20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Although damaged by time, the facade still exhibits wrought iron balconies and railings.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Realized after an order from Max Reschke, a master carpenter, also owner of No.20. His widow lived there till the 1930s.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The large facade displays scattered rosettes. Its two massive avant-corps are topped by terraces. There are Art Nouveau mouldings beneath a balcony, as well as on gable top. The main entrance door boasts a web-shaped transom light.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Similarly to the building at No.21, this one has also been commissioned by Józef Grabowski, a painter and realized by Georg Baesler.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Specific to this facade, one can notice two round avant-corps flanking a portal with columns and festoon. Both gables are embellished with floral motif mouldings and a frieze.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.A/379/1 (November 12, 1993)


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The superb elevation, renovated in 2017, boasts myriads of Art Nouveau motifs and details, on the avant-corps, the bay-window, or on the gable and the entrance portal.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
First landlord and commissioner was Herman Pflaum, a master engraver.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The facade is a bit deprived of its original decoration. One can still appreciate some motifs around the entrance door and at the bottom of the avant-corps.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Tenement at 14 Chodkiewicza, corner with 26 20 Stycznia 1920 street


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.A/1384 (September 16, 2008)


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The first landlord and building commissioner was Friedrich Fiedler, a merchant.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Nicely refurbished in 2016-2017, the tenement exhibits leasing Art Nouveau details with rosettes and mouldings. A superb round gable overlooking the terrace on top of the avant-corps is adorned with representative Art nouveau motifs: a figure head, flanked by vegetal festoons. Likewise, the transom light over the entrance door is surrounded by a moulding with Art Nouveau features.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
A merchant, Emil Dittmann, was the first owner of the place. He was still living there in the 1930s.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Rudolf Kern has used the same pattern for both houses at No.27 and 29. Two doors on the street, a gable on the right hand of the facade (triangular here) and a loggia on the left hand. Only alteration regards the bay-window in lieu of an avant-corps at No.29.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Alexander Schmidt was the commissioner of the tenement. He was director of the factory Bromberger Maschinenfabrik Hermann Löhnert producing machine tools, established in 1868 in Bromberg.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Rudolf Kern has used the same pattern for both houses at No.27 and 29. Two doors on the street, a gable on the right hand of the facade (ogee shaped here) and a loggia on the left hand (round topped there). Only alteration regards the avant-corps, where a bay-window is built at No.27.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Jan Kossowski  (1898-1958) has been a very prolific Polish architect and builder, mainly associated with Bydgoszcz. His professional activity stretches from the interwar period to the 1940s.


20 Supersucessos
20 Supersucessos (20 Super Hits in English) is a compilation album from Banda Calypso released in 2005, recalling the achievements of his first 3 albums.


20 The Countdown Magazine
20 The Countdown Magazine is a weekly Christian music countdown program, syndicated to Christian radio stations in the United States, Canada and worldwide. The show is now offered as a podcast, audio stream, and can be played on Amazon smart speakers.


20 The Countdown Magazine, History
The program is hosted by William Ryan III, and counts down the top twenty Christian songs. Each countdown also includes special features like Artist interviews, stories behind the songs, and interactive features like the Future Fan Favorite. Occasionally, the program would also feature weekly special programmings, such as a countdown for the top twenty songs for the year, an annual Christmas program, and tribute shows.


20 The Countdown Magazine, History
20TCM was created by Jon Rivers in 1985 while he was on his way into work where he hosted the morning show on KLTY-FM in Dallas/Fort Worth. It was around 2:30 in the morning while driving in where Jon clearly heard Jesus speak to him to start a weekly countdown show called, "20 The Countdown Magazine."


20 The Countdown Magazine, History
There was already a big show called American Top 40 hosted by Casey Kasem that was counting down mainstream songs but nothing for Christian music at the time (although Christian Countdown USA first hosted by Jim Channell a.k.a “Captain Whammo,” and later Bob Souer, predates the debut of 20TCM by a few months). Jon felt like Christian music is as good as anything and there are always at least 20 great Christian songs you can count down. And so... 20 the Countdown Magazine began!


20 The Countdown Magazine, History
Jon did most of the writing and production himself at first, chasing after the FedEx truck late at night to make sure cassette tapes of the show made it out to radio stations all over the world in time! Technology has surely changed since then, but the heart behind the show has not.


20 The Countdown Magazine, History
In 2019, Jon Rivers announced his retirement and the new host of the show William Ryan III. Jon did his farewell show on September 7, 2019 along with the new host, William Ryan III. Dozens of Christian Artists also were heard on the farewell show congratulating Jon on his retirement and welcoming William as the new host of the show.


20 The Countdown Magazine, History
In 2021, 20TCM became a listener supported non-profit program and is a recognized 501(c)3 organization of IRS code. The show is offered free of charge to affiliates.


20 Times Square
20 Times Square is a 39-story mixed-use development at 701 Seventh Avenue, on the northeast corner with West 47th Street at the northern end of Times Square, Manhattan, New York City. The development includes one of Ian Schragers Edition Hotels, operated by Marriott, above a 6-floor 76,000 square feet (7,100 m2) retail component. It opened in February 2019.


20 Times Square
The building replaces the 1910 structure originally known as the Columbia Amusement Company Building, which had been home to a movie theater known variously as the Mayfair Theatre, the DeMille Theatre, and the Embassy 2-3-4 Theatre. On the upper floors, the Columbia Amusement Company Building had housed the famous Unique Recording Studios, which closed in 2004.


20 Times Square, Development
Between 2000 and 2011, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) worked with Vornado Realty Trust, who had partnered with the Lawrence Ruben Company. In November 2007, the PANYNJ announced the terms of an agreement in which it would receive nearly $500 million in a lease arrangement for a new office tower above the Port Authority Bus Terminal that would also provide funds for additional terminal facilities.


20 Times Square, Development
It would include 1,300,000 square feet (120,000 m2) of commercial space in a new office tower, which was to use the vanity address 20 Times Square, the addition of 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) of new retail space in the bus terminal, as well as 18 additional departure gates, accommodating 70 additional buses carrying up to 3,000 passengers per hour. New escalators would be installed to help move passengers more quickly between the gate area and the ground floor. Construction was expected to begin in 2009 or 2010 and take four years to complete.


20 Times Square, Development
Following in the tradition of Times Square, and the zoning ordinances requirement for building owners to display illuminated signs, the development features a very large wraparound high definition LED screen, known as a Jumbotron. The screen is one of the largest video-capable screens in the world. It features 16 million LED diodes (pixels) measuring only 10mm, providing 18,000 square feet of screen along 200 linear feet of wraparound frontage. This makes the screen the largest single LED screen in New York and over six times the size of the famous Coca-Cola sign in Times Square. The sign is 1,000 square feet larger than Times Square's previous largest - the 17,000 square foot sign on the flagship Walgreens store located at One Times Square.


20 Times Square, Development
According to City Planning Department documents, an increase in the size (and FAR) of the 500 foot tall building was made possible by the transfer of air rights from two nearby Broadway locations. The vanity address 20 Times Square was allocated by the City to the development in April 2014, In May 2014 it was announced that the retail space is being leased through the CBRE Group.


20 Times Square, Usage and tenants
On November 30, 2017, the National Football League and Cirque du Soleil opened NFL Experience Times Square—an interactive museum attraction devoted to the league, in four ground-level floors. It also contained broadcasting facilities for NFL Network's morning show Good Morning Football. In September 2018, it was announced that the attraction would close, and would remain open through at least the end of 2018.


20 Times Square, Usage and tenants
In December 2019, just ten months after the Edition hotel opened, the French bank Natixis, which had provided the $2 billion dollar financing package for the project, filed to foreclose on the property, asserting that a $650 million portion of the loan package was in default because of numerous undischarged mechanics’ liens recorded against the property. The foreclosure suit also alleged that the developer Maefield had defaulted by failing to lease the project’s retail space by a September 2019 deadline. The suit alleged that as of December 2019, 90% of the property’s retail space had been sitting vacant.


20 Tsubu no Kokoro
"20 Tsubu no Kokoro" (20粒のココロ) is Rythem's eighth single. It was released on January 1, 2006 under Sony Music Entertainment Japan label. This single was only able to reach the #63 spot in the Oricon weekly charts.


20 Vodka Jellies
20 Vodka Jellies is a compilation album by Scottish musician Momus, released in 1996. The album's cover describes it as "an assortment of curiosities and rarities," and it is a collection of unreleased demos, a few new songs, B-sides, and outtakes. Much of the album reflects Momus's involvement with Shibuya-kei music. It has been described as "one of Momus' strongest and most accessible efforts."


20 Vulpeculae
20 Vulpeculae is single star located around 1,170 light years away in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.91. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −22 km/s.


20 Vulpeculae
This is a Be star with a stellar classification of B7 Ve. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 236 km/s (compared to a critical velocity of 332 km/s) and has an estimated polar inclination of 71.1°. The star has four times the mass of the Sun and is radiating around 460 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 12,050 K.


20 Y.O.
20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer Janet Jackson. It was released on September 20, 2006, by Virgin Records. Its title makes reference to her third studio album Control (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style" of Control. An R&B and dance album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including LRoc, Manuel Seal, The Avila Brothers and No I.D., in addition to her longtime partners Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and then-boyfriend Jermaine Dupri.


20 Y.O.
20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from music critics, with many of them chastising the production and involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three debut and second consecutive number-two album debut. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary R&B Album in 2007.


20 Y.O.
To promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on Today and the 2006 Billboard Music Awards. To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the "Design Me" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by downloading images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O. Three singles were released from the album–"Call on Me", "So Excited", and "With U".


20 Y.O., Background and development
In 2004, Jackson performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show with guest artist Justin Timberlake, who accidentally exposed her right breast at the end of their performance. A month later, she released her eighth studio album, Damita Jo. The album debuted at number two on Billboard 200, was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and sold over three million copies worldwide. However, its singles received minimal airplay due to a blacklist of Jackson's music and videos on many music channels and radio formats caused by legalities surrounding the incident.


