1994 Japanese electoral reform, Discussion leading up to reform, LDP reformers, Ozawa Ichirō
Ozawa and Hata split from the LDP and formed the Renewal Party along with 44 of their supporters, which eventually grew into and eight party coalition lead by Hosokawa Morihiro, leader of the Japan New Party, and Miyazawa's previous government was replaced in the 1993 election. For the first time since the 1955 system, the LDP lost its majority in the House of Representatives and became the opposition. The Japan Socialist Party (JSP) became the new party in power under the Hosokawa Cabinet.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, Discussion leading up to reform, Hosokawa Cabinet (1993–1994)
The Hosokawa Cabinet lasted from August 9, 1993 to April 28, 1994 and was led by Hosokawa Morihiro. This was largely influenced by Ozawa, who advocated for Hosokawa to lead the coalition of parties that banded together against the LDP.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, Discussion leading up to reform, Hosokawa Cabinet (1993–1994)
At first, reception of the cabinet was positive. In public opinion polls, Hosokawa received an approximate 70% level of support. Ozawa, a key influence during this time, publicized his goals of this new cabinet that included a change in the electoral system of the lower house, anti-corruption legislation, election of politicians who had responsibility to the electorate over the bureaucracy, a system of competitive parties instead of a single party dominate system, and a shift in focus away from personal voting and towards policies and issues.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, Discussion leading up to reform, Hosokawa Cabinet (1993–1994)
The Hosokawa coalition first proposed reform in August 1993 which proposed 500 seats, 250 seats allocated to SMD with plurality voting, while the other 250 seats voted in by proportional representation. However, although the JSP favored maximization of proportional representation, the LDP desired the most SMD seats possible. As for the anti-corruption issues, the LDP advocated a more relaxed regime, while the JSP wanted to ensure legislation against money-related corruption.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, Discussion leading up to reform, Hosokawa Cabinet (1993–1994)
By November 1993, Hosokawa and the new LDP President Kono Yohei put forth a compromise proposal with 274 SMD seats and 226 proportional representation seats. Although this proposal passed in the lower house, in January 1994, members from both the JSP and the LDP voted against this proposal in the lower house.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, Electoral reform
Finally, on January 29, 1994, the parties agreed upon and passed the electoral reform law. This law changed the electoral system from having 130 MMD and 511 seats to the new system of 300 SMD seats elected through plurality voting, and 200 proportional representation seats elected from eleven regional blocs.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, Electoral reform
The three main objectives of the election reform was to create a two party system with alternation in power, reduce cost of elections and levels of corruption, and create more party-centered campaigns rather than individual candidate-centered campaigns.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Two-party system
For a brief time, Japan was able to have a two party system between the LDP and the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). There were several factors that allowed the DPJ to rise above the LDP. Unlike other opposition groups, the DPJ's ability to be flexible with regards to ideology made it easy for LDP opposition groups to join the party. The plurality elections also created a strong incentive for consolidation in two large parties rather than multiple small parties.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Two-party system, Original rise of the Democratic Party of Japan
The DPJ was able to rise as the principal challenger to the LDP due to emphasis on single-member districts. The DPJ made an agreement with the Communist Party of Japan to withdraw in many districts, which allowed the DPJ to become the main opposition to the LDP. Shown in the table below,  the 2009 election has a unified opposition that allowed for the DPJ to gain power over the LDP, compared to the 1993 election where the opposition is splintered. Many small parties received seats, but without unification the opposition could not stand up to the LDP.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Two-party system, Original rise of the Democratic Party of Japan
Note: The number of representatives has changed over time, resulting in differences of the total number of representatives over the years.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Two-party system, Original rise of the Democratic Party of Japan
In the 1993 election, the LDP became the opposition, while the remaining parties (excluding the Communist Party) formed a coalition and took power. This was the last election with the previous multi-member district system.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Two-party system, Original rise of the Democratic Party of Japan
The 1996 election was the first election with the reform in place. Although the LDP has the largest number of seats, it does not have a majority, as they do not reach 250 in seat number. They formed a coalition with the Social Democratic Party and the Sakigake Party in order to gain power. From this election onward, the LDP has found it necessary to have a coalition in order to be able to form the cabinet. In addition, four of the parties in the 1993 election no longer exist, and are replaced by the New Frontier Party and DPJ. There is already a slight consolidation of the number of political parties, moving one step towards the objective of having a two-party system.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Two-party system, Original rise of the Democratic Party of Japan
There were slight changes before the 2000 election to reduce the total number of seats to 480. The LDP formed a coalition with Komeito in order to gain power. The LDP-Komeito coalition still exists as of 2019. Komeito serves as an important check to prevent the one party dominance of the LDP. In this election, we can also see the rising power of the DPJ.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Two-party system, Original rise of the Democratic Party of Japan
As evidenced by the 2009 election, the two-party system has been accomplished, and the DPJ took power over the LDP. The bipolar competition at the district level left two viable candidates, one from the incumbency and one from the opposition.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Money politics, Effects on election cost
The reduced size of the electoral districts decreased the total political funds required for each campaign. However, as most political parties lacked the organizational and financial strength to subsidize the political activities of their own members, koenkai and pork barrel politics accounted for most of the funds.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Money politics, Effects on election cost
Pork barrel politics has declined, as the party list campaigns require less effort by individuals for fundraising, and the effort must go on the party. However, as individual candidate campaigns still exist, there is some engagement still in pork barrel spending. However, rather than the electoral reform significantly attributing to the decline of pork barrel politics, it can be seen that the overall decline is a result of demographic changes and economic pressures on the government budget.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Money politics, Effects on corruption
The electoral reforms did not directly reduce corruption, although the decline of pork barrel politics led to a decline in corruption, as pork barrel projects were used in the past to win votes from the residents of a district. However, the main cause to decrease corruption came from the revision of the Political Funds Control Law, which were created to establish transparency of the funding that parties receive. However, even with the revision, there are loopholes that still exist, such as through vague wording, utilizing koenkai or the culture of Japanese gift-giving.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Campaign focus, Changes to party-centered campaigns
Due to the party list side of the voting system, voters were encouraged to think about parties over individual candidates' personalities. Without any candidates to choose from, parties also had to centralize and strengthen their unification.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Campaign focus, Changes to party-centered campaigns
The single-member districts of the electoral reform also decreased the intraparty (factional) competition within the LDP, as only one candidate per party was allowed in each district. With only one candidate, rather than looking at the differences between the candidates from the same party voters chose based on party alone. This encouraged consolidation of the party system into two parties. Later, it became clear that the ratio of voters who put a higher priority on the individual candidate decreased under the new single-member district system. Although the LDP factions still exist, they mostly exist only in name, and the pre-reform factional competition was largely unseen after the reform.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Campaign focus, Changes to party-centered campaigns
The DPJ also started to create party manifestos, which outlined the party's ideology and objectives. This was useful to distinguish itself from the LDP and to write out and explain their goals to the public. The LDP then followed and created its own party manifesto. Creating party manifestos forced parties to come up with coherent ideologies and to centralize and unify themselves, which led to a more party-centered type of campaign.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Campaign focus, Changes to party-centered campaigns
Due to these reforms, campaigns became party centered. The reforms made sure that all public financing for campaigns and all private contributions went to the party rather than specific individuals. Party media strategies also became party centered, as only public service announcements were allowed on national television.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Campaign focus, Changes to party-centered campaigns
Other non-reform influences aimed at a more party centered campaign include demographic shifts, urbanization, and the LDP's reduced ability to spend government resources. Demographic shifts demanded a greater amount of funds used for national social welfare spending. Politicians could no longer only focus on their small constituency and thus pork barrel projects decreased. Urbanization called for the need to use broad-based policies for urban voters. As the needs of urban voters vary significantly, and a single candidate cannot appeal to the majority of voters as easily as they could in a rural constituency with generally similar needs. Furthermore, the LDP could not longer easily spend government resources on different candidates within a single party because of the poor economy and increasing government debt. It was necessary instead to centralize campaigns in order to limit their expenses.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Campaign focus, Existence of individual-centered campaigns
Despite the reforms, the traces of individual centered campaigns still exist.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Campaign focus, Existence of individual-centered campaigns
The "best loser" system (Sekihairitsu) in the party list side is a Japanese idiosyncratic rule. To decide who will receive a seat in the party list side, the candidates who lose the most narrowly in the single-member district side of the election are given priority. Thus, candidates have an incentive to win with by the largest margin possible in their own districts. To do this, candidates will still use tactics to try to appeal themselves as an individual candidate in the case that the party they belong to does not win votes enough votes and they need to rely on the "best loser" system.


1994 Japanese electoral reform, After reform, Campaign focus, Existence of individual-centered campaigns
Despite the electoral and campaign reforms to minimize or eradicate koenkai, a financial support network for politicians, they still exist post-reform. As koenkai are valuable means of funding for candidates, it is not something they would like to easily give up. The incumbents simply align their koenkai to new boundaries, and attract new organizations in the new constituency. The koenkai are especially useful for candidates to mobilize the voters who either will not join a local LDP branch or dislike the LDP. The candidates use their individual appeals to gain these voters. Although the campaign reform only allows funding to go to the party, loopholes still exist to contribute directly or indirectly to a specific candidate.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix was the third round of the 1994 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 24 April 1994 at the Suzuka Circuit.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
This race was most notable for the four-way battle for the win, home hero Norick Abe bravely fighting and leading the race until he crashed out of contention and Kevin Schwantz' recovery drive to victory. Valentino Rossi claimed that this was one of his favourite races due to Norifumi's fighting spirit and Rossi assumed the nickname Rossifumi in the early stages of his career.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Luca Cadalora has taken pole position on the Saturday with a time of 2:08.336. Wildcard rider Toshihiko Honma qualified in second place and Kevin Schwantz lines up third.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
The riders all go through the warm-up lap and then line up on their respective grid slots. As the lights go out, Cadalora has a fantastic start and retains the lead. Big mover is Àlex Crivillé who shoots past many riders from tenth, slotting into second entering the First Corner (Turn 1). Wildcard rider Honma loses one place as he gets overtaken at the end of the start/finish straight and is now third. Niall Mackenzie also makes up many places from twelfth, fighting with Honma at the First Corner before taking the position at Snake (Turn 3).


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Schwantz has lost multiple places from third place and is eighth at Dunlop corner, battling with another Honma on the opening lap. As early as Snake, Cadalora has pulled a relatively big gap back to Honma. At Degner (Turn 9), fifth place Alex Barros runs a bit wide, allowing sixth place Norifumi Abe to pass him at the unnamed right-hand kink (Turn 10) before the Hairpin (Turn 11). At the Casio Triangle (Turn 15), Mick Doohan and Schwantz go up the inside of Abe and Honma for second and seventh place.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap two, the top six is as follows: Cadalora, Crivillé, Doohan, Abe, Mackenzie and Barros. At Snake (Turn 5), Schwantz lunges down the inside of Barros and overtakes him for sixth position. At the entrance of Dunlop, Doohan dives down the inside of teammate Crivillé and snatches seventh place away from him, with Abe having a look around the outside. Behind the trio, Schwantz is also very close to Mackenzie, not yet being able to go past.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
At the exit of Dunlop and the start of the short straight before Degner (Turn 8), the American passes Mackenzie, promoting him to fifth. Cadalora at the front is still extending his lead meanwhile. At the Spoon Curve (Turn 13), Abe goes through on Crivillé for third place. Schwantz also passes the Spaniard and moves up to fourth.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap three and Schwantz slowly closes up on Abe throughout the lap. He then tries a lunge at the Hairpin but isn't able to make the move, almost hitting the Japanese whilst doing so. Exiting Spoon Curve, Schwantz has a bit of a moment which causes him to lose some time. He tries again at the Casio Triangle but again isn't able to pull it off.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap four, Abe makes a move on Doohan by braking later than him at the entrance of the First Corner, causing him to lose both his front and rear but still managing to make the pass and stay ahead. Doohan however immediately replies, retaking the position back at Snake. This also allows Schwantz to get closer to the duo. As Abe is still very close behind Doohan, Mackenzie and Daryl Beattie get a one minute penalty for a jump start. Exiting the Casio Triangle (Turn 17) and heading onto the start/finish straight, Abe looks to be making a pass but just misses the speed to do so, having to slot in behind Doohan again.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap five and Abe tries another move at the entrance of the First Corner but once again fails. At the Hairpin, Schwantz closes right up on Abe, who has a slight twitch exiting the hairpin. At the Backstretch coming up to 130R (Turn 14), he goes side-by-side with the Japanese and goes up into third.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap six, Abe tries to take back the position but once again lacks the speed to do so, having to stay behind the American for now. The trio is now also slowly starting to catch Cadalora again. Behind them, fifth place Shinichi Ito is also starting to catch the group of Doohan, Schwantz and Abe as well. At the Casio Triangle, Schwantz makes a lunge up Doohan's inside entering the corner, passing him and moving up to second position.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap seven and Doohan slipstreams past Schwantz again, making good use of his superior top speed to overtake the Lucky Strike Suzuki at the start/finish to retake second. The trio is still slowly catching Cadalora. At the Hairpin, Schwantz tries another lunge but has to stay behind the Australian for the time being.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap eight, Doohan starts to pull a small gap to Schwantz with Cadalora still losing more ground to the trio. Abe has a slight moment entering Dunlop but doesn't lose any time or positions from it. Schwantz closes up on Doohan halfway across the lap, then lines up a pass by lunging down his inside at the entrance of the Hairpin, closing the door and taking second position away from the Honda Team HRC rider.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
At the 200R, Doohan looks to be retaking the position from Schwantz by going up the inside upon entry, but the American takes a wider line and then a shorter one exiting the corner, holding off Doohan and keeping the position entering the Spoon Curve. At the Backstretch, Doohan then goes side-by-side and overtakes Schwantz again on speed before entering the 130R.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Then, at the Casio Triangle, both Schwantz and Abe make a pass: Schwantz overtaking Doohan for second and Abe, initially trying to pass Schwantz, snatches third from a helpless Doohan as they enter the chicane, the Australian losing two positions in one corner. Exiting the chicane, Abe then has another slight moment.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap nine and Abe now passes Schwantz at the start/finish straight, entering the First Corner, taking second place away from the American. Schwantz then tries to repass him by taking a shorter line but thinks better of it, looking behind to see where Doohan is. At Snake, Doohan is right behind him and passes Schwantz to relegate him to fourth. Now it is Schwantz who has lost two places in two corners. Halfway into the Dunlop corner, Abe has a big moment that unsettles him, then Doohan has a slight moment exiting the sweeping left-hander as well. At the 200R, Abe has another moment but has now opened up a gap. At the Casio Triangle, Schwantz closes up on Doohan but isn't quite able to make a move on him.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap ten, Abe has almost caught race leader Cadalora. The top six is as follows: Cadalora, Abe, Doohan, Schwantz, Ito and Barros. At Dunlop, Abe has another slight moment but has now fully caught up to the rear of Cadalora. At the Hairpin, Schwantz is once again very close behind Doohan, who then runs wide and gifts the American third place. Abe is now very close and tries to pass the Italian around the outside at the fast 200R corner, not quite able to. Behind them, Schwantz has to defend his own position from a fast charging Doohan again.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
At the Spoon Curve Abe then lunges up the inside of Cadalora but runs wide, allowing Cadalora to come right back at him. The pair go side-by-side as they exit the corner and Cadalora manages to get ahead. However, Abe then makes the definitive pass on the Italian at the Backstretch, comfortably passing him and taking over the lead of the race, much to the joy of the Japanese fans in the grandstands who start to cheer. Cadalora then has a huge moment exiting 130R, almost losing his bike in the process. This allows Schwantz - who has shaken off Doohan's attack earlier - to close right up at the Casio Triangle.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap eleven and wildcard rider and home hero Abe leads the Japanese Grand Prix. Schwantz goes side-by-side with Cadalora and takes second position from the Italian before the First Corner. Exiting the Anti- Banked Curve (Turn 6), Abe has another slight moment that unsettles his bike. Beattie exits the pit lane, having served his one minute penalty. Doohan has also managed to overtake Cadalora, moving him up to third. Ito has also closed the gap and is now right behind Cadalora, making it a five-way battle for victory. At the Backstretch, Schwantz and Ito are very close and both make a pass: Schwantz overtakes Abe for the lead and Ito takes fourth position from Cadalora. Abe tries to get back at him entering the Casio Triangle but Doohan swiftly denies him.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap twelve, Abe is still right behind Schwantz but this time isn't able to pass him on the start/finish straight. Ito has opened up a gap to a now struggling Cadalora and is on his way to try and catch teammate Doohan. The group approaches a backmarker - Lothar Neukirchen - but manage to get by without any major problems. Halfway through Dunlop, Abe has a huge moment that forces him to go wide and lose second position to Doohan. At the Hairpin, Ito goes slightly wide, making him lose touch with Abe. Entering the 200R, Abe is still close to Doohan and looks if he can make a move at Spoon Curve but thinks better of it. The fighting has allowed Schwantz to open up a relatively big gap to Doohan at the front.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap thirteen and Abe is now right behind Doohan, going up his inside and retaking second at the entrance of the First Corner, the Japanese fans cheering him on as he does so. After the move, he then opens up a small gap to the Australian. At the Backstretch, Doohan goes side-by-side with Abe and takes second position back on speed. However, Abe has a much better exit out of 130R, goes alongside Doohan and passes him on the outside at the entrance of the Casio Triangle, promoting him up to second place again.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap fourteen, the top six is as follows: Schwantz, Abe, Doohan, Ito, Cadalora and Barros. Halfway into the lap, Ito has now almost caught teammate Doohan. Right before the entrance of Spoon Curve, Ito has a slight moment. Coming up to the Casio Triangle, Schwantz overtakes another backmarker, this time being Andreas Leuthe. Exiting the chicane, Abe and Doohan pass him without any problems.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap fifteen and Ito does not manage to get past Leuthe easily, being blocked upon entry of the First Corner for a moment. This has lost him valuable time to Doohan. Ito has a slight moment halfway into Dunlop. Schwantz then nearly hits a backmarker - Bernard Haenggeli - exiting Degner, him then sitting upright and looking back to see Abe, Doohan and Ito pass him. The incident has allowed Abe to close right up to Schwantz - who had opened up a gap to the Japanese rider.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Coming up to the Spoon Curve, Abe then makes a late lunge and outbrakes Schwantz, going a bit wide but still being able to keep first place. Doohan then overtakes Schwantz for second position at the Backstretch, the American looking back to see where he is and making him lose some speed to Doohan. At the Casio Triangle, Schwantz then lunges up the inside of Doohan and comfortably retakes second place back, closing right back up to Abe as well.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap sixteen, Schwantz looks to be passing Abe for the lead but it is instead Doohan who takes over at the front, using the slipstream of both Abe and Schwantz, as well as his Honda power, to blast past and lead going into the First Corner. Abe retains second and Schwantz gets relegated to third. Schwantz has not given up however and stays close behind Abe, the American going up the inside of Abe and moving up to second entering Dunlop.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
At Turn 10 before the Hairpin, Schwantz looks to be passing Doohan but gets blocked off, the Australian forcing him to stay behind for now. All the fighting has allowed Ito to once again close up, making it a four-way battle for the win. Schwantz then tries to make a move on Doohan at the beginning of Spoon Curve, only to fail and give the momentum to Abe who then runs a bit wide upon exit himself, thus not being able to make a move on the American. At the Casio Triangle, Schwantz then lunges up the inside of Doohan and comfortably passes him before the entrance of the corner.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap seventeen and Schwantz is now fully back in the lead. Ito closes up to the back of Abe and tries to look up his inside entering Dunlop but thinks better of it. The group passes another backmarker - who goes out of the way without any problems before Turn 10. At the entrance of the Casio Triangle, Abe closes up on Doohan and Ito closes up on Abe, neither making a move.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap eighteen, Schwantz has now opened up a gap to Doohan. Ito then looks up Abe's inside again at the entrance of Dunlop, not making a move for now. At the Hairpin, Abe closes right up to Doohan, taking the outside line at the 200R, then switching to the inside and passing Doohan for second. The Australian tries to get him back by outbraking him but has to stay behind Abe entering Spoon Curve. Ito then almost manages to snatch third away from his teammate as well, opting to stay behind for now.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
At the Backstretch, Doohan then retakes the position thanks to his superior top-end speed. However, exiting the 130R and coming up the Casio Triangle, Abe makes a very late lunge, his bike sliding a bit as he does so, moving alongside Doohan and taking back second position from him entering the corner. Exiting the chicane, Schwantz has passed another backmarker.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
Lap nineteen and the top six is as follows: Schwantz, Abe, Doohan, Ito, Cadalora and Honma. However, entering the First Corner, Abe loses the front end and crashes out at high speed, tumbling through the gravel and almost hitting the tyre barrier as a result. A confused Abe is seen lying on his front in the gravel next to his destroyed motorbike, the marshalls running up to him to make sure he is alright and waving the yellow flag. Luckily, the rider is unhurt and walks away, albeit very disappointed to have crashed out on his home race. His crash promotes Doohan to second, Ito to third, Cadalora to fourth, Honma to fifth and Barros to sixth place. Doohan now has clear road ahead of him, allowing him to pull a small gap to his teammate.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On lap twenty, the penultimate lap, Doohan starts to push to try and catch leader Schwantz. Further back, Barros has retaken fifth from Honma and the top six is now as follows: Schwantz, Doohan, Ito, Cadalora, Barros and Honma. Schwantz passes another backmarker, this time being Marc Garcia at the Backstretch without problems.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
The final lap - lap twenty-one - has begun and Schwantz has two more backmarkers to pass - Jean Pierre Jeandat and Cristiano Migliorati. He does so without problems, even waving at the crowd for a split second before he enters Dunlop. Doohan behind him has now opened up a significant gap back to teammate Ito. At the Casio Triangle, the fans cheer for Schwantz as he goes through, crossing the line in jubilant fashion - doing a wheelie - to win his first race of the year. Behind him, Doohan finishes in second and Ito in third place, the home fans cheering for him as he crosses the line. Cadalora crosses the line in fourth, Barros in fifth and Honma in sixth.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On the parade lap back to parc-fermé, Schwantz carries the American flag as some fans invade the track. He celebrates by punching up in and kicking the air with his leg, the Japanese fans clapping for him in return.


1994 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report
On the podium, the trophies are being handed out. Schwantz get his first, raising it up in the air gleefully. Doohan then gets his, followed by Ito. As the American national anthem starts for Schwantz, Doohan laughs and Ito looks down with crossed arms in respect. The trio then gets the champagne, Schwantz spraying Ito and Doohan spraying Schwantz before spraying the camera.


1994 Java earthquake
The 1994 Java earthquake occurred on June 3 at 01:17:37 local time on June 2, at 18:17:37 GMT off the coast of Indonesia. The epicenter was off the eastern part of the southern Java coast, near the east end of the Java Trench.


1994 Java earthquake, Earthquake
This earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 7.8 in a region which is characterized as having a weak seismic coupling. Earthquakes with slow rupture velocities are the most efficient tsunami generators, and this earthquake was classified as a tsunami earthquake.


1994 Java earthquake, Tsunami
The tsunami reached Java and Bali, with runups up to 14 m (46 ft) on the east Java coast and up to 5 m (16 ft) on the southwestern Bali coast. More than 200 people were killed in the tsunami. The shock could be felt strongly across Bali, central and eastern Java, Lombok, and Sumbawa.


1994 Jeux de la Francophonie
The 1994 Jeux de la Francophonie, also known as IIes Jeux de la Francophonie, (French for Francophone Games) were held in Paris/Évry-Bondoufle, France from July 5–13, 1994.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game
On November 26, 1994, in a high school football playoff game in Texas, the Lions of John Tyler High School defeated the Panthers of Plano East Senior High School 48–44. The game drew national attention in the United States due to its wildly improbable and tumultuous finish, with seven touchdowns scored in the last four and a half minutes, and it won the 1995 Showstopper of the Year ESPY Award. It has been billed by many sportscasters, both in Texas and the rest of the United States, as the greatest high school football game ever played.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Game summary
The game was a Region II semifinal in class 5A Division II of Texas high school football and was played in Texas Stadium. The start time was 9:00 pm. Both teams had a 12–0 record up to that point in the season, and they were known for defense: John Tyler was giving up only 14 points per game on average, while Plano East was giving up less than nine. Plano East was ranked No. 2 in the state, and Tyler was ranked #3.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Game summary
The first quarter ended at 7–7, but at halftime, the Lions had a 21–14 lead. In the third quarter, each team kicked a field goal, bringing the score to 24–17.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Game summary
The Lions then scored a field goal early in the fourth quarter to make the score 27–17. Towards the end of the quarter, as the Panthers were first-and-goal, the ball was stripped from their quarterback and the resulting fumble was returned 90 yards for a touchdown and a 34–17 lead with 4:24 remaining. On the fourth play of the Panthers' next possession, another fumble was returned 36 yards for a touchdown, giving the Lions a seemingly insurmountable 41–17 lead with only 3:03 remaining. Many fans had already headed for the exits.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Game summary, Comeback
However, on a two-play 70-yard drive, the Panthers scored a touchdown to bring the score to 41–23 (after a failed two-point conversion) with 2:36 on the clock. The Panthers then successfully executed three onside kicks in a row, recovering the ball each time and then driving down the field for a touchdown on each occasion.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Game summary, Comeback
The first touchdown drive took six plays (the two-point conversion was good: 41–31 with 1:29 left); the second also took six plays (the two-point conversion failed: 41–37 with 0:56 left); the final one was completed in three plays (the extra point was successful), giving the Panthers a 44–41 comeback lead with only 24 seconds remaining.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Game summary, Ending
In a final twist, however, after the Panthers did a regular kickoff, the Lions' returner Roderick Dunn caught the ball at his own three-yard line and took it 97 yards for a touchdown at 0:11 and a 48–44 Lions victory. He was the very same player who had muffed the reception of the final two onside kicks, and it was the only touchdown of his high school career.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Game summary, Ending
In their final very brief possession, the Panthers started on their 20-yard line on a touchback and the game ended two plays later with an interception.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Game summary, Ending
Between the two teams, 48 points (seven touchdowns) in total had been scored in the game's final four and a half minutes. The Lions' offense never touched the ball again after their field goal early in the fourth quarter. The Lions' final 21 points were scored by the defense and special teams.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
The Lions went on to win the 1994 state championship in 5A Division II, defeating Lake Highlands 27–7 in the Region II final, Arlington 45–20 in the state semifinals and Austin Westlake 35–24 in the state championship.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
The game was originally broadcast locally on community-access Plano TeleCable, but was later rebroadcast nationally on ESPN2. Play-by-play announcers Eddy Clinton and Denny Garver, accompanied by guest commentator Mike Zoffuto (the Lake Highlands head football coach, who was scouting his team's next opponent), got a modest amount of temporary fame for their colorful, folksy, and highly partisan commentary during the comeback, including "Bingo bango bongo", "Good gosh almighty", "Break out the Oreos, baby", and "I done wet my britches".


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
When Plano East took the lead, Garver jubilantly proclaimed "the greatest comeback of all time", but soon Zoffuto was repeatedly exclaiming "Oh, no" as the final touchdown return unfolded, and then "I don't believe it. God bless those kids... I am sick, I want to throw up."


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
The broadcast commentary became part of the game's lore, and Clinton and Garver appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on Friday, December 16, 1994 and did many radio interviews. Some sources mention that they also received roles as announcers in the movie Varsity Blues, reportedly at the suggestion of Jon Voight who had heard the tape; however IMDb does not credit them in the list of cast or crew.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
Zoffuto had been asked to be guest commentator because he was the coach of the Lake Highlands team, which would meet the game winner the following week. On that occasion his team lost 27–7 in what would turn out to be the final game of his eight years as Lake Highlands coach. It was Zoffuto who reacted with memorably vocal dismay on the broadcast as the final kickoff was returned for a touchdown, and in later years he would tease Clinton and Garver that they owed their post-broadcast fame to him.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
As a coach scouting his next opponent and obviously not an actual Plano East fan, he explained his reaction by saying, "I could see it developing and what was going to happen. I really felt bad for those kids and it just came out." On another occasion, he stated that his team had lost an earlier game to Plano East on a controversial call, and he had wanted a chance for a rematch.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
The game was given the 1995 Showstopper of the Year ESPY Award. In 2006, ESPN ranked the game among its top 10 premature celebrations of all-time.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
Eddy Clinton purchased the broadcast rights for the game for $200. On the tenth anniversary of the game, he released a DVD entitled "The Greatest High School Football Game of All Time". The advent of Internet video sites like YouTube added to the game's notoriety in later years.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Aftermath
The two teams did not meet again until 2006, when Plano East won 27–3.


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Partial list of players
John Tyler: Morris Anderson, quarterback; Roderick Dunn, kickoff returner; Nico Hernandez, field goal kicker; Marc Broyles, defense; David Warren; Darwin Brown; Jesse Taylor; Mickey Jones; Taafee Hines; Michael Price; Quincy Stewart; Gary Baxter; Allen Wilson, coach


1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game, Partial list of players
Plano East: Jeff Whitley, quarterback; Jonathan Braddick, offense; Terence Green, offense and kicker; Robert Woods; Rico Hall; Kenny Reed; Kevin Coit; Derek Martin, David Tomlinson, Donald Tomlinson, Dion Hilliard, Casey Erick, Scott Phillips,  coach


1994 Ju-Jitsu World Championships
The 1994 Ju-Jitsu World Championship were the 1st edition of the Ju-Jitsu World Championships, and were held in Cento, Italy from November 25 to November 27, 1994.


1994 Junior League World Series
The 1994 Junior League World Series took place from August 15–20 in Taylor, Michigan, United States. Thousand Oaks, California defeated Hamilton, Ohio in the championship game.


1994 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 1994 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships was held in Monterrey, Mexico, September 20–22, 1994.


1994 Junior Pan American Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
The 1994 Junior Pan American Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships was held in Monterrey, Mexico, September 20–22, 1994.


1994 K League
The 1994 Korean League was the twelfth season of K League since its establishment in 1983.


1994 KAL Cup Korea Open
The 1994 KAL Cup Korea Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was played at Seoul in South Korea from April 18 through April 25, 1994.


1994 KAL Cup Korea Open, Finals, Doubles
Stéphane Simian /  Kenny Thorne defeated  Kent Kinnear /  Sébastien Lareau 6–4, 3–6, 7–5


1994 KAL Cup Korea Open – Doubles
Jan Apell and Peter Nyborg were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1994 KAL Cup Korea Open – Doubles
Stéphane Simian and Kenny Thorne won the title, defeating Kent Kinnear and Sébastien Lareau 6–4, 3–6, 7–5 in the final.


1994 KAL Cup Korea Open – Singles
Chuck Adams was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals this year.


1994 KAL Cup Korea Open – Singles
Jeremy Bates won the title, defeating Jörn Renzenbrink 6–4, 6–7(6–8), 6–3 in the final.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
The 1994 Kangaroo Tour was the 18th and last Kangaroo Tour played in the conventional format, where the Australia national rugby league team (known as the XXXX Kangaroos due to sponsorship reasons) played a number of matches against British and French clubs or provincial outfits, in additions to the Test matches. The outbreak of the Super League war in early 1995 meant that the next Kangaroo tour, set for 1998, never eventuated; although shortened, test only tours were staged in 2001 and 2003.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
Australia continued its dominance, winning both Test series against Great Britain and France, suffering only one loss (against Great Britain in the First Test at Wembley, just as they had done in 1990), and remained undefeated against British club outfits in a streak stretching back to the 1978 tour.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
The team was coached by Bob Fulton who was making his fourth Kangaroo tour (1973 and 1978 as a player, the latter as captain, and 1990 as coach). Team captain Mal Meninga created history by becoming the first and so far only player to make four tours as a player. He also became the first player to captain consecutive tours. His four tours included being a member of two undefeated teams, first as a member of "The Invincibles" in 1982, and the second with "The Unbeatables" in 1986.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
Meninga also had the remarkable record of playing in every test match during each of his 4 tours meaning that 21 of his eventual 46 tests for Australia were playing on a Kangaroo Tour of Great Britain and France. Fulton and Meninga also became the first pair to be the coach and captain on consecutive Kangaroo tours. Laurie Daley, the New South Wales State of Origin captain who had captained the Australian team to a 14–all draw with New Zealand in Auckland in 1993 with Meninga missing due to suspension, was named as the tour's vice-captain.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
Balmain Tigers Second-rower Paul Sironen became just the fourth forward to be selected for three Kangaroo tours, having previously toured in 1986 and 1990.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
This was the last full strength Australian side to take the field until after the resolution of the Super League war (1998) with all Australian teams from 1995–1997 being made up exclusively of either Australian Rugby League (ARL) loyal or Super League (SL) aligned players.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
The Kangaroo tour was televised back to Australia on the Nine Network with commentary provided by Nine's rugby league commentary team of Ray Warren (making a rare appearance overseas due to a fear of flying), 1982 and 1986 Kangaroo tourist Peter Sterling, and 13 test veteran for Australia Paul Vautin. Following the second test Vautin was forced to return to Australia for medical reasons. He was replaced in the commentary box by former Great Britain halfback Alex Murphy who had provided sideline comments for Nine during the first two tests.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, By club
The touring side was represented by 20 New South Welshmen (N) and 8 Queenslanders (Q).


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, By club
With captain Mal Meninga and vice-captain Laurie Daley both coming from the Canberra Raiders, this was the first time the Kangaroos captain and vice-captain had come from the same club since Reg Gasnier had captain-coached the 1967–68 Kangaroo tour with his St George teammate Johnny Raper as the vice-captain.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
The first match against Great Britain at London's Wembley Stadium featured pre-match entertainment by Cliff Richard.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
The 1994 Ashes series again broke the record aggregate crowd for the series in Great Britain with 140,430 attending the three Tests, beating the record of 133,684 set on the 1990 Kangaroo Tour. As with the 1982, 1986 and 1990 tours, the game against Wigan at Central Park drew the biggest club game attendance of the Kangaroo Tour attracting 20,057 fans.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
The larger test attendances had been made possible by the use of England's 82,000 capacity national stadium (Wembley) as well as the use of larger capacity soccer stadiums Old Trafford and Elland Road rather than the traditional use of the larger club grounds such as Central Park, Headingley (Leeds) and Odsal Stadium (Bradford).


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
The Kangaroos played an international tour match against Wales at Ninian Park in Cardiff on 30 October wearing their non-Test Australian jumpers for the game (for the first time in Kangaroo Tour history, the Kangaroos non-Test jumpers included yellow hoops around the waist leaving the traditional jumper to be used only in the Tests). In the first meeting of the two nations since the 1982 Kangaroo tour, the Australians ran in eight tries to one in a 46–4 win, played on a heavy ground and in driving rain before 8,729 fans.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
The match proved to be spiteful and produced two dark spots. Welsh dual international John Devereux suffered a badly broken jaw after he accidentally collided with Mal Meninga's left shoulder when attempting to tackle the Australian captain. Later an all-in-brawl erupted after Kangaroos second-rower Paul Sironen reacted to a high tackle from Welsh halfback Kevin Ellis on Kangaroo halfback Allan Langer.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
The 1994 Kangaroos scored 535 points on the British leg of the tour (96 tries, 75 goals, 1 field goal), while conceding only 108 points (17 tries, 20 goals).


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
The three Ashes series tests took place at the following venues.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
With the NSWRL Grand Final having been played only a week earlier, Kangaroos coach Bob Fulton rested the Canberra and Canterbury-Bankstown players for what would be Australia's only tour match against a full English county side. Making their debuts in Australian colours were Wendell Sailor, Terry Hill, Greg Florimo, Jim Serdaris and Steve Menzies who was awarded the Man of the Match. Second rower Paul Sironen and making his 3rd Kangaroo Tour as a player (the record for a forward), captained the Kangaroos in the absence of Mal Meninga and Laurie Daley.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
The Kangaroos produced a powerhouse performance against Leeds with a 48–6 win at Headingley. As he had done against them on the 1990 Kangaroo tour, former Leeds player Andrew Ettingshausen crossed for a hat trick of tries, as did Allan Langer. Dean Pay, David Furner and Jason Smith made their green and gold debuts.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
The Kangaroos controlled the first half against Wigan, leading 26–6 at half time with tries to Clyde, Pay, Daley (off what looked to be a forward pass from former Wigan import Ian Roberts), Renouf (a dazzling 52 metre run with neither Robinson nor Gary Connolly making any ground) and Hancock with only Jason Robinson scoring for the cherry and whites. Great Britain prop Kelvin Skerrett was sin-binned midway through the half for backchat after the use of a forearm on Paul Sironen who was attempting to tackle him. Following the restart after Hancock's try, Sironen, taking the hit up, was felled by an elbow to the head from Barrie McDermott who was put on report (and later suspended). Due to stoppages, the first half went almost 10 minutes longer than the regulation 40 minutes.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
Former All Black Va'aiga Tuigamala scored a brilliant solo try soon after half time that brought the 20,057 crowd to its feet when he beat Meninga's attempted tackle and chipped ahead along the sideline and beat Sailor, Clyde and Mullins to the ball, but the Kangaroos hit straight back with a solo try to Brett Mullins from a poor Henry Paul kick and poor defence which allowed him to race 75 metres to score next to the posts and take the score to 30–10.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
But from there Wigan fought back with a try to Gary Connolly from a quick penalty tap and a late try to Martin Offiah to bring some respectability for the home side. After receiving a cut to the head in the first half fans were treated to the rare sight of Australian captain Mal Meninga wearing headgear for most of the game.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
With 38 points, the Kangaroos put on their biggest score against Castleford since defeating them 39–6 on the 1929–30 Kangaroo tour. Playing in the unfamiliar position of lock forward, Greg Florimo was judged as the Man of the Match.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
With Kangaroos hooker Steve Walters being rested before the first test due to a back injury and his understudy Jim Serdaris unavailable due to a cracked rib suffered 4 days earlier against Castleford that sidelined him for two weeks, coach Bob Fulton had Ricky Stuart and Allan Langer playing halfback and hooker respectively in the first half before having them swap positions in the second.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
Australia led Halifax 10–6 at half time thanks to tries from Wendell Sailor and Bradley Clyde and a Tim Brasher goal with Halifax's only score coming from a John Bentley try which was converted from the sideline by former All Blacks and Newcastle Knights centre John Schuster. However, second half tries to Greg Florimo, Andrew Ettingshausen and a second to Sailor saw the score blow out to 26–6 before a late try to replacement winger Richard Smith (converted by Schuster) saw the final score read 26–12 in Australia's favour.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test venues
The day prior to the game, the Kangaroos had a training session at Thrum Hall to get used to the ground which had a distinctive 3.6 metre slope from the grandstand wing to the outer side of the ground due to being built on the side of a hill. During this session Michael Hancock suffered an AC joint injury which would keep him out of action for 3 weeks and effectively end his test career. He was replaced in the run-on side by Tim Brasher who had originally been named on the bench. Coming into the side on the bench was Greg Florimo. Hancock's injury opened the door for his Brisbane Broncos teammate Wendell Sailor to make his test debut at Wembley 6 days later.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
The first Test of the 1994 Kangaroo Tour was again played at London's Wembley Stadium, and attracted 57,034 fans, a record Test Match crowd in England breaking the previous record of 54,569 who had attended the opening Ashes test at Wembley in 1990. As of 2017 this remains England's largest non-World Cup international rugby league attendance.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
New Lions coach Ellery Hanley who had captained the team in the 1988 and 1990 Ashes series under the coach he replaced Mal Reilly, and was at the time still playing for Leeds, became the first black person to coach or manage a major national team of any sport in Great Britain. Australian coach Bob Fulton was in charge for what would be his 25th test with a prior record of 21 wins, 2 losses and 1 draw. Five of the Australians (Mullins, Sailor, Daley, Roberts and Harragon) plus Pay and Furner on the bench had not previously played at Wembley.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
Despite Great Britain captain and halfback Shaun Edwards being sent-off after 25 minutes for a high shot on Australian second rower Bradley Clyde, the Lions put in another brilliant performance at Wembley and, as they had done in the first Test of the 1990 Kangaroo Tour, defeated the Kangaroos 8–4. Lions fullback Jonathan Davies, the "Welsh Wizard", put in a Man of the Match performance, including a 50-metre solo try in the first half after being put into a gap by Denis Betts then outpacing Australian fullback Brett Mullins to score in the corner.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
Davies was also a solid last line of defence, repelling many breaks by the Kangaroos, until he dived on a loose ball close to his line and was fallen on by teammate Barrie McDermott, resulting a dislocated shoulder midway through the second half saw him leave the field and later be ruled him out for the rest of the series as well as Wales' game against the Kangaroos before the second Ashes test.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
Davies' try actually came from an incorrect ruling by referee, Australian Graham Annesley. Lions hooker Lee Jackson had passed from a 20-metre tap restart and the ball had come into contact with Annesley. The resulting stoppage should have given the team in the attacking half (Australia) the ball for a scrum feed. However Annesley gave Great Britain the feed and off the scrum, the Lions attacked down the left with the two fastest players in Britain Alan Hunte and Martin Offiah who made 30 metres before Offiah was tackled 5 metres into Australia's half. From there the ball was swept along the line to the right where Betts fed Davies for his run to the line.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
Typical of Davies' play on the day, midway through the second half Kangaroos lock Brad Fittler made a break down the middle of the field only 25 metres out with Allan Langer in support and only the Lions fullback to beat. Fittler passed to Langer who should have had a clear 15 metre run to the line, however Davies had anticipated that Fittler would pass and made the decision to go for Langer, bringing the Australian halfback down in a try saving tackle.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
As Langer was tackled, Fittler threw his arms up in disbelief, realising that if he had thrown a dummy he would likely have scored untouched under the posts with the closest defender being Chris Joynt who was over 3 metres behind. Davies wasn't the only star defender for the Lions though as the entire team made up for only having 12 players and repelled all but one of the Kangaroos many attacking raids. Most of the play in the second half saw Australia virtually camped inside the Lions 30 metre zone, but the commitment on the day shown by the 12 man line was what won the day for the home side.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
As he did at Wembley in the 1992 World Cup Final, Steve Renouf crossed for Australia's only try of the game late in the second half. Replacement forward David Furner, making his test debut, had a sideline conversion to tie the game at 6–all but his kick sailed wide of the posts. Replacement halfback Bobbie Goulding, who had come on to replace Andy Farrell after Edwards' send-off, then kicked penalty goal in injury time to give the Lions a well deserved 8–4 win.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
After coming off following the hit by Edwards, Bradley Clyde returned to the game in the first half, but did not return to the game in the second half. While walking with Canberra Raiders teammate Ricky Stuart in the Wembley tunnel to the change rooms at half time, Clyde collapsed and was taken to hospital for a precautionary CT scan. He was given the all-clear by the doctors but required a second scan the next morning after waking up still slightly dazed.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
The Kangaroos took out their frustration at having lost the first test at Wembley on the hapless Sheffield Eagles at the Don Valley Stadium. In their highest score since defeating Bramley 92–7 at the Barley Mow ground during the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour, the Aussies ran in 14 tries to nil in humiliating the home side 80–2. Sheffield's only score came early in the first half from a penalty goal by David Mycoe. Australian centre Paul McGregor suffered a hamstring injury unfortunately which ended his tour. His replacement Andrew Ettingshausen would cross for 3 of Australia's 14 tries, his last being a 90-metre run where Eagles winger Lynton Stott failed to make any ground on him.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, 1st Test
After having defeated the Eagles 52–22 at Don Valley during their mini 1992 Rugby League World Cup Final tour, this gave Australia a 132–24 for and against record in the only 2 games they would ever play against Sheffield.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales
The Kangaroos played a non-test international against Wales at Ninian Park in Cardiff in what was the first meeting of the two countries since the 1982 Kangaroo tour when Australia won 37–7 at the same venue.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales
Although the Kangaroos were facing another country in Wales, the match was not given test status. Indeed, the Kangaroos wore their tour jumpers for the game and not their test jumpers.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales
The match, played in wet and muddy conditions in Cardiff, saw the Kangaroos lead by 30–0 at half time which virtually destroyed the match as a contest. In the second half the game descended into a spiteful affair with several all-in brawls. For Welsh dual rugby international centre John Devereux the match was largely forgettable. Nine minutes into the game he attempted to tackle Australian captain Mal Meninga but unfortunately came into contact with Meninga's shoulder. All agreed that the contact was accidental, but the impact broke Devereux's jaw in two places.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales
Although they were also without their superstar and inspirational captain Jonathan Davies who had dislocated his right shoulder in the first Ashes Test just 8 days earlier at Wembley, the Welsh team still boasted plenty of international rugby league experience with players like Phil Ford, Anthony Sullivan, John Devereux, Kevin Ellis, Jonathan Griffiths, Paul Moriarty and Rowland Phillips. In Davies' absence, the Dragons were captained by front row forward Dai Young. For the Australian's, only Greg Florimo had yet to play test football.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales
Although Kevin Walters captained the Kangaroos against St Helens, tour captain Mal Meninga (a former St Helens player) was part of Australia's bench for the game, though both he and Ricky Stuart were not used by coach Fulton.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
With Lions captain Shaun Edwards out suspended for his high tackle on Bradley Clyde in the first Test, the captaincy was handed to his Wigan teammate Phil Clarke. On the morning of the match, reserve Australian forward David Fairleigh was forced to withdraw from the team with a virus that had swept through the Kangaroos squad in the days leading up to the game. He was replaced on the bench by veteran Paul Sironen in what would prove to be his 20th test for Australia and his 8th and last against Great Britain.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
In defense of The Ashes, the Kangaroos came out firing, scoring seven tries to one, kick-started by captain Mal Meninga's 70 metre intercept run off a Bobby Goulding pass. Meninga put Andrew Ettingshausen, who beat the cover of Denis Betts and Graham Steadman, in for his 10th try of the tour with a perfectly timed pass just as flying Lions winger Martin Offiah was about to tackle him. From there, the floodgates opened and the only question was how much would the Kangaroos win by.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
Rod Wishart made a welcome return to the Test team for the first time since the 10–33 loss to the Lions in Melbourne in the 2nd Test of the 1992 Lions tour. Wishart's goal kicking proving invaluable and he booted seven goals from nine attempts while also making a number of line breaks.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
Kangaroos front row forward Ian Roberts was forced from the field midway through the first half with a deep gash above his right eye. Roberts had gone low to tackle Denis Betts who in the process of trying to break the tackle, accidentally stepped on Roberts' head.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
Before Ettingshausen's opening try, Goulding and Wishart (2 each) traded penalty goals. Following the try, the Kangaroos began to cut loose in defence of The Ashes. Bradley Clyde powered his way over after a Ricky Stuart mid-field bomb had been left alone by the Lions defence with some quick hands keeping the ball alive before Clyde powered over despite the attentions of Chris Joynt and Gary Connolly on the line.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
And minutes later a 60-metre break by Wishart before being brought down by a desperate Connolly had the British defence in tatters allowing Stuart and Man of the Match Brad Fittler to combine to send Brett Mullins under the posts for his first try and give Australia a match winning 18–4 half time lead. Great Britain's only score in the first half came from those two penalty goals by Bobbie Goulding.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
Soon after half time and with Australia attacking the Great Britain line, Laurie Daley raced through a huge gap between Lee Jackson and Karl Harrison to score next to the posts and give Australia a 24–4 lead. The Lions then began to come alive thanks to enterprising play by veteran replacement pivot Garry Schofield who sent fellow replacement back Paul Newlove over for the Lions only try of the game.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
However, the fightback was short-lived as 10 minutes later Connolly sprinted out of the Lions defensive line trying to shut down Daley but only created a gap exploited by an on debut Greg Florimo who sent the ball back inside to Steve Renouf who jogged in for an easy try. Wishart's conversion, his 5th goal of the game, brought up his 100th point on tour in just his 6th game.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
Daley then put a scare in the Australian camp when he hurt his knee sliding over an exposed sprinkler head behind the dead ball line while attempting to score at the Stretford End of Old Trafford (the injury prompted questions over his decision to slide as he was almost 5 metres behind the ball and no chance of scoring), but just moments later Mal Meninga capped off a welcome return to form after a poor game at Wembley with a perfectly placed over the shoulder pass that sent Brett Mullins on a 65-metre run to score his second try of the game under the posts giving Australia a comprehensive 38–8 win and keeping the series alive going to Elland Road in Leeds for the deciding test.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
This was the first time the Kangaroos had kept their opposition scoreless on tour and the first time the Kangaroos had kept an English club or county side scoreless since defeating Leeds 40–0 on the 1986 Kangaroo tour. Terry Hill scored his first try in Australian colours, a 40-metre solo effort, in a match played in light rain. Midway through the second half with the game lost, several Warrington players began to put swinging arms into their tackles, a tactic that went unpunished by referee Robert Connolly and his touch judges.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
This was the second 'clean sheet' in a row for the Kangaroos who defeated Bradford Northern 40–0. It was also the second game in succession against Bradford at Odsal Stadium where they had kept the home side scoreless having also achieved this during the 1986 tour when the Kangaroos won 38–0 (the 1990 Kangaroos had not played Bradford as part of their tour itinerary). Team captain Mal Meninga was the only member of the 1986 side that had won at Odsal to also play in 1994.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
Kangaroos second row forward Paul Sironen (making his 3rd Kangaroo Tour) had also played in the 1986 win, but wasn't in the side for the 1994 game. In the wet and muddy conditions at Odsal (and largely thanks to most of the Kangaroos tries being scored in the corners of the ground), Rod Wishart had his worst kicking game of the Kangaroo Tour landing only 4 of his 8 kicks at goal.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
This match marked the Kangaroos 50th consecutive wins against English club and county teams. The Kangaroos last loss to an English club or county side had been when they went down 11–10 to Widnes on 25 October 1978, the 9th game of the 1978 Kangaroo tour.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 2nd Test
Against the best of Britain's young players, the Kangaroos ran in nine tries to one to defeat the Great Britain Under-21 side 54–10 at the Gateshead International Stadium. Second rower David Furner, the son of 1956–57 Kangaroo tourist and the 1986 tour head coach Don Furner, kicked 9 goals from 9 attempts on the night. 20 year old St Helens fullback Steve Prescott scored all of the points for the Lions U/21's with a try and 3 goals.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
Great Britain coach Ellery Hanley made a number of changes for the third test.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
In the press before the game there was speculation that Hanley would actually play Phil Clarke at five-eighth and himself at lock, though most were questioning why the man who sparked the Lions in the second test, former captain Garry Schofield, wasn't in the starting side (it was rumoured that personal differences between Leeds teammates Hanley and Schofield dating back to Schofield retaining the Lions captaincy over Hanley for the 1992 World Cup Final is what kept Schofield not only out of the first test team, but on the Lions bench for the final two games).


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
The Lions changes for the decider were: Graham Steadman was dropped and Gary Connolly moved from the centres to his preferred fullback with Paul Newlove moving from the bench to replace Connolly in the centres. Shaun Edwards returned from suspension to captain the side, demoting Bobby Goulding to the bench. Phil Clarke did play 5/8 with Darryl Powell moved to the bench, Chris Joynt from the front row to lock and prop Barrie McDermott into the run on side while pacey St. Helens back rower Sonny Nickle came into the team on the bench replacing Mick Cassidy.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
Kangaroos coach Bob Fulton made just one change to the side that had comprehensively won the second test with David Fairleigh coming onto the bench for his second test to replace 20 test veteran Paul Sironen. Fairleigh had originally been chosen over Sironen for the second test but had fallen ill on the day of the game which saw the giant Balmain forward brought back into the side.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
Although the Australian's kept the Lions tryless for the game, the third test was a genuine contest and the 23–4 scoreline didn't tell the whole story and it wasn't until late in the game that Australia put the result beyond doubt. Laurie Daley opened the scoring midway through the first half with a try from his own kick.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
Near the Great Britain line he chip kicked over Paul Newlove who got a hand to the ball but it deflected up perfectly for the Australian vice-captain who caught the ball and stepped past a wrong footed Gary Connolly and put it down untouched next to the posts. Wishart's easy conversion gave the Australian's a 6–0 lead before a 40-metre Andy Farrell penalty goal saw the score 6–2 before Ricky Stuart slotted a 39th minute field goal to see the Kangaroos go into half time with a 7–2 lead.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
Wishart was next to score following a long pass by Daley. The Illawarra winger took the pass flat footed but stepped inside Paul Newlove to score in the corner. He missed converting his own try and Australia led 11–2. Farrell then kicked a second goal to bring the score to 11–4, but that was as close as the Lions would get. Play then went back and forth with both sides making breaks but were unable to capitalise.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
Steve Walters, who had made 2 of the Kangaroos line breaks including one that led to Wishart's try, then confirmed himself as Man of the Match when he ran from dummy half and pushed through 3 defenders to score beside the posts with Wishart's conversion giving the Kangaroos a match winning 17–4 lead. Dean Pay then scored his first test try to put the result beyond doubt and ensure Australia kept alive its streak of winning every Ashes series in England since 1963–64. Stuart looked like scoring his first try but was tackled short of the line. However he was able to get a flick pass away to Pay who scored under the posts giving Wishart an easy conversion to give the Australian's a match winning 23–4 lead.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
The attendance of 39,468 remains (as of 2017) the record for a rugby league match played at Elland Road.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
As he had announced his retirement prior to the end of the 1994 NSWRL season, this was Australian captain Mal Meninga's last game in England. Meninga had made a record four Kangaroo Tours in his career, the only player to do so, and had captained the squad twice, also the only player to do so.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
Meninga had played 49 games over the four tours (winning 47), including all 12 Ashes tests (winning 10), and scored a total of 304 points (31 tries*, 95 goals) and was the leading point scorer on the 1982 Kangaroo tour with 166 points (10 tries, 68 goals). Note: Meninga's 10 tries scored on the 1982 tour were when they were worth 3 points. With points adjusted to 4 points per try, Meninga scored a total of 314 points. The Australian captain also had a short, but successful stint in English club football with St Helens in 1984-85, helping Saints to a Premiership Final win over Hull Kingston Rovers at Elland Road.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales, 3rd Test
Midway through the second half, Kangaroos centre Steve Renouf had a golden opportunity to join a select band of Australians who had scored a try in each test of an Ashes series, but inexplicably dropped a simple inside pass from Bradley Clyde less than 2 metres from the line with no one near him. Had he scored he would have joined legendary winger Ken Irvine (1962 and 1963), Sam Backo (1988) and Mal Meninga (1990) on that list of players.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, French leg
Australia: Brett Mullins, Michael Hancock, Steve Renouf, Mal Meninga (c), Rod Wishart, Laurie Daley, Ricky Stuart, Glenn Lazarus, Allan Langer, Dean Pay, Jason Smith, Bradley Clyde, Brad Fittler. Res - Steve Walters, Ian Roberts, Steve Menzies, Tim Brasher


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, French leg
Australia: Tim Brasher, Wendell Sailor, Steve Menzies, Terry Hill, Michael Hancock, Greg Florimo, Kevin Walters, Glenn Lazarus (c), Jim Serdaris, Paul Harragon, David Fairleigh, Dean Pay, Jason Smith. Res - Ricky Stuart, Steve Walters


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, French leg, Test match
This would be the last time Australia played France in a test match until 21 November 2004.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, French leg, Test match
In what was Australian captain Mal Meninga's last game of rugby league, the Kangaroos ran in 13 tries at the Stade de la Méditerranée in Béziers to destroy the hapless French team 74–0, easily surpassing their then world record win of 58–0 over France earlier in the year at Parramatta Stadium in Sydney. Winger Andrew Ettingshausen crossed for a hat-trick while fullback Brett Mullins and centre Steve Renough both crossed for two tries.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, French leg, Test match
Other try scorers for the Kangaroos were Laurie Daley, David Fairleigh, Paul Harragon (who had replaced Greg Florimo on the bench), Ricky Stuart who got his first test try, Rod Wishart and Mal Meninga who fittingly scored the final try of the game (Meninga himself later admitted his try had been a clear cut double movement but referee Bill Harrigan had awarded it anyway).


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, French leg, Test match
Rod wishart also had a good day with the boot landing 11 of his 13-goal attempts to take his point scoring tally to a Kangaroo Tour record of 174 (from 11 games), breaking the post-war record of 170 set by dual rugby international Michael O'Connor on the 1986 Kangaroo Tour (the all-time record remained at 285 points (19 tries and 114 goals) set by Dave Brown during the 1933–34 Kangaroo tour). This was Australia's 11th straight win over France dating back to the French tour of Australasia in 1981.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, French leg, Test match
Andrew Ettingshausen's hat trick of tries took his tally to 15 for the tour equaling his score from the 1990 tour and ensuring he became the second player to be the leading try scorer on two (consecutive) Kangaroo tours. The other player was his 1990 and 1994 coach Bob Fulton who had led the try scoring in 1973 and 1978.


1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Statistics
* Andrew Ettingshausen became the second player to be the leading try scorer on consecutive Kangaroo Tours having also topped the list with 15 in 1990 (team coach Bob Fulton had been the leading try scorer on the 1973 and 1978 tours). * * The First test attendance of 57,034 remains the largest ever recorded Kangaroo Tour crowd and the largest ever non World Cup test attendance in England


1994 Kansas City Chiefs season
The 1994 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise's 25th season in the National Football League, the 32nd as the Kansas City Chiefs and the 35th overall. They failed to improve their 11–5 record from 1993 and finishing with a 9–7 record and Wild Card spot in the 1994–95 playoffs. The Chiefs lost to the Miami Dolphins 27–17 in the Wild Card round. Alongside celebrating the NFL's 75th anniversary season, Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana retired following the season.


1994 Kansas City Chiefs season
By playing their first four games vs. the NFC West, the Chiefs became the first AFC team to play its first four games against NFC teams since the AFL–NFL merger. The first team to play four inter-conference games to open a season were the 1992 Los Angeles Rams.


1994 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season summary
After an opening day win over the New Orleans Saints, the Chiefs faced the San Francisco 49ers on September 11. Facing his old team, Joe Montana led the Chiefs to a 24–17 win at Arrowhead. But after opening the season at 3–0, the Chiefs dropped 2 in a row to the Rams and Chargers.


1994 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season summary
On October 17, a 6-yard pass and a tightrope run into the end zone ended the Chiefs' 11-year drought in Mile High Stadium. Joe Montana and the Chiefs faced a 4-point deficit on Monday Night Football. The final drive in the final 82 seconds took nine plays, all of them Montana passes except one run of 10 yards by Marcus Allen; Montana's final pass was a five-yard score to Willie Davis for the 31–28 Kansas City win.


1994 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season summary
For the game, Montana hit 34 of 54 pass attempts for 393 yards and 3 touchdowns and the Chiefs, now 4–2, had now thrust themselves back into the playoff hunt. The game was tied 14–14 at the half. Lin Elliott's field goal with 4:08 left in the game temporarily put the Chiefs ahead 24–21. A Marcus Allen fumble set up the Broncos' final touchdown, but Montana and his inspiring confidence resulted in the comeback.


1994 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season summary
Montana would have another great season, passing for 3,283 yards. The rushing game improved from 1993 as the Chiefs rushed for 1,732 yards and twelve touchdowns (up from the previous year's 1,655 yards). Allen's game trailed off from 1993 as he gained 709 yards to lead the team (to 764 the previous year), while rookie Greg Hill managed only 574 yards for the season. Fullback Kimble Anders was the leading receiver with 67 receptions.


1994 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season summary
The defense showed flashes of brilliance as it improved to seventh in fewest points allowed from 1993's ninth, and as had become the standard, was led by perennial Pro Bowlers Derrick Thomas and Neil Smith. Defensive back Dale Carter had  a superb year and was also chosen for the Pro Bowl.


1994 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season summary
On December 24, Marcus Allen gained 132 yards rushing as the Chiefs beat the Los Angeles Raiders 19–9 in the last Raider's game ever as host in Los Angeles. The win secured a fifth-straight playoff spot for the Chiefs.


1994 Kansas City Royals season
The 1994 Kansas City Royals season  was a season in American baseball. It involved the Royals finishing 3rd in the American League Central with a record of 64 wins and 51 losses. The season was cut short by the 1994 player's strike. The season marked the Royals' alignment into the new American League Central division.


1994 Kansas City Royals season, Regular season
Thanks to the pitching prowess of Kevin Appier, Tom Gordon and 1994 AL Cy Young Award winner David Cone, and the hitting power of AL Rookie of the Year Bob Hamelin, the Royals had compiled a 64-51 record through 115 games. They had scored 574 runs (4.99 per game) and allowed 532 runs (4.63 per game). The Royals were in the thick of the 1994 AL Wildcard race, trailing the Baltimore Orioles by 0.5 games and the Cleveland Indians by 3 games.


1994 Kansas City Royals season, Regular season
Royals' pitchers struggled with control during the regular season, as they combined for 60 wild pitches (the most in the Majors) through the Royals' 115 games. Royals hitters were very active on the basepaths, as they led the Majors in stolen bases, with 140, and times caught stealing, with 62.


1994 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1994 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1994 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big 8 Conference and were coached by head coach Glen Mason. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.


1994 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1994 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was Bill Snyder. The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium. 1994 saw the Wildcats finish with a record of 9–3, and a 5–2 record in Big Eight Conference play. The season ended with a loss against Boston College in the 1994 Aloha Bowl.


1994 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1994 Kansas gubernatorial election included Republican Bill Graves who won the open seat vacated by the pending retirement of Governor Joan Finney. He defeated Jim Slattery.


1994 Karamay fire
The 1994 Karamay fire (simplified Chinese: 克拉玛依大火; traditional Chinese: 克拉瑪依大火; pinyin: Kèlāmǎyī Dàhuǒ, literally "Karamay Big Fire") is considered one of the worst civilian fires in the history of the People's Republic of China. On 8 December 1994, a fire began in a theatre hosting 1,000 children and teachers in Karamay, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. During the fire, the students and teachers were ordered to remain seated to allow Communist Party officials to walk out first. The fire killed 325, including 288 schoolchildren.


1994 Karamay fire, Background
The Friendship Theatre was built in 1958 following Soviet architecture, renovated starting in 1989 and reentered operation in December 1991. The building had three floors and was originally designed with a capacity of 796 people. The renovation increased it to 810. The soundproofing material was made of asbestos and polyurethane, the curtains were made of cotton. In certain positions, the spotlight was only at a distance of 20 cm from the stage curtains. Due to a lack of awareness on fire safety, the refurbishments of the theatre introduced many flammable objects, such as the seats, which due to being made from artificial fibres, burns well and is toxic in a fire.


1994 Karamay fire, Incident
On 8 December 1994, 500 schoolchildren were taken to a special variety performance at a theatre in Karamay at Friendship Theatre (友谊馆). Most aged between 7 and 14. From the accounts of survivors, it appears that spotlights near the stage either short-circuited, caused the curtain to catch fire spontaneously or fell. The curtain caught fire, then exploded, and fire engulfed the auditorium within a minute or two, and the fire caused a short circuit, shutting all the remaining lights. Various burning objects in the theatre released poisonous gases.


1994 Karamay fire, Incident
The firefighters who arrived on scene first did not have proper respiratory equipment and were thus unable to enter the hall.


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath
A total of 325 deaths were reported, with 288 of them being school children. Most of the 36 adults were teachers. About 100 corpses were heaped up outside the cloakroom. In 1995, 300 families of the dead and injured sent representatives to the National People’s Congress in Beijing, supposedly the venue for Chinese citizens to seek justice and a fair hearing. They were led off by security guards to a walled government compound, where five buses took them back to the airport. The group were then escorted through special channels to a plane bound for Xinjiang.


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath
The dry powder fire extinguishers in the theatre, though potent against chemical fires, were wholly useless against the fire, high up in the curtains.


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath
A court convicted a total of 13 people. Four of them, senior officials, were convicted of dereliction of duty and sentenced up to five years in prison. Others were convicted of lesser crimes while Zhao Zheng was acquitted.


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath
One week after the fire, city officials in Karamay announced plans to demolish the burned out Friendship Theater. This plan was quickly scrapped following protests by residents of Karamay and parents of the deceased children. Three years later, in September 1997, the theater portion of the building was torn down, leaving only the front hall. This unmarked memorial still stands in what is now the People's Park in the center of Karamay.


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath
There is no plaque or memorial anywhere in Karamay that references the deadly fire.


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath, Controversy
In 1995, the China Youth Daily was the first to have reported that somebody had asked the students 'let the leaders go first'. The order "Let the leaders walk out first" (让领导先走) has since become a popular Internet catch phrase, meaning the government officials have priority over ordinary folks in times of emergency. She has since been identified in online articles as Kuang Li (况丽), who was vice-director of the state petroleum company’s local education centre, though there has been no official confirmation of this. The teachers obeyed, and the children remain seated.


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath, Controversy
By the time the about 20 officials had filed out through the only opened emergency exit, when all the other exits remained locked, it was too late. Teachers hurried the pupils out of their seats to other exits, only to find that the emergency exit doors were locked. Parents and survivors alleged that Kuang took refuge in a ladies’ cloakroom that could have sheltered 30 people and barred the doors behind her. A 10-year-old boy said "My teacher asked me to run out of the theatre, but when I stood up the hall was smothered in smoke and fire. The power then cut out. People could see nothing. The place was full of crying and shouting."


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath, Controversy
Other survivors agreed that while 'let the leaders go first' was indeed said, it was spoken at the beginning of the performance, as a manner of respect to them when the performance ends and China Youth Daily took the original sentence out of context. Notably, in the documentary Karamay, in an interview conducted in the hospital immediately after the fire, none of the interviewees spoke about the students being instructed to let the leaders go first.


1994 Karamay fire, Aftermath, Controversy
Arguably, even if the leaders had left first, it wouldn't have made a difference; the main reason why many people died in front of doors A, B was due to panic. The panic induced irrational thinking, and many people tried to escape the way they entered, inevitably leading to a crush at the A, B doors, while the safer E, F doors were ignored even though they were not blocked in the rush to exit. The anti-robbery bars installed significantly hampered evacuation through windows and other doors.


1994 Karamay fire, In popular culture
Popular Chinese folk singer Zhou Yunpeng (周云蓬) has compiled a list of Chinese man-made disasters and turned it into a song, and the Karamay fire incident was mentioned in the song, as was the internet catch phrase, "Let the leaders walk out first." (让领导先走)


1994 Karl Schäfer Memorial
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1994 Karl Schäfer Memorial
The 1994 Vienna Cup took place on in Vienna. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and ice dancing.


1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
The 1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election took place in two phases on 26 November and 1 December 1994 in all the 224 legislative assembly constituencies in the Indian State of Karnataka. The Janata Dal emerged victorious winning 115 seats.


1994 Kazakh legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Kazakhstan on 7 March 1994, alongside local elections. The People's Union of Kazakhstan Unity emerged as the largest party with 33 of the 177 seats, although 64 independents were also elected. Supporters of the President won a clear majority of seats, and around 60% of seats were won by ethnic Kazakhs. Following the elections, Sergey Tereshchenko was reappointed Prime Minister. Voter turnout was 73.5%.


1994 Kazakh legislative election, Background
The elections were the first to the Supreme Kenges created by the 1993 constitution; elections for the former 360-seat Supreme Soviet had last taken place in March 1990, prior to independence in December 1991. The outgoing Supreme Soviet dissolved itself on 13 December 1993, five days after having set the election date.


1994 Kazakh legislative election, Campaign
The President's People's Union of Kazakhstan Unity was challenged by several newly formed groups, especially the People's Congress of Kazakhstan. After a screening process, 754 candidates were approved to contest the 135 directly-elected seats. There were also 65 candidates for the 42 "state list" seats.


1994 Kazakh legislative election, Campaign
The campaign lasted two-months and was focussed on the economy; Nazarbayev committed to the free-market system and continuing reforms, particularly in the banking and tax spheres, in order to attract foreign investment.


1994 Kazakh legislative election, Conduct
The elections were monitored by foreign observers, including the CSCE. The CSCE report called into question whether the elections had been free and fair.


1994 Kazakh local elections
Local elections were held in Kazakhstan on 7 March 1994 for the first time to elect 5,935 members of the mäslihats (local assemblies). The mäslihat elections coincided with the legislative elections and the voter turnout was reported to be 73.52%.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Background
During Soviet era prior to the changes of local governments, in which its representative bodies in Kazakhstan were the Soviet of People's Deputies of which the members were elected by citizens living in the Kazakh SSR on secret ballot for a five year term.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Background
Following the independence from the Soviet Union, things took a turn in Kazakhstan's local political structures. On 8 November 1993, the Alatau District Soviet of People's Deputies of the city of Almaty made an unprecedented decision on self-dissolution. The members of the District Council then appealed to the members of the Supreme Soviet and other People's Deputies Soviets to dissolve themselves due to "people's will". The following day the members of Lenin and Oktyabr District Soviets resigned their powers and then was followed by the Auezov and Frunzensky Didtricts of Almaty.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Background
On 8 December 1993, the Supreme Soviet adopted a law which called for elections of local legislatures for 7 March 1994, which would be held subsequently with the Surpeme Council elections, and on the following day on 9 December, the powers of the local Soviet of People's Deputies were dissolved nationwide.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Background
On 10 December, the bill "On local representative and executive bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was passed by the Supreme Soviet which brought changes in the structure of local representative bodies with Soviet of People's Deputies being renamed to mäslihats (local assemblies).


1994 Kazakh local elections, Electoral system
The members of mäslihats (local assemblies) were elected by population living in administrative-territorial units for a five year term on basis of secret ballot through first-past-the-post system. An election was considered to be legitimate if more than 50% of registered voters cast ballots in an electoral district. enrolled in voter lists, cast ballots.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Electoral system
A member of the mäslihat was required to be 20 years old with an active suffrage experience.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Conduct
Mäslihat candidates were nominated by themselves or public associations of which were required to collect signatures by the 3% of people living in their constituency.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Conduct
A total of 13,744 candidates in 5,935 constituencies were nominated for mäslihats of all levels in which were:


1994 Kazakh local elections, Conduct
Registration of candidates by the Central Election Commission (OSK) took place from 26 January 1994 and was finished on 8 February 1994, just one month before election date.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Results
According to results published by the Central Election Commission (OSK), out of 9,561,534 registered voters, 73.52% or 7,030,050 cast their votes with number of blank or invalid votes being 12,593.


1994 Kazakh local elections, Results
5,897 of the 5,935 total mäslihat members were elected. As a result of low turnout rate in 38 constituencies, by-elections were held to fill in the seats.


1994 Kazakhstan Cup
The 1994 Kazakhstan Cup was the 3rd season of the Kazakhstan Cup, the annual nationwide football cup competition of Kazakhstan since the independence of the country. The competition began on 31 May 1994, and ended with the final in November 1994. Dostyk were the defending champions, having won their first cup in the 1993 competition.


1994 Kazakhstan Cup Final
The 1994 Kazakhstan Cup Final was the 3rd final of the Kazakhstan Cup. The match was contested by Vostok and Aktyubinets at Central Stadium in Almaty. The match was played on 7 November 1994 and was the final match of the competition.


1994 Kazakhstan Cup Final, Background
Vostok and Aktyubinets played twice during the league season. In both matches Aktyubinets won. On June 27, 1994 Aktyubinets won the first match with the score 3-0 at the Central Stadium. Goals were scored by Dmitri Ogay, Ivan Kabakhidze and Andrei Miroshnichenko. On August 21, 1994 Aktyubinets won as visitors with the score 1-3. Goals were scored by Igor Kister, Dmitri Yurist, Andrei Miroshnichenko (all Aktyubinets) and Ruslan Duzmambetov (Vostok).


1994 Kazakhstan Premier League
The 1994 Kazakhstan Top Division was the third season of the Top Division, now called the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan.


1994 Kazakhstan Premier League, Teams
With the relegation of eight teams the previous season, the withdrawal of FC Dostyk before the start of the season, and no promoted teams, the league was reduced to 16 teams with them play each other twice.


1994 Kazakhstan Premier League, Teams
The relegated teams at the end of the 1993 season were Dinamo Almaty, Azhar Kokshetau, Munaishy, Kaisar, Metallist, Namys Almaty, Karachaganak and Taldykorgan. Tselinnik Tselinograd were renamed Tsesna Akmola and Fosfor were renamed FC Taraz before the start of the season.


1994 Kenpeng mine disaster
The 1994 Kenpeng mine disaster occurred between the week of August 1 to August 5, 1994, at Guangxi Kenpeng mine at the People's Republic of China.


1994 Kenpeng mine disaster, Mining disaster
About 8 tonnes of dynamite exploded in a warehouse at the lead and zinc Kenpeng mine, in the northern Huanjiang county of Guangxi, destroying a nearby workers' dormitory and nearly killing all inside. The blast flattened the dormitory and warehouses within 500 metres. Labour officials said Kenpeng had failed to maintain proper health and safety standards.


1994 Kenpeng mine disaster, Fall out
More than 200 government officials from the Guangxi region were mobilised to help with the rescue work and conduct investigation. There were more than 230 people injured with a death toll of 77. The government was also short of cash and could not give the victim's families adequate financial assistance.


1994 Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council election
The 1994 Kensington and Chelsea Council election took place on 5 May 1994 to elect members of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1994 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1994 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University  in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Jim Corrigall, the Golden Flashes compiled a 2–9 record (2–7 against MAC opponents), finished in eighth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 293 to 140.


1994 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The team's statistical leaders included Astron Whatley with 1,003 rushing yards, Mike Challenger with 842 passing yards, and Chris Amill with 247 receiving yards.


1994 Kentucky Derby
The 1994 Kentucky Derby was the 120th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 7, 1994. There were 130,594 in attendance. Rain made this the first sloppy track since 1948.


1994 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1994 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fifth season under head coach Bill Curry, the Wildcats compiled a 1–10 record (0–8 against SEC opponents), finished in last place in the Eastern Division of the SEC, and were outscored by their opponents, 405 to 149.


1994 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The team won its season opener against Louisville (20–14), but then lost the final ten games of the season, including blowout losses to Florida (7–73), Indiana (29–59), Mississippi State (7–47), and Tennessee (0–52), following the injury of the team's star running back transfer from Rutgers U  and Kenmore East HS Grad William Bing. The team played its home games in Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky.


1994 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The team's statistical leaders included Antonio O'Ferral with 642 passing yards, Moe Williams with 805 rushing yards, and Leon Smith with 375 receiving yards.