1993 Kushiro earthquake
This earthquake was followed up by another 7.7 Mw earthquake six months later, occurring in the Sea of Japan which triggered a deadly tsunami. Over 200 deaths were recorded, with many missing. Although that earthquake killed more people, it was felt over a smaller area compared to the event in January, possibly because it had a deeper depth of focus.


1993 Kushiro earthquake, Tectonic setting
Hokkaidō sits near a convergent plate boundary where the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate at a rate of 8.5–9.0 cm/yr along the Kuril and Japan trenches. The associated plate boundary megathrust would rupture in moderate to very large megathrust earthquakes such as those seen in 1952, 1963, 2003 and 2011. However, earthquakes also occur within the downgoing Pacific slab along faults that release strain within it. These intraplate earthquakes can have a focal depth of up to 100 km or deeper under the island.


1993 Kushiro earthquake, Earthquake
The magnitude 7.6 Kushiro–Oki earthquake was an intraplate event occurring at a depth of 102 km beneath Hokkaidō along a 60 km by 40 km, near horizontal fault within the underthrusted slab. The fault ruptured at a velocity of 3.6 km/s, producing an average slip of 5.5 meters, with the maximum slip at 11 meters.


1993 Kushiro earthquake, Effects
Strong ground acceleration of up to 922 cm/s² was recorded at Kushiro, lasting 30 seconds which caused extensive liquefaction and damage to the city. In the city, 6 homes collapsed while 590 were affected, 33 of them sustaining serious damage. Further destruction of properties resulted from landslides and slope failures, some posing additional threats even after the earthquake. During one of the many landslides, a house slid ten meters down the slopes of a hill. The port area was also destroyed by liquefaction, revealing buried manholes and sewage pipes which emerged 1.5 meters above the surface. Farm roads, irrigation and drainage canals, and pipelines were severely damaged by ground failures induced by the shaking. More roads across 18 locations had to be closed due to the failure of embankments. Slope failures were common around Kushiro, which brought down with it local homes.


1993 Kushiro earthquake, Effects
Gas pipelines were damaged, affecting more than 9,300 residents when supply ceased. It was only restored 23 days later. Water was also inaccessible to 4,000 people for five days. Throughout the island, over 57,000 were left without power after the quake but was quickly restored by the next day.


1993 Kushiro earthquake, Effects
Since the earthquake occurred during the winter time, thorough inspection of dams could not be conducted as snow fall had completely covered the structures. It was only in the spring did engineers began their investigation. The Mombetsu Dam was found with some damage; the concrete slope protection on the upstream side of that dam had been raised slightly, but they weren't found to affect the state of the dam. Deformation on the ground slope of the left bank was also discovered when the reservoir was drained.


1993 Kushiro earthquake, Effects
Retrofitting works done would spare the city from damage once again when the Kuril Islands was struck with a much bigger earthquake in October 1994.


1993 Kushiro earthquake, Effects, Casualties
Two people were killed, one died from a ceiling light falling on them, the other was poisoned by gas. Sixty-one survivors were badly injured while another 661 had minor injuries to them.


1993 Kvalserien
The 1993 Kvalserien was the 19th edition of the Kvalserien. It determined which team of the participating ones would play in the 1993–94 Elitserien season and which three teams would play in the 1993–94 Swedish Division 1 season.


1993 Kyrgyzstan League
The 1993 Kyrgyzstan League is the 2nd season of Kyrgyzstan League, the Football Federation of Kyrgyz Republic's top division of association football. Alga RIIF Bishkek won the league in which seventeen teams participated in.


1993 Kyrgyzstan League, Promotion/Relegation Play-off
Maksat Belovodskoye who finished in sixteenth place, played off against Northern Zone champions of Division two Dzhashtyk Ysyk Ata. Uchkun Kara Suu  who finished in seventeenth place, played off against Southern Zone champions of Division two Aka Atyn Kara Suu. There weren't any promotions to the top division or relegations to the lower division. Aka Atyn Kara Suu did partake in the 1994 season due to withdrawals prior to that season.


1993 L.League
Statistics of L. League in the 1993 season. Yomiuri Nippon SC Ladies Beleza won the championship.


1993 LPGA Championship
The 1993 LPGA Championship was the 39th LPGA Championship, played June 10–13 at Bethesda Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb northwest of Washington, D.C.


1993 LPGA Championship
Patty Sheehan won the fourth of her six major titles, one stroke ahead of runner-up Lauri Merten. She trailed by two strokes after entering the final round, and it was her third and final win at the LPGA Championship, with previous victories in 1983 and 1984.


