1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Territorial Force
The 4th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment formed part of the East Midland Brigade of the East Anglian Division.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, Mobilisation
On 26 July 1914, the 4th Northamptons went into camp at Ashridge Park for annual training. When the order to mobilise was received on 4 August, it returned to its Clare Street drill hall at Northampton and by 10 August the battalion was at its war station at Romford as the East Anglian Division concentrated in Essex. On 20 August it moved to Bury St Edmunds and formed part of the East Coast defences until the following May.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, Mobilisation
Meanwhile, the formation of duplicate or 2nd Line TF units from Home Service men and recruits had been authorised, and towards the end of 1914 the 2nd East Anglian Division came into existence at Peterborough. The original battalion became the 1/4th, and its 2nd Line became the 2/4th. Later a 3/4th Battalion was formed.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons
After the Home Service men and the unfit had been transferred to the 2/4th Bn, the 1/4th was brought up to strength with recruits and training continued at Bury St Edmunds. The battalion moved to Thetford in Norfolk in November 1914. At Easter 1915 the East Anglian Division moved into the coast defences, the 1/4th Bn being stationed in Norwich. In May the battalion moved back to Bury St Edmunds to fit out with tropical kit for overseas service. The 1st East Anglian Division was now numbered as the 54th (East Anglian) Division, with the East Midlands Brigade becoming 162nd (East Midland) Brigade. On 29 July the 1/4th Northamptons entrained, and sailed the following day from Devonport aboard the transport Royal George.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Gallipoli
In the early hours of 15 August the battalion transhipped to the destroyers Foxhound and Scourge and ran in to Suvla Bay on the Gallipoli Peninsula, landing from small boats onto the beach. At the end of the day it was moved up to support the rest of 162nd Bde, which had been engaged throughout the day. On 17 August the battalion moved into the front line. In trench warfare it lost three officers and seven other ranks killed, and three officers and 53 other ranks wounded by the end of August.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Gallipoli
At the beginning of September the 1/4th Northamptons were transferred to 163rd (Norfolk & Suffolk) Bde in 54th Division, and remained with it until the end of the campaign. This brigade held the Hill 60 sector and the battalion spent its time between that place and 'South Wales Borderers Valley'. The trench lines were close together, within hand grenade range, and between 3 September and 30 November the battalion suffered battle casualties of 35 killed and 129 wounded, as well as a large number of sick. On 27 November the battalion was due to be withdrawn for a month's rest at Mudros, but torrential rain brought all movement to a halt, followed by freezing conditions, and the battalion was not relieved until 8 December, having suffered further casualties.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Egypt
After a week at Mudros, the battalion was transferred to Egypt, landing at Alexandria on 18 December. On 30 December it was moved by rail and foot to the Western Desert in support of the cavalry and armoured cars operating against the Senussi before returning to camp near Cairo in January 1916. Here the 54th Division was concentrated, and the battalion was brought up to strength with drafts, including men from the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and Leicestershire Regiment who had seen service on the Western Front.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Egypt
In April 1916, after rest, the division took up positions in No 1 (Southern) Section of the Suez Canal defences, remaining in this area for the rest of the year. In the autumn the battalion embarked to join T.E. Lawrence and the Arab Revolt, but the move was countermanded. On 9 January 1917, the 1/4th Northamptons went into camp for training, and at the end of the month entrained for Kantara to begin the march across the Sinai Peninsula preparatory to the advance into Palestine.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine
On 26 March the 1/4th Northamptons were ordered to entrench a position on the Gaza road to cover the mounted troops during the First Battle of Gaza. However, at midnight they were informed that the action had been broken off and they were in danger of being cut off. After a tricky withdrawal, the battalion rejoined the rest of 162nd Bde. For the Second Battle of Gaza on 17 April, the battalion supported 1/5th Bedfordshire Regiment and 1/11th London Regiment. Two days later the Northamptons took over the lead, advancing towards the Beersheba road against strongly entrenched Turkish troops. The battalion reached but could not enter the trenches, and by 16.30 about 80 per cent of the leading companies had become casualties and they were pinned down. The survivors withdrew after nightfall, having suffered 10 officers and 366 other ranks killed, wounded and missing.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine
Stationary trench warfare having set in, the battalion was brought up to strength before a new attempt on the Turkish position (the Third Battle of Gaza) began on 2 November. After the 161st and 163rd Brigades had advanced up the coast to capture the Gaza defences, A Company 1/4th Northamptons was to pass through with tanks in support and capture the positions known as 'Lion', 'Tiger' and 'Dog', north west of Gaza, clear the beach of Wire entanglements to allow the cavalry through, and finally to occupy a defensive line to cover their withdrawal if required.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine
By 06.30 the first part of the operation had succeeded, and A Company passed through, and captured 'Lion' about 1500 yards further on within an hour, despite the breakdown of the tanks and the ineffectiveness of the covering machine-gun barrage due to mist. The wire on the beach was cleared, but the remaining objectives could not be taken before the Turks counter-attacked. The company was so far ahead of support that it had to be withdrawn. Further attempts at the same operation also failed in face of counterattacks. The Northamptons suffered heavy casualties: five officers and 45 other ranks killed, three officers and 129 other ranks wounded, and 33 missing. However, the attack on the Beersheba position was successful and the Turks retreated, the 1/4th reaching the outskirts of Jaffa by 25 November.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine
On 27 November the weak (400 strong) battalion distinguished itself at Wilhelma, decisively repulsing three attacks made by 3000 Turks with ample artillery support. When the battalion's flanks were threatened, the CO ordered counter-attacks by two platoons on each flank to restore the position. The action protected the vital Jaffa–Jerusalem road, the main supply route for the British force advancing to capture Jerusalem.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine
The next forward movement was not until March 1918, after which trench warfare set in again. In June the 54th Division was ordered to reinforce the Western Front, the 4th Northamptons entraining for Kantara. But the order was rescinded and the 54th returned to Palestine.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine
The final offensive of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), known as the Battle of Megiddo, opened on 19 September 1918 with the Battle of Sharon. 162nd Brigade formed the second wave, attacking at 09.40 into considerable machine-gun and shell fire. The battalion pressed on despite the heat and casualties (including the CO mortally wounded) and reached their objective by 06.45 the following morning after a running fight of 14 miles in which it had taken numerous German and Turkish prisoners for the loss of 75 killed and wounded. As a result of the EEF's attacks on 19/20 September, the Turks retreated and the cavalry took up pursuit.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine
54th Division was then taken out of the line and concentrated at Haifa, where it was engaged in repairing communications for the rapidly advancing army. Although the 4th Northamptons marched north, reaching Beirut on 31 October, they saw no more fighting; the Armistice of Mudros was signed on that day. On 4 December they embarked to return to Kantara by sea. In early 1919 the battalion took part in suppressing riots in Egypt, which delayed demobilisation. The cadre of the battalion reached Northampton on 4 November 1919.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 2/4th Northamptons
The 2/4th Battalion formed at Northampton on 27 November 1914. It constituted part of 2nd East Midland Brigade in 2nd East Anglian Division. Early in 1915, the division (which was numbered 69th in August 1915, with the 2nd East Midland Brigade becoming 207th) concentrated round Thetford, where it formed part of First Army in Central Force. The 2nd Line TF divisions were now being prepared to follow the 1st Line overseas, and in May 1915 the remaining Home Service men were removed from the battalion and posted to the 62nd Provisional Battalion (see below).


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 2/4th Northamptons
However, the constant drain of trained drafts sent overseas meant that the 69th Division was never ready for active service, and it remained on Home Defence for the whole war. It moved to Harrogate in North Yorkshire in June 1916, then to Stockton-on-Tees in October. By May 1917 it was at Carburton Camp in Nottinghamshire, moving by October to Clipstone Camp. The weakened 2/4th Bn was disbanded on 14 March 1918 at Clipstone and its remaining personnel posted to the 4th Reserve Bn.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 3/4th Northamptons
The 3/4th Battalion was formed at Northampton on 12 May 1915. It moved to Windsor Great Park in August, and then to Halton Park in October. On 8 April 1916 it was renamed the 4th Reserve Bn, forming part of the East Anglian Reserve Brigade at Halton. In August 1917 the battalion moved again, to Crowborough, where it later absorbed the 2/4th Bn. In September 1918 it moved to St Leonards-on-Sea and remained there until disbanded on 28 July 1919 after the end of the war.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 62nd Provisional Battalion
In June 1915, the Home Service men of the 2/4th Northamptons were posted, togetherwith those of the 2/1st Cambridgeshire Regiment, to form the 62nd Provisional Battalion. This was a coast defence battalion forming part of 3rd Provisional Brigade, attached to 69th Division in Norfolk.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 9th Northamptons
The Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Battalions thus became anomalous, and on 1 January 1917 the 62nd Bn became 9th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment in 223rd Mixed Brigade. Part of its role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. Based initially at Cley next the Sea, it moved to Sheringham in mid-1918 and remained on the Norfolk coast until disbandment on 24 March 1919.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Interwar
The 4th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment was reformed with the TF on 7 February 1920 (the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) the following year). Once again, it formed part of 162 (East Midlands) Brigade in 54 (East Anglian) Division. The four companies were at Northampton, Rushden, Wellingborough and Kettering.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Interwar
In 1930 a machine-gun company was added to the establishment and the 4th Battalion was reorganised with HQ, A and B (Machine Gun) Companies at Northampton (with a platoon at Towcester), C Company at Wellingborough, Rushden, Raunds and Irthlingborough, and D Company at Kettering.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Interwar
In the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA infantry battalions into searchlight battalions of the Royal Engineers (RE). The 4th Northamptons was one unit selected for this role, becoming 50th (The Northamptonshire Regiment) AA Battalion, RE, on 1 October 1937, with the following organisation:


