20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870–1911)
Twenty sen coins were first struck towards the end of 1870 (year 3 of Meiji) from a newly established mint at Osaka. This was initially done by engineers from the United Kingdom, as Japan did not have the technology or raw materials to manufacture new coins. The coins made during this time were not officially released for circulation until the following year (1871) after a new currency act was promulgated. Twenty sen coins along with twelve other denominations were adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871.


20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870–1911)
This new coinage gave Japan a western style decimal system based on units of yen, which were broken down into subsidiary currency of sen, and rin. Twenty sen coins dated 1870 (year 3) were initially authorized to be struck in .800 silver, weighs 72.2 grains (4.68g), and has a 23.62mm diameter (0.93 in). The first design used is called rising sun dragon (旭日竜, Asahi Ryu), which had its features engraved by a commission of Japanese artists.


20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870–1911)
This design features a dragon with an open mouth on the obverse, while the reverse has a paulownia decoration with a sunburst in the center with the chrysanthemum seal up on top. Twenty sen coins were initially legal tender only up to the amount of 10 yen which was fixed by government regulations. The amount of silver in the coin soon became an issue as their weight per face value became lighter than the silver 1 yen coin.


20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870–1911)
An amendment to the new currency act (Daijo-kan Declaration No. 341 (新貨幣量目寸法改正)) was adopted in November 1872 (year 5) which intended to increase the weight of the twenty sen coin. This action was never carried out as the new currency act was amended again towards the beginning of the next year. Changes to the weight, size, and design of the coins were implemented in February 1873 (year 6) by Daijo-kan Declaration No. 46.


20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870–1911)
The weight issue was resolved by adjusting the coin from 72.2 to 83.2 grains (5.4g), this step was done to avoid any public mistrust on the silver content. Twenty sen coins were also reduced slightly in size from 24mm to 22.42mm. The second design is called dragon silver 20 sen (竜二十銭銀貨) as the sunburst on the reverse was replaced by a wreath. Latin script is used for the first time with "20 SEN" on the obverse under the dragon, and the medallic orientation was flipped.


20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870–1911)
It is recorded by Edward Reed that production of twenty sen coins continued until at least June 30, 1878. These coins were last dated 1877 (year 10), and could have been impacted from the Satsuma Rebellion. Only proof strikes were made for coins dated 1880 (year 13) for exclusive use in presentation sets. During the next few years, Japan experienced a sharp drop in prices and contraction of the economy in response to high inflation caused by the Satsuma Rebellion. Large amounts of devalued inconvertible notes were in circulation from the aftermath of the rebellion.


20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870–1911)
The Bank of Japan was established in 1882 (year 15) to remedy the situation, and two years later convertible banknotes were issued. An imperial ordinance was issued in June 1885 stating that silver payments would be resumed after January 1, 1886. For reasons unknown there are no twenty sen coins dated 1889 or 1890 (year 22 and 23), during this time a special fund was created for the redemption in silver for all government notes. The Japanese government promulgated the "currency law" (Meiji 30 Law No. 16) in 1897 which replaced the previous "new currency act". This law abolished the silver yen at which subsidiary silver coins were previously fixed at, and officially switched Japan from a silver standard to a gold standard. No changes were made to twenty sen coins as they were re-established to their previous weight, size, and design.


20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870–1911)
Production continued as the price of silver bullion remained steady throughout the rest of the century. This changed when silver bullion began to rise sharply in 1903 (year 36) which threatened to exceed the face value of the twenty sen coin. An amendment to the "currency law" was promulgated in March 1906 which lowered their size from 22.42mm to 20.3mm, and their weight from 5.4g to 4.1 grams. The third and final design used on these smaller coins is called rising sun 20 sen (旭日20銭銀貨, Asahi Nijusen) as a sunburst design on the reverse was restored. The wreath design previously used on the back side of the dragon coins was adopted for the obverse. Twenty sen coins were produced afterwards until 1911 (year 44), concluding the circulating portion of the series.


20 sen coin, History, Taishō proposals (1918–1921)
Emperor Taishō was enthroned in 1912 following the death of Emperor Meiji. Coinage in general was impacted by World War I which broke out two years later, bringing Japan a booming economy due to a large trade surplus. The negative effects from this event included an increased demand for subsidiary coins which led to a coin shortage. Silver bullion was in high demand causing prices to rise above the face value of the twenty sen coin. The Japanese government responded by taking measures to temporary ban the export of silver.


20 sen coin, History, Taishō proposals (1918–1921)
These efforts were ultimately unsuccessful which led to the issuance of 20 sen emergency banknotes in November 1917. As the price of silver rose, the issue of coinage was also addressed for twenty and fifty sen coins. The "currency law" was revised in May 1918 (Law No. 42) to lower the silver content in twenty sen coins to 72% silver and 28% copper. Other changes included a reduction in size from 20.3mm to 16.7mm, and in weight from 4.1 to 3 grams.


20 sen coin, History, Taishō proposals (1918–1921)
The coins struck from 1918 to 1921 are known as Yatagarasu sen (八咫烏銭, eight-span crow sen) after the design featured on them. None of these proposed coins were ever released for circulation through the Bank of Japan as they were trial or pattern strikes. Twenty sen banknotes were last issued in 1919 and were allowed to circulate until their suspension on April 1, 1921. By this time, efforts to re-establish the twenty sen coin were abandoned as silver bullion rose above their face value again. Twenty sen coins were eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen. Currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time due to excessive post-war inflation.


20 sen coin, Circulation figures
The following are circulation figures for the twenty sen coin, all of which were minted between the 3rd, and 44th year of Meiji's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol 明治 (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below "一十二" would read as "year 21" or 1888.


20 sen coin, Collecting
The value of any given coin is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer uncleaned appealing coins. Twenty sen coins make up a relatively short lived denomination which is confined to the Meiji era. The first coins minted use the Asahi Ryu or rising sun dragon design which only lasted two years (1870-1871). As with the other denominations, those with clear (deep) scales on the dragon's design are worth more than obscure (shallow) ones. Coins dated 1871 (year 4) also have two varieties which include the character 銭 (sen) with a missing stroke.


20 sen coin, Collecting
As these coins are scarce they are valued more than double the price than those with the whole character present. Aside from the deep scales and this incomplete sen variety, average circulated coins from these two years can be obtained for 4,000+ yen (~$40+ USD). Those in uncirculated grades are considered to be rare with values in the tens of thousands of yen. The second design was much longer lasting in comparison as it was featured on coins from 1873 to 1905 (year 6 to 38).


20 sen coin, Collecting
Another similarity with other denominations occurs here with the character "明" in Meiji's name on the obverse. Coins dated 1873 (year 6) either have both features separated as the first variety, or have a line connecting both the left and right features as the second variety. There are also coins that are missing a top stroke on the left feature creating an "open" appearance versus those with a completed stroke. Those with the second "connected" variety, and examples with a missing top stroke are worth more than their counterparts for this one year occurrence.


20 sen coin, Collecting
Twenty sen coins dated 1875 and 1876 (year 8 and 9) either have "long" ribbons or "short" ribbons at the bottom of the wreath design. The "long" ribbons can be deafferented from the "short" design as the ribbons look flatter with more noticeable V shaped tails. "Type 1" long ribbons are more valuable on 1875 dated coins, while "Type 2" short ribbons are more for 1876. Twenty sen coins dated 1875 (year 8) are worth higher prices in general anyway as their mintage is low.


20 sen coin, Collecting
Some Japanese price guides do not assess the value of 1880 (year 13) coins as so few of them have survived. An estimate places the value of these coins in the millions of yen ($10,000+ USD) where they are sold at auctions. The production of twenty sen coins dated 1885 to 1905 (year 18 to 38) contains three key dates due to low mintage figures. These dates are: 1888, 1900, and 1901 (year 21, 33 and 34), and are valued in the tens of thousands of yen in average condition.


20 sen coin, Collecting
Overall though, common years and dates for the second design type are valued in the low thousands of yen in average condition. Twenty sen coins with the third and final design used from 1906 to 1911 (year 39 to 44) were generally made in larger amounts. Only a few of these coins show serious wear from circulation as the distribution period was short. There is a single rarity here in the last date of the series (1911 aka year 44) as the mintage for that year was low. Twenty sen trial or pattern strikes made under Emperor Taishō are extremely rare and are valued in the millions of yen.


20 sen note
The 20 sen note (二十銭紙幣) was a denomination of Japanese yen in three different government issued series from 1872 to 1919 for use in commerce. Meiji Tsūhō notes are the first modern banknotes issued after Japanese officials studied western culture. These notes were replaced due to counterfeting by a redesigned series called "Ōkura-kyō" for "sen" denominations. Both of these series were officially abolished in 1899 in favor of notes issued by the Bank of Japan. Government issued notes only returned during the Taishō era in the form of an emergency issue due to a coin shortage. These were only issued between 1917 and 1919 before they were finally abolished in 1948. Twenty sen notes are now bought and sold as collectors items depending on condition.


20 sen note, History, Meiji Tsūhō (1872)
The first twenty sen notes adopted and released by the Japanese government are part of a series known as Meiji Tsūhō (明治通宝). Notes from this series are the first Japanese currency ever to be printed using western printing at "Dondorf and Naumann", which was located in Frankfurt. Tomomi Iwakura met with Otto von Bismarck in March 1871 (Meiji 4) as part of the Iwakura Mission to study western culture. The "Paper Money Office" (known today as the National Printing Bureau) was later established in July of that year following the abolition of the han system.


