1Magic (TV channel)
1Magic (also known as One Magic) is a subscription-based digital satellite television general entertainment channel created by M-Net and MultiChoice for DStv. It is one of the resultant channels from the M-Net series channel created in 2000.


1Magic (TV channel), History
The channel was launched in  2000, as M-Net Series, as a sister channel to the original M-Net channel. On 9 July 2013, this channel was split into three, namely M-Net Series Showcase, which was the premium series channel which had new series releases, M-Net Series Reality broadcast talk shows and other reality media and M-Net Series Zone which served as a rerun channel, and featured previous seasons of shows and back-to-back marathon blocks.


1Magic (TV channel), History
On 11 September 2014, it was announced that Series Showcase and Series Reality would be replaced with two new channels, Vuzu Amp, the premium version of Vuzu and M-Net Edge, a primetime channel providing a stronger offering than M-Net, on 20 and 13 October, respectively. M-Net Series Zone was later renamed M-Net City in 2016


1Magic (TV channel), History
On 31 March 2017, M-Net Edge was absorbed by M-Net to create a supersized channel.


1Magic (TV channel), History
On 29 January 2018, Vuzu Amp was rebranded to 1Magic.


1Magic (TV channel), History
As of 1 February 2021, The West African feed was launched and it moved to channel 119, but it remained on channel 103 for the Rest of Africa.


1Magic (TV channel), Programming
1Magic has a more local approach, creating its own premium first-run content with an amalgam of international content. The channel is considered to be a premium version of Mzansi Magic, while still following their Express From The U.S brand from its predecessor Vuzu Amp. The channel boasts of local productions like The River, Being Bonang, Living The Dream With Somizi, Please Step In, Grassroots and V Entertainment, with new seasons of Black-ish, Grown-ish, How To Get Away with Murder, Queen Sugar and The Fixer to name a few.


1Malaysia
1Malaysia (pronounced One Malaysia in English and Satu Malaysia in Malay) is a programme designed by Malaysian 6th Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak in summer 2009 with the stated goal of promoting ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance.


1Malaysia, National campaign
1Malaysia is a concept introduced by former Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak to promote national unity. According to Razak, the eight values of the concept are: "high performance culture, accuracy, knowledge, innovation, integrity, strong will, loyalty and wisdom. ".


1Malaysia, National campaign, Logo and slogan
An official logo and slogan has been introduced along with the launch of 1Malaysia concept. The logo is the symbol of '1' which incorporates the national Jalur Gemilang flag and the word Malaysia. The government has spent RM38 million to promote former Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak's 1Malaysia concept in 2010, said Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department T Murugiah.


1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy
Improving government efficiency is a major goal of 1Malaysia. The use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), metrics and targets more typically used in private business, and National Key Result Areas (NKRAs) is thus naturally an important part of the 1Malaysia effort. Najib says, "The government is committed to carrying out a transformation programme as its main agenda based on approaches and philosophy of 1Malaysia – people first, performance now."


1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy
Immediately after assuming the office of Prime Minister of Malaysia Dato Seri Najib Tun Razak introduced a series of KPIs to measure and improve the efficiency and quality of government services as well as realising the 1Malaysia concept. Najib said that KPIs were implemented to ensure "the people’s satisfaction...whether they are satisfied with our service, whether we have solved their problems".


1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy
Najib's announcement of the KPI effort was generally well-received. Then Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin said the KPI formula was a yardstick against which the people could measure the performance of Najib and the government. He said the KPIs would provide motivation for every minister to perform well.


1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy
The KPIs provide a mechanism for the evaluation of ministries and other government agencies, including performance reviews, carried out every six months. Each ministry has been required to establish specific KPIs, including that focus on policy outcomes over the traditional emphasis on inputs typically found in government performance assessments and planning. KPIs include detailed job descriptions and goals for ministers, deputy ministers, and some other senior government officials.


1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy
Najib has identified six major policy areas in which KPIs will play an especially important role in improving the effectiveness of the Malaysian government. These are known as National Key Result Areas (NKRAs). The NKRAs include crime prevention, reducing government corruption, increased access to quality education, improvements in the standard of living for low-income groups, upgrades to rural infrastructure, and improvements in public transportation.


1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy
Najib also introduced a new cabinet position to support the Unity and Performance Minister in implementing the KPI system. Idris Jala, the former CEO of Malaysia Airlines, was appointed Minister Without a Portfolio and CEO of Performance Management and Delivery Unit (Pemandu), to work with Dr. Koh Tsu Koon in training over 500 government officers to implement the KPI system. As CEO of Pemandu Idris will support the work of Koh, who is the minister in charge of National Unity and Performance Management.


1Malaysia, Public services, 1Malaysia clinics
Former Prime Minister Najib's Budget 2010 includes funding for 50 medical clinics to provide basic medical services for illnesses and injuries such as fever, cough, colds, wounds and cuts, diabetes, and hypertension. Malaysia citizens are charged RM1 for treatment and medication. Non -citizens are charged RM15.


1Malaysia, Public services, 1Malaysia Community WiFi
To boost internet penetration in the country, the government launch free Wi-Fi services as part of the 1Malaysia campaign which known as (Kampung Tanpa Wayar - KTW) (Village Without Wire) in 2011 for rural areas resident. The Wi-Fi services have since been renamed as WiFi Komuniti (WK) - Community WiFi.


1Malaysia, Public services, 1Malaysia email
It was announced that the RM50 million contract was awarded to a company called Tricubes Bhd to run the 1Malaysia email project as part of the government's social networking project in which free email accounts would be given to the public to communicate with the government. Former Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak announced the "1Malaysia" email project in April last year as part of his administration's Economic Transformation Program (ETP), saying it would have a gross national income (GNI) impact of RM39 million (US$14.4 million) by 2015.


1Malaysia, Public services, 1Malaysia Development Berhad
A government-owned firm 1Malaysia Development Berhad was formed through the renaming sovereign wealth fund called Terengganu Investment Authority (TIA). Through Najib's efforts the company has focus on strategic development projects in the areas of energy, real estate, tourism and agribusiness.


1Malaysia, Public services, Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia (1Malaysia People's Grocery Stores)
In 2011, the 1Malaysia franchise was branched off into a grocery store franchise going by the name Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia (KR1M), with the first store being located at the Kelana Jaya Line Light Rail Transit (LRT) station in Kuala Lumpur. The franchise was aimed at allowing the low income group to obtain cheaper groceries and lighten their burden besides bringing Malaysians closer to the significance of 1Malaysia.


1Malaysia, Non-governmental organisations, 1Malaysia Foundation
The 1Malaysia Foundation (Y1M) Foundation was established in 2009 to promote and develop the idea of 1Malaysia. Y1M works to co-ordinate and supplement government and private-sector activities related to 1Malaysia. Chairman of the Y1M Board of Trustees, Dr Chandra Muzaffar said, "Y1M is planning to expand and strengthen the commitment from all Malaysians towards national unity through various activities to increase public awareness and community development."


1Malaysia, Non-governmental organisations, 1Malaysia Youth Fund
The 1Malaysia Youth Fund was launched to provide financial support for young people to undertake creative projects that nurture national unity. RM20 million was allocated for the fund under Malaysia's budget passed in 2010. The fund was proposed by the Barisan Nasional Youth Lab.


1Malaysia, Non-governmental organisations, 1Malaysia Youth Fund
Former Prime Minister Najib said that 1Malaysia Youth Fund reflected the government's commitment to empowering young people. "The scope and the projects should address three criteria – focus on nurturing unity in Malaysia, have a multiplier effect on the general community, and be led by young people. The objective is to encourage youths to use their imagination to the fullest. We want them to be creative and innovative. Maybe their ability may exceed our expectations, and maybe they can do something which has not been thought of by us", said Najib.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Interpretation
A year after the concept's introduction, the 4th and 7th Prime Minister and previous mentor to Najib, Mahathir Mohamad reportedly said that he "masih tidak faham" (“still doesn't understand”) the concept. Almost two years later, the public similarly, based on an opinion poll in July 2010, were wary of the concept.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Interpretation
In particular, the non-Malays surveyed, according to The Malaysian Insider, "were almost split on the Najib administration's national unity agenda with 46 per cent of the respondents believing that the 1Malaysia concept is only a political agenda to win the non-Malay votes," and "only 39 per cent of the non-Malays believed that the concept introduced by Najib after he took over the government was a sincere effort to unite all races in Malaysia".


