1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec
3 – Barthélemy Pouliot was unseated on petition, but was reelected in L'Islet on July 14, 1869.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec
4 – Christopher Dunkin was reelected in Brome on November 29, 1869, after being named Minister of Agriculture.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec
5 – John Henry Pope was reelected in Compton on November 11, 1871, after being named Minister of Agriculture following Dunkin's resignation from Parliament.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Ontario
6 – One Ontario MP, Alexander Morris, recontested his seat in a byelection. He was reelected in Lanark South on November 29, 1869, after being appointed Minister of Inland Revenue.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Manitoba
Manitoba joined Confederation in 1870. Byelections to choose Manitoba's representatives were held on March 2 and March 3, 1871.


1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, British Columbia
British Columbia joined Confederation in 1871. Byelections to choose the province's representatives were held in November and December of that year.


1st Canadian Regiment
The 1st Canadian Regiment (1775–1781), was an Extra Continental regiment of the American Patriots' Continental Army. The 1st was raised by James Livingston to support Patriot efforts in the American Revolutionary War during the invasion of Quebec. Livingston, who was born in New York and living in Quebec, recruited men from Chambly, Quebec  as early as September 1775, but a formal regimental designation was made by Richard Montgomery on November 20, 1775, with recognition by the Second Continental Congress following on January 8, 1776. The regiment, which never approached its authorized size of 1,000 men, saw action primarily in the Canadian theater and New York, and was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at King's Ferry, New York.


1st Canadian Regiment, Formation
In September 1775, colonial forces under the command of Philip Schuyler and Richard Montgomery crossed into Quebec with the aim of driving British military forces from Montreal and Quebec City. Guy Carleton, the British governor and military commander, had fortified Fort Saint-Jean as the primary defense of Montreal. The colonial forces, preparing to besiege the fort, sought local support. James Livingston, a grain merchant living near Chambly, about 10 miles (16 km) from Saint-Jean, raised a local militia, which in October assisted in the siege and capture of Fort Chambly, and the capture of supplies intended for the besieged moving on the Richelieu River.


1st Canadian Regiment, Formation
Following the fall of Montreal, Livingston was authorized by Montgomery on November 20 to raise a regiment to assist in the coming assault on Quebec City. In eight days he raised approximately 200 men. The regiment received formal recognition from the Second Continental Congress on January 8, 1776.


1st Canadian Regiment, Formation
The regiment at first consisted of a mix of Canadiens, Acadiens, and Anglophones.


1st Canadian Regiment, Formation
Two of Livingston's brothers served in the regiment. Richard Livingston was a lieutenant colonel, and Abraham served as a captain.


1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Quebec
When Montgomery's army arrived outside Quebec, the 1st Canadian consisted of two to three hundred Canadiens. On December 31, 1775, the regiment was charged with making a diversion at Quebec City's Saint Jean gate, to draw British attention away from the primary attacks, which were led by Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery, and were directed at the city's Lower Town. The diversions did not work, and the battle ended disastrously for the Americans, with Montgomery killed, Arnold wounded, and about 400 men taken prisoner.


1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Quebec
The remnants of the army, then under Arnold's command, besieged the city until May 1776, when British reinforcements began arriving, forcing the Americans into a panicked retreat. The retreat ended at Sorel on May 20, where they were met by reinforcements, and eventually put under the command of General John Sullivan.


1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Trois-Rivières
On the night of June 7, 1776, Livingston's regiment was part of a force of about 2,000 under Brigadier General William Thompson that returned from Sorel to Trois-Rivières to drive off what they believed to be 300 to 600 British troops from Quebec. When they arrived near Trois-Rivières, they instead found the vanguard of the British counteroffensive, numbering several thousand. After a brief skirmish, the Americans forces were broken, and made a disorganized retreat back to Sorel.


1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Trois-Rivières
Following this battle, the regiment retreated with the rest of the army to Fort Ticonderoga. While the regiment had never been particularly large (Livingston never had more than a few hundred men under arms at any one time), the retreat from Quebec left the regiment much reduced in size, since anyone leaving the province was unlikely to be able to return.


1st Canadian Regiment, Service, New York
Following the army's return to Ticonderoga, the regiment was assigned garrison duty in upstate New York, primarily the Mohawk and Schoharie valleys, so that it could be reorganized. During this time, Livingston was known to be recruiting in New York City. Following Burgoyne's invasion from Quebec in 1777, the regiment was moved to the upper Hudson River valley. In August 1777, the regiment was assigned to Benedict Arnold on his expedition in relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix. It then saw service in both Battles of Saratoga as part of Ebenezer_Learned's brigade.


1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Rhode Island
The regiment saw action in the Battle of Rhode Island in 1778.


1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Garrison duty
For the remainder of the war, the regiment had garrison duty in New York. Most notably, Colonel Livingston was in command of Verplanck's Point on the Hudson River in September 1780, and played a crucial role in the unmasking of Benedict Arnold's treachery. While on guard duty, his troops fired on the British sloop of war Vulture, forcing that vessel to retreat southwards. This ship had brought Major John André to meet with General Arnold, who was then in command at West Point.


1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Garrison duty
Since the ship was driven off, André was forced to attempt travel by land to New York, when he was captured not far from the British lines near Tarrytown with incriminating papers in his possession. André was hanged as a spy, and Arnold, his plot discovered, managed to escape to the British lines.


1st Canadian Regiment, Disbandment
The regiment was disbanded as part of a major reorganization on January 1, 1781, at King's Ferry, New York. Members that remained in service were assigned to the 2nd Canadian Regiment.


1st Canadian Screen Awards
The 1st Canadian Screen Awards were held on March 3, 2013, to honour achievements in Canadian film, television, and digital media production in 2012. This was the inaugural Canadian Screen Awards ceremony, following the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television's decision, announced in 2012, to merge its formerly separate Genie Awards (for film) and Gemini Awards (for television) into a single ceremony. In addition, the Canadian Screen Awards include awards for achievements in digital media.


1st Canadian Screen Awards
Nominations were announced on January 15, 2013. The awards ceremony was hosted by Martin Short.


1st Canadian Screen Awards, Ratings
The program was watched by 756,000 Canadian viewers, approximately double the typical ratings for Genie or Gemini ceremonies in recent years.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company
The 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Canadian Military Engineers during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front. Most British tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background
On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. The Canadian Military Engineers contributed three tunnelling companies to the British Expeditionary Force. One unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history
The unit patch of the 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company was a red square with a large black capital letter T on it.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation, Armentières, The Bluff
1st Canadian Tunnelling Company was formed in eastern Canada, then moved to France and into the Ypres Salient for instruction in early 1916. Shortly afterwards, in March 1916, it relieved 182nd Tunnelling Company near Armentières. 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company then moved to The Bluff in May 1916, where ít worked on tunnels until January 1917 when it was relieved by 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company. From spring 1916 onwards, the Germans drove long galleries beneath The Bluff, and on 25 July 1916 the 1st Company of the 24th Pioneers blew a mine under the ridge. The 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company had, however, anticipated the blow so casualties were minimized and the attacking German infantry did not capture the ridge.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
1st Canadian Tunnelling Company next took over the tunnelling operations at Hill 60 in preparation for the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917). In November 1916 the unit handed the operation at Hill 60 over to the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company and moved to St Eloi where it took over from 172nd Tunnelling Company and continued driving the tunnel system beneath enemy lines. The deep mine at St Eloi was the largest of the mines in the Battle of Messines.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
The work was begun with a deep shaft named Queen Victoria and the chamber was set 42 metres (138 ft) below ground, at the end of a gallery 408 metres (1,339 ft) long and charged with 43,400 kilograms (95,600 lb) of ammonal. Building preparations had started on 16 August 1915 and the mine was completed on 11 June 1916. The mines to be fired at the start of the Battle of Messines were dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
Australian Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines, while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built underground shelters in the Second Army area. 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company saw the tunnelling operations at St Eloi through to 1917 and successfully fired the mine on 7 June 1917. When the mines at Messines were detonated, they created 19 large craters. The joint explosion of these mines ranks among the largest non-nuclear explosions of all time.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
When the St Eloi deep mine was fired, it destroyed some of the earlier craters (code-named D2 and D1) which had been created in 1916 by the 172nd Tunnelling Company, although a double crater (H4 and H1) can still be seen (. The successful detonation  allowed the capture of the German lines at St Eloi by the British 41st Division.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
The 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company used a Whittaker tunnel boring machine for their workings at the Lock Hospital position in 1917, this tunnel was handed over to the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company on 10 May 1917. The tunnelling by machine in the Belgian blue clay was problematic and the War Diary lists numerous stoppages for repairs. The  Lock Hospital position was located at Lock 6 on the Ypres-Comines canal, and the tunnel extended from there to a point beneath the British lines some 400 metres away. The final approach gallery beneath no-man's land to the German trenches was to be completed by the silent clay-kicking method. In the end, problems with the machinery and the geology led to this project being abandoned.


