20 July plot, Aftermath
A member of the SA convicted of participating in the plot was Obergruppenführer Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf, who was the Orpo Police Chief of Berlin and had been in contact with members of the resistance since before the war. Collaborating closely with Arthur Nebe, he was supposed to direct all police forces in Berlin to stand down and not interfere in the military actions to seize the government. However, his actions on 20 July had little influence on the events. For his involvement in the conspiracy, he was later arrested, convicted of treason and executed.


20 July plot, Aftermath
After 3 February 1945, when Freisler was killed in an American air raid, there were no more formal trials, but as late as April, with the war weeks away from its end, Canaris' diary was found, and many more people were implicated. Hans Von Dohnanyi was accused of being the "spiritual leader" of the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler, and executed 6 April 1945. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, whom Von Dohnanyi had recruited into the Abwehr, was executed 9 April 1945 along with Canaris, Oster, and 4 others. Executions continued to the last days of the war.


20 July plot, Aftermath
Hitler took his survival to be a "divine moment in history", and commissioned a special decoration to be made for each person wounded or killed in the blast. The result was the Wound Badge of 20 July 1944. The badges were struck in three values: gold, silver, and black (the colours denoted the severity of the wounds received by each recipient). A total of 100 badges were manufactured, and 47 are believed to have actually been awarded. Each badge was accompanied by an ornate award document personally signed by Hitler. The badges themselves bore a facsimile of his signature, making them among the rarest decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany.


20 July plot, Aftermath
For his role in stopping the coup, Major Remer was promoted to colonel and ended the war as a major general. After the war, he co-founded the Socialist Reich Party and remained a prominent Neo-Nazi and advocate of Holocaust Denial until his death in 1997.


20 July plot, Aftermath
Philipp von Boeselager, the German officer who provided the plastic explosives used in the bomb, escaped detection and survived the war. He was the second-to-last survivor of those involved in the plot and died on 1 May 2008, aged 90. The last survivor of the 20 July Plot was Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, the thwarted plotter of just a few months before. He died on 8 March 2013, aged 90.


20 July plot, Aftermath
As a result of the failed coup, every member of the Wehrmacht was required to reswear his loyalty oath, by name, to Hitler and, on 24 July 1944, the military salute was replaced throughout the armed forces with the Hitler Salute in which the arm was outstretched and the salutation Heil Hitler was given.


20 July plot, Planned government
The conspirators had earlier designated positions in secret to form a government that would take office after the assassination of Hitler were it to prove successful. Because of the plot's failure, such a government never rose to power and most of its members were executed.


20 July plot, Planned government
The following were slated for these roles as of July 1944:


20 July plot, Planned government
Albert Speer was listed in several notes of the conspirators as a possible Minister of Armaments; however, most of these notes stated Speer should not be approached until after Hitler was dead and one conjectural government chart had a question mark beside Speer's name. This most likely saved Speer from arrest by the SS in addition to Speer being one of Hitler's closest and most trusted friends.


20 July plot, Planned government
Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany was also under suspicion as he was touted to be head of state after Hitler.


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
The extent of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's involvement in the military's resistance against Hitler or the 20 July plot is difficult to ascertain, as most of the leaders who were directly involved did not survive and limited documentation on the conspirators' plans and preparations exists. Historians' opinions on this matter vary greatly. According to Peter Hoffmann, he had turned into Hitler's resolute opponent and in the end supported the coup (though not the assassination itself).


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
He was even the natural leader of the opposition in France to some extent, considering the fact he had drawn a lot of military and political personnel into his orbit in preparation of a "Western solution".


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
Ralf Georg Reuth thinks that the conspirators perhaps mistook Rommel's ambiguous attitude for approval of the assassination, considering: the conspirators normally did not explicitly mention the assassination; Rommel was very naive and attached to Hitler (who was the personification of National Socialism, which had provided Rommel with a great career) and thus even if Hofacker had mentioned a violent upheaval in Berlin, he would not have interpreted it as an assassination. Thus, Rommel's participation remains ambiguous and the perception of it largely has its source in the subsequent events (especially Rommel's forced suicide) and the accounts by surviving participants.


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
According to a post-war account by Karl Strölin, the Oberbürgermeister of Stuttgart at that time, he and two other conspirators, Alexander von Falkenhausen and Carl Heinrich von Stülpnagel began efforts to bring Rommel into the anti-Hitler conspiracy in early 1944. On 15 April 1944 Rommel's new chief of staff, Hans Speidel, arrived in Normandy and reintroduced Rommel to Stülpnagel. Speidel had previously been connected to Carl Goerdeler, the civilian leader of the resistance, but not to the plotters led by Stauffenberg, and only came to the attention of Stauffenberg due to his appointment to Rommel's headquarters. The conspirators felt they needed the support of a field marshal on active duty. Witzleben was a field marshal, but had not been on active duty since 1942. The conspirators gave instructions to Speidel to bring Rommel into their circle.


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
Speidel met with former foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath and Strölin on 27 May in Germany, ostensibly at Rommel's request, although the latter was not present. Neurath and Strölin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations in the West, and, according to Speidel, Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations. Around the same timeframe, however, the plotters in Berlin were not aware that Rommel had reportedly decided to take part in the conspiracy. On 16 May, they informed Allen Dulles, through whom they hoped to negotiate with the Western Allies, that Rommel could not be counted on for support. Three days before the assassination attempt, on 17 July, Rommel's staff car was strafed by an Allied aircraft in France; he was hospitalised with major injuries and incapacitated on 20 July.


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
Rommel opposed assassinating Hitler. After the war, his widow maintained that he believed an assassination attempt would spark a civil war. According to journalist and author William L. Shirer, Rommel knew about the conspiracy and advocated that Hitler be arrested and placed on trial.


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
The historian Ian Becket argues that "there is no credible evidence that Rommel had more than limited and superficial knowledge of the plot" and concludes that he would not have acted to aid the plotters in the aftermath of the attempt on 20 July, while the historian Ralf Georg Reuth contends that "there was no indication of any active participation of Rommel in the conspiracy." Historian Richard J. Evans concluded that he knew of a plot, but was not involved.


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
What is not debated are the results of the failed bomb plot of 20 July. Many conspirators were arrested and the dragnet expanded to thousands. Consequently, it did not take long for Rommel to come under suspicion. He was primarily implicated through his connection to Kluge. Rommel's name also came up in confessions made under torture by Stülpnagel and Hofacker, and was included in Goerdeler's papers on a list of potential supporters. Hofacker confessed that Rommel had agreed to demand for Hitler to step down, and if he refused, Rommel would join the other conspirators in deposing Hitler. Rommel was also planned to become a member of the post-Hitler government in papers drawn up by Goerdeler.


20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement
Hitler knew it would cause a major scandal on the home front to have the popular Rommel publicly branded as a traitor. With this in mind, he opted to give Rommel the option of suicide via cyanide or a public trial by Freisler's People's Court. Rommel was well aware that being hauled before the People's Court was tantamount to a death sentence. He also knew that if he chose to stand trial, his family would have been severely punished even before the all-but-certain conviction and execution. With this in mind, he committed suicide on 14 October 1944. He was buried with full military honours and his family was spared from persecution; his cause of death did not come to light until after the war.


20 July plot, Criticism, Involvement in war crimes and atrocities
Involvement of the plotters in war crimes and atrocities has been studied by historians such as Christian Gerlach. Gerlach proved that plotters such as Tresckow and Gersdorff were aware of mass murder happening in the East from at least 1941. He writes: "Especially with reference to the murder of the Jews, [it is said that] 'the SS' had deceived the officers by killing in secret, filing incomplete reports or none at all; if general staff offices protested, the SS threatened them." Gerlach concludes: "This is, of course, nonsense."


20 July plot, Criticism, Involvement in war crimes and atrocities
Tresckow also "signed orders for the deportation of thousands of orphaned children for forced labor in the Reich"—the so-called Heu-Aktion. Such actions lead historians to question the motives of the plotters, which seemed more concerned with the military situation than with Nazi atrocities and German war crimes. However some others assert that, in such actions, Tresckow had to act out of principle to continue with his coup plans.


20 July plot, Criticism, Involvement in war crimes and atrocities
Gerlach pointed out that the plotters had "selective moral criteria" and while they were concerned about Jews being exterminated in the Holocaust, they were far less disturbed about mass murder of civilians in the East. To Gerlach, the primary motivation of the plotters was to ensure German victory in the war or at least prevent defeat. Gerlach's arguments were later supported by historian Hans Mommsen, who stated that the plotters were interested above all in military victory. But Gerlach's arguments were also criticized by some scholars, among them Peter Hoffmann from McGill University and Klaus Jochen Arnold from the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.


20 July plot, Criticism, Involvement in war crimes and atrocities
While acknowledging that Tresckow and other 20 July conspirators had been involved in war crimes, Arnold writes that Gerlach's argument is oversimplified. In 2011, Danny Orbach, a Harvard-based historian, wrote that Gerlach's reading of the sources is highly skewed, and, at times, diametrically opposed to what they actually say. In one case, according to Orbach, Gerlach had falsely paraphrased the memoir of the resistance fighter Colonel Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, and in another case, quoted misleadingly from an SS document. Hence, Orbach concludes that Gerlach's thesis on the German resistance is highly unreliable.


20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory
A 1951 survey by the Allensbach Institute revealed that "Only a third of respondents had a positive opinion about the men and women who had tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the Nazi regime."


20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory
The "first official memorial service for the resistance fighters of July 20" was held on the tenth anniversary in 1954. In his speech at the event, Theodor Heuss, the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany, said that "harsh words" were necessary, and that "There have been cases of refusal to carry out orders that have achieved historic greatness." After this speech, public opinion in Germany began to shift.