20 Y.O., Background and development
At the end of 2004, Jackson announced that she intended to start work on a new album project in the coming year. It would involve her then boyfriend—record producer Jermaine Dupri, who was commissioned to executive produce the project—in addition to a roster of other producers. Dupri said at the time,


20 Y.O., Background and development
"For this record, it's gonna be all dance, though. It's gonna be straight 'Control', 'Nasty', hard-ass beats, memorable melodies. It's directed to her fans, people who miss dancing, people who miss seeing videos with dancing. These [younger artists] are sloppy, they don't take it as serious as she do. They don't rehearse for the hours she do. It's serious business for her and her family and her brothers. It's important for kids to see that and bring that back to life".


20 Y.O., Background and development
20 Y.O. became Jackson's final album with Virgin Records, and marked the end of an thirteen-year recording history with the label. Following the album's release Kwamé Holland, a producer who worked on the original 20 Y.O. concept prior to Dupri's involvement, stated, "the finished project we had before Jermaine took everything over is crazy. Ask Jimmy & Terry how they felt when Jermaine came in and changed almost everything."


20 Y.O., Background and development
In 2005, Jackson initially worked with various producers, including The Neptunes, Dr. Dre, Kwamé, and Polow Da Don, but the concept was changed when Dupri was selected to manage the project after becoming a division president at Virgin Records. After the album's release, Dupri was condemned for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records.


20 Y.O., Recording and production
For the album, Jackson reunited with longtime collaborators Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis to work with her and Dupri. Conversations between the group began before December 2005, when they elaborated the first themes, and songwriting and recording began in earnest in February. The discussion turned to how Jackson was feeling during the recording of her third studio album Control in 1986. "I started asking questions like, 'What was the feeling of life when you were 20?'


20 Y.O., Recording and production
I was so intrigued with what was going on in her life then that I just thought her album should be called that", Dupri said. Jam agreed, saying it made sense as a concept because it meant a sense of rejuvenation for her, adding: "A sense of that excitement that people have when they are 20 years old, when their life are beginning." He finished by saying Jackson had that same sense of "hunger and excitement" she had when she was younger. Jackson wanted to create an R&B and dance album, but with an emphasis on dance.


20 Y.O., Recording and production
Rather than contribute to separate songs for the album, Dupri, Jam and Lewis decided to collaborate. According to the group, the process caused ego and procedural conflicts, but they complemented each other. Jam said: "The great thing about working with Jermaine, he came in with total respect for us, we had total respect for him. The fact is that we were fans of each other and for Janet". Jackson stated:


20 Y.O., Recording and production
"This time it was four of us collaborating – Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, Jermaine and myself. But it was the same process: Everyone getting all of their thoughts and ideas out on the table, then talking about which ideas to keep or throw out. Johntá Austin also played a part in the album. It was really a collaborative effort, and that's what made it so nice. Jermaine would run into the studio and talk about the songs Jimmy and Terry had done on someone's album. Then Jimmy would start playing the song, and Jermaine would say, 'You know what? Let's do something kind of along those lines as a bas'e. He understood them, he understood me and vice versa".


20 Y.O., Recording and production
20 Y.O. was recorded chiefly at Jam and Lewis' Flyte Tyme Studios in Los Angeles and Dupri's Southside Studios in Atlanta, with some sections undertaken at The Village in Los Angeles and the Hit Factory in Miami. The concept of 20 Y.O. is a celebration of what was happening musically when Control was released. The addition of Dupri, quotes Jackson as saying, "It's an edge, an attitude, an exciting vibe that's assertive. It's about taking charge. It says, 'Here I am. I'm coming on. Musically, I have it. You want it.


20 Y.O., Recording and production
And I'm giving it to you.'" With the album Dupri wanted to reconnect Jackson with her urban fan base without losing her pop and dance audience she had built during the last two decades before the album's release. "Times have changed from when Michael and Janet were out in the '80s", he noted, pointing to the fact that urban artists no longer had to cross over to pop genres before achieving maximum exposure and sales. "Janet shouldn't be changing or trying to change to get on pop radio", the producer completed.


20 Y.O., Recording and production
Dupri also demonstrated the possibility for a duet with Jackson and American singer Mariah Carey for the album. Carey commented in April 2006, "He never talked to me about that, but if Jermaine has a concept, we should go and write something. I love Janet. I’ve been a big fan of Janet since 'Con-tro-ol!'". Later, Dupri said that the closer he got to Jackson and Mariah's duet, the more he knew where it should be at, elaborating that he felt it was going to happen. "It depends on how quick my mind moves. We’re mixing records for [20 Years Old].


20 Y.O., Recording and production
We’re not done yet. When I did Usher's My Way album, the last record I created was 'You Make Me Wanna...'. I'm thinking I might go back in, and I might tamper with it. [ ...] We gotta try to figure it out", he commented. However, the duet never came to fruition.


20 Y.O., Music and lyrics
"This album takes me to a place where I haven't been in a while: R&B and dance. I give that credit to Jermaine. I like to say he brought the country to the album, while he says he brought the ghetto. But the dance element was the one thing I was adamant about having. The album also features samples from music that inspired me 20, 25 years ago. There are also some midtempo songs and some of what everyone calls my 'baby-making songs'. Basically, the album is everything that's always been a part of me, but with freshness to it".


20 Y.O., Music and lyrics
20 Y.O. is composed by eleven songs, an introduction, three interludes and an outro. It starts off with Jackson stating "There's something to be said for not saying anything. I've covered a lot in my 20 years. And I've uncovered a lot" in its intro. The opening song, second single "So Excited" featuring rapper Khia, is a hip hop track which samples the drum break and turntable scratches from Herbie Hancock's 1983 song "Rockit".


20 Y.O., Music and lyrics
In the song, Jackson promises submission for her lover, singing, "If you like it then I’ll do it/I’ll go head to toe" and "I'm-a keep your body thumping, baby". "Show Me" follows, with Jackson spelling its title throughout the song. The fourth song, "Get It Out Me", is a dance song which was noted to feature Jackson's vocals sounding like her brother Michael's ones. The following song is "Do It 2 Me".


20 Y.O., Music and lyrics
It marks a return to Jackson's conversational style; in the song, She is searching for her lover: "My first and only call is to you, time after time, babe, throughout my life". Its music is punctuated by handclaps and by low swoops of a string section. Sixth song "This Body" lyrically is about men who have appreciation with Jackson's appearances in magazines. She addresses her fans in the line "Just had to buy me, had to try me, oooh, you're in love with the hottest girl in the magazine". The song brings sinuous and dark beats incorporating a rhythmic pattern of heavy breathing and the sound of a jet taking off, which was noted to be a metaphor.


20 Y.O., Music and lyrics
An interlude is the opening for eighth track "With U", which was described as "the follow-up to 1986's 'Let's Wait Awhile'", where a couple postpone intimacy. "With U" takes place after the act, which results in romantic confusion. In it, she sings, "I wish you were the one the one I could be with forever". "Call on Me" is the ninth song and lead single from 20 Y.O. It features Nelly, and samples The SOS Band's 1983 song "Tell Me If You Still Care". It includes whispered vocals from both Jackson and Nelly.


20 Y.O., Music and lyrics
Second interlude finds Jackson remembering her Good Times days as Penny. "Daybreak", the eleventh song, begins with fairy tale infused chimes before introducing electronic soul handclaps before Jackson starts singing. It has a few lyrics which deal about sex. The following track, "Enjoy", is composed by piano and bass. In the song, Jackson's vocals were heavily treated. Both songs have additional carnival charms, sing-along melodies, and a children's chorus at its end of the latter. An interlude follows, with Jackson calling her lover, asking him to come home.


20 Y.O., Music and lyrics
Fourteenth song "Take Care" is a love song which finds the singer pleasuring herself while she waits for her lover. The last song from the album, "Love 2 Love" was recorded by Jackson with her brother Michael in mind. She sings, "We are a couple / Which love knows no bounds". An outro closes the album.


20 Y.O., Title and artwork
In February 2006, Dupri revealed the album's title as 20 Years Old, making reference to her third studio album, Control (1986), which commemorated its twentieth release anniversary in 2006. The singer, who at that date was 40 years old, confessed she felt half her age. However, Jackson changed the title to 20 Y.O. after a fan suggestion. Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine heavily criticized the title, saying it did not "let on whether the first letter is plural or singular, whether it's a noun or an adjective. And it would make all the difference".


20 Y.O., Title and artwork
He declared that if it was supposed to stand for "years", it was a forgivable conceit. However, the reviewer feared the acronym was for 20-Year-Old, which would mean a "misguided" move from a woman who was 40, and would illustrate everything wrong with Jackson's direction with the album. He later joked that his third interpretation and his personal favorite was the title to be read phonetically "I'm 20, yo".


20 Y.O., Title and artwork
A contest for fans to create an album cover image for 20 Y.O. was announced on July 18, 2006, through Yahoo!. Fans were able to create and submit their own album-cover design, with four winners being chosen by Jackson herself. The first million copies of the album would be published with these fan-created covers. The concept of the contest was to create an image that best celebrated Jackson's past twenty years. The singer hand-picked dozens of images that span over twenty years of Jackson's career were made available for download for use in creating the design.


20 Y.O., Title and artwork
"They told me that I should pick maybe 20, 30 photos, but I think I went a little crazy. I picked way more than that. I gave them some of the new stuff I just shot for the album cover shoot. So they have some really recent photos as well as some stuff from 20 years ago", Jackson confessed. For the official artwork for the album, Jackson appears sporting big hair and a wrist full of bracelets.


20 Y.O., Release and promotion
20 Y.O. was released on September 26, 2006 by Virgin Records; its deluxe edition, which included a bonus DVD, was released simultaneously. On May 1, 2006, a web-only song called "Weekend" was made available as a "gift" to fans to download via Jackson's official website. The song is a remake of "Lookout Weekend", a 1984 single by Debbie Deb. It was soon removed from the site and although not included on the album, footage of Jackson recording the track can be seen in the 20 Y.O. The Project piece on the deluxe edition bonus DVD.


