863, in the following proclamation:


1st California Mountaineers Battalion
Whereas, Brigadier-General Wright, of the U. S. Army, commanding the Department of the Pacific, has called upon me for a battalion of six Companies of troops (infantry) for special service against the Indians in the Humboldt District, in this State, to serve until discharged by him:


1st California Mountaineers Battalion
Now, therefore, I, Leland Stanford, Governor of the State of California and commander-in-chief of the militia thereof do call upon the citizens of the frontier counties of Humboldt, Mendocino, Trinity, Klamath, Siskiyou, and Del Norte, of this State, as many as shall be necessary to fill up the foregoing requisition, to organize themselves into companies, to be mustered into the service of the United States as hereby required. The requisite officers for this force will be commissioned by the Governor.


1st California Mountaineers Battalion
Done at Sacramento, Cal., this 7th day of February, in the year of our Lord 1863.


1st California Mountaineers Battalion
LELAND STANFORD, Governor. Attest:WM. H. WEEKS, Secretary of State. By A. A. H. TUTTLE, Deputy.


1st California Mountaineers Battalion, Company assignments
Captain Ousley, with a detachment of fifteen men, had an engagement with the Indians on Willow Creek, about eight miles from Fort Gaston, Cal., in which Captain Ousley and two privates were wounded.


1st California Mountaineers Battalion, Company assignments
On December 26, 1863, Captain Ousley, with a detachment of thirty men, with mountain howitzer, attacked Indian fortifications on Christian Prairie, about twenty-three miles from Fort Gaston. Private C. Smith was wounded in the arm. The amount of damage done the enemy was two killed and several wounded. Two horses, two inules, four guns, several saddles, and some other articles of property were recovered, and the houses destroyed, together with a large quantity of Indian provisions. This engagement was participated in by detachments of Companies A, B, and C of the battalion.


1st Cambodian Parachute Regiment
The 1st Cambodian Parachute Battalion (Fr: 1er bataillon de parachutistes khmers) was a French paratroop battalion in French Indochina made up of Cambodian recruits during the colonial First Indochina War.


1st Canadian Armoured Brigade
The 1st Canadian Army Tank Brigade, later known as 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, was an armoured brigade of the Canadian Army, raised during the Second World War. The brigade was composed of the 11th, 12th and 14th Canadian Armoured regiments and saw service in the Italian campaign and later in north-west Europe. It was one of only two independent Canadian armoured brigades in combat, the other being 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade.


1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History
The 1st Canadian Tank Brigade was formed on 4 February 1941. The Ontario Regiment and The Three Rivers Regiment were transferred from the incomplete 1st Canadian Armoured Division to provide the nucleus of the 1st Canadian Tank Brigade in February 1941. In March, The Calgary Regiment joined the new brigade from 2nd Division. The Fort Garry Horse were also originally part of the brigade, but transferred to the 5th Canadian (Armoured) Division in May 1941.


1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History
The 1st Tank Brigade moved to the United Kingdom in the summer of 1941; personnel arrived in the Clyde on 30 June and were promptly moved to Salisbury Plain where they were issued sufficient Churchill tanks for training. The Calgary Regiment participated in the disastrous Dieppe landing in 1942. Issued brand new M4 "Sherman" tanks, the entire brigade moved to the Mediterranean, with The Three Rivers Regiment participating in the assault landing at Pachino.


1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History
The remainder of the brigade landed with the follow-up convoy of 13 July and served alongside the Three Rivers Regiment for the final weeks of the brief campaign in Sicily. The 1st Tank Brigade's role in the latter operations was largely one of fire support, the rugged terrain limiting the role of the armoured corps. The fight for Sicily ended with 1st Tank in reserve. Preparing for Operation Baytown, the landings on mainland Italy, it was redesignated 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade in August 1943. Although reorganized as an armoured brigade, no motor battalion served under command. Having established a reputation for both courage and skill, the Canadian tankers were in constant demand by senior British commanders.


1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History
The brigade took part in the British Eighth Army's assault landing on the toe of Italy in Operation Baytown in September 1943. Its regiments participated in the Battles of Potenza, Termoli, Ortona. During the fourth and final Battle of Monte Cassino in May 1944, the brigade helped break the Gustav Line, crossing the Gari River in support of the 8th Indian Division. Its regiments helped the 1st Canadian Division and the British 78th Division in breaking the Hitler Line. It cooperated with the British XIII Corps in the Battle of Lake Trasimeno. It was active in the crossing of the Arno River and later fought on the Gothic Line.


1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History
Combined with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and 5th Canadian Armoured Division as part of I Canadian Corps, the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade was moved from the Italian Front and joined the First Canadian Army in Northern Europe at the beginning of 1945. Here it participated in the crossing of the IJssel River.