20 sen note, History, Meiji Tsūhō (1872)
This entity was later organized into the "Paper Money Bureau" in January 1872. Incomplete banknotes manufactured by Dondorf Naumann began to arrive from Germany around the same time. These notes were left incomplete for security reasons which required the words "Meiji Tsuho" and the mark of the Minister of Finance to be supplemented and printed at the Paper Money Bureau. Woodblock printing was eventually employed to save hundreds of people the work of handwriting the characters "Meiji Tsuho" on each individual note.


20 sen note, History, Meiji Tsūhō (1872)
These twenty sen notes were eventually released in April, 1872 (year 5) giving Japan a westernized currency system to go with the recently established yen. All of the old former government and clan banknotes were intended for exchange upon the issuance of the new currency. Meiji Tsūhō notes were given an elaborate design that was difficult to forge as counterfeiting was previously rampant with these clan notes. These thieves eventually adapted to these changes by legally obtaining unstamped Meiji Tsūhō notes sent to Japan from Germany.


20 sen note, History, Meiji Tsūhō (1872)
Normally Japanese officials would add stamps to the notes finalizing the process, where in this case the counterfeiters added their own stamps. Counterfeiting and issues with paper quality led the Japanese government to issue redesigned twenty sen banknotes in 1882. The old Meiji Tsūhō twenty sen notes were eventually phased out in exchange for subsidiary silver coinage before being abolished on December 9, 1899.


20 sen note, History, Ōkura-kyō series (1882)
Previous Meiji Tsūhō twenty sen notes were printed using western technology which had its disadvantages in terms of quality. Over time these fragile notes became discolored easily due to the climate of Japan. Counterfeiting was another issue as these thieves eventually found a way around the elaborate Meiji Tsūhō design. This was done by legally purchasing unstamped notes from Germany as mentioned in the section above. Twenty sen notes from this series are referred to as Ōkura-kyō (大蔵卿20銭, aka 改造紙幣20銭), as the seal of the Chief administrator of the Ministry of the Treasury is featured on the obverse design.


20 sen note, History, Ōkura-kyō series (1882)
The reverse side features a serial number and counterfeit penalties which were later expanded in the Meiji era until May 8, 1897 (year 30). These notes were issued in a hurry as they were not originally planned to be a part of this redesigned note series. The redesigned yen denominations feature an artist's representation of Empress Jingū that was commissioned by Italian engraver Edoardo Chiossone. This "portrait" was omitted from twenty sen notes in favor of a simple design that could be completed more quickly to meet scheduling.


20 sen note, History, Ōkura-kyō series (1882)
The series as a whole was still considered to be "extremely decorative" and received top-class reputation internationally. These notes were made as a countermeasure against counterfeiting by using the best technology available at the time. New paper called "mitsumata" was domestically produced for the notes by the National Printing Bureau. Twenty sen notes were printed with dimensions of 59 mm x 93 mm with a watermark which made them difficult to forge. When these twenty sen notes were issued to the public in December 1882 (year 15) they were widely favored.


20 sen note, History, Ōkura-kyō series (1882)
The "Convertible Bank-notes Law" was adopted in May 1884 which provided the issuance of Bank of Japan notes in denominations of yen. This law allowed Bank of Japan notes to be exchangeable for silver coinage, and was promulgated to gradually convert government issued currency (redesigned series) into silver after 1886. The Japanese government adopted the gold standard on March 26, 1897 which switched over the redemption of government banknotes from silver to gold. It was during this time that the government decided to end the circulation of government issued banknotes by the end of the century. Twenty sen Ōkura-kyō notes were thus abolished on December 31, 1899 (year 32) along with other government banknotes.


20 sen note, History, Taishō fractional notes (1917–1919)
Twenty sen coins were last produced in 1911 in the 44th year of Emperor Meiji's reign and he died in the following year. Emperor Taishō was enthroned roughly two years before World War I broke out. This event brought Japan a booming economy through a special demand for goods leading to a large trade surplus. The negative effects from this event included an increased demand for subsidiary coins which led to a coin shortage. Silver bullion to make silver subsidiary coins also rose above their face value which posed a financial challenge to the mint.


20 sen note, History, Taishō fractional notes (1917–1919)
To remedy the situation an imperial ordinance was promulgated on October 29, 1917 issuing fractional currency in the amount of thirty million yen. Actual issuance occurred in the following month with the notes being legal tender up to ten yen. The series as a whole is known as Taishō fractional notes (大正小額政府紙幣), which were issued at the time by the treasury rather than the Bank of Japan as the series was considered an emergency issue. Taishō era twenty sen notes measure 92 mm x 58 mm in size and have a black and green hue. The obverse side of the notes feature the Finance Minister's seal and chrysanthemum flower emblem, while on the reverse is decorated in a colored pattern. There is a central feature on the reverse side which mentions counterfeit penalties (1 year imprisonment or 200,000 yen fine) enforced by law.


20 sen note, History, Taishō fractional notes (1917–1919)
It was initially agreed that the notes would be bound by a restriction stating that they could only be issued until one year after the end of the war. This date came and went as World War I ended in November 1918 (year 7) and the new year began. It was ultimately decided to allow the issuance  to continue for a while longer as there was still a shortage in coinage. Twenty sen Taishō notes have the shortest production run as they were only issued until 1919 (8th year of Taishō).


20 sen note, History, Taishō fractional notes (1917–1919)
These were later suspended with other denominations on April 1, 1921 with exceptions made for people who wanted to exchange "soiled or damaged" notes. Twenty sen coins were abandoned during this time after efforts to re-establish a reduced silver coin failed. Rapid inflation caused by World War II eventually rendered Taishō twenty sen notes worthless and obsolete. The notes held on to their legal tender status until August 31, 1948 when they were abolished. Subsidiary coinage and currency as a whole was eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing it in favor of the yen. Currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time anyway due to the excessive post-war inflation.


20 sen note, Collecting
The value of any given banknote is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer original notes with bright rich coloring. In contrast to this are notes with ink stains, missing pieces, and evidence of repairs which can all impact the value of any given note. The oldest twenty sen notes include the Meiji Tsūhō series issued from 1872 to 1887. These were all made in Germany with a print run of 46,100,557 notes during their fifteen year use in commerce.


20 sen note, Collecting
The amount printed is in the middle when compared to the three different denominations of sen (10 sen, 20 sen, and 50 sen), and "many" were used. "Expensive" purchases can be expected for quality as the amount of surviving banknotes remain in mostly worn grades. These notes can be obtained in average condition for 2500+ yen (~$25+ USD) with prices ranging in the 10,000s of yen ($100+ USD) for examples in high grades. Professional grading is recommended for this series as "many" counterfeit notes exist on the market.


20 sen note, Collecting
The next series are Ōkura-kyō (redesigned) notes issued from 1882 to 1899 in several different denominations. Twenty sen notes in particular were issued in a large amount which makes them the least expensive of the series. Even so, the notes are valued in the high thousands of yen in average condition to the tens of thousand in high grades. The last twenty sen notes issued for commerce were Taishō fractional notes from 1917 (Taishō year 6) to 1919 (Taishō year 8). Average condition notes can be collected for less than 1,000 yen (<$10 USD), but prices soar with pristine 1917 (year 6) examples.


20 successi di Mina
20 successi di Mina is a compilation album by Italian singer Mina, issued in 1964.


20 successi di Mina
The songs of this album were all taken from the first six albums published between 1960 and 1963, except "Vulcano" that was published in 1963 only on a 45rpm record.


20 to One
20 to One (known as 20 to 1 before 2016) is an Australian television series on the Nine Network from 2005, that counts down an undefined "top 20" of elements or events of popular culture, such as films, songs, or sporting scandals. The format mixes archival footage of the listed events with comments from various Australian celebrities.


20 to One
Originally the show was hosted by Bud Tingwell and narrated by David Reyne; the pair were replaced by Bert Newton as host for the second season. The series was rebooted by the Nine Network and returned for its eleventh season on 31 May 2016 with new hosts, Australian radio presenters Fitzy and Wippa. From 2017, the show was hosted by Erin Molan and Dave Thornton.


20 to One, Format
Each episode counts down the "top twenty" events following a particular theme, from position 20 down to number 1. Media clips depicting the event are played as the host provides background information of the entry. This is followed by clips of celebrities providing judgment on the clip or event.


20 to One, Controversy
During the segment aired on 19 June 2019, co-hosts Erin Molan and Nick Cody stated that the South Korean boy band BTS was "so popular it could heal the rift between North and South Korea." She also mentioned the band's success in the United States, even though "only one band member actually speaks English." among other comments. Many other celebrities made similar comments during the segment.


20 to One, Controversy
Most notably was comedian Jimmy Carr, who jokingly compared the band's international success to the explosion of a nuclear bomb in North Korea, saying: "When I first heard something Korean had exploded in America, I got worried. So I guess, it could've been worse – but not much worse." Subsequently, the hashtags #channel9apologize and #channel9racist started trending as fans of the band demanded an apology from Channel 9. The BTS Australia Twitter fan account wrote: "This is unfair and presenting inaccurate information. You disregarded their achievements, and instead let your xenophobic, racist mindsets be biased instead. We want an apology." On 20 June 2019, Channel 9 issued a non-apology apology, writing: "We apologize to any who may have been offended by last night's episode."


20 to One, Celebrity contributors
This is a partial list (some in order of appearance) of the celebrities who contributed comments to 20 to One.