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Interwar
The unit was subordinated to 34th (South Midland) AA Group (later Brigade) (later Brigade) as part of 2nd AA Division in Anti- Aircraft Command.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mobilisation
The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mobilisation
In June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. By now 50th (Northamptonshire) AA Bn was part of 32nd (Midland) AA Brigade in 2nd AA Division.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mobilisation
On 1 August 1940, in common with the other RE AA battalions, the unit was transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA), becoming 50th (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA., with the AA Companies redesignated Searchlight Batteries.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Blitz
By the Blitz of late 1940, 50 Searchlight Rgt had been transferred within 2 AA Division to 50th Light AA Bde, responsible for the air defence of Derby and Nottingham.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Blitz
The regiment supplied a cadre of experienced officers and men to 233rd S/L Training Rgt at Saighton Camp where it provided the basis for a new 556 S/L Bty formed on 13 February 1941. This battery later joined a newly forming 92nd S/L Rgt.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Blitz
In 1941 the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the Gun Defended Areas (GDA) around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mid-war
By the end of the Blitz in May 1941, 50th S/L Rgt was in 50th Light AA Bde in 2nd AA Division, and remained with it until June 1942 when it joined a newly formed 72nd AA Bde in 2nd AA Division, though 402 and 403 Btys remained attached to 50th AA Bde.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mid-war
On 10 September 1942, 400 (Northampton) Battery was transferred to 30th (Surrey) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, which was preparing for service overseas. The regiment landed at Algiers in January 1943 and was the only British searchlight unit serving with Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ) in North Africa. 400 Battery later moved into Tunisia as part of '30/62 S/L Regiment'. During the Italian Campaign, 30 S/L Regiment was once again the only British searchlight unit operating under AFHQ, but late in 1943 it was placed in suspended animation and its personnel dispersed to other units.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mid-war
50th (Northampton) S/L Rgt remained with 72nd AA Bde until December 1942, when it left to join 47th AA Bde in 2 AA Group (which had replaced 2nd AA Division). It remained with this brigade throughout 1943.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Operation Diver
2 AA Group was responsible for defending the assembly camps, depots and embarkation ports for Operation Overlord (the Allied invasion of Normandy) and was planning for the expected onslaught of V-1 flying bombs (codenamed 'Divers') against London. Meanwhile, the group had to deal with a sharp increase in Luftwaffe air raids trying to reach London (the so-called 'Baby Blitz'), which continued until May. In June 1944 47 AA Bde was disbanded but 50th S/L Rgt simply transferred within 2 AA Gp to the command of 38th Light AA Bde.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Operation Diver
On 13 June, a week after the Overlord fleets had left to launch D Day, the first V-1s appeared over southern England. 2 AA Group deployed its Light AA guns alongside S/L positions, hoping that the Searchlight Control radar (SLC) could guide the LAA guns at night. By day, the S/L positions used their AA Light machine guns in an effort to bring down the fast-moving missiles. The early success rate was low, but later fighter aircraft and radar-directed Heavy AA guns achieved high rates of success against V-1s.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, 637 (Northamptonshire Regiment) Infantry Regiment, RA
By the end of 1944, the German Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the UK could be discounted. At the same time 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe was suffering a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. On 23 January 1945 the War Office began to reorganise surplus AA regiments in the UK into infantry battalions, primarily for line of communication and occupation duties, thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service. On 23 January 1945 the regiment became 637 (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Infantry Regiment, RA. It formed part of 304 Infantry Bde (itself formed by conversion of 38th Light AA Bde).


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, 637 (Northamptonshire Regiment) Infantry Regiment, RA
In February the surplus (older or unfit) men were sent to Bursledon, near Southampton, where 82nd S/L Rgt was acting as a holding unit. The men remained with that regiment while they were awaiting posting or demobilisation. The regiment's Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) women were posted to AA brigade HQs.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, 637 (Northamptonshire Regiment) Infantry Regiment, RA
After infantry training, including a short period attached to 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, 304 Bde was sent to Norway in June 1945 following the liberation of that country (Operation Doomsday). Afterwards it was placed in suspended animation at Much Hadham, Hertfordshire, on 10 February 1946.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment was reformed as 585 (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA, forming part of 76 AA Bde (the former 50 AA Bde). It retained the right to wear the Northamptons' cap badge. The regiment was redesignated a Mixed Light Anti- Aircraft/Searchlight Regiment in March 1949 ('Mixed' indicating that personnel of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated within the unit).


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Postwar
When AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, there was a considerable reduction in the number of TA air defence units. As a result, 585 Regiment was amalgamated with 262 Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment and 579 (Royal Leicestershire Regiment) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment to form 438 (Royal Leicestershire Regiment) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment. The former 585 Rgt provided R (Northamptonshire Regiment) Battery in the new unit.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Postwar
However, 438 LAA Regiment only lasted until 1961, when it was broken up. R Battery reverted to infantry and merged with 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, to become 4th/5th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment, subsequently part of the Royal Anglian Regiment.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Uniforms and insignia
The original uniform was grey with scarlet facings and the headgear was a shako, in which the 5th Northampton RVC wore a red tuft. The shako was replaced by a spiked helmet in 1879. When the Volunteers were affiliated to the Regular county regiments they were given the option of adopting the scarlet coat, but the 1st Northampton VB rejected this and retained the grey jacket. Only when the battalion became the 4th Northamptons did it adopt a scarlet uniform faced in white. The facings were changed to the buff of the old 48th Foot (1st Bn Northampton Regiment) in 1926.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Uniforms and insignia
In common with the Regular Rifle regiments, the Rifle Volunteers did not carry Regimental colours: the battalion's first colours were presented in June 1909 after it had become the 4th Northamptons in the TF.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Uniforms and insignia
Upon conversion to the RE and then the RA, the battalion was granted the right to retain its county regiment association by continuing to wear the Northamptonshire Regiment cap badge. This was kept until the amalgamation of 1955.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Battle Honours
Gaza was one of the 10 honours selected by the whole Northamptonshire Regiment to be emblazoned on the King's Colour.


1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Battle Honours
The RE and RA do not carry battle honours, so none were awarded for service during the Second World War.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry, or 1st NE Missouri Cavalry was a Confederate Army regiment during the American Civil War. One of the commanders was Colonel Joseph C. Porter, who led 125 men through the Battle of Moore's Mill. This regiment was known for its guerrilla warfare.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Memphis
This battle was on June 6, 1862, in Scotland County, Missouri.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Vassar Hill
This battle was on July 19, 1862, and was the largest Civil War battle in Scotland County of North East Missouri.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Vassar Hill
The battle took place on a wooden bridge over the North Fork of the Fabius River. The Pierce's Mill area is a few hundred yards to the northwest and upstream of the bridge crossing. Oak Ridge is south across and all along the bottom land/timbered hill interface running northwest to southeast following the stream valley.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Vassar Hill
The Battle of Vassar Hill was fought between the Federal forces of Missouri and the confederates. Col. Porter assembled his 125 riders at Memphis, gave them the plan/orders of the day and rode to the Pierce's Mill area. Looking for Porter's riders was a 280-man Federal detachment composed of a battalion of the 11th Missouri Cavalry (the Merrill Horse) and a detachment of the 11th MO State Militia. Major Clopper was in command of the Federal riders.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Florida
This battle was on July 22, 1862, in Monroe County, Missouri.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Santa Fe
This battle was on July 24, 1862, in Monroe County, Missouri.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Moore's Mill
This battle was on July 28, 1862, in Callaway County, Missouri, with a Union victory.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Newark
This battle was on August 1, 1862, in Knox County, Missouri.


1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Kirksville
This battle was on August 6, 1862, in Kirksville, Adair County, Missouri with a Union victory.


1st Northern Provincial Council
The 1st Northern Provincial Council is the current meeting of the Northern Provincial Council, with the membership determined by the results of the 2013 provincial council election held on 21 September 2013. The council met for the first time on 25 October 2013. According to the Constitution of Sri Lanka the maximum term of a provincial council is 5 years from the date of its first meeting.


1st Northern Provincial Council, Election
The 1st Northern Provincial Council election was held on 21 September 2013. The Tamil National Alliance (TNA), the largest party representing the Sri Lankan Tamils, won 30 of the 38 seats. The United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA), which was in power nationally, became the second largest group after winning 7 seats. The Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) won the remaining seat.


1st Northern Provincial Council, Election, Results
The new provincial council met for the first time on 25 October 2013. C. V. K. Sivagnanam (TNA-ITAK) and Anton Jeyanathan (TNA-ITAK) were elected unopposed as Chairman and Deputy Chairman respectively.