1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History
In its two incarnations as 1st Tank and 1st Armoured, the brigade's service at Dieppe, France, in Sicily, Italy, and Northwest Europe earned it the distinction of the longest and widest service of any brigade of the Canadian Army during the Second World War.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment
The 1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment (1CACR) (also known as the 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment) was an armoured regiment of the Canadian Army formed during the late stages of World War II in the European theatre. It was formed in October 1944 at Tilburg, with the original 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron as its core. It was the only Canadian regiment to be both formed and disbanded overseas. The new regiment's purpose was to serve as a specialized armoured unit equipped with modified tanks used to carry infantry safely to their objectives. The concept of such armoured personnel carriers was an entirely new innovation, and it was through the 1CACR's efforts that their effectiveness was proven, revolutionizing the tactical handling of infantry in battle.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background
The decision to convert redundant tanks into personnel carriers was inspired by Allied experiences during the D-Day landings, where British and Canadian forces experienced much lower casualty rates by leading attacks on German lines with armour than did the Americans, who led with an infantry assault.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background
To General Guy Simonds, who was ordered to follow up the D-Day attacks with an assault on Falaise, this experience suggested both the usefulness of such armour-first tactics, as well as the further benefits of using armoured vehicles to transport troops, leading him to stress the issue while planning his assault, deeming it essential "...that the infantry must be carried in bullet-proof and splinter-proof vehicles to the actual objectives." No such vehicles existed at that time, and this idea thus marked the advent of what are now called armoured personnel carriers.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background
Carriers were made on the spot from extra M7 Priest 105 mm (4.1 in) self-propelled guns by removing the guns and welding steel plates across the gaps this left in the armour. These modified tanks were entitled "Kangaroos" partially after the codename of the Army Workshops Detachment that produced them, and partially because of the idea that infantry would be carried in the belly of the tank as safely as a young kangaroo in its mother's pouch.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background
The order to convert 72 Priests into carriers by the commencement of Operation Totalize on August 9 was given on July 31 by Brigadier C. M. Grant, the Deputy Director of Mechanical Engineering at Headquarters. Ultimately, 78 would be converted prior to the first engagement, in spite of the fact that the operation's start date had been advanced to August 7—an impressive feat, as the full engine overhaul included was generally a seven-day operation. The drivers for the new vehicles were swiftly and secretly recruited from the Armoured Corps reinforcements, artillery units, and the Elgin Regiment, and were rushed into service with almost no training, first seeing action during the attack on Falaise on the night of August 7–8, 1944.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background
The attack on Falaise was carried out successfully, resulting in the capture of 200 tanks, 60 assault guns, 250 towed guns, and 2500 motored vehicles from the Germans, as well as an unhindered six-day advance. The lead brigades of the assault had all been carried in the new Kangaroos, allowing them to move swiftly and providing the following results regarding the comparative casualties of the seven Canadian infantry battalions involved:


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background
Impressed by the carriers' performance, General Simonds began petitioning for the formation of a permanent carrier unit.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Formation
On August 28, 1944, General Simonds' requests were granted, and the 1st Armoured Carrier Squadron was formed. The unit was established as four troops of 25 carriers (though only 55 vehicles were then available), with personnel consisting of one commanding officer, four troop commanders, and 100 drivers, and was attached to the 25th Canadian Armoured Delivery Regiment (The Elgin Regiment) for administrative purposes. When engaged in an operation, it would come "under command of various Infantry Brigades in turn." Each carrier had a .50-inch Browning machine gun, and approximately 60% of the vehicles were equipped with radios, however, there was no co-driver to fire the gun or operate the wireless set.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Formation
After several months of operation, 21st Army Group concluded that the 1st Armoured Carrier Squadron was the best means to seize objectives and reduce infantry casualties, leading to their decision to form two armoured personnel carrier regiments—the British 49th Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment for British Second Army, and the 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment for the First Canadian Army; both of which would belong to the 79th Armoured Division, with the 1CAPCR serving as the only Canadian regiment in the division. Official recognition of the change was delivered via the following proclamation:


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Formation
Due to the inclusion of the 1CAPCR in the 79th, known for its wide array of speciality armoured fighting vehicles, the regiment was also included in the 79th's classification as a secret operation—a principal reason for the scarcity of information regarding its activities.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Formation
After further petitioning on the part of Lieutenant-Colonel Churchill, the regiment was given its final title of the 1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment on January 1, 1945. The regiment was both formed and ultimately disbanded in the Netherlands, without attachment to any regimental home, city, or province, and its personnel were drawn from all over Canada. In spite of its lack of a personal history, however, the regiment's high degree of success quickly moulded them into a cohesive unit of high morale.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Disbandment
The secret, foreign-born Canadian regiment that few would ever hear of ended its short history in the Canadian Army as of 11:59pm (2359 hours) on June 20, 1945.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Battle honours
In spite of their brief existence, the Kangaroos were granted the right to display the following battle honours:


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Battle honours
The presentation of their regimental (replica) guidon  was finally presented on September 10, 2011, at a drum head ceremony at the Elgin Regiment Armoury, St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada. The guidon shows these battle honours:


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Attached organizations
The 123 Light Aid Detachment (LAD), Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, under the command of Captain E. Duncan, were initially formed on an ad hoc basis in August 1944 to provide maintenance services to the carriers. When the regiment was formed, the LAD became an integral part of it and had a strength of 52 men.