20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory
Nonetheless, a 1956 proposal to name a school after Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was opposed by a majority of citizens, and, according to Deutsche Welle,


20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory
East Germany's communist leadership had ignored the assassination attempt for decades, mainly because the conservative and aristocratic conspirators around Stauffenberg did not match the socialist ideal.


20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory
The first all-German commemoration of the event did not take place until 1990. In 2013, the last surviving member of the plot, Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, died in Munich. As of 2014, the resistance fighters are generally considered heroes in Germany, according to Deutsche Welle.


20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory
Memorial at the Bendlerblock: "Here died for Germany on 20 July 1944" (followed by the names of the principal conspirators)


20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory
Memorial at the cemetery (Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof, Berlin) where the corpses were buried but afterwards removed to an unknown place


20 June 1981 Iranian protests
The 20 June 1981 Iranian protests, also known as the 30 Khordad protests, was a one-day anti–Islamic Republic protest organized by the People's Mujahedin of Iran on 20 June 1981 in various Iranian cities in response to the impeachment of the then president Abolhassan Banisadr.


20 June 1981 Iranian protests, Background
A few days before the protest, Asadollah Lajevardi ordered the arrests of Massoud Rajavi and Mousa Khiabani; but the security forces could not locate them.


20 June 1981 Iranian protests, Events
On 20 June 1981 protests were seen in Tehran, Isfahan, Urmia, Shiraz, Arak, Ahvaz, and Bandar Abbas. Protests in Tehran were focused in the city centre and around areas such as Enghelab street, Ferdowsi square, Moniriyeh square, Taleghani street, and Vali Asr street. The government responded swiftly, at least 16 were killed and 1000 arrested near the University of Tehran.


20 June 2010 Baghdad bombings
20 June 2010 Baghdad bombings were carried out by two suicide bombers outside Trade Bank of Iraq. At least 26 people were killed and 50 people were injured when two suicide bombers drove their cars and exploded them simultaneously in front of the bank's headquarters in central Baghdad. The two cars, each carrying 80 kilograms (180 lb) of ammonium nitrate exploded after striking the blast walls protecting the bank.


20 Kilomètres de Paris
The 20 Kilomètres de Paris (Paris 20 km) is an annual road running competition over 20 kilometres which takes place on the streets of Paris, France in October. First held in 1979, the race attracts top level international competitors and holds IAAF Silver Label Road Race status.


20 Kilomètres de Paris
The competition was the idea of Michel Jazy, a French runner who was an Olympic medallist and two-time European Champion. The first edition was held through a joint effort by the Council of Paris and ASCAIR (the French Airforce's body for sport). The race has been organised under the auspices of ASCAIR since then.


20 Kilomètres de Paris
The course for the competition has a double looped, figure 8 style. The start point of the race is in the Trocadéro near the Eiffel Tower and runners then cross the River Seine over the Pont d'Iéna. It heads in an anti-clockwise loop through Bois de Boulogne before completing a smaller, clockwise loop along the banks of the Seine. The finish point is the Musée du quai Branly. The original race distance was 20.3 km, but this was reduced to 20 km in 1981. As a result of poor race organisation at the starting point, athlete's times from 1981 to 1992 are not accepted for record purposes; unusually quick times were recorded as some runners began the race a whole minute before the official starter's gun had been fired.


20 Kilomètres de Paris
The men's and women's course records for the 20 km race are held by Kenyan athletes: Evans Cheruiyot completed the distance in 57:19 minutes in 2005 and Sarah Chepchirchir's time of 1:05:03 hours was set in 2013.


20 Kilomètres de Paris
The race organisers abide by their own charter of ethics which – aside from outlining typical races rules and safety issues – includes the aims of increasing inclusion of women in the sport of running and promotion of environmentally friendly attitudes.


20 Kilomètres de Paris, Past winners
Key:  Course record  Timings invalid (False start or short course)


20 Lancers (India)
20th Lancers is an armoured regiment in the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. The regiment distinguished itself in operations with its defence of Chhamb in Jammu and Kashmir during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War and won one Maha Vir Chakra. It has provided one Chief of Army Staff and two Army Commanders.


20 Lancers (India), Origin
The regiment was formed in 1921 by amalgamating 14th Murray's Jat Lancers (raised 1857) with 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis) (raised 1858). The regiment served till 1937, when it was removed from the order of battle and deactivated. It was converted into a training regiment of the 3rd Indian Cavalry group with a permanent station at Lucknow. This eventually evolved into the Indian Armoured Corps Training Centre at Lucknow. Following the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the regiment was allotted to India. The centre moved in 1948 to Ahmednagar and merged with other establishments to become the Armoured Corps Centre and School.


20 Lancers (India), Origin
The regiment was re-raised by the Indian Army on 10 July 1956 at Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The first Commanding Officer of the re-raised regiment was Lieutenant Colonel Umrao Singh. The regiment was equipped with AMX-13 tanks. When the regiment was re-raised, the Officer's Mess Silver of the old 20th Lancers was handed over to it. The troops on raising were from the Sikhs of the 6th DCO Lancers which were transferred to 8th Light Cavalry and half of the squadron of the Jodhpur Lancers which were transferred to the 7th Light Cavalry. The present class composition is Jats and Rajputs.


20 Lancers (India), Origin
The Pakistan Army raised an armoured regiment called 20th Lancers on 20 June 1956, which it considers to be the successor of the old 20th Lancers of the British Indian Army.


20 Lancers (India), Regimental Insignia
The Regimental insignia consists of crossed lances with pennons in red and white, overlaid with the Ashoka Lion Capital above and the Roman numeral "XX" below and a scroll at the base with the words ‘Lancers’.


20 Lancers (India), Operations
To counter the Chinese offensive against Indian forces in the western sector, it was decided to send six AMX-13 tanks (two troops) of the 20 Lancers to Chushul in south-eastern Ladakh using Antonov An-12 transport aircraft. The first batch of tanks were loaded on to An-12 aircraft in Chandigarh on the intervening night of 24 and 25 October 1962 and landed in Chushul – 15,000 feet above the sea level – on the morning of 25 October 1962. The second batch was loaded the following night and airlifted to Chushul on 26 October.


20 Lancers (India), Operations
The troops were part of the 114 Infantry Brigade. The army deployed tanks at the base of Gurung Hill, a towering feature on one side of the Spanggur Gap to deny the approach of the advancing Chinese Army and secure the crucial approaches leading to Chushul and Leh. The effectiveness of the Indian tanks prevented the Chinese advance towards the Chushul airfield, located between Chushul village and Gurung Hill.


20 Lancers (India), Operations
The regiment saw action in Chhamb-Jourian in Jammu & Kashmir. 20 Lancers was under command of the 10th Infantry Division during the 1965 operations. Pakistan's surprise attack on 1 September, 1965 (Operation Grand Slam) fell on 191 Infantry Brigade, which was supported by 'C' Squadron of the regiment under Maj Bhaskar Roy. The armoured attack comprised two regiments of medium tanks, M-48 Pattons and M-36 Sherman B-2 tank destroyers. The attack began at 0805 hours and was strongly resisted. During the initial phases of the attack, Roy destroyed 6 Pattons, 3 recoil-less guns and captured a jeep.


20 Lancers (India), Operations
A second attack was launched by Pakistani armour at 1100 hours and contested by the AMX-13s of 20 Lancers, which despite being outgunned and outnumbered, destroyed a total 13 tanks that day and prevented the encirclement of 191 Infantry Brigade. The regiment later fought in the defence of Jaurian under 41 Infantry Brigade. For the defense of Chhamb-Jaurian, the regiment was awarded a theatre honour and Maj Bhaskar Roy was awarded Maha Vir Chakra for his leadership in this action.


20 Lancers (India), Operations
The regiment had moved from Akhnoor to Jaisalmer in 1967. It was commanded by  Lieutenant Colonel Bawa Guruvachan Singh and was under 12 Infantry Division of Southern Command and equipped with AMX -13 tanks. The regiment took part in the Battle of Longewala, which began on night of 4th December 1971, halting the Pakistani attack and then advancing into Pakistani territory.


20 Lancers (India), Battle honours
Neuve Chapelle - France and Flanders 1914-15 - Kut al Amara 1917 - Sharqat - Mesopotamia 1916-18 - Persia 1916-19 - NW Frontier India - 1915


20 Lancers (India), Other awards and honours
The regiment was presented the President’s Standards on at Sangrur, Punjab 1978 by the then President of India, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.


20 Lekë
20 Lekë (20 L) coins have a value of 20 Albanian lek.


20 Leonis Minoris
20 Leonis Minoris is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Leo Minor. It is faintly visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +5.4. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 66.46 mas, it is located 49 light years from the Sun. The star has a relatively high proper motion and is moving away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +56 km/s. The system made its closest approach about 150,000 years ago when it came within 32.2 ly (9.86 pc).


20 Leonis Minoris
The primary member of this system is a G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G3 Va Hδ1. It has 12% more mass and a 25% larger radius than the Sun. The star is about seven billion years old and is spinning with a rotation period of 10.6 days. The small companion is an active red dwarf star that has a relatively high metallicity. The two stars are currently separated by 14.5 arc seconds, corresponding to a projected separation of 2016 AU.


20 Leonis Minoris
In 2020, a candidate exoplanet was detected orbiting 20 Leonis Minoris (HD 86728). With a minimum mass of 0.032 MJ (10.2 M⊕) and an orbital period of 31 days, this would most likely be a hot Neptune.


20 Lights
20 Lights is the first solo extended play by American rapper Berner. It was released on January 6, 2015 via Bern One Entertainment. Production was handled by Cheeze, Cozmo, Ricky P, Sean T, Sledgren, The Elevaterz and Max Perry. It features guest appearances from Ampichino, Curren$y, Mac Dre, Migos, Smiggz, The Jacka and Wiz Khalifa. The album peaked at number 95 on the Billboard 200. Music video for "OT" was directed by David Camarena.


