19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee
On April 25, 1861, only thirteen days after General P.G.T. Beauregard's Confederate gunners opened fire on Fort Sumter, Tennessee's legislature met to consider the question of secession. On May 6, the legislature declared the state independent from the United States. The legislature also granted Governor Isham G. Harris the authority to create a state army of 55,000 men.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee
Though a military alliance was signed with the Confederate States of America the very next day, Tennessee's Declaration of Independence was submitted for a referendum to be held on June 8. Almost 70 percent of the voters approved of secession, but 69 percent of East Tennesseans voted against it.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee
While Union loyalists viewed the coming war as a struggle for Republican government, secessionists saw Lincoln as a tyrant and many citizens abandoned the old Union for the new Confederacy to remain true to the principles of the Founding Fathers.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Formation of the 19th Tennessee Infantry
By the end of May, more than twenty volunteer companies met just outside Knoxville at Camp Cummings, named after David H. Cummings, a prominent farmer and attorney of the region. The 19th Tennessee Infantry was officially formed there as East Tennessee's second Confederate regiment on June 11, 1861, and Cummings was elected as its first colonel. That month, William Phipps wrote home to his sister, Charlotte, "we are the pick regiment of Tennessee."


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Formation of the 19th Tennessee Infantry
According to Worsham's first person account, at the time of the regiment's formation, there were 1,012 men in the 19th's rank and file, and 48 commissioned officers, for a total of 1,060 soldiers.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization
The original command structure of the 19th was as follows:


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization
Colonel - David H. CummingsLt. Colonel - Francis Marion WalkerMajor - Abram FulkersonAdjutant - V. Q. JohnsonSgt.-Major - Henry M. DoakSurgeon - Joseph E. DulaneyAsst. Surgeon - Samuel CarsonQuarter Master - Addison D. TaylorChaplain - Rev. David SullinsMusicians - Rufus Lamb, James Tyner, and W. J. WorshamCompany A (The Hamilton Grays) - Hamilton County, Tennessee, 97 MenCaptain - John D. Powell1st Lieutenant - V. Q. Johnson2nd Lieutenant - Daniel Kennedy3rd Lieutenant - Frank Foust


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization
Company B - Washington County, Tennessee, 100 MenCaptain - Zadoc T. "Zeb" Willett1st Lieutenant - Joseph Conley2nd Lieutenant - Nathan Gregg3rd Lieutenant - James DeaderickCompany C (The Blountville Guards) - Sullivan County, Tennessee, 104 MenCaptain - James P. Snapp1st Lieutenant - Charles St. John2nd Lieutenant - George H. Hull3rd Lieutenant - John M. JonesCompany D (The Gillespie Guards) - Rhea County, Tennessee, 103 MenCaptain - Warner E. Colville1st Lieutenant - Pete Miller2nd Lieutenant - James A. Wallace3rd Lieutenant - S. J. A. FrazierCompany E (The Knoxville Guards/Grays) - Knoxville, Tennessee, 106 MenCaptain - John W. Paxton1st Lieutenant - John M. Miller2nd Lieutenant - J. K. Graham3rd Lieutenant - William M. LackeyCompany F - Polk County, Tennessee, 93 MenCaptain - John H. Hannah1st Lieutenant - P. C. Gaston2nd Lieutenant - J. M. Sims3rd Lieutenant - J. C. HolmsCompany G - Sullivan County, Tennessee, 110 MenCaptain - Abraham L. Gammon1st Lieutenant - Jas. A. Rhea2nd Lieutenant - Robert L. Blair3rd Lieutenant - James CarltonCompany H (The Milton Guards) - McMinn County, Tennessee, 94 MenCaptain - William H. Lowry, Jr.1st Lieutenant - U. S. York2nd Lieutenant - D. A. Wilds3rd Lieutenant - Thomas MastonCompany I (The Marsh Blues) - Hamilton County, Tennessee, 110 MenCaptain - Thomas H. Walker1st Lieutenant - B. F. Moore2nd Lieutenant - Warren Hooper3rd Lieutenant - John LovejoyCompany K (The Hawkins Boys) - Hawkins County, Tennessee, 100 MenCaptain - Carrick W. Heiskell1st Lieutenant - Robert D. Powell2nd Lieutenant - Sam P. Powell3rd Lieutenant - Sam Spears