1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Attached organizations
The 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Signal Troop was assigned to the regiment on November 1, 1944, under the command of Lieutenant Donald H. Simpson of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals.


1st Canadian Comedy Awards
The 1st Canadian Comedy Awards honoured the best Canadian comedy of 1999 in live performances, television and film. The awards ceremony was presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), and was held on 6 April 2000 at the Masonic Temple in Toronto, Ontario. The ceremony was hosted by Dave Thomas. A one-hour version of the ceremony was broadcast late the following night on CTV, and the full program aired on The Comedy Network on 9 April at 9 pm.


1st Canadian Comedy Awards
Canadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 23 categories. Winners were selected by members of ACTRA (Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists), the Canadian Actors' Equity Association, the Writers Guild of Canada, and the Directors Guild of Canada. It was one of the first award presentations to use online voting. The ceremony also marked the creation of the Canadian Comedy Hall of Fame and the induction of its first honourees.


1st Canadian Comedy Awards
The Drowsy Chaperone and the CBC comedy Made in Canada led the way with six nominations each, followed by Double Exposure, Last Night, and This Hour Has 22 Minutes with five. The big winners were This Hour Has 22 Minutes which won four awards in television, The Drowsy Chaperone which took three awards in live comedy, and Mike Myers who won three in film. Don McKellar won two awards across disciplines: best film director for Last Night and best playwright (together with colleagues Bob Martin, Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison) for The Drowsy Chaperone.


1st Canadian Comedy Awards, Ceremony
The inaugural Canadian Comedy Awards ceremony was held on 6 April 2000 in Toronto, Ontario. The venue was the historic Masonic Temple, home of CTV-affiliate The Comedy Network. The ceremony was hosted by Dave Thomas, a comedic veteran of more than 20 films and 300 sitcom episodes. Thomas is best known for the character Doug McKenzie, a parody of all things Canadian, and the ceremony played on similar humour by serving guests back bacon on a bun and poutine.


1st Canadian Comedy Awards, Awards
The Beaver was awarded in twenty-three categories recognizing work in live performances, film and television. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface:


1st Canadian Comedy Awards, Multiple wins
The following people, shows, films, etc. received multiple awards in the inaugural ceremony:


1st Canadian Comedy Awards, Broadcast
The awards ceremony was held in Toronto's Masonic Temple, which CTV Television Network had equipped as a television studio in the late 1990s. The ceremony was recorded for television, produced by Higher Ground Productions and directed by Bob Sorger. A one-hour version of the ceremony was broadcast on CTV at midnight on the night of Friday 7 April 2000, with the full program airing on The Comedy Network on 9 April at 9 pm. The special was well-received by the members of the industry it represents, who awarded Sorger the Beaver for best direction of a TV special or episode in 2001.


1st Canadian Division
The 1st Canadian Division (French: 1re Division du Canada) is an operational command and control formation of the Canadian Joint Operations Command, based at CFB Kingston.


1st Canadian Division
Formed during the First World War in August 1914, the 1st Canadian Division was a formation of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. The division was initially made up from provisional battalions that were named after their province of origin but these titles were dropped before the division arrived in Britain on 14 October 1914. Following the war, the division was stood down only to be re mobilized as a formation on 1 September 1939 as the 1st Canadian Infantry Division for service in the Second World War. The division was also reactivated twice during the Cold War.


1st Canadian Division
In 2010, the division was reactivated for a third time. While the four divisions (2nd to 5th) of the Canadian Army are responsible for command of the units within their respective geographic regions, the 1st Canadian Division was formed to serve as headquarters unit of any unit available for deployment on division-level formation of the Canadian Forces. In 2015 the 1st Canadian Division became part of Canadian Joint Operations Command instead of the Canadian Army.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
The First Contingent of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was raised in August 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I, concentrated at Valcartier Camp in Quebec, and set off for England in the largest trans-Atlantic convoy to date two months later. Training and reorganization commenced upon arrival in the United Kingdom in October 1914, and it was not until 26 January 1915 that the division was officially organized, under the command of Lieutenant-General Edwin Alderson, a British Army officer. Several units under command of the First Contingent were excluded from the divisional organization, including the 17th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), 18th Battalion, and several companies of Newfoundland soldiers (later formed into the Newfoundland Regiment and assigned to the British 29th Division).