1st Northern Provincial Council, Government/Board of Ministers
C. V. Vigneswaran was appointed Chief Minister by Governor G. A. Chandrasiri on 1 October 2013. Vigneswaran took his oath as chief minister and provincial councillor in front of President Mahinda Rajapaksa at the Presidential Secretariat on 7 October 2013. The four other ministers took their oaths in front of Vigneswaran at Veerasingam Hall on 11 October 2013: P. Ayngaranesan (TNA-EPRLF); B. Deniswaran (TNA-TELO); T. Kurukularajah (TNA-ITAK); and P. Sathiyalingam (TNA-ITAK).


1st Northern Provincial Council, Deaths and resignations
The 1st provincial council saw the following deaths and resignations:


1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council
The 1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council was the 8th assembly of the territorial government lasting from the election on September 17, 1951 to dissolution in 1954. This council would see elected members returned it for the first time since 1905.


1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Powers increase
Following the 1951 election, legislation to amend the Northwest Territories Act introduced in the House of Commons to increase the powers of the council. Provisions in the legislation also allowed them to re-establish a territorial court of law, as well as provide for the appointment of a police magistrate and increase the living allowance for members of the council while it is in session to $25.00 from $15.00 a day and to keep the pay per session day at $50.00.


1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Powers increase
The legislation also increased the number of elected seats to four and provided for a federally managed Reindeer Marketing Board to portion off Reindeer herds to Inuit family's to encourage establishment of Reindeer farms. The federal government passed these initiatives to help assert arctic sovereignty and prevent the United States from taking over the north lands.


1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Financial situation
In 1953 the territory recorded a budgetary surplus along with the Yukon. The inflow of cash came from government controlled liquor that netted over $150,000 to the treasury along with over $260,000 in federally collected taxes being returned to the territory. Other contributing sources were a 1 cent per gallon tax on all petroleum products, a fur export tax and various licensing fees.


1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Membership
A total of eight members served on the council, with five appointed and three elected. The three elected all came from the District of Mackenzie while the five appointed members lived in Ottawa. Previous to this council the last elected members sat in the 5th North-West Legislative Assembly.


1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Membership
Two appointed members of the council were returned from the 2nd Council of the Northwest Territories. They were Louis Audette and Deputy Commissioner Frank Cunningham who served by default as the presiding officer on the council. The Commissioner and leader of the government at the beginning of the council was Hugh Andrew Young who had served as such since 1950. Young left office on November 15, 1953, when his replacement Robert Gordon Robertson was appointed on the same day.


1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Membership
The only membership change in the council came in 1953 when Mervyn Hardie vacated his seat to run in the 1953 Canadian federal election. He won the district of Mackenzie River to be the first Member of Parliament for the territory since 1904. A by-election was not called to fill his seat.


1st November of 1954 Great Mosque
1st November of 1954 Great Mosque (Arabic: المسجد الكبير 1 نوفمبر 1954) is a mosque in the city of Batna, Algeria.


1st November of 1954 Great Mosque, History
The Construction of the mosque began in 1980. It was constructed as an installation to celebrate Islam. It was completed in 2003.


1st November of 1954 Great Mosque, Site
The mosque is located in the street bound to the city of Biskra, I has a area size of 42,000 square meters with the  maximum capacity of accommodating 30,000 worshipers.


1st Nunavut Legislature
The 1st Legislative Assembly of Nunavut lasted from 1999 to 2004. Nineteen Members were elected in the 1999 Nunavut General Election. The legislative assembly runs on a Consensus style government, members are elected as non-partisan and the assembly meets as a whole to elect a Premier, the cabinet and the Speaker. The Premier hands out the cabinet jobs.


1st Nunavut Legislature
The cabinet is considered the government and the Regular members are considered the opposition. The make up of the assembly acts as a minority parliament. The cabinet must gain the support of the Regular members in order to pass bills. Traditionally the cabinet votes as a block known as cabinet solidarity.


1st OTO Awards
The 1st OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2000, took time and place on February 3, 2001 at the Andrej Bagar Theatre in Nitra. The ceremony broadcast live by STV was hosted by Tibor Hlista.


1st OTO Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories
★ Dereš – Markíza Televízne noviny – Markíza Sensi Senzus – STV


1st Odessa International Film Festival
The First Odesa International Film Festival (Ukrainian: Оде́ський міжнаро́дний кінофестива́ль) was held in Odessa (Ukraine) from 16 to 24 July 2010.


1st Odessa International Film Festival
Screenings included in the competition program consisted of 16 feature-length films from United States, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Ukraine, Poland, Japan, Germany, Peru, Russia, India, United Kingdom, Canada (premiering in 2010) and the non-competition program consisted of over 50 films.


1st Odessa International Film Festival
The international jury of the first festival was headed by Dutch film maker Jos Stelling.


1st Odessa International Film Festival
Guests of the festival included Hollywood actor Rutger Hauer, directors Vadim Perelman, Krzysztof Zanussi, Kira Muratova, Yuri Mamin; actors Grégoire Colin, Vladimir Mashkov, Emmanuil Vitorgan, Alika Smekhova, Larisa Udovichenko, Yuriy Stoyanov, Sergei Migitsko, and others.


1st Odessa International Film Festival
Screenings are held at five city movie theaters. The opening and closing ceremonies are hosted at the famed Odessa Opera House. The central platform for screenings, special events, and the home of festival headquarters is the "Rodina" Movie Theater. The Odessa Film Studio serves as the home-base of master classes (in the framework of the Summer Film School project) for the duration of the festival. The first festival was attended by over 40 thousand audience members.


1st Odessa International Film Festival
After days full of screenings, the participants enjoy evening parties on the seashore beach clubs.


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Non-competitive program
A program entitled "Festival of Festivals" made up the non-competitive portion of the festival. This lineup included special screenings, retrospectives of famed filmmakers – Federico Fellini and Kira Muratova, a retrospective of the best comedies of the Odessa Film Studio, and special French and Russian programs.


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Special screenings
A unique and grandiose affair of the festival became the screening of Sergei M. Eisenstein's masterpiece "Battleship Potemkin" shown in the open air on the Potemkin Steps with live musical accompaniment by a symphonic orchestra.


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Summer Film School
The festival also included the special project – Summer Film School which incorporated Master Classes with special guests of the festival.


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Summer Film School
In the course of the 1st Odessa Film Festival master classes were given by Hollywood actor Rutger Hauer; directors Krzysztof Zanussi, Vadim Perelman, Kira Muratova, Jos Stelling and Yuri Mamin; film connoisseur Naum Kleiman; writer Lubko Deresh; producer Sergey Chiliants and others.


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners
On 24 July 2010, at the closing ceremony in the Opera House, the jury announced the winners of the 1st Odessa International Film Festival:


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners
Grand Prix of the Festival - Best film - " ", directed by Andrey Kavun ( Russia).


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners
Best director - Juliusz Machulski, author of the film " " ( Poland).


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners
Best acting work - Jaap Spijkers, the leading actor in the movie "", directed by Annemari van de Mond ( Netherlands).


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners
Special Jury Award – the film "My Suicide", directed by David Lee Miller ( United States).


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners
Special Jury Award – the film "October", directed by Daniel and Diego Vega ( Peru,  Spain).


1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners
Audience's Award – the film " ", directed by Andrey Kavun ( Russia).


1st Officer General Markov Regiment
The 1st Officer General Markov Regiment was the first of the military units of the Volunteer Army (later the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and the Russian Army), which received the patronage of one of the founders of the White Movement in southern Russia of the General Staff of Lieutenant General Sergey Markov.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
Date of foundation – November 17, 1917 – the day General Alekseev visited Novocherkassk Infirmary No. 2 on Barochnaya Street, after which an Officer Company was organized from the first volunteers.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
With the beginning of the First Kuban campaign in the village of Olginskaya, the Volunteer Army was reorganized by converting small units into larger units. On February 25, 1918, the regiment was formed from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Officer Battalions, the Shock Division of the Caucasian Cavalry Division, part of the 3rd Kiev School of Warrant Officers, the Rostov Officer and the Sea Company, as the Combined Officer Regiment, who later received a personal patronage of his first commander, General Markov. Initially, it consisted of 4 companies and a communications team and bombers with 13 machine guns. In mid-March 1918, the Special Junker Battalion (5th and 6th companies) was included in the regiment as the second battalion.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
Already during the Ice Campaign, the Combined Officer Regiment began to be called the Officer Regiment; from mid-March 1918, it was part of the 1st Infantry Brigade under the command of General Markov. On June 9, 1918, it was renamed the 1st Officer Regiment.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
On June 25, 1918, at the very beginning of the Second Kuban campaign, General Markov was killed in a battle near Shablievka station, who commanded the 1st Infantry Division of the Volunteer Army by that time. The departing red armored train fired the last shots, and a fragment of the head of the general who was watching the battle progress from the stack was demolished by a fragment of one of the shells. Now in this already city – Salsk – a monument has been erected to General Markov.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
On black, Markov epaulets, henceforth was the monogram of General Markov: "Markov" and the monogram – "General Markov" for the 1st Company of the Regiment – "the Company of General Markov".