1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
In October 1918, 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company fought with the 4th Canadian Division in operations to prevent the demolition of bridges on the Canal de L'Escaut, north-east of Cambrai, during which Captain Coulson Norman Mitchell earned the Victoria Cross.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game
The 1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, took place on December 13, 2014 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Admission was free, and 6,850 people attended the game. The game aired live on Sportsnet One in Canada, as well as on the NHL Network in the United States. The event featured three 15-minute periods which aired on television, and had a Skills Competition following the game.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game
This edition of the All-Star Game featured a "fantasy draft" format akin to the NHL All-Star Game in order to determine the rosters. Fan balloting determined the team captains, which were goaltender Charline Labonte from the Montreal Stars, and rookie forward Jessica Campbell of the Calgary Inferno. The captains each chose 5 players for their team, and picked the remainder of their teams via mini-stick draw.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game
While this game was promoted as the first All-Star Game, there were in fact two previous All-Star Games played during the 2008-09 season. These two games featured CWHL All-Stars against NHL Alumni.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Rosters, Fan balloting
Voting for CWHL all-star captains started on November 21, 2014. Online voting will require fans to vote on the CWHL.com web site. Fans were presented a list of 42 players.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Rosters, Draft
The draft of the players took place on December 12, 2014 at 8:00 pm, Eastern time. It was held at the Delta Hotel in Toronto.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Rosters, Draft
Brianna Decker of the Boston Blades and Courtney Birchard of the Brampton Thunder were selected for the All-Star Game, however both were unable to participate.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Game summary
Team White's Natalie Spooner of the Toronto Furies opened the scoring late in the first period, putting a loose puck behind Team Red Captain Charline Labonte. Haley Irwin picked up an assist on the opening marker. Team White added to their lead in the second period, as Kelli Stack scored on Christina Kessler. Stack's Boston Blades teammate Hilary Knight and Natalie Spooner got assists on the goal. Sami Jo Small of the Toronto Furies and Delayne Brian of the Calgary Inferno had shutouts for Team White in the first and second periods respectively.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Game summary
Team Red came out quickly in the Third period, as Montreal Stars forward Lisa-Marie Breton-Lebreux scored early in the period on Team White's Genevieve Lacasse with Blake Bolden and Ann-Sophie Bettez assisting on the goal. Jamie Lee Rattray tied the game up a few minutes later for Team Red on a feed from Emmanuelle Blais. Rebecca Johnston of the Calgary Inferno would give Team Red the lead midway through the third, beating her Canada women's national ice hockey team teammate Geneviève Lacasse on a mini-breakaway. Jenelle Kohanchuk and Ann-Sophie Bettez assisted on the eventual game winner. Team Red's Jessica Wong from the Calgary Inferno picked up the only penalty of the game late in the third period for tripping, however Team White was unable to beat Team Red goalie Erica Howe on the 6-on-4 power play.


1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Game summary, Skills competition
Following the game, Joe Bowen hosted the Skills Competition. The first part of the event was the Fastest Skater competition. Team White won the 5-heat event 3–2, with Jessica Campbell, Michelle Bonello and Carly Hill winning their heats. Rebecca Johnston and Jessica Wong won the two heats for Team Red. The second part of the Skills Competition was the Breakaway Relay, an elimination shootout featuring the skaters who didn't compete in the Fastest Skater event. Team Red won after Megan Bozek scored after everyone else had been eliminated. Genevieve Lacasse did take an attempt for Team White, however she was stopped by Erica Howe.


1st Carabinier Regiment
The 1st Carabinier Regiment (French: 1e Régiment des Carabinier) was a French cavalry regiment.


1st Carabinier Regiment, The Napoleonic Wars, War of the fourth Coalition
It took part in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in Joachim Murat's Reserve Cavalry.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
The 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade (Italian: 1° Brigata Mobile Carabinieri) is a Carabinieri formation tasked with riot control, civil defence and security duties.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History
While the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade was established in its present form on 1 February 2001, together with Carabinieri Mobile Units Division, it can track its origins in the first formation grouping all Carabinieri units tasked with mobile, riot control and combat duties: the 11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, established in 1963.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
Following the 1960 Genoa clashes, a reform project for the Mobile Battalions was envisioned, but later abandoned. Both the organization and the equipment (which included old Sherman tanks) were found to be obsolete either inadequate to emergency tasks.p. 48


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In 1963, with the 1960s Army and Carabinieri reorganization, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was established directly under the General Command led by Giovanni De Lorenzo, in order to cope with the internal territorial defence needs. The establishment of the new brigade was in order to adjust the organization of the Battalions and of cavalry units both for strictly military tasks, and those related to the protection of public order.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
The aim was to ensure Carabinieri Battalions the availability of all elements necessary to be in a position to act in isolation and overcome considerable resistance without having to rely on the competition of other Army Corps or other Armed Forces, to ensure Battalions' speed of movement and concentration in large sectors of foreseeable use and a constant high training level.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
Overall, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade consisted of about 5,000 men with 80 tracked vehicles, 200 other military vehicles, 130 M47 tanks and a paratroopers battalion. However, the brigade never had responsibility for actual unitary operational command, lacking supports due to a political choice, but exercised the tasks of instruction and preparation for the riot control activities.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In the reorganization, Mobile Battalions were renamed simply Battalions and were marked with a sequential number, while remaining administratively dependent on the relevant Legion; the Battalions Groups were renamed Carabinieri Regiments, and were given the conceptual role of a resolution unit in both riot and tactical tasks; According original resolutions, Regiments were to have only disciplinary, training and deployment functions, while general management rested within the relevant Legion. The newly formed Mechanized Brigade exercised its operational and training authority on:


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
The command structure of the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade consisted of:


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
Each Carabinieri Battalion was led by a lieutenant colonel or a major and consisted of: 1 Command Company (1 Command Platoon, 1 Services Platoon, 1 Scouts Platoon), 2 Rifle Companies (command platoon, 3 rifle platoons, 1 company weapons platoon each), 1 Mortars Company and 1 Tanks Company (Command Platoon, 3 Tanks Platoons). It was therefore a robust tactical complex. The Carabinieri Battalions had to be used only when the police and the local organization of the Carabinieri they had found insufficient, in order not to deprive the General Command of a valuable combat tool. Within the VII Battalion, based in Laives, the Counter-terrorism Special Company was established in 1960s to counter South Tyrolean terrorism;p.  187 the security operations were also supported by several Trucked Units. Both VII and XIII Battalions were to be always maintained at their full wartime force.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
The establishment of the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was controversial: some senior officers criticized the decision, deeming that the essential features of the Carabinieri were capillarity and focus on criminal police activity. However, the 1963 reorganization did not mark the end of the organizational shifts. In 1964, 1st Carabinieri Helicopter Section was established.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
The XI Brigade was subordinated, on 7 March 1965, to the Inspectorate of Mechanized and Special Units, which included not only the XI Mechanized Brigade, but also all other tactical Carabinieri units: the Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion, the Territorial Squadrons Groups of Milan, Cagliari and Palermo, the Trucked Units, as well as the naval service. Two years later, on 10 March 1967, the post was modified in "Inspectorate of Mechanized Units", being disbanded in May 1967. In 1968 the blue beret was modified, making it identical in shape to the maroon beret used by paratroopers.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
Between 1967 and 1968 it was set up the Inspectorate of Mechanized and Training Units (led by a Divisional general), with responsibility on the X Carabinieri Brigade (including schools) and XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade. In 1971 it was established the Inspectorate Schools and Special Carabinieri Units; it controlled the X Brigade (dedicated to training) and XI Brigade.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In 1969, Battalions framed within Carabinieri Regiments were reorganized. The new structure consisted of Battalion Command Unit, Command and Services Company (Command and Services Platoon, Scouts Platoon, Transmissions Platoon, Tanks Platoon, Transportations Platoon), 2 Mechanized Rifle Companies (Command and Services Platoon, 3 Rifle Platoons, Mortars Platoons).


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
Between 1973 and 1976, the 5th Carabinieri Regiment (HQ Mestre) also existed, including IV, VII and XIII Battalions. On 1 September 1977, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Carabinieri Regiments were disestablished and their Battalions were transferred under the direct operational and training authority of the 11th Mechanized Brigade; the 4th Mounted Carabinieri Regiment was renamed Mounted Carabinieri Regiment. In 1975 the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade changed its name in 11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade (with Arabic numerals) and in 1976 the formation was renamed 11th Carabinieri Brigade; at the same time, the Brigade Command was tasked to exercise only training and logistical authority.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In 1977, the three Carabinieri Regiments were disestablished and 4th Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment changed its name in Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment, with the Battalions being directly under the Brigade Command. The following year an Inspecting Colonel was appointed, while in 1979 two additional Colonels followed.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In 1980, the Inspectorate changed its name to Command Division School and Special Carabinieri Units "Palidoro". In 1985, the department was deprived of training component and was reorganized on the XI Brigade (Carabinieri Battalions) and the XII Brigade (specialist units); the brigade was therefore placed under a command called Carabinieri Mobile and Special Units Division "Palidoro".