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services
The 1Malaysia clinics was criticised for its service, especially for their lack of equipment, expired medicines, unqualified assistant medical officersand lack of civil manners by its nurse staff towards patients.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services
The 1Malaysia Village Without Wire programme (Kampung Tanpa Wayar - KTW) has met with a lot of criticism from the rural area's community with many of them labelling the project as "failed" due to the frequent malfunction and slow Wi-Fi services.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services
The 1Malaysia email has been criticised by the public and the opposition Pakatan Rakyat on the waste of money involved and that Tricubes used to be in financial difficulty. After the public outcry, Najib had to backtrack stating that this was a private sector initiative and that acceptance of the email accounts was voluntary. Protests have been organised against the project on Facebook and parodied on a website.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services
The 1Malaysia Development Berhad company has been saddled with controversies such as the purchase of overpriced land from Tadmax Resources, a company linked to the Port Klang Free Zone scandal.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services
Complaints have been received that the groceries sold at KR1M were more expensive compared to those sold in hypermarkets around Malaysia. There have been allegations of poor product quality in its product line, namely children's milk formula, fresh milk, condensed milk, sweetened condensed creamer, oyster sauce, fruit jam, canned chicken curry, mango cordial, ghee compounds, peanuts, creamy peanut butter, crunchy peanut butter, crispy peanut butter and tinned sardines in tomato sauce. KR1M has instructed its suppliers to send their products for periodical laboratory testing.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Bumiputera rights
Former Prime Minister Najib's efforts to liberalise government policies and create a more open policy towards all races with 1Malaysia led Malay rights group Perkasa to seek further clarification on the policy, as they feared that his 1Malaysia would undermine Malay or Bumiputera rights in favour of minorities in Malaysia.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Anwar Ibrahim's suspension from parliament
On 22 April 2010, Anwar Ibrahim the leader of Malaysia's opposition, was censured by Malaysia's parliament for remarks he made during a press conference in parliament on 30 March 2010. Anwar had claimed to have documents linking 1Malaysia, One Israel, and the public relations firm APCO Worldwide (APCO), but refused to allow access to the documents when challenged. It is against Malaysia's foreign policy to have any dealings with Israel, and the appointment of APCO has deeply angered the sensitivities of the Muslims in the country. They wanted Najib to terminate the contract with the company.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Anwar Ibrahim's suspension from parliament
The Malaysian government and APCO have strongly denied Anwar's allegations. The censure motion passed by the House of Representatives referred Anwar's case to the Rights and Privileges Committee which will recommend punishment for approval by the full chamber. Such punishment could include being banned from parliament. Anwar has retaliated by producing the two documents to back up his statements and refute the government's denials.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Anwar Ibrahim's suspension from parliament
It was announced that Anwar was to be suspended from parliament by the Parliamentary Rights and Privileges Committee based solely by content of a letter by APCO without him being able to put up a defence for himself. This prompted a walkout by opposition MPs. On 16 December 2010 Anwar and three opposition MPs, Karpal Singh, Azmin Ali and Sivarasa Rasiah were suspended from parliament. Anwar has blamed APCO Worldwide for his and his fellow opposition parliamentarian's suspensions.


1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Negaraku Malaysia
In conjunction with the 60th National Day celebration in 2017, the government then under the Barisan National coalition, led by then prime minister Najib Razak launched a 'Negaraku' initiative to instil a sense of love for the country. It was used alongside the 1Malaysia concept, which also became Negaraku 1Malaysia concept and logo. The word 'Negaraku' was also used in greetings by the politicians from that coalition on official occasions such as the National Day parade. After Pakatan Harapan took control of the government in May 2018, both the initiative and the concept were abolished.


1Malaysia Development Berhad
1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB; Malay: [ˈsatu maˈlajʃa dɛˈvɛlɔpmɛn(t) bərˈɦad]) is an insolvent Malaysian strategic development company, wholly owned by the Minister of Finance (Incorporated).


1Malaysia Development Berhad
1MDB was established to drive strategic initiatives for long-term economic development for the country by forging global partnerships and promoting foreign direct investment. Berhad is a Malay term indicating a public limited company. 1MDB focuses on strategic development projects in the areas of energy, real estate, tourism and agribusiness. 1MDB was involved in several high-profile projects such as the Tun Razak Exchange, Tun Razak Exchange's sister project Bandar Malaysia,  and the acquisition of three independent power producers.


1Malaysia Development Berhad
Since 2015, the company has been under heavy scrutiny for its suspicious money transactions and evidence pointing to money laundering, fraud, and theft. A lawsuit filed by United States Department of Justice (DOJ), alleged that at least US$3.5 billion has been stolen from Malaysia's 1MDB state-owned fund. In September 2020, the alleged amount stolen had been raised to US$4.5 billion and a Malaysian government report listed 1MBD's outstanding debts to be at  US$7.8 billion.


1Malaysia Development Berhad
As of 5 August 2021, in an ongoing effort to fight global kleptocracy, the U.S. Department of Justice recovered and returned a total of US$1.2 billion of 1MDB funds misappropriated within U.S. jurisdiction to the people of Malaysia, joining a list of several countries which have initiated recovery or that have already repatriated smaller recovered amounts.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, History
1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) started off as Terengganu Investment Authority (TIA) which was initiated by the former Menteri Besar of Terengganu, Ahmad Said in 2008. TIA was a sovereign wealth fund with an initial fund of RM11 billion aimed at ensuring the economic development of Terengganu state. The fund's purpose was to ensure a long-term sustainable development while safeguarding the economic well-being of Terengganu residents. The TIA fund was derived from outstanding royalty income of RM6 billion and funds from bond issued by local and overseas financial markets. In addition, the Federal Government had proposed to provide a guarantee of RM5 billion based on Terengganu's future oil revenues.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, History
On 27 May 2009, Ismee Ismail and Shahrol Azral Ibrahim Halmi signed a deal arranged by AmInvestment Bank Bhd to raise RM5 billion via the issuance of Islamic medium term notes (IMTNs), despite being told not to do so by the Terengganu state government. This exercise was advised by TIA's special advisor, Jho Low. On 29 May 2009, TIA received RM4.385 billion in net proceeds from IMTN from the full value of RM5 billion.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, History
On 31 July 2009, Minister of Finance (Incorporated) (MOFI) took over TIA and amended its name to 1Malaysia Development Bhd (1MDB). This acquisition by MOFI took place four months after Dato Sri Najib Razak became the Prime Minister of Malaysia. In his announcement on 22 July 2009, Najib said the decision to expand TIA into a federal entity was made to enable its benefits to reach a broader spectrum of Malaysians rather than the residents of only one state.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, History
On 10 March 2015, Auditor General of Malaysia under the mandate of the Cabinet and the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) was assigned to audit the financial statements of the 1MDB Group and to evaluate whether the financial performance and activities of the 1MDB Group are aligned with the company's original objectives. However, on 4 March 2016, the audit report produced by the Auditor General of Malaysia was classified as Official Secrets Act under the Official Secrets Act 1972 by the National Security Council (Malaysia).


1Malaysia Development Berhad, History
After the victory of Pakatan Harapan in the 14th General Election in Malaysia, the audit report was declassified. The declassification was made on 15 May 2018 at the request of the seventh Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, History
On 23 May 2018, the newly appointed Minister of Finance, Lim Guan Eng, appointed PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to review and perform an audit of 1MDB. This followed revelations by directors of 1MDB that the company was insolvent and unable to repay its debts. On 28 June 2018, the president and chief executive officer, Arul Kanda was sacked for dereliction of duty.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd
On 28 September 2009, 1MDB established a joint venture (JV) with PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd; the company name was 1MDB-PetroSaudi Ltd with a 60:40 ratio where 1MDB held 40% with a cash contribution of US$1 billion while PetroSaudi Holdings contributed with assets of at least US$1.5 billion. There were four different companies registered under the name of PetroSaudi, but the investment proposals submitted to the board of directors of 1MDB failed to state that.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd
On 29 September 2009 (a day after formation of joint venture), Edward L. Morse submitted an asset valuation report. On the same day, he was appointed by the 1MDB Chief Executive Officer. The assessment report takes into account assets in oil exploration and production rights in Turkmenistan and Argentina. The assessment was implemented on PetroSaudi International Ltd's assets despite the JV agreement clearly stating that the company owning all the rights and interests of the agreed assets for the joint venture project is PetroSaudi International Cayman, the report said.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd
Besides that, the JV agreement lacked clauses to guard the interests of the company. Among others, there was an advance of US$700 million in fees to 1MDB-PetroSaudi from PetroSaudi Holdings to be fully repayable on or before 30 September 2009. On 30 September 2009, a total of US$1 billion (RM3.487 billion) was transferred by 1MDB into two separate accounts. The first US$300 million was transferred into joint venture account, and the remaining US$700 million was transferred into another company's account, (Good Star Ltd, a PetroSaudi subsidiary), with the aim of repaying the advance taken by the joint venture company. However, approval by the board of 1MDB was not obtained for the payment of US$700 million into a non-joint-venture account.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd
In March 2010, about six months after the formation of joint venture of 1MDB-PetroSaudi, 1MDB disposed all the 40% stake (worth US$1 billion) for US$1.2 billion in Murabahah Note. Murabahah Notes are guaranteed by corporate guarantee, PetroSaudi International Ltd. On the other hand, 1MDB made an additional subscription to this Murabahah Notes up to additional US$830 million with partly funded via loans from financial institutions.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd
On 1 June 2012, 27 months after holding on this Murabahah Notes, 1MDB redeemed all of the Murabahah Notes with a total of US$2.22 billion including profits. This redemption of US$2.22 billion was done via an asset swap arrangement where 1MDB International Holdings Ltd (1MDB-IHL), a 1MDB subsidiary received 49% equity stake in PetroSaudi Oil Services Ltd (PSOSL), a PetroSaudi International Ltd subsidiary.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd
This exercise raised a question in the auditor-general's audit report where the conversion of Murabahah Notes to equity investments in PSOSL was done without any study to identify PSOSL liabilities, the ability to generate funds, and past financial performance. The 1MDB board was aware that PSOSL operates in Venezuelan waters where sanctions have been imposed by the United States and ending drilling contracts, but the decision to invest in PSOSL proceeded despite such conditions. The documents were signed by 1MDB's CEO on 1 June 2012, long before obtaining the approval of 1MDB board on 20 June 2012.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd
During mid-July 2012, 45 days after the investment in PSOSL equities on 1 June 2012, 1MDB disposed all 49% equity in PSOSL to Bridge Partners International Investment Ltd (Bridge Partners) for a minimum of US$2.2 billion at the suggestion of 1MDB's CEO. The sale was done on 12 September 2012 and Bridge Partners issued six non-interest bearing promissory notes worth US$2.318 billion.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd
These promissory notes were further used as an investment in Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC).


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)
On 12 September 2012, Brazen Sky Ltd (a subsidiary of 1MDB), entered into an investment management agreement with Bridge Global Absolute Return Fund SPC (Bridge Global SPC) and Bridge Partners Investment Management (Cayman) Ltd. to invest US$2.318 billion funded by the promissory notes from PSOSL sales. The investment involved various portfolio investments in the Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC) of the Cayman Islands. However, the company in charge of this investment, Bridge Global Absolute Return Fund SPC (Bridge Global SPC), was a new month-old company with no fund management licence nor experience in managing large funds.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)
On 20 May 2013, 1MDB's board of directors redeemed the investment gradually which would improve perceptions of the funds's credibility. As of 20 December 2014, the total redeemed from the SPC fund was US$1.39 billion out of US2.318 billion and the balance of US$939.87 was to be fully redeemed by the end of December. The US$1.39 billion was transferred into Brazen Sky's bank account and then transferred into 1MDB Global Investment Ltd (1MDB-GIL) account.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)
The SPC funds with a booked value of US$2.318 was pledged to Deutsche Bank for a loan amount of US$975 million without the approval of 1MDB's board. From the proceeds of initial redemption and with Deutsche Bank loan, some US$993 million was used for the payment of the Aabar option termination (though originally the settlement agreement was only US$300 million instead of US$993 million).


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)
The Aabar option was an option given to Aabar Ltd in exchange of a guarantee of Abu Dhabi's International Petroleum Investment Co (IPIC) to give 1MDB a total of US$3.5 billion in bond issuances via Goldman Sachs. All of these actions raised questions as they were not consistent with the initial objective of bringing the SPC portfolio back to Malaysia.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group
1MDB established SRC International Sdn Bhd (SRC) on 7 January 2011. According to the SRC Business Plan for the period of 2011 to 2015, SRC will supply coal for long-term needs of national by the fourth year of operation (in 2014).


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group
SRC obtains funding from government grants in the form of development grants of RM15 million out of RM20 million that were approved by the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) and RM2 billion financing from the Retirement Fund Incorporation (KWAP). Financing amounting of RM2 billion from KWAP was received on 29 August 2011 with a term of financing of 10 years. The loan is guaranteed by the government which includes principal and financing benefits of RM2.902 billion.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group
On 3 November 2011, SRC (via subsidiary company SRC International (Malaysia) Limited, SRCI) establish a joint venture with Aabar Investments PJS (Aabar) with the name of Aabar-SRC Strategic Resources Limited (ASRC). The initial paid-up capital was US$120 million with each party contribute US$60 million.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group
The board of directors of SRCI approved a US$45.50 million investment in the coal industry at Mongolia but this investment was questioned as this investment was done without any evidence showing any feasibility studies done on the status of the project. The mentioned project was undertaken by the joint venture of ASRC with the Gobi Coal & Energy Limited (GCE) company.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group
SRC also invested in PT ABM Investama TBK, that operates in the energy resources, energy services, and energy infrastructure sectors in Indonesia up to US$120 million (RM366.68 million) through published share prices listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group
During the meeting on 14 February 2012, CEO of SRC reported an estimated profit on the investment amounting to US$4 million.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group
On 15 February 2012, SRC's shareholding by 1MDB was transferred to the Ministry of Finance Incorporation (MOFI) by way of acquisition of shares through interim dividend-in-specie payments. The transfer of SRC shares has reduced the operating losses of the 1MDB Group from RM25 million to RM16.2 million, lowering the gearing ratio of 1MDB from 12 times to 9.5 times and reducing the government's total guarantee of RM2.902 billion to the 1MDB Group.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate
1MDB invested into real estate market with the aim of diversification and aim to generate long-term return on investment. From 2010 until September 2015, 1MDB have acquired five different property assets with the acquisition amounting to RM2.111 billion. The land are:-


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange
On 21 May 2010, it was reported that 1MDB will jointly develop the Tun Razak Exchange project at a currently vacant piece of land covering 34.4 hectares in the city of Kuala Lumpur with Mubadala Development Company. The Tun Razak Exchange was launched on 30 July 2012 by Najib Razak. During his speech on Tenth Malaysia Plan, Najib identified the KL International Financial District (KLIFD) and Bandar Malaysia projects as two of many public-private partnership projects which will help drive the nation's transformation agenda.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange
Tun Razak Exchange (TRX) project land was acquired with the price of RM302.8 million. A joint venture agreement between 1MDB and Aabar Investments PJS (Aabar) was signed on 12 March 2013. However, the development of the TRX project in collaboration with Aabar was not realized and impacted on the rest of the project.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange
Up to September 2015, five plots of lands of TRX were sold at RM1.358 billion in fund raising efforts for the 1MDB Group while remaining 11 plots of land plan to sell for RM2.592 billion. Besides that, 1MDB Group also construct a building in a joint venture with Mulia Group, namely Exchange 106 (formerly TRX Signature Tower) to be leased to an international financial services institution for 15 years from 2019 to 2033 with an estimated return of RM537.38 million.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange
In order to fund the TRX project infrastructure development, 1MDB subsidiary, 1MDB Real Estate Sdn Bhd (1MDB RE, but now known as TRX City Sdn Bhd) relies entirely on the sale of land plots. Besides that, 1MDB also created a special purpose vehicle (SPV) raised about Rm229.50 million in August 2015 for fund raising.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange
The TRX project is expected to face negative cash flows as the project receipts are insufficient to cover infrastructure and construction costs and worse still some money from the plots sales, i.e. RM1.095 billion and SPV fund has been flow back to 1MDB instead of using it to finance the TRX project development cost.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia
Bandar Malaysia is a 26-years long run project. It was acquired by 1MDB with the cost of RM368.72 million with additional cost of RM2.717 billion (partly funded by Government for RM1.117 billion) for the reallocation of the current Sungai Besi Airport which act as Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) airbase to 8 new locations, the biggest in Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan. However, 1MDB has used part of the allocation (RM288 million) from Government allocation to pay 1MDB debt and not used accordingly to the original purpose of the allocation.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia
On 13 May 2010, 1MDB as part of a consortium of companies, will jointly undertake redevelopment project of Sungai Besi Airport at Sungai Besi, an old international airport, which is now the base for the Royal Malaysian Air Force into a GDV of RM150 billion Bandar Malaysia. The site covers 486 acres and is planned to be developed into an Islamic financial centre and will include Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) as a partner. About the same time, 1MDB and QIA had signed an MOU to assess the viability of energy and real estate investments. In the MOU, QIA also proposed to invest US$5bil.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia
The Sungai Airport relocation phase should be completed by 2016 while the whole of Bandar Malaysia to be completed by 2040. Perbadanan Perwira Harta Malaysia (PPHM), a subsidiary of Armed Forces Fund Board Malaysia (or also known as Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (LTAT)) has been appointed as the main contractor for the RMAF base relocation project. As of August 2015, five out of eight suppose relocation sites have been late. The reasoning was a delay in submission of the area, suspension of approvals from local authorities, delays in consumer authentication, weather conditions, and flash floods in November and December 2014.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia
Besides that, the arrears amounting to RM396.42 million to PPHM until September 2015 also affected the progress of the construction site. This is because a total of RM1.926 billion (51.3%) of loans and sukuk amounting to RM3.75 billion was raised which suppose to be used for financing both the reallocation of Sungai Besi Airport and the development of Bandar Malaysia was transferred back to 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia
In line with the 1MDB Group rationalization plan, on 31 December 2015, 1MDB announced the sale of 60% equity in Bandar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. to the consortium of Iskandar Waterfront Holdings (IWH) and China Railway Engineering Corporation(CREC) with a 60:40 ratio. The IWH-CREC Consortium has valued 100 percent of Bandar Malaysia's land at RM12.35 billion where the value of 60% of the land is RM7.41 billion. This transaction is expected to be completed by June 2016. However the deal collapsed on 3 May 2017 due to failure to meet payment obligations, announced by Ministry of Finance of Malaysia (who owned 1MDB).


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Air Itam land
Air Itam's land was acquired with the main development of affordable housing in Penang. About 85.7% of land already owned by 1MDB through the acquisition of two companies, Gerak Indera and Farlim Properties (FPSB) with a total price of RM1.056 billion (and related expenses of RM15.25 million). However, the remaining 14.3% ownership of the land has not yet to be finalized. Development of the land is also difficult to implement as full support of the State Government is not obtained and the problem of land occupied by almost 2,000 squatters are still unsolved.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Pulau Indah land
Pulau Indahland was purchase under the consideration of intention to expand the energy sector. The land was purchase at a price of RM344.24 from Tadmax Power Sdn Bhd with a land size of 318.41 acres. Initially, the land was supposed to be used for the development of Project 3B (a power plant development) but the project eventually implemented in Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan due to the land is not suitable for the development of power plant. In July 2015, the land up for sale from 1MDB as part of the rationalization plan but until today the land yet to be sold to any party.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector
In the early stage of 1MDB formation in 2009, 1MDB has embarked on a move in energy sector investment through joint venture with China and Qatar in:-


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector
However, the initial investment fell off due to lack of energy resources and also the government policy that did not allow any other party other than Petronas to supply gas to Independent Power Producer (IPP).


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector
On 11 January 2010, 1MDB signed a co-operation framework agreement with the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), with the intention of undertaking various energy-based projects in the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) and subsequently become major investors in SCORE.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector
On 18 January 2010, 1MDB signed a co-operation agreement with Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (also known as Masdar) to explore clean technology projects and investments, including the possibility of building Malaysia's first carbon-neutral city.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector
In November 2015, the company agreed to sell its energy assets, worth around $2.3 billion, to China General Nuclear Power Group and its subsidiaries.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Corporate structure
1MDB has a three-tier check-and-balance system comprising a board of advisors, a board of directors and a senior management team. The board of advisors is chaired by Najib Razak himself. From 2010 until 2013, the board of advisors included the CEO of LVMH, Bernard Arnault.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Corporate structure
In early March 2015, with public discontent growing at the perceived lack of financial transparency at 1MDB, Najib, who is also the chairman of 1MDB's board of advisors, ordered the Auditor General of Malaysia to carry out an audit of 1MDB. However, on completion of the audit, the auditor general's final report was classified as an Official Secret for only the eyes of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) tasked to investigate improprieties at 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Corporate structure
It was later found that 1MDB has only one employee since the beginning of 2018 - CEO Arul Kanda, and he was on "garden leave" until the end of his contract in June 2018.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
The involvement of 1MDB in the multi-billion ringgit Tun Razak Exchange development project drew criticism from the opposition within a year of commencement. Opposition leader and Member of Parliament of Permatang Pauh, Anwar Ibrahim, questioned the credentials of the company. He informed Parliament that according to the records held by the companies commission, 1MDB "had no business address and no appointed auditor." Anwar further questioned the then-current Prime Minister, Najib Razak, regarding his role in getting 1MDB involved in the Tun Razak Exchange project.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
1MDB's RM425 million (US$140m) profit between 25 September 2009 and 31 March 2010 raised questions about the lack of transparency of 1MDB's accounting. Tony Pua, DAP Member of Parliament for Petaling Jaya Utara questioned former Prime Minister Najib Razak, who was also 1MDB's advisory board chairman, as to whether the figures were the result of asset injections into 1MDB by the government, such as the transfer of land rights to the company.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
During the October 2010 parliamentary session, 1MDB explained that its accounts had been fully audited and signed by KPMG, and closed as of 31 March 2010. Deloitte was involved in the valuation and analysis of the portfolio, while Ernst & Young provided tax advice for 1MDB. The company also informed that it had lodged the necessary information, including providing a registered address, with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM) as required by the law. The registration information was made available on the company's website, www.1mdb.com.my.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
During 2013, 1MDB was in the spotlight again when it applied for a six-month extension for the publication of its annual report that was supposed to be filed with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM) by 30 September 2013. In the meantime, the change of auditors three times in the 4 years since its inception in 2009 was widely considered suspicious.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
By mid-2015, with 1MDB's accumulated debts totalling RM42 billion (US$12bn), bonds issued by the fund were downgraded to junk status by the major rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings. The Malaysian cabinet rejected a RM3 billion ($US1 billion) cash injection, narrowing 1MDB's options to repay its debts on time.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
In 2015, allegations were made in several newspapers, including The Wall Street Journal, mentioned that the 1MDB organisation had been used to steal state funds for transfer into the accounts of former Prime Minister Najib Razak, and people associated with him such as Jho Low.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
In August 2015, the Malaysian Anti- Corruption Commission (MACC) had confirmed that no funds from 1MDB were transferred to the Prime Minister's private accounts as alleged by The Wall Street Journal. Following, 1MDB's president and group executive director (CEO), Arul Kanda, appeared in a local TV programme to clarify issues and allegations against 1MDB and also appeared in an interviewed with BFM 89.9 with host Ibrahim Sani and mentioned that 1MDB has been cleared of any and all wrongdoing by the Malaysian Attorney General.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
In media interviews in September 2015, 1MDB said some media reports concerning the company appear to be politically motivated. Its president and group executive director, Arul Kanda, also clarified that none of the company's accounts in Singapore have been frozen, rebutting news reports on the matter. The company has also dismissed claims of wrongdoing.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
In February 2016, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States began probing the connection between a regional top executive of global investment bank Goldman Sachs with former Prime Minister Najib Razak and the nature of the former's involvement in multibillion-dollar deals with 1MDB. Similar probes have also taken place or are currently undergoing in the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore into banks that facilitated transactions for 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
In May 2016, the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of the Malaysian Parliament; consisting of several members of the parliament from both the ruling party and the opposition laid the blame for the troubles of 1MDB on the board of the troubled state fund and its former chief, saying that the board had failed to carry out its responsibilities.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
In May 2018, after the formation of the new Cabinet following Pakatan Harapan's victory in the General Elections, Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng has ordered the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a special position audit and review of 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
On 28 July 2020, former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak, was found guilty of the 1MDB scandal. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison and $49 million fine. Najib additionally received 10 years of jail for each of six charges, including 3 charges of criminal breach of trust and 3 charges on money laundering.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
On 7 February, the British National Crime Agency served a warrant against the London law firm Clyde & Co on behalf of the United States Department of Justice seeking the recovery of US$330 million (£243m). These funds are reportedly held in a bank account at a NatWest branch in London. The Department of Justice has alleged that the funds are what remains of the proceeds of the first phase of the 1MDB fraud, which allegedly misappropriated US$1 billion of 1MDB funds.


1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal
On 9 February, the Malaysian Government filed a lawsuit against Jho Low's former associates and former senior 1MBD officials Jasmine Loo and Casey Tang, seeking the recovery of RM 9.3 million in tax arrears. The two fugitives are wanted in Malaysia by authorities for investigations into the 1MDB fraud.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
The 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal (1MDB scandal) has been described as "one of the world's greatest financial scandals" and declared by the United States Department of Justice as the "largest kleptocracy case to date" in 2016.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
The year before, Malaysia's then-Prime Minister Najib Razak had been accused of channelling over RM 2.67 billion (approximately US$700 million) from 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a government-run strategic development company (masterminded by Low Taek Jho), into his personal bank accounts. Dismissal of charges over this triggered widespread outrage among Malaysians, with many calling for Najib Razak's resignation – including Mahathir Mohamad, one of Najib's predecessors, who later defeated Najib in the 2018 general election and returned to power.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
Anwar Ibrahim, a political leader in opposition to Najib, openly questioned 1MDB's credentials as early as 2010. He had told Parliament that, according to records held by the Companies Commission, the company "has no business address and no appointed auditor." According to its publicly filed accounts, 1MDB had nearly RM 42 billion (US$11.73 billion) in debt by 2015. Some of this debt resulted from a $3 billion state-guaranteed 2013 bond issue led by the investment bank Goldman Sachs, which had been reported to have received fees of up to $300 million for the deal, although the bank disputes this figure. Nevertheless, Goldman Sachs was charged in a Foreign Bribery Case and agreed to pay over $2.9 billion in a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). The Malaysian Conference of Rulers called for prompt investigation of the scandal, saying that it was causing a crisis of confidence in Malaysia.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
After the 2018 election, the newly elected prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, reopened investigations into the 1MDB scandal. Malaysian Immigration Department barred Najib  and 11 others from leaving the country, while the police seized more than 500 handbags and 12,000 pieces of jewellery estimated to be worth US$270 million from property linked to Najib. Najib was charged with criminal breach of trust, money laundering and abuse of power, while Low Taek Jho (commonly referred to as Jho Low), was charged with money laundering.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
The U.S. Department of Justice pursued its own investigation into 1MDB, alleging that more than US$4.5 billion was diverted from 1MDB by Jho Low and other conspirators including officials from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Najib was subsequently found guilty of seven charges connected to SRC International, a dummy corporation associated with 1MDB, and was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
In September 2020, the alleged amount stolen from 1MDB was estimated to be US$4.5 billion and a Malaysian government report listed 1MBD's outstanding debts to be at US$7.8 billion. The government has assumed 1MDB's debts, which includes 30-year bonds due in 2039.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
As of 5 August 2021, in an ongoing effort to fight global kleptocracy, the U.S. Department of Justice recovered and returned a total of US$1.2 billion of 1MDB funds misappropriated within U.S. jurisdiction to the people of Malaysia, joining a list of several countries which have initiated recovery or that have already repatriated smaller recovered amounts.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
It was reported by news portal Sarawak Report and British newspaper The Sunday Times, using leaked email correspondences, that Penang-based financier Jho Low, who has ties with Najib Razak's step son, siphoned out US$700 million from a joint venture deal between 1MDB and PetroSaudi International through Good Star Ltd. Although Low never received an official position in 1MDB, he is described as someone who was regularly consulted about 1MDB without having any decision-making authority. An email revealed that Low had the loan approval from Najib for $1 billion without getting any approval from Bank Negara. Sarawak Report showed, using minutes of a meeting at 1MDB, that CEO Arul Kanda gave out false bank statements pertaining to its subsidiary's accounts at the Singapore branch of BSI Bank. Arul Kanda denied the allegation that he gave false bank statements to Bank Negara.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
It was claimed through a report by The Wall Street Journal that 1MDB made overpriced purchases of power assets in Malaysia through Genting Group in 2012. Genting then allegedly donated this money to a foundation controlled by Najib, who used these funds for election campaign purposes during the 2013 general elections. According to a news report quoting 1MDB, the company denied that it overpaid for its energy assets. 1MDB was quoted as saying that their energy acquisitions were made only when the company was convinced of its long-term value.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
Further allegations were made by The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) that $700 million was transferred from 1MDB and deposited in AmBank and Affin Bank accounts under Najib's name. A task force to investigate these claims had frozen six bank accounts linked to Najib and 1MDB. The Malaysian Anti- Corruption Commission (MACC) subsequently, in August 2015, cleared 1MDB of this allegation. MACC issued a statement saying, among other things, "Results of the investigation have found that the RM2.6bil which was allegedly transferred into the account belonging to Najib Razak came from the contribution of donors, and not from 1MDB".


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
According to highly placed sources, three of the bank accounts that had been frozen belong to Najib. The WSJ revealed the bank account details online to rebut denials by Najib and his supporters. Singapore police had frozen two Singapore bank accounts in connection with their own investigation into the alleged financial mismanagement at 1MDB, after reports stated that $700 million worth of deposits was moved through Falcon Bank in Singapore into Najib's personal accounts in Malaysia. However, 1MDB denied having any knowledge of their accounts being frozen, and said they have not been contacted by any of the foreign investigating authorities.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
The WSJ also reported that 1MDB transferred around $850 million via three transactions in 2014 to a British Virgin Islands-registered company with a name disguising that it was controlled by International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC), a United Arab Emirates state investment vehicle, according to wire transfer documents.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
The WSJ released a report stating that 1MDB failed to pay $1.4 billion to IPIC. The money was owed to IPIC after it had guaranteed a US$3.5 billion bond issued by 1MDB to fund its purchase of power plant assets in 2012. The WSJ released another report saying that a further $993 million was missing that 1MDB was supposed to pay IPIC.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
1MDB responded to the WSJ report, saying that the company continues to enjoy a strong business relationship with IPIC, as proven by the execution of a binding term sheet that saw IPIC assume obligation for a $3.5 billion bond, currently held by 1MDB, and followed a $1 billion cash payment made by IPIC to 1MDB in June. Earlier in October 2015, IPIC reaffirmed their commitment to working with 1MDB and the Malaysian Ministry of Finance.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
Another report by the WSJ pointed out that 1MDB, in connection with a United States political fundraiser DuSable Capital Management LLC, signed a joint venture agreement creating a fund, Yurus PE Fund, to develop solar power plants in Malaysia. Six months after the joint venture agreement was signed, 1MDB bought out DuSable's stake of 49% of Yurus for $69 million before any construction took place.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper exposés
According to bank transfer information, the WSJ revealed that Najib spent close to $15 million on clothes, jewellery, and a car in places such as the United States, Singapore, and Italy using a credit card that was paid from one of several private bank accounts owned by Najib, that 1MDB funds had been diverted to.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
The RM 425 million profit declared between 25 September 2009 and 31 March 2010 raised many criticisms and controversies about the lack of transparency in 1MDB's published accounts. Tony Pua, DAP Member of Parliament for Petaling Jaya Utara, questioned Najib, 1MDB's advisory board chairman, as to whether the figures were the result of an asset injection into 1MDB by the government such as the transfer of land rights to the company.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
During the October 2010 parliamentary session, 1MDB explained that its accounts had been fully audited and signed off by KPMG, and closed as of 31 March 2010. Deloitte was involved in the valuation and analysis of the portfolio, while Ernst & Young provided tax advice for 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
1MDB eventually rang alarm bells by asking for a six-month extension on the filing of its annual report with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM) due by 30 September 2013. At the same time, the change of three auditors since its inception in 2009 was considered suspicious. Responding to earlier criticism, CCM said that 1MDB had responded and lodged the necessary information, including registering an address, as required by law.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
The Sungai Besi airport land transfer took place in June 2011 as a precedent for the development known as Bandar Malaysia, a mixed integrated project of commercial, residential, and hi-tech green environment. Prior to this, there had been questions in parliament by the opposition regarding the lack of progress on Bandar Malaysia even though 1MDB had already raised RM 3.5 billion in loans and Islamic bonds to fund the project and take ownership of the land.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
In April 2013, 1MDB finally awarded a RM 2.1 billion contract to Perbadanan Perwira Harta Malaysia (PPHM), a subsidiary of Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (LTAT) to develop eight sites for the relocation of Pangkalan Udara Kuala Lumpur, the military base on the Sungai Besi land that was to be developed. The construction of Bandar Malaysia was set to commence following the completion of this relocation. As part of its debt rationalisation plan, on 31 December 2015, 1MDB inked an agreement with a consortium comprising Iskandar Waterfront Holdings and China Railway Engineering Corporation to sell 60% of its stake in Bandar Malaysia Sdn Bhd. This deal however eventually fell through.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
On 7 September 2015, a member of the board of advisors to 1MDB, Abdul Samad Alias, resigned stating that he did so after many of his requests for information on 1MDB affairs were ignored. 1MDB subsequently denied receiving repeated requests from Abdul Samad, stating that its president, Arul Kanda, had personally met Abdul Samad in January and March that year to "discuss the company's affairs".


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
1MDB had not had a proper external accounts audit since 2013, partly as a result of Deloitte Malaysia, their auditors at the start of that period, issuing a statement in July 2016 saying that their audit reports of 1MDB financial statements, dated 28 March 2014 and 5 November 2014 covering financial years 2013 and 2014 respectively, should no longer be relied upon.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
By early March 2015, with public discontent growing at the perceived lack of financial transparency at 1MDB, the Prime Minister, who was also the Chairman of 1MDB's Board of Advisors, ordered the Auditor General of Malaysia to carry out an audit of 1MDB. However, on completion of the audit, the final report was classified as an Official Secret and only made available to the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) tasked to investigate improprieties at 1MDB. Purported copies of the report however surfaced on the internet. After Najib's ouster in the 2018 general election, the much-leaked audit report was declassified by the new government on 12 May 2018.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency
In May 2018, after the formation of the new Cabinet following Pakatan Harapan's victory in the General Elections, Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng ordered the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a special position audit and review of 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Debts and rating downgrade
It was reported that by early 2015, 1MDB has accumulated debts of nearly RM 42 billion. Further alleged financial challenges caused 1MDB bonds to trade at a record low. Additionally, the Malaysian cabinet rejected a requested RM 3 billion cash injection by 1MDB, narrowing its options to pay off its debts on time.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Donation explanation from government
On 3 August 2015, the MACC stated that the RM 2.6 billion that had been banked into Najib's personal account came from donors, not 1MDB, but did not elaborate on who the donors were or why the funds were transferred, nor why this explanation had taken so long to emerge since the allegations were first made on 2 July 2015. UMNO Kuantan division chief Wan Adnan Wan Mamat later claimed that the RM 2.6 billion was from Saudi Arabia as thanks for fighting ISIS. He further claimed that the Muslim community in the Philippines as well as southern Thailand had also received similar donations, and that since the donations were made to Najib personally as opposed to UMNO, the funds were deposited into Najib's personal accounts.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Donation explanation from government
Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir said he was aware of the donation, and said that it was a genuine donation with nothing expected in return. Attorney-general Mohamad Apandi Ali has said that the donation was from one of the sons of the late Saudi King Abdullah, namely Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud. In an interview with ABC News, WSJ finance editor Ken Brown stated that the money did not come from the Saudis and they had evidence that it came from companies related to 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Bank Negara actions
Using the premise that 1MDB had used inaccurate or incomplete disclosure of information, Bank Negara, in early 2016, revoked permissions previously granted to 1MDB for investments abroad totalling $1.83 billion. Bank Negara then called for the Attorney General to begin criminal prosecution of 1MDB after completing its own investigations into 1MDB fund transfers. 1MDB responded that they were unable to repatriate the $1.83 billion demanded by Bank Negara because the funds had already been utilized.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports
The scandal took a dramatic twist on 28 August 2015 when a member of Najib Razak's own UMNO party filed a civil suit against him alleging a breach of duties as trustee and that he defrauded party members by failing to disclose receipt of the donated funds, and account for their use. This suit was filed in the Kuala Lumpur High Court and also named party executive secretary Abdul Rauf Yusof.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports
Expressing fear that Najib Razak would wield influence to remove any member of UMNO "for the sole purpose of avoiding liability", the court was also being moved for an injunction to restrain UMNO, its Supreme Council, state liaison body, divisions and branches from removing the nominal plaintiff as a party member pending the determination of the suit.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports
The plaintiff is also seeking a repayment amounting to $650 million, the amount allegedly deposited by Najib to a Singapore bank, an account of all monies that he had received in the form of donations, details of all monies in an AmPrivate Banking Account (No. 2112022009694), allegedly belonging to Najib, along with damages, costs, and other reliefs. One of the UMNO representatives, Anina Saadudin, who filed the lawsuit, was immediately expelled from the party.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports
Another police report was filed by a Johor UMNO member, Abdul Rashed Jamaludin, against Najib Razak, over the funds that went into his bank account and other wrongdoings at 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports
Another UMNO member, Khairuddin Abu Hassan, and his lawyer Matthias Chang, has submitted evidence on the 1MDB scandal to the Swiss attorney general for investigation into whether any Swiss banks had done business with 1MDB. Khairuddin also lodged a police report in Hong Kong against Najib Razak and Jho Low, pertaining to four companies: Alliance Assets International, Cityfield Enterprises, Bartingale International and Wonder Quest Investment, which had purported dealings with 1MDB. Khairuddin and Matthias were barred from leaving Malaysia. Khairuddin and Matthias were charged under the Security Offenses Act (SOSMA) under the pretext of sabotaging Malaysia's banking and financial sector.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Local lawsuits
The opposition People's Justice Party (PKR) has filed a lawsuit against Najib Razak, Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor, 1MDB and the Election Commission accusing them of violating election laws on campaign expenses, using funds from 1MDB. However, the Malaysian High Court threw out the suit, stating PKR had no legal standing to bring the suit against Najib and 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Local lawsuits
Former Prime Minister Mahathir has filed a lawsuit against Najib Razak for alleged interference in government investigations on 1MDB and the RM 2.6 billion political donation.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions
Following criticisms of the 1MDB issue, deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin was removed from office and his position was given to then Home Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi. Also removed from office was Rural and Regional Development Minister Shafie Apdal who was also critical of the 1MDB issue. Both were eventually expelled from UMNO in June 2016.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions
The attorney general Abdul Gani Patail, who was heading a multi-agency task force investigating claims of misappropriations of funds allegedly involving Najib Razak and 1MDB, was dismissed and his position given to Mohamed Apandi Ali, a former Federal Court judge. Additionally, the Public Action Committee that was investigating the purported losses in 1MDB was indefinitely postponed due to four of its members being given positions in Najib Razak's cabinet, namely the PAC chairman Nur Jazlan Mohamed, Reezal Merican Naina Merican, Wilfred Madius Tangau and Mas Ermieyati Samsudin.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions
The news publications The Edge Malaysia and The Edge Financial Daily were suspended, for three months in July 2015 for allegedly publishing false reports about 1MDB issues, by the Malaysian Home Ministry. Also in 2015, the website Sarawak Report was blocked by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, which regulates Internet services in Malaysia. The Malaysian police also issued an arrest warrant for Clare Rewcastle Brown, who was managing the Sarawak Report, alleging involvement in activities detrimental to parliamentary democracy and disseminating false reports about prime minister Najib.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions
The police also arrested UMNO member Khairuddin Abu Hassan after he lodged police reports in London, Singapore, France and Hong Kong regarding alleged financial improprieties by 1MDB. According to his lawyer, Khairuddin was going to the United States to meet with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to urge them to probe 1MDB over money laundering. However, the FBI's New York City office confirmed to the WSJ that no agent had arranged to meet Khairuddin or had any previous contact with him.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions
Former Kedah Menteri Besar Mukhriz Mahathir resigned his office on 3 February 2016, saying he did so because he had been told by Najib Razak that he was in the wrong by criticising him and 1MDB publicly. Four months later, in June, Mukhriz was expelled from UMNO. His father, Mahathir Mohamad, who had been Malaysia's fourth prime minister and who had been a Najib supporter since Najib assumed office, withdrew his support and quit UMNO later that same month.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions
Opposition member of parliament Rafizi Ramli was arrested and charged under the Official Secrets Act by the police and the government for leaking information about the Auditor General's report on 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions
The Home Ministry stated that they and Interpol had been unsuccessful in locating various individuals linked to 1MDB to help in facilitating their investigations, including business tycoon Jho Low, 1MDB's former senior executives Casey Tang Keng Chee and Jasmine Loo Ai Swan, SRC International managing director Nik Faisal Ariff Kamil, and Deutsche Bank country manager Yusof Annuar Yaacob.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions
Internet access was blocked by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), to websites including Medium.com, a social journalism platform over just a single article posted by Sarawak Report. Another website, Asia Sentinel, was blocked after carrying a Sarawak Report article related to MACC completing a probe that allegedly resulted in 37 charges being drawn up against Najib. The Malaysian Insider, was also blocked and its journalists investigated for carrying a report alleging that the MACC had found enough evidence in its investigations into Najib to charge him for corruption. Blocks were removed shortly after Najib's government was deposed.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Ramifications and debt restructuring default
The Malaysian Public Accounts Committee (PAC) inquiry into 1MDB revealed that the management of the fund acted without the board's approval and misled auditors several times, calling for the police to investigate its former manager. The PAC also found that the board of directors in which Najib Razak was the chairman failed in giving proper oversight of the fund's finances. The 1MDB board of directors immediately submitted their resignations after the PAC findings were made public. The PAC report stated that US$3.5 billion was paid to a company, Aabar Investments PJS, but IPIC released a statement that neither it or its subsidiary Aabar Investments PJS have any links to a British Virgin Islands-incorporated firm Aabar BVI or received any money from that BVI firm.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Ramifications and debt restructuring default
International Petroleum Investment Company made an announcement in a filing in the London Stock Exchange that 1MDB failed to make a US$1.1 billion payment as part of its debt restructuring agreement, and that the debt deal between the two companies has been terminated.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
After the 14th Malaysian general election on 9 May 2018 which marked a historic defeat for the Barisan Nasional coalition led by Najib Razak, Pakatan Harapan formed a new government led by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. The government set up a special task force headed by former Attorney General Tan Sri Abdul Gani Patail to renew investigations into the 1MDB scandal.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
The government barred Najib Razak from leaving the country, and the police seized cash and valuable items amounting to between RM 900 million and RM 1.1 billion ($220 million and $269 million) from residential units linked to Najib and his wife Rosmah Mansor. As claimed by the police, this was the biggest seizure in Malaysian history, with the seized items comprising more than 12,000 pieces of jewelry, 423 valuable watches and 567 handbags made up of 37 luxury brands. Najib was subsequently arrested by the MACC.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
In September 2018, he faced 25 charges relating to abuse of power and money laundering amounting to RM 2.3 billion ($556 million), on top of seven charges with criminal breach of trust and power abuse brought against him in the preceding two months. As of April 2019, he stands with 42 charges.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
The government has also issued arrest warrants against Jho Low and former director of SRC International Nik Faisal Ariff Kamil in a graft probe related to the state fund 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
On 28 June 2018, two days before the end of his employment contract, 1MDB sacked its president and Chief Executive Officer Arul Kanda on grounds of dereliction of duties.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
Media reports from June 2018 also indicate that the MACC froze bank accounts associated with UMNO, purportedly in relation to investigations into the 1MDB matter.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
In August 2018, Malaysian police filed criminal charges against Jho Low and his father Larry Low over money laundering of US$457 million, which was allegedly stolen from 1MDB and most of the cash used for purchasing the superyacht Equanimity. From 29 October through 28 November 2018, the Equanimity was up for auction by investigators (pending a US$1 million deposit). It was eventually sold to the Genting Group at $126 million.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
In December 2018, the Attorney-General Chambers of Malaysia filed criminal charges against subsidiaries of Goldman Sachs, their former employees Tim Leissner and Roger Ng Chong Hwa, former 1MDB employee Jasmine Loo, and Jho Low in connection with 1MDB bond offerings arranged and underwritten by Goldman Sachs in 2012 and 2013. The prosecutors were seeking criminal fines in excess of $2.7 billion misappropriated from the bonds proceeds, $600 million in fees received by Goldman Sachs, as well as custodial sentences against the individuals accused.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election
On 28 July 2020, Najib was found guilty in all seven charges related to SRC and was sentenced to 12 years' jail and a fine of RM 210 million ($49.5 million).


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Australia
The Australian fund management company Avestra Asset Management, which managed up to RM 2.32 billion in 1MDB funds, is being liquidated, and is under investigation by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission for reported breaches of the law and potential losses to its members. The Australian High Court has ordered five investment schemes run by Avestra to close down after discovering undisclosed related-party transactions, with 13 potential breaches of corporate law and failure to invest according to the fund's individual mandates.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Hong Kong
Hong Kong police have begun investigations regarding $250 million in Credit Suisse branch deposits in Hong Kong linked to Najib Razak and 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Indonesia
Indonesia seized the superyacht Equanimity on 28 February 2018 on the island of Bali at the request of the U.S. Department of Justice, as part of a corruption investigation linked to the 1MDB scandal. The Indonesian government returned the yacht to Malaysia in August 2018, following the activation of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties between Indonesia, the United States and Malaysia.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Luxembourg
State prosecutors in Luxembourg have also started money laundering investigations concerning 1MDB as it involved transfers of several hundred million dollars to an offshore company involving a bank account from Luxembourg. The bank in question is a private bank of the Edmond de Rothschild Group that manages money on behalf of wealthy clients.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Seychelles
The Seychelles's Financial Intelligence Unit is helping an international investigation into the troubled state fund 1MDB, by providing detailed information relating to offshore entities registered in Seychelles that are related to the international investigation.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Seychelles
1MBD has not contested, and appears unlikely to contest, any lawsuit which has arisen from the investigations of foreign investigating authorities.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore
In Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the Commercial Affairs Department have seized a number of bank accounts in Singapore for possible money-laundering offences related to investigations into alleged financial mismanagement at 1MDB. One of the bank accounts frozen belonged to Yak Yew Chee, who was the relationship manager for 1MDB Global Investments Ltd, Aabar Investment PJS Limited and SRC International and Low Taek Jho


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore
. Singaporean Yeo Jiawei, an ex-BSI banker, has been charged with money laundering and cheating offences as part of the Singapore probe into 1MDB, and Yeo's dealings with firms linked to 1MDB, Brazen Sky Ltd. and Bridge Partners Investment Management. A second individual, Kelvin Ang Wee Keng, was charged with corruption in connection with the Singaporean investigation into 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore
According to a joint statement from the Attorney General's Chambers and the Monetary Authority of Singapore, assets totalling S$240 million have been seized during their investigations into 1MDB. Of the bank accounts and properties seized were S$120 million belonging to Jho Low and his family.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore
In March 2017, MAS issued a 10-year prohibition order against former Goldman Sachs banker Tim Leissner for making false statements on behalf of his bank without its knowledge. The prohibition order, which prevents him from performing any regulated activity under the Securities and Futures Act and from managing any capital market services firm in Singapore, was extended in December 2018 from 10 years to lifetime after he admitted to charges related to an investigation into the 1MDB scandal.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore
In September 2018, the Singapore State Courts granted the return of 1MDB monies with a total value of S$15.3 million to Malaysia while solicitors for the Malaysian government stated that efforts to recover other unlawfully misappropriated assets were ongoing.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Switzerland
Swiss authorities under the direction of the Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland began to freeze bank accounts amounting to several million US dollars linked to 1MDB. The Swiss attorney general's office said its investigation revealed indications that funds estimated to be US$4 billion may have been misappropriated and said it was looking into four cases of potential criminal conduct. The Swiss prosecutor has said that money had been deposited into Swiss bank accounts of former Malaysian public officials and current and former officials of United Arab Emirates. Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (Finma) has begun investigations into several Swiss banks as part of the money laundering probe involving 1MDB.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Switzerland
On 15 March 2018, the Swiss parliament rejected a motion to return seized monies from their investigations into 1MDB to the Malaysian people, as had been lobbied for by Swiss politicians and non-governmental bodies. However, on 10 July 2018, Swiss Attorney General Michael Lauber indicated that Switzerland would not enrich itself by keeping illicit or stolen assets and be able to have the monies returned by legal obligations.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates has issued travel bans and frozen bank accounts of former Abu Dhabi sovereign-wealth fund International Petroleum Investment Company's employees Khadem al-Qubaisi and Mohammed Badawy Al Husseiny who had close connections to 1MDB, and may have used the British Virgin Islands-based Aabar Investments PJS to funnel money from 1MDB into various accounts and companies around the world.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United Kingdom
The UK's Serious Fraud Office has begun an investigations into money laundering involving 1MDB, after it was highlighted by the investigative journalist Clare Rewcastle Brown and the Sarawak Report. The UK's investigation is focusing on the transfer of money from 1MDB funds in Malaysia to Switzerland as it involved Royal Bank of Scotland's branch in Zurich.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
The Wall Street Journal reported in 2015 that the Federal Bureau of Investigation had begun investigations into money laundering involving 1MDB. The international corruption unit of the US Department of Justice (DOJ) began a probe into property purchases in the United States involving Najib Razak's stepson Riza Aziz and the transfer of millions of dollars into Najib Razak's personal account.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
The probe was looking at properties purchased by shell companies belonging to Riza Aziz and close family friend Jho Low. Investment banks such as JPMorgan Chase & Co., Deutsche Bank AG and Wells Fargo were asked by the DOJ to retain and turn over records that might be related to improper transfers from 1MDB. The FBI issued subpoenas to several past and present employees of film production company Red Granite Pictures, co-founded by Najib Razak's stepson Riza Aziz, also its chairman, in regards to allegations that US$155 million was diverted from 1MDB to help finance the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
Also under scrutiny by the FBI and DOJ was the role of global investment bank Goldman Sachs in alleged money laundering and corruption. The FBI probed the connection between Najib and a regional top executive of Goldman Sachs, and the nature of the latter's involvement in multibillion-dollar deals with 1MDB. Tim Leissner, the former chairman of Goldman Sachs' Southeast Asia branch and husband of Kimora Lee Leissner, was issued a subpoena by the DOJ as part of their investigations.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
In the July 2016 DOJ civil lawsuit, a high-ranking government official having control over 1MDB, who was referred to more than 30 times as "Malaysian Official 1" ("MO1"), was alleged to have received around US$681 million (RM 2.8 billion) of stolen 1MDB money via Falcon Bank in Singapore on 21 and 25 March 2013, of which US$650 million (RM 2.0 billion) was sent back to Falcon Bank on 30 August 2013. In September 2016, Najib Razak was identified as "MO1" by Datuk Abdul Rahman Dahlan, then Minister in the Prime Minister's Department. The wife of "MO1", Rosmah Mansor, was also alleged to have received US$30 million worth of jewels financed from pilfered 1MDB funds.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
In June 2017, the DOJ began actions to recover more than US$1 billion from people close to Najib and 1MDB, seizing assets including high-end properties in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, Manhattan, New York City and London, as well as fine artwork, a private jet, a luxury yacht and royalties from the film The Wolf of Wall Street and its production company Red Granite Pictures. On 7 March 2018, in California courts, the producers of the film agreed to pay US$60 million to settle DOJ's claims that they financed the movie with money siphoned from 1MDB. The claims were settled in August 2018, with the settlement stipulating that the payment should not be construed as "an admission of wrongdoing or liability on the part of Red Granite".


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
On 1 November 2018, the DOJ announced that two former Goldman Sachs bankers, Tim Leissner and Roger Ng, as well as Malaysian fugitive financier Jho Low, were charged over funds misappropriated from 1MDB and paying bribes to various Malaysian and Abu Dhabi officials. Tim Leissner admitted in a plea that more than US$200 million in proceeds from 1MDB bonds flowed into accounts controlled by him and a relative.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
He agreed to forfeit US$43.7 million (RM 185 million) and pleaded guilty to conspiring to launder money and violate the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, while Roger Ng was arrested in Malaysia at the request of DOJ and extradited to the US for prosecution before returning and facing charges in Malaysia. According to Roger Ng's lawyers, he was infected with Dengue fever and leptospirosis while in Malaysian jail and lost a significant amount of weight.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
On 30 November 2018, the DOJ announced that George Higginbotham, a former DOJ employee, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to deceive US banks about the source and purpose of foreign funds for a lobbying campaign against the US investigations into the 1MDB scandal. The DOJ filed a lawsuit to recover more than US$73 million (RM 305 million) in American bank accounts that Higginbotham helped open on behalf of Jho Low to finance the lobbying campaign. Further in May 2019, the DOJ announced that it had charged Jho Low and former Fugees rapper Pras for conspiring to funnel US$21.6 million from overseas accounts into the 2012 presidential election.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
On 1 November 2019, Barron's reported that Jho Low had forfeited over $100 million in luxury homes as part of a settlement with prosecutors in the United States. Overall, he agreed to give up some $700 million in assets to the U.S. Department of Justice to have charges dropped, without admitting guilt.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States
US President Donald Trump’s fundraiser Elliott Broidy was charged by the Federal authorities in the violation of Foreign Agents Registration Act as per public court filing published on 8th October 2020. Broidy reportedly took $6 million from agents of Malaysia and China to lobby officials from the administration to end the investigation 1MDB scandal. Broidy was also charged for lobbying White House officials in alignment to UAE’s interest.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets
Malaysia has so far recovered US$322 million (RM1.3 billion) worth of 1MDB assets since its renewed investigations into the 1MDB scandal after the 14th General Election in May 2018.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets
Steps have been taken to preserve the value of the assets caught up in the case, including the sale of the Park Lane Hotel in New York in November 2018, a step endorsed by the U.S. DOJ, in accordance with the rule of law and on the basis of no admission of wrongdoing or liability. In August 2018, Malaysian authorities seized a yacht allegedly purchased by Low, selling it some eight months later to minimize the costs associated with maintaining it. A spokesperson for Low described the seizure as "illegal".


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets
The recovered funds include the sum of US$126 million from the Equanimity judicially sold to the Genting Group, US$139 million to be returned by the United States after sale of Jho Low's interest in Park Lane Hotel in Manhattan, and US$57 million from a forfeiture settlement of Red Granite Pictures, which has been repatriated to Malaysia after deducting the costs incurred for investigations, seizures and litigation.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets
Apart from the above, another sum of S$50 million (RM152 million) related to 1MDB has been ordered by the Singapore Courts to be repatriated.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets
Malaysia has been working with at least six countries to recover about US$4.5 billion worth of assets allegedly stolen from 1MDB, in which US$1.7 billion (RM7 billion) worth of assets have been sought by the DOJ to forfeit.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets
On 15 April 2020, it was reported that the DOJ had returned US$300 million in funds stolen during the 1MDB scandal to Malaysia.


1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets
On 24 July 2020, it was announced that the Malaysian government would receive US$2.5 billion in cash from Goldman Sachs, and a guarantee from the bank they would also return US$1.4 billion in assets linked to 1MDB bonds. Put together this was substantially less than the US$7.5 billion that had been previously demanded by the Malaysian finance minister. At the same time, the Malaysian government agreed to drop all criminal charges against the bank and that it would cease legal proceedings against 17 current and former Goldman directors. Some commentators argued that Goldman had got away with a very good deal.


1Malaysia People's Housing Programme
The 1Malaysia Housing Programme or Perumahan Rakyat 1Malaysia (PR1MA) is a housing development programme in Malaysia. It was launched on 4 July 2011 by former Prime Minister Najib Razak. It is managed by the government owned company Perbadanan PR1MA Malaysia under the Ministry of Housing and Local Government.


1Malaysia for Youth
1Malaysia for Youth, usually stylised as iM4U, was an initiative of the former Malaysian government of Barisan Nasional (BN) led by Najib Razak. It was created to encourage the volunteerism among Malaysian youth.


1Malaysia for Youth, History
The program launched in July 2012 and in January 2013 the first group of twenty iM4U ambassadors was announced.


1Malaysia for Youth, DRe1M
In addition to encourage volunteering, 1M4U offers funds to any youth organisations through the Dana Sukarelawan 1Malaysia (DRe1M) initiative. The funds were disbursed according to the submitted proposal.


1Malaysia for Youth, Number Plate Prefixes
In conjunction with the 1Malaysia for Youth movement, former Malaysian Prime Minister Dato' Sri Mohammad Najib Razak, introduced a new special prefix of number plates, named 1M4U. Sale of the number plate prefix started on 10 March 2013. The former Malaysian Prime Minister himself was set to get the number plate 1M4U 11, as 11 being his favorite number.


1Malaysia for Youth, Number Plate Prefixes
The objective of introducing this special prefix is to raise funds as support for the movement's activities. Some were donated to the Poverty Eradication Foundation, the Malaysian Children's Hope Foundation and the National Athletes Welfare Foundation.


1Malaysia for Youth, Dissolution
IM4U became dormant and was dissolved after the downfall of BN government in the 2018 general election.


1N400x general-purpose diode
The 1N400x (or 1N4001 or 1N4000) series is a family of popular one-ampere general-purpose silicon rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common household appliances. Its blocking voltage varies from 50 volts (1N4001) to 1000 volts (1N4007). This JEDEC device number series is available in the DO-41 axial package. Diodes with similar ratings are available in SMA and MELF surface mount packages (in other part number series).


1N400x general-purpose diode
The 1N540x (or 1N5400) series is a similarly popular family of diodes rated 3 Amperes. These diodes use the larger DO-201AD axial package to dissipate heat better.


1N400x general-purpose diode, History
The 1N400x series was originally introduced by Motorola's Semiconductor Products Division and registered at JEDEC in 1963 as a silicon power rectifiers primarily for military and industrial applications. It appeared in the Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual in 1965, as replacements for 1N2609 through 1N2617. The 1N540x series were announced in Electrical Design News in 1968, along with the now lesser-known 1.5 A 1N5391 series.


1N400x general-purpose diode, Overview
These devices are widely used and recommended for general-purpose power-frequency rectifier use. They are commonly used as rectifiers in AC adapters of electrical appliances to convert AC to DC, and are also used in other types of power converters, or as freewheeling diodes to protect circuits from inductive loads.


1N400x general-purpose diode, Overview
These are fairly low-speed rectifier diodes, being inefficient for square waves of more than 15 kHz. They are not designed for switching applications; datasheets often don't specify any information on their turn-on and turn-off characteristics.


1N400x general-purpose diode, Overview
Compared with signal diodes, rectifier diodes generally have higher current ratings, can have much higher reverse voltage ratings, but have higher leakage current and  greater junction capacitance.


1N400x general-purpose diode, Overview
The following table lists part numbers in the 1N400x, 1N540x, and other popular general-purpose silicon rectifier diode families.


1N4148 signal diode
The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. Its name follows the JEDEC nomenclature. The 1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about 100 MHz with a reverse-recovery time of no more than 4 ns.


1N4148 signal diode, History
Texas Instruments announced the 1N914 diode in 1960. It was registered at JEDEC by Texas Instruments no later than 1961, and was second-sourced by 11 manufacturers in 1961.


1N4148 signal diode, History
The 1N4148 was registered at JEDEC in 1968 as a silicon switching signal diode for military and industrial applications. It was second-sourced by many manufacturers; Texas Instruments listed their version of the device in an October 1966 data sheet.


1N4148 signal diode, History
Today manufacturers produce the 1N4148 and sell it as the 1N914 too. These device types have an enduring popularity in low-current applications.


1N4148 signal diode, Overview
As the most common mass-produced switching diode, the 1N4148 replaced the older 1N914. They differed mainly in their leakage current specification, however, today most manufacturers list common specifications. For example, Vishay lists the same leakage current for both parts:


1N4148 signal diode, Overview, Packages
The JEDEC registered part numbers 1N914 and 1N4148 were originally only available in an axial package, but over time similar parts became available in surface-mount packages too.


1N4148 signal diode, Overview, Packages
Note: Some 1N4148 family surface-mount packages are marked with "T4" text.


1N4148 signal diode, Overview, Specifications
Absolute maximum ratings (stress ratings, consult datasheet for recommended ratings)


1N58xx Schottky diodes
The 1N58xx is a series of medium power, fast, low voltage Schottky diodes, which consists of part number numbers 1N5817 through 1N5825.


1N58xx Schottky diodes, Overview
The 1N581x are typically packaged in the DO-41 axial through-hole case, and in many cases are interchangeable with the 1N4001 series. The 1N582x are typically packaged in the DO-201AD through-hole case, and in many cases are interchangeable with the 1N54xx series.


1N58xx Schottky diodes, Overview
Being Schottky diodes, the 1N58xx parts have roughly half the forward voltage drop of the 1N400x/1N540x series diodes, which improves efficiency in applications where they are usually forward-biased, such as power converters. The cost is a lower voltage rating and higher reverse leakage (approximately 1 mA at room temperature and increasing with temperature).


1N58xx Schottky diodes, Overview
Common surface-mount relatives of the 1N58xx series are the SS1x and SS3x series, such the SS14 (1 ampere) and SS34 (3 ampere) surface-mount parts.


1P-ETH-LAD
1P-ETH-LAD (1-propionyl-6-ethyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethyamide) is an analog of LSD. 1P-ETH-LAD is a psychedelic drug similar to LSD. Research has shown formation of ETH-LAD from 1P-ETH-LAD incubated in human serum, suggesting that it functions as a prodrug. It is part of the lysergamide chemical class. Like ETH-LAD, this drug has been reported to be significantly more potent than LSD itself, and is reported to largely mimic ETH-LAD's psychedelic effects.


1P-ETH-LAD
1P-ETH-LAD has little history of human usage before January 2016.


1P-LSD
1P-LSD or 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide class that is a derivative and functional analogue of LSD and a homologue of ALD-52. It has been sold online as a designer drug since 2015. It modifies the LSD molecule by adding a propionyl group to the nitrogen molecule of LSD's indole.


1P-LSD, Pharmacology
But since LSD is detected when 1P-LSD is incubated in human serum, 1P-LSD acts, at least in part, as a prodrug for LSD.


1P-LSD, Effects
The effects profile of 1P-LSD is not well defined in the scientific literature. It is generally thought to be comparable to that of LSD. Many anecdotal reports indicate that 1P-LSD has a slightly shorter duration than LSD in humans, with the majority of users stating that they cannot distinguish the qualitative effects of 1P-LSD from LSD.


1P-LSD, Legal status
1P-LSD is a controlled substance in France, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Japan, Latvia, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Singapore and the Czech Republic (banned in 2018).


1P78-1 Kashtan
1P78 is one of the newer optics (telescopic sight) to be supplied to the Russian Armed Forces. With a magnification of 2.8 it is similar to the Trijicon Acog, and the PO 3.5x21P. This is the very reason why it is replacing the standard issue PSO-1 currently being used in large numbers by the Russian military.


1P78-1 Kashtan, Design
The 1P78-1 weighing at 1.1 lbs it has an incredibly good field of view providing an excellent bird's eye of the battlefield. Making this the standard issue sight for the infantry riflemen in the Russian Military. Like many Russian sights it has a rubber eye cup for eye care, and also has an orange/yellow coating implemented to reduce eye strain and to enhance clarity, which is severely important for the design of a scope. The scope is illuminated by tritium meaning that there aren't any batteries or circuits.


1P78-1 Kashtan, Design
It is permanently on and the operator doesn't have to worry about anything. When light levels are high the reticle appears black, but as light levels darken the tritium goes into action and illuminates as it gets darker. The darker it is, the more visible the illumination is. This sight is on the more modern side when it comes to Soviet/Russian sights. It is a quite simple, yet smart design.