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Cumberland Gap
In July 1861, the 19th Tennessee received its first assignment to guard the pass at Cumberland Gap from any attempted incursions by the Union army from Kentucky, which remained a Union state and had declared neutrality despite the efforts of secessionists, into East Tennessee or Southwest Virginia. The gap is located at the junction of the three states and would have been a key invasion route into that region of the Confederacy, just as it was a key migration route through the rugged, mountainous terrain for settlers moving west. In his autobiography, Rev. David Sullins, the 19th's chaplain, claims to have been the first Confederate soldier to enter Cumberland Gap.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Cumberland Gap
The regiment began building breastworks and fortifying the mountain pass, but was soon stricken with an epidemic of measles and mumps that nearly incapacitated the entire command. The regiment also recorded its first casualties at Cumberland Gap when a sergeant shot himself through the hand and when a box of percussion caps exploded, severely injuring Col. Francis M. Walker's hand.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Cumberland Gap
In September, Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk committed one of the Confederacy's worst strategic blunders by seizing Columbus, Kentucky, and ending the state's neutrality, thereby opening the door for Union forces to move through the Bluegrass State. General Albert Sidney Johnston was forced to move a considerable portion of the forces under his command to Bowling Green, Kentucky, to close the hole in his defensive line, and the 19th Tennessee, along with two other regiments, was relocated by General Felix Zollicoffer to Cumberland Ford, now Pineville, Kentucky, where they established Camp Buckner. Other regiments were brought up from the rear to reinforce Cumberland Gap.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Battle of Barbourville
Union loyalist sentiment was as strong in Eastern Kentucky as it was in East Tennessee, and Zollicoffer feared that local Home Guard units might take action against his forces. On September 18, Zollicoffer sent a mixed force of 800 troops, including Companies B and K of the 19th, to destroy Camp Andrew Johnson, a Union training facility at Barbourville, KY.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Battle of Barbourville
In a dawn attack, the Confederates surprised about 300 Bushwhackers. The Unionists fled after a brief exchange of gunfire, and the Confederates took the camp and captured a meager store of supplies. Though several were wounded, only one man was killed. Lt . Robert D. Powell of Company K acquired the dubious distinction of being the first Confederate killed in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Battle of Barbourville
The regiment remained in Kentucky for a time, even managing a couple of successful raids to acquire supplies, but the assorted diseases that spread through the camps like wildfire were taking their tolls. By the end of the month, only about 600 men from the regiment were fit for duty.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Battle of Barbourville
By late October 1861, General Zollicoffer was receiving reports that a Union invasion somewhere between Cumberland Gap and Bowling Green was impending. His brigade returned to Tennessee, leaving a large garrison at Cumberland Gap, and the rest, including the 19th marched to Jamestown. Indeed, also believing that invasion was imminent, Unionist guerillas had stepped up actions in East Tennessee, including the burnings of several key railroad bridges, but the revolt was soon suppressed by Confederate reinforcements in the region.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs
With the local rebellion under control, Zollicoffer's forces, including the 19th Tennessee, returned to Kentucky in late November to establish winter camp near the tiny hamlet of Mill Springs on the south bank of the Cumberland River. The Union's Army of the Ohio responded by sending a brigade under the command of General Albin F. Schoepf to nearby Somerset to prevent Zollicoffer from crossing the river and advancing into Central Kentucky.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs
Zollicoffer committed a potentially grave tactical error by crossing the Cumberland and established a fortified position on the north bank at Beech Grove—he had a numerically superior force on his front, and a flood-prone river to his rear. Camp Beech Grove appeared quite formidable with the river guarding its flanks, and breastworks and chevaux de frise protecting its front, but the appearance was deceiving. The entrenchments could not dispel a determined attack, and disease was continuing to deplete the brigade's manpower.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs
By the middle of December, President Jefferson Davis replaced Zollicoffer as commander of the Department of East Tennessee, though he remained in command of his brigade, with Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, but it would be almost a month before Crittenden arrived. By the time he took command in January, the river was flooded and the brigade was backed into a tactical corner if the Yankees attacked. Before arriving, Crittenden had ordered Zollicoffer to move to the south bank, but he continued to hold his position.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs
Union reinforcements were on their way into the area and so Crittenden, having been reinforced as well, chose to attack them before the two groups could unite. His troops set out at about 11:30 P.M. on January 19, 1862, marching through mud sometimes over a foot deep. Zollicoffer's brigade led the advance out of the entrenchments intending to attack at dawn, but bad weather and muddy roads slowed their advance. They encountered Union pickets about 6:00 A.M. and the element of surprise was lost.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs
The 19th Tennessee and 15th Mississippi engaged the Federal pickets in a running skirmish for a quarter of a mile. Zollicoffer's brigade reformed and pressed the attack, but the Federals had reinforced as well and the firing became more intense. The 19th and 25th Tennessee charged the Yankees and drove them back into the woods, but the attack faltered as confusion and chaos set in from limited visibility due to the rain, fog, smoke, thunder, and lightning.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs
Nearsighted Zollicoffer became convinced that the 19th Tennessee was firing on the 15th Mississippi and, attempting to stop what he thought was friendly fire, rode toward the Union army. He realized his mistake too late when an aide began firing his pistol at the Yankees, but Zollicoffer was killed in a hail of fire before he could escape. The 19th had begun to break ranks to follow him, but fell back in confusion after he was killed.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs
Crittenden placed Colonel Cummings of the 19th Tennessee in command of Zollicoffer's brigade, and he attempted to correct his battle lines, but artillery support was ineffective, and the infantry's assortment of inferior rifles, including many flintlock muskets and country rifles that were misfiring in the rain and dampness, were no match for the Federals' superior .58 caliber, percussion cap Enfields. At 9:00 A.M., the Federals fixed bayonets and charged, and the Confederate lines broke. In the retreat, the 19th's surgeon, Joseph Dulaney, refused to leave the wounded and was captured, but later released.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs
The cold and exhausted Confederates retreated to Camp Beech Grove to dry off and prepare a meal, but the order to abandon the camp soon came. As Federal and Confederate cannons exchanged fire through the night; the troops were ferried across the river by a steamboat named the Noble Ellis. Some soldiers tried to swim and were drowned or swept away. After all the troops were on the south bank, Crittenden ordered the boat burned to prevent the Federals from following. The Confederates had to abandon their stores and had few provisions for the retreat. The troops were finally resupplied after reaching Gainesville on January 26. Two weeks later, they moved to Camp Fogg near Carthage, then to Murfreesboro, where the brigades joined with Albert Sidney Johnston's army.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
General Beauregard was assembling a new army and requested Johnston to join him. Johnston marched his army south into Alabama while considering the offer. Along the way, some of the troops were issued new Enfield rifles, but the 19th Tennessee received reconditioned rifled muskets. Still, they were a vast improvement over the weapons that had contributed to their defeat at Fishing Creek.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
Johnston decided to join Beauregard and so the 19th Tennessee, along with the rest of the brigade, left Decatur, Alabama, on March 15, 1862, and arrived in Corinth, Mississippi, on March 20. The combined forces of Beauregard and Johnston became the Army of Mississippi. When Crittenden was arrested for drunkenness, he was replaced by John C. Breckinridge, and the 19th Tennessee fell under his command.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
Beauregard and Johnston hoped to liberate Middle and West Tennessee from Union control by attacking Major General Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee at a riverboat port at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River near Shiloh Church. By attacking Grant before Buell's Army of the Ohio arrived, Beauregard hoped to defeat the two armies separately.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
By the time the attack was supposed to begin on the morning of April 4, it was already twelve hours behind schedule and a cold rain began falling that turned the roads into muck, forcing Johnston to postpone until the next morning. The rain continued through the night and by the afternoon of April 5, Beauregard's army was still not properly deployed, forcing another postponement. They finally achieved their staging positions late that night.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
The attack on the Federal camp opened at 5:00 A.M., but Col. George Maney's battalion, the 19th Tennessee, and General Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry were sent to scout the Confederate rear in case Buell attempted a landing there. By 11:00 A.M., Maney was convinced that they were safe from Buell, so he detached the 19th Tennessee and Forrest's cavalry from his command, and they returned together to the front.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
As they approached Sarah Bell's Field, Maney was approached by Maj. Gen. Frank Cheatham, who ordered him to take men of his choice and attack a Federal battery near the George Manse cabin. Maney chose his 1st Tennessee Battalion, 9th Tennessee, 6th and 7th Kentucky Infantry, and the 19th Tennessee to attack the position known as "The Hornet's Nest," with the 19th deployed on the right of his line. Maney's forces attacked the Federal position at 2:30 that afternoon, with the 19th crossing a cornfield and approaching Manse's cabin. Federal fire from the position intensified with the 19th taking several casualties—among others, Colonel Cummings lost a finger, Maj. Abram Fulkerson was shot in the thigh, and captains "Zeb" Willett of Company B and Thomas Walker of Company I were killed.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
The Confederates stayed on the attack—the 19th stormed the cabin and took the woods to the west of the field. The 19th was released and sent back to the brigade. By 4:00 P.M., they had rejoined, and Breckinridge was launching an attack against the left flank of the Hornet's Nest. By 5:00 P.M. the nest was withering; a half-hour later, it fell. As they disarmed the Federal troops, the 19th Tennessee exchanged their reconditioned muskets for the Yankee's .58 caliber Enfields. Lt . Colonel Walker received Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss' sword in surrender.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
That night, the 19th Tennessee ate well from the overrun Federal camps. Some bedded down in captured Federal tents and others on the ground, but they probably slept little that night. Union gunboats fired shells into the Confederate lines starting a brushfire that burned a considerable amount of ground where the dead and wounded still lay, and nature unleashed another deluge about 10:00 P.M. that lasted until 3:00 in the morning. Meanwhile, Buell's rested army landed and reinforced Grant.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
Breckinridge had managed to keep his men assembled through the night, but many of the other regiments were scattered, which would cause considerable command and control problems the next morning. With the battle engaged, Grant's somewhat recovered army was exerting considerable pressure on the Confederate left flank to the west. Breckinridge had assembled his men and moved towards the Hornet's Nest, with the 19th Tennessee posted in the woods on the center-right of his line, where they began taking considerable artillery fire. Federal troops advanced from the woods near Bloody Pond toward the Manse cabin, but were met by intense artillery and musket fire from Bowen's and Stratham's brigades, including the 19th Tennessee. The Confederates counterattacked, but Federal artillery stopped their advance.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
The Yankees pressed again, broke the Confederate line, and captured a battery of Washington artillery. The Rebels rallied in the woods and charged again to recapture the cannons with the Crescent Regiment of Louisiana engaging the Yankees hand-to-hand. Breckinridge asked who could aid them, and Lt. Colonel Francis Walker replied that the 19th Tennessee could. The 19th charged into the fighting with other elements of Stratham's brigade and pushed the Federals back, retaking the artillery battery. The 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors have an emblem of crossed cannon barrels on their regimental flag, signifying this action.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
By noon, the Confederates were losing momentum and their lines starting to give way. Near Duncan Field, the 19th watched the Federals approach and opened fire on a regiment that had remained in column formation, and drove them back. William Tecumseh Sherman described the shooting as "the severest musketry fire I ever heard." The Federals counterattacked and pushed Breckinridge's corps from Duncan Field back toward Shiloh Church. By 2:00 P.M., the entire Confederate line was collapsing in the face of superior numbers and better rested and supplied Federal troops. Breckinridge's corps organized a rear guard action and held the Federals off, allowing the Army of Mississippi to safely retreat.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
The next day, the corps moved to Mickie's Farm near Corinth and held the position, allowing Beauregard to organize a defense near the Mississippi town. The Battle of Shiloh was over, but at a cost of 23,000 combined casualties. Beauregard and, likewise, the 19th Tennessee suffered about 25 percent losses, from which the regiment never fully recovered.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
A journalist from New Orleans wrote, "after Shiloh the South never smiled again."