1993 LPGA Championship
This was the last of four consecutive LPGA Championships at Bethesda Country Club.


1993 LPGA Tour
The 1993 LPGA Tour was the 44th season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950. The season ran from February 5 to November 7. The season consisted of 31 official money events. Brandie Burton won the most tournaments, three. Betsy King led the money list with earnings of $595,992, becoming the first to win over $500,000 in a season.


1993 LPGA Tour
There were nine first-time winners in 1993: Kristi Albers, Helen Alfredsson, Donna Andrews, Missie Berteotti, Helen Dobson, Trish Johnson, Hiromi Kobayashi, Kelly Robbins, and Cindy Schreyer.


1993 LPGA Tour, Tournament results
The following table shows all the official money events for the 1993 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.


1993 LSU Tigers baseball team
The 1993 LSU Tigers baseball team represented Louisiana State University in the 1993 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Tigers played their home games at Alex Box Stadium. The team was coached by Skip Bertman in his 10th season at LSU.


1993 LSU Tigers baseball team
The Tigers won the College World Series, defeating the Wichita State Shockers in the championship game.


1993 LSU Tigers baseball team, Tigers in the 1993 MLB Draft
The following members of the LSU Tigers baseball program were drafted in the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft.


1993 LSU Tigers football team
The 1993 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University in the college football season of 1993. The Tigers played their home games at Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.


1993 LSU Tigers football team
LSU suffered its worst loss in program history, 58-3 to Florida at home October 9. Following a loss at Kentucky, the Tigers went on a three-game winning streak, including a 17-13 shocker over defending national champion Alabama at Tuscaloosa, ending the Crimson Tide's 31-game unbeaten streak (the NCAA later shortened the streak to 23 when it forced Alabama to forfeit all of its 1993 victories (and a tie vs. Tennessee) due to violations involving All-America defensive back Antonio Langham).


1993 LSU Tigers football team
With a bowl berth on the line in the season finale, Arkansas came to Baton Rouge and gouged the Tigers for 412 yards rushing in a 42-24 triumph, leaving LSU with its fifth consecutive losing campaign.


1993 La Flèche Wallonne
The 1993 La Flèche Wallonne was the 57th edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 14 April 1993. The race started in Spa and finished in Huy. The race was won by Maurizio Fondriest of the Lampre team.


1993 Labatt Brier
The 1993 Labatt Brier, Canada's national men's curling championship, was held from March 6 to 14 at the Ottawa Civic Centre in Ottawa, Ontario. The finals featured the all star Team Ontario, consisting of skip Russ Howard, his brother Glenn at third, second Wayne Middaugh and lead Peter Corner against a British Columbia team made up of two expatriate Brier winners in skip Rick Folk (1980 Brier champion for Saskatchewan) and third Pat Ryan (1988 & 1989 Brier champion for Alberta).


1993 Labatt Brier
The final was won by Ontario. Thanks to steals in the third and fourth ends, they were able to hold on to a victory by a score of 5–3 in the last Brier before the adoption of the free guard zone.


1993 Labatt Brier
Glenn Howard, Middaugh and Corner would all later compete for Ontario as skips, and both Howard and Middaugh won Briers and World championships as skips.


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
The 1993 Brier featured first time skips Greg Ferster of Alberta and Alan O'Leary of Nova Scotia, 1980 Brier champion Rick Folk of British Columbia, the defending 1992 Brier champion Manitoba rink skipped by Vic Peters, 2nd time Brier skips Mike Kennedy of New Brunswick and Pierre Charette of Quebec, 3rd time Brier skips Gary Oke of Newfoundland and Trevor Alexander of the Territories, 3 time Brier champion Rick Lang of Northern Ontario, 1987 Brier champion Russ Howard of Ontario, 1989 Mixed champion Robert Campbell of Prince Edward Island and 1991 Brier runners up Randy Woytowich of Saskatchewan.