1st Canadian Division, First World War
The division consisted originally of a cavalry squadron, cyclist company, four infantry brigades, three artillery brigades (equivalent in terms of numbers to the regiments used in the Second World War and after), and divisional engineers, with supporting troops of the Canadian Army Service Corps and Canadian Army Medical Corps. The strength of the division was placed at 17,873 all ranks, with 4,943 horses.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
The 4th Brigade was broken up in January 1915, with one battalion (the 10th) going to the 2nd Brigade, and the other three battalions being used to form the Canadian Training Depot, ultimately being re-designated as "Reserve" Battalions. The 10th Battalion replaced the 6th Battalion (Fort Garrys), which left the 2nd Brigade to become a cavalry unit, later serving in the Canadian Cavalry Brigade.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
Pioneer units were added later in the war, including the 1st Canadian Pioneer Battalion from Mar 1916 to Feb 1917, when they became the 9th Canadian Railway Battalion. The 107th Canadian Pioneer Battalion also came under command between Mar 1917 and May 1918, before being absorbed by the 1st Canadian Engineer Brigade.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
Lieutenant-General Alderson was selected and appointed in October 1914 to command the new Canadian Division, as it was known at that time, making him the highest ranking divisional commander in the British Army. He was selected — to the relief of many — in lieu of Sir Sam Hughes, who was promoted at this time by the prime minister to the rank of Major-General. It had been Hughes's wish to command the Canadians in action. Alderson, who had commanded Canadian units before, won out over three prospective Canadian appointees, who, while serving with the British Army, were still considered too inexperienced.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
Training in the winter of 1914 was rigorous, and conditions on Salisbury Plain were harsh due to cold and rain. Alderson rejected "shoddy" kit that was supplied from Canada including the Ross Rifle which had been adopted due to the slow rate of supply of the Lee–Enfield and which was seen as an example of Canadian nationalism. A royal inspection of the division early in 1915 foretold a move to France.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
After being stationed at Salisbury Plain in England, the 1st Canadian Division embarked for France during February 1915. After a period in reserve near Hazebrouck, the division relieved the 7th (British) Division in the Fleurbaix sector during the first three days of March, taking over 6,400 yards of front line trenches on the left flank of Lieutenant-General Sir Douglas Haig's British First Army.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
The division moved to the Ypres Salient in April, and faced its first real test during the defence of St. Julien beginning on 22 April. The Canadians withstood German attack—aided, for the first time on the Western Front, by the use of poison gas—and finally retired to secondary positions on 26 April, where they held on until 4 May. The Second Battle of Ypres, as the overall action came to be known, cost the infantry brigades some 5,506 men.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
Two weeks later, the division was in action again at Festubert. Aiding in a diversionary offensive by the British armies, the Canadians suffered 2,204 casualties for gains of only 600 yards. Another futile attack was launched at Givenchy-en-Gohelle in June 1915, after which the division moved to Ploegsteert.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
The Canadians began a long period of static warfare which would last them throughout the winter. In September, the arrival of the 2nd Canadian Division meant that a national corps headquarters could take to the field to command the division. Major-General Arthur Currie took command of the division in September. Active operations resumed again in the spring of 1916, participating in the Battle of Mount Sorrel, and then restoring the situation at Sanctuary Wood.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
The legendary Battle of the Somme opened on 1 July 1916, the worst single day in the history of the British Army, with over 19,000 British soldiers killed and 38,000 wounded. However, the Canadians' part in the great battle, which was to last through to November, did not begin until September at Pozières, and lasted through to October. It was on the Somme that the red patch was first worn as an identifying device—two inches by three inches and worn on both sleeves, this rectangle identified the wearer as belonging to the 1st Division. The insignia was also painted on steel trench helmets, and adorned with geometric shapes of different colours to further identify the soldier's specific battery, brigade, battalion or other subunit.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
The division began to prepare for the historic assault on Vimy Ridge, and took the time-honoured position of right of the line on 9 April 1917 when the corps took the ridge. Other gains were made in the days following the successful assault on the ridge, and the division participated in the monumental battle of Hill 70 in August 1917. The Battle of Passchendaele followed in mid-October, and fighting continued into November. The division served under Major-General Archibald Cameron Macdonell beginning in May; his command persisted until Armistice Day.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
Massive German offensives came in the spring of 1918, but the Canadian Corps—now considered crack assault troops—were held in reserve for the inevitable counter-offensives. "Canada's Hundred Days"—the last 100 days of the war—were marked by several Canadian successes, at Amiens, the Drocourt-Quéant Line, and Canal du Nord. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 finally brought the Great War to an end.