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
At the end of the Second Kuban campaign, almost without respite, the regiment was transferred to the Coal Basin, where, together with other parts of the Volunteer Army, it waged heavy battles against the Makhnovists and Red Army soldiers. It suffered losses in battles of up to 300 people, but was replenished with volunteers and reached the number of 1,500 people with 30 machine guns – the 4th Battalion was a combined battalion from the Siberian and Kabardin Regiments of 400 bayonets, which arrived from the Southern Army. Later, regiment participated in a Moscow campaign.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
By order of July 25, 1919, the formation of the 2nd Officer General Markov Regiment began. It was finally formed on August 27, 1919 in Kharkov on the basis of the 4th and Reserve Battalions and officer personnel of the 7th Company of the Markov Regiment.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
On October 16, 1919, the 3rd Officer General Markov Regiment was formed. Its formation was carried out since September and took place in Kharkov on the basis of the 9th Officer Company of the 1st Regiment.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia of October 27, 1919, the 1st Infantry Division, which included all three Markov regiments, was divided into Kornilov Shock and Officer General Markov Infantry Divisions. In addition to the Markov regiments, the Artillery General Markov Brigade formed on October 28, 1919 on the basis of the 1st Artillery Brigade, as well as the 1st Separate Engineering General Markov Company, became part of the formed division.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
In the spring and autumn of 1919, reserve battalions of the Markov division were created – one for the entire division and one for each regiment, whose personnel were used to replenish combat units. The battalions were disbanded in early 1920. In this composition, the division was part of the 1st Army Corps.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
On December 31, 1919, during the retreat of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, the Markov Division in the Donbass was encircled in the village of Alekseevo-Leonovo and lost two-thirds of the personnel. After the restoration of its strength, in January 1920, it successfully held the defense south of Rostov-on-Don. But during the retreat of Denikin's army deep into the Kuban, he was defeated again on February 29 in the battle near the village of Olginskaya, after which on March 1 the division was reorganized into the Officer General Markov regiment. Colonel Alexander Bleish was appointed commander. The artillery brigade was reduced to the Separate Artillery General Markov Division, the horse-drawn hundreds – to the Horse Division.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
Markovites were assigned to Novorossiysk. Poured replenishment allowed the deployment of the Markov division again as part of 3 regiments and an artillery brigade. The total composition of the division reached almost 3800 people – of which 906 officers. At the same time, the 1st Officer General Markov Regiment consisted of 284 officers with 549 soldiers – this regiment was the largest in the division.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
After the evacuation of Markov units from Novorossiysk to Crimea, on March 26, 1920, the division was restored. In Crimea, it became part of the formed 1st Army Corps. The division was replenished to almost 4,5 thousand people, and the 1st Regiment consisted of 1043 people (375 of which were officers) with 27 machine guns.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
On May 11, 1920, after the renaming of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia by General Peter Wrangel to the Russian Army, the Officer General Markov Division was renamed the General Markov Infantry Division (in accordance with this renaming, the regiments of the division were also called "infantry"). In the summer of 1920, reserve battalions of regiments and divisions were re-created as part of the division (the latter was intended for deployment in the 4th Regiment, the formation of which was begun in October).


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
As part of the 1st Army Corps, the Markov Division participated in battles in Northern Tavria and the Zadniprovsky operation. In the last battle, the Markovites, not receiving the support of the Drozdovites, wavered and began to retreat. Colonel Tretyakov shot himself. Markovites with difficulty were able to break into the Crimea.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
The brigade from the 1st and 3rd Markov Infantry Regiments, led by Colonel Pyotr Sagaidachny, participated in the last battles of the Russian Army of General Wrangel in Crimea in November 1920.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
The regiment guarded the Chongar Isthmus. The order to retreat was not delivered to them on time. All White Guard units then left, even the armored train. The colonel realized that it was necessary to make a quick decision, and, subjugating the 3rd regiment, hurriedly led the brigade south. Soon the Cossack rode up with a report that we should retreat – with a delay of 3 hours. But the Markovites almost caught up with their leaving column. In parallel to them was the numerous Red Cavalry. Ahead from the Kurman-Kemelchi station, firing off, white armored trains left and the Markovites turned out to be surrounded. Closing in the square they volleys and machine guns did not allow the red cavalry to cut into their ranks. The early twilight came and allowed them to retreat.


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
In early November 1920, the division, along with other parts of the Russian army, was evacuated from Crimea. On November 27 in Gallipoli, the remainder of the division was reduced to the Markov Regiment and the Markov Artillery Division. For the ranks of the regiment in exile, a breastplate was installed in the form of a black Maltese cross with a white narrow border, in the center – a black rectangle with diagonally intersecting lines, surrounded by a silver crown of thorns; at the ends of the cross dates: "12", "Feb", "19", "18".


1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History
In 1922, after moving to Bulgaria, the Markovites ceased to exist as separate military units, entering the Russian All-Military Union in 1924.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio August 17-October 30, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Owen P. Ransom.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. (Companies F, I, K, L, and M attached to 5th Division, Army of the Ohio, May to October 1862.) Zahm's 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. (Companies F, I, K, L, and M attached to II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862.) 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to March 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Wilson's Cavalry Corps, Military Division of Mississippi, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Wilson's Cavalry Corps, to May 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, Wilson's Cavalry Corps, and Department of Georgia, to September 1865.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 1st Ohio Cavalry mustered out of service on September 13, 1865.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Left State for Louisville, Ky., December 9, 1861. Company B was at Headquarters of Gen. Mitchel in Kentucky October to December 1861. Action at West Liberty, Ky., October 23. Rejoined regiment at Louisville, Ky., December 1861. Operations near Greensburg and Lebanon, Ky., January 28-February 2, 1862. Moved to Louisville, Ky., February 14, thence to Nashville, Tenn., February 28-March 3. Advance on Columbia March 14–15. Near Columbia March 15. March to Savannah, Tenn., March 28-April 7, thence moved to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 30-June 12.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Reconnaissance toward Carrollville and Baldwyn June 3. Skirmish at Blackland June 3. Osborn's and Wolf Creeks, near Blackland, June 4 (Companies E, I, and M). Guard duty along Memphis & Charleston Railroad until August. Near Russellsville July 3 (Companies B & G). Expedition to Decatur, Ala., July 12–16 (detachment). Near Davis Gap July 12 (detachment). Near Decatur July 15 (Company I). Pond Springs July 24. Courtland and Trinity July 25 (detachment). Moved to Dechard, Tenn., August 1. Salem August 6. Scout to Fayetteville August 17–20. March to Louisville. Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 25.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1–22. Cedar Church, near Shepherdstown, October 3. Bardstown October 4. Battle of Perryville October 8 (detachment). Pursuit of Bragg to London October 10–22. Harrodsburg October 13. Stanford October 14. March to Nashville, Tenn., October 22-November 7. Duty there until December 26. Franklin December 12 and 26. Reconnaissance from Rural Hill December 20. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26–30. Nolinsville December 26. Near Murfreesboro December 29–30. Battle of Stones River December 30–31, 1862 and January 1–3, 1863. Overall's Creek December 31, 1862. Shelbyville Pike January 5. Duty at Lavergne until June. Reconnaissance from Lavergne May 12.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Moore's Ford, Elk River, July 2. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Expedition to Huntsville July 13–22. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River, and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Reconnaissance from Stevenson to Trenton, Ga., August 28–31. Reconnaissance from Winston's Gap to Broomtown Valley September 5. Alpine, Ga., September 3 and 8. Reconnaissance from Alpine toward Lafayette, Ga., September 10. Alpine September 11. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19–21. Cotton Port Ford, Tennessee River, September 30. Operations against Wheeler and Roddy September 30-October 17.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Greenville October 2. McMinnville October 4. Farmington October 7. Sim's Farm, near Shelbyville, October 7. At Paint Rock until November 18. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23–27. Raid on East Tennessee & Georgia Railroad November 24–27. Charleston November 26. Cleveland November 27. March to relief of Knoxville, Tenn., November 28-December 8. Near Loudoun December 2. Expedition to Murphey, N. C., December 6–11. Charleston and Calhoun December 28. Regiment reenlisted January 4, 1864. Demonstration on Dalton, Ga., February 22–27, 1864 (non-veterans). Near Dalton February 23. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23–25. Tunnel Hill February 25.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Buzzard's Roost February 27. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8, 1864. Decatur, Ala.. May 26. Courtland Road, Ala., May 26. Pond Springs, near Courtland, May 27. Moulton May 28–29. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. McAffee's Cross Roads June 11. Noonday Creek June 15–19 and 27. Kennesaw Mountain June 21. Near Marietta June 23. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2–5. Rottenwood Creek July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5–17. Raid to Covington July 22–24. Siege of Atlanta July 24-August 15. Garrard's Raid to South River July 27–31. Flat Rock Bridge and Lithonia July 28.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Kilpatrick's Raid around Atlanta August 18–22. Flint River and Red Oak August 19. Jonesboro August 19. Lovejoy's Station August 20. Operations at Chattahoochee River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2. Operations against Hood and Forest in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Near Lost Mountain October 4–7. New Hope Church October 5. Dallas October 7. Rome October 10–11. Narrows November 11. Coosaville Road, near Rome, November 13. Near Summerville October 18. Little River October 20. Blue Pond and Leesburg October 21. Coosa River October 25. Ladiga, Terrapin Creek, October 28.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to Louisville, Ky., and, duty there until December. Ordered to Gravelly Springs, Ala., December 28, and duty there until March 1865. Wilson's Raid to Macon, March 22-April 24. Near Montevallo March 31. Ebenezer Church April 1. Selma April 2. Montgomery April 12–13. Crawford and Girard April. Columbus and West Point April 16. Capture of Macon April 20. Irwinsville, Ga., May 10. Capture of Jefferson Davis. Duty in Georgia and South Carolina until September.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Companies A and C were the first to organize and were thus ordered to western Virginia September 17, 1861. Attached to Army of Occupation, western Virginia, to October 1861. Cheat Mountain District, western Virginia, to January 1862. Landers' Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Shields' 2nd Division, Banks' V Corps, and Department of the Shenandoah, to May 1862. Cavalry, Shields' Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. Headquarters II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Price's Cavalry Brigade, Military District of Washington, D.C., to March 1863.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
2nd Brigade, Stahel's Cavalry Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to June 1863. Headquarters 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to December 1863. Defenses of Washington, D.C., to January 1864. Participating in skirmish at Bloomery Gap, Va., February 4, 1862. Advance on Winchester March 7–15. Battle of Winchester March 23. Occupation of Mt. Jackson April 17. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Catlett's Station August 22. Centreville August 27–28. Groveton August 29. Bull Run August 30. Chantilly September 1. Duty in Defenses of Washington until June 1863.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863. Monterey Gap July 4. Emmettsburg July 5. Hagerstown July 6–12. Falling Waters July 14. Hartwood Church August 28. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13–17. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Hartwood Church November 5. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. In Defenses of Washington, D.C., until January 1864, when the two companies rejoined the regiment.