20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point
20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed former residence used by the NSW State Government as a boarding house for more than 100 years but now restored and conserved to its former condition as a gentleman's residence when first built between 1841 qnd 1843 nowlocated at 20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, History
Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. Constructed during the early 1840s as one of a pair of London style townhouses, representing a significant streetscape element. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1983.


20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, Description
Substantial Georgian style, six bedroom townhouse, based on the London model. Four storeys with separate kitchen/servants quarters and attic. Portico with ionic columns shared with neighbour. Iron lace cantilevered balcony on second storey, onto which open three french doors. Storeys: four; Construction: Painted rendered stone, slate roof. Iron lace on timber structured balcony. Style: Georgian.


20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
As at 23 November 2000, this property is one of two Regency style townhouses based on the London model of four storeys with separate brick kitchen building having servants quarters above, and is in almost intact exterior condition.


20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.


20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 861 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest
On 20 March 2003, the day after the invasion of Iraq had begun, thousands of protests and demonstrations were held around the world in opposition to it. In many cases, these protests were known as "Day X" protests, reflecting the fact that they had been organized to occur when war started, whatever day that might have been. At least 350,000 people participated. The previous protests in February had been substantially larger.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States
In some United States cities, including Washington, DC, Chicago, San Francisco, New York, Pittsburgh, and Portland, Oregon, demonstrators blocked traffic in the city centers with the goal of shutting the cities down. In other cities, such as Boston, Atlanta, and Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, demonstrations were less confrontational. However in other cities, including Auburn, Indiana and St. Paul, Minnesota, people counter-demonstrated in support of the war.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States
In San Francisco, well over 5,000 protesters, having planned weeks in advance to shut down the city on "Day X" as part of Direct Action to Stop the War, blockaded the Financial District resulting in 2,200 arrests. Other protesters, marching as a black bloc, attacked and looted several military recruitment centers. A Critical Mass of cyclists also attempted to block traffic to the Bay Bridge. Approximately 300 protesters demonstrated outside of the federal building. Some of the protesters apparently began vomiting on the sidewalks and plaza areas in front of the building and behind the building. Spokespeople told reporters that it was the protesters' way of saying that war in Iraq "made them sick." Seven demonstrators were arrested after attempting to block about twenty federal employees and other visitors trying to enter the building.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States
Similarly, over 100 protesters were arrested in Philadelphia after blocking the entrances to various federal office buildings.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States
In Chicago, a massive gathering of some 10,000 people was held at the Federal Plaza, followed by a seemingly spontaneous march up Lake Shore Drive during rush hour. The march was originally in the northbound lanes, but the march spilled into the southbound lanes also stopping traffic going both ways. At some point, marchers at the front decided to jump the dividers and head over to Michigan Avenue (the touristy Magnificent Mile).


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States
The police who had been mild-mannered until then began to get afraid of something akin to the World Trade Organization protests in Seattle in 1999 happening and started to call for back-up and block the protesters from reaching Michigan Avenue. The march was eventually blocked at Chicago Water Tower from going down Michigan Avenue. The police closed the protesters in from both sides and wouldn't let them move or leave. At this point, the group of protesters had dwindled down to 600 or so. After an hour, many protesters wanted to leave but were unable to.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States
They began chanting things like: "Let us leave. We have to pee." Every ten minutes or so, three or four police officers would go into the crowd and beeline for a certain person (possibly those the police believed were organizers) who they would grab and arrest. The police arrested more than five hundred protesters, and detained several hundred more.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, Worldwide
On the morning of March 20, 2003, school students all over Germany held spontaneous marches; in Berlin more than 120,000 marched. Actions started also in Heidelberg, Frankfurt, Leipzig and Nuremberg. Some students reported that their teachers and principals had tried to prevent them from doing so. In Munich, students gathered in front of the university and then marched to the US consulate, where they demanded that the US flag be lowered in honor of the killed Iraqi civilians. They walked to the central place of Munich afterwards, where the demonstration turned into a mixture of party and protest.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, Worldwide
There were demonstrations across the United Kingdom. In York, school students joined council and union representatives in a daytime demonstration. A school student responded to a BBC journalist's question of whether it was just an excuse to bunk off school by saying, "We're not just here for a day off school. The more supporters the better. It makes a bigger statement."


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, Worldwide
In Scotland demonstrations took place in disrupted traffic in Glasgow and Edinburgh and also took place in Dundee, Inverness and Aberdeen. The Edinburgh demo saw 500 people at midday march to the foot of The Mound, the rally was addressed by MSPs Tommy Sheridan and Lloyd Quinan. The protesters then blocked Princes Street and The Mound. Later 3,000 protesters marched up the Royal Mile to the Scottish Parliament. In Glasgow around 1,000 protesters (BBC estimate) blocked the streets in the city center for several hours.


20 March 2003 anti-war protest, Worldwide
Protests in most other cities were similar. In Switzerland, tens of thousands demonstrated in all major cities. In Italy, the public services union announced a strike. In Cairo, Egypt, 50,000 people rioted; protesters burned a US flag, and riot police outnumbered the protesters. In Paris, 20,000 people met in front of the American embassy. In Greece, 150,000 people protested. In San José, Costa Rica, people marched against the US military intervention in Iraq.


20 March 2012 Iraq attacks
The 20 March 2012 Iraq attacks were the sixth simultaneous wave of bombings to hit Iraq during the insurgency and the second such major assault since the US withdrawal at the end of 2011. At least 50 people were killed and around 250 wounded in highly coordinated attacks spread out in at least 10 cities. The deadliest attack of the day took place in Karbala where twin bombings left 13 dead and 50 injured. In the northern city of Kirkuk a car parked in the parking lot of a local security office exploded, killing 13 and leaving almost 60 wounded.


20 March 2012 Iraq attacks
Several explosions rocked the capital Baghdad, including mortar attacks close to the Green Zone and a suicide blast near an intelligence building opposite the Foreign Ministry – three people were killed and nine wounded in that attack. Numerous other bombings and shootings took place all across the country, including Fallujah, Samarra, Baiji, Hillah, Latifiya, Tuz Khormato and others. A car bomb in Ramadi killed two and injured 11, as unidentified gunmen shot and killed two police officers in a nearby village. Authorities in Baqubah discovered and successfully disarmed at least eight explosive devices.


20 March 2012 Iraq attacks, Perpetrators
The umbrella group Islamic State of Iraq almost immediately claimed responsibility for the bombings and promised further bloodshed as it targets Shiites across Iraq. The country is set to host the postponed Arab League Summit on 29 March, in the midst of a surge of violence and a rise in civilian and security casualties since the withdrawal of US forces.


20 Massalia
Massalia, minor planet designation 20 Massalia, is a stony asteroid and the parent body of the Massalia family located in the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 145 kilometers (90 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis on 19 September 1852, it was named for the French city of Marseille, from which the independent discover Jean Chacornac sighted it the following night.


20 Massalia, Classification and orbit
Massalia is the namesake and the parent body of the Massalia family (404), a very large inner belt asteroid family consisting of stony asteroids with very low inclinations. It is by far the largest body in this family. The remaining family members are fragments ejected by a cratering event on Massalia.


20 Massalia, Classification and orbit
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,366 days; semi-major axis of 2.41 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.


20 Massalia, Physical characteristics
Massalia has an above-average density for S-type asteroids, similar to the density of silicate rocks. As such, it appears to be a solid un-fractured body, a rarity among asteroids of its size. Apart from the few largest bodies over 400 km in diameter, such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta, most asteroids appear to have been significantly fractured, or are even rubble piles. In 1998, Bange estimated Massalia to have a mass of 5.2×1018 kg assuming that 4 Vesta has 1.35×10−10 solar mass. The mass of Massalia is dependent on the mass of 4 Vesta and perturbation of 44 Nysa.


20 Massalia, Physical characteristics
Lightcurve analysis indicates that Massalia's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (45°, 10°) or (β, λ) = (45°, 190°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 45°in both cases. The shape reconstruction from lightcurves has been described as quite spherical with large planar, nonconvex parts of the surface.


20 Massalia, Physical characteristics
In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty.


20 Massalia, Discovery
Massalia was discovered on 19 September 1852, by Annibale de Gasparis at Naples Observatory in Italy, and also found independently the next night by Jean Chacornac at Marseilles Observatory, France. It was Chacornac's discovery that was announced first. In the nineteenth century the variant spelling Massilia was often used. Asteroids discovered prior to Massalia were assigned iconic symbols, like the ones traditionally used to designate the planets. However, astronomers had begun to phase out this practice with the discovery of 16 Psyche in March 1852, and 20 Massalia (being the first object in the Solar System with a non-mythological name) was the first asteroid that was not assigned an iconic symbol.