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh
The 19th Tennessee spent the next few weeks at Corinth in provost duty and reorganizing the regiment to compensate for their losses.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Vicksburg
On May 22, 1862, Beauregard's army boarded trains for Tupelo as the 19th covered their withdrawal. The 19th followed on June 2 and arrived at Vicksburg on July 1.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Vicksburg
Union gunboats on the Mississippi River were starting to threaten the town and the troops were garrisoned there as protection. The men of the 19th found the town charming and the people welcomed the soldiers at first. Soon, the soldiers were not as welcome as food ran low and the soldiers' presence began to draw fire on civilian positions. The soldiers' water source became contaminated and disease ran rampant with epidemics of measles, malaria, and dysentery among others. The ranks were severely depleted by death and disease, and a number of soldiers received medical discharges.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Vicksburg
In late July, the Yankees ceased fire for the time being and the first assault of Vicksburg was over. Later on, when the Union gunboats resumed and the town was under siege, soldiers and civilians had to resort to eating rats and mule meat to survive.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Baton Rouge
The 19th's division was removed from Vicksburg and sent into Louisiana to attack Federal positions at Baton Rouge. By this time, the 19th Tennessee was a regiment in name only and could only muster less than 100 healthy men, so they were consolidated with the remnants of other regiments to form a battalion. One-third of the Confederate force had no shoes, many lacked shirts and coats, and some were almost naked. They carried no tents and had only two days worth of rations in their haversacks.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Baton Rouge
The heat and humidity of the march took their toll, as well as a lack of sources of clean drinking water. The men of the 19th were soon beset with exhaustion, fever, chills, and bloody diarrhea from dysentery. By the time they reached the Comite River, ten miles from Baton Rouge, only about 2,600 effective soldiers remained and many of those were seriously ill. When the divisions marched on the Union positions just before dawn, fog limited the ability to see more than "twenty steps" and there were not enough troops to form the standard double battle line.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Baton Rouge
Still, the Confederates managed to press the attack and drove the Union army back, but only to a prepared defensive position. The CSS Arkansas, a Rebel gunboat, had been intended to provide support, but it had run aground. With only about 1,000 soldiers still fit to fight and having run out of water, the Rebels could not risk another attack. Civilians helped gather the wounded and the dead.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Baton Rouge
The Confederates occupied Port Hudson for a time and fearing another attack by them, Union forces abandoned Baton Rouge on August 18.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro
The men of the 19th recuperated for the rest of the month in Jackson, Mississippi and the troops left ill at Vicksburg and Baton Rouge began to trickle back in. The men of the 19th Tennessee stitched the battle honors of Fishing Creek, Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Baton Rouge into their regimental flag, to which they were fiercely devoted. The 19th's flag was never surrendered to the Yankees at the end of the war and its whereabouts are unknown.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro
In September, the 19th's brigade was sent to Knoxville via Chattanooga in cattle cars on a train that the men described as "filthy beyond description". By this time, the 19th could only muster about 150 effectives, but that number increased to about 380 by the end of Fall. On October 15, the regiment was moved to Loudon where they continued recruiting and building their depleted numbers. By Winter, they were in Murfreesboro. As Union forces under the command of Gen. William Rosecrans approached, one of the strangest battles of the war commenced: a battle of musicians. When Union bands played "Yankee Doodle", the Confederates answered with "Dixie" and "Bonnie Blue Flag" was answered with "Hail Columbia". Finally, the bands of both sides joined in playing "Home Sweet Home" and the men of both sides sang together.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro
The Confederates decided to seize the moment and attacked first, driving Union forces back for some two miles before grinding to a halt. The men of the 19th Tennessee overran and artillery battery that had shelled them, but was met with another fusillade of fire, killing the regiment's flag bearer. Corporal John Mason picked up the flag and held it high and inspiring the troops, who forced the Federals back.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro
The Confederates forced the Union all the way to the Nashville Pike before the attack petered out after a heavy barrage of Union canister. The Rebels managed to capture 300 small arms, ammunition, and supplies, along with 50 Federals, but the 19th, who had entered the battle with 382 men, suffered 136 casualties. First Sergeant Amos C. Smith of Washington County was among those cited for gallantry.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro
The Federals dug in, eventually forcing Gen. Braxton Bragg to withdraw his forces, which severely demoralized the troops. The 19th winter quartered at Shelbyville.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga
During the winter of 1863, a Christian movement of "big revivals" developed among the Army of Tennessee, along with a great deal of dissension against Gen. Braxton Bragg. Bragg was a fairly good military strategist, but his personality was strongly detested by his commanders and ranks. Thus, his campaigns tended to be well planned, but poorly executed by his commanders.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga
Bragg's army entered Chattanooga on July 7, 1863. By this time, Vicksburg and Middle Tennessee had fallen, and Lee had been defeated at Gettysburg. The 19th Tennessee dug in on a hill above the town's landing and awaited the federals. Federal artillery soon began to bombard the town on soldiers and civilians alike. On September 8, Bragg realized that Rosecran's army was behind him and that the Army of Tennessee would have to abandon its fortifications or be cut off, and so his forces abandoned Chattanooga and marched toward Rome, Georgia.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga
By this time, Federal troops occupied much of East Tennessee and with Unionist guerrillas anxious to punish the region's Rebels and their families, desertions from the army rose dramatically, taking their toll on all units, including the 19th. However, some "deserters" were actually decoys sent by Bragg to make the Confederate Army of Tennessee's dilemma appear worse than it actually was in an attempt to bolster overconfidence and force the Union army into careless acts that Bragg could exploit.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga
On September 12, Bragg ordered Gen. Leonidas Polk to take a division and attack the Yankees, but Polk ignored the order. By the next day, an entire Union corps was positioned on the opposite bank of Chickamauga Creek. Even after Bragg sent reinforcements, Polk was still overly cautious and did not move until 9 AM. A brief skirmish ensued with Polk attempting to draw the Yankees out, but they didn't take the bait.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga
The 19th Tennessee, tired, hungry, and apprehensive, did not join the fighting until September 18. By that time, Bragg's army had crossed the creek around 7 AM. The dense brush and undergrowth made advancing difficult and commanders had to pause to straighten their lines. Passing near the 19th, Gen. Benjamin Cheatham yelled, "Give them hell, boys, give them hell!" Gen. Polk, a bishop in the Episcopal church, yelled, "Give them what General Cheatham says, we will pay off old chores today." About that time, a shell crashed nearby wounding two men. Within minutes, the Rebels and Yankees were heavily engaged.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga
The Confederates managed to force the Federals back into their breastworks, but the attack stalled as ammunition ran low. Reinforced by reserve units, the Rebels pressed again with the 19th on the extreme right of the line. In fifteen minutes, 75 of the unit's 242 men were struck down, but the steady nerve of Colonel Francis Walker held them together. A number of Company level officers were cut down.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga
The Confederate lines began to buckle as the Federals advanced, but a Rebel artillery barrage of canister and grapeshot, effective turning the big guns into shotguns, forced the Yankees to retreat. The 19th lost 40% of its total strength, with 8 killed, 66 men wounded, and 20 missing, but the Tennesseans held their ground. The Rebels attacked again at dusk, but the attack sputtered in the darkness. Temperatures that night fell to near freezing, but the proximity of enemy forces prevented the use of campfires. Meanwhile, the Federals spent the night fortifying their earthworks. The battle resumed about 9:30 the next morning and about 11 AM, a mix up in orders caused the Federals to pull a division out of the center just as the Rebels came screaming in. The Yankees panicked and their lines splintered. The Army of Tennessee had its victory.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga
Bragg received word that the Federals had abandoned Chattanooga, but arrived there to find them entrenched. He decided to lay siege to the town and it worked, with the deprivation of the Federals soon matching that of the Confederates. Two divisions, including the 19th Tennessee were sent to Sweetwater to prevent Rosecrans from being reinforced, but there was little for them to do. This was the last time that the East Tennessee Confederates would see home until the end of the war.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors
A group of Civil War reenactors from Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia represents Company B (Washington County) of the 19th Tennessee Infantry. The unit was organized in the late 1980s and continues to the present. The group participates in many reenactments of Army of Tennessee battles, gravesite and monument dedications, parades, school programs, and other events. They served as the Honor Guard at the gravesite during the funeral for the crew of the H. L. Hunley (submarine) on April 17, 2004, at Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston, South Carolina.


19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors
Previous captains of the 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors were Scott Templeton, Jerry Nave, Richard Gouge, Richard Ragle and Scot Koenig. The unit is currently commanded by Captain Ric Dulaney


19th Tony Awards
The 19th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast on June 13, 1965, from The Astor Hotel in New York City on local television station  WWOR-TV (Channel 9). The Masters of Ceremonies were Tom Bosley, Jose Ferrer, and Van Johnson.


19th Tony Awards, The ceremony
Presenters: George Abbott, Alan Alda, Robert Alda, Alan Arkin, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Sidney Blackmer, Herschel Bernardi, Victor Borge, Gower Champion, Carol Channing, Barbara Cook, Farley Granger, George Grizzard, Sally Ann Howes, Anne Jeffreys, Bert Lahr, Piper Laurie, Bethel Leslie, Ethel Merman, Barry Nelson, Molly Picon, Maureen Stapleton, Jule Styne, Eli Wallach.


19th U-boat Flotilla
The 19th U-boat Flotilla (German 19. Unterseebootsflottille) was a unit of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.


19th U-boat Flotilla
It was founded in October 1943 as a Training Flotilla (Ger. Ausbildungsflottille) where future commanders received their basic training (Kommandanten-Vorschule), under the command of Korvettenkapitän Jost Metzler. Originally based at Pillau, it relocated to Kiel in February 1945. It was disbanded in May 1945 when Germany surrendered.


19th U-boat Flotilla, Assigned U-boats
Four U-boats were assigned to this flotilla during its service.


19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment
The 19th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men, mostly from southern Maryland and that state's Eastern Shore. Commanded by white officers, it was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.


19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service
The 19th U.S. Colored Infantry was organized at Camp Stanton in Benedict, Maryland beginning December 25, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service under the command of Colonel Henry Goddard Thomas. The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, April to September 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXV Corps, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXV Corps, to January 1866. Department of Texas, to January 1867.


19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service
Initially posted to provost (guard) duty in Baltimore, Maryland, beginning on March 1, 1864, they were described as having "great proficiency in discipline and drill" and praised for their "bearing and military qualities", despite the prejudice of the times against "colored troops". The next month, they were ordered to join the Army of the Potomac under the command of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the Overland Campaign. Following skirmishes en route, the 19th Regiment engaged in their first major combat on May 6, 1864, at the Battle of the Wilderness. They later participated in the Siege of Petersburg, and sustained heavy casualties. Praised for their "conspicuous gallantry", the victorious African-American Marylanders were among the first Union troops to enter Richmond, Virginia, when the Confederate capital fell in April, 1865.


19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Duty at Camp Stanton, Benedict, Md., until March 1864, and at Camp Birney until April, after which they were in the Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River, Va., May and June 1864. Guarded trains through the Wilderness. Before Petersburg, Va., June 15–18. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, Va., June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30, 1864. Weldon Railroad August 18–21. Fort Sedgwick September 28. Poplar Grove Church September 29–30. Hatcher's Run October 27–28. Actions on the Bermuda Hundred front November 17–18. Duty at Bermuda Hundred until March 1865.


19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Hatcher's Run March 29–31. Assault and capture of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3–9. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty at Petersburg and City Point until June. Moved to Texas June 13-July 3. Duty at Brownsville and on the Rio Grande River in Texas, until January 1867. The 19th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service January 15, 1867.


19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 294  men during service; 3 officers and 47 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, one officer and 243 enlisted men died of disease.


19th United States Congress
The 19th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1827, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President John Quincy Adams. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. The Senate had a majority of Jackson Men, while the House had an Anti- Jackson (pro-Adams) majority.


19th United States Congress, Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.


19th United States Congress, Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.


19th United States Congress, Members
(J) following a name means the member was of the Jackson faction. (A) that the person was a member of the Adams (anti-Jackson) faction.


19th United States Congress, Members, Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1826/1827; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1828/1829; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1830/1831.


19th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland
The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.