1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 204 men during service; 6 officers and 45 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 150 enlisted men died of disease.


1st Ohio General Assembly
The First Ohio General Assembly was the initial meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Chillicothe, Ohio, on March 1, 1803, and adjourned April 16, 1803. This General Assembly coincided with the first year of Edward Tiffin's first term as Ohio Governor.


1st Ohio General Assembly, Background
Under Ohio's first constitution, State Senators were elected to two year terms. For the first class, half were elected for one year and half for two years. Members of the House were elected for each term. The Constitution was written in November, 1802, and submitted to the U S Congress. Elections for the first session were held in January, 1803. The apportionment of legislative districts was based on the 1802 Ohio Constitution, in section 7 of the Schedule. Subsequent sessions would be elected each October, and meet the first Monday of December.


1st Ohio General Assembly, State Senate, Districts
For the first session, the constitution apportioned  four senators for Hamilton County, one senator for Clermont County, one senator for Adams County, two senators for Ross County, one senator for Fairfield County, two senators for Washington County, one senator for Belmont County, two senators for Jefferson County, and one senator for Trumbull County.


1st Ohio General Assembly, Ohio House of Representatives, Districts
For the first session, the constitution apportioned  eight representatives for Hamilton County, two representatives for Clermont County, three representatives for Adams County, four representatives for Ross County, two representatives for Fairfield County, three representatives for Washington County, two representatives for Belmont County, four representatives for Jefferson County, and two representatives for Trumbull County.


1st Ohio General Assembly, Major events
In joint session, state officers were elected: William Creighton, Jr. as Ohio Secretary of State, William McFarland as Ohio State Treasurer and Thomas Gibson as Ohio State Auditor.


1st Ohio General Assembly, Major events
John Smith and Thomas Worthington were elected United States Senators, with no record of vote made.


1st Ohio General Assembly, Major events
In joint session, local judges and three Ohio Supreme Court judges, Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., Samuel H. Huntington, and William Sprigg, were elected.


1st Ohio General Assembly, Major legislation
Existing territorial laws were recognized as in force, if not specifically invalidated.


1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment
1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment was an artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service
The 1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment was originally organized at Portsmouth, Ohio on 15 September 1862 as the 117th Ohio Infantry. The regiment was changed to heavy artillery on 2 May 1863.


1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.


1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service
The 1st Ohio Heavy Artillery mustered out of service on 25 July 1865 at Knoxville, Tennessee.


1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service
Constructed fortifications around Covington and Newport, Ky., until August 1863. Guard duty in Kentucky by detachments: Company D at Paris, Companies F and I at Lexington, Companies H, K, L, and M at Camp Nelson, until January 1864. At Camp Burnside 14 January to 19 February. March over mountains to Knoxville, Tenn., 19 February–9 March and duty there until June. On railroad guard duty in Tennessee until September. Murphy, N.C., 28 June (Companies C, H, L, and M). Repulse of Wheeler's attacks on the Chattanooga, Knoxville & Virginia Railroad, August. Athens 1 August (detachment).


1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service
Pursuit of Confederates from Athens into North Carolina 1–3 August. Murphy, N.C., 2 August (Companies C, H, L, and M). Sweetwater and Philadelphia 20 August (detachments). Strawberry Plains, 24 August. Gillem's Expedition from eastern Tennessee toward southwestern Virginia 20 September–17 October (Companies B, F, G, I, and K). Moved to Cleveland, Tenn., 7 October, then to Chattanooga 11 October and return to Cleveland 19 October. Duty at Cleveland and Charleston until December. Foraging Expeditions on the French Broad and Chucky River in eastern Tennessee and North Carolina December 1864 to January 1865. Stoneman's Campaign in southwest Virginia and western North Carolina February to April 1865. Duty in District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.


1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 171 men during service; 6 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 164 enlisted men died of disease.


1st Ohio Independent Cavalry Battalion
The 1st Ohio Independent Cavalry Battalion was a battalion of cavalry in the Union Army during the American Civil War. With the addition of a second Battalion its designation changed to that of Regiment, the 11th Ohio Cavalry in July, 1863.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery
1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The 1st Ohio Battery was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio and mustered in for three years service on August 6, 1861, under Captain James Ross McMullin.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The battery was attached to Cox's Brigade, District of the Kanawha, West Virginia, to September 1861. Benham's Brigade, District of the Kanawha, West Virginia, to October 1861. 1st Brigade, District of the Kanawha, West Virginia, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, West Virginia, to August 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, Kanawha Division, West Virginia, Department of the Ohio, to March 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, Scammon's Division, Army of West Virginia, to December 1863.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of West Virginia, to April 1864. Artillery, 2nd Infantry Division, Army of West Virginia, to July 1864. Artillery Brigade, Army of West Virginia, to August 1864. Artillery Reserve Division, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Hardins' Division, XXII Corps, Defenses of Washington, to June 1865.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The 1st Ohio Battery mustered out of service June 26, 1865, at Columbus, Ohio.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service
Ordered to the Kanawha Valley, Va. Action at Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10, 1861. Moved to Camp Anderson and Big Sewell Mountain September 15–23, then to Camp Anderson October 6–9. Operations in the Kanawha Valley and New River Region October 19-November 16. Moved to Gauley and duty there until May 1862. Advance on Virginia & Tennessee Railroad April 22-May 1. Princeton May 11, 16 and 17. At Flat Top Mountain until August. Movement to Washington, D.C., August 15–24. Maryland Campaign September 6–22. Battles of South Mountain September 14; Antietam September 16–17.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service
Moved to Clear Springs October 8, then to Hancock and march to the Kanawha Valley, W. Va., October 9-November 17, via Clarksburg, Summerville, Gauley Bridge, and Kanawha Falls. Duty at Kanawha Falls (Falls of the Great Kanawha) until March 1863, and at Charleston until April 1864. Fayetteville May 17–20, 1863 (section). Operations against Morgan's Raid in Ohio July 2–26, 1863. Scammon's Demonstration from Kanawha Valley December 8–25. Lewisburg and Greenbrier River December 12, 1863. Crook's Raid on Virginia & Tennessee Railroad May 3–19, 1864. Battle of Cloyd's Mountain May 9. New River Bridge May 10.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service
Salt Pond Gap, Pond Mountain Gap, May 13. Hunter's Expedition to Lynchburg May 26-July 1. Lexington June 11. Diamond Hill June 17. Lynchburg June 17–18. Buford's Gap June 20. Salem June 21. Moved to Shenandoah Valley July 12–15. Action at Bunker Hill July 19. Stephenson's Depot, Carter's Farm, July 20. Battle of Winchester July 24. Retreat to Williamsport, Md. ; then ordered to Martinsburg, W. Va., and duty there guarding stores until March 1865. Moved to Harpers Ferry, then to Washington, D.C., and duty in the defenses of that city until June.


1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties
The battery lost a total of 22 men during service; 1 officer and 6 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 15 enlisted men died of disease.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 1st Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the Western Theater in a number of campaigns and battles.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-months regiment
With the outbreak of the Civil War in the spring of 1861, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers from nearly every state. In April, recruiters quickly filled the quota for a number of regiments in the state of Ohio, with several regiments enlisting for 3-months, including a command designated as the 1st Ohio. Mustering in April 17, 1861, under Colonel Alexander M. McCook, the 1st Ohio Infantry Regiment travelled by train to Washington, D.C. for garrison duty in the capital's fortifications and defenses until July.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-months regiment
The regiment was placed in Schenck's Brigade, Tyler's Division, Irvin McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia. It first saw action at Vienna, Virginia, on June 17 and again on July 9 before occupying Fairfax Court House. It fought at the First Battle of Bull Run and helped cover the army's bitter retreat to Washington. The regiment soon returned to Ohio and mustered out August 2. The regiment was divided into ten separate companies A-K. Each company was stationed out of a different village A-Lancaster B Lafayette C Dayton D Montogomery E Cleveland F Hiberian G Portsmouth H Zanesville I Mansfield K Jaskson.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment
After the term of service was over in August, a number of the men re-enlisted for 3-years in the reconstituted 1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, under the command of Col. Benjamin F. Smith. The regiment was organized at Camp Corwin in Dayton between August 5 and October 30, receiving muskets, uniforms, and accoutrements. On the last day of August, the regiment entrained for Cincinnati for additional training and guard duty. The regiment left Ohio in November 1861 for Louisville, Kentucky. From there, they were posted in a number of Kentucky towns through February 1862, striving to keep the border state in the Union.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment
In late winter 1862 the regiment was attached to the 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Ohio, serving in Tennessee under Don Carlos Buell at Shiloh. There, on April 7, the regiment became engaged at about 10 a.m., losing 2 men killed, 2 officers and 45 men wounded, and 1 man missing. Following Shiloh, the regiment served in Mississippi during the Siege of Corinth before moving to Tuscumbi, Florence, and Huntsville Alabama, June 10 - July 5. In August, the regiment returned to Kentucky (Louisville) as the army pursued Confederates under Braxton Bragg, fighting at the Battle of Perryville.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment
The well-travelled regiment then marched to Nashville, Tennessee, in October and November. With the restructuring of the western army in November and the replacement of General Buell with William Rosecrans, the 1st OVI was assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Right Wing XIV Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland. It stayed in Nashville until December 26, when the regiment departed for a short campaign that culminated in the Battle of Stones River.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment
For much of 1863, the 1st Ohio Infantry was stationed in Tennessee and assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, until October when the IV Corps was formed from the remnants of the heavily depleted XX Corps and XXI Corps. Under the command of Maj. Joab A. Stafford, the regiment saw action at the Battle of Chickamauga, a stinging defeat for Rosecrans' army. It marched to Knoxville as part of the army relieving the Confederate siege of Union forces at that city.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment
Yet another reorganization of the army resulted in the 1st Ohio Infantry being assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 4th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, until September 1864. It fought under Grant at Missionary Ridge, where it was the first regiment to plant its colors on the hilltop, and with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign. The regiment spent much of the rest of the fall on scouting duty in Tennessee.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment
The 1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry mustered out of the Union army from September 24 to October 14, 1864, when the 3-year term of enlistment expired. A number of recruits re-enlisted and transferred to the 18th Ohio Volunteer Infantry on October 31, 1864, and remained on duty through the end of the Civil War.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment
The regiment lost during its service 5 officers and 116 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded in combat and 130 enlisted men by disease (a total of 251 fatalities). It was engaged in 24 battles and skirmishes, lost 527 men in action, and marched 2,500 miles. Following the war, the veterans erected a monument on the Shiloh National Military Park. The regiment is also commemorated on the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Public Square in downtown Cleveland. The tattered battle flags of both the three-months and three-years regiments (as well as the guidon of Company B, the Lafayette Guards) are preserved in the museum of the Ohio Historical Society in Columbus.


1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment
Another "1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry" (unrelated to the Civil War regiment) existed in the Mexican–American War. Still another regiment of the same name was organized April 26, 1898, for duty in the Spanish–American War.


1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion
The 1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion was an irregular sharpshooter battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service
The 1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion was organized from four independent companies of sharpshooters and served at the headquarters of Generals William S. Rosecrans and George H. Thomas, commanders of the Army and Department of the Cumberland, March 1863 through July 1865.


1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service
The 5th Independent Company Sharpshooters was organized at Camp Cleveland in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in February 25, 1863, and mustered out July 19, 1865. This company was also known as Barber's Sharpshooters.


1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service
The 6th Independent Company Sharpshooters was organized at Camp Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in December 30, 1862, and mustered out July 19, 1865. This company was also known as Coe's Sharpshooters and Thomas' Bodyguard.


1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service
The 7th Independent Company Sharpshooters was organized at Camp Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in January 27, 1863, and mustered out July 28, 1865. This company also served at the headquarters of General William T. Sherman, commander of the Military Division Mississippi, May 20, 1864, to July 17, 1865. This company was also known as Squire's Sharpshooters and Sherman's Bodyguard.


1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service
The 8th Independent Company Sharpshooters was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, March 9, 1863, and mustered out July 19, 1865. This company was also known as Barton's Sharpshooters.


1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service
The August 10, 1863, returns for the unit show a total strength of 129 men.


1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service
The unit suffered losses of 4 enlisted men killed or died of wounds, and 58 enlisted men dying of disease or accident, total 62 deaths in service.


1st Okinawa International Movie Festival
The 1st Okinawa International Movie Festival was held from March 19 to March 22, 2009 and took place at the American Village at Mihama Chatan-cho in Okinawa City. The inaugural events saw 38 films being shown and was supported by the Ministries of Economy, Trade and Industry, and Foreign Affairs, along with the Cabinet Office in Okinawa.


1st Okinawa International Movie Festival
Most of the films for the first Okinawa International Movie Festival were shown free of charge, with a few priced at ¥800/ ¥400 for adults/ children. The Chatan Town Sunset Beach also hosted performances by Okinawan artists Rimi Natsukawa and the Rinken Band.


1st Okinawa International Movie Festival
The Competition Grand Prix was awarded to Japanese director Katsuhide Motoki for his film Battle League Horumo.


1st Okinawa International Movie Festival, Official selection
The official selection of films shown in competition included three domestic films out of 8 in competition, all of which were given their world premiers. The five competing foreign films were given their Japan premier at the festival.


1st Okinawa International Movie Festival, Awards, Official selection
The Okinawa International Movie Festival "Laugh & Peace" Competition Grand Prix was won by the Japanese-language film Battle League Horumo directed by Katsuhide Motoki.


1st Oklahoma Legislature
The First Oklahoma Legislature was the first meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The meeting took place from December 2, 1907, to May 26, 1908, in the Guthrie City Hall Building during the first year of the only term of Governor Charles Haskell.


1st Oklahoma Legislature
Both houses of the state legislature had large Democratic majorities. William H. Murray, who had served as the president of the state constitutional convention, was elected by his colleagues as the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Henry S. Johnston, who had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention, was elected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate.


1st Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Senate
With the Democratic caucus controlling the Oklahoma Senate, Henry S. Johnston of Perry, Oklahoma, was selected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. Johnston had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention. Lieutenant Governor George W. Bellamy served as the President of the Senate, which gave him a tie-breaking vote and allowed him to serve as a presiding officer.


1st Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, House
After much deliberation over who would serve as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, the Democratic caucus chose William H. Murray of Tishomingo, Oklahoma, a former Chickasaw Nation representative and the president of the state constitutional convention. Sworn into office on November 16, 1907, Murray pushed for legislation to curb business excesses and support agriculture during his single term as speaker. State Representative A. H. Ellis, of Garfield County, Oklahoma, was elected by his peers to serve as speaker pro tempore.


1st Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Staff
Charles H. Pittman served as the first chief clerk of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.


1st Open Russian Festival of Animated Film
The 1st Open Russian Festival of Animated Film was held in 1996 at a boarding house called "Birch Grove" near the town of Tarusa, Russia. Because of the extreme scarcity of Russian animation in the post-perestroika era, submissions from the last three years were accepted. Along with auteur films, commercial reels, video clips and television bumpers were allowed.


1st Open Russian Festival of Animated Film
The prizes were handed out according to profession, and any member or guest of the festival was able to vote for their favourite film. The three leading winners were given wooden planks hewn by president Aleksandr Tatarskiy and signed by their colleagues. The festival served as a gathering for Russian animators who otherwise had few opportunities to see each other in an era after the break-up of Soyuzmultfilm. In addition to the festival, the location offered fresh air, skiing, and nearby historic sites.


1st Operations Group
The 1st Operations Group (1 OG) is the flying component of the 1st Fighter Wing, assigned to the USAF Air Combat Command. The group is stationed at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. The 1st Operations Group is the oldest major air combat unit in the United States Air Force, being the successor organization of the 1st Pursuit Group. The 1st Pursuit Group was the first air combat group formed by the Air Service, American Expeditionary Force, on 5 May 1918.


1st Operations Group
The Group was first organized at Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul, France, as a result of the United States entry into World War I. As the 1st Pursuit Group it saw combat on the Western Front in France, and during World War II as the 1st Fighter Group combat in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. Pilots of the 1st Group are credited by the USAF with destroying 554.33 aircraft and 50 balloons, and 36 pilots are recognized as being aces.


1st Operations Group
The pilots of the 1st Group included Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, credited as the top scoring American ace in France during World War I. During World War II, the 1st FG was among the first groups deployed overseas in the summer of 1942. The group flew missions in England as part of the Eighth Air Force, then was transferred to North Africa in November 1942. It experienced significant combat as part of the Twelfth Air Force, moved to Italy, and became part of the fighter force of the Fifteenth Air Force. The 1st FG was equipped with the first operational U.S. jet fighter aircraft, the P-80A Shooting Star, in 1946.


1st Operations Group
Inactivated in 1961, after 30 years the group was renamed the 1st Operations Group (OG) and activated on 1 October 1991 as a result of the 1st Fighter Wing implementing the USAF objective wing organization. In 2005, the 1st OG was the first operational combat unit to receive the F-22A Raptor, a fifth generation fighter aircraft that uses stealth technology.


1st Operations Group, Overview
The 1st OG directs the training and employment of two F-22A Raptor air dominance squadrons and an operations support squadron. The group's flying squadrons maintain 36 F-22 air superiority fighter aircraft.


1st Operations Group, Overview
The group is responsible for 300 people and $3 billion in resources.


1st Operations Group, Overview
In addition to carrying out local training requirements, the group deploys personnel and equipment on a regular basis to support air expeditionary operations worldwide as part of the Global War on Terrorism.


1st Operations Group, Units
The 1st Operations Group consists of the following component squadrons:


1st Operations Group, History, World War I
When first deployed to France, the Aero Squadrons of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) were dispersed among the various army organizations. This made it difficult, however, to coordinate aerial activities. Some higher organization was required.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, Origins
The 94th and 95th Aero Squadrons had trained and traveled together since their organization on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. When the two squadrons boarded a train at Kelly Field on 20 September 1917 for the trip to Mineola, New York, they consisted entirely of the enlisted echelon that would form the squadron's ground support element. Arriving at Mineola on 5 October, the squadrons reported directly to Aviation Mobilization Camp No. 2 . Each unit completed training there in about three weeks and proceeded to Pier No. 45, Hoboken, New Jersey where, on 27 October 1917, it boarded the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia for the trip to Europe.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, Origins
The two squadrons arrived at Liverpool on 10 November, spent about fourteen hours in a rest camp, boarded a steamer at Southampton, and sailed for France on 12 November. The 94th and 95th entered camp at Le Havre the next day, but their travels were not quite over. On 15 November the 95th moved to the 3d Aviation Training Center at Issoudun Aerodrome.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, Origins
On 18 November the 94th moved to the 1st Aviation Training Center at Paris, where it divided into seven detachments that immediately began advanced maintenance training in the region's airframe and aero-engine plants. The 94th reassembled in Paris and departed for Issoudun on 24 January 1918.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, Origins
After the 95th's personnel arrived at Issoudun in November, they received advanced training on the same types of aircraft they would operate at the front. The 95th thus found itself well along in its training when the 1st Pursuit Organization and Training Center announced its readiness to receive units in mid-February, and it became the first unit to be attached to the center. The 94th made good progress at Issoudun, however, and it reported toVilleneuve not long after the 95th.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center
On 16 January 1918, Brig. General Benjamin D. Foulois, Chief of Air Service, AEF, assigned Major Bert M. Atkinson to command of the 1st Pursuit Organization and Training Center, a temporary administrative and training organization for arriving U.S. pursuit squadrons on 16 January 1918 in Paris. Headquarters for the new unit was designated to be located at Villeneuve-les-Vertus Aerodrome. The command staff left Paris and selected a site for its headquarters adjoining that of the Groupe de Combat No 12 of the French "Aeronautique Militaire" at Vertus, near the airfield.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center
The initial task of the unit was to erect barracks for arriving personnel from the United States; obtaining hangar space from the French and obtaining airplanes. The 95th Aero Squadron arrived on 19 February from the 3d Instructional Center at Issoudun Aerodrome, however the squadron's aircraft had not yet arrived. On 28 February word was received that the 94th Aero Squadron would be leaving Issoudun on 1 March. Bad weather with heavy sleet and snow inhibited the arrival of Nieuport 28 airplanes for the group, and the first elements of the 94th Squadron arrived on 5 March.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center
The next day, two Nieuports arrived and by 8 March a total of sixteen aircraft were at the airfield and the squadrons began training and familiarization flights. The planes received, however, were unarmed due to a lack of machine guns due to the difference of American ammunition, which was 3mm longer than the French.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center
The first combat patrol by the 95th Squadron was made on 15 March, consisting of three unarmed Nieuport 28 planes and one French pilot in a SPAD took off from the airfield at 11:30. A second patrol was carried out in the afternoon to carry out a barrage of the Marne between Chalons and Eppernay. Continuous air rads by the Germans in the vicinity of Vetrus led to the digging of zigzag trenches on the Aerodrome and falling shrapnel was a hazard from the French anti-aircraft guns. Patrols continued to be carried out by the French, but none of the accompanying American planes were armed.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center
Due to the lack of armed aircraft, sixteen pilots of the 95th were ordered back to Issoudun to take the course in aerial gunnery. On 30 March orders were received that both squadrons were to proceed at once to Epiez Aerodrome (Meuse) where the squadrons flew combat patrols, although bad weather limited the number of patrols carried out. On 9 April the 94th was detached from the group and was moved to Toul where it acted independently until it became part of the 1st Pursuit Group on 4 May.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center
On 14 April, the first of many enemy aircraft was brought down by the 94th Squadron, being the first American Air Service organization to bring down an enemy plane. Combat patrols by the 94th on 23 and 25 April also shot down one enemy aircraft on each. On 29 April, Captain Hall and Lt. Rickenbacker attacked and brought down an enemy aircraft. This was Lt. Rickenbacker's first official patrol. During the period prior to the formation of the 1st Pursuit Group in May, the 94th brought down a total of nine enemy aircraft. One pilot, Lt Chapman was killed and one pilot became a POW, Captain Hall.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center
On 22 April the 147th Aero Squadron arrived and on 24 April the 27th Aero Squadron arrived. Also the pilots of the 95th squadron returned from Issoudun. Reconnaissance patrols were carried out, however word was received that no flights over the Voil-Toul line would be permitted. on 4 May the 95th Squadron was moved to the Croix de Metz Aerodrome (Toul) where it joined the 94th Squadron which has been moved there from Epiez. The 27th and 147th were moved to Epiez. Group Headquarters was moved to Toul on 4 May.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
On 5 May 1918, the AEF replaced the 1st Pursuit Organization Center at Toul-Croix de Metz Aerodrome, with the 1st Pursuit Group, the first American group-level fighter establishment (the 1st Corps Observation Group, organized in April 1918, was the first U.S. group). Major Atkinson became the 1st Pursuit Group's first commanding officer, followed by Major Harold E. Hartney on 21 August 1918. The 27th and 147th Aero Squadrons (Pursuit) were officially assigned to the group on 2 June, and the 185th Aero Squadron, a night pursuit unit, on 18 October.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
Upon its formation, the 1st Pursuit Group was equipped with Nieuport 28s. On 15 May, Captain David McK Peterson of the 95th squadron brought down two Enemy Aircraft. These were the first to be recorded in the records of the Group. Towards the end of June, the need for air support on the Château-Thierry front was critical due to the Germans breaking through the line. On the 28th, the group moved to Touquin Aerodrome, where the group was vigorously effective.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
During the weeks to follow in the Second Battle of the Marne, the group took the offensive on all points and was engaged continually in aerial combat in the Dormans-Eloup sector. Losses were heavy, however 38 victories were recorded while losing 36 pilots. This was the first real test of American airpower in the war.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
On 5 July the group switched from Nieuports to SPAD XIIIs. The 94th switched over first, then by the middle of August the other three squadrons were also converted. Unfortunately, the American mechanics were unused to the V-8 engines of the Spads and so availability of the Spads suffered for the first few weeks after the changeover. On 9 July the group moved closer to the line at Saints Aerodrome. It is while stationed at Saints Aerodrome that Theodore Roosevelt's youngest son Quentin Roosevelt, flying with the 95th Aero Squadron, was shot down and killed on 14 July 1918. With the front moving north and east, the Group was now between 50 and 70 km from the lines. An advanced landing field at Coincy Aerodrome was established on 5 August for refueling and a detachment was established there from which alerts were dispatched.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
On 31 August the group began moving to Rembercourt Aerodrome, a new airfield in the Saint-Mihiel sector. On 12 September the Saint-Mihiel Offensive started. The group was given orders to fly low and attack enemy targets on the ground, a very dangerous mission that exposed the pilots to ground fire. A number of the pilots became experts in balloon strafing, and Lt Luke of the 27th shot down fifteen enemy balloons in seventeen days. During the offensive, the group began patrols before daybreak, and kept up a constant barrage each day until after dark at night. Patrols were constantly engaging in low-level aerial battles with enemy reconnaissance and large formations of Fokker pursuit aircraft. The group kept up an incessant barrage over and above the ground forces and claimed thirty-four victories while losing one pilot.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
In late September, a flight of the 27th Squadron was sent to an advanced airfield at Verdun. This flight worked on alerts and protection of Allied balloons. The Group patrolled a new sector near Watronville on the east of the Argonne forest flying low-level attacks while the Infantry advanced through the sector. Reconnaissance was flown over the enemy rear areas to secure important information about his bridges, road and troop activity.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
On 7 October, the 185th Aero Squadron was assigned to the Group, equipped with British Sopwith Camel F.1s. Its duties were to attack a line of searchlights and attack enemy night bombers. This was the first attempt at night flying attack patrols by the American Air Service. Enemy searchlights were attacked and patrols were flown where German bombers were known to cross the line at night. Adverse weather limited the effectiveness of the squadron, however the 185th engaged in five combats, however did not bring down any enemy bombers.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
In the last great offensive of the war, the infantry continued its advance. The Group's sector advanced and lengthened considerably. On one day, 22d October, the group flew 84 Sorties with a total of 104 flying hours. Sixteen combats were engaged in, shooting down seven enemy aircraft. On 11 November news was received that the Armistice was formally signed.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
From May until 11 November armistice, the Group recorded 1,413 aerial engagements, accumulating 151.83 confirmed kills of enemy aircraft, and 50 confirmed balloon victories. Nineteen of its pilots – five from each pursuit squadron except the 27th – were recognized as "aces". For its participation, the 1st received seven campaign streamers.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
Two of the four pilots earning the Medal of Honor for actions during World War I were members of the 1st Pursuit Group: 2Lt Frank Luke Jr. and Captain Edward V. "Eddie" Rickenbacker.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
Lieutenant Luke of the 27th Squadron during September became the American Ace of Aces for the time being. From 12 to 29 September he gained eighteen victories. He shot down fifteen balloons and three planes. Joining the Group on 1 August, he had gained one victory on the Chateau Therry front which never was made official. On 18 September, he brought down two balloons and three planes in a period of less than 10 minutes. On 29 September, he was reported missing in action. He had dropped a note to one of our balloons asking them to be on the watch for burning balloons. Twenty minutes later he burned three enemy balloons but did not return from his mission.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
Captain Rickenbacker, commanding officer of the 94th Squadron, became an Ace on the Toul sector in the spring of 1918. When the group moved to Rembercourt Aerodrome, Captain Rickenbacker made the 94th Squadron the leading American Fighting Squadron in number of aerial victories gained. From the period 14 September – 11 November he brought down twenty more official enemy aircraft.


1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group
On 10 December 1918, orders were received relieving the First Pursuit Group from First Army with instructions to report to Commanding Officer, First Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome for demobilization.


1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty
The end of World War I was followed immediately by a massive demobilization of the U.S. Army Air Service, both in reduction of personnel and dissolution of air units, including the 1st Pursuit Group, demobilized 24 December 1918. A new 1st Pursuit Group began to be formed on 10 June 1919, at Selfridge Field, Michigan, and became an active part of the Air Service on 22 August 1919, consisting of the 27th, 94th, 95th and 147th Aero Squadrons (Pursuit), and the 2nd Air Park (later the 57th Service Squadron).


1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty
The new 1st Pursuit Group, as part of the 1st Wing, moved to Kelly Field, Texas, on 31 August 1919, and Ellington Field, Texas, on 30 June 1921. There, the 94th Aero Squadron operated the Pursuit Training School. The 1st Pursuit Group returned to Selfridge on 14 June 1922, as part of the Sixth Corps Area, where it remained until World War II.


1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty
The designation of the Aero Squadrons was changed to "Squadrons (Pursuit)" on 15 March 1921 The 147th Aero Squadron became the 17th Squadron (Pursuit) on 31 March. All were renamed "Pursuit Squadrons" on 25 January 1923. The 2nd Air Park was renamed the 57th Service Squadron on 2 January 1923. In 1924 the original 1st Pursuit Group was reconstituted and consolidated with the active group formed in 1919. Two squadrons were transferred from the group, the 95th (1927) and the 17th (1940), replaced on 1 January 1941, by the 71st Pursuit Squadron. The 27th, 71st, and 94th Squadrons became the permanently assigned components of the group and wing. In December 1939 the group was redesignated 1st Pursuit Group (Interceptor), and in May 1941, 1st Pursuit Group (Fighter).


1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty
During the 1920s the group conducted pursuit training, tested new aircraft, participated in maneuvers and mobilization tests, conducted annual cold weather testing, gave demonstrations for other units, participated in civil airport dedications, and competed in the National Air Races each autumn. In 1922 Selfridge hosted the event. Captain Burt E. Skeel, commander of the 27th Pursuit Squadron, was killed 4 October 1924, in the crash of a Verville-Sperry R-3 Racer at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, at the start of Pulitzer Trophy event of the 1924 Races.


1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty
The group changed aircraft frequently during its service between wars, as new types were developed and older models became outdated. It began its service flying Curtiss JNS, SE-5, and Fokker D.VII fighters left over from the First World War. From 1922 to 1925 it operated primarily MB-3A fighters. In 1925 it acquired Curtiss PW-8s for use by the 17th Pursuit Squadron, in 1926 Curtiss P-1 Hawks (a derivative of the PW-8), and in 1929 Boeing P-12s. Throughout this period each squadron often operated a different fighter type from the others.


1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty
Winter flying was conducted each February at Camp Skeel at Oscoda, Michigan, although in January 1927 the group instead sent a detachment to Ottawa, Ontario. In January 1929 the group conducted a lengthy search and rescue operation for a missing person in Petoskey, Michigan; and in January 1930 flew a squadron to Spokane, Washington, and back by way of North Dakota and Montana. Temperatures during the Petoskey rescue reached −30 °F, disabling the aircraft engines. A local cement company extended a steam hose to thaw engine oil and other components, enabling the aircraft to operate.


1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty
The use of airpower demonstrations and participation in the dedication of civil airports to publicize the Air Corps reached its peak in 1929, when units of the 1st Pursuit Group participated in 24 airport dedications and 8 demonstrations. It garnered favorable publicity in other ways, however, using bombs to break up an ice jam on the Clinton River on 24 February 1925, and escorting Charles Lindbergh to Canada in 1927.


1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty
On 21 January 1924, the Adjutant General approved the 1st Pursuit Group's emblem, designed with the unit's history as its basis. The green and black colors represent the colors of the Army Air Service, the five stripes signify the original five flying squadrons, and the five crosses symbolized the five major World War I campaigns credited to the group. A crest above the shield bore the Group's Latin motto "Aut Vincere Aut Mori" (translation: "Conquer or Die"). In 1957, the emblem was revised, with the crest removed and the motto placed in a scroll beneath the shield, now assigned to the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing.


1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service
The Air Corps Act of 1926, drafted by Chief of Air Service Mason Patrick and passed in part due to the controversies involving Billy Mitchell and in part to the recommendations of the Morrow Board, replaced the Air Service with the U.S. Army Air Corps. The Act authorized a 5-year plan for expansion and modernization of the Air Corps, still consisting of the original 6 groups, with the 1st the only pursuit group.


1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service
Resistance by the Coolidge administration to implementation of the plan for economic reasons, followed by the onset of the Great Depression severely limited the expansion. The 1st Group experienced restriction on its training operations and curtailment of personnel salaries. Officers were detached for duty with the Civilian Conservation Corps at varied intervals. However the Air Corps was able to expand from 6 to 14 groups in its first decade of existence, half of which were new pursuit groups. The 1st Pursuit Group trained individual squadrons at Selfridge and provided experienced cadres to the formation of these groups.


1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service
From February to June 1934 the 1st Pursuit Group delivered the mail in the north central United States under an executive order of President Franklin Roosevelt (see Air Mail scandal). Original orders called for 35 pilots and 16 aircraft to be detached for mail service, but the Curtiss P-6 Hawk and Boeing P-12 fighters detailed had insufficient cargo capacity potential. Ultimately 56 pilots were listed in group records as detached for mail service, and approximately half the group's 70 aircraft were involved. Six were involved in crashes in the first week, struggling through severe winter weather in Ohio, including one fatality on the first day. Altogether twelve aircraft were lost in eleven crashes, with one pilot and one enlisted man killed, and four pilots and one mechanic injured.


1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service
On 1 March 1935, all operational flying units, previously assigned to corps-level ground commands, were consolidated under a new centralized air force command named General Headquarters, Air Force. GHQ Air Force was divided into three wings, and the 1st Pursuit Group became part of the 2nd Wing.


1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service
In 1937 the group received its first enclosed cockpit, monoplane fighter with retractable landing gear, the Seversky P-35, replacing P-26s and PB-2As. The P-35 was obsolete from the beginning of its operational history and replacement by the Republic P-43 Lancer began in 1940. This fighter too was unsuitable for modern combat, and preparations for the possibility of U.S. participation in the Second World War introduced the 1st Pursuit Group to the new P-38 Lightning in July 1941, with the 27th Pursuit Squadron receiving the first operational aircraft in the Army Air Force's inventory.


1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II
On the date the United States entered World War II the 94th Pursuit Squadron was in El Paso, Texas, its 20 P-38s en route from Selfridge Field to March Field, California. The 27th and 71st squadrons were immediately sent with an additional 12 P-38s and 24 P-43 fighters to March Field to provide the West Coast air defense against Japanese attack.


1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II
During its brief duty at March Field the Group provided cadre for newly mobilized fighter groups, losing over half of its assigned officers and enlisted men, but still made preparations for deployment to Europe on 25 April 1942. Before its departure, however, retired captain Eddie Rickenbacker made the first of several visits to the group both at home and abroad during World War II, listened to the Group's concerns and reported them to General "Hap" Arnold. Rickenbacker also worked with Arnold to reinstate the hat-in-the ring emblem, absent since Rickenbacker himself claimed the right to it when he retired, back to the 94th Fighter Squadron.


1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II
In 1942, U.S. war policy placed first priority with the war in Europe. VIII Fighter Command Special Orders 46, dated 25 June 1942, deployed 86 aircraft and pilots of the newly designated 1st Fighter Group to England as part of Operation Bolero, with the first aircraft departing on 27 June. Flights of P-38s were led by individual B-17s from the 97th Bomb Group navigating the route between Presque Isle, Maine, Labrador, Greenland and Iceland. En route the 27th Fighter Squadron was detached at "Indigo" airfield, Reykjavík, Iceland, for air defense duty in July and August. On 15 July 1942, six fighters from the 94th FS, "Tomcat Yellow" and "Tomcat Green", and their two B-17 escorts were forced by bad weather and low fuel to land on a glacier in Greenland. The crews were all recovered safely but the aircraft were abandoned.