20 Y.O., Release and promotion
A MySpace account for Jackson was also set up with new music and videos to promote 20 Y.O. In the lead up to the album's release, Jackson shot covers for Us Weekly, Vibe, Billboard, FHM, GIANT, W,  Jezebel, OK!, Ebony, King, Sophisticates Black Hair, Movieline's Hollywood Life, Hype Hair, Men's Fitness, Unleashed, Upscale, and In Touch. Her Us Weekly cover became the biggest-selling issue in the magazine's history, selling 1.4 million copies. Jackson's Vibe issue also received attention from the media after she appeared topless on the August cover.


20 Y.O., Release and promotion
On September 9, 2006, Jackson went to France to perform "So Excited" at NRJ's Back to School concert, along with past single "Nasty". While on The Oprah Winfrey Show, she was interviewed and performed both tracks again. The show aired on September 25. Jackson held an album signing in Times Square at the Virgin Megastore on September 26, the album's release date. Jackson performed live on the Today show — as part of their Concert Series — three days later. In October, she traveled to Japan to promote the album and wore a red kimono during a press conference there.


20 Y.O., Release and promotion
In November, Jackson performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, while she was interviewed on The Tyra Banks Show to further promote the album. On December 4, the singer opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of "The Pleasure Principle" and "So Excited". During rehearsals for the awards two days prior, she taped a performance featuring two classic singles from her catalog, "Nasty" and "Let's Wait Awhile", which was streamed on American Express' website.


20 Y.O., Release and promotion
Jackson planned to embark on a tour to promote 20 Y.O. around March 2007, with rehearsals beginning in the end of the previous year. According to a Billboard report in September 2006, she and her choreographers were working on ideas for a world tour, but the singer was still not prepared to share those ideas. However, the untitled tour was canceled after she signed a record deal with Island Records, and company executives asked her to record a new album instead, which became Discipline. Jackson stated: "I was supposed to go on tour with the last album [...] We were actually in full-blown tour rehearsals at that point ... learning numbers, getting everything together, set designs [...] I had to kind of shut everything down and go into the studio."


20 Y.O., Singles
The album's first single, "Call on Me", was released to US radio on June 19, 2006. It received mixed reviews from critics. The song was a success on the charts, becoming her most successful single in some countries since "All for You" in 2001. It peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, it spent two non-consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, making it Jackson's sixteenth R&B chart-topper and thirtieth top ten single. Internationally, the song peaked inside the top-twenty in Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.


20 Y.O., Singles
The music video for "Call on Me" was directed by Hype Williams and took ten days to be completed. The music video incorporates Indian, Asian, and African styles, with a mixture of outfits and hairstyles, with a total of five wardrobe changes. "Call on Me" is one of the most expensive music videos of all time, with a production cost of over US$1,000,000. Following its release, it was reported that the video was blacklisted by MTV following her incident at the Super Bowl halftime show, which was co-produced by the network.


20 Y.O., Singles
The second single, "So Excited", was released on August 28, 2006. Like the previous single, the song also was met with mixed reviews from music commentators, with some considering the song the highlight from 20 Y.O. while others found it disappointing. "So Excited" peaked at number 90 on the Hot 100, and also became her 39th top forty single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, reaching number 34. Additionally, on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, "So Excited" became Jackson's 22nd consecutive top ten single and her 17th number-one hit on the chart. It was well also received in Europe.


20 Y.O., Singles
In Finland, "So Excited" peaked at number nine and peaking at number 13 in Spain. Director Joseph Kahn directed its accompanying music video. It depicts Jackson's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine with female dancers. Also, occasional skeleton people appear in an X-ray effect, and images of Khia appearing in a small TV in an empty room. Due to her diminished role in the music video, she criticized Jackson online. The third single in North America was "With U", which was released to radio on December 11, 2006. Well received by critics, the song managed to reach number 65 on the region's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "Enjoy" was released only as a promotional single in Japan and received no commercial release.


20 Y.O., Critical reception
20 Y.O. received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, out of 100, to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 52, based on 14 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album a three-and-half out of five-star rating, writing that "with only a few exceptions, 20 Y.O. provides further refinements of the fun, flirtatious, midtempo songs of her past several albums. This is not a problem."


20 Y.O., Critical reception
The New York Times music critic Jon Pareles had mixed feelings, saying "Janet is as crafty and poised as ever. Her flirtations are still a pleasure, but an overly familiar one. She's done these same slinky moves too often to surprise listeners now." Newsday's Glenn Gamboa gave the album a grade of A-, and said that Jackson "may not want to dwell in that past, either. After all, 20 Y.O. shows that her future could be even better." Richard Cromelin from Los Angeles Times was positive saying that 20 Y.O. 's sex themes were slightly toned down from its predecessor, Damita Jo, and, "In the opening set of songs alone, Jackson promises to do it all [...] And she manages to do this without sounding especially raunchy."


20 Y.O., Critical reception
Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine said that the saddest thing about 20 Y.O. was Jackson's decision to make a terrible R&B instead of great dance music, which would likely pay off. He also referred to Jam and Lewis's production as "ice-cold beats [that] have melted into a lugubrious, lukewarm pudding—at under an hour, it still feels almost twice as long as Janet. and The Velvet Rope." With a C+ rating, Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine called it "half-decent" and went to say, "there's precious little to get, well, excited about here.


20 Y.O., Critical reception
Janet commits the ultimate sin of making an album that’s thoroughly mediocre. Apart from the sticky ear-candy of "So Excited," there's little I'd miss here if I went six months without it. This doesn't sound like rejuvenation—it sounds like the beginning of the end." The Village Voice's music critic Miles Marshall Lewis commented that Jackson's last two albums also talked excessively about sex, and with the new release, it was getting tired. Evan Serpick from Rolling Stone disagreed with the album's reference to Control, saying "If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison." Angus Batey, writing for Yahoo! Music UK, remarked that in Jackson's producers desire to take Jackson back to her roots, they made not a great album for Jackson, but a facsimile of one; correct in all the details, but lacking substance and soul. Robert Christgau gave it a "dud" score ().


20 Y.O., Commercial performance
20 Y.O. debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number two with 296,000 copies sold at its first week, behind Ludacris' album Release Therapy. This was considerably lower than Jackson's previous album Damita Jo, which also opened at number two with 381,000 copies sold across the United States in 2004. 20 Y.O. became her smallest first week sales since The Velvet Rope (1997), which reached number one with 202,000 copies. However, the effort debuted at the top on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.


20 Y.O., Commercial performance
In its second week, the album fell to number nine, selling 77,000 units, representing a 74% drop in sales. It additionally reached number two and number three on Top Digital Albums and Top Tastemaker Albums charts, respectively. On November 13, 2006, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies within the country. As of January 2008, the estimated sales of the album in the US were 679,000 copies.


20 Y.O., Commercial performance
On the Australian Albums Chart, it peaked at number 55. It became her lowest-peaking album in the region since Control in 1986, which reached number 25. In Japan, the album debuted at the number 12 on the Oricon Albums Chart selling 20,380 copies in its first week. It ultimately peaked at number seven in the region. A few weeks after, the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) certified 20 Y.O. gold for shipments of 100,000 copies.


20 Y.O., Commercial performance
In the Flemish region of Belgium, 20 Y.O. debuted at number 67 on October 7, 2006, moving to its peak of number 58 the next week, and staying on the charts for five weeks. In contrast, it reached number 22 in the Walloon region of that country. The album entered the French Albums Chart at number 32 in the week dated September 30, 2006, this being its peak. It lasted on the chart for four weeks, felling off the chart on October 21, 2006, at number 175.


20 Y.O., Commercial performance
20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 46 on October 6, 2006 in Germany, next week the album fell to number 96 before falling off the charts. On the Italian Albums Chart it fared better, reaching number 21. In Switzerland, the album debuted and peaked at number 35 on the Swiss Albums Chart and stayed on the charts for four weeks. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number 63 on its album chart. In the Netherlands, 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 34, the issue dated September 30, 2006. Almost one month after, it fell out of the chart at number 93. On the European Top 100 Albums, the record reached number 43. The album had sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide.


20 Yanvar (Baku Metro)
20 Yanvar (20 January in English) is a Baku Metro station. It was opened on 31 December 1985. It was formerly called XI Qızıl Ordu Meydanı.


20 Years After
20 Years After is a 2007 American post-apocalyptic film directed by Jim Torres and Ron Harris and starring Azura Skye, Joshua Leonard, and Nathan Baesel. Filmed principally in north Alabama and southern Tennessee, the low-budget film was initially released under the title Like Moles, Like Rats, a reference to the Thornton Wilder play The Skin of Our Teeth.


20 Years After, Premise
The events take place 20 years after a nuclear war which was followed by plagues. No children have been born in 15 years, and people want to gain control of the first pregnant woman - Sara. Running out of water, Sara and her mother are forced to leave their shelter in Samuel's basement and join other groups of refugees who call themselves internally displaced people. Michael is a disc jockey who operates a radio station at one of the camps. David runs a gang of looters.


20 Years Paranoid
20 Years Paranoid is a concert tour by American-Scottish alternative rock group Garbage, to mark the twentieth anniversary of their second album Version 2.0. The title also references the album's second single "I Think I'm Paranoid", and the promotional poster is redolent of the album's orange jacket artwork. The tour was preceded in June by a special 20th anniversary edition of Version 2.0, which was re-mastered in late 2017. Garbage will perform the album in its entirety as well as all the B-sides recorded and released during the album's promotional cycle spanning the years 1998–2000.