1st Canadian Division, First World War
The division formed part of the occupation forces on the right bank of the Rhine, then in early 1919 moved back to England, and the eventual repatriation and demobilization. The infantry battalions of the 1st Division suffered 52,559 casualties during its years in the field, some 15,055 of them fatal—statistically, representing almost the original strength of the entire division. Twenty-four soldiers of the division were awarded the Victoria Cross.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
The division was remobilized in September 1939, now designated as the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, before Canada's formal entrance into the Second World War, alongside both the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Infantry Divisions. The division, under the command of Major General Andrew McNaughton, left Halifax from Pier 21 in two heavily escorted convoys, the first departing on December 10, three months after the declaration of war, and the second on December 22, 1939, with additional troops reaching England in February 1940. In 1941, the formation adopted the red rectangular battle patch insignia worn by the 1st Canadian Division in the First World War.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
All elements of the division were far from completely equipped on mobilization: of the artillery and machine guns on hand, most were obsolete, and the troops lacked steel helmets. Only gradually did a full complement of more modern weapons, equipment, and transport begin reaching the division in 1940.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
Nevertheless, in the wake of the disastrous Battle of France and the withdrawal of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) during the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940, the 1st Canadian Division was ordered to France the following month. Among the infantry units that landed at Brest were The Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR), The 48th Highlanders of Canada and The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, all part of the 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade. Members of the RCR were present in France at least until 16 June, after the French capital of Paris had fallen to German forces, and returned almost immediately after. The 48th's withdrawal was not without some excitement.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
The division returned to England for the defence of Great Britain in the case of a German invasion. Soon afterwards Major General McNaughton was promoted to command of the British VII Corps (later designated the Canadian Corps) and was succeeded by Major General George Pearkes.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
The division transferred to the Mediterranean theatre in June 1943 where the division, now under the command of Major General Guy Simonds after Major General Harry Salmon (who had taken command in September 1942) was killed in an air crash, took part in Operation Husky, code name for the Allied assault landing on Sicily on 10 July 1943, which ended after just 38 days. The division came under command of the British XXX Corps, serving alongside the veteran 51st (Highland) Division, part of the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The campaign cost the division over 2,100 casualties.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
Soon after the conquest of Sicily, the division transferred to the British XIII Corps, but now serving alongside the British 5th Infantry Division (which had also fought in Husky), then landed in Calabria as part of Operation Baytown on the Italian mainland and fought its way up the Italian peninsula, participating in the Moro River Campaign and the division, now under Major General Chris Vokes, supported by tanks of the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, took part in the Battle of Ortona, fighting against German Fallschirmjäger–crack air force paratroops of the 1st Parachute Division–over Christmas 1943.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
Both sides suffered heavy losses in the fight for the town which a reporter for The New York Times had begun calling a "miniature Stalingrad", based on the ferocity of the street fighting and the heavy losses on both sides, with the Canadians suffering 650 casualties, mainly in the 3rd Brigade. By December 27, what remained of Ortona, after days of shelling and aerial bombardment, was in Canadian hands.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
After this the division was rested and many months of static warfare ensued, the division then went on to break out of the Eighth Army's bridgehead with the second wave in the spring offensive, Operation Diadem, the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino. The 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, the reconnaissance (or 'recce') regiment serving with the 1st Canadian Division, was the first of the Eighth Army's units to cross the Hitler Line in May 1944, below Pontecorvo in its armoured cars.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
After heavy fighting in front of the Gothic Line throughout the summer, the 1st Canadian Infantry Division spent the next several months fighting, as it had the previous fall, for a succession of heavily defended river crossings surrounded by high ground. By the time the division reached the Senio, as the icy rain began giving way to snow in the Canadian sector, a decision had been reached to transfer the entire I Canadian Corps, 1st Infantry Division included, to the Netherlands.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
By the end of March 1945 all Canadian Army units serving with Allied Forces Mediterranean (formerly the Allied Armies in Italy) had been transferred to the Western Front and Operation Goldflake, the reunion of the 1st Infantry Division and 1st Armoured Brigade and First Canadian Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar, was accomplished. The division, now under Major General Harry Foster, went on to take part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, and the liberation of Arnhem, and the war in Europe came to an end soon after, on 8 May 1945, Victory in Europe Day.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945)
Three members of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division were awarded the Victoria Cross during the Italian Campaign. They were Captain Paul Triquet of the Royal 22e Régiment, Major John Keefer Mahony of The Westminster Regiment and Private Ernest Smith of the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada.


1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939–1945), Order of battle 1939–1945
In July 1944, the divisional reconnaissance battalion, the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, converted to infantry and transferred to the 12th Infantry Brigade of the 5th Canadian Armoured Division, to be replaced by The Royal Canadian Dragoons. The Princess Louise returned to its original mechanized role in Northwest Europe in March 1945, and The Royal Canadian Dragoons became the armoured car regiment of I Canadian Corps.


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
A 1st Canadian Division Headquarters was reactivated twice during the Cold War, in 1954 (disbanding in 1958) and in November 1989 (disbanding in 1999).


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
The reformation in November 1989 followed the Canadian government's decision to end the Canadian Air-Sea Transportable Brigade Group (CAST) commitment to reinforce Northern Norway. 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, based in Quebec, was thus available for other tasks. The CAST rapid-reinforcement commitment had been encountering problems, most graphically demonstrated during Exercise Brave Lion in 1986, which prompted Canada to start formal consultations with NATO about consolidating the CAST Brigade and 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, based in southern Germany.


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
The two separate forces would have meant critical logistical and medical support needs would have gone unmet in case of real war. The hole thus created by the removal of the CAST Brigade Group was filled, to a degree, by the creation of a NATO Composite Force (NCF) to which Canada promised a battalion group.


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
The headquarters was established, with both 4 Brigade and 5 Brigade under command, at Kingston, Ontario, with a forward detachment at Lahr in Germany where 4 Brigade was based. The main headquarters was intended to move gradually from Kingston to Lahr over a period of time, though this never, in the event, took place. With the division having only two brigades, it was assumed that in wartime, either a German or US brigade would be assigned to provide the necessary third manoeuvre element.


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
Although during NATO command post exercises a divisional order of battle was used that nominally included the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group as the third Maneuver brigade, field training and exercises were conducted with this notion in mind. Some changes were necessary to the two brigades, as 5 Brigade had only three-quarters of 4 Brigade's personnel and equipment with the support organizations held at the divisional level. Once reinforcements had arrived from Canada, each brigade would have had one small armoured regiment (two squadrons, each 20 tanks), and two four-company infantry battalions.


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
Divisional troops would have been a mix of former 4 Brigade and 5 Brigade units along with some troops from 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in western Canada. 3rd Regiment Royal Canadian Horse Artillery was intended to have been re-equipped with the MLRS to provide general support, while a further engineer regiment, 6 Combat Engineer Regiment, was to have been formed. The Fort Garry Horse was also to have been re-formed to provide a divisional reconnaissance capability. As finally envisaged CENTAG wartime structure in 1989, the division was assigned to the Central Army Group Commander's tactical reserve, performing operations in support of either II (German) Corps or VII US Corps.


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
As it became obvious that the Soviet threat was disappearing in the early 1990s, the future options for Canadian forces in Europe were increasingly debated. While a battalion-sized remaining Canadian force was discussed, eventually it was decided that all Canadian land forces would leave Germany by 1994. With units disbanding around them, Division Headquarters (Forward) was repatriated to CFB Kingston on 13 June 1992, and at this time the presence of the 1st Division in Germany effectively ended.


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
Back in Kingston the division's aegis was reduced to two units; a new 1st Canadian Division HQ and Signals Regiment (which incorporated Division HQ) and the 1st Canadian Division Intelligence Company (1 Cdn Div Int Coy). Its new role was to be capable of deploying a land-based, Joint Task Force Headquarters at division level or a Joint Force Headquarters consisting of navy, army and air force personnel for territorial defence, contingencies and other missions including complex international scenarios. The Division HQ would train formation HQs, plan for contingencies and command assigned forces in crisis situations. The HQ had in priority, four roles operations, training, support and planning.


1st Canadian Division, Cold War
Headquarters 1st Canadian Division was transformed on 1 April 2000 into Canadian Forces Joint Headquarters and 1st Canadian Division Headquarters and Signal Regiment was united with 79 Communication Regiment to form the Canadian Forces Joint Signal Regiment. Both units, who remained headquartered in Kingston, were assigned as elements of Canadian Expeditionary Force Command as the deployable command headquarters for all large Canadian overseas deployments.


1st Canadian Division, Reactivation
On 19 May 2010, Chief of the Defence Staff, General Walt Natynczyk, announced that the Canadian Forces would once again stand up the 1st Canadian Division at Kingston, Ontario. The role of 1st Canadian Division upon reactivation was to provide the Canadian Forces with a rapidly deployable joint command and control capacity in order to allow for a comprehensive approach to operations. Taking the place of the CFJHQ, 1st Cdn Div HQ was reactivated by absorbing personnel returning from the war in Afghanistan to ensure the retention of operational experience and lessons.


1st Canadian Division, Reactivation
1st Cdn Div HQ officially was stood up on 7 October 2010 at Kingston, with Defence Minister Peter MacKay acting as the reviewing officer. Headquarters 1st Canadian Division is part of the Canadian Army administratively and remains at Canadian Forces Base Kingston using existing infrastructure and base support. Upon reactivation, it was expected to reach full operational capability by 2012. Major-General David Fraser, former Commandant of the Canadian Forces College in Toronto and the first Canadian commander of the Multi-National Brigade (Regional Command (South)) in Afghanistan, was designated as the first commander of the newly reactivated 1st Canadian Division.


1st Canadian Division, Reactivation
On 1 April 2015, 1st Canadian Division was transferred from the Canadian Army to Canadian Joint Operations Command.


1st Canadian Film Awards
The 1st Canadian Film Awards were presented on April 27, 1949 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Robert Winters.