20 yen coin
The 20 yen coin (二十圓硬貨) was a denomination of Japanese yen. These coins were minted in gold, and during their lifespan were the highest denomination of coin that circulated in the country. The first coins were minted in 1870 following the introduction of a decimal currency system. Twenty Yen coins spanned three different Imperial eras before mintage was halted in 1932. Many of these coins were then melted or destroyed as a result of the wars between 1931 and 1945. These coins are now collected by numismatists for academic study, and by those with a hobby.


20 yen coin, History
In November 1869 the new units of yen were established in the form of a metric system. It was decided that silver would become the standard unit of value leaving gold coinage as a subsidiary. The Japanese government considered adopting the gold standard as early as December 1870 after hearing about its implementation in the United States. This system was officially put into place on May 10, 1871 setting standards for the 20 yen coin. While the coins continued to be minted, other changes were being made to the system with new coinage regulations established in 1876 and 1878.


20 yen coin, History
For one reason or another these new practices that were put into place were not sufficient to maintain a healthy growth of gold monometallism. Part of the reason was the issuance of large amounts of inconvertible paper currency which drove gold coins out of the country. Coinage of the 20 yen piece had all but stopped by 1877, and those struck in 1880 were only done so as part of presentation sets for visiting dignitaries and heads of state.


20 yen coin, History
New coinage reform was adopted on March 26, 1897 which re-established the gold 20 yen coin. These new standards lowered both the size and weight of the coin, the new diameter was set at 28.78mm (previously 35.06mm) while the weight was lowered from 33.3g down to 16.6g. Over 1.5 million coins were struck during this year before production ceased until 1904. Coinage of 20 yen pieces were then continued past the reign of Emperor Meiji, into the reign of Emperor Taishō where coinage stopped in 1920.


20 yen coin, History
The decision to stop coinage of 20 yen pieces came as Japan's gold reserves were quickly depleting from excess imports. The gold reserves were eventually stabilized which allowed coinage to resume in 1930, though gold coins were described as "not in general use". This resumed coinage was brief under Emperor Shōwa as Japan abandoned the gold standard in December 1931. The reasons behind this move were that Japan's gold reserves were again being depleted, and allowing the yen to depreciate would help the economy which was struggling at the time. Gold coins of the 20 yen denomination were last minted in 1932, it is unknown how many Shōwa era coins were later melted. Some of these coins were kept away in bank vaults for decades before being released as part of a hoard in the mid 2000s.


20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji
The following are mintage figures for the coins that were minted between the 3rd and 45th (last) year of Meiji's reign. Inscriptions on coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol 明治 (Meiji). While coins were struck in 1892, none were released for circulation.


20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji
Japanese coins from this period are read clockwise from right to left


20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Taishō
The following are mintage figures for the coins that were minted from the 1st to the 9th year of Taishō's reign. Inscriptions on coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol 大正 (Taishō).


20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Taishō
Japanese coins from this period are read clockwise from right to left:


20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Shōwa
The following are mintage figures for coins minted between the 5th and the 7th year of Emperor Shōwa's reign. Inscriptions on coins of this period all begin with the Japanese symbol 昭和 (Shōwa).


20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Shōwa
Japanese coins from this period are read clockwise from right to left:


20 yen coin, Collecting
The value of any given coin is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer uncleaned appealing coins. For this denomination all 20 yen coins are scarce as the amount remaining today are dependent on how many were saved or kept away. Early Meiji era coins with the first design are now considered rare due to their low mintages. These coins which are dated from 1870 to 1876 (year 3 to 9) are all priced in five digit dollar amounts (USD) in average condition.


20 yen coin, Collecting
The rarest of these early coins are dated 1877 and 1880 (year 10 to 13) as one has an extremely low mintage, while the other was not meant for general circulation. Twenty yen coins dated 1877 (year 10) have an extremely low mintage of just 29 coins struck. Of those available to collectors just 1 mint state example is recorded by PCGS. Coins dated 1880 (year 13) were only released as part of presentation sets that were widely destroyed or melted down between 1931 and 1945. An auction held in 2011 featuring one of these coins sold it for $230,000 (USD). Less than 10 coins dated 1880 (year 13) of the original mintage of 103 are thought to exist today.


20 yen coin, Collecting
Millions of minted coins were recorded during the Shōwa era, but it is unclear how many of these coins survived. Examples from Shōwa's 7th year of reign (1932) were once considered to be virtually unknown until a hoard was discovered in the mid 2000s. Between 2005 and 2007 the Ministry of Finance released over 30,000 gold coins of 5, 10 and 20 Yen denominations that had been kept in vaults. It is recommended by those in the numismatic field that all 20 yen coins be authenticated first by an expert, as counterfeits exist.


20 złotych note
The 20 Polish Złotych note is a denomination of the Polish złoty.


20 złotych note, History, First złoty banknotes
In 1794, treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5 and 10 groszy, 1, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 złotych. The Duchy of Warsaw issued notes for 1, 2 and 5 talarów.


20 złotych note, History, First złoty banknotes
In 1824, the Bank Kassowy Królestwa Polskiego issued notes for 10, 50 and 100 złotych. The Bank Polski issued notes dated 1830 and 1831 in denominations of 1, 5, 50 and 100 złotych, whilst assignats for 200 and 500 złotych were issued during the insurrection of 1831. From 1841, the Bank Polski issued notes denominated in rubel.


20 złotych note, History, Second złoty banknotes
In 1924, along with provisional notes (overprints on old, bisected notes) for 1 and 5 groszy, the Ministry of Finance issued notes for 10, 20 and 50 groszy, whilst the Bank Polski introduced 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 złotych. From 1925, the Ministry of Finance issued 2 and 5 złotych notes, before they were replaced by silver coins, and the Bank Polski issued 5, 10, 20 and 50 złotych notes, with 100 złotych only reintroduced in 1932. In 1936, the Bank Polski issued 2 złote notes, followed in 1938 by Ministry of Finance notes for 1 złoty.


20 złotych note, History, Second złoty banknotes
In 1939, the General Government overprinted 100 złotych notes for use before, in 1940, the Bank Emisyjny w Polsce was set up and issued notes for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 złotych. After liberation, notes (dated 1944) were introduced by the Narodowy Bank Polski for 50 grosz, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 złotych, with 1000 złotych notes added in 1945.


20 złotych note, History, Third złoty banknotes
In 1950, new notes, which were dated 1948, were introduced for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 złotych, but 1000 złotych notes were added in 1962. 200 and 2000 złotych notes were added in 1976 and 1977, followed by 5000 złotych notes in 1982. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw high inflation in Poland and led to the introduction of notes in denominations of 10,000 in 1987, 20,000 in 1989, 50,000 in 1989, 100,000 in 1990, 200,000 in 1989, 500,000 in 1990, 1,000,000 in 1991 and 2,000,000 złotych in 1992. These notes (and coins) were valid, but with the exception of the 200,000 złotych note, until the end of 1996. They could be exchanged at the National Bank of Poland and some banks obligated to it by the NBP until 31 December 2010, and they are no longer legal tender.


20 złotych note, History, Current banknotes
In 1995, notes, which were dated 1994, were introduced in denominations of 10 złotych, 20 złotych, 50 złotych, 100 złotych and 200 złotych.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes
The National Bank of Poland has issued three 20 złotych collector's banknotes, the first in 2009, and the third in 2011.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, The 200th birthday anniversary of Juliusz Słowacki
The 200th birthday anniversary of Juliusz Słowacki, a Polish poet and playwright, one of the most eminent authors of the Romanticism in Poland, has been commemorated by the National Bank of Poland by issuance of a collector banknote worth 20 złotych. The banknote was put into circulation on 23 September 2009.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, The 200th birthday anniversary of Juliusz Słowacki
On the obverse of the note, on the right-hand side, Juliusz Słowacki’s bust is placed. The centre has a stylised image of the manor house in Krzemieniec, which, for the past years, has served as the Juliusz Słowacki Museum. The state emblem of the Republic of Poland is placed on this side.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, The 200th birthday anniversary of Juliusz Słowacki
On the reverse of the note, on the left-hand side, there is a fragment of King Sigismund III Vasa Column at the Castle Square in Warsaw. At the top, there are images of flying cranes. In the centre, there is a reproduction of an excerpt from the poem "Uspokojenie" (Reassurance) and, at the bottom, a fragment of St. John the Baptist's Cathedral in Warsaw. The author of the designs is Maciej Kopecki, chief graphic designer at the Polish Security Printing Works (PWPW).


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, 200th anniversary of the birth of Frédéric Chopin
The National Bank of Poland commemorated the 200th anniversary of the birth of an eminent Polish composer and pianist Frédéric Chopin by issuing a collector note with the face value of 20 złoty. The note was issued at the turn of February and March 2010.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, 200th anniversary of the birth of Frédéric Chopin
The obverse of the note depicts a portrait of Frédéric Chopin in profile. This element has been produced with the steel engraving technique. The engraving of the portrait was done by Przemysław Krajewski, a hand engraving artist at the Polish Security Printing Works. (PWPW) On the left-hand side, there is an image of the manor house in Żelazowa Wola where the composer was born. On the right-hand side, there is a reproduction of the first edition of Mazurka in B-flat major, Op. 7 No. 1 and of the autograph of the composer.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, 200th anniversary of the birth of Frédéric Chopin
The reverse of the note shows a facsimile of a fragment of Étude in f-minor, Op. 10, No. 9, against a landscape with willows, characteristic of the Central Poland region. Designed by Grzegorz Pfeifer and Katarzyna Jarnuszkiewicz, and printed by the Polish Security Printing Works, it measures 138 x 69 mm.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Skłodowska-Curie
To celebrate the 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Skłodowska-Curie the National Bank of Poland has issued a collector banknote of the face value of 20 złotych. The banknote was put into circulation on 25 November 2011.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Skłodowska-Curie
The obverse of the note features an image of Marie Skłodowska-Curie and the shape of the building of the Sorbonne in Paris.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Skłodowska-Curie
The reverse of the note depicts an image of the medal awarded to the Nobel Prize winners, a quotation from the speech by Marie Skłodowska-Curie on radium and an image of the seat of the Radium Institute in Warsaw.


20 złotych note, Collector banknotes, 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Skłodowska-Curie
The author of the design is Agnieszka Próchniak. The steel engraving matrix was done by Przemysław Krajewski. The dimensions of the banknote are 138x69 mm. It was manufactured by the Polish Security Printing Works (PWPW) and printed in a volume of sixty thousand notes.


20 år med oss – Vem é dé du vill ha
20 år med oss – Vem é dé du vill ha is a compilation album from the singers Kikki Danielsson, Elisabeth Andreassen and Lotta Engberg, who then sang together as the trio "Kikki, Bettan & Lotta". It was released on 8 March 2002 and sold gold in Norway and Sweden, in Norway this happened the second week after it released there. The album reached number three on the Norwegian Albums Chart.


20 år med oss – Vem é dé du vill ha
"Vem é dé du vill ha" is the only song on this album that the trio sing together all three. However, the album also contains songs who Kikki Danielsson and Elisabeth Andreassen sang together in the Swedish pop group "Chips" in the early 1980s. The album also contained four new songs, "Vem é dé du vill ha" by Kikki, Bettan & Lotta, "Hela världen öppnar sig" and "Klia mej på ryggen" by Lotta and "Easy Come, Easy Go" and "Jag har börjat leva nu" by Kikki. However, "Klia mej på ryggen" was a cover version, where the original was in the Danish language and named "Klo meg lidt på ryggen".


20 – En jubileumssamling
Sånger om oss is a 2010 Lisa Nilsson compilation album.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album)
20 – The Greatest Hits is the second greatest hits album by Italian singer Laura Pausini, released on November 12, 2013 by Warner Music Group. The album was also issued in a Spanish version, titled 20 – Grandes Exitos, and this edition received a nomination for a Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Album of the Year.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
On 26 February 2013, in order to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of her career, Pausini released a digital single including the original versions in Italian, Spanish and English of the song which launched her career in 1993, "La solitudine". The track was launched as a limited-edition single, available for purchase for a week only. Later during the same year, she confirmed that a greatest hits album will be released for the same purpose by December 2013.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
Working on the album began in April 2013, with recording and photo-shooting sessions taking place up to August. The album was confirmed in May 2013.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
On 1 June 2013 Pausini took part in the concert Chime for Change in London, supporting the global campaign of the same name for girls' and women's empowerment. Pausini performed the songs "Io canto" and "It's Not Goodbye". During the same year, she appeared as a featured artist on the track "Sonríe (Smile)", included in American singer Gloria Estefan's album The Standards. A new world tour has also been confirmed by Pausini through her official website. Starting from December 2013, Pausini will promote her greatest hits album with concerts in her native Italy, as well as in other European countries, in Latin America, in the United States and in Canada. The tour also includes a performance during the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
On September 9, 2013, Pausini released a new single named "Limpido" (in Spanish, "Limpio"), in order to promote her new album. The song is a duet between Pausini and the Australian singer Kylie Minogue. On the same day, the name of the album was confirmed to be 20 - The Greatest Hits. "Limpido" is the first single released on September 9, 2013.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
On September 20, 2013, Pausini posted the official cover of this new album in her Instagram account, created in order to share the image.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
The track list of the album was unveiled on October 6, 2013, in Pausini's official fan club. This is Pausini's first studio album that contains tracks in all the languages she has sung up to the moment: Italian, Spanish, French, English and Portuguese.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
The second single of the album, "Se non te", was released on November 4, 2013.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
Other releases from the album include the singles "Dove resto solo io", "Se fue" (with Marc Anthony), "Víveme" (with Alejandro Sanz) and "Surrender", the last one being released only in Australia.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background
On July 22, 2014, Pausini confirmed that she would be one of the four coaches of the fourth season of the Mexican reality show and singing competition La Voz. She also confirmed that by September that same year she would release a special version of the album's Spanish version to the hispanophone market, in a special edition that would contain three new duets: with Thalía in Sino a ti, Alex Ubago in Donde quedo solo yo and Melendi in Entre tu y mil mares.


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Promotion
To promote both this new album and her twentieth career anniversary, Pausini will embark in a series of concert shows around the world, entitled "The Greatest Hits World Tour".


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Song info
Both versions of the album contain 38 tracks (18 in the first CD and 20 in the second one). Among which:


20 – The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Certifications and sales
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.


20% Project
The 20% Project is an initiative where company employees are allocated twenty-percent of their paid work time to pursue personal projects. The objective of the program is to inspire innovation in participating employees and ultimately increase company potential. The 20% Project was influenced by a comparable program, launched in 1948, by manufacturing multinational 3M which required employees to have 15% time: to dedicate up to 15 percent of their paid hours to a personal interest.


20% Project
Technology company Google is credited for popularising the 20% concept, with many of their current services being products of employee pet projects. Some schools have also utilised the principles of the 20% Project to foster creativity and boost productivity.


20% Project, History, 3M and 15% time
The 15% project, an initiative established by corporation 3M. At the time of this program's implementation, the United States’ work force was composed of highly inflexible employment opportunities in rigid business structures. After WWII ended, 3M developed an ethos: Innovate or die, which provided enterprise for the company and inspired the launch of this program. This original project has widely successful outcomes, resulting in scientists developing and manufacturing products that remain utilized internationally, even decades later.


20% Project, History, Google implementation
Since before its IPO in 2004 the founders of Google have encouraged the 20% project system. Compared to its predecessor, a five-percent increase in the time dedicated to projects allows for further positive growth in the company's levels. Over the last twenty years, this project enabled the creation of key Google services such as Gmail.


20% Project, History, Google implementation
As recognition of the clear benefits of retaining such a scheme grew, schools have replicated this system for their students in the classroom environment. The production of such creatively stimulated, ungraded work allows for peers to experiment with ideas without fear of assessment and increases their involvement in their general studies. Further, other small businesses are now using this system in their day-to-day functions, including software company Atlassian, as a safeguard to counter damp growth rates and a general lack of innovation.


20% Project, History, Google implementation
The 20% Project is responsible for the development of many Google services. Founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page advised that workers “spend 20% of their time working on what they think will most benefit Google”. Google's email service ‘Gmail’ was created by the developer Paul Buchheit on his 20% time. In his project "Caribou", Buchheit used his knowledge from university software experience to create the service. The freedom to use his time in such a way allowed him to ultimately develop a fundamental Google service. Buchheit's colleague, Susan Wojcicki, utilised her time to create their product AdSense. Finally, developer Krishna Bharat created Google News as an individual pursuit and hobby.


20% Project, History, Other companies
Australian enterprise company Atlassian has been using the 20% project since 2008. Co -founder Mike Cannon-Brookes stated that “innovation slows as the company grows”. And as such the scheme was introduced to re-inspire innovation. The induction of the system was a six-month trial, granting $1 million to engineers and allowing them to work on private projects based on personal interests. Part of this 20% time is their annual "Ship It’"day, where employees are challenged with a task to create any product and then ship this item within 24 hours. Workers created products which ranged from refined beer to ‘Jira’ software updates.


20% Project, History, Other companies
American project management software company TargetProcess adopted the 20% project for their small company. The company was composed of 110 members when the initiative was introduced. Company founder Michael Dubakov identified a lack of innovation from his employees, with their daily routines occupied with monotonous work. Dubakov was inspired by the output derived from 20% projects in Google and 3M but was unsure about the limit on employee involvement. Despite driving the project at Google, only certain employees were granted this time – meaning most workers could not use this opportunity for innovation.


20% Project, History, Other companies
Dubakov decided to allow all employees to pursue individual projects, to reduce boredom and inspire innovation. Initially the company introduced “Orange Fridays” in 2013, an allocated 4 hours of each Friday afternoon to attend workshops, learn about and develop new technology. From this, the company saw a rise in investment opportunities and company growth. The company developed a culture to innovate, with no pressure applied to employees moving from their regular schedule to innovate and learn.


20% Project, History, Other companies
In 2016, TargetProcess introduced the Open Allocation Experiment. This initiative was an extension of “Orange Fridays” and was applied to a majority of employees. The goal was to provide a more comprehensible user experience and amend issues with the TargetProcess product. Involved members were granted the opportunity to manage their schedule and individually pursue new product design. This experiment highlighted positive growth in the company, observed from a 10-month review. Dubakov implemented deadlines, ensuring each individual met their personal goals. As a result, members reported to have felt an increase in personal motivation.


20% Project, History, Other companies
The main company detriment that arose from this experiment was decreased company unity. With each employee pursuing individual projects a lack of management led to the company embodying the different visions from all employees, affecting company alignment. This experiment was ceased after the founder believed the company was unprepared for this shift in work dynamic. TargetProcess would focus on backlog creation, with training programs for product development operating in conjunction. Self-organisation was a key concern for their 20% project as not all employees could manage their projects whilst reaching regular work deadlines. Another issue upheld in this experiment was the reward scheme, granted when an individual initiated a new product or scheme. This undermined the work of those employees not involved in the experiment and led to an unbalance in motivation.


20% Project, Notable projects, Gmail
From the 20% Project, Google produced forefront services that drive the company today. One outcome of this project is Gmail, Google's email service. Developer Paul Buchheit created this service under the project title ‘Caribou’. This service was developed without the awareness of other employees and was publicised several years later. By 2006, this service was available on computers and mobile devices. After 8 years of activity, Gmail had 425 million users. In May 2014, Gmail set the record as the first Android application to reach one billion installations on the Google Play store.


20% Project, Notable projects, AdSense
The 20% Project aided in the development of AdSense, a program where publishers can produce media advertisements for a targeted audience. This service allows for website publishers to generate revenue on a per-click basis. This service was publicly released on June 18, 2003. This service was envisioned by Gmail's founder Paul Buchheit, who wanted appropriate ads to run throughout the Gmail service, but the project was pursued by Susan Wojcicki, who curated a team of developers who created the platform in their dedicated 20% time. After two years of its inception, the service was generating 15 percent of the company's revenue. The service can now offer ads in the form of simple text, flash video or rich media.


20% Project, Notable projects, Google News
The news aggregator Google News is another result of the 20% Project. This service was publicized in January 2006, but the beta was introduced in September 2002. The founder of this service was Krishna Bharat, who developed this software in his dedicated project time. The service sources from 20,000 different publishers, providing articles in 28 languages. Now, the service has many new features, including Google News Alerts, which emails “alerts” on chosen keyword topics.


20% Project, Notable projects, Atlassian
Another company that implemented the system is Atlassian. After six months of the project initiating, the company saw major improvements to Jira, Bamboo and Confluence. The Bamboo team introduced Stash 1.0 in May throughout the dedicated project time. Throughout two designated ‘Innovation Week’ workshops, the company shipped 12 features. Another 20% Project allocation is ‘Ship It’ day, that allows customers to pursue any project. Employees used this time to refine the Jira service desk and improving the Jira software for loading screens.


20% Project, Notable projects, TargetProcess
TargetProcess implemented 20% Project initiatives such as the Open Allocation Experiment and Orange Fridays to inspire innovation from employees. Since the implementation of the project, investment opportunities have risen. The company grew over 10% between 2008 and 2016 during the project's operation. Founder, Michael Dubakov, observed increased enthusiasm from employees.


20% Project, Benefits and detriments
The 20% Project is designed to let employees experiment without the pressure of company decline or the threat of unemployment. For companies that thrive from the conception of services and products, innovative and entrepreneurial thought is vital to success.


20% Project, Benefits and detriments
However, for an operating business, productivity can be negatively affected by the 20% Project. The loss of time previously spent on major company-aligned projects can negatively affect a company's overall performance.


20% Project, Benefits and detriments
The allocation of this project time is not consistent. Former Google employee and Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer once stated “I’ve got to tell you the dirty little secret of Google's 20% time. It's really 120% time.”


20% Project, Benefits and detriments
Chris Mims mentioned that the 20% Project was “as good as dead”. This is a concern as it suggests that this project is destructive over long-term periods. In Google executive Laszlo Bock's book, Work Rules!, he mentions that the concept has “waxed and waned.” He states that workers in fact dedicate 10% of their time on personal projects, increasing focus time after the idea begins to “demonstrate impact.” He mentions that “the idea of 20 per cent time is more important than the reality of it.” Workers should always be driven towards individual innovation, yet it should operate “somewhat outside the lines of formal management.”


20% Project, Benefits and detriments
Atlassian Co-Founder Mike Cannon-Brookes implemented the 20% Project as a test to see if it produced any notable improvements or detriments to the company's output. They funded a six-month trial with one million Australian dollars. During this process, workers tackled inherent structural difficulties within the scheme. An employee mentioned that it was difficult to balance this 20% time “amongst all the pressures to deliver new features and bug fixes.”; the program introduced more deadlines for their employees. As a result, the company found that this 20% Project in fact became 1.1% of their working time.


20% Project, Benefits and detriments
Another issue faced was the difficulty in the organisation and team-work involved in the projects. As employees would organise groups to create new software, they would struggle to work with employees who had other commitments and alternate time schedules. The company blogs have included fewer references to the 20% Project over the last decade with references that this scheme loses effect in long-term practices. The company's ‘Ship It’ day still highlights the prosperity of time dedicated to employee-based innovation.


20% Project, Benefits and detriments
Dubakov reported that the 20% Project proved beneficial for the company. The benefit of this separated time is that each member feels less pressure to complete tasks, being able to advance their skill set and review previous work. This time was not only used for new projects but to educate about content relating to the job. This allocation of time allowed for individuals to complete single tasks, improving time delivery but negatively affecting synergy. The company reflected an emergent vision as a result of collective individual projects.


20, Ashoka Road
20, Ashoka Road, officially Sanchar Bhawan, is the headquarters of the Union Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of India. It is also the headquarters of Department of Telecommunications of the ministry. The building is situated in the heart of the Indian capital, New Delhi. It is very similar in design to the Reserve Bank of India's Mumbai headquarters, and both were designed by the same architect, Firoz Kudianwala.


20,000
20,000 (twenty thousand) is the natural number that comes after 19,999 and before 20,001.


20,000
20,000 is a round number, and is also in the title of Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.


20,000 Cheers for the Chain Gang
20,000 Cheers for the Chain Gang is an extant musical comedy film released in 1933. It was directed by Roy Mack. The 20-minute film is about escaped prisoners trying to break back into a jail where condition have improved dramatically. The film was written by A. Dorian Otvos and Cyrus Wood. It is a spoof of the 1932 film I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang. It is a Vitaphone film.


20,000 Days on Earth
20,000 Days on Earth is a 2014 British musical documentarydrama film co-written and directed by Iain Forsyth and Jane Pollard. Nick Cave also co-wrote the script with Forsyth and Pollard. The film premiered in-competition in the World Cinema Documentary Competition at 2014 Sundance Film Festival on 20 January 2014. It won two Awards at the festival.


20,000 Days on Earth
After its premiere at Sundance Film Festival, Drafthouse Films acquired distribution rights of the film. The film released on 17 September 2014 in United States.


20,000 Days on Earth, Premise
The film depicts a fictitious 24-hour period in the life of Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter, composer, actor and model Nick Cave, prior to and during the recording of his 2013 album Push the Sky Away.


20,000 Days on Earth, Releases
The film also premiered at 64th Berlin International Film Festival in Panorama Dokumente section, in February 2014 and at the 2014 True/False Film Festival. It also served as the opening night film at 2014 Sydney Film Festival on 4 June 2014.


20,000 Days on Earth, Releases
It was released on 19 September 2014 in United Kingdom.


20,000 Days on Earth, Reception
20,000 Days on Earth received general acclaim upon its premiere at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 97% of 38 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.4 out of 10. On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film holds an average score of 84, based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


20,000 Days on Earth, Reception
Cory Everett of Indiewire praised the film and said that "While the doc should prove essential for Nick Cave fans, it should be inspiring for those interested in the creative process or anyone searching for their muse."


20,000 Days on Earth, Reception
John Semley of Slant Magazine  gave the film two and a half stars out of four and said that "While the film is seemingly accessible as a portrait of an artist who seems particularly attuned to his own creative process, and particularly adept at describing this attunement, it's unlikely that many who aren't already whole-hog Bad Seeds fans would be able to stomach much of Cave's self-styled pomposity."


20,000 Days on Earth, Reception
Rob Nelson, in his review for Variety, praised the film by saying that "This innovative study of Nick Cave playfully disguises itself as fiction while more than fulfilling the requirements of a biographical documentary."


20,000 Days on Earth, Reception
David Rooney in his review for The Hollywood Reporter said that "What makes 20,000 Days on Earth distinctive is that it provides an overview of the man and his art while creating the illusion that this has come together organically -- out of poetic ruminations, casual encounters, ghost-like visitations and good old Freudian psychoanalysis."


20,000 Eyes
20,000 Eyes is a 1961 American drama film directed by Jack Leewood, written by Jack W. Thomas, and starring Gene Nelson, Merry Anders, James Brown, John Banner, Judith Rawlins and Robert Shayne.


20,000 Eyes
The film was released on June 14, 1961, by 20th Century Fox.


20,000 Eyes, Plot
Needing money in a hurry for a diamond-mine interest, investment broker, Dan Warren, embezzles $100,000 from client, Kurt Novak, a criminal himself ($866,036 in 2020 dollars ). Novak discovers the theft and gives Warren five days to pay him back or else meet with an "accident." But Warren has another scheme in mind.


20,000 Eyes, Production
The film was announced in January, 1961, and Daniel Ceccaldi was originally sought for the lead role. Filming began in March, 1961 with Gene Nelson instead.


20,000 Leagues Across the Land
20,000 Leagues Across the Land  (French: Vingt mille lieues sur la terre or "Léon Garros Is Looking for His Friend", Russian: Леон Гаррос ищет друга) is a 1961 Soviet-French feature film by Marcello Pagliero.


20,000 Leagues Across the Land, Plot
During the Second World War and  Leon Garros and Boris Vaganov escape from a Nazi concentration camp. After 15 years as a journalist Leon with buddies visits the Soviet Union to make a report and accidentally finds Boris. But Boris is not in Moscow, and for the sake of meeting a friend Leon has to take a car halfway across the country... Traveling with the foreigners is translator Nikolai, who in turn is looking for Natasha, his brother's runaway bride.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1916 American silent film directed by Stuart Paton. The film's storyline is based on the 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne. It also incorporates elements from Verne's 1875 novel The Mysterious Island.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)
On May 4, 2010, a new print of the film was shown accompanied by a live performance of an original score by Stephin Merritt at the Castro Theatre, as part of the San Francisco International Film Festival.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)
In 2016, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for its National Film Registry.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot
A strange "sea monster" has been rampaging the seas. The United States sends the naval vessel Abraham Lincoln to investigate. During their search, the vessel runs into the "monster,” and it damages their ship. The mysterious monster turns out to be Nautilus, the technologically advanced submarine of Captain Nemo. After the attack, the Abraham Lincoln is adrift with no rudder. Then, a "strange rescue" takes place. Captain Nemo guides his submarine directly beneath the four people who had been aboard the ship and fallen into the sea during the attack.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot
Nautilus surfaces, and Nemo's crew brings the four rescued individuals aboard the submarine. The four include master harpooner Ned Land, a professor Pierre Aronnax, his daughter, and the professor's assistant. Once aboard the submarine, the four must swear they will not attempt to escape. The captain introduces them to his vessel and the wonders of its underwater realm. He later takes them hunting on the seafloor.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot
Meanwhile, union soldiers in a runaway Union Army balloon are marooned on a mysterious island. The soldiers find a wild girl living alone. Soon the yacht of Charles Denver arrives at the island. A woman's ghost (Princess Daaker) has haunted Denver, a former British colonial officer in India, whom he attacked years ago. Rather than submit to him sexually, she had stabbed and killed herself. Denver then fled with her young daughter only to abandon her on the island. Long tormented by his crime, he returned to find the girl or determine what happened to her.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot
One soldier scheme to kidnap the child aboard Denver's yacht. Another hears of the plan and starts swimming to the yacht to rescue her. Simultaneously, Nemo discovers the yacht belongs to Denver, the enemy he has been seeking all these years. The Nautilus destroys the yacht with a torpedo, but Captain Nemo saves the girl and her rescuer.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot
In elaborate flashback scenes to India, Nemo reveals he is Prince Daaker and created the Nautilus to seek revenge on Charles Denver. It overjoyed him to discover that the abandoned wild girl is his long-lost daughter, but his emotion overcomes him, and he dies. His loyal crew buries him at the ocean bottom. They disband and set the Nautilus adrift.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Production
This was the first motion picture filmed underwater. The underwater scenes were photographed by the Williamson Submarine Film Corporation in the Bahamas. Actual underwater cameras were not used, but a system of watertight tubes and mirrors allowed the camera to shoot reflected images of underwater scenes staged in shallow sunlit waters.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Production
The film was made by The Universal Film Manufacturing Company (now Universal Pictures), not then known as a major motion picture studio. Yet in 1916, they financed this film's innovative special effects, location photography, large sets, exotic costumes, sailing ships, and full-size navigable mock-up of the surfaced submarine Nautilus.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Production
The film took two years to make, at the cost of $500,000. Hal Erickson has said that "the cost of this film was so astronomical that it could not possibly post a profit, putting the kibosh on any subsequent Verne adaptations for the next 12 years".


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1954 American Technicolor science fiction-adventure film and one of the first features shot in CinemaScope. It was personally produced by Walt Disney through Walt Disney Productions, directed by Richard Fleischer, and stars Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas, and Peter Lorre. It was also the first feature-length Disney film to be distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. The film is adapted from Jules Verne's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)
The film was a critical and commercial success, being especially remembered for the fight with a giant squid, and Mason's definitive performance as the charismatic anti-hero Captain Nemo. It won two Academy Awards for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects. It is considered an early precursor of the steampunk genre.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
In 1868, rumors spread of a sea monster which attacks ships in the Pacific Ocean and disrupt shipping lanes. Professor Aronnax and his assistant, Conseil, board a U.S. Navy ship dispatched on an expedition to investigate the problem. They board the frigate, and are joined by master-harpooner Ned Land.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
After months of patrolling, a nearby steamship explodes; when the frigate arrives, the "monster" is spotted. As the frigate's crew open fire with cannons, the "monster" rams the warship. Ned, Conseil and Aronnax are thrown overboard. The crippled frigate drifts away, not responding to their cries for help. Clinging to flotsam, Aronnax and Conseil encounter a metal vessel, and realize the "monster" is a man-made "submerging boat" that appears deserted. Going aboard, Aronnax finds a viewport and witnesses an underwater funeral, while Ned Land arrives on an overturned longboat from their ship. Aronnax resists leaving just long enough for the submarine crew to spot him.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
Ned, Aronnax, and Conseil attempt to leave in the longboat, but the crew stops them. The captain introduces himself as Nemo, master of the Nautilus. He returns Ned and Conseil to the deck while offering Aronnax, whom he recognizes, the chance to stay. After Aronnax proves willing to die with his companions, Nemo allows Ned and Conseil to remain aboard.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
Nemo takes them to the penal colony island of Rura Penthe, where the prisoners are loading a munitions ship. Nemo was a prisoner there, as were many of his crew. Nautilus rams the steamer, destroying it and killing the crew. Nemo tells Aronnax that he saved thousands from death in war, and that this "hated nation" tortured his wife and son to death while attempting to force him to reveal his discoveries. In Nemo's cabin, Ned and Conseil find the coordinates of Nemo's secret island base, Vulcania, and Ned releases messages in bottles.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
Off the coast of New Guinea, Nautilus becomes stranded on a reef. Nemo allows Ned to go ashore with Conseil, ostensibly to collect specimens, while admonishing them to stay on the beach. Ned goes exploring for avenues of escape, and finds human skulls posted on stakes. Ned rejoins Conseil, and they row away, pursued by cannibals. Aboard Nautilus, the cannibals are repelled by electrical charges sent through its hull. Nemo confines Ned to the brig for disobeying orders.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
A warship fires upon Nautilus, which descends into the depths, where it attracts a giant squid. After an electric charge fails to repel it, Nemo and his men surface during a storm to dislodge it. Nemo is caught in one of its tentacles, and Ned, having escaped from captivity, harpoons the squid in the eye, saving Nemo. Nemo has a change of heart and claims he wants to make peace with the world.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
As Nautilus nears Vulcania, Nemo finds the island surrounded by warships, with marines converging on his base. On the deck Ned tries to identify himself to the warships. Aronnax is furious, recognizing that Nemo will destroy all evidence of his discoveries. Nemo, having submerged Nautilus to enter his base, goes ashore and activates a prearranged time bomb, but is mortally wounded from a bullet to his back. After navigating the submarine away from Vulcania, Nemo announces that he will be "taking the Nautilus down for the last time". The crew declares that they will accompany their captain.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned are confined to their cabins, while Nautilus's crew also retreat to their cabins at Nemo's instructions. Ned escapes and manages to surface the submarine, hitting a reef in the process, causing her to flood. Nemo dies viewing his beloved undersea domain.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot
Aronnax tries retrieving his journal, but the urgency of their escape obliges Ned to knock him unconscious and carry him out. Aboard Nautilus's skiff, the three companions along with Nemo's pet sea lion, Esmeralda, witness Vulcania explode and a billowing mushroom cloud rise above the island's destruction. Ned apologizes to Aronnax for hitting him, but Aronnax concedes that the loss of his journal might have been for the best. As the Nautilus sinks, Nemo's last words to Aronnax echo: "There is hope for the future. And when the world is ready for a new and better life, all this will someday come to pass...in God's good time."


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Production
In November 1950, independent producer Sid Rogell announced he had acquired the film rights to the novel as well as a film adaptation prepared by Robert L. Lippert's production company. He had planned to start shooting within a year at the General Service Studios. However, in December 1951, it was reported that Walt Disney had purchased the film rights from Rogell.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Production
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was filmed at various locations in The Bahamas and Jamaica, with the cave scenes filmed beneath what is now the Xtabi Resort on the cliffs of Negril. Filming began in spring of 1954. According to the two-disc DVD release of the film, the San Francisco scenes at the beginning were shot at Universal Studios while most of the modeling shots were done at 20th Century Fox. Some of the location filming sequences were so complex that they required a technical crew of more than 400 people. The film presented many other challenges, as well.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Production
The famous giant squid attack sequence had to be entirely re-shot, as it was originally filmed as taking place at dusk and in a calm sea. The sequence was filmed again, this time taking place at night and during a huge gale, both to increase the drama and to better hide the cables and other mechanical workings of the animatronic squid.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Production
With a total (and greatly over-run) production cost of $9 million, the film was the most expensive in Hollywood to that date and presented a serious financial risk to the studio should it flop.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Differences between novel and film
The film was praised as faithfully adapting the novel. James W. Maertens writes that while this is true, "Close comparison of the novel and film reveals many changes, omissions, even reversals, which affect the story's fundamental concern (besides scientific education), a representation of class and gender, specifically masculinity, in the industrial age." Nemo's submarine, battery-powered in the novel, is powered by atomic energy in the film. The novel's submarine is also a "streamlined, cigar shaped sub" while the film's is "a more ornate vessel".


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Differences between novel and film
The film's director and screenwriter extracted "the most memorable" scenes from the novel and freely reordered them under the assumption that viewers would not remember the novel's order of events. The film's submarine is also depicted as being built from undersea salvage, where in the novel, Nemo orders parts from various industries to secretly ship to an island for assembly, which Maertens called a "logistical genius and manipulation of Industrial Age manufacturing".