19th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York
There were three plural districts: the 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives.


19th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania
There were six plural districts: the 7th, 8th, 11th & 16th had two representatives each, the 4th & 9th had three representatives each.


19th United States Congress, Changes in membership
This count reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.


19th Vanier Cup
The 19th Vanier Cup was played on November 19, 1983, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1983 season. The Calgary Dinos won their first ever championship by defeating the Queen's Golden Gaels by a score of 31-21.


19th Venice Biennale
The 19th Venice Biennale, held in 1934, was an exhibition of international contemporary art, with 16 participating nations. The Venice Biennale takes place biennially in Venice, Italy.


19th Venice International Film Festival
The 19th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 24 August to 7 September 1958.


19th Vietnam Film Festival
The 19th Vietnam Film Festival was held from December 1 to December 5, 2015 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with the slogan "Vietnamese Cinema - Ethnicity, Humanity, Creativity, Integration" (Vietnamese: "Điện ảnh Việt Nam - Dân tộc, Nhân văn, Sáng tạo, Hội nhập").


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event
At this Film Festival, for the first time, there is a selection round for entries in all genres: feature films, documentaries, science films and animated films. Also for the first time, films participating in the Vietnam Film Festival are divided into categories: films in Competition and films in the Panorama program. For the first time, the model of film production ordered by the State combined with the social capital of private film studios achieved high social and economic efficiency.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event
The jury awarded 4 Golden Lotus for the categories: Feature Film, Documentary, Science Film and Animated Film.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation
Notably, the 2015 Vietnam Film Festival was the first time that a selection committee was established to select films for competition and show, not all units sent to participate.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation
From hundreds of films submitted for selection, the 19th Film Festival's Selection Committee has selected 125 films of various genres, from 41 film production units across the country to be included in 2 sections: “Films in Competition” (92 films) and “Films shown in the Panorama program” (33 films).


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation
Among the 92 entries, there are 20 feature films, 6 direct-to-video feature films, 6 documentary feature films, 27 direct-to-video documentary, 10 science films, and 23 animated films. Films for this year's competition are films produced by cinema establishments and licensed for popularization from September 1, 2013 to October 10, 2015.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation
The new feature of this film festival is the Panorama Program section (Vietnamese: "Toàn cảnh điện ảnh Việt Nam"). The program will show to the public the films that attended the festival but were not eligible and not selected for the competition list (15 feature films and 18 direct-to-video documentary films). However, there are still 2 award for the most favorite film in this section along with the "Film In Competition" section, voted by the audience.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation
In addition, to celebrate the 85th anniversary of the founding of Vietnam Communist Party, 40 years of Southern Liberation Day - National Reunification and 70 years of August Revolution and National Day, the General Department of Politics of the Vietnam People's Army (Vietnamese: Tổng cục chính trị Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam) had given the award for the "Best Film on War and Revolution".


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury
This year's film festival continues to have 3 jury panels like previous years.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury
The jury in the Feature Film category includes: director Vũ Xuân Hưng (Head), director/actor Lê Cung Bắc, director Đặng Tất Bình, writer Nguyễn Đông Thức, screenwriter Lưu Nghiệp Quỳnh, composer Phú Quang, cinematographer Vũ Đức Tùng, painter Lã Quý Tùng and actress Vân Trang.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury
In the Documentary - Scientific Film category, the jury includes: Doctor/Film Critic Trần Luân Kim (Head), director Vũ Lệ Mỹ, director/cinematographer Nguyễn Quốc Thành, journalist Ngô Ngọc Ngũ Long and director Đoàn Hồng Lê.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury
In the Documentary - Scientific Film category, there are 5 members of the jury: director/animator Nguyễn Hà Bắc (Head), director/animator Nguyễn Thị Phương Hoa, writer Đoàn Thạch Biền, songwriter Nguyễn Quỳnh Hợp and journalist Chu Thị Thu Hằng.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities
A notable activity to prepare for the film festival is the Welcoming 19th Vietnam Film Festival Film Week. The opening starts at 19:30 pm on November 18, 2015, at the National Cinema Center (Hanoi) with the film "Cuộc đời của Yến" and Lê Độ Cinema (Đà Nẵng City) with the film "Người trở về".


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities
According to the schedule, there will be two seminars to take place:


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities
In Ho Chi Minh City, during the five days of the festival (from December 1 to December 5), in addition to feature films in the competition section, the audience also enjoyed free films in the Panorama Program section at BHD cinemas (February 3 Street, District 10), CGV Hùng Vương (District 5), Galaxy Nguyễn Du (District 1), Mega GS Cao Thắng (District 3). According to the organizers, tickets for the welcome film week as well as at the festival are distributed at the screening venue 1-2 days before each film is shown.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities
The opening ceremony took place at 19:00 on December 1 at Hòa Bình Theater (Ho Chi Minh City), broadcast live on channel VTV1. The closing/awarding ceremony took place at Hoa Binh Theater at 20:00 on December 5, which will be broadcast live on channel VTV6.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Critical Reviews
The 19th Vietnam Film Festival received more positive reviews than previous festivals. The plus point for the 19th Vietnam Film Festival is that it has selected many good films to participate in the competition. Through the selection round, the categories of films submitted to the competition were diverse, with many quality films appearing and avoiding the "catastrophic" films like many previous festival seasons.


19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Critical Reviews
In particular, the maturity of the young film crew has added a new voice next to the previous seniors. Another factor is that overseas Vietnamese filmmakers return to their home country to establish their careers, making the Vietnamese film market more vibrant and remarkable.


19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment
The 19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.


19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
During the first two years of the war, two groups of semi-organized militia operated guerilla-style in what became West Virginia in 1863. Members of the 3rd Regiment Virginia State Line (a/k/a "Moccasin Rangers"), mainly from Calhoun County, but also with Joseph Kesslers Company D from Spencer, Roane County and the 2nd Regiment Virginia State Line would become the core of the 19th Virginia Cavalry.


19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
It received that name although in April 1863 when it was organized by General John Imboden as he made his way westward toward Beverly in Raleigh County, fewer than 700 of the 3,365 men owned a horse. The Moccasin Rangers had often attacked civilian targets in western Virginia in 1861 and 1862, and were called "bushwhackers." General Imboden's brother George W. Imboden commanded a detachment from McClanahan's Battery attached to the 19th Cavalry.


19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
Peregrine (Perry) Hays (1819–1905), a merchant and postmaster at Arnoldsburg in Calhoun County (who had represented Gilmer and Wirt Counties in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1855-6 and who had become the richest man in Calhoun County by 1860 and its sheriff in 1861), had organized the 3rd Regiment State Line in 1861, together with his partner (and the Calhoun County Clerk of Court) George Silcott (1830–1903). However both had returned to Arnoldsburg in disgust with some of its activities and so were listed as deserters by Dusky.


19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
Both would be captured and twice paroled by Union forces, as well as involved as negotiators in an incident at Spencer in Roane County which ultimately redounded to the disadvantage of Union Col. John C. Rathbone. One leader of the "outlaw faction", Perry Connolley or Conley (1837–1862) died in a skirmish at Welch Glade in Webster County in January 1862; his two brothers Cornelius and James fought for the Union.


19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
Another, George Downs (1820–1899) was captured early in 1862 and convicted of raiding the federal post office at Ripley, Jackson County in 1861, but in November 1862 was exchanged for Union prisoners held in Louisiana. Downs returned to action after promotion to Major, and fought until the war's end. Another leader of the Ripley Post Office raid, Daniel Duskey (1809–?) was captured in Wirt County with 33 of his men on December 15, 1861 and sent to prison in Albany, New York after his conviction for that robbery. President Lincoln pardoned him on June 13, 1863, and he was captured again in Webster County on February 9, 1864. He escaped form the prison at Wheeling on July 18, 1865.


19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History
It fought with Jenkin's and W.L. Jackson's Brigade and confronted the Federals in western Virginia. As western Virginia voters overwhelmingly voted for independence the second time and created the state of West Virginia by passing a state constitution with anti-slavery provisions, the Moccasin Rangers formally organized in April, 1863 as Company A of the 19th Virginia Cavalry. It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia, in southwest Virginia, and in the Shenandoah Valley. The unit disbanded during April, 1865. Its commanders were Colonel William Lowther Jackson, Lieutenant Colonel William P. Thompson, and Majors George Downs and Joseph K. Kesler.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment
The 19th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment
The 19th Virginia, organized at Manassas Junction, Virginia, in May, 1861, contained men recruited at Charlottesville and in the counties of Albemarle, Nelson, and Amherst.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment
It fought at First Manassas under General Cocke, then was assigned to General Pickett's, Garnett's, and Hunton's Brigade. The 19th participated in the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia from Williamsburg to Gettysburg except when it was with Longstreet at Suffolk. Later it served in North Carolina, returned to Virginia, and was active at Drewry's Bluff and Cold Harbor. Continuing the fight, it was engaged in the Petersburg siege north of the James River and the Appomattox Campaign.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment
It reported 6 casualties at First Manassas and in April, 1862, totalled 650 effectives. The regiment had 138 casualties during the Seven Days' Battles and lost forty-two percent of the 150 in the Maryland Campaign and more than forty-five percent of the 328 engaged at Gettysburg. Many were captured at Sayler's Creek, and only 1 officer and 29 men surrendered.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment
The field officers were Colonels Philip St. George Cocke, Henry Gantt, Armistead T.M. Rust, and John B. Strange; Lieutenant Colonels John T. Ellis, Charles S. Peyton, and Bennett Taylor; and Majors Waller M. Boyd and William Watts.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization
The 19th Virginia Infantry service begins on April 17, 1861, at Charlottesville, Virginia, when Virginia secedes from the United States. Two militia companies, the Monticello Guard and the Albemarle Rifles, along with two companies, the Southern Guard and the Sons of Liberty, formed in front of the Charlottesville Court House. The Monticello Guard was formed in May 1857, by William B. Mallory. It is unknown what they wore in the pre-war years.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization
One record says they wore uniforms similar to the Continentals of the American Revolution, while one report claims they wore red battleshirts with red fezzes when they participated in a shooting competition in 1859. The Albemarle Rifles were formed in 1860, by William T.W.R. Duke. The pre-war uniform consisted of Gray frock coats with blue trim and blue trousers. They wore white leather goods, and according to Richard Duke's son, carried either US Springfield or Mississippi Rifles. The other two companies, the Southern Guard and the Sons of Liberty, consisted of students from the University of Virginia. At 10:30 pm, they were loaded onto a train bound for Staunton. They became known as the Charlottesville-University Battalion. They arrived at Harper's Ferry and stayed there until April 23, when they were ordered back to Charlottesville.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization
The two student companies were disbanded, while the Monticello Guard and the Albemarle Rifles were mustered into service on May 12, at Culpeper Court House. The other eight companies arrived later in the months.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization
The nicknames of the companies of the regiment are as follows:


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization
Companies A - F and K were recruited primarily from Albemarle County. Company G was recruited primarily from Nelson County, and Companies H and I were recruited primarily from Amherst County.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Uniform
The 19th Virginia was clothed in the regulation Confederate Infantry garb; that is, a gray frock coat with light blue trim on the skirt of the coat, on the cuffs, and on the collar, light blue trousers, and a gray kepi with a light blue band. The light blue designated the wearer as an infantryman. The men of the 19th were also issued brown leather accouterments: a brown leather cartridge box and strap and a brown leather belt with cap box.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Uniform
According to most records, the 19th Virginia leather goods varied throughout the war, often adopting black leather or anything at one time. In May, 1863, as the 19th's division was passing through Richmond, the 19th and many of the regiments in the division received shell jackets. Shell jackets are like frock coats, only without the skirt end, and ends just below the waist. Most likely the men received Richmond Depot Type II Jackets. The 19th Virginia was also greatly supplied by the Charlottesville Mills at Charlottesville, Virginia. They constantly supplied the 19th with frock coats, but into 1864 and 1865, grey dye was harder to find, so butternut substituted. Of course, like much of the Confederate Army, uniforms may have also varied, using anything they could find.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record
The 19th Virginia became part of a brigade alongside the 8th, 18th, and 28th Virginia infantry regiments. The 56th Virginia Infantry later joined the brigade as well. The brigade later became known as the "Gamecock Brigade" for its fierce fighting and extreme bravery.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record
Much of what is known of the 19th Virginia's experiences during the war is based on the reports of its commanders as found in the Official Records. Another source is the memoirs of one of its members, William Nathaniel Wood, who wrote Reminiscences of Big I, which describes Wood's personal experiences with the regiment during the War.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas
The 19th Virginia's trial by fire was at the First Battle of Manassas (First Battle of Bull Run) on July 21, 1861. As part of the Fifth Brigade under the command of Colonel Philip St. George Cocke, they fought in the Confederate Army of the Potomac under the overall command of Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard. The Fifth Brigade, stationed along the banks of the Bull Run, was tasked with "...guarding Island, Ball's, and Lewis' Fords, to the right of Evans' demi-brigade, near the stone bridge, also under General Cooke's command.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas
The latter held the stone bridge, and its left covered a farm ford about one mile above the bridge," according to Beauregard's official after-battle report. Although Cocke was a West Point graduate and wealthy planter, the regiment had long been under the practical command of Lieutenant Colonel John Bowie Strange, a VMI graduate who had founded the Albemarle Military Academy and who would die on campaign in 1862. Col. Strange had his men dig trenches to fortify their position the previous night.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas
According to William Wood's reminiscences, the 19th came under artillery fire on the morning of the 21st while waiting in the trenches for orders. Colonel Strange called out to his sergeant major during the shooting: "Lipop! I am without orders, What shall I do?" to which Sergeant Major Lipop replied, "Retreat to Manassas as quickly as possible." Colonel Strange ignored the recommendation, and soon enough orders arrived saying that the 19th was to move out.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas
As the regiment moved into position, a stray bullet from the fighting killed a man in one of the Amherst companies, Private George Thompson, the 19th's first battle death. Thompson had been a farmer before the war, and the bullet entered his head. He was 21 years old. Five more men were wounded as the 19th deployed in time to see the Federal Army routed from the field. Although few, if any, men of the 19th actually fired their weapons during the battle, the regiment would forever say that First Manassas was their official trial by fire.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas
As the Federals retreated, the 19th chased them, advancing up a road to Sudley Ford, and there crossed the Bull Run. Afterwards, the chase ended, and the 19th returned to Lewis Ford by the way of the Federal retreat, covered by blankets, oilclothes, overcoats, haversacks, and muskets abandoned by Federal troops.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
Like much of the Confederate Army after First Manassas, the 19th spent the rest of the year and part of the next in a stationary position around Cub Run. There the men learned how to drill and live like soldiers. They took their turn on the picket line and were occasionally involved in skirmishes. Camplife became the order of business, as they set up winter camp near Fairfax Court House, Virginia, in October, 1861. Companies and battalion drill were frequent, as were inspections and parades. The soldiers enjoyed the uneventful days of winter camp.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
Along with card playing and sport playing, they enjoyed the sermons of Reverend John H. Griffin of Company H. Griffin soon became the regimental chaplain. Along with picket duty and drill, the 19th also built entrenchments on the high points around Fairfax. Private Z.L. Gilmer of Company described the 19th positions as "impenentrable to the enemy," and noted in his diary that the slaves who also took part were paid the same as the soldiers (11.00 dollars). In January, 1862, the 19th performed picket duty every 16 days, with each wing alternating on the eighth day.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
While on picket duty, Philip St. George Cocke was given leave on December 16, and went home to his father's home at Bremo Bluff, in Fluvanna County. He never returned to his command, as on December 26, 1861, he committed suicide by a single shot from a pistol into his mouth. John Strange was sick in the hospital, so Colonel Armistead Rust took command of the regiment, but soon, he was given leave home, so Captain James Mallory of Company took command of the regiment until Strange's return.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
Like Washington's army after the winter at Valley Forge, the Confederate army and the 19th Virginia emerged in the spring a well-drilled force to be reckoned with. The regiment broke winterquarters on March 8, 1862, and marched south toward Culpeper. They camped outside Warrenton, Virginia, on March 10, then at Amissville on the 12th. They halted at Orange Court House on March 16. The 19th had marched 100 miles over the past two weeks, minus five days of rest. During the next two weeks, the 19th was drilled hard by Lieutenant Colonel Strange.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
While at camp at Orange, new recruits arrived to the regiment. Company I reported to have received 22 new recruits. Private William H. Jones wrote in a letter to his wife that, "camp life is a very hard life to one that is not bin(been) used to it..." On April 6, the 19th moved out, marching south to Louisa.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
They pass through Louisa Court House, on April 10, where some new recruits joined Company C. On April 16, the regiment arrived on the Richmond line for the purpose of defending the Confederate capitol against the advance of Federal Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, which was preparing for its advance up the York Peninsula. After First Manassas, the Confederate Army of the Potomac was reorganized and renamed the Army of Northern Virginia under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
After the suicide of General Cocke on December 26, 1861, the 19th Virginia was brigaded with the 8th, 18th, and 28th Virginia Infantry Regiments and the brigade was placed under the command of Brigadier General George Pickett and designated the Third Brigade of the Second Division, which was commanded by Major General James Longstreet. The 19th loaded "three schooners" and were shipped to Yorktown


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
On April 26, 1862, Companies B and E were attacked by Federal troops near Yorktown, Virginia. One man was killed and 15 captured from Company E and no men lost from Company B. They were replaced by Companies A and I the next day. They evacuated their positions on April 29, being replaced by the 19th Mississippi.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862
From April 28 to 30, the 19th Virginia was reorganized and company elections were held. Lieutenant Colonel John B. Strange replaced Rust as colonel, and Major Henry Gantt was promoted to lieutenant colonel.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Williamsburg
On May 5, the 19th Virginia was positioned near Fort Magruder, the strongest point on the Confederate defensive line intended to slow the advance of McClellan's army east of Williamsburg, Virginia. At 10:30 am, General George Pickett's brigade was ordered to relieve General Cadmus Wilcox brigade's right. The objective of Pickett's brigade was to extend the line well to the right of the Federal's flank and turn it. The brigade, including the 19th, drove the Federals to a pine thicket.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Williamsburg
The 19th then faced to the east, with the 18th Virginia to the left, and the 19th Mississippi and 17th Virginia to the left, and the 28th Virginia came up in reserve The 19th then came under heavy fire from the Federals in the pine thicket. The 19th began to fall back, but General Pickett and Lieutenant Colonel Gantt rallied the men and ordered them up. Later in the day, the 19th fixed bayonets and charged the Federal position. The Federal troops were driven by Pickett's men for a mile.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Williamsburg
During the charge, the 19th captured a battery of seven guns and over 200 Federals. One of the men to reach the guns first, Sergeant Alexander Hoffman of Company A, was killed beside the guns. The charge was the first time that Pickett's Brigade would advance as a unit in attack. The relatively green 19th had passed its first major combat test in what some considered the 19th's proudest moment of the entire War.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Williamsburg
After 8 pm, the 19th returned to Williamsburg and stayed there for the night. Pickett's brigade reported 190 casualties: 26 killed, 138 wounded and 26 missing. The 19th had 7 men killed, 44 wounded, and 2 missing.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Seven Pines
The Battle of Seven Pines began on May 31, 1862. Pickett's brigade was not involved, even though much of Longstreet's Division was engaged. At 8:00 AM on June 1, the 19th Virginia formed up and prepared for action. The regiment stacked its arms and waited for orders, when a volley fired their direction sent them scurrying back into formation. Pickett's Brigade advanced toward the direction of the shots.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Seven Pines
The 19th was halted and ordered to lie down and maintain silence when a large body of Federal infantry was found completely behind them, while another body of Federals advanced directly to their front. Assuming themselves surrounded, the 19th lay still and waited until the Federals to their front were nearly on top of them before they stood and delivered a volley that stopped the Federals cold. In less than "eight minutes," as William Wood would later carefully note, the Federal line fell back at a "quick route step." But although victorious in their fight, Wood would write that "on no future occasion was our loss so great in so short a time."


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Seven Pines
During the battle, the 19th was attacked by another Federal force. A Union officer walked in front of the units, and shouted to the Confederates, "Who are you all!" "Virginians, Virginians," they answered. "Don't worry, they will surrender," the Union officer said to his men. The 19th, insulted by this comment, rose up and fired a volley into the Federals, killing the officer, who is believed to be Colonel James Miller of the 81st Pennsylvania Volunteers. At 1 pm, Pickett's brigade withdrew back to the previous night's encampment. The 19th lost 20 percent of its strength.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gaines' Mill
At 7:00 PM on June 27, Longstreet's Division advanced on the far right of the Confederate line against Fitz John Porter's V Federal Corps. The 19th was in the front line of Longstreet's attack and on the left flank of the brigade. As it advanced, elements of the regiment temporarily stopped due to the viciousness of the Federal fire, but were quickly rallied and sent forward again. The regiment helped break the strong Federal line and drive it back in considerable confusion.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gaines' Mill
A counter-charge by Federal cavalry was met by the 19th at bayonet point and driven back by point-blank rifle-fire delivered by Longstreet's Division. Losses were heavy, but again the 19th and the rest of Pickett's Brigade had performed admirably, with General Longstreet later taking note of the courage of Pickett's Brigade in his memoirs, From Manassas to Appomattox. General Pickett was wounded in the attack, and Colonel Eppa Hunton of the 8th Virginia took control of the brigade (though some reports indicate Colonel Strange of the 19th Virginia took temporary command).


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Frayser's Farm (Fraiser's Farm/Glendale)
The 19th advanced with the rest of Pickett's (now Hunton's) Brigade on June 30, until it made contact with Federal infantry to its front. After a short fire-fight, the Federals were driven back. Colonel Strange apparently took temporary command of the brigade during this advance.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Second Manassas
After the threat to Richmond was repulsed with the withdrawal of McClellan's army from the Peninsula, Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who had since replaced Joseph Johnston after the latter's wounding at Seven Pines, reorganized his Army of Northern Virginia into two "wings" or "commands," under the command of Major General Longstreet (Right Wing) and Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (Left Wing). Hunton's Brigade was placed in Longstreet's Command in the division commanded by Brigadier General James Kemper.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Second Manassas
Kemper's Division participated in Longstreet's march through Thoroughfare Gap which united Jackson's Command with Longstreet's on the battlefield of July 21, 1861, north of Manassas Junction. On August 30, at 4:00 PM, Longstreet's Command descended on Union Army of Virginia commander John Pope's exposed left flank. Hunton's Brigade participated in the attack which virtually annihilated Union Colonel G. K. Warren's New York Brigade. The Brigade then drove on, and helped drive Union reinforcements off Chinn Ridge. About 100 men were killed or wounded, among them was Lieutenant Colonel Henry Gantt.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Boonsborough
Hunton's Brigade crossed the Potomac and participated in the Maryland Campaign of 1862. Soon after the crossing, Brigadier General Richard Brooke Garnett received command of the brigade from Colonel Hunton near Monocacy, Maryland. The 19th Virginia began the campaign with 150 men and officers, a substantially smaller number than the 800 they had taken to First Manassas hardly 15 months earlier. This smaller figure was due to battle casualties as well as disease and heavy rates of desertion prior to crossing the Potomac into Maryland.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Boonsborough
The brigade took position on the east side of South Mountain near Turner's Gap on September 14, 1862, and was suddenly attacked by infantry and artillery from Joseph Hooker's I Corps. After a fight that lasted for over an hour, the 19th fell back with the rest of Garnett's brigade. Of the 150 men of the 19th who had begun the battle, 63 had fallen by nightfall, including the regiment's commander, Colonel Strange. Captain John L. Cochrane took command of the battered regiment, which retreated to Sharpsburg with the rest of Longstreet's Command.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Antietam/Sharpsburg
Garnet's brigade was posted on Cemetery Hill, just east of the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland, on the morning of September 17. Garnett's entire brigade could boast a mere 250 men, the 19th making up one-fifth of that figure. Throughout the day the regiment and Garnett's Brigade received a steady bombardment from Federal artillery across Antietam Creek, until elements of George Sykes' Division crossed the creek and attacked the hill.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Antietam/Sharpsburg
The regiment, commanded by Captain B. Brown and Lieutenant William N. Wood (the author of Reminiscences of Big I) held its position for 2 hours, even though its men were spread out in a skirmish line formation. At about 3:30 PM, the brigade was ordered to retreat, which was done rapidly, as Federals had nearly surrounded Garnett's position.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Antietam/Sharpsburg
The brigade reformed at the western base of the hill and prepared for a final stand, but Confederate reinforcements under A. P. Hill arrived in time to stall the Federal advance in other quarters, distracting the Federals from advancing on Garnett's weak line. The 19th Virginia suffered 8 casualties during its defense of Cemetery Hill out of a total strength of 50 men. The day after the battle, so many stragglers returned to the brigade that it marched back atop Cemetery Hill with nearly twice as many men as it had the previous day. The command withdrew with the rest of the army on September 18 through 19 back into Virginia.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Fredericksburg
After Sharpsburg, George Pickett had sufficiently recovered from his Gaines' Mill wounding to take command of Kemper's Division. The division was posted in the center of the Confederate lines during the Battle of Fredericksburg from December 11–14, 1862, but did not participate in the fighting.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Suffolk
In early April, 1863, Pickett's Division was detached from the Army of Northern Virginia and sent with General Longstreet on a three-fold mission in south-eastern Virginia. The first purpose: to gather supplies and forage from the area. Two: to protect Richmond from Federal forces threatening the city. Three: to capture the Federal garrison at Suffolk, Virginia. Longstreet succeeded in the first two purposes, but ultimately failed to destroy or capture the Federal army in the area.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Suffolk
On the division's return through Richmond, many of its men were reissued clothing and supplies, such as belts, shoes, socks, and coats. Since military woolen blankets were in short supply, many men were issued sections of carpet or rug that the quartermaster had in plenty. Thus Pickett's Division, and the 19th Virginia, marched into Pennsylvania better clothed than many men in Lee's Army.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg
Pickett's Division marched with Longstreet's First Army Corps into Pennsylvania with the rest of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in June 1863. At the rear of Longstreet's column of march, Pickett's Division was marching toward the battlefield on July 1, and arrived in the afternoon of July 2 on the field of battle, where Pickett was told to rest his men as they would not be needed that day.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
On July 3, as the Confederate artillery prepared for the bombardment of the Federal lines in preparation for an assault by the infantry, the 19th Virginia took positions on Seminary Ridge just north of the Spangler House along with the rest of Garnett's Brigade. Pickett's Division, one of three that would participate in the assault, was deployed with Garnett's Brigade in the front line on the left of the division, Kemper's Brigade on the right of the division, and Armistead's Brigade in the second line supporting Garnett.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
The 19th was deployed in the center of Garnett's Brigade, considered a position of honor. As the artillery bombardment commenced and the fire returned by the Federal artillery, the Confederates hugged the ground on the slope of Seminary Ridge and waited for the order to advance. Federal artillery on Little Round Top fired shots that enfiladed the Confederate line, causing terrible damage. One such round killed the 19th's lieutenant colonel, John Thomas Ellis, as he lay snoozing on his back. As the shot bounced off the ground toward the 19th's ranks, someone yelled, "Look out!"


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Alarmed, Ellis sat upright just as the ball was about to sail harmlessly over his head. The ball hit him squarely in the face; Lieutenant Colonel E. Porter Alexander declared he "never saw so much blood fly." Greiving men carried the bloodied Ellis to the field hospital at the Currin Farm where soon died and was buried under an apple tree.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
At roughly 2:30 PM, the attack commenced, led by General Pickett, who rode along his line shouting, "Up, men, and to your posts! Let no man forget that you are from Virginia!" General Garnett formed his men for the attack and led them out of the treeline on Seminary Ridge. General Garnett was mounted; he had been recently kicked by a horse and was unable to walk without difficulty.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Although he could easily have turned over command and sat out the charge, Garnett was desperate to clear his reputation after being court-martialed by Stonewall Jackson for an unauthorized withdrawal of his command at the Battle of Kernstown in 1862 (in reality, Garnett's withdrawal was entirely practical; his men were low on ammunition and his line about to be overwhelmed.) Still, Garnett believed the only way to clear his name was to lead the attack from the front and center.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
As Federal artillery opened long-range fire on the Confederate lines, the 19th Virginia suffered a critical command loss. Early in the assault, the 19th's commanding officer, Colonel Henry Gantt, was severely wounded in either the jaw or shoulder (reports and accounts differ as to the location of the wound), forcing Gantt to stumble to the rear for assistance. Command was turned over to Major Charles S. Peyton (second in command Lieutenant Colonel Ellis being killed as previously mentioned).


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
As the 19th advanced at the center of Garnett's Brigade, there was apparently little rush or confusion during the advance across the mile-wide field. Lieutenant Wood wrote in his Reminiscences: "Onward we move in common marching time. No excitement. No loud commands. 'Steady, boys,' 'Don't fire,' 'Close up,' 'Never mind the skirmish line,' as that of the enemy hastened to shelter."


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
After crossing the Emmitsburg Road, the 19th continued toward the Federal line, but then was subjected to severe rifle and short-range artillery fire from General Alexander Webb's "Philadelphia Brigade" of Pennsylvanians as well as Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing's remaining two guns of Battery A, 4th United States Artillery. Continuing forward in the face of devastating fire, the men of Garnett's Brigade rushed headlong for the low stone wall protecting the position. By this time, all order had dissolved and the men of the brigade were rushing forward in a disorganized mass.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Elements of the 19th helped force the withdrawal of the 71st Pennsylvania from its position just south of the Angle. Reinforced by Armistead's Brigade, Garnett's left regiments (28th and 56th Virginia, and approximately the left half of the 19th Virginia) swarmed to within feet of the wall, where perhaps 200 of them were then led over the wall and into Cushing's Battery by General Armistead himself, who had raised his hat on the tip of his sword to guide the Confederates.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
In Major Charles Peyton's official report of the battle, him being the senior officer of the brigade for some time after the battle, he reported that his line "recoiled under the terrific fire that poured into our ranks both from their batteries and their sheltered infantry." With much of Garnett's left smashed in front of Cushing's Battery in front of the stone wall, the right half of the brigade, including most of the 19th Virginia, engaged in a firefight with the 69th Pennsylvania directly to their front.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
The 69th was slowly driven back from the wall, maintaining a destructive fire on Garnett's advancing ranks all the while. Elements of the 19th reached the wall at this point, but few, if any, continued past the wall. To the 69th Pennsylvania's left (the right from the 19th's view) the 59th New York suddenly broke for the rear under pressure from Kemper's Brigade in their front. Confederates, primarily from Kemper's Brigade but perhaps including some men of the 19th Virginia, leaped over the wall and made a mad dash for Captain Andrew Cowan's 1st


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
New York Independent Battery just south of the Clump of Trees. Cowan charged his guns with double canister and blasted a salvo in the face of the onrushing Confederates, completely obliterating the Confederates rushing the battery. Immediately, Federal reserves rushed into the melee. The 72nd Pennsylvania and elements of the 106th Pennsylvania engaged in a firefight with Armistead's Confederates that had crossed the wall at Cushing's Battery.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
The 42nd New York and 19th Massachusetts both rushed at a right oblique into any Confederates along the 69th Pennsylvania's and 59th New York's section of wall, and the 69th Pennsylvania refused to give any more ground upon falling back to the Clump of Trees. In addition, hundreds of Federals positioned elsewhere in the Federal lines spontaneously rushed forward, each wanting to participate in the Federal counterattack and to claim the capture of the many Confederates and their banners near the wall.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
William Wood was slightly wounded in the leg just yards from the wall, probably by a spent round. Upon reaching the wall, Lieutenant Wood wrote that he: "...looked to the right and left and felt we were disgraced. Where were those who started in the charge? With one single exception I witnessed no cowardice, and yet we had not a skirmish line."


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Seeing large numbers of Federal troops moving in a wide flanking movement around the Confederates' right (Stannard's Second Vermont Brigade of the I Federal Corps), Wood realized that staying in place would mean capture, but retreat meant running the gauntlet of fire back across the field. Despite the risk, he chose the latter, and made it safely back across the field to Seminary Ridge, although being wounded by a ball that punctured his coat, vest, and shirt, but failed to penetrate his skin.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Many of the Confederates along the wall, including much of the 19th, were not so fortunate.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
General Armistead was struck down in the Federal lines near Cushing's guns; General Kemper was wounded, captured, but then taken back by his soldiers and carried to the rear; General Garnett was shot from his horse (reports vary as to his cause of death; most reports say a canister round blew him from his horse and tore his body to ribbons, but a report by a man in the 19th said that he was killed by a minie ball and fell dead from his horse. Either way, Garnett was killed at the front of the charge).


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Years later, former Confederate General George H. "Maryland" Steuart would stumble upon General Garnett's sword in a Baltimore pawn shop. The sword is now in the collection of the Museum of the Confederacy. Another article in the museum's collection is the 19th Virginia's regimental battle flag (restored by the modern day re-enactors of the 19th VA Co B and Co K), captured during Pickett's Charge on July 3. Color bearer Polk Points was wounded in the charge, and gave the banner to an unidentified soldier who carried to the stone wall.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Lore has it that this second color bearer was wounded and lying midst a pile of corpses on the east side of the stone wall. Sergeant Benjamin Falls and Corporal Joseph H. De Costro of the 19th Massachusetts saw a corner of a Confederate battle flag beneath a body and went forward as the firing died down to claim the valued prize of an enemy banner. Upon turning over the body they presumed to be a corpse to retrieve the flag, the "corpse" turned out to be the barely alive bearer of the 19th's flag.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Falls tried to wrest the flag from the hands of the man, but the wounded Confederate refused to surrender the treasured banner. Falls threatened to run the man through if he did not surrender the flag. Apparently, it did not come to that, and Benjamin Falls and Joseph De Costro of the 19th Massachusetts thus captured the battle flag of the 19th Virginia. The men of the 19th Massachusetts, realizing the irony of capturing the flag of another "19th," cut out the "19th" from the Confederate banner and sew it onto their own flag. To this day, the 19th Virginia's regimental flag, preserved at the Museum of the Confederacy, is still void of a small rectangular piece where the "19th" was cut out by the Massachusetts men.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge
Although soundly beaten, the Confederates reformed behind Seminary Ridge. The 19th was badly cut up: its colonel and lieutenant colonel were both incapacitated, its flag captured, its major temporarily leading the brigade as all the other ranking field officers of the brigade were also incapacitated, and its numbers diminished.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Retreat from Gettysburg
The 19th returned with the rest of Pickett's Division to Virginia via Williamsport. It was tasked with guarding prisoners on the march to the Potomac, where it was forced to wait several days due to the rising of the river.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1863 – May 1864
For the next several months, the Pickett's Division was only lightly engaged. The 19th Virginia did not participate in another battle as a unit until the Battle of Cold Harbor in June 1864. During this time, many men of the 19th were sent on furlough or leave to visit their families back home. William Wood, on his furlough in late February 1864, actually fought independently in a small action near his homestead at the Skirmish at Rio Hill north of Charlottesville.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1863 – May 1864
In late July 1863, Garnett's (now, again, Eppa Hunton's) Brigade marched to Culpeper. They then marched in early August to Somerville Ford south of the Rapidan in Orange County. On September 8, they marched for Chaffin's Farm seven miles east of Richmond. Wood described the next few months as "the most comfortable quarters we had occupied during the war." He described the winter encampment there as "jolly", although rations were "scarce", tempting some men to endeavor to cook a stray cat they found. After a full day of cooking, the cat had still not tenderized and, as Wood recalled, "the dinner was spoiled."


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1863 – May 1864
On May 22, 1864, the 19th marched from Chaffin's Farm to Anderson's Crossing, "where Pickett's Division was again united, and became once more an active arm of that grand army, whose fame, so honestly won, has been the admiration of the world."


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Cold Harbor
On June 1, the 19th was subjected to shelling from Federal batteries near the Cold Harbor battlefield. Many men of the 19th dug comfortable rifle pits using their bayonets.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Cold Harbor
On the 2nd, the 19th advanced so that it was online with the rest of the army and prepared for action that was sure to come the next morning.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Cold Harbor
On the morning of June 3, the 19th formed a thin line of battle which covered twice the front of a regularly deployed regiment, its companies being spaced to cover a wider front. Company K under Lieutenant Robertson was advanced as a guard. Unlike much of the Confederate line, Hunton's Brigade did not have the shelter of protective earthworks to help fend off the Yankee attack that morning. The Federals charged the 19th and the fighting in the woods the 19th was positioned in dissolved into a "bushwhacking affair."


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Cold Harbor
In the hour-long fight that followed, Company K's officers would all become casualties and regimental Sergeant Major Luther Wolfe was killed. The most severe command blow was that of Captain James G. Woodson of Company K, who was killed while in command of the regiment. When the list of casualties published in the Richmond Examiner incorrectly stated Woodson as "acting major," Wood and several other officers of the regiment wrote the Enquirer to say that Woodson was in command of the regiment at the time of his death. This was to justify the memory of an officer as highly respected as Captain Woodson was.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Chester Station
On the 17th of June, the 19th was positioned near Petersburg to counter the moves made by Grant's army as it worked its way around Lee's right flank toward Petersburg. Company A, under Lieutenant Wood's command, was sent forward as skirmishers. After advancing several hundred yards, Wood sent a message back to ask for orders, but received no new instructions and was sent Company C under the command of Captain Charles Irving. Advancing further, the two companies encountered several Federals around a barn and drove them off with no fight.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Chester Station
Wood and Irving agreed that to advance was the best tactic, and they came upon formidable earthworks to their front manned by Federals. Wood and Irving decided to charge this Federal line, and with only 40 men routed the Federals in the trenches with hardly a shot being fired. The rest of the regiment was called up and took position in the captured trenches the next morning. The brigade stayed in this position for "many months."


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1864 - March 1865; "Howlett Line"
For months, the 19th was positioned in what Lieutenant Wood called, "the trenches on the Howlett line, extending from the James to the Appomattox..." The men made the trenches like home, constructing Masonic lodges and chapels, where apparently "many a soldier was born into the kingdom of Christ." The men hosted debating societies which pondered philosophical questions of the day. Chess clubs were formed as well, where "several men learned to play a good game of chess blindfolded." Newspaper correspondents were present as well. Reading clubs were formed. "Nearly every one played checkers," Wood wrote, "And not a few 'threw the papers' as card-playing was called." Wood kept a set of chess-men he constructed during this time and took them home after the war was over.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1864 - March 1865; "Howlett Line"
Athletics were also a common pastime. These included wrestling, running, jumping, and boxing.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1864 - March 1865; "Howlett Line"
Several marriages also occurred during this time between soldiers in the trenches and their visiting brides-to-be.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, White Oak Road
On March 31, 1865, Hunton's Brigade was moved to near Hatcher's Run outside Petersburg. Hunton's Brigade was dispatched from the rest of the division. As it formed for battle, General Robert E. Lee personally oversaw the deployment of the brigade (or so Lieutenant Wood remembered). The brigade was advanced through some woods at the double-quick and drove back a Federal line. General Lee spurred his horse, Traveller, into the midst of the fighting, but the men of the 19th shouted "Don't go with us General, but watch us!"


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, White Oak Road
After reforming in a pine thicket, the 19th blazed away at the Federals to their front. Lieutenant Wood and other officers picked up rifles and fought alongside the privates in an attempt to put as much firepower into the fight as they could muster. During this fight, Wood was wounded in the neck by a ball and hurried to the rear, where the wound was diagnosed as minor and dressed. Wood was soon sent back into the fight, although the scar from the wound remained visible for the rest of his life.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, White Oak Road
The 19th gradually fell back, having advanced far ahead of its supports, to near its original position where it had started the fight.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, White Oak Road
Hunton's Brigade was not at the Battle of Five Forks with the rest of Pickett's Division and "...consequently did not share the defeat of the war..." as Wood would later call that disastrous battle.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Retreat from Petersburg
Pickett's Division participated in the withdrawal of the Confederate forces from Richmond and Petersburg on the evening of April 2 to the early morning hours of April 3. Wood recalled that it often took an hour to advance a single mile due to the terrible condition of the roads they were marching on. He described their daily rations as "unparched corn," but said that faith in General Lee never faltered and that their powder was kept dry, implying that they were still full of fight. On April 5, Wood, commanding Company A, dispatched two men to forage rations for the company from the surrounding countryside. Neither of these men returned.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek
On April 6, 1865, the 19th halted its march on a hill overlooking what William Wood would later assume to be Sayler's Creek (or "Tayler's" Creek, as he calls it in the original manuscript). The men took this opportunity to cook some of their corn, but a fire had hardly been lit when Wood received orders to take his company and deploy them as skirmishers and drive a small body of Federals from some pines at the base of the hill.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek
For the final time, the 19th Virginia formed a line of battle and, following Wood's Company A, marched down the hill into the thicket. After recapturing several pieces of artillery, the 19th continued on until they reached a road in a clearing. In front of them, thousands of Federal cavalrymen, probably from George A. Custer's Division, were forming for an attack. Rapidly preparing for the onslaught, the men of the 19th threw up a breastwork of fence rails in their front and prepared for the assault. Lieutenant Wood's account describes what happened next:


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek
"I had just said to Dick McMullen, 'Be sure not to fire until they reach that mullein stalk,' when a commotion in the rear of our line caused me to look behind us, and to my dismay, my eyes rested upon the largest line of cavalry I had ever seen. There seemed to be no end to the line. There they stood in double ranks within forty feet of us. They were well mounted and admirably armed. How they got there in our immediate rear I know not, and from what direction they came I have never learned.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek
The fact is, they were there in overpowering numbers, with pistol or gun ready to do damage upon the least show of resistance. Major [Waller M.] Boyd, commanding our regiment, quickly said: 'We are prisoners,' and that was the end of the Nineteenth Virginia Infantry as a body of armed soldiers."


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek
The 19th surrendered en masse. How many men were in the 19th at this time is unknown. It was certainly no more than 200 men and probably less that half of that. Some individuals might have escaped, but as Wood states the 19th Virginia would never form an organized body of soldiers again.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Appomattox
While the 19th was captured as a unit at Sayler's Creek (along with their general, Eppa Hunton, and many more of his men), 29 men and 1 officer of the 19th Virginia Infantry were listed as having been paroled at Appomattox Court House with the rest of Lee's Army. Some of these men had been prisoners of war at Point Lookout in Maryland, and had only been released in March in an exchange. After being released from the Richmond hospital they joined back up with their troops and fought at Petersburg, Five Forks, Farmville and on to Appomattox. Most of these men had joined at the beginning in May 1861 and had served the entire war.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, As Prisoners of War
Like many of his comrades, Lieutenant Wood was sent to the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, DC, and was there when mobs formed outside the structure, demanding that they be let in to punish the prisoners within who were suspected of assassinating Abraham Lincoln on the evening of April 14, 1865. Wood was then sent to Johnson Island on Lake Erie. Since Wood and his comrades had surrendered before Lee surrendered at Appomattox, Wood and his comrades were not paroled and were treated as Prisoners of War. Wood recalls that the prisoners were paroled by alphabetical order, meaning that he was among the last released.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, As Prisoners of War
When he was released in June 1865, and had no food or money to aid in his journey home except useless Confederate bills. Bartering some blankets for some United States money, Wood returned home by way of Cleveland (although he wrote that he returned through Milwaukee, which seems unlikely as that would be far out of his way), then to Baltimore, then to Richmond and on to Charlottesville, where he walked to his father's residence north of town. Many of the 19th's members performed similar odysseys on their way home after the war.


19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, As Prisoners of War
William Wood summed up the feelings of most ex-Confederate soldiers when he wrote, "I was glad to don clean citizen's clothes, that my mother had kept for me through the war, and to eat a good dinner. Though greatly crushed by the final outcome of our struggle, I felt proud that I had been permitted to do my part, and even to suffer for the cause I loved. Some comfort was derived from the contemplation that there would be no more blood shed; but peace, with all it meant to a tired soldier, was at hand."


19th Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode:The Mandalorian – The Marshal


19th Visual Effects Society Awards
The 19th Visual Effects Society Awards was an awards ceremony held by the Visual Effects Society. Nominations were announced on March 1, 2021, and the ceremony took place on April 6, 2021.


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
The Midnight Sky – Matt Kasmir, Greg Baxter, Chris Lawrence, Max Solomon, David Watkins


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
Mank – Wei Zheng, Peter Mavromates, Simon Carr, James Pastorius


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
Soul – Pete Docter, Dana Murray, Michael Fong, Bill Watral


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
The One and Only Ivan – Ivan – Valentina Rosselli, Thomas Huizer, Andrea De Martis, William Bell


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
Soul – Terry – Jonathan Hoffman, Jonathan Page, Peter Tieryas, Ron Zorman


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
Mulan – Imperial City – Jeremy Fort, Matt Fitzgerald, Ben Walker, Adrian Vercoe


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
Soul – You Seminar – Hosuk Chang, Sungyeon Joh, Peter Roe, Frank Tai


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
The Midnight Sky – Aether – Michael Balthazart, Jonathan Opgenhaffen, John-Peter Li, Simon Aluze


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
Project Power – Yin Lai Jimmy Leung, Jonathan Edward Lyddon-Towl, Pierpaolo Navarini, Michelle Lee


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
Soul – Alexis Angelidis, Keith Daniel Klohn, Aimei Kutt, Melissa Tseng


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film
Fear the Walking Dead – Bury Her Next to Jasper's Leg – Frank Iudica, Scott Roark, Daniel J. Yates


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television
The Mandalorian – The Marshal – Joe Bauer, Abbigail Keller, Hal Hickel, Richard Bluff, Roy Cancino


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television
The Crown – Gold Stick – Ben Turner, Reece Ewing, Andrew Scrase, Jonathan Wood


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television
Walmart – Famous Visitors – Chris “Badger” Knight, Lori Talley, Yarin Mares, Matt Fuller


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television
The Mandalorian – The Jedi; The Child – John Rosengrant, Peter Clarke, Scott Patton, Hal Hickel


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television
Arm & Hammer – Once Upon a Time; Tuxedo Tom – Shiny Rajan, Silvia Bartoli, Matias Heker, Tiago Dias Mota


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television
The Mandalorian – The Believer; Morak Jungle – Enrico Damm, Johanes Kurnia, Phi Tran, Tong Tran


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television
Lovecraft Country – Strange Case; Chrysalis – Federica Foresti, Johan Gabrielsson, Hugo Medda, Andreas Krieg


19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television
Lovecraft Country – Strange Case; Crysalis – Viktor Andersson, Linus Lindblom, Mattias Sandelius, Crawford Reilly