1st Canadian Folk Music Awards
The 1st Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on December 10, 2005, at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec.


1st Canadian Infantry Brigade
The 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade was a Canadian Army formation that served with the 1st Canadian Division in World Wars I and II. In 1953 it was reformed in Germany, to become the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in 1992.


1st Canadian Infantry Brigade
The brigade was re-established on 14 October 1953 in Europe.


1st Canadian Ministry
The First Canadian Ministry was the first cabinet chaired by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald. It governed Canada from 1 July 1867 to 5 November 1873, including all of the 1st Canadian Parliament as well as the first eight months of the Second. The government was formed by the Liberal-Conservative Party in coalition with the old Conservative Party of Canada. Macdonald was also Prime Minister in the Third Canadian Ministry.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion
The 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Canadian Army formed in July 1942 during the Second World War; it served in North West Europe, Landing in Normandy during Operation Tonga, in conjunction with the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944 and in the airborne assault crossing of the River Rhine, Operation Varsity, in March 1945. After the end of hostilities in Europe, the battalion was returned to Canada where it was disbanded on 30 September 1945.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion
By the end of the war the battalion had gained a remarkable reputation: they never failed to complete a mission, and they never gave up an objective once taken. They are the only Canadians to participate in the Battle of the Bulge and had advanced deeper than any other Canadian unit into enemy territory. Despite being a Canadian Army formation, it was assigned to the British 3rd Parachute Brigade, a British Army formation, which was itself assigned to the British 6th Airborne Division.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Early history
Colonel E. L. M. Burns was the leading mind behind the creation of a Canadian parachute battalion and fought endlessly for its creation. The idea was denied several times because of its lack of relevance in regards to the home army. Burns suggested that the paratroopers would serve as a good way of transporting troops into obscure parts of Canada if a German invasion were to occur. It was not until the stunning accomplishments of the German fallschirmjägers, and the creation of British and American parachute regiments, that Canada's military granted Burns' request.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Early history
On 1 July 1942 the Department of National Defence authorized the raising of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion. The battalion had an authorised strength of 26 officers and 590 other ranks, formed into a battalion headquarters, three rifle companies and a headquarters company. Later in the year, volunteers were also requested for the recently formed 2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion, which formed the Canadian contingent of the 1st Special Service Force.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Early history
The initial training was carried out at Fort Benning in the United States and at RAF Ringway in England. Groups of recruits were dispatched to both countries with the intention of getting the best out of both training systems prior to the development of the Canadian Parachute Training Wing at CFB Shilo, Manitoba. The group that traveled to Fort Benning in the United States included the unit's first commanding officer, Major H. D. Proctor, who was killed in an accident when his parachute rigging lines were severed by a following aircraft. He was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel G. F. P. Bradbrooke, who led the battalion until the end of operations in Normandy on 14 June 1944.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, England
In July 1943, the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was dispatched to England and came under the command of the 3rd Parachute Brigade of the British 6th Airborne Division. The Battalion then spent the next year in training for airborne operations. Major differences between their previous American training and the new regime included jumping with only one parachute, and doing it through a hole in the floor of the aircraft, instead of through the door of a C-47 Dakota.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord
On the evening on 5 June 1944 the battalion was transported to France in fifty aircraft. Each man carried a knife, toggle rope, escape kit with French currency, and two 24-hour ration packs in addition to their normal equipment, in all totalling 70 pounds. The battalion landed one hour in advance of the rest of the brigade in order to secure the Drop zone (DZ). Thereafter they were ordered to destroy road bridges over the river Dives and its tributaries at Varaville, then neutralize strongpoints at the crossroads.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord
In addition, the Canadians were to protect the left (southern) flank of the 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment during that unit's attack on the Merville Battery, afterwards seizing a position astride the Le Mesnil crossroads, a vital position at the centre of the ridge.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord
Lieutenant Colonel Bradbrooke issued the following orders to his company commanders:


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord
A Company (Major D. Wilkins) would protect the left flank of 9th Btn during their attack on the Merville Battery and then cover 9th Battalion's advance to the Le Plein feature. They would seize and hold the Le Mesnil cross roads.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord
The Battalion landed between 0100 and 0130 hours on June 6, becoming the first Canadian unit on the ground in France. For different reasons, including adverse weather conditions and poor visibility, the soldiers were scattered, at times quite far from the planned drop zone. By mid-day, and in spite of German resistance, the men of the battalion had achieved all their objectives; the bridges on the Dives and Divette in Varaville and Robehomme were cut, the left flank of the 9th Parachute Battalion at Merville was secure, and the crossroads at Le Mesnil was taken. In the following days, the Canadians were later involved in ground operations to strengthen the bridgehead and support the advance of Allied troops towards the Seine River.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord
On 23 August 1944 Lieutenant Colonel Bradbrooke was appointed to the General Staff at Canadian Military Headquarters in London with Major Eadie taking temporary control of the battalion. Three days later, on 26 August 1944, the 6th Airborne Division was pulled from the line in Normandy. 27 officers and 516 men from the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion took part in the Battle of Normandy and the unit suffered 367 casualties. Of those casualties, 5 officers and 76 men were killed or died of wounds. The unit had to be re-organized and retrained in order to regain its strength and combat-readiness.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord
The Battle of Normandy had brought a major change to the way the war was fought. Airborne troops needed new training to prepare for an offensive role, including street fighting and capturing enemy positions. On 6 September the Battalion left Normandy and returned to the Bulford training camp in the United Kingdom. While there, Lieutenant Colonel Jeff Nicklin became battalion commander.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord
In December 1944, the Battalion was again sent to mainland Europe—on Christmas Day they sailed for Belgium, to counter the German offensive in the Ardennes what became known as the Battle of the Bulge.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, The Ardennes and Holland
On 2 January 1945, the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was again committed to ground operations on the continent, arriving at the front during the last days of the Battle of the Bulge. They were positioned to patrol during both day and night and defend against any enemy attempts to infiltrate their area. The Battalion also took part in a general advance, taking them through the towns of Aye, Marche, Roy and Bande. The capture of Bande marked the end of the fight for the Bulge and the Battalion's participation in the operation.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, The Ardennes and Holland
The Battalion was next moved into the Netherlands in preparation for the crossing of the River Rhine. They were active in carrying out patrols and raids and to establish bridge heads where and when suitable. Despite the heavy shelling of the Canadian positions, there were very few casualties considering the length of time they were there and the strength of the enemy positions. During this time, the Battalion maintained an active defence as well as considerable patrol activity until its return to the United Kingdom on 23 February 1945.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, The Ardennes and Holland
On 7 March 1945, the Battalion returned from leave to start training for what would be the last major airborne operation of the war, Operation Varsity, the crossing of the Rhine.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity
The 17th U.S. Airborne and 6th British Airborne divisions were tasked to capture Wesel across the Rhine River, to be completed as a combined paratrooper and glider operation conducted in daylight.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity
1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was ordered to seize and hold the central area on the western edge of the woods, where there was a main road running north from the Wesel to Emmerich, and to a number of houses. It was believed this area was held by German paratroopers. "C" Company would clear the northern part of the woods near the junction of the roads to Rees and Emmerich. Once this area was secure, "A" Company would advance through the position and seize the houses located near the DZ.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity
"B" Company would clear the South-Western part of the woods and secure the battalion's flank. Despite some of the paratroopers being dropped some distance from their landing zone, the battalion managed to secure its objectives quickly. The battalion lost its commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Jeff Nicklin, who was killed during the initial jump on 24 March 1945. Following the death of Nicklin, the last unit commander was Lieutenant Colonel G.F. Eadie until the battalion's disbandment.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity
The outcome of this operation was the defeat of the German I Parachute Corps in a day and a half. In the following 37 days, the battalion advanced 459 kilometres (285 mi) as part of the British 6th Airborne Division, encountering the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 April 1945 and taking the city of Wismar on 2 May 1945 to prevent the Soviets from advancing too far west. It was at Wismar that the battalion met up with the Red Army (the only Canadian army unit to do so during hostilities, other than a Canadian Film and Photo Unit detachment). Germany surrendered unconditionally on 8 May and the battalion returned to England.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity
The battalion sailed for Canada on SS Île de France on 31 May 1945, and arrived in Halifax on 21 June. They were the first unit of the Canadian Army to be repatriated and on 30 September the battalion was officially disbanded.


1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Victoria Cross
One member of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Corporal Frederick George Topham, was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions east of the River Rhine, near Wesel, Germany, on 24 March 1945.


1st Canadian Parliament
The 1st Canadian Parliament was in session from November 6, 1867, until July 8, 1872. The membership was set by the 1867 federal election from August 7 to September 20, 1867. It was prorogued prior to the 1872 election.


1st Canadian Parliament
It was controlled by a majority coalition between the Conservative Party and the Liberal-Conservative Party under Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald and the 1st Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Edward Blake from 1869 to 1871, followed by a vacancy in the Liberal leadership.


1st Canadian Parliament
The Speaker was James Cockburn. See also List of Canadian electoral districts, 1867–1871 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament
Following is a full list of members of the first parliament by province. Cabinet members are bolded.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament
Electoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Nova Scotia
1 – The Anti- Confederate Party dissolved after failing to secure Nova Scotia's secession from Confederation. In 1869 its members joined other parties, or in one case sat as an independent.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec
Four Quebec members recontested their seats in byelections, and were re-elected:


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec
2 – John Rose was reelected in Huntingdon on November 28, 1867, after being named Minister of Finance.