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music
Rather than an authentic soundtrack recording of the film's score or dialogue, two vinyl studio cast record albums were released to coincide with the film's first two releases (1954 and 1963). Both albums contained condensed and heavily altered versions of the film's script without the usage of any of the film's cast for character voices. In addition, both albums were narrated by Ned Land as opposed to Aronnax, who narrated the film and the original novel.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music
Neither album mentioned Nemo as actually being "cracked" (i.e. insane), as the film does, and considerably sanitized the character by omitting any mention of him killing anyone. The albums also had Nemo surviving at the end and releasing Ned, Arronax, and Conseil out of gratitude for their saving his life. In this version, Ned, Aronnax and Conseil were not shipwrecked because the Nautilus rammed the ship they were on, but because a hurricane came up.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music
The first album was issued in 1954 in conjunction with the film's original release, and starred William Redfield as the voice of Ned. This album, a book-and-record set, was issued as part of RCA Victor's Little Nipper series on two 45-RPM records. The second album, released by Disneyland Records in 1963 in conjunction with the film's first re-release, was issued on one 331⁄3 RPM 12-inch LP with no accompanying booklet and no liner notes – the usual practice with most Disneyland label albums.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music
It contained much more of the film's plot, but with many of the same alterations as the first album, so this recording was technically a remake of the earlier one. The cast for the 1963 album was uncredited. Neither album listed the film's credits or made any mention of the film's cast.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music
A single for the film's most memorable song "A Whale of a Tale", written by Norman Gimbel and Al Hoffman and sung by Kirk Douglas, was also released in 1954 under the Decca Children's Series label. The song "And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter", which Douglas had sung in the movie Man Without a Star (written by Lou Singer and Jimmy Kennedy), was the B-side. Both songs can be found on the 2008 digital release of the film's soundtrack. In the film, Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor is played by Nemo on the Nautilus's organ, but James Mason's playing is actually dubbed by an anonymous organist.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music, Official soundtrack
On January 29, 2008, Walt Disney Records released a 26-track digital album containing the music of Paul Smith's original soundtrack score to 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, plus both sides of the "A Whale of a Tale" single, as well as a digital booklet companion that explores the music of the film. This was the first official release of the film score and was initially available only through the iTunes Store. Intrada released the same soundtrack on CD in 2011. The music for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was composed by Paul Smith, with Joseph Dubin acting as the orchestrator.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Release, Home media
Over the years, the film has been released on VHS, LaserDisc, SelectaVision videodisc, DVD, and Blu-ray. A 1080p HD version from a 4K restoration was released on iTunes in 2014. In 2019, the film was released on Blu-ray via the Disney Movie Club. The film was available to stream on Disney+ when the service launched on November 12, 2019.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Box office
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea earned $8 million in North American distributor rentals at the box office, making it the third highest-grossing film of 1954.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that, "As fabulous and fantastic as anything he has ever done in cartoons is Walt Disney's 'live action' movie made from Jules Verne's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.' Turned out in CinemaScope and color, it is as broad, fictitiously, as it is long (128 minutes), and should prove a sensation—at least with the kids". Gene Arneel of Variety praised the film as "a special kind of picture making, combining photographic ingenuity, imaginative story telling and fiscal daring."


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction
He further added that "Richard Fleischer's direction keeps the Disney epic moving at a smart clip, picking up interest right from the start and deftly developing each of the many tense moments... Earl Fenton's screenplay looks to be a combination of the best in the Verne original and new material to suit the screen form. It's a fine job of writing simulating pic fare. Technical credits — underline the water photography — are excellent."


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction
Philip K. Scheuer, reviewing for the Los Angeles Times, wrote "Technically the film is a marvel itself, with actual underwater shot made in the Bahamas alternating with surface scale models that defy detection as such." He also praised Mason's performance claiming "he lends depth and dimension to the stock figure of the 'mad genius.' The proof: he sometimes seems more pitied than scorned."


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction
Harrison's Reports wrote that "Expertly utilizing the CinemaScope medium and Technicolor photography, he [Walt Disney] and his staff have fashioned a picture that is not only a masterpiece from the production point of view but also a great entertainment, the kind that should go over in a big way with all types of audiences."


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction
Modern-day film critic Steve Biodrowski said that the film is "far superior to the majority of genre efforts from the period (or any period, for that matter), with production design and technical effects that have dated hardly at all". Biodrowski also added that the film "may occasionally succumb to some of the problems inherent in the source material (the episodic nature does slow the pace), but the strengths far outweigh the weaknesses, making this one of the greatest science-fiction films ever made". On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 27 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "One of Disney's finest live-action adventures, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea brings Jules Verne's classic sci-fi tale to vivid life, and features an awesome giant squid".


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Awards and nominations
The film's primary art director Harper Goff, who designed the Nautilus, was not a member of the Art Directors Union in 1954 and therefore, under a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, was unable to receive his Academy Award for Art Direction.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), In Disney resorts
Disneyland used the original sets as a walk-through attraction from 1955 to 1966. Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom also had a dark ride named 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage from 1971 to 1994 which consisted of a submarine ride, complete with the giant squid attack, and an arrangement of the main theme from the 1954 film playing on Captain Nemo's organ in the background. For this ride, voice artist Peter Renaday stood in for James Mason in the role of Captain Nemo.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), In Disney resorts
In 1994, a walkthrough attraction at Disneyland Paris, named Les Mystères du Nautilus, opened, and a dark ride at Tokyo DisneySea was created in 2001. The exterior to The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure contains a silhouette of the Nautilus in a rock wall and the tiki bar Trader Sam's Grog Grotto at Disney's Polynesian Village Resort serves a cocktail called the "Nautilus" which is itself served in a stylized drinking vessel resembling the submarine, and features a dive helmet and a mechanical squid tentacle that pours liquor behind the bar.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel
On January 6, 2009, Variety reported that a live-action remake titled 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Captain Nemo was being planned with Joseph McGinty Nichol, known as "McG", attached to direct. The film serves as an origin story for the central character, Captain Nemo, as he builds his warship, the Nautilus. McG has remarked that it will be "much more in keeping with the spirit of the novel" than Richard Fleischer's film, in which it will reveal "what Aronnax is up to and the becoming of Captain Nemo, and how the man became at war with war itself." It was written by Bill Marsilli, with Justin Marks and Randall Wallace brought in to do rewrites. The film was to be produced by Sean Bailey with McG's Wonderland Sound and Vision.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel
McG once suggested that he wanted Will Smith as Captain Nemo, but he has reportedly turned down the part. As a second possible choice, McG had mentioned Sam Worthington, whom he worked with on Terminator Salvation, though they did not ever discuss it seriously. In November 2009, the project was shelved by then-Walt Disney Pictures chairman Rich Ross after having spending nearly $10 million on pre-production work. Prior to the announcement, McG and Bailey had been notified of the project's cancellation.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel
During the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con, director David Fincher announced plans of directing 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea for Walt Disney Pictures based on a script by Scott Z. Burns. While Fincher was wrapping up The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), it was speculated that 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea would enter principal photography by late 2012. In the meantime, Fincher began courting Brad Pitt to play the role of Ned Land while the film was kept on hold. However, in February 2013, it was announced that Pitt had officially turned down the role.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel
In April 2013, it was announced that the Australian government will provide a one-off incentive of $20 million in order to secure the production. Despite this, the film was put on hold again the following month due to complications in casting a lead. On July 17, 2013, Fincher dropped out of the film to direct the adaptation of Gone Girl. Fincher revealed in an interview that he left the film because he wanted Channing Tatum for Ned Land, but Disney wanted Chris Hemsworth for the role. Additionally, the money originally allocated for the production of this film was redirected towards Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel
In February 2016, Disney announced that it was planning a live-action film titled Captain Nemo, with James Mangold directing. In February 2020, it was reported that Mangold was no longer attached to the project.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel
In August 2021, it was announced that a ten episode miniseries titled Nautilus entered development. The series will be an origin story about Captain Nemo and will be written by James Dormer who will co-produce with Johanna Devereaux.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1985 Australian made-for-television animated film from Burbank Films Australia. The film is based on Jules Verne's classic 1870 novel, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, and was adapted by Stephen MacLean. It was produced by Tim Brooke-Hunt and featured original music by John Stuart. The copyright in this film is now owned by Pulse Distribution and Entertainment and administered by digital rights management firm NuTech Digital.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot
In 1866, a mysterious sea-monster is hunting the depths of the oceans and rising only to attack and destroy innocent ships at a cost of many lives. Experts around the world are trying to discover the identity of the monster and possibly destroy it before even more lives are lost. Marine expert Professor Pierre Aronnax, his faithful companion Conseil and harpoonist Ned Land, set out aboard the Abraham Lincoln from Long Island in search of said monster. The monster attacks, and the three companions are thrown overboard and the ship's crew declares them lost. Their lives are saved as they are held above water by the monster, which they discover to be a modern submarine, named the Nautilus. Inside, they meet the submarine's captain, Captain Nemo, and his faithful crew.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot
To keep his secret safe, Captain Nemo keeps the three men aboard his ship. Aboard the Nautilus, the professor, Ned and Conseil travel throughout the depths of the ocean; a voyage the professor and Conseil find fascinating, but Ned soon finds his captivity unbearable and develops a hatred for the captain and a longing for freedom. The professor learns of Captain Nemo's hatred towards mankind, for he had lost his wife, children and family to them, and now sought revenge by destroying as many ships as he encountered.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot
On the other hand, Captain Nemo has a great respect toward his men as well as the oceans of the world and their creatures. At the beginning of the voyage, the Nautilus is attacked by a giant squid that grabs Nemo but is killed by Ned. In the waters off India, Nemo saves a pearl-diver from a hungry shark and gives her a pearl. He then prevents Ned from killing a dugong.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot
Ned, the professor, and Conseil escape the Nautilus by rowing to a tropical island but are chased back to the Nautilus by natives, whom Nemo scares away with electricity. When a life is lost aboard the submarine, Nemo takes the body for burial in the lost continent of Atlantis to rest forever underwater, but Ned is chased by giant crabs. Spying inside the captain's private chamber, the professor, Conseil and Ned discover Nemo's plan of travelling to the seas of Norway, where he will have the ultimate revenge by destroying the ship responsible for the loss of those dear to him.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot
The three companions try unsuccessfully to bring Nemo to reason, but he determined even at the risk of his life. Wanting no part in the calamity, the three men take a chance to escape in a rowboat, and wanting to warn the to-be-victimized ship, are thrown ashore by the ocean waves. Finding rest and shelter on an unhabited island, the professor is happy to have kept his journal safe, so he may tell the world of their adventures. No one learns about the fate of the Nautilus and Captain Nemo, who may have perished or still be alive seeking revenge on mankind.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 Hallmark film)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1997 television film directed by Michael Anderson and starring Ben Cross as Captain Nemo. It premiered on March 23, 1997. Based on the 1870 novel of the same name by Jules Verne, it is most notable for replacing the character of Professor Aronnax's manservant, Conseil, with the Professor's daughter, Sophie, who disguises herself as a boy so that she may accompany her father aboard USS Abraham Lincoln; she becomes the apex of a love triangle involving Captain Nemo and Ned the harpooner. The film was produced by Hallmark Entertainment.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1997 two-part television miniseries produced by Village Roadshow Pictures, based on the 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne. It was written by Brian Nelson and directed by Rod Hardy.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot
The Nautilus has been sinking and damaging ships and is at first thought to be a giant narwhal.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot
Pierre Aronnax and Ned Land and Cabe Attucks fall off the USS Abraham Lincoln and are picked up by the Nautilus.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot
Pierre Aronnax's father Thierry Aronnax is with the US naval party.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot
Nemo is setting up an underwater domed city under the Atlantic south of West Africa. To avoid earthquake risks to it, he is first setting up a network of underwater explosives to release all Earth's geotectonic tensions at once and thus ensure that no more build up for a long while. During this a Chinese-looking pearl diving girl accidentally activates one of these devices and the Nautilus rescues her in time.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot
The US Navy finds where Nemo's base is by a concentrated area of sightings of the Nautilus. The USS Abraham Lincoln  sails to the place.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot
At the site, damage caused by Ned Land, and torpedoes fired downwards by the Abraham Lincoln, force the Nautilus to surface. The Nautilus's crew come out on deck and are summarily machine-gunned by the Abraham Lincoln's deck-mounted Gatling guns. Mara and some others escape in one of the Nautilus's diving bells. Pierre Aronnax and Ned Land and Cabe Attucks get on board the Abraham Lincoln. A US naval man boards the Nautilus and shoots Nemo and another survivor on sight. Nemo, before dying, activates a switch which makes the Nautilus explode.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot
Pierre Aronnax's account of these events finds its way to Jules Verne, who uses it as a basis for his novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Differences from the novel
The Nautilus gets its power by extracting the sun's heat from the sea water: this is impossible technology, and the movie wrongly calls it hydroelectricity.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Reception
DVD Verdict wrote the miniseries "comes off as incomplete", but praised Michael Caine's performance as Captain Nemo. David Cornelius of DVD Talk called the adaptation "dreadfully dull", disapproving of director Hardy's and screenwriter Nelson's work.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea（海底2万マイル） is an attraction at Tokyo DisneySea, based on Jules Verne's novel "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" and Disney's 1954 film "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea".