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Greg Ferster Third: Kelly Kijewski Second: Calvin Schiewe Lead: Rich Hipkin Alternate: Randy Olson


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Rick Folk Third: Pat Ryan Second: Bert Gretzinger Lead: Gerry Richard Alternate: Ron Steinhauer


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Vic Peters Third: Dan Carey Second: Chris Neufeld Lead: Don Rudd Alternate: John Loxton


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Mike Kennedy Third: Brad Fitzherbert Second: Mark Lecocq Lead: Dave Coster Alternate: Gordie McGugan


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Gary Oke Third: Don Ryan Second: Rob Thomas Lead: Gary Rowe Alternate: Terry Oke


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Rick Lang Third: Scott Henderson Second: Ross Tetley Lead: Art Lappalainen Alternate: Charles Salina


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Alan O'Leary Third: Bob LeClair Second: Steve Johnston Lead: Steve Piggott Alternate: Stuart MacLean


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Russ Howard Third: Glenn Howard Second: Wayne Middaugh Lead: Peter Corner Alternate: Larry Merkley


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Robert Campbell Third: Peter Gallant Second: Mark O'Rourke Lead: Mark Butler Alternate: Peter MacDonald


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Pierre Charette Third: Daniel Lemery Second: Don Westphal Lead: Louis Biron Alternate: Eric Carriere


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Randy Woytowich Third: Brian McCusker Second: Wyatt Buck Lead: John Grundy Alternate: Dale Graham


1993 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Trevor Alexander Third: Richard Robertson Second: Steve Moss Lead: Scott Alexander Alternate: Al Delmage


1993 Labatt Brier, Tiebreakers
A series of tiebreakers were played between the four teams tied at first with an 8–3 record. Manitoba was seeded first, but lost both of their tiebreaker games, eliminating them from the three-team playoffs.


1993 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election
Elections to the Labour Party's Shadow Cabinet took place in October 1993, at the beginning of the 1993/1994 session of parliament. Under the rules then in effect, the Commons members of the Parliamentary Labour Party elected 18 members of the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet, who were then assigned portfolios by the leader. The Commons members of the PLP separately elected the Chief Whip, and the Labour peers elected the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords.


1993 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election
In addition, the Leader of the Labour Party and Deputy Leader (John Smith and Margaret Beckett, respectively) were members by virtue of those offices. The 18 elected members of the Shadow Cabinet were the ones with the largest number of votes. Beginning with this election, MPs were required to vote for at least four women, but women were no longer guaranteed three places in the Shadow Cabinet.


1993 Ladies European Tour
The 1993 Ladies European Tour was a series of golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world which took place in 1993. The tournaments were sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour (LET).


1993 Ladies European Tour, Tournaments
The table below shows the 1993 schedule. The numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the Ladies European Tour up to and including that event. This is only shown for members of the tour.


1993 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1993 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College during the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Lafayette finished second in the Patriot League.


1993 Lafayette Leopards football team
In their 13th year under head coach Bill Russo, the Leopards compiled a 5–4–2 record. Chris Flood, Pete Ohnegian, Dave Pyne and Mark Reardon were the team captains.


1993 Lafayette Leopards football team
The Leopards outscored opponents 270 to 214. Lafayette's 3–1–1 conference record placed second in the six-team Patriot League standings.


1993 Lafayette Leopards football team
Lafayette played its home games at Fisher Field on College Hill in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1993 Lal Chowk fire
The 1993 Lal Chowk fire (literally Red Square) refers to the arson attack on the main commercial centre of downtown Srinagar, Kashmir, that took place on 10 April 1993. The fire is alleged by government officials to have been started by a crowd incited by militants, while civilians and police officials interviewed by Human Rights Watch and other organisations allege that the Indian Border Security Forces (BSF) set fire to the locality in retaliation for the burning of an abandoned BSF building by local residents. Over 125 civilians were killed in the conflagration and the ensuing shooting by BSF troops.


1993 Lal Chowk fire, The fire
On 9 April 1993 at approximately 11:30 PM, BSF troops abandoned the Sanatan Dharm Sabha which had been their base within Lal Chowk. On the morning of 10 April, the abandoned bases were set ablaze. As the fire continued to spread to neighbouring homes and businesses, the area was declared to be under curfew. Para-military forces arrived and were involved in a shootout which resulted in loss of life.


1993 Lal Chowk fire, The fire
Jagmohan, then Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, in his memoir, alleges that the next morning the building was accosted by a crowd incited by a few militants who then proceeded to set the building on fire. The fire spread and engulfed the locality consuming over 50 homes and 260 shops. When the para-military forces arrived in response to the situation, they became engaged in a fire-fight for over four hours during which over 10,000 bullets were fired. In this and other incidents in the ensuing days, over 260 lives were lost due to terrorism-related violence.


1993 Lal Chowk fire, The fire
Human Rights Watch reported an unidentified Jammu and Kashmir police official as stating that the BSF had withdrawn forces the previous night without informing the police. The official stated that he had requested the BSF for protection of the building as such buildings vacated by security forces in the past had been burnt down. When he had approached the building, the crowd warned him not enter as it might be mined. He alleged that the building was ablaze before the tardy arrival of the BSF troops.