20 Million Miles to Earth
20 Million Miles to Earth (also known as The Beast from Space) is a 1957 American horror science fiction monster film directed by Nathan Juran and starring William Hopper, Joan Taylor, and Frank Puglia. It was produced by Charles H. Schneer's Morningside Productions for Columbia Pictures. The screenplay was written by Bob Williams and Christopher Knopf from an original treatment by Charlott Knight. As with several other Schneer-Columbia collaborations, the film was developed to showcase the stop-motion animation of Ray Harryhausen.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
The first U.S. spaceship to Venus, the XY-21, crashes into the Mediterranean sea off the coast of Sicily, Italy. Fishermen board boats and head to the spacecraft, enter through a hole in the spacecraft, and pull two spacemen from the nose-down craft before it completely sinks.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
In Washington, D.C., Major General A.D. McIntosh discovers that the missing spaceship, piloted by Colonel Bob Calder, has been located. As McIntosh flies to the site, Pepe, a little boy, finds and opens a translucent cylinder marked “USAF” on the beach. It contains a gelatinous mass, which he presents to Dr. Leonardo, a zoologist studying sea creatures. Meanwhile, Leonardo's granddaughter Marisa, a third-year medical student, is summoned to take care of the injured spacemen. When Calder regains consciousness, he finds his crewmate, Dr. Sharman, in the last throes of the fatal disease that killed his other eight crewmen.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
After Marisa returns to the trailer shared with her grandfather, a small creature hatches from the egg, and Leonardo locks it in a cage. By morning, the creature has tripled in size. McIntosh arrives, accompanied by scientist Dr. Justin Uhl, and meets with two representatives of the Italian government, informing them the spaceship has returned from Venus. Leonardo and Marisa hitch the trailer to their truck and head for Rome. Calder's spacecraft carried a sealed metal container bearing an unborn Venusian species. As police divers begin to search for it, McIntosh offers a half-million lira reward for the capsule's recovery, prompting Pepe to lead them to the empty container. When Pepe tells them that he sold the mass to Dr. Leonardo, McIntosh and Calder pursue him.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
That night, Leonardo discovers that the creature has grown to human size. Soon after, it breaks out of the cage and heads to a nearby farm, terrorizing the animals. The creature eats sulfur and rips open several bags it discovers in a barn. While feeding, the creature is attacked by the farmer's dog, and the creature kills the dog, alerting the farmer. Calder and the others reach the barn, trapping the creature inside. Calder explains that the creature is not dangerous unless provoked.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
However, he provokes it by trying to prod the creature with a pole into a cage-like cart, and the creature injures the farmer after he stabs the creature with a pitchfork. After the creature breaks out of the barn and disappears into the countryside, the police commissioner insists that it must be destroyed.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
After the Italian government grants Calder permission to capture the creature alive, he devises a plan to ensnare it in an electric net dropped from a helicopter. The Italian police conduct their own pursuit, shooting at it with flamethrowers. Gunfire has little effect on the creature, as it has no heart or lungs. Aware that sulfur is the creature's food of choice, Calder uses bags of sulfur as bait, luring the creature to a secluded site and subduing it with an electric jolt from the net.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
Later, at the American Embassy in Rome, McIntosh briefs the press corps and allows three reporters to view the creature, which has been placed in the Rome zoo. There, Calder explains that the creature is being sedated with a continuous electric shock so it can be studied. Marisa, who is aiding her uncle, begins flirting with Calder. Suddenly, electrical equipment shorts out and the creature awakens.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
The creature, now in gargantuan size, battles a zoo elephant and sends the panicked patrons scurrying. Taking their fight to the streets of Rome, the two beasts destroy cars and damage buildings. The creature kills the elephant and continues its rampage. Calder rams the creature with his car and tracks the creature to the River Tiber, where it submerges. Soldiers lob grenades into the river, and the creature surfaces, destroying the Ponte Sant'Angelo. It heads for the Colosseum and destroys an ancient temple, killing a few soldiers.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot
As the creature disappears into the ruins, Calder charges after it with a group of bazooka-carrying soldiers, driving it to the top of the structure. Calder scores a direct bazooka hit. Direct fire from a tank then destroys the ledge the creature is clinging to, and it plunges to its death. A relieved Marisa runs into Calder's arms.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Production
The film was based on a concept by Ray Harryhausen called The Giant Ymir.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Production
20 Million Miles to Earth began production in Rome, Italy in September 1956, using only William Hopper of the main cast, and moved to the U.S. from October 30 to November 9 of that year. Rome was chosen as the location for filming because Harryhausen wanted to vacation there. The working title of the film was The Giant Ymir, and it has also been released as The Beast from Space. All references to the name Ymir were removed from the released version of the film, as Harryhausen was concerned that audiences might confuse it with the Arabic title "Emir". Most of the noises made by Ymir are recordings of elephant noises played at a higher speed.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Production
Ray Harryhausen wanted the film to be shot in color, but the filmmakers were not given a budget large enough to accommodate color filming. In 2007, five years after the death of the film's director, Harryhausen worked with restoration and colorization company Legend Films to create a colorized version of the film. That version, along with the original theatrical black-and-white version, was released on July 31, 2007 on DVD as part of a 50th Anniversary Edition of the film.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Production
There are minor differences between the two versions. One example: the black-and-white version begins in "A Fishing Village in Sicily" (the fictional Gerra), not Sperlonga, Italy.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Production
It was the first of three collaborations between Harryhausen, Schneer, and Nathan Juran. Juran only directed the American sequences, while Schneer and Harryhausen directed the Italian sequences.


20 Million Miles to Earth, Reception
20 Million Miles to Earth has an 80% positive rating at the film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on ten reviews. Marco Lanzagorta of PopMatters gave the film 9 out of 10 stars, calling it "required viewing for those interested in modern cinema".


20 Million Miles to Earth, Reception
Time Out wrote, "Don't worry about the dotty script or cardboard performances - just sit back and watch this gelatinous blob in action"; while the Radio Times called it "one of animation master Ray Harryhausen's best fantasy films, and his own personal favourite. The snake-tailed giant ymir creature is also one of Harryhausen's finest creations: It has a well-defined personality and manages to evoke sympathy for its bewildered plight. The ymir's fight with an elephant and the Roman locations - especially the climactic Colosseum battle - add unique touches to this minor classic".


20 Million Miles to Earth, Legacy
The four-issue comic book mini-series 20 Million Miles More (2008), released by TidalWave Productions as part of their Ray Harryhausen Signature Series, picked up the story 50 years after the events of the film. A preview of the first issue was included on the 50th Anniversary DVD release of the film.


20 Minute Loop
20 Minute Loop was a San Francisco-based band notable for its self-proclaimed "freak-pop" sound which exhibited hook-heavy tunes and complex vocal harmonies.


20 Minute Loop
The band split up in 2009, but reformed for a one-off reunion show, opening for Imperial Teen as part of Noise Pop 2012.


20 Minute Loop, History
In its most rudimentary form, 20 Minute Loop was founded innominately by Giles during college, circa 1995, as a home-recording project. He recorded a handful of demos to 8-track tape, but never officially released them. He did, however, have the opportunity to play them live to small audiences acoustically several times, usually with the vocal accompaniment of Kelly Atkins, who would later be the only consistent member in 20 Minute Loop besides Giles.


20 Minute Loop, History
Giles originally toyed with other band names, such as With God on the Dog Team Trail, Pierre Bon Bon, Kill Whitey!, and PSA Flight 182, before finally settling on 20 Minute Loop. The band's name alluded to the duration of cockpit conversation recorded by an airplane's cockpit voice recorder for recovery in the event of a crash or other accident.


20 Minute Loop, History
The actual band was established by Greg Giles in 1996, and their debut EP, With God On The Dog Team Trail, was released on New Year's Day in 1997. (Apart from Kelly Atkins, the band lineup Giles recruited for the EP featured no members of the final lineup.) With God On The Dog Team Trail featured a lo-fi rendition of Jubilation – which was rerecorded for Decline of Day – as well as three other songs that were never released in any other form. With God On The Dog Team Trail was released on a small indie label, Trystero Records, which was run by a friend of Giles and has since gone defunct.


20 Minute Loop, History
The band soon parted with Trystero, and struggled along for a while with no means of releasing their music. They had recorded their first, self-titled album, and were already in the process of recording Decline of Day, when Jim Greer of the small, Berkeley-based indie label Fortune Records (not to be confused with the defunct Detroit, Michigan-based label of the same name) approached and offered to sign them. This begun a long-lasting relationship with Fortune Records – Greer would go on to release their first 3 albums and a split 7-inch with The Monolith.


20 Minute Loop, History
Their debut album, 20 Minute Loop, was released to mostly positive critical reception, and thanks to positive publicity from local venues and indie distributor Aquarius Records, among others, they gained some recognition from the Bay Area indie scene. The band also played a great many shows in order to receive more publicity.


20 Minute Loop, History
With a label deal and an album to their name, the band quickly released their second album, Decline of Day. This album received much more publicity, with positive reviews from Pitchfork, Allmusic, and CD Universe, et alia; yet the group still remained fairly unknown. The artwork for the album was provided by The Velvet Teen's lead singer Judah Nagler.


20 Minute Loop, History
The band's breakthrough would arrive along with their next album, Yawn + House = Explosion, reviews for which appeared in nearly a dozen printed publications, as well as countless indie blogs. The artwork for Yawn + House = Explosion was of particular interest to many; the outside consisted of two different shots of a prepubescent girl grasping chickens, and the inside pamphlet consisted of the lyrics, many of which were determined using a dictionary game invented by the band, spelled out in such a way that it could be seen how certain words were strung together with the lyrics. This was the only album of 20 Minute Loop's to sell out; it sold a couple thousand copies.


20 Minute Loop, History
The band parted from Fortune Records for unclear reasons to record their fourth album, Famous People Marry Famous People. The album, released in 2008, was arguably the band's most polished and intricate – it was recorded at John Vanderslice's renowned Tiny Telephone studio in San Francisco, and featured over a half-dozen extra performers. The album featured highly conceptual songs, with sophisticated underlying themes explained on each song's individual Bandcamp page. The album received slightly less publicity due to the loss of a label, but the band still did very well, receiving positive publicity from many well-known sites, such as PopMatters and KQED, amongst others.


20 Minute Loop, History
The band played a few more shows before announcing a breakup on their Myspace, due to an inability to continue "outmaneuvering real-life contingencies". They announced that their "final show ever" would take place on November 15, but, untrue to their word, they reunited for Noise Pop 2012, opening for Imperial Teen.


20 Minute Loop, History
In 2014, Greg Giles and Kelly Atkins reformed 20 Minute Loop with Kevin Seal of Griddle to unearth songs in a new stripped down format, including piano, guitar, viola and trumpet and focusing more on vocal harmonies and lyrical content. Jim Greer of Fortune Records was inspired to record this version of 20 Minute Loop and as of early 2015, the trio is recording a new album in this formation, including additional instrumentalists and vocalists. Release date TBD in 2016 along with a sprinkling of concert appearances.


20 Minute Workout
20 Minute Workout is a Canadian-produced aerobics-based television program that ran from 1983 to 1984, in which "a bevy of beautiful girls" demonstrated exercise on a rotating platform.


20 Minute Workout, Series background
20 Minute Workout was created by Ron Harris in 1983, produced by Tantra Entertainment in association with the Canadian animation company Nelvana, and broadcast locally on Citytv. In the United States, it was syndicated by Orion Television. Two seasons of the program were produced, although reruns continued to appear for many years afterwards. The first season featured a different instructor for each day of the week, Monday through Friday. Bess Motta, Arlaine Wright, Holly Butler, Nicole Nardini, and Anne Schumacher all had speaking roles. The second season featured only Bess and Arlaine as instructors.


20 Minute Workout, Series background
One selling point of the show was the young attractive women exercising in leotards. The exercise routines were demanding, high-impact aerobics, followed by a stretching section. Pulsating music from synthesizers played in the background, although in the first season bass and electric guitar and saxophone were also used in the exercise music scores. For the first season, music was performed by the group Shiva, while the second season featured music by the trio Jermyn/King/Ouillet.


20 Minute Workout, Series background
There are numerous websites hosted by fans that detail about the dancers, and include so-called screen-captures from the show. The :20 Minute Workout is a spin-off from Aerobicise, a series of home videos that were first released in 1981, which had varying subtitles of "The Beginners Workout," "The Ultimate Workout," and "The Beautiful Workout." In 1982, a series of segments aired in the U.S. on Showtime as unscheduled filler in between features, and lasting no longer than five minutes. Both the videos and the filler featured a different cast, and unlike the show they later spawned, exercise instruction was either kept minimal, or not featured at all, and any that was present was given by an off-screen narrator. The narrator was Jami Allen, one of the show's producers.


20 Minute Workout, Series background
"Aerobicise" is also the name of the original 1982 pilot episode of 20 Minute Workout.


20 Minute Workout, Series background
Scenes from the show are visible on televisions in some scenes of 1984's Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter, Beat Street, and the 1994 Luc Besson film Leon: The Professional.


20 Minute Workout (album)
20 Minute Workout is the second studio album by DJ Kool, released on April 18, 1994. The title track "20-Minute Workout" was recorded live at Ivory's Nightclub in Richmond, Virginia on November 20, 1993.


20 Minuten
20 Minuten (English: 20 Minutes) is a free daily newspaper in Switzerland.


20 Minuten, History and profile
20 Minuten was first published in 1999 by 20 Minuten Schweiz AG. The direct competitor metropol was available in Switzerland between 2000 and 2002. 20 Minuten is published in  tabloid format.


20 Minuten, History and profile
Since 2005 the newspaper has been owned by Express-Zeitung AG, which is jointly owned by Tamedia (majority holding) and Berner Zeitung (17.5%).


20 Minuten, History and profile
In the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, specific editions are made for the regions of Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen and Zurich.


20 Minuten, Circulation
20 Minuten is distributed to commuters at over 150 train stations across the country. Since September 2004 the German-language edition has been the most widely read daily newspaper in Switzerland, surpassing Blick. The audited distribution in 2004 was 329,242 (WEMF AG) and it had a readership of an estimated 782,000. In 2010 its circulation was 494,368 copies, making it the most read daily paper in the country.


20 Monocerotis
20 Monocerotis is a single star located about 194 light years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.92. The star is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +78 km/s.


20 Monocerotis
This object is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star is around six billion years old with 1.1 times the mass of the Sun. After exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 10.3 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 46 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,714 K.


20 Monocerotis
In addition to the primary, three visual companions have been reported: component B, with magnitude 12.93 and separation 67.8", C, with magnitude 10.16 and separation 167.9", and D, with magnitude 12.46 and separation 102.3".


20 Mothers
20 Mothers is the twelfth solo album by Julian Cope, released in August 1995 by Echo. The album's sub-title is "Better to Light a Candle Than to Curse the Darkness".


20 Mothers
It was well received by the critics and reached number 20 on the UK Albums Chart. The album revisits many of Cope's existing lyrical themes along with more personal and reflective material dealing with his own family. Cope described 20 Mothers as an album of "love songs and devotional songs" ranging from "pagan rock 'n' roll through sci-fi pop to bubblegum trance music". The main Cope collaborators on the album include keyboard player and string arranger Thighpaulsandra, drummer Rooster Cosby and guitarist Michael "Moon-Eye" Watts in place of multi-instrumentalist Donald Ross Skinner, who only contributes omnichord on a few tracks. There are also contributions by old associates in the shape of bassist James Eller and producer Ed Stasium. The album was preceded by the single "Try, Try, Try", which reached number 24 in the UK Singles Chart.


20 Mothers, Themes and musical style
In total, 20 Mothers is 71 minutes long, and moves through four "Phases," – "Phase 1" (tracks 1–6), "Phase 2" (tracks 7–11), "Phase 3" (tracks 12–16) and "Phase 4" (tracks 17–20),  – not unlike the concept of "Phases" on Cope's albums Peggy Suicide and Jehovahkill. In 2003 Aural Innovations magazine retrospectively called 20 Mothers "the most eclectic and varied album" in Cope's discography and added that it was "a remarkably strong if somewhat unfocussed effort". The music was described as ranging from "spacey psychedelic balladry to gentle folk to flat out rock n’ roll to Euro-electropop." In his review for Allmusic, Ned Raggett wrote that the album has the same "rough but right feeling" as Cope's previous album  Autogeddon, with "plenty of detours into tribal psych, feedback madness, even quirky synth-pop."


20 Mothers, Themes and musical style
Lyrically, the album covers a wide variety of topics as opposed to the general concept albums of Cope's previous releases. Cope continues to pursue many of the same themes as he had on his albums since Peggy Suicide: Mother Earth on "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", described by Cope as "a pagan love song about screwing the Mother Earth in her divine maiden form"; religion on "1995", which challenges the “ignorance of the standard Judeo-Christian One God way of thinking”; megalithic monuments on "Stone Circles ’n’ You"; and "the automobile defined landscape" in "Adam and Eve Hit the Road". On "Greedhead Detector", with its "'Fuck, fuck, fuck you" chorus, he sets his sights on "the fat cats of private industry", while "Queen/Mother" is for Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love.


20 Mothers, Themes and musical style
The album also includes more personal material: album opener "Wheelbarrow Man", described as "an expression of pure, unmitigated joy", was written after Cope had spoken to his estranged brother for the first time in years. “We haven’t spoken since, mind you,” Cope said at the time in the album's liner notes. “It’s not worth the risk.” "Try Try Try" is about Cope’s mother, who, he laments, “has never seen me play live, never heard my records, didn’t read my book, wouldn’t even eat the jam I made with the plums from the tree in my garden. Where did she go?”


20 Mothers, Themes and musical style
On "Senile Get" he talks about his frustrations in dealing with his wife’s Alzheimer's– ridden grandmother. "How 5 years of exhausting debilitating futile cleaning & endless cleaning shit & snot & enema-floo-ids (sic) and taking vile screamed abuse and pummelling & vicious threats, however illness-induced, eventually turns good people bitter", said Cope. "I'm Your Daddy" is for Cope's two young daughters, "Cryingbabiessleeplessnights" for his wife, Dorian and the instrumental "Leli B." is dedicated to his mother-in-law, Helen "Leli" Beslity, "the greatest, wisest, sexiest Ma-in-Law that ever there was". The song is without words, said Cope, "because she'd freakout if I wrote how I really felt about her".


20 Mothers, Themes and musical style
"When I Walk Through the Land of Fear" is a rerecording of "Land of Fear", originally released on the Sunspots EP in 1985.


20 Mothers, Album cover
The album cover photograph was taken by Jill Furmanovsky and features 20 actual mothers, all of whom are family and friends of Cope. Some of those pictured are Cope's wife, mother and mother-in-law; wives and girlfriends of Cope collaborators James Eller, Rooster Cosby, Tony "Doggen" Foster and Richard Frost; former Zoo Records cohort Pam Young; and Jayne Casey. On the back, Cope is pictured with his daughters Albany and Avalon.


20 Mothers, Track listing
All tracks are written by Julian Cope, except where noted.


20 Mothers, Poetic notes
The album includes a booklet with descriptions of the music and a number of poems:


20 Mule Team
20 Mule Team (also known as Twenty Mule Team) is a 1940 American Western film about Death Valley, and Daggett, California borax miners, directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Wallace Beery, Marjorie Rambeau and Anne Baxter. The film provides an extremely rare opportunity to see Beery act opposite his nephew Noah Beery Jr., best known for playing Joseph "Rocky" Rockford on television's The Rockford Files starring James Garner during the 1970s. The film was originally released in Sepiatone, a brown and white process used by the studio the previous year for the Kansas scenes in The Wizard of Oz (although the cast of 20 Mule Team never steps out into Technicolor).


20 Mule Team, Cast
Wallace Beery as Skinner BillLeo Carrillo as Piute PeteMarjorie Rambeau as Josie JohnsonAnne Baxter as Joan JohnsonDouglas Fowley as Stag RoperNoah Beery Jr. as MitchArthur Hohl as SaltersClem Bevans as ChuckawallaCharles Halton as Henry AdamsMinor Watson as Marshal


20 Mule Team, Production
That same year, Marjorie Rambeau portrayed the titular role in  Tugboat Annie Sails Again, playing the late Marie Dressler's part in a sequel to a 1933 Wallace Beery picture.


20 Mule Team Borax
20 Mule Team Borax is a brand of cleaner manufactured in the United States by The Dial Corporation, a subsidiary of Henkel. The product is named after the 20-mule teams that were used by William Tell Coleman's company to move borax out of Death Valley, California, to the nearest rail spur between 1883 and 1889.


20 Mule Team Borax, History
20-mule teams were first used by Francis Marion Smith to move borax out of the desert. Smith subsequently acquired Coleman's holdings in 1890 and consolidated them with his own to form the Pacific Coast Borax Company. After the 20-mule teams were replaced by a new rail spur, the name 20 Mule Team Borax was established and aggressively promoted by Pacific Coast Borax to increase sales.


20 Mule Team Borax, History
Stephen Mather, son of J. W. Mather, the administrator of the company's New York office, persuaded Smith to add the name 20 Mule Team Borax to accompany the famous sketch of the mule team already on the box. The 20-mule team symbol was first used in 1891 and registered in 1894. In 1988, just over 20 years after the acquisition of U.S. Borax by Rio Tinto Group, the Boraxo, Borateem and 20-Mule Team product lines were sold to Dial Corporation by U.S. Borax.


20 Mule Team Borax, History
Dial is now the American consumer products unit of Henkel.


20 Mule Team Borax, Radio and television
The Pacific Coast Borax Company sponsored Death Valley Days, a radio and television anthology series dramatizing true stories of the old American West, particularly the Death Valley area. The radio program was created in 1930 by Ruth Woodman and broadcast until 1945. At the end of the show's run, the company sponsored a similar radio series called Death Valley Sheriff.


20 Mule Team Borax, Radio and television
From 1952 to 1975, Death Valley Days was produced as a syndicated television series. One of Ronald Reagan's final television roles was as the host of Death Valley Days in 1964-65. Reagan also acted in some episodes. The show was sponsored primarily by Pacific Coast Borax Company, which later became U.S. Borax. The previous host was the "Old Ranger" (Stanley Andrews), and, after Reagan's departure for politics and his eventual U.S. Presidency, hosts included Robert Taylor and Dale Robertson. Actress Rosemary DeCamp was featured for many years in product advertising for 20 Mule Team laundry products. Today, the product is endorsed by Linda Cobb, the "Queen of Clean".


20 Mule Team Borax, Radio and television
There is a current complete reproduction of the wagon train, here


20 Mule Team Borax, Radio and television
The product is referenced in 1986 Designing Women episode "Julia's Son" and in the ninth episode of the fifteenth season of Supernatural.


20 Number 1's Now
20 #1's Now is a 2007 compilation album by various artists and presented by reggaeton production duo Luny Tunes, released on November 20, 2007, by Machete Music.


20 October 1314 Imperial election
The imperial election of October 20, 1314 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt.


20 October 1314 Imperial election
Like the previous day's election, the meeting was called to elect the successor of Emperor Henry VII, who had died while in Italy on 24 August 1313. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, was considered by many prince-electors to be too young, and by others to be already too powerful.


20 October 1314 Imperial election
While one day before three of the seven electors had elected Frederick the Fair, son of the late German king Albert I, the result was claimed to be invalid, due to the absence of the other four electors and the presence as fourth elector of Henry of Carinthia, the deposed King-Elector of Bohemia who still claimed the title against John.


20 October 1314 Imperial election
The election was presided over by Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz and member of the pro-Luxembourg party. Of seven electors only five attended the meeting, one of whom was disputed:


20 October 1314 Imperial election
As a result of the election, Louis IV, Duke of Bavaria was elected Holy Roman Emperor. However, due to the unrecognized claim of John II of Lauenburg, the election was considered invalid by the electors who supported Frederick the Fair.


20 October 1314 Imperial election
The two contested elections caused the eruption of a civil war inside the Holy Roman Empire, fought between pro-Luxembourg and pro-Habsburg parties. Louis was successfully crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by the Archbishop of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty in 1316.


20 October 1314 Imperial election
After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured. Louis was finally crowned Emperor in Rome on 17 January 1328 by Senator Giacomo Colonna, demoting the Pope's authority and introducing the tradition of imperial legitimacy only by election, not papal coronation.


20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks
On 20 October 2017, suicide bombers attacked mosques in Kabul and Ghor Province, Afghanistan, killing at least 60 people.


20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks
During Friday prayers on 20 October 2017, a gunman entered Imam Zaman, a Shia mosque in Kabul. He opened fire, then detonated a bomb - killing about 40 people.


20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks
During Friday prayers on the same day, a suicide bomber detonated his explosives in a Sunni mosque in Ghor Province, killing at least 20 people.


20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the Kabul attack.


20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks
In 2017, insurgents carried out many attacks in Afghanistan, including several in October. Major attacks included those which killed over 70 people in Gardez and Ghazni on 17 October and a double suicide bombing which killed 43 Afghan soldiers in Kandahar Province on 19 October.


20 Odd Years
20 Odd Years is an album by Canadian hip-hop artist Buck 65. It was released on February 1, 2011, and named in honor of his twentieth anniversary in the music industry. The album continued Buck 65's tradition of combining several different musical styles, and featured many different guest collaborators.


20 Odd Years, Reception
20 Odd Years has received critical acclaim. Ross Langager of PopMatters gave it a seven out of 10 rating and called it "uneven but dynamic", complimenting Buck 65's "mix of subcultural influences" as "a dizzying, post-modern, multicultural stew".


20 Odd Years, Reception
In consumer guide for MSN Music, critic Robert Christgau gave 20 Odd Years an A- rating, noting "Superstars Don't Love" and "Zombie Delight" as highlights, and commented that "Beholden to nobody's scene or purist myths, the Halifax-spawned, Toronto-based, Paris-savvy cult rapper makes beats his way—drum tracks of course, this is hip-hop like it or not, but with whatever on top, which here comes down to mostly female collaborators whose sonics subsume their considerable verbal input".


20 Odd Years, Reception
The album was named as a longlisted nominee for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize.


20 Odd Years, Track listing
Produced by Charles Austin, Buck 65, Graeme Campbell and Emily Wells.


20 Odd Years, 20 Odd Years EPs
The album was preceded by a series of four EPs, released digitally and on 7" vinyl: 20 Odd Years, Vol. 1: Avant (released June 8, 2010); 20 Odd Years, Vol. 2: Distance (July 12, 2010); 20 Odd Years, Vol. 3: Albuquerque (August 10, 2010); and 20 Odd Years, Vol. 4 : Cenotaph (September 14, 2010). The latter EP was withdrawn from availability, presumably due to copyright issues involving the unauthorized sampling of the Bronski Beat single, "Smalltown Boy." The album primarily featured songs from these EPs, including a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Who By Fire", as well as two previously unreleased songs. Buck 65 later released an additional EP in the series titled 20 Odd Years Vol. 4 : Ostranenie (November 21, 2011).


20 Once Again
20 Once Again (Chinese: 重返20岁 Chóng fǎn èrshí suì) is the 2015 Chinese comedy film directed by Leste Chen and starring Yang Zishan, Gua Ah-leh, Bolin Chen and Lu Han. The film is a remake of the South Korean movie Miss Granny. It was released on January 8, 2015.


20 Once Again, Plot
Shen Meng Jun (Gua Ah-leh) is a crotchety prideful 70-year-old widow who frequently finds fault with everyone around her. She takes pride in her ability to raise her son single-handedly, despite the poverty during the Cultural Revolution, to become a professor of a prestigious university. She shows her bias towards her grandson Xiang Qian Jin (Lu Han) because he aspires to become a musician and he represents a dream that Meng Jun cannot achieve herself. However, she had no opportunity to be a singer.


20 Once Again, Plot
Although kind to her grandson, she is very critical towards both her daughter-in-law, Yang Qin (Yijuan Li), and granddaughter, Xin Ran (Yin Hang), who openly treats Meng Jun with contempt for the way she treats her mother. This leads to Yang Qin fainting due to the pressure placed on her. After this incident, the family decides it's time for her to go to a nursing home. Feeling forlorn, she wanders the streets and impulsively decides to take a final portrait at a photo studio she happens by. Upon leaving, to her astonishment she realizes that she has been transformed back into her 20-year-old self. Given a magical second chance at youth, she changes her name to Meng Li Jun (Yang Zishan).


20 Once Again, Plot
After Meng Jun's transformation, she decides to keep her new identity a secret. She begins by renting a room from her trusted friend and past servant, Li Dahai (Deshun Wang). Later, while accompanying Dahai to the senior recreation center, she meets her long-time rival, a flirty senior woman. There, they had an epic singing battle, in which Li Jun wins. Li Jun captured the crowd's heart with her voice. While singing, a music director enters and offers her a chance of a lifetime.


20 Once Again, Cast
Seventy-year-old Li Jun becomes a youth again after visiting a mysterious photo studio. She joins her family and re-experiences the meaning of love, family and music. When Xiang Qian Jin gets into an accident, only she has the same blood type as him and can save his life. She likes Tan Zhi Ming in the end.


20 Once Again, Cast
The grandson of Li Jun, he is pampered by his grandmother. He aspires to be a singer one day and gets the help of his youthful grandmother who helps fulfil his dreams. Not knowing that Li Jun is his grandmother, he starts developing feelings for her. In the end, when he met with a car accident only his grandmother matched his blood type.


20 Once Again, Cast
Zhi Ming is a musical director who sees potential in Qian Jin and his band. He develops feelings with Li Jun after working with her band.


20 Once Again, Cast
Da Hai was Li Jun's lover as a youth. He continues to hold feelings for Li Jun and is the only one who discovers that Li Jun had become 20 again.


20 Once Again, Cast
The son of Meng Li Jun who is a professor at a university. He has a wife in Qin and two children: a son, Qian Jin and a daughter, Xin Ran. He wanted to send his own mother to the Nursing Home.


20 Once Again, Cast
The wife of Guo Bin, mother of Qian Jin and Xin Ran and daughter-in-law of Meng Li Jun.


20 Once Again, Cast
The daughter of Guo Bin and Yang Qin and sister to Qian Jin. The granddaughter of Meng Li Jun who treats her with contempt due to the stress she had put her mother through. It's because of this, Li Jun doesn't get along with Xin Ran and often criticize her for her disrespect.


20 Once Again, Reception
By February 8, 2015, the film had earned over US$59.01 million in China.


20 Ophiuchi
20 Ophiuchi is a class F6IV (yellow-white subgiant) star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Its apparent magnitude is 4.64 and it is approximately 104 light years away based on parallax. It lies near the star Zeta Ophiuchi.


20 Ophiuchi
20 Ophiuchi is an astrometric binary. The primary star is a late F-type subgiant star. It has a mass 1.72 times that of the Sun. The companion star regularly perturbs the primary star, causing it to wobble around the barycenter. From this, an orbital period of 35.5 years has been calculated. The secondary star is 0.8 times the mass of the Sun, and it may be a white dwarf or red dwarf.


20 Party Alliance
The 20 Party Alliance is a Bangladeshi coalition of right-wing political parties, led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. It was originally formed as the 18 Party Alliance on 18 April 2012 in Dhaka, extending its predecessor the Four Party Alliance. The 20 Party Alliance was formed as an effort to strengthen the opposition's demands for restoring the caretaker government system used between 1996 and 2008. The main rival of this alliance is the Grand Alliance, led by Awami League which came into power after the election in 2008.


20 Party Alliance
The BNP are simultaneously in Jatiya Oikya Front and this alliance.


20 Party Alliance, History
The Four Party Alliance was a political grouping in the Jatiyo Sangshad, or National Assembly of Bangladesh. It was formed in 1999 for the 2001 election, and consisted of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, Bangladesh Jatiya Party (Najiur)  and Islami Oikya Jote. The alliance won a substantial majority in 2001, but was heavily defeated by the Grand Alliance of Bangladesh in 2008. On 18 April 2012, the Four Party Alliance was extended and took the new name 18 Party Alliance.


20 Party Alliance, History, 2001
In the 2001 Bangladeshi general election, the Four Party Alliance won 214 of the 300 seats in parliament.


20 Party Alliance, History, 2008
In the 2008 Bangladeshi general election, the Four Party Alliance won 33 of the 300 seats in parliament.


20 Persei
20 Persei is a visual binary star in the northern constellation of Perseus, a few degrees from Pi Persei. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.343. The system is located around 230 light-years (71 pc) away from the Sun, based on its parallax. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +6 km/s.


20 Persei
The orbit of the two stars has been calculated from the secondary changing its position relative to the primary. The two orbit each other every 31.6 years with an angular semimajor axis of 0.22 arcseconds and an eccentricity of 0.7560. The combined spectrum of 20 Persei matches that of an F-type main-sequence star, and the two stars are thought to have equal masses, 1.5 times that of the Sun. A ninth-magnitude star, designated 20 Persei C, may be associated with the pair.


20 Puppis
20 Puppis is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.99. The star lies approximately 990 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +16.8 km/s.


20 Puppis
This object has a stellar classification of G4 Ib-II, matching a G-type star with a luminosity class part way between a bright giant and a supergiant star. It is just 90 million years old with around five times the mass of the Sun. The star has expanded to 48 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 1,087 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,804 K.


20 SATA Regiment (India)
20 SATA Regiment, nicknamed the ‘Alma Mater of Locators’ is a Surveillance and Target Acquisition (SATA) artillery regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.


20 SATA Regiment (India), Formation
The Regiment was raised on August 4, 1924 at the School of Artillery in Kakul (now in Pakistan) as 1 Survey Section Royal Indian Artillery under Captain E. R. Culverwell. Upon establishment, it consisted  of only nine personnel, which included two British officers, as well as several V.C.Os, Indian Officers and Other Ranks. These nine persons, later to be known as the ‘Nine Originals’, had passed a Royal Engineers survey course at Roorkee. They were selected from Mountain Artillery, Cavalry and Infantry Units to form the nucleus of Survey Section Royal Indian Artillery.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
Captain Culverwell commanded the section for several years and was followed by Captains H. D. W. Sitwell, C. L. Ferard, K. F. Mackay Lewis, W. J. Gyde and R. MacCaig. 1 Survey Section was reorganised in 1941 as the ‘Survey Troop’ and carried out the survey of the Khyber Pass. In January 1942, it was re-designated as 1 Survey Battery under Major J. H. C. Hunter, and shortly afterwards re-joined the School of Artillery at Deolali.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
In August, 1942, the 1st Battery and a new Regimental Headquarters (R.H.Q.) were combined to form the 1st Indian Survey Regiment. The first Commanding Officer was Lieutenant-Colonel J. F. S. Rendall, with Major J. H. C. Hunter as Second-in -Command and Captain Matthews as Adjutant. Major S. A.  Brighty commanded No. 1 Battery. In June, 1943, No. 2 Battery was formed under Major F. A. von  Goldstein. A radar troop was raised in 1943 as part of the Regiment.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
In July 1944, the Regiment moved by road to Ranchi and in August to the Imphal area to join the Burma campaign of World War II. It came under command of 33 Corps, which had begun the pursuit to the Chindwin River line in Burma. No. 2 Survey Battery under Major von Goldstein joined the 11th (East Africa) Division, which was pressing down the Kabaw Valley. The No. 1 Survey Battery under Major B. C. Slater joined the 2 British Division and moved south to take part in the corps artillery concentration covering the crossing of the Irrawaddy River. After the crossings the survey battery joined 20 Division. No. 2 Survey Battery joined 19 Indian Division for the northern crossings of the Irrawaddy. One Military Cross and three Military Medals were awarded to personnel from the regiment.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
Orders had been issued that units not urgently required were to return to India and on 13 May 1945, the 1st Indian Survey Regiment was flown to Comilla. Lieutenant-Colonel H. G. Croly was now in command and repatriation had begun, and many changes of all ranks were taking place. The regiment eventually moved to Hyderabad (Sind) under Lieutenant-Colonel von Goldstein as commanding officer. On 25 January 1947,  as a result of the Partition, the 1st Indian Survey Regiment became 20th Survey Regiment, R.I. A., under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Rajbahadur, having shed 2nd Survey Battery. This became the 2nd Survey Battery, R.P.A. (later 13th Survey Battery, R.P.A. ).


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
In 1948, the Regiment took part in the Hyderabad Police Action and Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
In July 1952, the Regiment was reorganised as the 20 Locating Regiment. In 1962, it took part in the Indo-China war and saw action in Sikkim and NEFA.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
The Regiment fought in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 in the Western Sector.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
It was part of the 15th Infantry Division in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, again in the Western Sector. It was part of the force tasked to defend the Amritsar and Dera Baba Nanak sectors. Commenting on the artillery support, Maj Gen Sukhwant Singh (Deputy Director Military Operations, Army Headquarters), writes in his book ‘India's Wars Since Independence: Defence of the western border’, “The Independent Artillery Brigade supported the operation with intimate, timely and abundant artillery fire.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
So effective was the brigade’s counter-battery programme that there was no interference by the enemy artillery, “The performance of the Flash Spotting Troop of 20 Locating Regiment in particular, had been commendable. It had started “fixing’ the Pakistani gun areas from Day One, when Pakistan attacked Kasowal. Thereafter, whenever and from wherever the enemy artillery opened up, the eyes and instruments of the flash spotters kept updating its latest locations, enabling effective counter bombardment. The four personnel from the regiment were Mentioned in Despatches.


20 SATA Regiment (India), History
In June 1987, the Regiment was redesignated as the 20 Surveillance and Target Acquisition (SATA) Regiment with the role of carrying out all weather surveillance of targets including enemy guns and mortars. The Regiment has also participated in operations Blue Star in Punjab in 1984, Rakshak, Vijay and Operation Parakram (all in J&K). The regiment had the honour to participate in the Republic Day Parade in 1993.


20 Seiki Denki Mokuroku
20 Seiki Denki Mokuroku (Japanese: 二十世紀電氣目録, transl. "20th Century Electricity Catalog") is a Japanese light novel written by Hiro Yūki and illustrated by Kazumi Ikeda, with art and backgrounds by Momoka Nagatani. The novel won an honorable mention in the full-length novel category at the 8th Kyoto Animation Awards in 2017, and was the only series to win an award that year. Kyoto Animation published the novel under their KA Esuma Bunko imprint on August 10, 2018 (ISBN 978-4-907064-88-4). On July 27, 2018, KA Esuma Bunko's Twitter account announced that an anime adaptation of the novel would be produced, and would be animated by Kyoto Animation, but the project's status is currently unknown following the Kyoto Animation arson attack which destroyed the main production office.


20 September Samarra attack
The 20 September 2013 Iraq attacks were a series of coordinated bombings and shootings across central and southern parts of Iraq that resulted in at least 25 people killed and dozens more injured. The biggest attack took place in Samarra, where a bomb hidden in the air-conditioning unit of a Sunni mosque was detonated, killing 18 and injuring 21 others.


20 South Second Street, Newport, PA
20 South Second Street is a historic home located in Newport, Pennsylvania.


20 South Second Street, Newport, PA
This is a two-story home with a hipped roof, resting on a stone foundation. The all brick structure is 4 pays wide with a storefront at the corner. Clapboard siding was added around the storefront along with a wraparound porch with modern wood columns.


20 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History
Now home of Newport Natural Foods, I was home to the following businesses:  The William "Bill" Welfley Drug Store, Earl Gower Drug Store, Charles E. Bosserman Drug Store & Soda Fountain, State Liquor Store, the Post Office from 1922 to 1932, Fleck and Hyman Clothing, D. H. Spots Clothing, Marx Dukes Clothing. Originally known as the Dr James B. Eby building


20 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History
It was designated a contributing property of the Newport Historic District in 1999. It is also identified as #71 in the


20 Standards (Quartet) 2003
20 Standards (Quartet) 2003 is a live album 4CD box set by American composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded in Europe in 2003 and released on the Leo label in 2005.


20 Standards (Quartet) 2003, Reception
...one is struck by the multifaceted balance of the album as a whole... Braxton pays a loving tribute to each tune, respecting the melody, pushing it beyond the composer's wildest dreams, taking it apart and reassembling it in the most natural-sounding way. ... These are masterfully creative revisitations of chunks of jazz history, big and small.


20 Standards (Quartet) 2003, Reception
Much of the repertoire featured here was integral to the cool jazz of the fifties, but the quartet tears into it like it was written yesterday. ... If you want to hear your favorite old standards sounding brand new again, this set fits the bill.


20 Studio One Hits
20 Studio One Hits was a compilation album of New Zealand and New Zealand based artists culled from the Studio One television series on the N.Z.B.C.. It was released in 1972. It was followed up by 20 Studio One Hits Volume 2 the following year. The albums are representative of the televised Studio One talent quests. Some of the songs that appeared on the album went on to become hits in Australasia. The records which were released on the Music for Leisure label are a historical account of the Studio One talent quests.


20 Studio One Hits, Background
The twenty songs on the album were selected from over 2,000 original songs were performed on the Studio One television program. The Studio One TV program was hot property for N.Z.B.C and a lot of emphasis was put on the program instead of the Loxene Awards. In 1972, Polygram, the parent company of Music for Leisure and HMV sold 55,000 copies of the first album in their joint sales venture. The second release, Vol 2 was produced by Christopher Bourn.


20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits
In March 1972, Bobby Davis's composition "Maybe" was accepted for the Studio One series. Former Dunedin bank clerk, Craig Scott had already released about 8 singles by the time his song "Day" appeared on the album. One of the entries was a group called January who was made up of two brothers, Dale and Craig Wrightson. Twice they were finalists on the televised talent competition. Their song "Thinking Of You" ended up on the album. Nash Chase's "Anderson and Wise" did well, reaching the finals of the contest, and ending up on the album. It also charted locally around New Zealand. The first place winner of the songwriting contest was "Don't let me lose you" composed by Dave Jordan and sing by Ray Woolf.


20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2
The second volume was released in 1973. The songs were a result of the Studio One competition that year.


20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2
In June 1973, Deane Waretini entered into the Studio One contest to pick the song for the 1974 Commonwealth games. The song "Baby I'm Leaving" was a Mark Anthony composition. In an earlier heat, another singer with the same surname, Andy Waretini had entered with the song "Last Year's Summer". It was reported in the December 9, 1972 issue of The New Zealand Herald, that promoter Philip Warren who had spotted Andy Waretini on the New faces contest had booked him for the summer period to appear at selected holiday centers with British entertainer David Whitfield. He also appeared on the TV show Six of the Best in early 1973. Andy Waretini's song was the one that ended up on the album.


20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2
Larry Killip was a musician was once in Auckland 1960s band, The Zarks and had released some singles in the 1970s. He was a Studio One contestant, and as a result his song, which is now considered a classic in New Zealand, ended up on the album. Another Studio One contest entry, "Dance To My Tune" by Lindsay Marks ended up on the album.


20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2
Other artists in the competition were The Rumour with "Quiet Song", an Anderson and Wise composition, and "Join Together", by Steve Allen. Allen's song was the winner, "A Quiet Song" by The Rumour ended up on the album but the Steve Allen song on the album was "More than yesterday".


20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2
Kamahl's "The Boy From Dundee", was the winner of the second songwriting section of the "Studio one" competition.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz
20 Stycznia 1920 Street is located in downtown district, in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Many of the buildings along this axis are either registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, or part of a historical ensemble of Eclectic and Art Nouveau architecture in the city.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Location
Located in downtown district, the street unfolds on an approximate south–north axis, parallel to Gdańska street on the west and Staszica and Paderewskiego Streets on the east. The southern tip of the street (odd numbers till 9) faces the agreeable Jan Kochanowski Park.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History
On an 1876 map by Paul Berthold Jaekel, as well as on an 1880 map, the axis is drawn, without any mention of the name. The first map to reference the street dates back to 1908, where it is named Goethestraße.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History
In Bromberg's address books, the lane is mentioned in 1905 as being under construction. The following year only three edifices are listed in Goethestraße :


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History, Naming
The pathway was known as Goethestraße, from its construction to 1920 and during German occupation (1939-1945). The name referred to the famous German writer and statesman Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832).


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History, Naming
The current name 20 Stycznia 1920 Street , was adopted on September 13, 1921, by the city council to celebrate the date of the signature of the Act on citizenship of the Polish State, which came in force on January 31, 1920 and underlined the re-creation of the Polish sovereign nation. The communist period modified in 1948, the name of the street to 24 January 1945, commemorating the liberation of Bydgoszcz from German forces.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History, Naming
Calling came back to the actual one on June 26, 1989.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Bydgoszcz Music Academy building, at Słowackiego Street N°7, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°601404-Reg.A/782/1-3 (May 8, 1992)


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The building has been initially erected to house the administrative services of the district authorities (German: Kreishaus) at the beginning of the 20th century. It now accommodates the seat of the Bydgoszcz Music Academy - "Feliks Nowowiejski".


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The edifice presents an eclectic architecture, with a predominance of Neo-Baroque forms.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
In the 1906's address book, the edifice is identified as new building (German: neubau), belonging to Julius Berger, a merchant and located at then Goethestraße 37. During the occupation, an annex of the NSDAP was housed there.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
This corner house displays Art Nouveau features, especially in the ornamental details of the three avant-corps sections, the lean pilasters and the ogee-shape wall dormers, as well as the well adorned portal.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Although registered as a 1905 construction, the building is only listed in 1908. It was a commission from Oskar Unverferth, who ran a furniture factory. The designer was Fritz Weidner, a famous city architect in Bydgoszcz. Oskar Unverferth moved there in 1908 and remained landlord till 1922.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The villa is characteristic of the Landhaus style that Fritz Weidner more than often applied to his realizations in Bydgoszcz. A myriad of architectural details on the asymmetrical facades (bow windows, balconies, arches, Art Nouveau motifs), make the villa resemble a country house. The house was entirely refurbished in 2012.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
On the plot at then Goethestraße No.4, Carl Meyer, Bromberg building councilor and designer, had built his own house in the early 20th century. Carl Meyer is one of the most influential architects in the city, from the 1880s to 1912, year of his retirement from his position as building councilor. He lived there until he left Bydgoszcz in 1919.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Reflecting its neighbour at No.3, the villa boasts Art Nouveau references, especially in the embellished portal of the front door, topped by an oval transom light.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Hermann Draheim, a rentier, was the first landlord of this tenement in the 1910s, located at then Goethestraße 35. [ [ WitoldBełza]], librarian, writer, publicist, cultural activist and director of the City Library lived there from 1920 to 1939.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The facade reminds similar tenements built in Dworcowa Street 45/47 in 1905/1906. Yet, here, architectural details lean on more simplicity in the making and the shape, with less Art Nouveau motifs.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Built in 1909, as mentioned on the top of the elevation, Alfred Schleusener is the first registered owner in the 1910s. Schleusener was an active designer and builder in Bromberg/Bydgoszcz in the first half of the 20th century.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The villa reflects architectural tendencies on the fringe between Art Nouveau and early modernism.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
This edifice has been commissioned by Dr Max Graeupner to Emil and Georg Zillmann, architects from Charlottenburg. It had been  accommodating Max Graeupner's clinic, specialized in Women's diseases and obstetrics (German: frauenkrankheiten und geburtshilfe). He lived at Dantsiger straße 38, today's Gdańska Street 63. After First World War, the building was still used as a medical facility, run by Dr Gliński.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Many elements can be highlighted: a series of floral motifs in the pediments and in cartouches, or the balconies wrought iron fences, as well as the characteristic Art Nouveau waved lines in the decoration of the street door.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Like many other buildings in downtown Bydgoszcz (7 Plac Wolności, 14 Kopernika Street, 11 Ossoliński Alley), this edifice is an additional and accurate instance of Polish modernism of the interwar period.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
On the 1908 Bromberg's address book, Paul Böhm was listed as the first owner of this vast building. Paul Böhm was a prolific architect and designer in Bromberg, between the 1880s and the 1910s.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Polish Theatre in Bydgoszcz, at Adam Mickiewicz Alley 2, corner with 20 Sycznia 1920 street


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Hieronim Konieczka Polish Theatre in Bydgoszcz is the largest and best known theatre of the city. Its current director is Paweł Wodziński.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
This tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the current building. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass).


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The building was first the property and abode of Rudolf Kern, the architect who designed.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside with coffers and displays the oval-shaped openings specific to Art Nouveau design.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601456-Reg.A/1080/1-2 (December 20, 1994)


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Paul Böhm, designer, was also the first owner of the tenement, which was split into renting flats.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
This corner building is characterised by its towering peak topped with a metal roof. At street level, the fence is adorned with animal figures (rooster, owl, fish).


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The edifice at then Goethestraße 29 has been commissioned by a master mason, Mr Weiss. In the 1930s, young Zbigniew Raszewski (1925-1992), a future Polish writer and theatre historian, lived there with his family.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The elevation, renovated in 2017, reveals much of a transition of architectural styles common at this period of the 1910s, between early modernism and late Art Nouveau.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The initial owner, Richard Schramke, was a decorator. He tasked Fritz Weidner, a trendy Bromberg architect at that time, to realize a large building for renting purposes.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The unbalanced facade, peculiar to Art Nouveau style, is studded with balconies, avant-corps and loggias, but the absence of other detailed motifs challenges the uniformity of the ensemble.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The building commissioner was Max Reschke, a master carpenter who never lived there, but at neighbouring No.22.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
The frontage, refurbished in 2017, displays the carved door crowned with a curved fan light and several cartouches, rosettes and other motifs in the Art Nouveau fashion.


20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices
Commissioned by Józef Grabowski, a painter, to Georg Baesler; Grabowski never inhabited there. It was once the property of Erwin Wodke, co-owner of a transport company F.Wodtke - International Furniture Transport which stables and warehouses were located in the backyard accessible through the gateway.