20 Years Paranoid, Tour announcement
The commemorative tour was initially announced in September 2017 with a single headline show confirmed in London. Further European dates, including a "homecoming" concerts in Glasgow and Edinburgh, and a show at Paris Bataclan, were announced the following February. Before the first shows were announced, Shirley Manson told Variety in mid 2017 that "We’re thinking of doing a Version 2.0 anniversary tour [to mark the album’s 20th anniversary] with all of the album tracks and B-sides, so there will be a lot of songs that we have not even played before that we’ll be trying next year." North American dates were announced in April, with Mexican shows following in July.


20 Years Paranoid, Tour announcement
Upon the announcement of the tour, Shirley Manson stated: "Version 2.0 was a very significant record for us and we know our fans feel the same way about it too. This should be a very special night for us all". Manson later told Hot Press: "Revisiting the b-sides has been interesting because some of them were literally written in an afternoon and then forgotten about until now. One of them, 'Lick the Pavement' is this un-thought out, un-tampered with burst of energy. There's also a version of Big Star’s 'Thirteen', which Alex Chilton said was his favourite cover of any of his songs. It's not a pat on the head... it's a fucking medal with a garland of flowers beneath it. I mean, Big Star... it doesn't get any cooler than that!"


20 Years Paranoid, Tour announcement
Garbage preempted the tour with a short set at the Electric Picnic festival in Republic of Ireland on Sunday 2 September. The band preceded Nile Rodgers & Chic, George Ezra, Picture This and The Prodigy. The tour was also supplemented by two festival shows in North America: CalJam in San Bernardino, CA preceding Tenacious D, Iggy Pop with Post Pop Depression and Foo Fighters, and ended their run at the Mother of All Rock Festival in Monterrey, Mexico, preceding Sammy Hagar, Whitesnake and Guns N' Roses.


20 Years Paranoid, Setlists
An orchestral sample, pitch-shifted and slowed down preceded the band onstage, where they opened with b-sides "Afterglow" and "Deadwood". These, alongside "13x Forever", are live debuts on this tour. Album tracks intersperse b-sides throughout, peaking the main set with three of their biggest songs. Deep cuts such as "Wicked Ways", "Medication", "Sleep Together" and "Dumb" had not been performed by the band in almost twenty years.


20 Years Paranoid, Setlists
"Wicked Ways" is mashed-up with a section from Depeche Mode's "Personal Jesus", "13x Forever" ends on a part from The Kinks' "Tired of Waiting for You", while "You Look So Fine" features an extended outro of lyrics from Fleetwood Mac's "Dreams". Further into the run Shirley adlibbed from Siouxsie and the Banshees "Happy House" on "Sleep Together". Some of the songs are preceded with pop-cultural reference samples triggered to lead in the music.


20 Years Paranoid, Setlists
These include dialogue from movies such as Natural Born Killers, To Have and Have Not, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Blade Runner, All About Eve, The Conversation, The Graduate, Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind and The Crow. The encore consists of album centrepiece "The Trick Is to Keep Breathing" and a cover version of David Bowie's "Starman", which is scheduled for vinyl release later in 2018.


20 Years Paranoid, Setlists
The band rehearsed around 25 songs for the tour. At both London shows, "Starman" was substituted for "No Horses" and "Cherry Lips", which continued on as the closing songs for the rest of the tour. Some fan requests were taken at points, including Beautiful Garbage tracks "Cup of Coffee" and "Parade". Late into the run, the band performed "#1 Crush" and "Only Happy When it Rains" in lieu of "No Horses".


20 Years Paranoid, Reviews
The opening night in Edinburgh was slightly marred with some sound issues, which Chris Mackinnon, writing for the Edinburgh Evening News, commented "despite the odd hiccup, it was a fine outing". He also noted, "THIS could be the very definition of risk: A celebration of possibly your most lauded album, in your home-town. On the 1st night of a tour. But it totally paid off."


20 Years Queer
20 Years Queer is a concert tour by American rock band Garbage, to mark the twentieth anniversary of their debut album Garbage. The title also references the band's early single "Queer", and the promotional poster is redolent of the self-titled album's pink feather artwork. The tour was preceded by a special 20-year edition of the record, which was re-mastered and featured remixes and previously unreleased versions of album tracks. Garbage performed the album in its entirety as well as all the B-sides recorded during that period.


20 Years Queer, Tour announcement
The commemorative tour was initially announced in March with shows confirmed in Paris and London, and was expected to travel to a number of cities worldwide. Further European dates, including a "homecoming" concert in Edinburgh, were announced over the following three months. The entire itinerary of North American dates were announced in June 2015.


20 Years Queer, Tour announcement
Upon the announcement of the tour, Shirley Manson stated: "This is the album that started everything for us and we look back on it with great fondness. It’s been really great to revisit these songs whilst working on new material – interesting to see how the essence of the band remains strong as we evolve". Guitarist Steve Marker later commented: "We're just as surprised to be here now, intact, so many years later, enthusiastically preparing to get back on the road with that album... A big piece of our lives remains caught up in the making of that record, and we know it holds a special place for the fans that have kept us going for so long".


20 Years Queer, Tour announcement
Garbage was supported on North American shows by singer/songwriter Torres. Support on all European shows, except Moscow, was provided by indie pop band Dutch Uncles.


20 Years Queer, Setlists
Around 15 minutes before showtime, a large white curtain dropped down in front of the stage. The live show was preceded by an introductory video compiled from footage of Garbage on their first tour and pop cultural moments of the era, sound-tracked by the bands largely-instrumental B-side "Alien Sex Fiend". The video was projected onto the curtain, which the band performed "Subhuman" behind, lit up in silhouette; the curtain dropped to the floor as soon as "Supervixen" began.


20 Years Queer, Setlists
The initial North American shows featured the set split into blocks of six album tracks, then a batch of B-sides, followed by the remaining album tracks and then again, B-sides, in almost running order on disc. Further into the tour, the set order was rejigged to flow better live. The end of each night featured two bonus tracks from other eras of the band's career. These were picked from a rotation of: "Push It", "I Think I'm Paranoid" or "When I Grow Up" from Version 2.0; "Cherry Lips" from Beautiful Garbage; "Bad Boyfriend" or "Why Do You Love Me" from Bleed Like Me; or "Automatic Systematic Habit" from Not Your Kind of People.


20 Years in History
20 Years In History is the fourth compilation by the German heavy metal/speed metal band Running Wild. It is a chronological account of Running Wild with two tracks from every album up to and including The Brotherhood. "Prowling Werewolf" was formerly available on Heavy Metal Like A Hammerblow demo. "Apocalyptic Horsemen" is previously unreleased.


20 Years in a Montana Missile Silo
20 Years in a Montana Missile Solo is the sixteenth studio album by American band Pere Ubu. It was released in September 29, 2017 through Cherry Red Records. The album was dedicated to Paul Hamann, the engineer owner of Suma Recording Studio, who died on September 14, 2017.


20 Years of Dischord
20 Years of Dischord is a 3-disc box set compiled by Washington, D.C.-based record label Dischord Records to commemorate its 20th anniversary.


20 Years of Dischord, Overview
20 Years of Dischord is a concise but representative musical chronicle of the first two decades of the label originally created by Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson as teenagers in 1980 with the sole purpose of releasing Minor Disturbance, their band, the Teen Idles, debut EP; but that, over time, it went on to document the most part of the music coming out of the U.S. capital city's underground community, becoming highly influential.


20 Years of Dischord, Overview
The core of the collection are the first two discs, packaged together into a single CD case under the title Fifty Bands, which contains 50 songs, one track from each band that appeared on the label from 1980 to 2000, all of them previously released, featured in roughly chronological order, showing the musical evolution of the scene.


20 Years of Dischord, Overview
"...the fascinating part [of 20 Years of Dischord] is hearing the progression ... from a high-octane hardcore hotbed to a more arty, experimental, and wide-ranging purely musical scene..."


20 Years of Dischord, Overview
The third disc, an enhanced CD titled Unreleased and Rare, consists of a variety of outtakes, demos and live recordings from the Dischord vaults, also includes an early interview with MacKaye, as well as some video files of archival footage featuring performances by the Teen Idles, Untouchables, State of Alert, the Faith, Void, and Deadline. The songs that make up the disc were also released separately, as a collection, and individually, as downloadables digital audio files.


20 Years of Dischord, Overview
The box set includes a profusely illustrated 134-page book titled Putting DC on the Map. Introduced by MacKaye, Nelson and Henry Rollins, the booklet contains a brief historic review of the label, a profile of each of the bands featured on the compilation, and a pictorial discography.


20 Years of Dischord, Production and release
Conceived by Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson, the 20 Years of Dischord box set was edited by Don Zientara at Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia. Chad Clark was in charge of the audio mastering at Silver Sonya Recording and Mastering, also located in Arlington. The video files on the enhanced CD were edited by Chris Mills and Guillaume Bernardeau at the studio of RHED Pixel, located outside of Washington, D.C.


20 Years of Dischord, 14 Bonus Tracks 2000-2008
In November 2008, 20 Years of Dischord was updated with an additional compilation titled 14 Bonus Tracks 2000-2008, featuring songs, all of them previously released, from 14 bands who have had releases on the label since 2000. Available only in MP3 format through digital download, this bonus collection has been sold separately or offered for free with the purchase of the original box set.


20 Years of Dischord, Track listings, 14 Bonus Tracks 2000-2008
Digital collection released in 2008 as an update of the original compilation.


20 Years of Dischord, Personnel
These were the lineups for each of the fifty songs featured on discs 1 and 2.


20 Years of Hardcore
20 Years of Hardcore is the singles collection album by German hard dance band Scooter, released on October 11, 2013. It collects all the singles from the band to date, plus the remix of "Maria (I Like It Loud)" from the German DJ-duo R.I.O..


20 Years of Hell
20 Years of Hell is a series of EPs released by Anti-Flag. In honor of the band's 20th anniversary, they released the EPs via a subscription service. Each EP, which was released digitally and as a 7", is a split, featuring two songs by Anti-Flag, both of which are re-recordings of previous Anti-Flag songs, with the exception of the last EP which features one re-recording and one new song, and two songs by a new band.


20 Years of Hell, Vol. VI
The sixth and final volume was released in July 2014


20 Years of Independence Stadium
Bistsolagii Istiqloliyati Stadium (Tajik: Варзишгоҳи ба номи «Бистсолагии Истиқлолияти») also known as 20 Years of Independence Stadium is a stadium in Khujand, Tajikistan. It has a capacity of 25,000 spectators. It is the home of FC Khujand of the Ligai Olii Tojikiston.


20 Years of Jethro Tull
20 Years of Jethro Tull is a 1988 boxed set which spans the first twenty years of Jethro Tull. It was issued as five LPs: Radio Archives, Rare Tracks, Flawed Gems, Other Sides of Tull, and The Essential Tull. It was simultaneously released as both a 3CD and a 3-cassette set, titled 20 Years of Jethro Tull: The Definitive Collection.


20 Years of Jethro Tull
All three versions were housed in a 12x12inch cardboard-box, with 24-page booklet, the CD and cassette versions having a black plastic tray.


20 Years of Jethro Tull
A single CD sampler and a double LP album were also created, titled 20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights.


20 Years of Jethro Tull, CD track listing
The track numbers shown below are for the three-CD Definitive Edition. All songs written by Ian Anderson unless noted.


20 Years of Jethro Tull, LP Track listing
The track numbers shown below are for the five LP set. Each LP having sides A & B.


20 Years of Jethro Tull (video)
20 Years of Jethro Tull (1988) is a video by Jethro Tull, also known as Jethro Tull: This Is the First 20 Years. It consists of interviews with fans, frontman Ian Anderson, Terry Ellis and Chris Wright of Chrysalis Records, and John Gee of the Marquee Club, giving a rough chronology of the band, interspersed with clips from music videos and live performances. Many of the live performances are culled from the Madison Square Garden performance during the 1978 Heavy Horses tour.


20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights
20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights is a 27-track (21 on CD) distillation of the Jethro Tull box set 20 Years of Jethro Tull.


20 Years of Narada Piano
20 Years of Narada Piano is a 2001 compilation release by Narada. It peaked at #12 on Billboard's Top New Age album charts in the same year.


20 Years of Noise 1985–2005
20 Years of Noise 1985–2005 is a compilation album of the Italian extreme metal band Necrodeath. The last four songs were taken from The Shining Pentagram demo.


20 Years of Stony Plain
20 Years of Stony Plain is a compilation album, released in 1996 on Stony Plain Records to mark the label's 20th anniversary. It features tracks by many of the artists who have released material on the label.


20 Years of Weird: Flaming Lips 1986–2006
20 Years of Weird: Flaming Lips 1986–2006 is an updated version of the free compilation CD given away at the SXSW Film premier of The Flaming Lips documentary "The Fearless Freaks", a film by Bradley Beesley. It is a predominantly live compilation, recorded throughout the career of the Flaming Lips (between 1986 and 2003), though the first three tracks are recorded in the studio. These are: the introduction by Wayne Coyne, "Free Radicals" from the current album At War with the Mystics and "Enthusiasm for Life Defeats Existential Fear", a previously unavailable track.


20 Years of Weird: Flaming Lips 1986–2006
Some notable tracks contained on this compilation are "Shine on Sweet Jesus", a track recorded live with a short lived line-up which included Jonathan Donahue (of Mercury Rev), and current Flaming Lips producer Dave Fridmann, also of Mercury Rev. There is also a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love" (sung with the lyrics "Whole Lotta Satan"), which is played before "Cant Stop the Spring". The track "Sleeping on the Roof" is a live recording from the Flaming Lips' "Parking Lot Experiments" in 1996, where the band got some of their fans to play pre-recorded tapes (of music by the band) in their car stereos simultaneously.


20 Years – A Warrior Soul
20 Years – A Warrior Soul  is a double DVD video album by hard rock singer Doro Pesch, released in 2006 by AFM Records. The first DVD contains a movie shot by director Ronald Matthes during the tour supporting the release of the album Warrior Soul in 2006; it features also a selection of commented songs from the special concert held at Phillips Halle in Düsseldorf, Germany on 13 December 2003, celebrating 20 years of career of the German singer with many guests, and footage of the party after the show. The second DVD features the full 20th anniversary concert.


20 Years – A Warrior Soul
The double DVD package was also marketed as 20 Years - A Warrior Soul – Winter Edition, with a different cover and the inclusion of a bonus  CD.


20 ans, barakat!
20 ans, barakat! (20 years is enough!) is a movement in France and Algeria founded in 2003 to overturn the Algerian Family Code in force since June 1984.


20 ans, barakat!
They consider this code to contradict the legal equality between women and men proclaimed in Article 29 of the Algerian constitution, institutionalizing what they call second-class citizenship for women and leading to discrimination and injustices against them.


20 ans, barakat!
Among the injustices and discrimination against women in the Algerian law the movement points to the following points:


20 ans, barakat!
In response, the movement demands that the following changes be made to the Family Code:


20 ans, barakat!
Ourida Chouaki was one of the coordinators of the campaign.


20 bästa
20 bästa is a 1998 compilation album by Norwegian singer Elisabeth Andreassen.


20 bästa låtar
20 bästa låtar (Swedish for 20 best songs) is a 1997 compilation album from Swedish group Chips. 20 bästa låtar was released 14 years after Chips was disestablished in 1983.


20 cents
20 cents is a coinage value in some systems using decimal currencies. While some countries use a 20-cent coin, some countries use a 25-cent coin instead of a 20-cent coin.


20 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16
The 20 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16 (Pneumatic trench mortar) was a heavy mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by Austria Metal Works in Brno from their earlier 12 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16. It was a rigid-recoil, smoothbore, breech-loading design that had to be levered around to aim at new targets. It was very simple in that the shell closed the top of the chamber and was retained by a "gripper" until the air pressure was deemed sufficient and the gripper was manually released, which fired the weapon. The barrel was fixed at 45° elevation and range was adjusted by varying the air pressure, but an additional barrel could be fitted to extend the range. A single cylinder of compressed air was only good for four to six shots. It was loaded onto a two-wheel cart for transport.


20 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16
20 were ordered at the end of May 1916 after trials in the spring. Another 80 were ordered in November 1916. In service it was not as successful as its smaller brother due to its greater weight and much greater requirement for compressed air. It was superseded by the 26 cm Minenwerfer M 17.


20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer
The 20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer (20 cm leLdgW) was a spigot mortar used by Germany during World War II. It was used by engineers to demolish obstacles and strongpoints. It was gradually withdrawn from front-line service from 1942.


20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer
Propellant was placed at the top of the spigot and ignited when the projectile slid far enough down the spigot to complete the circuit. It fired HE (high explosive) and smoke rounds in addition to a special Harpunengeschosse (harpoon bomb) that carried a rope with hooks to clear mines or wire obstacles.


20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer, Sources
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20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer, Sources
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20 cm naval rocket launcher
The 20 cm naval rocket launcher was a rocket artillery system used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the final stages of World War II.


20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design
During World War II there was considerable infighting between the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy as both competed for scarce resources. A consequence of this competition is that each produced similar but different weapons. An example of this competition was the Army Type 4 20 cm rocket launcher and the 20 cm naval rocket launcher.


20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design
The 20 cm naval rocket launcher was developed in the final stages of World War II by the Japanese Navy, as a low-cost, easy to produce weapon for use by naval troops as a last-ditch weapon for the defense of Japanese occupied islands. The first units were used successfully during the Battle of Peleliu in 1944.


20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design
The 20 cm naval rocket was a modification of a standard 203 mm (8 in) naval projectile by screwing a rocket booster to the projectile. The rocket was ignited by a percussion cap which screwed into the base of the projectile and the rocket consisted of 7 sticks of double base solid-propellant whose exhaust gasses were forced through six venturis drilled in the base of the rocket at a 25° angle which rotated the projectile in a clockwise direction imparting spin-stabilization. Type 91 trinitroanisole explosive was poured into a lacquered shell body intended to stop the formation of picrate salts and the projectile was centrifugally armed by a nose fuze.


20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design, Launchers
The rocket could be launched from a sheet metal or wooden launch trough with a bi-pod, placed against an earthen embankment, or from a pipe or culvert. They were usually employed in groups of two or three covering landing beaches and although cheap and portable traverse and elevation were slow and the projectile range was short.


20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design, Launchers
A mobile rocket launcher was first found on Iwo Jima. It has a barrel about 6 ft (1.8 m) long and was mounted on a steel split trail carriage with two spades. There were two wooden spoked wheels with hard rubber tires for easy transport. Elevation and depression were by an elevating handle located at the left of the barrel just forward of the trunnions. When the desired angle was reached, the clamping handle at the left is rotated to lock the tube in position. The maximum elevation was 73° with no carriage traverse. A percussion type firing mechanism located on top of the breech is fired by an attached lanyard.


20 cm/12 short naval gun
The  20 cm/12 short naval gun was a naval gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy to defend merchant ships and land bases during World War II.


20 cm/12 short naval gun, History
Since Japan is an island nation with relatively few resources it relied upon a large merchant fleet to import the resources needed for its industry and economy. As Japanese shipping losses mounted during the latter half of World War II the Japanese began to organize their shipping into escorted convoys and they began arming their merchant ships to defend against attacks from Allied surface combatants, submarines and carrier-based aircraft. The 20 cm/12 short naval gun was a multi-purpose gun introduced during 1943 which combined the roles of naval gun, anti-aircraft gun, coastal defense gun, and anti-submarine gun.


20 cm/12 short naval gun, Design
The 20 cm/12 short naval gun was an autofretted monoblock gun with an interrupted screw breech that fired separate loading cased charges and projectiles. The trunnioned gun barrel had a hydro-spring recoil mechanism above and below the barrel and was mounted on a center pivot H/A L/A gun mount. The gun was normally mounted on merchant ships above 5,000 GRT and its large projectile would have been capable of destroying an enemy submarine making a surface attack.


20 cm/12 short naval gun, Design
The gun also saw use on land as a coastal defense gun on hills overlooking Japanese harbors and installations or as an anti-aircraft gun. In the anti-aircraft role, a group of four guns shared a central range and height finder for barrage fire against level bombers. It was described as heavy and its 8° a second elevation/traverse was considered slow so its ability to track small fast moving targets such as dive bombers, torpedo bombers, and fighters was probably limited. It is credited with being able to fire five rounds per minute but that is probably optimistic because the projectiles were heavy and the gun needed to be loaded at +10° between shots.


20 cm/12 short naval gun, Ammunition
The projectiles were propelled by a 2 kg (4 lb 7 oz) bagged charge inside a separate loading brass or steel cartridge case. In addition to the types listed below there may have been anti-submarine, armor-piercing, illumination, and incendiary ammunition.


20 cm/12 short naval gun, Gallery
A captured ammunition bunker with 20 cm projectiles and shell cases on Guam.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun
Third year type 20 cm/50 caliber guns (五十口径三年式二〇糎砲, gojūkōkei sannenshiki ni-maru centi-hō) formed the main battery of Japan's World War II heavy cruisers. These guns were also mounted on two early aircraft carriers. The typical installation was ten 20 cm/50 guns; although  Tone-class cruisers carried eight while  Furutaka and  Aoba-class cruisers carried six. After modernization, Akagi carried only six.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun
These were built-up guns with an inner A tube, encased by a second tube, encased by a full length jacket. Early guns were partially wire-wound, but later guns dispensed with the wire winding. The guns were breech loaded with two cloth bags of smokeless powder. Third year type refers to the Welin breech block on this gun. Breech block design began in 1914 AD, the third year of the Taishō period. This breech block design was also used on Japanese 41 cm (16.1 inch), 15.5 cm (6 inch), 14 cm (5.5 inch), 12.7 cm (5 inch), and 12 cm (4.7 inch) naval guns.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, 1 GÔ (Mark I) guns
The first model of this gun used a 32.63 kg (71.9 lb) powder charge to fire 20 cm (7.9 in) projectiles weighing 110 kg (242.5 lb) at a velocity of 870 m/s (2,854 ft/s). Useful life was 300 effective full charges (EFC) per gun. These guns were initially installed in type A low-angle (25°) single mounts aboard  Furutaka-class cruisers, in type C (40°) twin turrets in the  Aoba class, and in type D (40°) twin turrets in the  Myōkō class. Mark I guns can be visually distinguished from Mark II guns by an abrupt step in the chase diameter which was absent on the latter guns.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, 2 GÔ (Mark II) guns
Second model guns used a 33.8 kg (74.5 lb) powder charge to fire 8 in (203.2 mm) projectiles weighing 125.85 kg (277.5 lb) at a velocity of 835 m/s (2,740 ft/s). These guns had a useful life expectancy of 320 to 400 EFC (Effective/Equivalent Full Charge). Rate of fire varied from four rounds per minute firing at low angles diminishing to two or three rounds per minute firing at maximum elevation. These guns and the type E twin turret with 70-degree elevation installed on  Takao-class cruisers were influenced by Royal Navy County-class cruisers.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, 2 GÔ (Mark II) guns
Type E turrets were promptly redesigned to limit elevation to 55 degrees when 70-degree elevation proved impractical. Modified type E turrets were installed as original equipment aboard Maya and the Tone-class cruisers, and replaced the original turrets aboard Furutaka and  Mogami-class cruisers. Mark II guns replaced the original Mark I guns in type C and D turrets so all Japanese heavy cruisers carried Mark II guns in twin turrets by December 1941.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Aircraft carrier installations
Mark I guns were installed in casemates with a maximum elevation of 25 degrees limiting maximum range to 22 kilometers (14 mi). Aircraft carriers originally had four guns originally mounted in two type B twin turrets with a maximum elevation of 70 degrees. These were transferred to casemates in Kaga in 1934 and simply removed from Akagi in 1936.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Ammunition
Shell weights and muzzle velocities for high explosive or San Shiki incendiary shrapnel are specified for each of the Marks above. Infobox muzzle velocity applies to type 91 armor-piercing (AP) shells with trajectory information below. Illuminating shells were fired with a reduced charge at a muzzle velocity of 710 meters per second (2330 ft/sec).


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type A
Only Mark I guns were installed in type A mounts. Maximum elevation was 25°  in the six single mounts installed aboard Furutaka-class cruisers in 1926, in the six casemate mountings installed on aircraft carriers Akagi in 1927 and Kaga in 1930, and in the four casemate mountings added to Kaga in 1934.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type B
Only Mark I guns were installed in type B mounts. Maximum elevation was 70°  in the two twin turrets installed aboard Akagi in 1927 and Kaga in 1930. These turrets were removed from Kaga in 1934 and from Akagi in 1936. Guns removed in 1934 were transferred to additional casemates aboard Kaga, but those removed in 1936 were not replaced.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type C
Three twin turrets with maximum elevation of 40°  were installed only aboard Aoba-class cruisers. The Mark I guns installed in 1927 were replaced by Mark II guns in 1937 and 1938.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type D
Five twin turrets with maximum elevation of 40°  were installed only aboard Myōkō-class cruisers. The Mark I guns installed in 1928 and 1929 were replaced by Mark II guns between 1931 and 1934.


20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type E
Only Mark II guns were installed in type E twin turrets. Maximum elevation was 70° in the five turrets installed aboard Atago, Takao, and Chōkai in 1932. Early recognition of the impracticality of using these guns for anti-aircraft fire caused reduction of maximum elevation to 55° in all subsequent installations. Maya received five 55° turrets as original equipment in 1932. Three new turrets with Mark I guns from Myōkō-class cruisers re-bored to Mark II replaced the original type A mounts aboard Furutaka-class cruisers in 1936 and 1937. Tone-class cruisers were completed with four type E turrets in 1937 and 1938. Five new turrets replaced the original triple 6-inch turrets aboard Mogami class cruisers between 1939 and 1941.


20 em 1
20 em 1 (English translation: 20 in 1) is a compilation game from Tec Toy that allows players to choose from 20 different games. The title was exclusively released in Brazil as a pack-in game included with later revisions of the Master System.


20 em 1, Gameplay
Many of the included games belong to the action game genre while others are racing or sports games involving skateboarding, motocross racing, car racing/driving, roller skating, and skiing. Trophies are earned for beating each of the 20 games that are included in this compilation. The game has text that is in the Brazilian Portuguese language.


20 euro cent coin
The 20 euro cent coin (€0.20) has a value of one fifth of a euro and is composed of an alloy called nordic gold in the Spanish flower shape. All coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides. The coin has been used since 2002, with the present common side design dating from 2007.


20 euro cent coin, History
The coin dates from 2002, when euro coins and banknotes were introduced in the 12 member eurozone and its related territories. The common side was designed by Luc Luycx, a Belgian artist who won a Europe-wide competition to design the new coins. The design of the 10 to 50 cent coins were intended to show separate states of the European Union (EU), as opposed to the one and two euro coins showing the 15 states as one and the 1 to 5 cent coins showing the EU's place in the world.


20 euro cent coin, History
The national sides, then 15 (eurozone + Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican who could mint their own) were each designed according to national competitions, though to specifications which applied to all coins such as the requirement of including twelve stars (see euro coins for more). National designs were not allowed to change until the end of 2008, unless a monarch (whose portrait usually appears on the coins) dies or abdicates. This happened in Monaco and the Vatican City resulting in three new designs in circulation (the Vatican had an interim design until the new Pope was selected). National designs have seen some changes due to new rules stating that national designs should include the name of the issuing country (Finland and Belgium both do not show their name, and hence have made minor changes).


20 euro cent coin, History
As the EU's membership has since expanded in 2004 and 2007, with further expansions envisaged, the common face of all euro coins from the value of 10 cent and above were redesigned in 2007 to show a new map. This map showed Europe, not just the EU, as one continuous landmass, however Cyprus was moved west as the map cut off after the Bosporus (which was seen as excluding Turkey for political reasons). The redesign in 2007, rather than in 2004, was because 2007 saw the first enlargement of the eurozone: the entry of Slovenia. Hence, the Slovenian design was added to the designs in circulation. Two more designs were added in 2008 with the entry of Cyprus and Malta and another one in 2009 with Slovakia, and two more for Estonia and Latvia were added in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Lithuania in 2015.


20 euro cent coin, Design
The coins are composed of an alloy called Nordic gold, with a diameter of 22.25 mm, a 2.14 mm thickness and a mass of 5.74 grams. The coins' edges are smooth with seven indentations from the coin's "Spanish flower" shape. The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999 which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation.


20 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side
The reverse (used from 2007 onwards) was designed by Luc Luycx and displays a map of Europe on the left. The map does not include Iceland and cuts off on the right through Russia (at a line from the Kandalaksha Gulf to the Bosphorus). Additionally, Cyprus is moved westward under Crete in order to include it and Malta is shown as disproportionally large so that it shows up. The map is flat and level with most of the coin and the sea is shown as an indentation.


20 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side
Six fine lines cut through the sea, breaking when passing through the map, and at their ends at the top and bottom are twelve stars (reflective of the flag of Europe). To the right, in raised lettering, is "20 Euro Cent" with the '20' being shown much larger than the words. The designer's initials, LL, appear next to the 0 in 20.


20 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side
Luc Luycx designed the original coin, which was much the same except the design was only of the then 15 members and shown with gaps between the states and raised rather than with an indented sea.


20 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides
The obverse side of the coin depends on the issuing country. All have to include twelve stars (in most cases a circle around the edge), the engraver's initials and the year of issue. New designs also have to include the name or initials of the issuing country. The side cannot repeat the denomination of the coin unless the issuing country uses an alphabet other than Latin (currently, Greece is the only such country hence they engrave "20 ΛΕΠΤΑ" upon their coins).


20 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs
Austria, Germany and Greece will also at some point need to update their designs to comply with guidelines stating they must include the issuing state's name or initial. Austria will also have to remove the denomination of the coin from its design, Greece is exempt from this requirement as it uses a non-Latin alphabet.


20 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs
In addition, there are several EU states that have not yet adopted the euro. While some of them have already agreed upon their coin designs, these are not yet minted as it is not known exactly when they will adopt the currency. See enlargement of the Eurozone for expected entry dates of these countries.


20 euro note
The twenty euro note (€20) is the third-lowest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The note is used by the 23 countries and a population of 343 million as their sole currency, with 22 legally adopting it. In May 2021, there were approximately 4,474,000,000 twenty euro banknotes in circulation around the eurozone. It is the second most widely circulated denomination, accounting for 16.6% of the total banknotes. Estimates suggest that the average life of a twenty euro banknote is about two years before it is replaced due to wear.


20 euro note
It is the third-smallest note, measuring 133 x 72 mm with a blue colour scheme. The twenty euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways in Gothic architecture (between the 13th and 14th century CE). The twenty euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity.


20 euro note
The full design of the Europa series 20 euro banknote was revealed on 24 February 2015 and launched on 25 November 2015.


20 euro note, History
The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Belgian franc and the Greek drachma.


20 euro note, History
Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015.


20 euro note, History, The changeover period
The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever.


20 euro note, History, Changes
Notes printed before November 2003 bear the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, who was replaced on 1 November 2003 by Jean-Claude Trichet, whose signature appears on issues from November 2003 to March 2012. Notes issued after March 2012 bear the signature of the third president of the European Central Bank, incumbent Mario Draghi.


20 euro note, History, Changes
Until now there has been only one complete series of euro notes; however a new series, similar to the current one, is being released. The European Central Bank will, in due time, announce when banknotes from the first series lose legal tender status.


20 euro note, History, Changes
As of June 2012, current issues do not reflect the expansion of the European Union to 27 member states as Cyprus is not depicted on current notes as the map does not extend far enough east and Malta is also missing as it does not meet the current series' minimum size for depiction. Since the European Central Bank plans to redesign the notes every seven or eight years after each issue, a second series of banknotes is already in preparation. New production and anti-counterfeiting techniques will be employed on the new notes, but the design will be of the same theme and colours identical of the current series; bridges and arches. However, they would still be recognisable as a new series.


20 euro note, Design
The twenty euro note is the third smallest euro note at 133 millimetres (5.2 in) × 72 millimetres (2.8 in) with a blue colour scheme. All bank notes depict bridges and arches/doorways in a different historical European style; the twenty euro note shows the gothic era (between the 13th and 14th century CE). Although Robert Kalina's original designs were intended to show real monuments, for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era.


20 euro note, Design
Like all euro notes, it contains the denomination, the EU flag, the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of said bank in different EU languages, a depiction of EU territories overseas, the stars from the EU flag and thirteen security features as listed below.


20 euro note, Design
The ECB released a game on 5 February 2015 to discover some of the new security features embedded in the new €20 note. The most significant new anti-counterfeit measure is a transparent window, containing a hologram which shows a portrait of Europa and the number 20. The Europa series design of the 20 euro note was officially revealed on 24 February 2015.


20 euro note, Design, Security features (first series)
As a lower value note, the security features of the twenty euro note are not as high as the other denominations; however, it is protected by:


20 euro note, Circulation
The European Central Bank is closely monitoring the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes. It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the euro area.


20 euro note, Circulation
In May 2021, there were 4,473,821,732 €20 banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone. for €89,476,434,640.


20 euro note, Circulation
This is a net number, i.e. the number of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem central banks, without further distinction as to who is holding the currency issued, thus also including the stocks held by credit institutions.


20 euro note, Circulation
Besides the date of the introduction of the first set to January 2002, the publication of figures is more significant through the maximum number of banknotes raised each year. The number is higher the end of the year.


20 euro note, Circulation
The first series of notes were issued in conjunction with those for a few weeks in the series 'Europe' until existing stocks are exhausted, then gradually withdrawn from circulation. Both series thus run parallel but the proportion tends inevitably to a sharp decrease in the first series.


20 euro note, Circulation
The latest figures provided by the ECB are the following :


20 euro note, Legal information
Legally, both the European Central Bank and the central banks of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the seven different euro banknotes. In practice, only the national central banks of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro banknotes. The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations.


20 euro note, Tracking
There are several communities of people at European level, most of which is EuroBillTracker, that, as a hobby, it keeps track of the euro banknotes that pass through their hands, to keep track and know where they travel or have travelled. The aim is to record as many notes as possible to know details about its spread, like from where and to where they travel in general, follow it up, like where a ticket has been seen in particular, and generate statistics and rankings, for example, in which countries there are more tickets. EuroBillTracker has registered over 155 million notes as of May 2016, worth more than €2.897 billion.


20 kilometres race walk
The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women. The racewalking event is competed as a road race. Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it.


20 kilometres race walk, World records
The men's world record for the 20 km race walk is held by Yusuke Suzuki, who walked 1:16:36 at the Asian Race Walking Championships in his home town of Nomi, Japan. Suzuki's new World Record came exactly one week after Yohann Diniz's mark who walked a then record time of 1:17:02 in Arles at the 2015 French championships. The women's world record of 1:24:38 was set by Liu Hong of China. Russian Elena Lashmanova, has served a previous ban for doping, currently holds a quicker time of 1:23:39 which is also the European record, but it has never been ratified as a world record.


20 kilometres race walk, All-time top 25, Men, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 1:17:52:


20 kilometres race walk, All-time top 25, Women, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 1:26:14:


20 kilometres race walk, All-time top 25, Women, Notes
The following athletes have had their performances (inside 1:26:14) annulled due to doping offense:


20 km of Brussels
The 20 km of Brussels (French: 20 km de Bruxelles, Dutch: 20 km door Brussel) is a 20.1 km running race that has been held each year in Brussels since 1980, usually in May. It used to have a maximum number of 25,000 entries, which were normally sold out quite quickly after places go on sale in March, but in 2010 a staggered start-time approach led to an increased maximum number of entries of 40,000.


20 km of Brussels
The race is a major event in Brussels, with a large turnout of supporters. The course is quite challenging, particularly due to the gentle, long overall climb and several tunnels between kilometer three and seven as well as the long and steep climb on Avenue de Tervueren towards the end of the race.


20 km of Brussels
The exact course distance has varied over time. The 2014 course officially covers 20.1 km. The course often did not cover a complete 20 km circuit in its early history. The 2000 race was significantly shorter than the full distance and both the men's and women's winners finished the race more than three minutes ahead of the world records at the time.


20 km of Lausanne
The 20 km of Lausanne (French 20 km de Lausanne) is an annual road running event in Lausanne (Switzerland). It includes races on 20, 10, 4 and 2 kilometres.


20 km of Lausanne
The 20 km of Lausanne takes place in spring (April) and the Marathon of Lausanne takes place in autumn (October).


20 km of Lausanne, Route
The start of the race is located in Vidy and the finish is in the Stade Pierre de Coubertin (close to the start).


20 manat
20 manat - (Azerbaijani: İyirmi manat and Turkmen: ýigrimi manat) is one of the banknotes in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.


20 meter club
The 20 meter club (20 metrin kerho in Finnish) is an unregistered Finnish association for Finnish shot putters who have put the shot more than 20 meters in an official competition using a 7.26 kg shot for men and a 4 kg for women.


20 meter club
The 20 meter club was founded on April 28, 1983, at Eerikkilä Sports Academy with six men being selected as members. One of the goals of the club is to promote the development of shot putting in Finland.


20 meter club
The club meets twice a year, once in the spring and once in the fall. In its fall meeting, the club awards the "Kultapoju" or Golden Boy to a promising shot putter. The Golden Boy is a brass shot that is slightly larger than the current standard shot, although it weighs less (6.2 kg, orig. 6.6 kg). The first recipient of the Golden Boy award was Kari Töyrylä in 1985; Töyrylä became a member of the club in 1986 after his put of 20.05 m on July 2. The last recipient to date was Niko Hauhia, who also received a EUR 500 stipend for training. The club also awards training grants in order to promote and help athletes develop.


20 meter club, Members
As of July 2018, the club had 21 members. Of these, Seppo Simola, Jari Kuoppa, and Bo Grahn are deceased.


20 minutes (France)
20 minutes (pronounced vingt minutes) is a free, daily newspaper aimed at commuters in France. It is published by Schibsted and Ouest France Group. 20 minutos, the Spanish version, is distributed by Schibsted and Zeta in Spain. In Switzerland, the French-language edition 20 minutes and the German-language edition 20 Minuten are published by Tamedia.


20 minutes (France)
In Greater Paris, Ipsos and CESP confirmed a circulation of 805,000 with a readership of 2,339,000. 20 minutes claims that its readers are "young urban citizens (15–40 years old) that to a lesser extent consume traditional newspapers."


20 minutes (France)
The French 20 minutes was launched in Paris on 15 March 2002, and spread to 11 other urban areas of France, including, in order of size, the cities of Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Nice, Nantes, Strasbourg, Montpellier, Bordeaux, Lille, Rennes and Grenoble. Each edition includes both national pages and regional sections.


20 minutes (France)
Since its launch, 20 minutes has led the market of free French newspapers. In March 2014, due to the fall of advertising revenues (-6% en 2013), TF1 and Bolloré, owners of 20 minutes' competitors —Metronews and Direct Matin—, announced their willingness to buy 20 minutes and merge their activities.


20 minutes (France)
The name 20 minutes refers to the amount of time it should take one to read this daily newspaper.


20 minutes (Switzerland)
20 minutes is a French-language newspaper published in Switzerland, launched on 8 March 2006 by Tamedia for the Romandie. As of 2008, it had a circulation of 221,560.


20 minutos
20 minutos is a Spanish free newspaper, with local editions in several Spanish cities, published by Multiprensa & Mas S.L..


20 minutos, History
Multiprensa & Mas S.L. was founded in Madrid in 1999. The founder of 20 minutos is José Antonio Martínez Soler.


20 minutos, History
20 minutos is published under an Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons licence, which entitles anyone to freely copy, distribute, display, make derivative works and commercial use of the work. Additionally, the newspaper can be downloaded from their site.


20 minutos, History
Its majority stockholder is 20 Min Holding, a leader in free daily newspapers in Switzerland (20 minutes in French and 20 Minuten in German), France (20 minutes), and Spain. 20 Min Holding's majority stockholder is Schibsted, a Norwegian communication group that was founded in 1839, listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange, and has a strong presence in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Estonia, Finland, France, and Spain, where it is the owner of both paid and free newspapers, television stations, radio stations, multimedia, etc.


20 minutos, History
For many years in Spain it battled rival free newspapers ADN, Metro and Qué!, all of which finally stopped due to the crisis, and since 2011, 20 minutos has dominated and remains in circulation in many parts of Spain.


20 minutos, History
The CEO of 20 Min Holding is Sverre Munck and was born in 1953. He is a Norwegian economist, with a PhD from Stanford and Yale. He is also Executive VP (International Operations) at Schibsted ASA, President of Multiprensa Holding, owner of Multiprensa & Mas, the publisher of "20 Minutes" in Spain, and President of the 20 Min Holding group.


20 mm AA Machine Cannon Carrier Truck
The AA Machine Cannon Carrier truck was a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun of the Imperial Japanese Army. It consisted of the Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon mounted on the back of a Type 94 6-Wheeled Truck. The Type 94 truck was first produced in 1934 by Isuzu, and used for prototypes. It was known to be reliable and was produced in "large numbers".


20 mm AA Machine Cannon Carrier Truck
The Type 98 20 mm AA autocannon was the most common light anti-aircraft gun of the Imperial Japanese Army. It had a range of 5,500 meters, altitude of 3,500 meters and could fire up to 300 rounds per minute. The gun could be fired from the rear platform of the truck or be unloaded and fired from the ground. These carrier trucks were deployed in the air defense units of the four Japanese tank divisions.


20 mm Polsten
The Polsten was a Polish development of the 20 mm Oerlikon gun. The Polsten was designed to be simpler and much cheaper to build than the Oerlikon, without reducing effectiveness.


20 mm Polsten, Development
When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the Polish design team escaped to England and resumed work together with Czech and British designers. The need for the Polsten was apparently mooted in June 1941. It went into service in March 1944 alongside the Oerlikon. Both the Oerlikon and the Polsten used similar 60 round drum magazines, however, the Polsten could also use a simpler box magazine with 30 rounds. It remained in service into the 1950s.


20 mm Polsten, Used like Oerlikon
When compared to the Oerlikon cannon which was made out of 250 parts, the Polsten was made out of 119 parts, without sacrificing the effectiveness or the reliability of the cannon. Simplification of the design of the Polsten cannon made its production much cheaper. The cost of one Oerlikon cannon was about £350, while the cost of the Polsten was between £60 and £70. In January 1944, the 21st Army Group decided that only 20 mm Polsten guns would be used as a standard light gun to simplify supply. The Polsten was used as a substitute for the Oerlikon in the same roles, one of which was as an airborne unit anti-aircraft gun, used in Operation Market Garden. It was used on a wheeled mounting that could be towed behind a jeep.


20 mm Polsten, Used like Oerlikon
Various double, triple and quadruple mounts were developed. John Inglis Limited of Toronto, Ontario, in Canada produced many thousands of guns and some 500 quadruple mountings that saw limited service at the end of the war. These multiple mounts were both trailered and truck-mounted. Polsten Guns, magazines and ammunition boxes were also made in Australia by General Motors Holden in South Australia's Woodville and Beverley Plants during WW2. They were used by the Australian Army onshore and on small boats. Several prototype gun mountings were also developed but did not see service.


20 mm Polsten, Uses
The Polsten gun was used for armoured vehicles equipped with anti-aircraft guns based on the Cromwell/Centaur tank and for the Skink anti-aircraft tank.


20 mm Polsten, Uses
The Polsten was also mounted on British LVTs and on early models of the Centurion tank, not coaxially with the main gun but in an independent mount on the left hand side of the turret.


20 mm Polsten, Uses
The Polsten was used by the anti-aircraft platoons of some British infantry battalions during the North European campaign of 1944-45.


20 mm Polsten, Etymology
The origin of the name is not entirely clear. Some sources suggest Poland and the "Sten Company" to give Pol-sten, though the Sten gun was not made by a Sten Company. Official (United Kingdom) sources indicate the name to have been a compound based on Poland and the Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield in the same manner as the Bren gun (Brno + Enfield) or Sten (Shephard, Turpin + Enfield); also to reflect the gun design being mostly Polish (and the magazine mostly Czech) and the 8 Polish engineers in the design department. The "Sten" ending may also have linked in with the idea of the gun as a cheaper and quicker to produce weapon just like that gun was.


20 mm caliber
The 20 mm caliber is a common firearm bore diameter, typically used to distinguish smaller-caliber weapons, commonly called "guns", from larger-caliber "cannons" (e.g. machine gun vs. autocannon). All 20 mm cartridges have an outside projectile (bullet) diameter and barrel bore diameter of 0.787 inches (20.0 mm). These projectiles are typically 75 to 127 mm (3–5 in) long, cartridge cases are typically 75 to 152 mm (3–6 in) long, and most are shells, with an explosive payload and detonating fuze.


20 mm caliber
Weapons using this caliber range from anti-materiel rifles and anti-tank rifles to aircraft autocannons and anti-aircraft guns.


20 mm caliber, Usage
Twenty-millimeter-caliber weapons are generally not used to target individual soldiers, but against targets such as vehicles, buildings, or aircraft.


20 mm caliber, 20 mm weapons, Historical weapons
Cartridge type indicates the diameter of projectile and the length of the cartridge that holds it; for example 20×102 mm is a 20 mm projectile in a 102 mm long case. Only rarely do two designers use the same case length, so this designation is usually definitive. Some cartridge types have additional letters or information about them listed.


20 mm modèle F2 gun
The 20 mm modèle F2 gun is a naval defence weapon used by the French Navy. It was developed from the GIAT M693. It fires the 20×139 mm round originally developed for the Hispano-Suiza HS.820 series.


20 mm modèle F2 gun, History
The need for a newer 20 mm defence cannon than the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon began to grow noticeably during the 1980s. The companies DCN and GIAT were contracted to design the F2 20 mm cannon, essentially a navalised version of the M693 gun used by the French Army, and sold for export.


20 mm modèle F2 gun, Description
The 20 mm F2 is a mounted monotube gun, with two 150-cartridge boxes on each side of the piece. An electrical control system allows for a choice of three modes of fire: single shot, eight-shot burst, or free fire. There is an electrical trigger in the right hand of the gunner. A manual selector allows the gunner to change the box feeding the weapon during the firing, making mixed firing available. After each shot, the empty cartridge is ejected from beneath the weapon.


20 mm modèle F2 gun, Description
The gun is manoeuvred by the body of the gunner, who is attached to the weapon. Firing is guided through the same optical visor as used with the Bofors 40 mm gun and the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon.


20 mm modèle F2 gun, Usage
The gun has been exported to Belgium (Tripartite-class minesweepers), Indonesia (Tripartite-class minesweepers), Malawi (Kasunga), Netherlands (Tripartite-class minesweepers), Pakistan (Tripartite-class minesweepers), and Saudi Arabia (NAJA 12 class).


20 new shekel banknote
The twenty new shekel note (₪20) is the lowest value banknote of the Israeli new shekel, It was first issued in Series A 1988, with the Series B in 1999, and Series C in 2017.


20 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series B, Polymer Edition
The additional red text on the polypropylene note (in reverse) reads "60 Years of the State of Israel" in Hebrew in red ink. It was only featured in a 1.8 million limited run close to the noted anniversary and is not present on a majority of notes.


20 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series B, Polymer Edition
It was Made of polypropylene, a polymer substrate, which is superior to the current paper note with a circulation life of a few months only. The polymer note is printed by Orell Füssli Security Printing of Zürich, Switzerland.


20 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series A, Observe
Portrait of Moshe Sharett; below, in a line legible under a magnifying glass, the titles of his seven books; the ceremony of the unfurling of the Israeli flag by Sharett at the U.N. building in 1949; the denomination "Twenty New Sheqalim" and "Bank of Israel" in Hebrew.


20 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series A, Reserve
Original building of the Herzlia high school where Sharett studied; a background of Little Tel Aviv; the denomination "20 New Sheqalim" and "Bank of Israel" in Arabic and English.


20 new shekel banknote, Circulation
The current ₪20 in circulation is the Series B issued from 1999, it measures 71 x 138 mm with a green color scheme. The ₪20 Series A bank notes were issued from 1988 to 1999 and measured 76 x 138 mm with a dark gray scheme. The ₪20 Series A bank notes were withdrawn from circulation by 2005.


20 of the Best (Gary Stewart album)
20 of the Best is a compilation album by American country music singer and songwriter Gary Stewart released in 1984 by RCA Records. In the period 1973 to 1983 Stewart enjoyed over twenty US Billboard country hits with RCA, including three duets with label-mate Dean Dillon. The tracks on this album spent over two hundred and ten weeks in the Billboard Country Charts and the track list includes a number of top-twenty successes.


20 of the Best (Willie Nelson album)
20 of the Best is a 1982 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.


20 sen coin
The 20 sen coin (二十銭銀貨) was a Japanese coin worth one fifth of a Japanese yen, as 100 sen equalled 1 yen. These coins were minted in silver during the Meiji era from 1870 to 1911.