1993 Lal Chowk fire, The fire
He also alleged that tardy and limited response of government fire fighting resources led to the fire growing out of control despite the efforts of him and his men. When a company of approximately 100 BSF soldiers arrived, curfew orders were announced by megaphone, and the troops surrounded Lal Chowk and began firing indiscriminately.


1993 Lal Chowk fire, The fire
Civilians interviewed by Human Rights Watch stated that the BSF did not allow the police to rescue of people. Another police official alleged that the BSF opened fire on civilians and the police. The New York Times reports that BSF forces fired on people fleeing their burning homes and businesses. Other witnesses stated that the external latches of the buildings had been closed trapping the people inside, supposedly by the security forces. A hotel waiter alleged that he had seen BSF troops spraying the buildings with flammable liquids.


1993 Lal Chowk fire, The shikara killings
As the fire continued to spread through Lal Chowk, a number of locals attempted to escape the flames by fleeing across the Jhelum River in boats. According to eyewitnesses, 20–30 militants gathered on the river bank and opened fire on the boats with machine guns. Some of those on board jumped into the river to escape the firing and drowned. The gunfire continued for at least 30 minutes, and at least 16 bodies were later recovered from the river.


1993 Lal Chowk fire, The shikara killings
Indian authorities later claimed that "a shikara boat which was on its way from Lal Chowk to Lal Mandi carrying a large number of persons capsized in the river Jhelum." There was no official government investigation into the incident.


1993 Lal Chowk fire, The aftermath
In all, 59 homes, 190 small shops, 59 stores, two office buildings, five commercial buildings, two schools, and a shrine were destroyed in the blaze. An estimated 125 people were killed.


1993 Lancashire County Council election
Elections to Lancashire County Council were held in May 1993.


1993 Lancashire County Council election
This was the last election at which Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool participated in Lancashire elections.


1993 Lao League
The 1993 Lao League was the fourth recorded season of top flight football in Laos. Savannakhet FC, from Thakhek, and Lao Army FC, from Vientiane, won the championships. The tournament won by Savannakhet was apparently a tournament from which teams from Vientiane were excluded and Lao Army won a separate tournament exclusively for teams from Vientiane.


1993 Larne Borough Council election
Elections to Larne Borough Council were held on 19 May 1993 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 15 councillors.


1993 Larne Borough Council election, Districts results, Coast Road
1989: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x Independent Nationalist1993: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x Independent Nationalist1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Larne Borough Council election, Districts results, Larne Lough
1989: 3 x UUP, 2 x DUP1993: 3 x DUP, 2 x UUP1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Larne Borough Council election, Districts results, Larne Town
1989: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x Independent1993: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x Independent Unionist1989-1993 Change: Independent Unionist gain from Independent


1993 Las Vegas Bowl
The 1993 Las Vegas Bowl was played December 17, 1993, at the Sam Boyd Silver Bowl in Whitney, Nevada.


1993 Las Vegas Bowl, Background
The Aggies of the Big West Conference had won five straight games after starting the season 1–5 to win a share of the conference title with Southwestern Louisiana. This was their first bowl appearance since 1961. Ball State, of the Mid-American Conference ran the table and won their second conference title in four years, while riding into this bowl game with a four game winning streak.


1993 Las Vegas Bowl, Game summary
Quarterback Anthony Calvillo and running back Profail Grier led Utah State University to a 42–33 victory over Ball State University. Calvillo, a senior who finished the 1993 NCAA season ranked ninth nationally in total offense, completed 25 of 39 passes for 286 yards and three touchdowns and was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Grier, a sophomore, rushed for 143 yards on 32 carries and ran for two touchdowns. The Aggies' offensive line played a pivotal role in the game by not allowing a quarterback sack, as the Utah State gained 429 total offensive yards in securing the victory.


1993 Las Vegas Bowl, Game summary
Utah State led 21–0 at halftime. The Aggies gained 329 of their 491 yards in the first half, scoring on drives of 73, 82 and 68 yards to lead at the half against a Ball State defense that had only allowed 12 points in its previous three games. Additionally, the Aggies defense limited the Cardinal offense, which had averaged 357.4 yards per game during the season, to just 31 offensive yards in the first half.


1993 Las Vegas Bowl, Game summary
In the second half, however, Ball State scored 33 points to close the half-time gap. Running back Mike Blair threw a two-yard pass to quarterback Mike Neu to cut the lead to 35–17 with seven seconds remaining in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Neu threw a touchdown pass to Mike Oliver to close the score to 42–33 for Utah State. After that score, however, Utah State was successful in running out the remaining time on the clock to secure the victory. While Ball State came into the 1993 Las Vegas Bowl as a predominately running team, only 73 of its total 312 yards came on the ground.


1993 Las Vegas Bowl, Game summary
The bowl victory was the first for Utah State in five tries.


1993 Las Vegas Bowl, Aftermath
Utah State made just one more bowl game in the decade. They did not win another bowl game until 2012. Ball State won another MAC title in 1996, but lost. They did not return to a bowl game again until 2008.


1993 Latur earthquake
The 1993 Latur earthquake struck India at 3:56 am local time (UTC+05:30) on 30 September. The main area affected was Maharashtra State in Western India. The earthquake primarily affected the districts of Latur and Osmanabad, including the Ausa block of Latur and Omerga of Osmanabad. Fifty-two villages were demolished in the intraplate earthquake. It measured 6.2 on the moment magnitude scale, and approximately 10,000 people died, whilst another 30,000 were injured. The earthquake's hypocenter was around 10 km deep – relatively shallow – allowing shock waves to cause more damage.


1993 Latur earthquake
Because the location does not lie on a plate boundary, there was some debate as to what caused the earthquake. The Indian sub-continent crumples as it pushes against Asia and pressure is released. It is possible that this pressure is released along fault lines. Another argument is that reservoir construction along the Terna was responsible for increasing pressure on fault lines. Killari, where the epicenter of the quake is believed to have been, had a large crater, which remains in place to date.


1993 Latur earthquake, Relief efforts
Several foreign and local donors reacted immediately to the tragedy by sending relief teams and rescue workers. Physicians and staff from Railway Hospital, Solapur and V.M. Medical College, Solapur were amongst the first to reach the site and assisted with treatment of the injured over the next several weeks. The first convoy of over 120 trucks laden with relief material such as tents, blankets, food and clothing, medical supplies and temporary shelters given by international donors departed from Mumbai at around 10am on 2 October 1993. 42nd battalion of MIL, The Indian Army, State Reserve Police Force, Central Reserve Police Force and other law enforcement agencies rushed their personnel almost immediately after the quake, assuming there would be a greater number of casualties.


1993 Latur earthquake, Relief efforts, Amateur radio role
Among the first to respond were amateur radio operators from Mumbai and Hyderabad, who had rushed to Omerga, a town near Latur from where all quake-hit areas could be accessed by road. The Mumbai-based JNA Wireless Association undertook a special mission. With four-wheel drive vehicles given for the purpose by Mahindra and Mahindra, a group of eight Mumbai-based radio hams escorted the supplies convoy from Mumbai to Omerga.


1993 Latur earthquake, Relief efforts, Amateur radio role
Later, the radio operators split into four groups and visited scores of ravaged villages, relaying vital information – such as possible outbreak of disease, food supply and devastation – to a control station set up in Omerga. During the 10-and-a-half-day trip, these radio hams successfully assisted disaster mitigation efforts undertaken by the Indian government and private aid agencies. For victims help came from whole world and many nations. Indian land lords also made intensive efforts in giving donation and help. Madhavrao Scindia had made highest donation in all over India for rescue and help to victim people.


1993 Latvian Higher League
The 1993 season in the Latvian Higher League, named Virslīga, was the third domestic competition since the Baltic nation gained independence from the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991. Ten teams competed in this edition, with Skonto FC claiming the title.


1993 Latvian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Latvia on 5 and 6 June 1993, the first after independence was restored in 1991. Latvian Way emerged as the largest party in the Saeima, winning 36 of the 100 seats. A total of 23 parties participated in the elections, although only eight received 4% or more of votes and won seats. Voter turnout was 91.2%, the highest in the country's history. Only 66–75% of Latvian residents were citizens and qualified to vote, with the majority of those not able to vote being Russian.


1993 Latvian parliamentary election, Aftermath
A coalition minority government was formed between Latvian Way and the Latvian Farmers' Union. However, the coalition only commanded the support of 48 out of the 100 MPs, meaning that it was heavily reliant on opposition parties to ensure a parliamentary majority.


1993 Latvian presidential election
The 1993 presidential elections in Latvia took place on July 7, 1993. It was the first presidential election after the restoration of Latvia's independence. Guntis Ulmanis was elected the 5th President of Latvia.


1993 Latvian presidential election, Rules
In the first round of presidential elections, the parties represented in the Saeima nominate their presidential candidates. In order for a candidate to be elected, at least 51 out of 100 Saeima deputies must vote for the candidate. If in the first round none of the candidates receive the required number of votes, a second ballot will be held. If the winner is not determined after the second time, the candidate who has received the least number of votes in the previous round will be excluded from the election with each subsequent round. If, in the last round with 2 candidates, none of them receives at least 51 votes, new elections are held in which new or existing candidates are nominated.


1993 Latvian presidential election, Election process and results
The first round of elections took place on July 6. In the first round of voting, none of the candidates was able to collect the required number of votes. Guntis Ulmanis received 12 votes, Aivars Jerumanis received 14 votes, but Gunārs Meierovics received 35 votes. As it had been decided in advance that if the President was not elected in one round, the next round would take place the following day, and the second round of voting was postponed to the next sitting on July 7.


1993 Latvian presidential election, Election process and results
According to the law, the same three candidates had to participate in the second round as in the first round, but the winner of the largest number of votes in the first round, Meierovics, had withdrawn his candidacy in favor of Ulmanis. In this round, Guntis Ulmanis received 46 votes, but Aivars Jerumanis only had 10 votes. Consequently, it was necessary to vote in the third round, in which Jerumanis no longer participated as the owner of the smallest number of votes in the second round. Only Ulmanis took part in the third round of voting, receiving 53 votes in favor and 26 votes against and being elected the first President of the restored Republic of Latvia.


1993 Laurence Olivier Awards
The 1993 Laurence Olivier Awards were held in 1993 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of London Theatre.


1993 Laurence Olivier Awards, Productions with multiple nominations and awards
The following 25 productions, including one ballet and four operas, received multiple nominations:


1993 Laval municipal election
The 1993 Laval municipal election took place on November 7, 1993, to elect a mayor and city councillors in Laval, Quebec. Gilles Vaillancourt was elected to a second term as mayor, and his municipal party won all but one seat on city council.


1993 Laval municipal election, Results
Source: "Incumbents all re-elected in Montreal East voting," Montreal Gazette, 9 November 1993, A6.


1993 Lehigh Engineers football team
The 1993 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Lehigh won the Patriot League championship.


1993 Lehigh Engineers football team
In their eighth and final year under head coach Hank Small, the Engineers compiled a 7–4 record. Lance Haynes and Dave Cecchini were the team captains.


1993 Lehigh Engineers football team
Despite their winning record and league championship, the Engineers were outscored by opponents 336 to 309. Lehigh's 4–1 conference record nonetheless topped the six-team Patriot League standings.


1993 Lehigh Engineers football team
The championship was Lehigh's first in the eight-year history of the Patriot and Colonial leagues. Patriot League rules at the time prohibited members from participating in the postseason tournament. Lehigh was not ranked in the national poll; three of its four losses were to ranked opponents.


1993 Lehigh Engineers football team
Lehigh played its home games at Goodman Stadium on the university's Goodman Campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1993 Lesotho general election
General elections were held in Lesotho between 27 and 29 March 1993, the first full elections since the ruling Basotho National Party annulled the results of the 1970 elections, which they had lost to the Basutoland Congress Party. Of the 736,930 registered voters, 532,678 cast valid votes.


1993 Lesotho general election
The BCP were victorious in the election, winning all 65 of the seats in the National Assembly. Its leader, Ntsu Mokhehle, became Prime Minister.


1993 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill
A spill of the leadership of the Liberal Party of Australia took place on March 23, 1993, following the 1993 federal election. The spill was won by incumbent leader John Hewson over former leader John Howard by 47 votes to 30 while backbencher Bruce Reid attracted only one sole vote, presumably his own. For the Deputy leadership Michael Wooldridge won against Peter Costello


1993 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, Background
After John Hewson was blamed for losing the 1993 "unloseable election" because of his staunch promotion of a Goods and Services Tax and an inability to sell his policies to voters, Hewson initially stated he would not recontest but was convinced to do so to block John Howard from winning.


1993 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, Aftermath
Over the following year Hewson's leadership was undermined by the likes of Peter Costello and Bronwyn Bishop. This led to his defeat in May 1994 by Alexander Downer.


1993 Liberian Premier League, Overview
It was contested by 15 teams, and Mighty Barrolle won the championship.


1993 Liberty Bowl
The 1993 Liberty Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee, on December 28, 1993, as part of the 1993–94 bowl season. The 35th edition of the Liberty Bowl, the game matched the Louisville Cardinals, a football independent, and the Michigan State Spartans of the Big Ten Conference. Louisville defeated Michigan State, 18–7.


1993 Liechtenstein public buildings referendum
A referendum on the construction of public buildings was held in Liechtenstein on 7 March 1993. Voters were asked whether they approved of the construction of a new Landtag building and some other buildings. The proposal was rejected by 79.6% of voters.


1993 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season
Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito's 1993 season was the club's 63rd year of existence, the 40th year in professional football, and the 33rd in the top level of professional football in Ecuador.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
The 1996 FA Cup "SARAWAK FIGHT", was the culmination of the historic Fa Cup Final 1996 event at the Independent Stadium that saw Kedah play a decisive way to win the FA Cup. PICTURES appear to be led by Team Leader Radhi Mat Din, Khamal Idris Ali, Farouk Ismail, Hashim Mustapha, Feridza Ismail, Andre Luis Nascimento, Mamadou Maryam Diallo, Che Zambil & Nidzam Adha besides Manja Man & Ahmad Sobri Ismail, lined up before the historic match.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
The Kedah team led by then-Radhi Mat Din successfully ended Kedah's quest to complete all the national championship matches by winning the FA Cup for the first time in history. In the match against Sarawak in the Kedah final they were down 1-0 by national striker Che Zambil Ahmad and it was enough for Kedah to come out as the absolute winner of that historic night. The Kedah team was then led by local coach Mosthakeen Omar for a minute-long action in cooking and forcing a 1-0 lead into the new history.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
The success also brings endless satisfaction to the DAB Spirits manager as he has successfully completed and completed all the major championships he has contested at the national football arena. A very proud record was written by Spirits as a result of all his plans and sacrifices to the Kedah army. All Kedah supporters are celebrating this success. The victory that night was also a great gift to the loyal supporters of Kedah, with over 40,000 loyalists flooding the Freedom Stadium despite having to wait the next day due to the lack of electricity. It was a worthwhile sacrifice in the history of the state of Kedah football throughout history.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
In the match against Sarawak in the Kedah final they were down 1-0 by national striker Che Zambil Ahmad and it was enough for Kedah to come out as the absolute winner of that historic night.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
The Kedah team was then led by local coach Mosthakeen Omar for a minute-long action in cooking and forcing a 1-0 lead into the new history.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
The success also brings endless satisfaction to the DAB Spirits manager as he has successfully completed and completed all the major championships he has contested at the national football arena. A very proud record was written by Spirits as a result of all his plans and sacrifices to the Kedah army. All Kedah supporters are celebrating this success.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
The victory that night was also a great gift to the loyal supporters of Kedah, with over 40,000 loyalists flooding the Freedom Stadium despite having to wait the next day due to the lack of electricity. It was a worthwhile sacrifice in the history of the state of Kedah football throughout history.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
This is the history of our pride! The pride of the state of Kedah Darul Safe! Let The Service Become Memories, The Green Yellow Symbol Of Glory!


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1, Teams
10 teams competing in the last season of Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2
The 1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2 season is the last season of Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2. A total of eight teams participated in the season.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2
Kedah and Penang were promoted from Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2
Under the new format, only the top six teams in Divisyen 1 and the Divisyen 2 champions and runners-up will be involved in the Malaysia Cup. Malaysia Cup was played from the quarter-final stage, scheduled for November after the league was finished. The Malaysia Cup quarter-final and semi-final matches will be played on a home and away basis.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2
The season kicked off on 10 May 1993. Selangor ended up the season by winning the title.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2
After the end of the season, both division of Malaysian Semi-Pro Football League were merged to create the Malaysian first professional football league, the Malaysia Premier League starting from 1994 season.


1993 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2, Teams
Eight teams competing in the last season of Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2.


1993 Limavady Borough Council election
Elections to Limavady Borough Council were held on 19 May 1993 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 15 councillors.


1993 Limavady Borough Council election, Districts results, Bellarena
1989: 3 x SDLP, 2 x UUP1993: 3 x SDLP, 2 x UUP1989–1993 Change: No change


1993 Limavady Borough Council election, Districts results, Benbradagh
1989: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x Sinn Féin1993: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x Sinn Féin1989–1993 Change: No change


1993 Limavady Borough Council election, Districts results, Limavady Town
1989: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1993: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1989–1993 Change: SDLP gain from UUP


1993 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1993 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 99th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board.


1993 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
On 26 September 1993, Patrickswell won the championship after a 0-17 to 0-07 defeat of Adare in the final. It was their 13th championship title overall and their first title in three championship seasons.


1993 Lincolnshire County Council election
The 1993 Lincolnshire County Council election was held on Thursday, 6 May 1993. The whole council of 76 members was up for election and the election resulted in no party winning an overall majority of seats on the council. The Conservative Party lost control of the council for the first time since 1973, winning 31 seats. The Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats both made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, winning 25 and 15 seats respectively.


1993 Lincolnshire County Council election, Results by division
Each electoral division returned one county councillor. The results in each division are shown in the table below.


1993 Lipton Championships
The 1993 Lipton Championships was a tennis tournament played on Hard courts in Key Biscayne, Florida, United States the event was part of the 1993 ATP Tour and 1993 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from March 12 to 21, 1993.


1993 Lipton Championships, Finals, Men's doubles
Richard Krajicek /  Jan Siemerink defeated  Patrick McEnroe /  Jonathan Stark, 6–7, 6–4, 7–6.


1993 Lipton Championships, Finals, Women's doubles
Jana Novotná /  Larisa Savchenko defeated  Jill Hetherington /  Kathy Rinaldi, 6–2, 7–5.


1993 Lipton Championships – Men's Doubles
Ken Flach and Todd Witsken were the defending champions, but lost in the second round this year.


1993 Lipton Championships – Men's Doubles
Richard Krajicek and Jan Siemerink won the title, defeating Patrick McEnroe and Jonathan Stark 6–7, 6–4, 7–6 in the final.


1993 Lipton Championships – Men's Singles
The 1993 Lipton Championships was a tennis tournament played on Hard courts in Key Biscayne, Florida, United States the event was part of the 1993 ATP Tour and 1993 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from March 12 to 21, 1993.


1993 Lipton Championships – Men's Singles
Michael Chang was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Marcos Ondruska. Pete Sampras defeated MaliVai Washington in straight sets in the final, 6–3, 6–2.


1993 Lipton Championships – Women's Doubles
The 1993 Lipton Championships was a tennis tournament played on Hard courts in Key Biscayne, Florida, United States. The event was part of the 1993 ATP Tour and 1993 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from 12 to 21 March 1993.


1993 Lipton Championships – Women's Doubles
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Larisa Neiland were the defending champions, but Sánchez Vicario did not compete this year


1993 Lipton Championships – Women's Doubles
Neiland teamed up with Jana Novotná and won the title, by defeating Jill Hetherington and Kathy Rinaldi 6–2, 7–5 in the final.


1993 Lipton Championships – Women's Singles
The 1993 Lipton Championships was a tennis tournament played on Hard courts in Key Biscayne, Florida, United States the event was part of the 1993 ATP Tour and 1993 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from 12 to 21 March 1993.


1993 Lipton Championships – Women's Singles
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario was the defending champion and successfully defended her title, by defeating Steffi Graf 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 in the final.


1993 Lisburn Borough Council election
Elections to Lisburn Borough Council were held on 19 May 1993 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used five district electoral areas to elect a total of 30 councillors.


1993 Lisburn Borough Council election, Districts results, Downshire
1993: 3 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Conservative


1993 Lisburn Borough Council election, Districts results, Dunmurry Cross
1993: 3 x Sinn Féin, 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP


1993 Lisburn Borough Council election, Districts results, Lisburn Town North
1993: 4 x UUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x DUP, 1 x Independent Unionist


1993 Lisburn Borough Council election, Districts results, Lisburn Town South
1993: 4 x UUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x UDP


1993 Lithuanian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Lithuania on 14 February 1993. They were the first presidential elections under the new October 1992 constitution and since the declaration of independence in March 1990. Algirdas Brazauskas, the former first secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania and leader of the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania (LDDP), won with over 60% of the vote. The runner up was Stasys Lozoraitis, an independent candidate endorsed by the Sąjūdis movement and other political parties.


1993 Lithuanian presidential election, Campaign
Under Brazauskas' leadership, the LDDP had won 73 out of 141 seats in the Seimas in the 1992 parliamentary elections. Brazauskas was subsequently appointed as Speaker, and by virtue of that position, also became acting president. Based on the success of the LDDP in the parliamentary elections, Brazauskas was considered favorite for the presidential elections. Vytautas Landsbergis, leader of the pro-independence Sąjūdis movement, withdrew his candidacy in support of Stasys Lozoraitis, a Lithuanian diplomat, who had spent almost all of his life in Italy and the United States representing the interwar independent Lithuania. Because of the Iron Curtain, his work was virtually unknown in Lithuania. No other candidates came forward as other parties with the exception of the Polish minority declared their support for Lozoraitis as they had become alarmed by the dominance of Brazauskas and the LDDP.


1993 Lithuanian presidential election, Campaign
The campaign time was limited to three weeks. