1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 12: Italy
With three-quarters of the season gone, Schumacher who had served one race of his two-race ban led the championship with 76 points, but Hill, second with 65 points was just 11 points behind. Berger was third with 33, Alesi fourth with 19, Häkkinen fifth with 18, Barrichello sixth with 13, Brundle seventh with 11 and Verstappen eighth with 8. In the Constructors' Championship, Benetton led with 85 points but Williams were hot on their heels with 73. Ferrari were not too far behind with 58, and McLaren fourth with 29.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 13: Portugal
Schumacher was still banned as the field went to Portugal. Philippe Adams had another go in the financially struggling Lotus. In qualifying, Berger took pole ahead of Hill, Coulthard, Häkkinen, Alesi and Katayama. At the start, Coulthard got ahead of Hill and Alesi was ahead of Häkkinen. Berger was leading Coulthard, Hill, Alesi, Häkkinen, and Katayama. Berger only lasted until lap 8 when his gearbox failed, promoting Barrichello to the points. Just before the stops, Katayama's gearbox also failed, on lap 27.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 13: Portugal
The stops did not change the order, with Coulthard leading ahead of Hill, Alesi, Häkkinen, Barrichello and Brundle. Coulthard went wide while lapping a backmarker on lap 33, and Hill edged ahead. On lap 39, when Alesi was coming up to lap David Brabham, they collided and both were out. Soon afterwards, Verstappen passed Brundle to take fifth. The second round of stops did not change anything. Hill won with Coulthard second, giving Williams a 1–2 and the lead in the Constructors' Championship, ahead of Häkkinen, Barrichello, Verstappen, and Brundle.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 14: Europe
To the new race in Jerez and there was major news. Schumacher was back after his ban, and with the CART season finished, Mansell replaced Coulthard for the remainder of the season in order to help Williams in the Constructors battle. Johnny Herbert was moved from Lotus to Ligier in place of Eric Bernard, who travelled the opposite way to partner Zanardi. Two new faces arrived at the back of the grid, as Hideki Noda joined Larrousse and Domenico "Mimmo" Schiattarella replaced Jean-Marc Gounon at Simtek. Schumacher took pole ahead of Hill, Mansell, Frentzen, Berger and Barrichello. At the start, Hill took the lead from Schumacher while Mansell went backwards, losing three places with Barrichello getting ahead of Berger. Hill led from Schumacher, Frentzen, Barrichello, Berger and Mansell.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 14: Europe
Mansell quickly passed Berger and then Barrichello to get up to fourth. During the stops, Hill messed up and the team, afraid that he would lose the lead, sent him back out too quickly without giving him enough fuel. Schumacher however was already ahead and Hill had to stop again for fuel. When he rejoined, he was over 20 seconds behind. Mansell too was slow and Barrichello was ahead of him. Mansell tried to pass him and there was contact. Both had to pit, with Mansell dropping to seventh and Barrichello going well down.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 14: Europe
The result was the same when Berger attacked Frentzen but damage was minor. They rejoined in sixth and seventh, behind Häkkinen, Irvine and Mansell, with Berger ahead. Mansell, now fifth, spun off on lap 48 into retirement while trying to close the gap to Irvine. Schumacher won ahead of Hill, Häkkinen, Irvine, Berger and Frentzen.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 14: Europe
With just two more races to go, there was a major battle for the Drivers' Championship. Schumacher led the championship with 86 points, but Hill was right behind with 81. Berger was third with 35, Häkkinen fourth with 26, Alesi fifth with 19, Barrichello sixth with 16, Coulthard seventh with 14 and Brundle eighth with 12. The Constructors' Championship was even closer as Benetton led with 97 points and Williams a mere 2 points behind with 95. Ferrari were third with 60, while McLaren were fourth with 38.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 15: Japan
More driver roulette followed before Japan. Benetton signed up Herbert from Ligier, in order to help them in the Constructors battle. This left Verstappen out of a drive for the last two races. JJ Lehto landed the Sauber seat for the remaining two races, vacated by Andrea de Cesaris who retired from the sport. Finn Mika Salo joined Lotus for the remainder of the season, Frenchman Franck Lagorce was promoted from Ligier test duties to race alongside Panis and Japanese driver Taki Inoue replaced Schiattarella for his home race. Mercedes-Benz ended months of speculation and confirmed their return to Formula 1 as an engine supplier for McLaren. Eddie Jordan immediately picked up a Peugeot works engine deal for his team for 1995.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 15: Japan
Schumacher took pole ahead of Hill, Frentzen, Mansell, Herbert and Irvine. At the start the track was wet and it was raining heavily. Mansell went backwards again with Alesi getting ahead of Irvine. Schumacher was leading Hill, Frentzen, Herbert, Alesi and Irvine. Herbert spun off on lap 4 and retired, while Mansell soon passed Irvine.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 15: Japan
On lap 14, Morbidelli crashed, and Brundle crashed off shortly after at the same point whilst the marshalls were still dealing with Morbidelli's car. Although no-one was hit by the car, one marshall was hit by debris and suffered a broken leg; the race was stopped. The race restarted after some time behind the Safety Car and Frentzen ran wide into the first corner, dropping down three places. Schumacher, who was just ahead on track but 6 seconds ahead on aggregate pitted early on lap 19.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 15: Japan
He took on fresh tyres and a fuel load that was insufficient to last to the end of the race. He rejoined 17 seconds behind Hill on aggregate but got caught in traffic and soon the gap was up to 30 seconds before it stabilized. This meant that Hill rejoined 7 seconds ahead on lap 25 when he pitted and fueled to the end of the race, but only 3 of his tyres were changed due to a sticking wheel nut. This, coupled with Hill's heavy fuel load appeared to hinder him and Schumacher began to close in.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 15: Japan
On lap 36, Schumacher took the lead on aggregate, though he was still behind on the track. He pulled away rapidly, but he needed to pit again whereas Hill did not. On lap 40 Schumacher made his second stop, rejoining 15 seconds behind Hill on aggregate. Renowned for his ability in the wet and on fresher tyres, Schumacher closed in on Hill at a rate of over a second a lap, but ran out of time to catch him. Hill won by 3.3s to reduce his deficit in the Drivers' Championship to 1 point, as well as giving Williams a 5-point lead in the Constructors' Championship going into the last race, ahead of Schumacher, Alesi, Mansell, Irvine, and Frentzen.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 16: Australia
For the final race of the season Jean-Denis Délétraz replaced Erik Comas at Larrousse and Schiattarella was back with Simtek after Taki Inoue's one-off deal at Suzuka. Peter Sauber confirmed a deal with a Ford engine for 1995.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 16: Australia
Both championships were going to be decided in Australia and Mansell took pole ahead of Schumacher, Hill, Häkkinen, Barrichello, and Irvine. At the start, Mansell dropped backwards as was proving usual, with Irvine getting ahead of Barrichello, leaving the front six as Schumacher, Hill, Häkkinen, Irvine, Mansell, and Barrichello. Schumacher and Hill, separated by a second, pulled away at an astonishing rate from the rest of the field.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 16: Australia
Mansell took fourth from Irvine on lap 10 and six laps later, Irvine spun off into the wall and retired. It did not take long for Mansell to pass Häkkinen but even then he was lapping over a second slower than Schumacher and Hill. During the stops, Schumacher and Hill stayed just over a second apart, while, behind, Berger got ahead of Alesi and both got ahead of Barrichello. Soon Berger passed Häkkinen, with Alesi following him through three laps later.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 16: Australia
On lap 35, Schumacher went wide at the East Terrace corner and brushed the wall. He lost time but at the time, it was unclear whether his car was damaged or not. Hill was suddenly right behind him and saw his chance to pass, taking the inside line into the next corner. As Hill's Williams drew alongside the Benetton, Schumacher appeared to turn in aggressively and there was contact between the two rival cars. The Benetton was then momentarily flung into the air and was damaged badly enough to mean immediate retirement for the German.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 16: Australia
Hill's car initially appeared to be undamaged but it was soon apparent the Briton's front left wishbone was broken. Hill toured back slowly to the pits and after some time trying to repair the damage, retired. Whether this accident had been deliberately caused by Schumacher – in the knowledge he had damaged his car in running wide at the East Terrace Corner – remains a matter of some debate, however it handed Michael Schumacher the first of his seven FIA Formula One World Championships.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 16: Australia
Mansell and the two Ferraris fought for the lead, but Alesi lost a full lap and dropped down to eighth during the second round of stops because of trouble fixing a tyre and then stalling his car while trying to leave. Behind, Brundle got ahead of Barrichello. On lap 77, Häkkinen's brakes failed, sending him into the wall and into retirement. Mansell took his 31st (and final) career win ahead of Berger, Brundle, Barrichello, Panis, and Alesi.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Race-by-race, Race 16: Australia
Thus, at the end of the season, Schumacher with 92 points pipped Hill on 91 by just one point. Controversy and speculation was abound about this result, however the FIA took no action as Williams, who were still dealing with Senna's death, did not protest. Berger came third with 41, Häkkinen fourth with 26, Alesi fifth with 24, Barrichello sixth with 19, Brundle seventh with 16, and Coulthard eighth with 14. In the Constructors' Championship, Williams with 118 points beat Benetton with 103. Ferrari were third with 71, and McLaren were fourth with 42.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Points scoring system
Points were awarded to the top six finishers in each race as follows:


1994 Formula One World Championship, Season review, World Drivers' Championship standings
† Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Season review, World Drivers' Championship standings
Note: 1 Roland Ratzenberger died in a crash at the Villeneuve Curva during qualifying for the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. 2 Ayrton Senna died in a crash at the Tamburello corner while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.


1994 Formula One World Championship, Season review, World Constructors' Championship standings
† Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy
The 1994 Formula One cheating controversy was a series of allegations made throughout the 1994 Formula One season. Several Formula One teams were involved, with the main allegations surrounding Benetton Formula. Initially, Benetton was alleged to have been using illegal traction control software to their advantage in races; however, this could not be sufficiently proven by the FIA. A refuelling fire on Jos Verstappen's Benetton car at the German Grand Prix led to renewed allegations and an investigation by Intertechnique at Benetton's team factory. Following the investigation, the FIA revealed Benetton had been using a fuel valve without a fuel filter, which allowed fuel into the car 12.5% faster than a legal fuel valve.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Background
The technical regulations for the 1994 Formula One season were announced at the 1993 Canadian Grand Prix. One of the major announcements was that electronic aids were to be banned, which included power brakes and traction control systems. Also banned for the 1994 season was the use of anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and active suspension. This was done as there were fears that electronic aid systems were levelling the field up, putting more emphasis on the car rather than driver talent.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Background
Some spoke out against traction control, including Ayrton Senna, who said he preferred to have more control of the car instead of having the computers drive it for him; ironically, Senna would later say that he believed there would be a lot of accidents during the 1994 season since no attempts were being made to slow the cars down while taking said driver aids away. Max Mosley, the president of Formula One's governing body, the FIA, spoke in favour of banning traction control, saying that the systems "could be extremely dangerous and unpredictable".


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Background
Around the same time as the announcement regarding the technical regulations for the 1994 season, many in the sport were questioning the legality of active suspensions, which was a key factor in their ban for 1994. Some in the paddock regarded the decision as an attempt to restrict Williams, as the team held a strong advantage with its active suspension and other driver aids. The unraced concept of continuously variable transmission (CVT) was also banned, but it was well known that Williams had spent several years developing and testing such a system, which threatened to further increase their cars' advantage if introduced.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Background
Behind the scenes at Williams they considered the timing of the announcement as "regrettable", with some questioning if Nigel Mansell's 1992 Drivers' Championship victory would still be regarded as valid. Also introduced for the 1994 season was refuelling during races, for the first time since 1983. As a result, all team personnel working on the car during pit stops had to wear fire-protective clothing as a safety precaution. The FIA changed the rules to increase interest in the sport partially due to declining television ratings from the 1993 season compared to the 1992 season.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Background
It was also suggested the rule changes could benefit the Ferrari team, as the outfit had struggled with the introduction of its driver aids, and stood to gain from the re-introduction of refuelling due to its V12 engine configuration, which was less fuel-efficient than the V10s and V8s built by their rivals.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Initial allegations
Cheating allegations were made at the first round of the 1994 season, the Brazilian Grand Prix. On lap 21 of the race, Senna in the Williams who was leading the race, made a pit stop, with Michael Schumacher in the Benetton close behind. The Benetton pitcrew made a very quick stop for Schumacher, getting him out in front of Senna to lead the race. Schumacher went on to win the Grand Prix after Senna spun out of the race. This sparked speculation that Benetton was using a system to make quicker pit stops than their rivals.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Initial allegations
During the weekend of the Pacific Grand Prix, in April, Ferrari test driver Nicola Larini (who had replaced Jean Alesi for the early part of the season), leaked to the Italian media that he had used traction control during the practice session for the race. Ferrari and Larini later denied the claims to the worldwide press. The "leak" by Larini further raised suspicions about teams using illegal driver aids to help them in races. Senna retired on the first lap of the race after a collision with McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Initial allegations
Instead of going back to the Williams pit area, Senna opted to stand and watch the cars complete the race to see if he could hear any noises that suggested traction control was being used illegally in the other cars. Senna returned to the Williams pit area after the race suspicious that the Benetton car was illegal.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Rule changes
At the San Marino Grand Prix, both Senna and Roland Ratzenberger suffered fatal accidents. After the race weekend, the FIA asked the teams that finished first, second and third in the race (Benetton, Ferrari and McLaren respectively) to provide copies of their engine management system source code to see if a traction control system was being stored. Ferrari supplied the code immediately, but McLaren and Benetton only handed over the code after the FIA's deadline, for which they were fined $100,000. Prior to this, the FIA had agreed to view a demonstration of the Benetton system at Cosworth's engine facility, as Cosworth considered the software to be their property and refused to give Benetton permission to provide it to the FIA.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Rule changes
Several technical rule changes were announced by the FIA at the Monaco Grand Prix to help improve the safety of the cars. Downforce on the cars was reduced with the diffuser restricted to help reduce the amount of grip available. In between the Monaco and Spanish Grands Prix, the teams tried out the revised cars in test sessions throughout the week. Several teams experienced problems with their revised cars; Ligier suffered two cracked wing mountings, while Williams noted a cracked mounting during testing at Jerez.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Rule changes
The biggest incident was that of Pedro Lamy in a Lotus car at the Silverstone Circuit. While approaching the Bridge corner on the circuit, the rear wing on the Lotus detached itself leading to a sudden loss of downforce. The Lotus cartwheeled off the circuit at 170 mph (270 km/h), flying through a protective fence, landing in a spectator access tunnel. Lamy was hospitalised as a result of the accident.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Rule changes
In the week leading up to the Spanish race, Benetton team boss Flavio Briatore criticised the FIA, accusing the president Max Mosley of making "ill-considered, snap decisions" and that some of the components on the Benetton car may not have been subjected to quality control checks. In a letter sent to Mosley on May 25, Briatore also said:


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Rule changes
It will be theirs and the FIA's responsibility that they race. Now that the teams have had an opportunity to test and evaluate the Barcelona regulation changes, it has become apparent that there are serious problems. The stability and consistency of cars have worsened. This can be confirmed by discussions with the majority of teams and their drivers. The cornering speed of the cars may have been reduced, but the likelihood of an accident has been increased. Several teams are experiencing structural failures that are attributable to the change in regulations.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Rule changes
The loading on key components, such as rear wings, has changed and moved outside the designed range. Despite these concerns, you continue to insist on these ill-conceived measures. It is our opinion that the ability of yourself and your advisers to judge technical and safety issues in F1 must be questioned.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Rule changes
The Benetton team, along with Williams, McLaren, Lotus, Pacific, Simtek, Jordan, Footwork Arrows and Ligier debated the issue in the Williams motorhome to discuss the technical regulations. More changes came into force for the Canadian and German races, with the introductions of "pump fuel" (more closely related to commercially available fuel, slightly reducing horsepower and engine performance) and the "plank" (a piece of wood running along the underside of the chassis that is monitored for excessive wear, increasing ride height and thus decreasing grip).


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
Allegations of cheating reignited at the French Grand Prix, when, starting from third on the grid Schumacher overtook both of the Williams drivers, Damon Hill and Nigel Mansell, leading into the first corner of the race. This again raised suspicions that Benetton were using traction control. There were also incidents involving other teams, notably Ferrari and McLaren. While commentating on the race for Eurosport with John Watson and Allard Kalff, Williams driver David Coulthard, who was replaced by Mansell for the race, stated that Schumacher's start reminded him of the type of starts from the 1993 season when traction control was legal.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
In July the FIA announced that it had analyzed Benetton's black boxes from Imola and found a "Launch Control" system in the software. It included what appeared to be a hidden trigger system which was highly suspicious. During the investigation several discrepancies regarding the capabilities of the system were found, some even surprising Benetton. The investigation showed it could be switched on by a laptop PC, that Benetton's menu did not reveal 'launch control' as an option, and that it was an option but it was not 'visible'.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
Although the team admitted the existence of the code, it claimed it was redundant and could not be activated by Schumacher. Benetton further claimed that the driver's aid was only used in testing and that it was elaborate in order to prevent it being switched on accidentally, and that the 'launch control' could only be started by recompilation of the source code. The rules at the time only prevented the use of traction control, not the existence of software that might be used to implement it. As the FIA had no proof it was being used, no action was taken.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
The FIA ultimately issued a statement concerning the investigation of the alleged use of an automatic start system by Benetton at Imola. The conclusion was that "the best evidence is that Benetton Formula Ltd was not using 'launch control' at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix". Had the evidence proved otherwise, Benetton faced being excluded from the World Championships.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
Willem Toet, the Head of Aerodynamics for Benetton in 1994, believes it was Schumacher's technique that Senna initially mistook for illegal traction control during the Pacific Grand Prix. He suggested that Schumacher's technique of braking with his left foot could have fooled Senna into thinking the Benetton was illegal. However, this opinion was not widely accepted as LFB technique had been used in F1 since the early 1970's. In fact Senna's own team mate Gerhard Berger was known to have used left foot braking in 1992 when he had been Senna's team mate. So the idea of a world class driver like Senna having been unaware of a (then) 25 year old driving technique was not realistic.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
Jonathan Williams, a Williams engineer, claimed in a 2018 interview that he was certain Benetton was using illegal launch and traction control systems in 1994.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
Hill was on pole position for the British Grand Prix after qualifying fastest. During the parade lap on the way to the starting grid, Schumacher, starting second, illegally overtook Hill. As a result of this maneuver, Schumacher was given a five-second penalty 27 minutes after the original incident. Schumacher never came into the pit lane to serve the penalty when originally given the penalty, and on lap 21, Schumacher was given the black flag.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
Schumacher stayed out on the circuit while Benetton team boss Briatore, along with Benetton technical director Tom Walkinshaw went to discuss it with Race Director Roland Bruynseraede, arguing that they had not been properly informed of the penalty. Schumacher eventually served the time penalty on lap 27, finishing the race in second position behind Hill.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
After the British Grand Prix, Schumacher and Benetton were fined $25,000 for breaching the sporting regulations, with the FIA choosing to open an investigation surrounding the events at the race. Joan Villadelprat, Benetton's team manager, stated that although they made a mistake at the race, the race stewards also made a mistake as Benetton was not notified within 15 minutes of the offence as specified by the regulations.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
The German Grand Prix brought up more controversy leading to further allegations of cheating by Benetton. During a pit stop, the Benetton car of Jos Verstappen was set on fire during refuelling as the fuel nozzle would not enter the car properly. Verstappen suffered minor burns, with four of the Benetton mechanics also burned. Intertechnique, the company that manufactured the refuelling equipment for all the teams, was delegated by the governing body to examine the Benetton factory shortly after the German race.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
After Intertechnique's examination, a statement was released by the FIA, stating that "the [fuel] valve was slow to close because of the presence of a foreign body" and that a filter designed to eliminate any possible risk of fire had been removed. An estimate by an outside party stated that without the filter, fuel flowed into the car at a 12.5% faster rate than usual, saving one second per pit stop. Benetton issued a press release shortly after, announcing that they had contacted an "independent company specialising in accident investigation" to give opinions on the refuelling method.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
They also announced that a copy of the FIA report had been sent to Marriott Harrison, their legal advisers. The FIA announced, as a result of their findings, that Benetton would be summoned to a World Motor Sport Council meeting on October 19. On August 11, three days before the Hungarian Grand Prix, Intertechnique representatives said that no request had been sent from Benetton to remove the filter from the nozzle and that they would never authorise Benetton to remove the nozzle. Benetton issued a press release on August 13, stating that there was a fault in the equipment provided by Intertechnique.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
Before Schumacher's appeal from his disqualification at the British Grand Prix, he was disqualified from the Belgian Grand Prix as his Benetton had excessive wear of the plank. The FIA allowed the ten millimetre deep plank, with one millimeter of wear allowance meaning that the plank must be a minimum of nine millimetres after the race to be deemed legal. Unfortunately, a majority of the plank on Schumacher's car measured 7.4 millimetres, well under the legal tolerance.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
This due to having run illegally low, and therefore having suffered a much deeper wear   Benetton, along with Schumacher, claimed that the plank had excessive wear due to a spin by Schumacher during the race. However, the damage to the plank from the spin was visible further down the plank and was not the cause for the infraction  Benetton launched an immediate appeal, with a World Motor Sport Council meeting set for September 5. Benetton’s appeal was rejected and Schumacher’s disqualification was upheld.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
The allegations of Benetton cheating throughout the summer of 1994 led to rumours of Schumacher quitting the team. The team released a statement denying the rumours, stating that Schumacher would complete the season which he ultimately did winning the 1994 Formula One drivers world championship (although the win also proved to be controversial on its own).


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Renewed allegations
Schumacher would end up staying with Benetton for the 1995 season as well, winning the drivers world championship as well that season before joining Ferrari for the 1996 Formula One World Championship where he would stay until the 2006 Formula One World Championship, winning five additional drivers titles in the process.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
Schumacher and Benetton, along with three other drivers, were summoned to a FIA World Motor Sport Council meeting on July 26 to discuss his black flag at the British Grand Prix. It was announced at the meeting that Schumacher was disqualified from the race, thus losing his six points he earned from finishing second in the race, and also, he was handed a two-race ban. This meant Schumacher would miss his home race, the German Grand Prix, along with the Hungarian Grand Prix, unless he chose to appeal the decision.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
In addition to the punishment handed to Schumacher, Benetton was fined a total of $600,000—$500,000 for not listening to the Stewards' at the British race and $100,000 for not sending copies of their engine management system when immediately requested. At the council meeting, the governing body also announced that no evidence had been found to suggest Benetton were using illegal electronic systems but did say that an illegal system did exist, which could be activated at any time. Benetton and Schumacher appealed the decision made by the FIA, allowing the German to race at his home Grand Prix.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
Both Michael Schumacher and the Benetton Formula team feel that the penalties inflicted on them were very severe. Together both parties have agreed to appeal in front of the International Court of the Appeal of the FIA through the respective National Sporting Authorities, and therefore Michael Schumacher will take part in the upcoming 1994 German Grand Prix. This decision has been reached following the concern from both Michael Schumacher and the Benetton Formula team that Michael's absence from his home Grand Prix would unfairly penalise and disappoint all the German fans who have long awaited this event. Michael Schumacher and the Benetton Formula hope that this appeal will result in a decreased penalty. Their priority now is to prepare for a winning performance this weekend.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
Schumacher's appeal regarding the two race ban was rejected at the FIA International Court of Appeal, with the FIA opting to keep his two race ban intact, meaning he would miss the Italian and Portuguese races. JJ Lehto replaced Schumacher for the two races.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
The World Motor Sport Council hearing surrounding Benetton and the fuel fire at Hockenheim was brought forward to September 7, with the disqualification of Schumacher at the Belgian Grand Prix also moved to the same day. The night before the hearing, however, the FIA were informed by Larrousse, one of the other teams competing in the championship, that they were informed by Intertechnique in May to remove the filter from the refuelling rig, a point Flavio Briatore made in prior meetings that all but four teams had removed the filter.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
The FIA in the hearing judged that Benetton had not tried to cheat by removing the filter from the refuelling rig, but the governing body did say that the team removed it without authorisation from Intertechnique to try to gain an advantage. Thus the team were found guilty of the offence, but escaped punishment due to this valid plea in mitigation. Schumacher's appeal against his disqualification at the Belgian Grand Prix, however, was rejected by the FIA. After the hearing, Benetton released a statement which said:


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
The Mild Seven Benetton Ford Formula 1 Team is very pleased with the result of today's hearing in Paris, which has completely cleared its good name from any allegations of cheating. Whilst the team may not have been able to satisfy the World Council as to the precise cause of the wear of the skid board it was delighted that the FIA stated in clear terms that there was no question of the team cheating. The team was also completely cleared of the charge of removing the fuel filter illegally.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
This should put an end to unfounded and wild speculations in the press that the removal of the filter caused the fire at Hockenheim. Before the hearing, the FIA conceded that it was not alleging that the removal of the filter had caused the fire. In giving the World Council's decision, the President [Max Mosley] stated that its unanimous view was that the filter was removed in complete good faith and that it would be inappropriate to impose any penalty whatsoever.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, FIA action
At the same hearing, the McLaren team was found to be in breach of the technical regulations over a fully-automatic gearbox upshift device in the transmission system that was confirmed to have been run in Mika Häkkinen's car during the San Marino Grand Prix. The FIA's discovery of this device occurred when McLaren test driver Philippe Alliot, who had taken a race seat at Larrousse mid-season, commented on the fact that the cars of his new team did not possess such a facility. The system was found to contravene the regulations and was duly banned—as was the potential of an automatic downshift facility—but McLaren went unpunished, as the FIA was satisfied that the team believed it to be legal when fitting it to the car under its interpretation of the regulations.


1994 Formula One cheating controversy, Legacy
By 2001, FIA admitted that it had trouble patrolling driver aids and effective from the 2001 Spanish Grand Prix, the FIA made the decision to permit traction control, launch control, and fully automatic transmissions once more. Launch control and fully automatic transmissions were banned again in 2004, followed by teams being required to use a spec ECU unit in 2008 to prevent teams from concealing traction control and other electronic driver aids.


1994 Fort Lauderdale Kicks season
The 1994 Fort Lauderdale Kicks season was the first and only season and of the new team in the United States Interregional Soccer League. This year, the team finished in sixth place in the Southeast division. They did not make the playoffs. After the Fort Lauderdale Strikers club folded the team in the American Professional Soccer League in 1994, the Fort Lauderdale Kicks and the Strikers joined forces. The following year the name Fort Lauderdale Kicks were folded and a new Fort Lauderdale Strikers team was fielded in the USISL.


1994 Fort Lauderdale Kicks season, Competitions, United States Interregional Soccer League (USISL) regular season, Schedule
Each team had a 20-game schedule, with two games counting as Designated Makeup Games (DMGs). DMGs are plugged in for any game that was cancelled during the season.


1994 Fort Lauderdale Kicks season, Competitions, Scoring
Teams in the Northeast and Midwest have points that reflect the addition of a 1-point corner kick bonus per game. The standings published by the USISL list only the wins, losses, goals scored, goals allowed and total points. They do not provide the number of wins or losses that came through shootouts. They also do not provide the number of bonus points coming from goals or corner kicks.


1994 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season
The 1994 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season was the fifth season of the team in the American Professional Soccer League. It was the club's twenty-eighth season in professional soccer. This year, the team finished in fifth place in the regular season. They did not make it to the playoffs. After the end of the season, the club folded the team in the APSL. They joined forces with the Fort Lauderdale Kicks of the United States Interregional Soccer League, and fielded a new Strikers team for the 1995 season in the USISL Professional League.


1994 Fort Lauderdale mayoral election
The 1994 Fort Lauderdale mayoral election was held on March 8, 1994  to elect the mayor of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It saw the reelection of Jim Naugle.


1994 Fort Worth Cavalry season
The 1994 Fort Worth Cavalry season was the first and only season for the Arena Football League franchise.


1994 Fort Worth Cavalry season, Roster
Rookies in italics updated May 23, 199416 Active, 0 Inactive


1994 Foshan F.C. season
The 1994 season is the 6th year in Foshan Football Club's existence, their first season in the professional football league.


1994 Foshan F.C. season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1994 Foster's Cup
The 1994 AFL Foster's Cup was the Australian Football League pre-season cup competition played in its entirety before the 1994 season began.


1994 France rugby union tour of Canada and New Zealand
The 1994 France rugby union tour of Canada and New Zealand was a series of matches played in June and July 1994 in Canada and New Zealand by France national rugby union team. In typical French fashion, (in that they are famed for their inconsistency), they lost to Canada, a "Tier 2" Rugby playing nation, and then became the first Northern Hemisphere test side to win a test match series in New Zealand, who are the most dominant rugby side in history.


1994 France rugby union tour of Canada and New Zealand
France became the fifth and most recent team after the 1937 Springboks, 1949 Wallabies, 1971 British Lions and 1986 Wallabies to win a test series in New Zealand.


1994 France rugby union tour of Canada and New Zealand, Highlights
The 22–8 victory on 26 June was the biggest win by France over New Zealand up to then. In the second test, on 3 July, New Zealand led 20–16 with three minutes of the match remaining. As they tried to run down the clock, Philippe Saint-André started a move in his own 22 which, 65 seconds later, ended with Jean-Luc Sadourny crossing the French line to score what became known as l'essai du bout du monde (the try from the end of the world), giving them a 23–20 victory. It was the first time a side from the northern hemisphere had won a test series against the All Blacks.


1994 Freedom Bowl
The 1994 Freedom Bowl matched the Utah Utes and the Arizona Wildcats. This was the final Freedom Bowl game played.


1994 Freedom Bowl, Background
Utah finished second in the WAC after two losses to New Mexico and Air Force cost them the WAC title and knocked them from #12 to #21. Arizona used their "Desert Swarm" defense to win their first four games and were ranked #6 before a loss to eventual WAC champ Colorado State. They went 4–2 from that point, with losses to Oregon and USC costing them the Pacific-10 Conference title and a shot at the Rose Bowl. Both teams were in their third straight bowl game.


1994 Freedom Bowl, Game summary
Despite being held to less than 100 yards, Utah scored when it was needed most while Arizona dropped catches that could have gone for touchdowns and despite having the ball for 32:17 they mustered only one touchdown. Ontlwan Carter caught a touchdown pass from Dan White that culminated a 6-play, 77-yard drive late in the first quarter. Utah's defense responded, recovering a fumble at the Arizona 6. Two plays later, Charlie Brown ran in for the touchdown to make it 7–7 with 10:03 left in the second quarter.


1994 Freedom Bowl, Game summary
The rest of the second and the third quarter remained scoreless with both teams' defense in control. Steve McLaughlin broke the tie with a 44-yard field goal with 12:39 remaining, and a later interception gave Arizona a chance to seal the game at Utah's 20. After five plays and 18 yards, Arizona was close to scoring. But on first down, Tim Thomas dropped a pass intended for him by White. A rushing attempt on 2nd down failed. White threw a pass to a lonely Lovett in the end zone, but he dropped the pass.


1994 Freedom Bowl, Game summary
Arizona had to settle for a field goal by McLaughlin, who made it 13–7 with 8:05 left. After Utah failed to forward the ball into Arizona territory, the Wildcats were trapped in their own one yard line. After only gaining two yards on three plays, Arizona decided to give Utah an intentional safety rather than risk a bad punt, making it 13–9 with 4:11 left. On the ensuing free kick, Beck returned it 72 yards to the Wildcat 5. After three incompletions, Utah was facing fourth down and goal.


1994 Freedom Bowl, Game summary
Mike McCoy threw a desperation pass to Kevin Dyson, who caught it in the end zone to give Utah the lead with 3:34 remaining. Arizona had the ball at their 32 and needed a drive to go their way, but on their second play, Jeff Kaufusi forced a fumble out of White and Utah recovered at the 31. But with 1:47, Utah had to convert a 4th and one to run the clock out, and McCoy's pass to Rick Tucker gave them the first down and Utah ran off the rest of the clock to win their first bowl game since 1964.


1994 Freedom Bowl, Aftermath
Utah finished in the AP Top 10, their highest AP finish in school history. Arizona returned to a bowl game three years later. After this season, the Holiday Bowl took the WAC tie-in of this game and Anaheim Stadium went renovations to become only a baseball stadium again, effectively killing this game.


1994 Fremantle by-election
The 1994 Fremantle by-election was held in the Australian federal electorate of Fremantle in Western Australia on 12 March 1994. The by-election was triggered by the retirement of the sitting member, the Australian Labor Party's John Dawkins, on 4 February 1994. The writ for the by-election was issued on the same day.


1994 Fremantle by-election, Background
John Dawkins had held Fremantle for the Labor Party since 1977, and he had been a minister in the Hawke and Keating governments, and had been Treasurer since December 1991. When the Cabinet rebelled against the budget he brought down in August 1993, Dawkins resigned from the Treasury and, after giving occasional signals of his rising disillusionment with political life, resigned from Parliament altogether.


1994 Fremantle by-election, Background
The Labor party preselected former state Premier Dr Carmen Lawrence, who despite her party's defeat in the 1993 state election still maintained persistently high ratings in opinion polls, while the Liberal party preselected prominent businessman Geoff Hourn.


1994 Fremantle by-election, Background
The campaign took place in the contest of tensions within the Liberal party over the leadership of Dr John Hewson, and parliamentary conflict over the sports rorts affair which had engulfed a Labor minister Ros Kelly, and a tussle between the Senate and the Labor government over documents relating to media ownership changes.


1994 Fremantle by-election, Background
Lawrence resigned from her state seat of Glendalough in order to contest Fremantle.


1994 Fremantle by-election, Background
The Glendalough by-election was held a week later on March 19 and both by-elections were contested by independent Raymond Conder.


1994 French Figure Skating Championships
The 1994 French Figure Skating Championships (French: Championnat de France Elite) took place in Rouen for singles and pairs and in Athis-Mons for ice dance. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior level. The event was used to help determine the French team to the 1994 World Championships and the 1994 European Championships.


1994 French Grand Prix
The 1994 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 3 July 1994 at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours near Magny-Cours in France. It was the seventh race of the 1994 Formula One World Championship.


1994 French Grand Prix
The 72-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher, driving a Benetton-Ford. It was Schumacher's sixth victory in seven races. Damon Hill finished second in a Williams-Renault, having started from pole position and led the race, while Gerhard Berger finished third in a Ferrari.


1994 French Grand Prix
Schumacher now led the Drivers' Championship by 37 points from Hill.


1994 French Grand Prix, Report, Background
Nigel Mansell made his return to Formula One, driving for Williams-Renault in place of David Coulthard. He had left F1 at the end of 1992 to race in IndyCar. JJ Lehto was rested by Benetton-Ford and was replaced by the test driver Jos Verstappen who had previously deputised for Lehto earlier in the season. Jean-Marc Gounon would drive the second Simtek-Ford following Andrea Montermini's accident at the Spanish Grand Prix.


1994 French Grand Prix, Report, Race
Olivier Panis and Gianni Morbidelli collided on lap 29. This was the only retirement of the season for Panis. Michael Schumacher won the race ahead of Damon Hill and Gerhard Berger. Heinz-Harald Frentzen finished fourth, his best Formula One finish up to this point. Pierluigi Martini was fifth and Andrea de Cesaris finished sixth. These would prove to be the last world championship points that Martini and de Cesaris scored in their careers, with de Cesaris failing to finish another race in his Formula One career. The ninth place of Jean-Marc Gounon, four laps behind, would be the best result for the Simtek Team, a feat they would only reach once again.


1994 French Open
The 1994 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 23 May until 5 June. It was the 98th staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1994.


1994 French Open, Seniors, Men's Doubles
Byron Black /  Jonathan Stark defeated  Jan Apell /  Jonas Björkman, 6–4, 7–6


1994 French Open, Seniors, Women's Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Natalia Zvereva defeated  Lindsay Davenport /  Lisa Raymond, 6–2, 6–2


1994 French Open, Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Kristie Boogert /  Menno Oosting defeated  Larisa Savchenko-Neiland /  Andrei Olhovskiy, 7–5, 3–6, 7–5


1994 French Open, Juniors, Boys' Doubles
Gustavo Kuerten /  Nicolás Lapentti defeated  Maxime Boyé /  Nicolas Escudé, 6–2, 6–4


1994 French Open, Juniors, Girls' Doubles
Martina Hingis /  Henrieta Nagyová defeated  Lenka Cenková /  Ludmila Richterová, 6–3, 6–2


1994 French Open – Men's Doubles
Luke and Murphy Jensen were the defending champions, but they were defeated in the third round by The Woodies.


1994 French Open – Men's Doubles
Byron Black and Jonathan Stark won the championship, defeating the Swedes Jan Apell and Jonas Björkman in the final. It was the first Grand Slam title for the pair, despite Black reaching the World No. 1 ranking earlier this year.


1994 French Open – Men's Singles
Sergi Bruguera successfully defended his title by defeating compatriot Alberto Berasategui in the final 6–3, 7–5, 2–6, 6–1 to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1994 French Open. It was the first ever all-Spanish men's singles final.


1994 French Open – Men's Singles
Pete Sampras had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the previous year's Wimbledon, U.S. Open and this year's Australian Open titles. He lost to Jim Courier in the quarterfinals. This feat would not be achieved by any man until Novak Djokovic did so in the 2016 French Open.


1994 French Open – Men's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual French Open Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held in the week before the event.


1994 French Open – Mixed Doubles
The 1994 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 23 May until 5 June. It was the 93rd staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1994.


1994 French Open – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1994 French Open – Women's Doubles
Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva were the two-time defending champions, and successfully defended their title, defeating Lindsay Davenport and Lisa Raymond in the final 6–2, 6–2.


1994 French Open – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1994 French Open – Women's Singles
Second-seeded Arantxa Sánchez Vicario defeated Mary Pierce in the final, 6–4, 6–4 to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1994 French Open. Steffi Graf was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Mary Pierce.


1994 French Open – Women's Singles
This tournament is notable as the first time that former World No. 1 Martina Navratilova lost in the first round of a Grand Slam tournament since 1976. This tournament is also the last Grand Slam to feature Tracy Austin, another former World No. 1. Although defeated in the final, Mary Pierce got there with the loss of only 10 games.


1994 French Open – Women's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual French Open Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held in the week before the event.


1994 French Supertouring Championship
The 1994 French Supertouring Championship is the twentieth season of the French Supertouring Championship. The season began in Nogaro on 4 April and finished in Lédenon on 23 October. The championship was won by Laurent Aïello driving a Peugeot 405 for the Peugeot Talbot Sport.


1994 French cantonal elections
Cantonale elections to renew canton general councillors were held in France on 20 and 24 March 1994.


1994 French cantonal elections, Electoral system
The cantonales elections use the same system as the regional or legislative elections. There is a 10% threshold (10% of registered voters) needed to proceed to the second round.


1994 French motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1994 French motorcycle Grand Prix was the ninth round of the 1994 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 17 July 1994 at the Bugatti Circuit located in Le Mans, France.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour
The 1994 French rugby league Oceania tour was a three test tour by the France national rugby league team. The French team played single tests against Papua New Guinea, Australia and Fiji, losing all three games.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Team
The French were coached by Jean-Christophe Vergeynst and captained by veteran halfback Patrick Entat.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Papua New Guinea vs France
This would be Papua New Guinea's 5th test win in their 34th test (and their second win over France) since gaining test match status in 1975.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Australia vs France
For the Australian's, Brett Mullins, David Fairleigh, Tim Brasher, Paul McGregor and Mark Hohn all made their test debut, though Brasher had been Australia's fullback in the 1992 World Cup Final at the famous Wembley Stadium (at the time, tests and World Cup games were counted separately in a players records).


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Australia vs France
Although the name had been used for 86 years, this was the first test other than during a Kangaroo Tour where the Australian team was officially called The Kangaroos.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Australia vs France
In the French team's first test in Australia since 1990 and in what would prove to be Australian captain Mal Meninga's final test in Australia after announcing that he would retire at the end of 1994, the Australian Kangaroos racked up a record winning margin in the first ever test match at Parramatta Stadium (and the first test in Sydney played at a suburban ground rather than a major venue) by defeating the hapless French 58–0. The scoreline could well have been higher (as much as 72–0) had Meninga (5/10) and Tim Brasher (0/2) been more accurate with their goal kicking.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Australia vs France
Following the disaster of France's 1981 Australasian tour where the standard of the French teams play had dropped alarmingly resulting in poor attendances for the tests at Lang Park in Brisbane and the Sydney Cricket Ground, the Australian Rugby League had ruled that until they improved their game, the Australian team would no longer play tests against the French in the two capital cities.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Australia vs France
The 1990 test, France's first in Australia since 1981 (following the cancelled 1987 tour) had been played on a freezing night in the New South Wales country town of Parkes in front of a capacity crowd of 12,384 fans at the Pioneer Oval. The attendance for that game, and that it was Mal Meninga's last test match in Australia, saw the ARL relax their stance and allow the game to be played in Sydney.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Australia vs France
Despite the French team not being regarded as a top line international team any more (this was France's 11th loss in a row in all tests since 1992 and their 10th loss in a row to Australia since 1981), the game was played in front of a ground record attendance of 27,318 which as would remain the record attendance for the venue until it was demolished in 2017. This was also the highest attendance for an Australia vs France test since 54,290 attended the 1968 World Cup Final at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Australia vs France
This was the only rugby league test match played in Australia during 1994. At the end of the year the Australian's would embark on their successful 1994 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France during which they again defeated France 74–0 in Béziers. At the time the 74–0 score was a world record test match victory eclipsing the 58–0 win here in Sydney. Of this test team, only reserve forward Mark Hohn was not selected to the 1994 Kangaroo Tour.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Australia vs France
France would not play another test against Australia until 2004 while they would not play again in Australia until the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Fiji vs France
In what was Fiji's first official rugby league test match, they defeated the French team 20–12 at the National Stadium in Fiji's capital city of Suva.


1994 French rugby league Oceania tour, Aftermath
The French team were in the grip of a 22 match losing streak (which included two drawn tests), not having won a test since defeating Papua New Guinea 28–14 in Carcassonne on 24 November 1991. They would not win another rugby league test match until defeating South Africa 30–17 in Arles on 6 December 1997.


1994 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1994 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented California State University, Fresno during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). The team was led by head coach Jim Sweeney, in his seventeenth year, and they played their home games at Bulldog Stadium in Fresno, California. They finished the 1994 season with a record of five wins, seven losses and one tie (5–7–1, 3–4–1 WAC).


1994 Fresno State Bulldogs football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1994, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1994 Fusagasugá City Council election
The 1994 Fusagasugá City Council election in Fusagasugá, Colombia, was held on Sunday, 30 October 1994. According to Law 163 /94, elections of governors, mayors, deputies, town councilors and aldermen or members of local administrative bodies, will be held on the last Sunday of October. At stake were all 15 seats in the City Council.


1994 GP Ouest–France
The 1994 GP Ouest-France was the 58th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 23 August 1994. The race started and finished in Plouay. The race was won by Andrei Tchmil of the Lotto team.


1994 Gambian coup d'état
In the 1994 Gambian coup d'état, a group of soldiers led by 29-year-old Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless coup d'état on the morning of 22 July, ousting Dawda Jawara, who had been President of the Gambia since its independence in 1970.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Background
The coup of 1994 was spontaneous; it was not planned but rather a mutiny that eventually turned into a coup. The mutiny had been planned the night before its execution, leaving much to chance. Despite its spontaneity, the sentiments behind the coup had been developing since the attempted coup of 1981. The primary complaints of supporters of the coup included the delegitimization of the government, the lack of accountability, its overall ineffectiveness, and the corruption that pervaded it.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Background, Declining legitimacy of the government
In the 1992 election, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) maintained a comfortable 58.2% share of the vote; there was, however, a sharp decline in government legitimacy almost immediately after the election. Citizens increasingly felt the government was no longer responsive to their needs and had been acting in its own self-interest. Citizens argued that the government had become complacent as a result of its comfortable hold on power since the nation's independence 29 years earlier. This sentiment was particularly present among younger voters and youth groups, who felt under-represented by the patriarchal nature of President Dawda Jawara's government. They believed the only route to fair representation had to be outside the Jawara government and thus they were some of the coup's greatest proponents.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Background, Declining legitimacy of the government
At the same time, the uncovering and investigation of multiple ongoing scandals revealed the corruption of the Gambian Government. The Jawara government had been embroiled in a scandal involving three high-ranking government officials accused of embezzling millions of dollars from union funds in late 1993. Jawara and his government were reluctant to investigate this scandal and once the officials' guilt was proven they were even more reluctant to punish them, except for seizing and auctioning their houses.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Background, Declining legitimacy of the government
This made many citizens very sceptical of the government's complacency with corruption; eventually, domestic pressures resulted in the establishment in June 1994 of a commission to investigate. Jawara's attempt to regain the trust of the people came far too late; the commission had not reached a conclusion in time to save the regime. This incident, and many other scandals, led to the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) continually rebuking the Jawara regime for its corruption, despite Jawara's objection that "the extent of corruption under the PPP was nothing like as great as claimed by the AFRPC". This was confirmed later in November 1994 when an investigation uncovered considerable corruption and mismanagement of the Jawara government, including accusations of tax noncompliance, the distribution of favourable lands in Banjul to the administration, overpayment of travel expenses, theft of state resources and the nonpayment of government loans.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Background, Ineffectiveness of the Jawara government
Another factor leading to the discontent of the Gambian people was the ineffective nature of the Jawara government, which many accused of being ineffectual in its final months, arguing that governmental corruption prevented the country from progressing. Following the December 1992 establishment of the Assets Management and Recovery Commission (AMRC), which aimed to recover debts accrued by Gambian citizens and government officials, the ineffectiveness of government programs became increasingly clear.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Background, Ineffectiveness of the Jawara government
It was argued that the government had deliberately resisted AMRC efforts to collect debt and had purposefully limited its collecting powers; a result of the government's reluctance for its own debts to be collected. This resulted in more accusations involving the ineffective, corrupt and tyrannical nature of the Jawara government, which even argued the PPP was responsible for the underdevelopment of the country.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Background, Discontent in the military
Though there was discontent among the Gambian public, the coup was executed by junior officers of the Gambian National Army (GNA). It was preceded by growing dissatisfaction in the military. Some of the chief concerns of the GNA included the disparity of living conditions between Nigerian senior officers and Gambian junior officers, which they believed to be indicative of a broader, corrupted structuring of the government. The officers argued the increased incorporation of foreign senior officers into the GNA limited their own opportunities for advancement within the military. The junior officers became angry when they had not received pay for a number of months; they began to plan a mutiny that would later develop into a coup d'état.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Coup
On 21 July 1994, the USS La Moure County docked in Banjul for an international courtesy call and to conduct a joint training exercise with the GNA the next day. This was broadcast on Gambian radio stations, making public the knowledge that there would be a lack of military presence in the Gambia the next day. With this advantage, along with unrestricted and unmonitored access to military-grade vehicles and the armory, the coup was executed before the GNA had a chance to respond.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Coup
At 7:30 a.m. the next day, the coup was set in motion at Yundum Barracks, 25 kilometers (15 mi) away from the capital. The coup began as a protest staged by disgruntled lieutenants and junior officers of the GNA, who planned to make demands regarding their lack of pay. The GNA, under the command of these junior officers, seized the airport, a radio station and a power station. Hours later, Jawara and his family fled to the La Moure County in an attempt to gain the protection and possible support of the United States Marine Corps.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Coup
After being denied intervention by the Americans, the ship left Banjul that afternoon and docked in Dakar, where Jawara disembarked under the protection of American warships. With Jawara having fled the country, the coup organizers were free to secure their control over it and begin the establishment of their own government, which became known as the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) and governed The Gambia until 1996, when a civilian party replaced it. As the most senior officer of the coup organizers, Jammeh was elected to lead the AFPRC shortly after its establishment.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Coup
Coup organizers included Sana Sabally, Edward Singhateh, Basiru Barrow, Alhaji Kanteh, and Alpha Kinteh. Kanteh and Kinteh withdrew from the plans because they believed the protest was poorly timed; their withdrawal led to the inclusion of Hydara and Jammeh into the coup plans.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Immediate effects
Immediately following the coup, its leaders banned all opposition parties, established the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) as the ruling government of the Gambia, and suspended the constitution of 1970. Jammeh and other coup organizers took further steps to gain public and political support while suppressing all possibilities of opposition to the intervention. In the days following the coup, Jammeh made a number of speeches to both internal and external audiences in which he dedicated himself and the AFPRC to improving the transparency, integrity and accountability of the Gambian government. This move was primarily to gain support or neutrality, asserting that the military intervention was necessary to uphold national interests. In their speeches, the coup leaders also denounced the Jawara government, dedicated themselves to the protection of human rights, and to governing under the rule of law.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Immediate effects
The coup leaders took over national radio stations and imposed harsh restrictions on the press (which had had considerable liberties under the Jawara government) to prevent the broadcasting of opposition sentiments. These tighter restrictions led to the imprisonment and exile of several Gambian journalists who expressed anti-coup sentiments. The restrictions also resulted in the deportation of other West African journalists, most often on charges dating to colonial rule and with politically charged biases.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Immediate effects
Human rights violations were not limited to journalists and vocal protesters of the coup: Jammeh's most controversial policies included the re-establishment of the death penalty, which was mostly reserved for political opponents and attempted coup leaders. Through these acts, Jammeh and the other coup leaders were able to legitimize the coup, the new ruling government and the PPP, both internally and internationally. Leading up to the September 1996 election, Jammeh changed the AFPRC from a ruling military body into the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC), and began to campaign as the nominee for the new party. Jammeh won this election, partially due to the lack of major opposition parties, thus legitimizing his government.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Immediate effects
Jammeh committed himself and the government to providing more public goods to Gambians. In the first few years after the coup, his administration constructed two new high schools, five new middle schools, a large rural hospital, several rural clinics and the country's first television station.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Responses to the coup
The coup itself had very little political, military or public resistance, a relief to many Gambians after the bloody attempted coup of 1981. The only resistance to the coup came from Tactical Support Group (TSG) officers – who quickly realized that they were outnumbered and outgunned and surrendered their weapons – and from Jawara himself. Jawara begged the coup leaders to return to their barracks but they refused. Despite the paucity of resistance, one of the first acts of the coup leaders was to ban all opposition parties.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Responses to the coup
Many leaders of these parties eventually became nominees for the United Democratic Party (UDP), established in September 1996. In the public sphere, there was a generally positive attitude toward the military intervention, particularly among urban young people, who felt most under-represented in the Jawara era. A study conducted by Wiseman later found that most public supporters of the coup actually opposed it privately but were too afraid to openly declare their opposition.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Responses to the coup
The internal neutrality towards the coup was also reflected in international reactions. After Jawara's flight to the US warship La Moure County in an attempt to secure US military intervention and protection, the US ambassador, following talks with his government, refused to send marines to suppress the coup, disappointing Jawara and other officials of his government. Jawara then was transported to Dakar, the capital of Senegal, by the US warship. He once again asked for military intervention from Senegal.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Responses to the coup
Senegal offered Jawara and many of his officials political asylum but, viewing the coup as a low-ranking affair, refused to offer military assistance. Senegal went on to become the first country to recognize the newly established government in the Gambia as legitimate. The United Kingdom, despite its adamant support of the Jawara regime, also failed to take action to suppress the coup. The British had contested that the "rebellion" in Gambia would be over in a matter of days and there was little need for British intervention.


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Effects of the coup, Responses to the coup
Despite this initial neutrality towards the subject, sanctions and restrictions were placed on the new regime from November 1994. In response to the coup and the suspension of democracy in the Gambia, major donors such as the EU, US and Japan froze all humanitarian aid to the Gambia and issued travel warnings for the region. In response, the AFRPC established the National Consultative Committee (NCC) to survey public opinion about the coup and the new ruling government. The regime accepted the suggestions of the NCC and shortened the rule of the AFPRC from four years to two before transitioning to "democratic rule."


1994 Gambian coup d'état, Wider context
The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union encouraged liberalization and democratization movements in much of Africa; for this reason, the period from 1974 to the mid-1990s is considered the third wave of democratization in Africa, in which many countries changed from militaristic and autocratic states into democracies. Many Western scholars hoped the number of military governments in Africa would continue to decrease, both numerically and in power, in the following decades. Because the Gambia had become a more autocratic state in that period, many scholars consider it paradoxical. The 1994 coup in the Gambia marked the end of the longest-lasting democracy in West Africa and the deposition of one of Africa's longest-serving heads of state.


1994 Gator Bowl
The 1994 Gator Bowl was an American college football bowl game between the Virginia Tech Hokies and the Tennessee Volunteers at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville, Florida, on December 30, 1994. The game was the final contest of the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season for both teams, and ended in a 45–23 victory for Tennessee.


1994 Gator Bowl
The 1994 Gator Bowl saw 17th-ranked Virginia Tech face off against regional rival Tennessee at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium on the campus of the University of Florida. The game was moved to Gainesville in 1994 due to renovations to the Gator Bowl for the Jacksonville Jaguars. Virginia Tech came into the game with an 8–3 regular-season record that included a record of 5–2 in Big East Conference competition. The Tennessee Volunteers came entered the game with a regular-season record of 7–4 under head coach Phillip Fulmer that included a 5–3 record in Southeastern Conference competition.


1994 Gator Bowl
The game kicked off at 8:00 PM. From the start, Tennessee's high-scoring offense dominated. The Volunteers scored two touchdowns in the first quarter and three in the second, while Virginia Tech was able to muster a lone touchdown and field goal in the second quarter. At halftime, Tennessee had a commanding 35–10 lead, behind the strong play of Freshman QB Peyton Manning.


1994 Gator Bowl
The Hokies struggled back in the third quarter, scoring six unanswered points to close the score to 35–16. In the fourth quarter, however, Tennessee answered Virginia Tech's effort with 10 points, putting the game out of reach for the Hokies, who managed only a single touchdown in the fourth quarter. The Hokies fumbled the ball five times—losing it once—and threw two interceptions, allowing Tennessee to cruise to an easy victory, 45–23. Tennessee running back James Stewart was named the game's most valuable player.


1994 Gator Bowl, Renovations
In early 1994, Jacksonville Mayor Ed Austin proposed $49 million in renovations to Jacksonville's aging Gator Bowl Stadium in order to keep the stadium up to date for the annual Florida-Georgia rivalry game. After Florida and Georgia accepted the renovations, agreeing to play the rivalry game in Athens, Georgia during the renovations, Jacksonville investors proposed expanding the renovation plan in order to attract a National Football League team. The price tag was revised upward—to $121 million—and the city successfully attracted a team. Shortly after Jacksonville was awarded its new franchise—the Jacksonville Jaguars—the final plans were unveiled. The stadium would have additional luxury boxes, expanded seating, and upgraded facilities for teams and fans.


1994 Gator Bowl, Renovations
The renovations were much more extensive than had initially been proposed, and required more time to be completed. Instead of beginning in early 1995, work would have to begin in 1994, leaving the site of the 1994 Gator Bowl (played on Dec. 30) in doubt. By the end of January 1994, as the Gator Bowl was being demolished, that doubt was also demolished when a deal was struck to host the Gator Bowl at the University of Florida, in that school's Ben Hill Griffin Stadium. The game's title sponsor, Outback Steakhouse, and its television sponsor, TBS, would remain constant, and both were in their final year of contracts with the Gator Bowl.


1994 Gator Bowl, Team selection
Prior to the start of the 1994–95 college football season, the Gator Bowl was snubbed by the newly formed Bowl Alliance, a group of football conferences, bowl games, and television networks created to match up the No. 1 and No. 2 college football teams at the conclusion of each season. Though the Gator Bowl offered to pay $115 million for the right to become a Bowl Alliance game, the Orange Bowl was selected in place of the Gator Bowl. This event had repercussions at the end of the season, when the bowl was passed over by high-ranked teams that elected to accept bids to bowls in the new Bowl Alliance.


1994 Gator Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech
During the annual preseason poll of media members covering the Big East conference, Virginia Tech was picked to finish second among Big East teams, behind only Miami. The Hokies entered the 1994 college football season having finished the 1993 season with a win in the 1993 Independence Bowl, and hopes were high that they would return to a bowl game again in 1994.


1994 Gator Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech
The Hokies started the season well, winning their first four games in succession and culminating with a victory against West Virginia in the annual battle for the Black Diamond Trophy. The Hokies, who had begun the season ranked No. 21 in the country, rose to No. 14 by their fifth game of the season, a trip to Syracuse, New York, to play the Syracuse Orange. There, Virginia Tech suffered its first loss of the season, permitting 100-yard rushing games from Syracuse's Malcolm Thomas and Kirby Dar Dar, the last time the Hokies allowed two hundred-yard rushers in the same game.


1994 Gator Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech
Tech responded to the loss by reeling off another three wins in succession. That winning streak ended at No. 6 Miami, when Tech lost its second game of the season, a loss that was followed by a season-ending defeat to perennial rival Virginia. The Hokies concluded the regular season with an 8–4 record overall and a 5–2 record in the Big East. Ironically, despite their season-ending loss to Virginia, the Hokies were awarded an invitation to the Gator Bowl over the Cavaliers, who lost to North Carolina State in their season-ending game. In addition to that loss, Gator Bowl officials later stated they were reluctant to invite an Atlantic Coast Conference team for a fourth straight year, thus opening the door for the Hokies from the Big East.


1994 Gator Bowl, Team selection, Tennessee
The Tennessee Volunteers had finished the 1993 season with a 10–2 record and a season-ending loss to the Penn State Nittany Lions under first-year head coach Phillip Fulmer in the Citrus Bowl. Hopes were high that Tennessee's second year under Fulmer's command would end better than its first.


1994 Gator Bowl, Team selection, Tennessee
Tennessee was ranked No. 13 in the Associated Press preseason poll at the start of the season, but won just one game in its first four of the season, causing the Volunteers to drop out of the top 25 for the first time since 1989, breaking a streak of 84 consecutive weeks in the poll. To make matters worse, Tennessee's two starting quarterbacks suffered season-ending injuries during that four-game span. In the Volunteers' season-opener against UCLA, Jerry Colquitt suffered a knee injury. Backup quarterback Todd Helton was hurt in the fourth game of the season, a loss to Mississippi State. In response to the poor start, Fulmer overhauled his defense and coped with the loss of his first- and second-string quarterbacks by bringing in acclaimed freshman Peyton Manning, son of National Football League star Archie Manning.


1994 Gator Bowl, Team selection, Tennessee
Manning's first start, a Tennessee homecoming game against Washington State, resulted in a 10–9 win. Things got progressively better for the Volunteers after Manning assumed the starting role, as they won six of their final regular-season games. The sole loss was a 13–17 defeat at the hands of then-No. 10 Alabama in Knoxville. The loss was merely a bump in the road, however, as Tennessee won all four regular-season games that followed, ending the regular season with a 65–0 drubbing of in-state rival Vanderbilt. In response to Fulmer's success at turning the team around from a slow start, he was awarded with a one-year contract extension by the university.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup
The matchup of Virginia Tech and Tennessee was the first game between the two teams since 1937, an unusual fact since both teams are located in the Appalachian Mountains and the two schools are just 3.5 hours by car apart. This proximity generated multiple news stories about towns lying between the two schools and the divided loyalties of their fans. In Washington County, Virginia, which lies along the Tennessee border, the county supervisor—a Virginia Tech graduate—proclaimed the week of the Gator Bowl to be "Hokie Week" over the objections of the county attorney, who graduated from Tennessee. This natural rivalry was amplified by a basketball game held the day prior to the Gator Bowl that pitted the two schools' varsity teams against each other. In exchange for participating in the game, each team received $1.5 million from the Gator Bowl Association.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup
Ticket sales were brisk in the month between the announcement of the Tech-Tennessee matchup and the day of the game. By December 14, two weeks after the initial announcement, Virginia Tech had sold 16,000 tickets to Tennessee's 9,000. On December 23, one week before the game, Tech had sold 17,653 tickets. By the day of the game, the two teams had combined to sell approximately 33,000 tickets. Two days prior to the game, spread bettors favored Tennessee to win by seven points.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Tennessee offense
The Tennessee offense was led by freshman quarterback Peyton Manning, son of NFL great Archie Manning, who had played against the Hokies in the 1968 Liberty Bowl. During the regular season, Peyton played in seven games, winning six of them and completing 86 of his 139 pass attempts for 1,114 yards, 11 touchdowns, and six interceptions. Manning's passer rating of 145.2 was the third-highest among starting quarterbacks in the SEC. In recognition of his achievements, Manning was named the Southeastern Conference Freshman of the Year.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Tennessee offense
One of Manning's more prominent passing targets was Billy Williams, who, despite suffering a stress fracture in the first game of the season, recovered to catch 20 passes for 217 yards and two touchdowns. He also returned 17 kickoffs for an average of 20.8 yards per return. Manning's favorite target was Joey Kent, who caught 36 passes for 470 yards during the regular season, but slightly injured his ankle in a pre-Gator Bowl practice.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Tennessee offense
The Volunteers' rushing offense had been led by Aaron Hayden during the regular season, but Hayden broke his leg during Tennessee's final regular season game. Due to the injury, James Stewart was forecast to start the game at running back for the Volunteers. During the regular season, Tennessee was ranked No. 13 in rushing, accumulating an average of 231.2 rushing yards per game. Stewart accounted for 93.5 yards of that total, having carried the ball 170 times for 1,028 yards and 11 touchdowns during the regular season.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Tennessee offense
One of Tennessee's other backup running backs, Jay Graham, was predicted to be kept out of the game due to an injury, but played after undergoing surgery. Graham, who rushed 61 times for 275 yards during the regular season, suffered a broken jaw after being punched in the face by a teammate. Because of the injury to Graham, fourth-string running back Ronnie Pillow, who had carried the ball just five times during the regular season, was predicted to back up Stewart during the game.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Tennessee offense
Prior to the game, Tennessee coach Fulmer pronounced himself unsatisfied with the Vols' performance in opponents' red zone during the regular season. Tennessee scored on just 36 of 52 possessions inside the opposition's 20-yard line, a conversion rate of 69.2 percent. Fulmer vowed to raise that percentage to what it had been the previous season, when Tennessee converted 41 of 46 possessions, or 89.1 percent.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense
On offense, the Virginia Tech Hokies were led by quarterback Maurice DeShazo, who completed 164 of his 296 pass attempts during the regular season for 2,110 yards, 13 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. DeShazo's success during the season helped him become the No. 4 all-time passing leader in Virginia Tech history, finishing his career with 5,720 passing yards. DeShazo's favorite passing target was wide receiver Antonio Freeman, who finished the season having caught 38 passes for 586 yards and five touchdowns. The Gator Bowl was Freeman's final collegiate game, just as it was DeShazo's.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense
Freeman finished his career as the No. 1 receiver in Virginia Tech history in terms of yardage (bowl games were not counted in statistics until 2003) with 2,207 receiving yards. Freeman also was the team's leading punt returner, having returned 39 kicks for 467 yards and a touchdown, and received second-team All-Big East honors.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense
On the ground, Virginia Tech's rushing offense was led by running back Dwayne Thomas, who carried the ball 142 times for 642 yards and five touchdowns. Backing up Thomas was Tommy Edwards, son of former Virginia Tech player Ken Edwards, who played with the Hokies from 1967 to 1969, including the Hokies' trip to the 1968 Liberty Bowl. By participating in the Gator Bowl and in the previous season's Independence Bowl, the Edwardses became the first father-son combo in Virginia Tech history to have competed in a bowl game.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense
At the beginning of December, Virginia Tech's offensive preparations for the Gator Bowl were disrupted when offensive coordinator Gary Tranquill abruptly quit the team in order to join friend Nick Saban, who had been hired as the head coach at Michigan State. Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer announced simultaneous with Tranquill's departure that assistant head coach Billy Hite would control the offense during the Gator Bowl. Shortly after the announcement of Tranquill's departure, Virginia Tech announced that former offensive coordinator Ricky Bustle would be returning to the team to fill the position after the Gator Bowl. Though he was not able to actively coach the team during the Gator Bowl, Bustle offered advice and strategy to Beamer during the weeks before the game.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense
Virginia Tech receiver Cornelius White fractured his patella while playing pick-up basketball.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Tennessee defense
During the regular season, the Volunteers' scoring defense was ranked the second-best in the SEC, allowing an average of just 16.82 points per game. Tennessee also allowed just eight passing touchdowns and 20 touchdowns overall. One of Tennessee's defensive leaders was defensive end Steve White, who led the Volunteers in sacks and tackles for loss with seven and eight, respectively. Tennessee's leader in interceptions was Ronald Davis, who had two during the regular season. Scott Galyon had the most tackles on the team, with 93.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Tennessee defense
Strong safety Ray Austin, who had been named most valuable player in the Volunteers' loss to Penn State during the 1993 Citrus Bowl, had 50 tackles—second-best among Tennessee defensive backs—two fumble recoveries, a sack, and two tackles for loss despite playing in only six games. The Volunteers' defense also featured a cornerback named Tony Edge, a player from Virginia's Phoebus High School who had been heavily recruited by both Virginia Tech and Tennessee. Edge suffered a dislocated shoulder in the Volunteers' last regular-season game, but pledged he would play against the Hokies despite doctors' disapproval.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech defense
Defensively, the Virginia Tech Hokies allowed an average of 308 yards per game and 18.4 points per game. During the last two games of the regular season, however, the Hokies permitted 34 points and 42 points to Rutgers and Virginia, respectively. The Virginia Tech defense was led by two strong performers in the defensive secondary. Safety Torrian Gray intercepted four passes during the regular season, returning one of the catches for a touchdown. He tied with cornerback William Yarborough for the most interceptions on the team during the regular season. Neither player was the team's leading tackler, however. That honor went to linebacker George DelRicco, who had 130 tackles during the regular season.


1994 Gator Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech defense
Fellow linebacker Ken Brown was named a first-team All-Big East selection, signifying his status as one of the best players at his position in the conference. He finished the season with 93 tackles, including six for loss and two sacks, enough for No. 3 on the team in tackles. Despite that success, Brown suffered a pulled hamstring before Virginia Tech's final regular-season game and his presence in the Gator Bowl was doubtful. Virginia Tech sophomore defensive end Cornell Brown was named the best defensive college player in the state of Virginia by the Roanoke Times after earning 20 tackles for loss, including 11 sacks, and 35 quarterback hurries during the regular season.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary
The 1994 Gator Bowl kicked off on December 30, 1994, at 8 p.m. EST at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville, Florida. An estimated 62,200 fans were in attendance, and millions more people watched the game on television. TBS televised the game in the United States, and Gary Bender, Pat Haden, and Craig Sager were the broadcasters. Tennessee won the ceremonial pre-game coin toss and elected to kick off to Virginia Tech to begin the game.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, First quarter
Virginia Tech's Tommy Edwards fielded the opening kickoff, which was returned to the Tech 29-yard line, where the Hokies' offense began the first play of the game, an incomplete pass by Virginia Tech quarterback Maurice DeShazo. On the second play of the game, DeShazo again attempted a forward pass. This time, however, the ball was intercepted by Tennessee linebacker Tyrone Hines. Hines returned the ball to the Tech 28-yard line, allowing the Volunteers' offense to begin the game already in scoring position. Tennessee's first play was a run up the middle by James Stewart, who gained three yards.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, First quarter
On the second play, Tennessee quarterback Peyton Manning completed a nine-yard pass to wide receiver Nilo Silvan. During the play, Silvan suffered a broken ankle and did not return to the game. Now at the 16-yard line, Tennessee continued its drive with a rush by Stewart, who wasn't able to advance the ball. On the next play, the Volunteers were penalized 10 yards for a block in the back of a Virginia Tech player.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, First quarter
Despite the penalty and an incomplete pass on a subsequent play, Tennessee was able to gain a first down to the five-yard line with a pass from Manning to Joey Kent. Two plays later, the Volunteers scored on a one-yard touchdown run by Stewart. The extra point kick was successful, and Tennessee took a 7–0 lead with 11:41 remaining in the first quarter.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, First quarter
Following Tennessee's touchdown, the two teams traded possessions, each going three and out. Virginia Tech regained the ball after a Tennessee punt to its 20-yard line with 7:31 remaining in the quarter. After a Tech fumble that was recovered by the Hokies, Tech running back Dwayne Thomas ran nine yards for the first Tech first down of the game. After an incomplete pass, DeShazo and Thomas connected on an eight-yard pass before Thomas broke free for an 11-yard run and another first down. Thomas continued advancing the ball, picking up eight yards on two rushing plays. DeShazo then completed a four-yard pass for a first down at the Tennessee 39-yard line. There, however, Tennessee's defense stiffened and did not allow the Hokies another first down. The Tech punt was downed at the Tennessee 7-yard line, where the Volunteers began their third possession of the game.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, First quarter
On the first play of the drive, Tennessee committed a five-yard false start penalty, pushing the Volunteers back toward their goal line. A Tennessee rush was stopped for no gain, then Stewart picked up eight yards on a running play. Needing eight yards for a first down, Manning threw an 11-yard pass to Kent for the first down. On the next play, Manning completed a 43-yard toss to Kent, driving the Volunteers into the Virginia Tech half of the field. Manning's next throw was a 35-yard touchdown throw to Marcus Nash. The extra point was good, and Tennessee took a 14–0 lead with 1:08 remaining in the quarter.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, First quarter
Tennessee's kickoff went out of bounds, allowing Tech's offense to start at its 35-yard line. DeShazo threw an incomplete pass, then completed one for a nine-yard gain. Needing one yard for a first down, Tech fullback Bryan Edwards was stopped for a loss and the Hokies were forced to punt. Tennessee fair caught the ball at their 20-yard line, where the Volunteers' offense again began to work. A five-yard penalty pushed the Volunteers backward, but running back Jay Graham regained the lost five yards with a run on the next play and the clock ran out in the quarter. At the end of the first quarter, Tennessee led, 14–0.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter
At the beginning of the second quarter, Tennessee had the ball at its 19-yard line, facing a second down and ten. On the first play of the quarter, Tennessee ran an end-around to Kendrick Jones, who ran the ball for 76 yards, giving the Volunteers a first down at the Virginia Tech five-yard line. Three plays later, running back Jay Graham crossed the goal line for the first Tennessee touchdown of the second quarter. The extra point was good, and with 13:23 remaining in the first half, Tennessee took a 21–0 lead.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter
Following Tennessee's post-touchdown kickoff and a short kick return, the Virginia Tech offense began at its 24-yard line. The first Tech play of the quarter, a run up the middle by Edmonds, resulted in a 17-yard gain and a first down. Dwayne Thomas followed Edmonds' run with one of his own, advancing the ball to the 50-yard line. He pushed into Tennessee territory on the next play, a five-yard run that gave the Hokies a first down at the Tennessee 45-yard line. DeShazo then ran nine yards, and Tech gained a first down on the next play.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter
Inside the Tennessee 35-yard line, however, the Volunteers' defense stiffened. DeShazo passed for a seven-yard gain, but the Hokies were unable to gain a first down until DeShazo scrambled for a 13-yard gain on fourth down. The run kept the Tech drive alive as the Hokies now had a first down at the Tennessee 14-yard line. Tennessee forced another third-down play, but the Hokies gained a first down at the Tennessee three-yard line with a pass from DeShazo to Thomas. Four plays later, the Hokies scored their first points of the game as Thomas dove across the goal line on fourth down. The subsequent extra point was good, and the Hokies cut Tennessee's lead to 21–7 with 5:17 remaining in the first half.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter
Virginia Tech's kickoff was returned to the Tennessee 26-yard line, and the Volunteers' offense returned to the field. Instead of Peyton Manning, backup quarterback Branndon Stewart came on the field to lead Tennessee. On the second play of the Tennessee drive, Stewart gained 24 yards on a quarterback scramble, giving the Volunteers a first down at the Tennessee 49-yard line. On the next play, he completed a 27-yard pass to Kent for another first down. Two plays later, James Stewart broke free for an 18-yard run that gave Tennessee a first down at the Virginia Tech one-yard line. One play later, Stewart crossed the goal line for Tennessee's second touchdown of the quarter. The extra point was good, and Tennessee's lead was again 21 points, 28–7, with 3:22 remaining in the quarter.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter
The Volunteers' kickoff was returned to the Tech 22-yard line, and the Hokies began another drive. On the first play of the drive, however, Maurice DeShazo scrambled for a ten-yard gain but fumbled the ball. The loose ball was recovered by a Tennessee defender, and the Volunteers took over on offense from the Tech 32-yard line. Branndon Stewart came out onto the field in place of Manning, and completed an eight-yard pass to James Stewart to begin the drive. James Stewart then ran to the 20-yard line for a first down.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter
On the next play, Tennessee executed a trick play in which James Stewart received the ball via a hand-off, imitating a running play, but threw the ball instead. The pass was caught by James Kendrick for a touchdown, and after the extra point, Tennessee had a 35–7 lead with 2:08 remaining in the first half.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter
The kickoff was returned to the Tech 27-yard line, and the Hokies began the final drive of the second quarter. Antonio Freeman caught a six-yard pass from DeShazo, then DeShazo completed a five-yard pass to Shawn Scales. DeShazo completed a four-yard pass, then Ken Oxendine had a seven-yard catch from DeShazo at the Tech 49-yard line. On the next play, Oxendine caught a short pass that pushed the Hokies to the Tennessee 45-yard line, then DeShazo threw his first incomplete pass of the drive.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter
The incompletion stopped the clock with 37 seconds remaining, allowing time for DeShazo to complete a 26-yard pass to Bryan Still on the next play. Now inside the Tennessee red zone, the Hokies continued to move the ball via short passes. Tech gained a first down at the Tennessee six-yard line, and used a timeout to stop the clock in order to have a chance to earn a touchdown before halftime. On a subsequent play, however, Tech committed a five-yard penalty, and Tech head coach Frank Beamer ordered kicker Ryan Williams into the game. Williams' 27-yard field goal attempt was good, and Tech cut Tennessee's lead to 35–10 at the end of the first half.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter
Because Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the game, Tennessee received the ball to begin the second half. Tech's kickoff was returned to the Tennessee 13-yard line, and Peyton Manning returned to the field to lead the Volunteers' offense. The first play of the second half was an eight-yard run by James Stewart, which was followed by a six-yard run by Stewart for a first down at the Tennessee 27-yard line. Another Stewart run was followed by two short completions from Manning, and the Volunteers had another first down at the 37-yard line.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter
Tennessee's next play was negated by an offensive pass interference penalty against the Volunteers, who were pushed back to the 22-yard line by the penalty. Though Manning gained 22 yards with a third-down pass, Tennessee was unable to gain enough yards for a first down and punted. During the kick, Tennessee committed a penalty and had to kick again after the five-yard penalty was assessed. The punt was fair caught at the Tech 25-yard line, and the Hokies began their first offensive possession of the second half with 10:14 remaining in the third quarter.


1994 Gator Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter
On the first play, DeShazo completed an 18-yard pass to Still, who gave the Hokies a first down at their 43-yard line. On the next play, Tech wide receiver Antonio Freeman committed a pass interference penalty, pushing the Hokies back 15 yards. Dwayne Thomas made good the penalty by gaining 16 yards on an option run, which was followed by a 17-yard pass from DeShazo to Freeman, who kept the Hokies' drive going with a first down at the Tennessee 39-yard line.