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
Overall, Carabinieri Battalions were divided into two groups, according to the main type (motorized or mechanized unit) of unit the unit deployed.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade, Operations
During the Years of Lead and the subsequent period, however, most of the Battalions reduced their military training in order to deal with riot control activities. 7th and 13th Battalions maintained instead their military capabilities and were transferred under direct Army operational control. Each infantry company of each Battalion established, in this period, an "Intervention Platoon", in order to upgrade the responsiveness to serious riots.p. 191


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade, Operations
In the 1976 Friuli earthquake, the XIII Carabinieri Battalion "Friuli Venezia Giulia", IV Carabinieri Battalion "Veneto" and VII Carabinieri Battalion "Trentino Alto Adige" intervened paying rescue and providing police and utility services. In the 1980 Irpinia earthquake Carabinieri Battalions from Bari, Naples and Rome also intervened.pp. 203–204


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
With the transformation of the Arma dei Carabinieri in autonomous Armed Force, the 11th Carabinieri Brigade was split in two Brigades: the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade controlled riot units, the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade was assigned combat-oriented Carabinieri Regiments. The two Carabinieri Mobile Brigades were grouped in the Carabinieri Mobile Units Division.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
The 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade was initially headquartered in Rome; in 2001 it was transferred in Treviso; in 2013 it was moved back in Rome.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
Some of its subordinate units, from being all Battalion-level entities, have been raised to the regimental status. On 10 September 2014 the 1st Carabinieri Battalion "Piemonte" was raised to Regimental status as 1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte"; the 11th Carabinieri Battalion "Puglia" was raised to Regimental status on 18 September 2017.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Operations
The first major engagement of the newly formed Brigade was the 27th G8 summit, a major protest, drawing an estimated 200,000 demonstrators. Clashed erupted heavily; 329 people were arrested and over 400 protesters and about 100 among security forces were injured during the clashes.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Operations
On the occasion, Carabinieri formed the shortly-existed Compagnie di contenimento e intervento risolutivo, units formed with personnel drawn from existing Battalions of the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade (Battalions "Lombardia", "Lazio", "Toscana", "Campania" and "Sicilia"), integrated with personnel drawn from the more military-oriented 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade. Critics of the CCIR frequently point out the militarization of police brought by the establishment of such units.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Operations
On July 20, 23-year-old activist Carlo Giuliani of Genoa, was shot dead by Mario Placanica, a Carabiniere, during clashes with police. On 14 July 2007, 13 Italian Carabineri, GOMPI Mobile and prison police were convicted for abuse of authority, abuse of office and uniform. Other charges included abuse and negligence.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization
The 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade is commanded by a Brigadier general, who in turn is assisted by a Staff. Subordinate units include thirteen regiments and battalions:


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization, Operational Intervention Company
The "Operational Intervention Companies" (Italian: Compagnie Intervento Operativo) are 7 units are designed to cope with the appropriate urgency in sudden danger to public security, thanks to the special training of personnel and the allocation of substantial vehicles and materials, intervening whenever the resurgence of particular crimes, especially those of predatory character, requires even more intense and visible control activity. Companies operate in small squads performing patrols in the urban context; they are also employed in extensive territorial control activities, such as patrols, checkpoints, spot-checks and raids.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization, Operational Intervention Company
They have been established in 2000, within the 8th Carabinieri Regiment "Lazio" in Rome and within the Carabinieri Battalions in Milan, Florence, Naples, Bari, Palermo, Vibo Valentia and Mestre.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization, Operational Intervention Company
Carabinieri assigned to the Operational Intervention Companies are selected and specially trained in Velletri to detect and deal with dangerous individuals, such as former offenders, drugs dealers and others. The training includes hand-to-hand combat, disarmament techniques, shooting and riot procedures.


1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization, Rescue Units
In order to allow Carabinieri Battalions to deal with emergencies in case of public calamity, special Rescue Units are established, when needed, within the individual Carabinieri Battalions. These Rescue Units are previously trained and provided with equipment and materials which allow them to provide initial assistance to people affected while awaiting the intervention of the civil protection system.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania"
The 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania" (Italian: 1° Reggimento Carabinieri Paracadutisti "Tuscania") is a special operations unit of the Italian Carabinieri. Together with the 7th Carabinieri Regiment in Laives, the 13th Carabinieri Regiment in Gorizia, and the Special Intervention Group it forms the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade. The regiment is based in Livorno, and has approximately 550 personnel.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania"
The regimental emblem includes elements from its speciality (paratroopers), its Armed Force (Carabinieri) and its longtime association (Folgore Brigade).


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History
The history of Carabinieri Paratroopers dates back to World War II. On 5 June 1940, the Chief of Staff of the Italian Royal Army, then Army General Mario Roatta, requested the Commandant General of the Royal Carabinieri, at the time Lieutenant General Riccardo Moizo, to establish a Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion, approving an earlier request of General Moizo.p.24


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, World War II
On 1 July 1940 the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion (1° Battaglione Reali Carabinieri Paracadutisti) was established with three companies in Tarquinia. On 9 July, Undersecretary Army General Ubaldo Soddu objected to the establishment of a Carabinieri battalion, arguing that a single-arm of single-speciality battalion could not be established (also in order to avoid rivalries); under the terms of Soddu's report, the Royal Carabinieri could establish only platoon-level units. The Higher Air Force Command, nonetheless, kept the Carabinieri Battalion in force.p.27 The following year the unit was framed within the 1st Paratroopers Regiment.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, World War II
The first commander was Major Bruto Bixio Bersanetti; on 28 August 1940 he was replaced by Major Edoardo Alessi.pp. 95–96


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, World War II
For a total of 26 officers, 51 non-commissioned officers and 322 troops.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, World War II
The battalion performed counter-commando activity in Libya (a platoon) and fought in Eluet el Asel area in December 1941 and in Ajdabiya as a company (under Lieutenant Osmano Bonapace),pp. 128–129 being disbanded in 1942 in Castelvetrano.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, World War II
With the surviving personnel, two Carabinieri Sections were formed: the 184th Carabinieri Section was assigned to the Folgore Division, while the 314th Carabinieri Section was assigned to the Nembo Division and fought in the Italian Civil War on the loyalist side.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit
After the end of the war, the Carabinieri did not immediately re-establish a paratroopers unit. However, on 15 May 1951 the Army, on the basis of a specific Carabinieri proposal, formed a Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit in Viterbo, under the immediate authority of the General Command, for riot emergencies. The Unit was devoted to the fulfilment of the Carabinieri gendarmerie tasks and was 140 troops-strong.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit
On 10 January 1956, the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit participated in the rescue operations for Viterbo and its surroundings, whose inhabitants had remained isolated, without food and without medical assistance, due to the violent blizzards that had paralyzed the road network and communications in that province.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit
In 1958 the unit was moved to Livorno ("Vannucci" Barracks) and then to Pisa, the same city as the Parachute School, until 1962, when it was moved back in Livorno.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
On 1 January 1963, within the general Army reorganization, the Paratroopers Brigade Folgore was formally established (although it received the name only in 1967); the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit was renamed Carabinieri Paratroopers Company and was assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade. The Carabinieri Paratroopers Company depended for administrative purposes on Livorno Carabinieri Legion. On 15 July of the same year the company was expanded and reorganized as Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "Tuscania" within the Folgore Brigade.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
On 14 Junne 1964, then-President Antonio Segni awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor to the Carabinieri War Flag for the Battle of Elet el Ausel.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
Carabinieri Paratroopers served in Alto Adige in the 1960s against South Tyrolean terrorism,p. 20 within the 150-troops strong Special Antiterrorism Company, along with Paratrooper Saboteurs (predecessors of present-day Italian special forces), Alpine, Guard of Finance and police troops. The Special Antiterrorism Company was led by Paratrooper Carabinieri Captain Francesco Gentile, dead in the 1967 Cima Vallona attack.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
On 1 October 1975 the battalion was renamed I Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "Tuscania". On 8 April 1976 the Battalion received the War Flag. The battalion was officially recognized as the legitimate heir of the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion in the same year, when its War Flag was awarded with the Silver Medal for Military Valour for the North African campaign. On 10 December 1976, the Parachutism Section of the Carabinieri Sports Centre was established within the battalion.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
On 2 February 1978, the Special Intervention Group was established as a counter-terrorist unit; the personnel were selected from the ranks of the battalion. In the 1980s, the Battalion was included into the Special Operations Group in order to support the Italian part of the stay-behind network Operation Gladio.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
From 1982 to 1984 the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "Tuscania" was part of UNIFIL with the task of providing protection to Sabra, Chatila and Burj el-Barajneh refugee camps: the Battalion, based in Beirut, was the only unit consisting of career personnel and fulfilled sensitive tasks. From 1983 to 1986 and from 1989 to 1993, the Battalion was deployed in Calabria, Sardinia, and Sicilia, supporting the arrests of several mafia bosses.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
In the late 1980s the Battalion was deployed to protect the Italian Embassy in Mogadishu, Somalia. On 25 December 1989, a detachment of the Battalion evacuated Italian diplomatic personnel from Bucharest.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
Early 1990s saw the Battalion deployed both at home and abroad. Until the establishment of the Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron "Cacciatori di Calabria" in 1991 and of the Sardinian counterpart in 1993, the "Tuscania" Battalion was deployed again against organized crime in Aspromonte and in Barbagia. Meanwhile, from 1991 to 1994 the battalion was part of UNITAF and in UNOSOM II missions in Somalia, where it was involved in several combat situations. Diplomatic security was also provided in Zaire (until 1994) and in Peru (1992).


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
On 5 November 1994, the War Flag was awarded with a Silver Medal for Army Valor for the performance of the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "Tuscania" in Somalia.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
In 1995, as part of IFOR, the Battalion was deployed in Bosnia-Herzegovina as military police and commander's protection, with one Platoon in Sarajevo and one in Mostar. Then-Battalion Commander, Lieutenant Colonel Leonardo Leso, was also the command's legal adivsor. In the same year, the Battalion was deployed in Barbagia for anti-banditry duties.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore
The current designation of Regiment was awarded on 1 June 1996, when a third operational Company was added. In 1997 the Regiment evacuated non-Albanian personnel from that country. In 1999, the Regiment was deployed in Kosovo and in East Timor. In East Timor the Regiment operated as a special operations force. In 2000, the Regiment deployed fifty paratroopers in Naples in the Operation "Golfo". On occasion of the 2001 27th G8 summit held in Genoa, the Regiment was deployed as part of the security apparatus with tactical reserve tasks.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
The regiment has been subordinated to the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade since 15 March 2002,p. 184 having been moved from Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore". Despite the status of an Armed Force being awarded to the Carabinieri on 5 October 2000, the "Tuscania" shares the maroon beret of the paracadutisti.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
In 2003 the "Tuscania" Regiment was deployed in Iraq as part of Operation Ancient Babylon. The Regiment provided security in Nasiriyah and trained the Iraqi Police. The Regiment took also part to 2004 Nasiriyah battle.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", History, 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
According to Major General Nicola Zanelli, Commander of the CO.F.S. (the Italian joint Command of special forces), in 2017 a company of the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania" is intended to be upgraded to the special forces (Tier 2) level. As of 2018, some military expert call for the establishment of an additional operational Company or even of an additional Battalion.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", List of Commanders, 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion
The 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion had two Commanders from 1940 to 1942:


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", List of Commanders, Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit
The Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit had seven Commanders from 1951 to 1962:


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", List of Commanders, Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion
The 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "Tuscania", under the various designation changes, had ten Commanders from 1963 to 1996:


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", List of Commanders, 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania"
After being raised to Regiment, the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania" remained within the Folgore Brigade until 2002 with four Commanders:


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", List of Commanders, 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania"
On 15 March 2002, the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania" has been moved to the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Operations
The unit has been involved in all major operations abroad of the Italian Armed Forces:


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Mission
Missions entrusted to the Regiment are of three broad types:


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Mission
The Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania" is a Crowning units for special operations (Italian: Unità di coronamento per le operazioni speciali), i.e. is tasked with protection and belting of special forces, mainly the Special Intervention Group, as well as operational support to Special Forces units of other Armed Forces.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Mission
All members of the Special Intervention Group come from the ranks of the Regiment.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Mission, Support to territorial units
The Tuscania Regiment can assist the territorial units of the Carabinieri in the control and surveillance of mountainous or otherwise impervious terrain and the search for dangerous fugitives (alongside the specialized Cacciatori units).


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Mission, Counter-terrorism
In order to cope with counter-terrorism needs, in 2016 the Special Intervention Group and the Tuscania Regiment formed two Counter-terrorism Task Units (Task Unit Anti Terrorismo, T.U.A.T.) in Central and Northern Italy in order to allow G.I.S. to carry out hostage rescue and urban warfare while being protected by the "Tuscania" units.p. 4


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Mission, Counter-terrorism
The counter-terrorist task units are deployed in sensitive locations and on special occasions; these units are designed in order to be able to fight in urban warfare and terrorist attack scenarios, as well as hostage rescue.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Recruitment and training
Those aspiring to the Regiment, of all ranks, are first submitted to a psycho-physical selection, aimed at ascertaining their attitude to the specific military occupation. According to former Regimental commander Leonardo Leso, 1 out 30 candidates is accepted. Following the selection then they are admitted to taking a training Explorers Course lasting 44 weeks, including:


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Recruitment and training
Passing the Explorers Course is the indispensable condition for admission to the ranks of the Regiment. Only one candidate out of four attains the rank of Explorer Paratrooper, but the training does not end then. After passing the final test of the course, the paratrooper Carabiniere passes in the Battalion, in which performs operational, maintenance training and further specialization activities. In particular, the Paratrooper Carabiniere specializes in:


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Organization
The Regiment also has a Sport Parachute Section, which is placed directly under the General Command of the Carabinieri.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Organization, Regimental Command
The Regiment Command has the traditional subdivisions of the Personnel, Operations Training Information, Logistics, Administrations and Health Sections; the Command controls the Training Unit, the Supports Unit and the Paratrooper Carabinieri Battalion. All Regiment personnel is considered capable to be deployed on operations and all personnel is sent on mission on rotational basis. The Training Unit, led by a field officer, provides recruitment, selection and training of the personnel of all ranks. This ensures a standard training.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Organization, Battalion
The Battalion "Eluet el Asel" (named after the battle of Eluet el Asel where the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion fought with distinction)pp. 100–102 is the operational element of the whole Regiment, and it consists of a Battalion Command and of three operational Paratrooper Carabinieri Companies. The Battalion Command has a limited operational capability to make tactical plans, with a Tactical Command and Pianification Squad, a Specialist Training Squad and of a Proximity Support Section (in charge of weapons and vehicles).


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Organization, Battalion
There are also three operational Paratrooper Carabinieri Companies. Each Company has three Platoons specialized in three different combat environments: amphibious warfare, mountain warfare or military free fall launch techniques. Each of the three Paratrooper Carabinieri Companies include a command element and three Platoons, in turn consisting of 8 Teams of 4 Troops each; the organization is designed in order to operate in urban warfare scenarios and to be transported on a Lince vehicle.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Organization, Battalion
Each Team is led by a non commissioned officer, while a Team in each Platoon is led by the Platoon leader, usually a Lieutenant or an expert Marshal. Each Platoon also has specialized troops, organically part of the various Teams: Joint terminal attack controllers, EOD experts, laser-guidance operators, snipers and military rescuers.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Individual armament
Apart from special allocations of certain operators (see, for example Barrett M82), possibly related to the use of squad weapons or to the needs of unconventional warfare, any Tuscania member carries the same sidearm as common Carabinieri, the Beretta 92FS, and, like most Italian paratroopers, the foldingstock SC 70/90 or the shortened SCS 70/90 version of the Beretta AR70/90 assault rifle, M4 Bushmaster assault rifle, or Beretta Model 12 sub-machine gun currently provided to the Italian armed forces. Since 2018, the Carabinieri Paratroopers also have been equipped with the Beretta ARX160 assault rifle.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Individual armament
By the late 1990s, the Beretta rifle has been replaced by a version of the American carbine M4A1 built by Bushmaster and equipment vests are a special version of the Israeli "Ephod" made for the Tuscania regiment by an Israeli firm, Hagor. They also use the HK53 with a British-made 40mm grenade launcher.


1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment "Tuscania", Sports
Regiment "Tuscania" also includes a Sport Parachute Unit, which boasts significant results, both in the civil and military spheres, including several world titles achieved in the years 1990, 1994, 1998, 1999.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte"
The 1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte" (Italian: 1° Reggimento Carabinieri "Piemonte") is a riot control unit of the Carabinieri.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History
The 1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte" could track its origins to 1920 when, by a decree of the Minister of War, 18 Carabinieri Mobile Battalions (each 743 or 764 Carabinieri-strong) were established;p.  116 two of these Battalions were based in Turin and named Carabinieri Mobile Battalion "Torino 1°" and Carabinieri Mobile Battalion "Torino 2°". Shortly after, the two Battalions were reduced to only one unit. Subsequently, the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Battalion was established in Turin, being disestablished on 30 December 1923.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History
In 1940, the unit was reestablished as "1st Mobilized Carabinieri Battalion", being deployed in Albania and Greece under the "Special Army Corps" led by General Giovanni Messe. Shortly after 8 September 1943 the Battalion was disestablished. In May 1945 the unit was reestablished as Carabinieri Mobile Battalionp. 167 under the Carabinieri Legion of Turin.p. 179 In 1948 the I Carabinieri Mobile Battalion was moved in Moncalieri Castle, where it has been garrisoned since.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In 1963, with the 1960s Army and Carabinieri reorganization, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was established directly under the General Command, in order to cope with the internal territorial defence needs. The establishment of the new Brigade was in order to adjust the organization of the Battalions and of cavalry units both for strictly military tasks, and those related to the protection of public order.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
The aim was to ensure Carabinieri Battalions the availability of all elements necessary to be in a position to act in isolation and overcome considerable resistance without having to rely on the competition of other Army Corps or other Armed Forces, to ensure Battalions speed of movement and concentration in large sectors of foreseeable use and a constant high training level.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In the reorganization, former Mobile Battalions were renamed simply Battalions and were marked with a sequential number, while remaining administratively dependent on the relevant territorial Legion; the Battalions Groups were renamed Carabinieri Regiments, and were given the conceptual role of a resolution unit in both riot and tactical tasks. The newly formed Mechanized Brigade exercised its operational and training authority on:


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
On 1 April 1963 the Battalion was therefore renamed "1st Carabinieri Battalion", was moved to Turin, placed at the dependencies of the then-1st Carabinieri Regiment (based in Milan).


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In 1970, a "Rescue Unit" is established within each Carabinieri Battalion for civil protection and public rescue duties.p. 204  On 1 September 1977, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Carabinieri Regiments were disestablished and their Battalions were transferred under the direct operational and training authority of the 11th Mechanized Brigade; the 4th Mounted Carabinieri Regiment was renamed Mounted Carabinieri Regiment. The 1st Battalion became an autonomous unit and was renamed 1st Carabinieri Battalion "Piemonte". In 1977 the 1st Battalion was also granted the War Flag.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade
In late 1970s, each Carabinier Battalion establishes an "Intervention Platoon" in each Rifle Company.p. 191


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, 2001 - present: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
With the transformation of the Arma dei Carabinieri in autonomous Armed Force, the 11th Carabinieri Brigade was split in two Brigades: the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade controlled riot units (including the 1st Carabinieri Battalion "Piemonte"), while the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade was assigned combat-oriented Carabinieri Regiments. The two Carabinieri Mobile Brigades were grouped in the Carabinieri Mobile Units Division.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, 2001 - present: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
On 10 September 2014 the Battalion was elevated to Regiment as 1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte"; the 2nd Carabinieri Battalion "Liguria" is under the Regiment command.


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", History, Commanders
During its existence, the Battalion (now Regiment) has been led by senior officers (Major to Colonel).


1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte", Organization
The 1st Carabinieri Regiment "Piemonte" consists of the 1st Carabinieri Battalion "Piemonte" (primarily responsible for Piedmont and Aosta Valley) and of the 2nd Carabinieri Battalion "Liguria" (primarily responsible for Liguria).


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army in North Wales from 1862 to 1922. It fought on the Western Front in World War I. Postwar it was amalgamated with the Denbighshire Hussars as a medium artillery regiment that served in World War II.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force
The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteer Corps raised at Carnarvon on 12 March 1862. It was a small unit (51 strong in 1871), and for most of the 1860s and 1870s only had one officer, Captain William Turner, commissioned on 13 August 1864, and later Sub-Lieutenant William Owen, commissioned on 20 June 1874.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force
It joined the 1st Administrative Brigade of Anglesey Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) when that was formed on 28 August 1863. However, Volunteer recruitment in Anglesey declined and in 1873 the remaining Anglesey and Carnarvon AVCs were transferred to the Administrative Brigade in Cheshire This was consolidated as the 1st Cheshire and Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteer Corps in 1880, with 1st Carnarvon AVC providing No 8 Company.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force
In 1882 the 1st Cheshire and Carnarvonshire was assigned to the Lancashire Division of the Royal Artillery, but when the divisional structure was reduced in 1889 it joined the Southern Division. On 1 June 1899 all the Volunteer artillery units became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and from 1 January 1902 the unit became the 1st Cheshire and Carnarvonshire RGA (Volunteers). However, in 1904 the Carnarvonshire batteries were withdrawn to form a separate unit, the 1st Carnarvonshire RGA (V) of four companies under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Savage, VD, with the following organisation:


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force
When the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Carnarvonshire RGA (V) became the Welsh (Carnarvonshire) RGA, with its HQ at Bangor and a dedicated Ammunition Column at Agyll Road, Llandudno. The former No 3 Company at Bangor College transferred to the Officers' Training Corps. The new unit provided the heavy battery in the TF's Welsh Division, equipped with four 4.7-inch guns.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation
The units of the Welsh Division had just departed for their annual summer camp when the order to mobilise was received on 4 August 1914. They then returned home and assembled at their drill halls to mobilise. The Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery mobilised at Bangor under the command of Major W.H. Hughes, who had held the command since 20 December 1913. The battery immediately went by train to its war station at Scoveston Fort, above the Royal Navy anchorage of Milford Haven.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation
The battery's horse purchaser was able to impress and buy enough horses for the guns and ammunition column in just four days. The men spent September digging gun positions around the anchorage. The two sections being widely separated – a wagon taking 48 hours by road to travel between Pembroke Dock and Scoveston Fort – battery training proved difficult.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation
By 11 August the Welsh units had completed their concentration and TF members were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. Four days later the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. The Welsh Hvy Bty began forming its 2nd Line battery in October.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery
The battery moved on 20 October to Northampton where the Welsh Division had concentrated at  to continue its training. The men were billeted on private houses and the horses picqueted on the The Racecourse. By the end of November the wagons of the battery and ammunition column were complete and the battery considered itself mobile.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery
On 18 November the division was warned for garrison duty in India, but this was cancelled and in December it moved to Cambridge, the battery moving by train on 21 December, with the men billeted as before and the horses in the open on Coe Fen; battery headquarters (BHQ) was at 8 Brookside, Cambridge. Training continued, and in April 1915 the gunners attended a practice camp at Larkhill.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery
The Welsh Division (officially the 53rd (Welsh) Division from 14 May 1915) next moved to Bedford, with the 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty marching via St Neots on 5–6 May; BHQ was established at Kempston. In July the infantry of the division embarked for service at Gallipoli, leaving the divisional artillery behind in Bedford. On 20 November the divisional field artillery left to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, but the heavy battery remained at Bedford with the 2nd Line Welsh Division (now numbered as the 68th (2nd Welsh) Division).


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery
Finally, on 10 February 1916 the battery was warned for overseas service and on 16 October it moved to Woolwich to mobilise for overseas service with the BEF. It embarked on the transport Karnak at Southampton Docks on 26 February, but after three days at anchor was landed again. It re-embarked on 2 February and landed at Le Havre next day. It then went by train to Doullens and by road to join 23rd Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) in Third Army. It went into action on 17 March in the Vimy Ridge area. Major Hughes was evacuated to hospital on 26 March, and Maj G.H. Nugent arrived next day to take command. During May, Maj Nugent took over temporary command of 23rd HAG and XVII Corps Counter-Battery (CB) Group.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Somme
At the time the policy was to move RGA batteries from one HAG to another as required. 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty moved to 6th HAG in First Army, then to 17th HAG with Fourth Army, when it joined in preparations for the Battle of the Somme. On 6 June the battery's Left Section and half the ammunition column set off by road to the Somme front, reaching Sarton on 10 June, where they began preparing gun positions for the battery near Colincamps.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Somme
The other half of the battery joined them on 18 June and the positions were completed and stocked with ammunition by 23 June. From 24 to 30 June the battery bombarded targets in the Beaumont-Hamel sector. On Z Day (1 July) the battery began firing at 06.00 and lengthened its range at 07.30 when the infantry went 'over the top'. By 16.30 it had fired approximately 1000 rounds.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Somme
1/1st Welsh Hyv Bty remained active on this front through the summer. On 13 August it was heavily shelled and Maj Nugent was wounded; Capt G. Brymer assumed command and was confirmed in the position on 15 September. The battery was in the bombardment of Beaucourt Redoubt between 05.05 and 08.30 on 3 September, and then engaged in CB fire. On 15 September (the Battle of Flers–Courcelette) it assisted with CB fire in the direction of Courcelette. On 3 October the two guns of Left Section were condemned as unserviceable and sent to the Ordnance workshops, being replaced by two Mk IV 4.7-inch guns.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Ancre
The battery fired in support of the operations on 13 and 15 November (the Battle of the Ancre) for the final Capture of Beaumont-Hamel and Grandcourt. At the end of the Somme offensive the battery was transferred to 32nd HAG in Fifth Army on 1 December. There were still ongoing Operations on the Ancre: on 3 February 1917 the battery fired 960 rounds in four hours, setting a unit record.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Ancre
The BEF had begun progressively replacing its obsolescent 4.7-inch guns with 60-pounders during 1916. From 5 February 1917, 25 Other Ranks of 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty were attached to 25th Hvy Bty for instruction on the 60-pdr. However, it had not received its new guns when the Germans began their planned retreat to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich). The battery followed up and took up positions between Serre and Beaumont-Hamel in what had been the German positions (it was now part of 56th HAG, having transferred on 19 February 1917).


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Ancre
In December 1916 the WO decided that all heavy batteries should be composed of six guns. 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty received its first four new 60-pdrs on 27 February, and then on 3 March it was joined by a section of one officer and 83 gunners from 200th Hvy Bty (newly arrived in France and immediately broken up) to bring it up to a six-gun establishment. On 7 March it fired off all its 4.7-inch ammunition and passed its old guns over to 1/1st Highland Hvy Bty. Next day it began a four-day march to Verquin to join 31st HAG in First Army on 12 March. That night it emplaced three guns at Bully-Grenay, the other three following on 16 March.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Vimy Ridge
On 20 March the artillery preparation began for the Battle of Vimy Ridge, with the batteries of 31st HAG firing from around Bully-Grenay on the extreme north flank of the attack, from where they could virtually enfilade the German lines in support of I Corps. The artillery plan for the heavy guns emphasised counter-battery fire. At Zero hour, while the field guns laid down a Creeping barrage to protect the advancing infantry, the 60-pounders switched to 'searching' fire on the German rear areas to catch machine gunners and moving infantry.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Vimy Ridge
When the British infantry reached their Phase 2 objective (the Blue Line) the field guns would move forward and the 60-pounders move up to occupy their vacated positions. The attack went in on 9 April with I Corps and Canadian Corps successfully capturing Vimy Ridge while Third Army attacked further south near Arras. The only hold-up on 9 April was at Hill 145, near the north end of the Canadian attack, and the capture of this position was completed the next day. During the day the battery suffered several casualties from German CB fire.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Vimy Ridge
As the Arras Offensive continued, the battery advanced three guns  to a new position at Cite Calonne on 21 April, the others moving up to Rollencourt on 27 April, and the wagon lines to Petit Sains on 12 May. The battery suffered a number of casualties. The half battery at Cite Calonne was heavily shelled on 11 May when two guns were put out of action, and again on 14 May, this time without casualties.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Arras Front
On 11 May the battery had been transferred to the command of 15th HAG, and on 16 May the battery personnel were withdrawn and sent to Béthune for rest, returning to their positions on 26 May. The guns continued in action, with a half battery moving up to Grenay on 5 June, joined by the rest on 10 June. On 16 June the battery was heavily shelled, by about 450 rounds from German 5.9-inch and 4.2-inch guns, but there was no serious damage and only one gunner wounded. However, there were a steady trickle of killed and wounded over succeeding days, while First Army carried out a number of operations round Oppy Wood. .


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Arras Front
On 3 July the battery was ordered to move to Noyelles and take over the guns and positions of 37th Hvy Bty. This was done by half batteries over two successive nights, the wagon lines moving to Vaudricourt, and 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty came under 67th HAG. On the evening of 23 July the battery was standing by to fire in support of a raid timed for 21.15. At 21.10 it came under heavy CB fire from a German 5.9-inch (150 mm) battery.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Arras Front
The gunners lay down round their guns until one minute before Zero, when they manned their guns and opened fire punctually. Later, 88 shell holes were counted between the guns and the battery command post, yet there were no casualties. The battery was congratulated by the corps commander for its steadiness under fire.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Arras Front
The battery continued on the Arras front through the summer, coming under CB fire again on 9 August, when there were no casualties but one gun was temporarily pout out of action. On 15 August it fired in support of the Battle of Hill 70. Low level operations continued on the Arras front while the BEF concentrated on its Ypres Offensive. 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty pushed forward and came under fire several times, with damage to guns. On 23 October 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty moved to 11th HAG with Second Army, which was engaged in the final actions of the Battle of Passchendaele.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Spring Offensive
Second Army HQ was sent to the Italian Front at the end of 1917, and Fourth Army took over the Ypres Salient, with 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty transferring to 53rd HAG on 18 December. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 the HAGs were converted into permanent RGA brigades, with 53rd becoming a 'Mixed' brigade of 60-pounders and batteries of various calibres of howitzers.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Spring Offensive
Second Army HQ resumed command of the Ypres sector (including 53rd (Mixed) Bde RGA), in March 1918 and was soon involved in the Battle of the Lys, the second phase of the German spring offensive that involved great loss of ground and rapid retreat for much of the artillery. The German advance on Second Army's front was halted on 29 April.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Hundred Days
1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty received an extended rest from 27 July to 17 August. Next day Second Army joined in the Allies' Hundred Days Offensive with the capture of several important ridges, and then a succession of attacks in early September. Second Army's contribution to the great series of coordinated offensives starting on 28 September was the Fifth Battle of Ypres (28 September–2 October).


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Hundred Days
53rd Brigade including 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty switched to First Army on 2 October and remained with it until the Armistice with Germany, including the Battle of the Selle, when it was under the command of VIII Corps to support XXII Corps crossing of the Echaillon and advance to the Schelde, and the Battle of the Sambre.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery
The Welsh Heavy Bty began recruiting its reserve battery at 25 per cent strength in October 1914 and in December was ordered to recruit it up to full strength. The Home and Overseas service batteries were formally separated and the men transferred on 28 February 1915. Later the 3rd Line supplied reinforcement drafts to 1/1st Bty in France. Major J. Samuels took command of 2/1st Welsh Hvy Bty on 5 March.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery
The battery joined the 68th (2nd Welsh) Division, which concentrated at Northampton in April 1915. It moved to Bedford in the summer to replace the 53rd (Welsh) Division. Training of the units was made difficult by the lack of arms and equipment, although a trickle of horses and saddlery and later some obsolete guns reached the division during the year.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery
68th (2nd Welsh) Division was now assigned a role in Home Defence and joined First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force, with its units quartered across Eastern England. In May 1917 it transferred to Northern Army (Home Forces), and the heavy battery was stationed at Leiston during the summer before moving into winter quarters at Blythburgh.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery
2/1st Welsh Hvy Bty remained with 68th Division, supplying drafts to units overseas, until May 1918 when it joined 227th Mixed Brigade. It remained stationed at Blythburgh with four old 4.7-inch guns until the end of the war. It was reduced to a cadre and went to Georgetown, South Wales, for disbandment on 19 September 1919.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar
When the TF was reformed in 1920, the Welsh (Carnarvonshire) RGA was initially reformed as 12th (Carnarvon and Denbigh) Medium Brigade, RGA, which was to have had its HQ and two batteries at Colwyn Bay and one battery at Bangor. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) the following year the unit was redesignated 61st Medium Brigade, RGA, with probably only one battery (241 Medium Bty) at Bangor.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar
However, wartime experience showed that the army had too many mounted units, and only the 14 most senior Yeomanry Cavalry regiments in the TA were retained as horsed cavalry, the remainder being converted to armoured cars or artillery. On 1 March 1922 the Denbighshire Hussars were merged with the new medium brigade to form 61st (Carnarvon & Denbigh Yeomanry) Medium Brigade, RGA with the following organisation:


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar
The commanding officer (CO) was Acting Lt-Col W.F. Christian, DSO of the RGA, with Major W.H. Hughes (the Welsh Heavy Battery's prewar CO) as senior major. No prewar officers of the Denbigh Yeomanry were carried over to the new brigade.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 241 (Carnarvon) Medium Battery
When the TA was doubled in size just before World War II, 241 Medium Bty transferred to the duplicate unit, 69th (Carnarvon & Denbigh Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, which served in the Battle of France, the Middle East, Italy and North West Europe. After the war the Denbighshire and Caernarvonshire Territorials underwent a number of amalgamations until in 1967 they became Q (Denbighshire and Caernarvonshire Yeomanry) Bty in the Flintshire and Denbighshire Yeomanry, RA. In 1971 it was reformed as infantry, forming  B (Flintshire and Denbighshire Yeomanry) Company in 3rd Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. The Denbighshire Yeomanry lineage was discontinued from 1999 to 2013, when a new 398 (Flintshire & Denbighshire Yeomanry) Transport Squadron, Royal Logistic Corps, was formed in the Army Reserve.


1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorial
There is a memorial to the 1/1st Welsh (Caernarvon) Bty, RGA, alongside the main City of Bangor war memorial in the memorial gardens at Deiniol Road, Bangor. The flat lead panel carries 37 names of men who died in World War I and 27 from World War II. It was previously at Bangor Crematorium, and before that at the TA Drill Hall in Glynne Road, Bangor.


1st Caucasian Cavalry Corps (Russian Empire)
The 1st Caucasian Cavalry Corps (Russian, 1-й Кавказский кавалерийский корпус) was a military formation of the Russian Empire during World War I, from 1915 to 1918, and was part of the Russian Caucasus Army. The corps was formed in October 1915 from parts of the Imperial Russian Caucasian army cavalry to serve as an expeditionary force in Persia to counteract pro-German forces (Persian Campaign). It was formed under the command of the Caucasus Army, but then reorganized into the Caucasus Front in April 1917 as a result of the turmoil caused by the Russian Revolution. It changed names several times throughout the war and was disbanded in June 1918.


1st Caucasus Army Corps
The 1st Caucasus Army Corps (Russian, 1-й Кавказский армейский корпус) was a military formation of the Russian Empire which existed between 1847 and 1918, including the period during World War I.


1st Caucasus Army Corps
It was reformed on December 17, 1878. From November 1888 to March 1899, it was named the Caucasus Army Corps.


1st Caucasus Army Corps, History
In the first half of the 19th century the Caucasus Army Corps of the Russian Ground Forces formed the basis of the military management of the Armed Forces. The total number of corps varied from five in 1810 to twenty in 1825 (including eight separate corps: Guard, Grenadier, Caucasus, Finnish, Lithuanian, Orenburg, Siberian, and internal guard). In 1833 the number of corps was reduced to fifteen. For the period of the Eastern (Crimean) War (1855-1856) three new corps were created, and after its completion four corps were disbanded.


1st Caucasus Army Corps, History
Army and cavalry corps were abolished from 1862 to 1864 during the military reforms of Dmitry Milyutin. However, advantages in combat readiness of corps organization led to their reconstruction from 1874 to 1879. Each corps included a directorate, two or three infantry division and one cavalry division, all with artillery.


1st Caucasus Army Corps, History
On March 22, 1899 by the highest order the 20th and 39th infantry divisions, the 1st and 2nd Caucasus Cossack divisions, the 1st and 2nd Kuban Plastun battalions, the 20th and 39th artillery brigades, the 2nd and 5th Cossack batteries, the 20th and 39th flying artillery parks were allocated from the Caucasus army corps. This unit was called the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, which was formed on May 1, 1899.


1st Caucasus Cossack Division (Russian Empire)
The 1st Caucasus Cossack Division was a cavalry unit within the Imperial Russian Army. They were headquartered at Kars.


1st Cavalry Army
The 1st Cavalry Army (Russian: Первая конная армия) was a prominent Red Army military formation. It was also known as "Budyonny's Cavalry Army" or simply as Konarmia ("Horsearmy").


1st Cavalry Army, History
When the Russian Civil War broke out in 1918, a non-commissioned officer named Budyonny organized a small cavalry force in the Don region out of local Cossacks. This force rapidly grew in numbers, sided with the Bolsheviks and eventually became the 1st Cavalry Army. It was transformed from a guerrilla force into a proper military unit under the command of Semyon Budyonny, and the political guidance of Kliment Voroshilov.


1st Cavalry Army, History
This army played an important role in winning the Civil War for the Bolsheviks, driving the White General Anton Denikin back from his advance towards Moscow.


1st Cavalry Army, History
In 1920 Budyonny's Cavalry Army took part in the defence from Poland during the Polish-Bolshevik War, at first with remarkable success. The 1st Cavalry Army pushed Polish forces out of Ukraine and broke through Polish southern frontlines, but later was bogged down at Lvov. This in turn led to a heavy defeat of the rest of the Bolshevik forces in the Battle of Warsaw. When Budyonny's Cavalry finally joined the battle it was also soundly defeated in the Battle of Komarów, known as the last great cavalry battle in history. At this point, the 1st Cavalry Army's morale and discipline were at a low point and robbery and violence against the civilian population became commonplace. The 1st Cavalry Army also became known for periodic outbreaks of murderous anti-semitism.


1st Cavalry Army, History
The remains of the 1st Cavalry Army were sent south to fight Wrangel’s White forces in Ukraine and the Crimea. In May 1921 the 1st Cavalry Army was moved to North Caucasus. This movement was the basis of myth about the invincible 1st Cavalry Army, which has been cultivated by Soviet propaganda. On 4 May, its field headquarters was used to form the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District (2nd formation). However, troops remained subordinated to the army staff until its dissolution on 11 October 1923.


1st Cavalry Army, History
The march of the 1st Cavalry Army became popular after the Russian Civil War and was celebrated in a song, We are the Red Cavalry (Russian: Мы красная кавалерия). Other titles of the song were "Мы красные кавалеристы" (We, Red cavalrymen) and "[Марш Буденного]" (Budenny march), and "Марш красных конников" (March of the Red horsemen).


1st Cavalry Army, History
In commemoration, a monument to the 1st Cavalry Army was built in Lvov oblast, Ukraine.


1st Cavalry Brigade (France)
The French 1st Cavalry Brigade was a military unit of the French Army which served during World War II. A partly horse-mounted unit, it fought in the Battle of Belgium and the Battle of France in May 1940. An element of the brigade was noted for its defence of Vendresse against German tanks, delaying their opponents for most of the day. After the Armistice of 22 June 1940 the brigade was reformed as a unit of Vichy France, but it was disbanded in November 1942.


1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Pre-war
The 1st Cavalry Brigade was a pre-war unit commanded from 1936 by Colonel Maurice-Arthur-Alphonse Wemaere. In August 1939 it consisted of the 1st Hussar Cavalry Regiment and the 8th Cavalry (Chasseur à Cheval) Regiment and was commanded by General of Brigade Emile-Henri Gailliard.


1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France
The unit served directly under the Second Army during the opening stages of the Western Front of the Second World War, during which the unit was augmented with the 4th Tank Battalion. The cavalry of the Second Army was deployed into Belgium on the morning of 10 May 1940, after the German invasion. The 2nd Light Cavalry Division became engaged in heavy fighting with the advanced German units and was pushed back from near Étalle to Jamoigne. The 1st Cavalry Brigade was ordered to occupy a position between Jamoigne, Suxy and Straimont to defend the line.


1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France
A horse troop was deployed within Suxy itself. The German 10th Panzer Division unexpectedly altered its line of advance which brought in into conflict with the 1st Cavalry Brigade on the morning of 11 May. The horse troop in Suxy held off the Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland until guns from the 16th Assault Gun Company forced them back. The brigade was pushed back around 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the west of Suxy, opening the route to Mortehan.


1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France
The unit was thereafter lightly engaged and withdrew in cooperation with the adjacent 5th Light Cavalry Division towards their final defensive position along the Semois river. Hampered by refugees and generally slower than the German Panzer Division troops the retreat was confused and some German forces crossed the river, compromising the defence. The French cavalry had largely been ineffective in its objective to delay the German advance in Belgium; it had been surprised by the speed of the German troops and had insufficient tanks and anti-tank weaponry to oppose them.


1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France
The unit was afterwards deployed in France to defend the rear of the Maginot Line from a German advance from Sedan. With both units weakened by losses in Belgium it was combined with the 5th Light Cavalry Division and assigned to XXI Corps. The unit fought alongside the 3rd Spahi Brigade of African cavalry to defend the Ourthe River. With other units pushed back the 1st Cavalry Brigade covered the French withdrawal south to Chagny. On 14 May the unit attempted to defend Vendresse against the 1st Panzer Division, with the 5th Light Cavalry Division.


1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France
The units, many of whom were horse-mounted, held up the German armour for the entire day, before withdrawing, when ordered, at 5 p.m. A horse troop from the 1st Cavalry Brigade took part in the defence of Chagny against the 1st and 2nd Panzer Regiments and suffered heavy losses, withdrawing to Hill 250.


1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Vichy unit
After the French surrender the 1st Cavalry Brigade was restored as a unit of Vichy France. In September 1940 it consisted of the 1st and 7th Cavalry (Chasseur à Cheval) Regiments. It was disbanded in November 1942.


1st Cavalry Brigade (Hungary)
The 1st Cavalry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.


1st Cavalry Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 1st Cavalry Brigade of the Imperial Japanese Army was originally formed November 3, 1901.


1st Cavalry Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)
It was assigned to Kwantung Army in April 1933 as part of the IJA Cavalry Group. It was then assigned with the Cavalry Group to the Northern China Area Army in June 1938. Again with the Group it was assigned to the Mongolia Garrison Army in February 1939.


1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 1st Cavalry Brigade was a brigade of the British Army. It served in the Napoleonic Wars (1st Household Cavalry Brigade), the Anglo-Egyptian War (1st (Heavy) Cavalry Brigade), the Boer War and in the First World War when it was assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division.


1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)
Prior to World War I the brigade was based at Aldershot in England and originally consisted of three cavalry regiments, and a Royal Engineers signal troop. After the declaration of war in August 1914, the brigade was deployed to the Western Front in France, where an artillery battery joined the brigade the following September and a Machine Gun Squadron in February 1916.


1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)
One of the brigade's early battles was the action at Néry on 1 September 1914 when, acting alone, the brigade defeated the German 4th Cavalry Division. As a result of this action three men from the artillery battery – Captain Edward Bradbury, Sergeant-Major George Dorrell and Sergeant David Nelson – were awarded the Victoria Cross.


1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Napoleonic Wars
From June 1809, Wellington organized his cavalry into one, later two, cavalry divisions (1st and 2nd) for the Peninsular War. These performed a purely administrative, rather than tactical, role; the normal tactical headquarters were provided by brigades commanding two, later usually three, regiments. The cavalry brigades were named for the commanding officer, rather than numbered. For the Hundred Days Campaign, he numbered his British cavalry brigades in a single sequence, 1st to 7th. The 1st Cavalry Brigade consisted of:


1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Napoleonic Wars
As the majority of the brigade consisted of Household Cavalry regiments, it was known as the 1st (Household) Cavalry Brigade .


1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second Boer War
The brigade was reformed for the Second Boer War. During the Battle of Paardeberg, the brigade commanded:


1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second Boer War
Following the end of the Second Boer War in 1902 the army was restructured, and the 1st Cavalry Brigade was established at Aldershot (South Cavalry Barracks) attached to the 1st Army Corps.


1st Cavalry Corps (Russian Empire)
The 1st Cavalry Corps was a cavalry corps in the Imperial Russian Army.


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia"
The 1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia" (Italian: 1ª Divisione celere "Eugenio di Savoia") was a cavalry or "Celere" (Fast) division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Eugenio di Savoia was mobilized in 1940 and took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia. The division was assigned to the XI Corps in Ljubljana and remained in Yugoslavia as occupation force on the Dalmatian coast. After the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the division was disbanded by the Germans.


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia", History
The division was formed on 17 April 1930 as 1st Fast Division in the city of Udine in Friuli. Although not officially sanctioned the division is considered to be the heir of the 1st Cavalry Division of Friuli, which fought in World War I and consisted of the I and II cavalry brigades. On 15 June 1930 the I Cavalry Brigade, with the regiments "Cavalleggeri di Saluzzo", "Cavalleggeri di Monferrato", and "Cavalleggeri di Alessandria" entered the division. The following year the 1st Light Artillery Regiment was raised and assigned to the division.


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia", History
In January 1933 the Regiment "Piemonte Reale Cavalleria" replaced the Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Monferrato". On 1 January 1934 the division and brigade received the name "Eugenio di Savoia". On the same date the brigade was reorganized with the Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Alessandria" being replaced by the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment, and the I Light Tank Group "San Giusto" joining the brigade.


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia", History
On 1 February 1938 the I Cavalry Brigade "Eugenio di Savoia" was dissolved and its three regiments came under direct command of the division. In October of the same year the Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Alessandria" returned to the division, which in turn lost the Regiment "Piemonte Reale Cavalleria".


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia", History, World War II
On 30 March 1941 the division ceded its 1st Cavalry Artillery Regiment with the II and III motorized groups to the 27th Infantry Division "Brescia", which was fighting in the Western Desert Campaign. On 3 April the Regiment "Nizza Cavalleria" was attached to the division for the upcoming Invasion of Yugoslavia. Afterwards the division remained in Yugoslavia as occupation force. On 23 June the division lost its last artillery group, which was transferred to the 3rd Cavalry Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta" to form an artillery regiment for the latter division's upcoming deployment to the Eastern front.


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia", History, World War II
On 17 October 1941 the Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Alessandria" conducted the last cavalry charge by an Italian military unit: encircled by a group of Yugoslav Partisans near Poloj in Croatia the regiment launched repeated nighttime saber charges against the partisans and despite suffering heavy casualties, the charge succeeded and the regiment broke through the encirclement.


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia", History, World War II
After the Armistice of Cassibile the division tried to rally in Rijeka, but by 13 September 1943 the division dissolved and ceased to exist.


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia", Organization
The division had undergone a level of mechanization and fielded two cavalry regiments, a Bersaglieri regiment, a motorized artillery regiment, and a light tank group. The squadrons of the cavalry regiments were horse-mounted and, other than a motorcycle company, the Bersaglieri were issued with bicycles. The light tank group had a total of 61 L3/35s and Fiat L6/40 tanks. The division was commanded by Lieutenant General Federico Ferrari Orsi.


1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia", Military honors
For its conduct while serving with the 27th Infantry Division "Brescia" during the Western Desert campaign the President of Italy awarded on 7 December 1951 to the division's 1st Cavalry Artillery Regiment Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valour.


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium)
The 1st Cavalry Division (French: 1ere Division de Cavalerie) was a cavalry division of the Belgian Army that fought against the German Armed Forces in the Battle of Belgium.


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War I
At the start of World War I, the 1st Cavalry Division was not formed yet, but was part of a reserve Cavalry Division as ‘1st Cavalry Brigade.’ Its headquarters were in Brussels and was composed of the 1st and 2nd Guides Regiment.


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II
When the 1st Cavalry Division was mobilized in late 1939, most of its regiments were at full strength. Two regiments of the 1st Cavalry Division (the 3rd Lancers regiment, and the 1st Cyclist regiment) left, weakening the Division in 1940. The 1st Cavalry Division was positioned at the Belgian border near the Ardennes.


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II
When the German offensive was confirmed, most of the 1st Cavalry Division was near Neufchateau and its main objective was to regroup with the retreating 1st Division of the Ardennes Hunters, and the other detachments of the Cavalry Division. Delays hampered the advance.


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II
The 1st Cavalry division sent the 4th regiment Lancers to the 2nd Cavalry division and in turn, was reinforced with the 2nd Regiment Gidsen. The command system was thoroughly redistributed.


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II
The Germans advanced at full speed. The K-W line was fully breached and the 1st Cavalry Division retreated west. The 1st Cavalry Division was ordered to fall to the Scheldt. But the Germans overran the positions and the Scheldt Canal was abandoned. The situation got worse when the Allied armies including the Belgians were encircled near Northern France and Flanders.


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II
By May 25-26, the remainder of the division not yet killed or captured was again reorganized so they could be deployed in the Sluis Middelburg line. But the line was breached yet again, as 1st Cavalry Division was withdrawn and had to defend the quickly built defense of Strobugge-Maldegem-Oostwinkel Axis. But the Germans moved on and the division had to retreat to the last defense of the Strobugge-Maldegem-Oostwinkel Axis. After the breach of the last desperate defense, the division surrendered.


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940
Structure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium:


1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940
•Commanding General, 1st Cavalry Division - Lieutenant -General Maurice Keyaerts


1st Cavalry Division (German Empire)
The 1st Cavalry Division (1. Kavallerie-Division) was a unit of the German Army in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.


1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
Initially, it was the sole cavalry division on the Eastern Front, where it was assigned to the 8th Army. It remained in the East throughout the war. From 6 January 1915 to 22 August 1917, the division was involved in coastal defence duties in northern Courland. It was transferred to the Ukraine in March 1918, where it remained until 29 January 1919. From 16 January 1918, it contained just one brigade of 3 regiments.


1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar
The Division was formed as Part of the Mobilization at the Beginning of the First World War and was used exclusively on the Eastern Front. Here it remained as a German Police Force after the Peace of Brest-Litovsk. It was first used in Livonia and Estonia and then came to Ukraine, where it remained until 16 March 1919.


1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar
1914– 17 August – Battle of Stallupönen19 to 20 August – Battle of Gumbinnen23–31 August – Battle of Tannenberg5–15 September – Battle of the Masurian Lakes25 to 30 September – Battle of the Njemen1 October to 5 November – position Fights at Grajewo-Wizajny6–8 November – Battle of Göritten13–16 November – Battle of the Romintener HeathFrom 15 November – jockeying for position for The Field position at Lötzen and at the Angerapp


1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar
1915– Until 7 February – jockeying for position for the Field Position Lötzen-Angerapp. 8–22 February – Winter Battle in Masuren23 February to 6 March – Battles at the Bobr7–16 March – Battles in the Border position Sereje-Simno-Luzhwinov and Mariampol 9–12


1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar
March – Battles at Sejny25–30 March – Battles at Krasnopol and Krasne31 March to 20 July – Position Battles between Augustov, Mariampol and Pilwiszki21 July to 7 August – battles at the Jesia and at Wejwery8–18 August – Siege of Kowno19 August to 8 September – Njemen battle9 September– Szyrwinty9 to 24 September – Battle of Vilnius24 September to 19 October – Battles at the Mjadsjolka and DryswjataFrom 6 November – Coastal Protection in Northern Courland


1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar
1917– Until 22 August – Coastal Protection North Kurland 23 January to 3 February – Winter Battle on the Aa1–5 September – Battle of Riga6 September to 28 October – Position Battles north of the DünaFrom 29 October – Crew service at Budget Inspection 10


1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar
1918– Until 10 March – Crew service at Budget Inspection 1011 March to 2 May – Occupation of Livonia and Estonia as a German Police force3 May to 21 June – Fighting in Ukraine22 June to 15 November – Occupation of UkraineFrom 16 November – Eviction of Ukraine