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea), Story
Guests board a small submarine developed by Captain Nemo and participate in a tour to explore the world under the sea. This submarine was remotely controlled from the control base where Captain Nemo was, and it should have been secured by that. However, when he tried to make the submarine levitate, the submarine was attacked by the Kraken and lost control, resulting in a detour into an unknown world.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea), Story
The place where the guests end up was a world of Atlantis where mermen live. They had evolved their own in a place close to the center of the earth. The submarine was boosted by the mysterious power of the mermen, and was able to return to the base safely.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea), Ride
This attraction's concept is similar to Disneyland's Submarine Voyage and Magic Kingdom's distinguished attraction 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage. This ride does not go through real water; several effect including bubbles in the window or the movements are added.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage was an attraction at the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World from 1971 through 1994. Based on the characters and settings of the 1954 Disney film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, it was a re-theming of the Submarine Voyage attraction at Disneyland. The ride involved a 20-minute submarine ride through a lagoon filled with sea life and mermaids.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The Submarine Voyage
In 1959, an ambitious expansion of Tomorrowland in Disneyland was completed, which included the addition of new attractions, including the Matterhorn Bobsleds, Monorail, and Submarine Voyage. "Commissioned" on June 6, 1959, in front of Richard Nixon, Walt Disney and his wife Lillian, and officers of the US Navy, the attraction made use of early animatronics to create underwater life, and the use of forced perspective to increase the feeling of realism. Eight submarines painted in grey took guests through the attraction, which took place in a lagoon visible from Tomorrowland and a large show building hidden behind two waterfalls. It became extremely popular with guests, and Walt Disney Imagineering consequently planned for more elaborate version for the forthcoming Florida Project concept, which would become Walt Disney World.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Vehicles
One of the signature pieces of 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea was the fleet of passenger vehicles, adapted for theme park use from Harper Goff's Nautilus design for the 1954 Disney live-action version by Disney Imagineer George McGinnis. The basic hulls were constructed by Morgan Yachts in Clearwater, Florida, with the final building work being transferred to Tampa Ship midway through. Another veteran Imagineer, Bob Gurr, oversaw the project. Upon delivery at Walt Disney World in August 1971, the vehicles weighed some forty tons, and were installed into a concrete guide (track), mounted on top of a mechanism that limited "bumping" accidents.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Vehicles
The attraction vehicles were not actual submarines, but instead boats in which the guests sat below water level. The interiors were a mix of metal paneling, rivets, and bolts, as well as Victorian-esque fittings in the form of passenger seats that could flip outwards, and armrests beneath the portholes, in keeping with the Goff concept. Each "guest" aboard the Nautilus had his or her own seat, as well as a round porthole to look out into the attraction. A small button located in the porthole recess was intended for defogging the window if needed, though this rarely worked. Located at the top of the window recess was a small speaker through which Captain Nemo's voice (veteran voice actor Peter Renaday, doing an impression of James Mason) guides his guests through their underwater adventure.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Vehicles
Above the seating area was the sail (as it was known to the employees) where the "helmsman" stood and controlled the vehicle's operation. The "diving" effect was produced by bubble machines located throughout the attraction, as well as using the waterfalls at the entrance to the show building.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Vehicles
Each of the twelve vehicles accommodated a total of forty riders. Vehicles normally cycled through the attraction in packs of three.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride
Despite the extensive 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea overhaul the attraction was given, essentially it was still the same as its Californian counterpart Submarine Voyage, in both its underwater show scenes and narration, except for a few occasional differences.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride
The adventure began as the guests made their way down into the back of the submarine, bending to miss the low-level raised rear hatch, and finding a place on board. Throughout the voyage, an eerie organ version of the Disney film's main theme would play on a never-ending loop, allowing for a narration backing as well as a piece of stall music if required. Following the standard Disney-style introduction and safety notes from the helmsman, the narration, in the voice of Captain Nemo, would begin.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride
With the submarine clear of the dock, the diving sequence would begin, with hundreds of air bubbles filling the porthole view, creating the illusion of descent. Once clear, the Captain introduced himself to his passengers, and then introduced them to the underwater plains around Vulcania. In the lagoon, guests could see moray eels, crabs, lobsters, sea bass, clams and turtles as well as a host of smaller tropical fish.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride
Minutes later, in another tribute to the Disney film, an "underwater party" of divers would come into view, as animatronics wearing replicas of the Harper Goff-designed deep sea diving equipment worked kelp beds and wrangled with rebellious turtles.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride
With the bubbles from the waterfall at the cavern entrance simulating a surface storm, the Captain would order the submarine down into the depths as a precaution, and the guests enter the show building section of the attraction. Within minutes, the devastation such natural phenomenon can create was made clear with the ominous Graveyard Of Lost Ships, with shipwrecks from various centuries littering the sea bed, guarded by the silent, gliding figures of sharks.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride
Leaving the destruction behind, the Nautilus would reach the North Pole, circumnavigating the Polar Ice Cap from below the surface, and narrowly avoiding large icebergs stabbing through the water. Venturing deeper, the Nautilus entered the eerie world of the Abyss, where guests viewed examples the many weird and strange species of deepwater fish that thrive in such an environment.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride
Rising slightly, one of the final discoveries made is the ruins of Atlantis, along with a typical Disney-fied sea serpent, accompanying mermaids, and a treasury bursting with jewels and gold. With the ruins of the ancient civilization soon left behind, the Nautilus would enter the final phase of its journey, with a tribute to the most iconic and memorable part of the 1954 Disney film: the attack of the giant squid. After seeing a much smaller sister Nautilus trapped in the clutches of one such creature (curiously marked XIII on the tailfin), the passenger submarine would be attacked itself by long, thrashing tentacles.


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride
With a final push to the surface, the Nautilus would clear the caverns of the dangerous squid, and enter the safety of the tropical lagoon, on its way towards the dock.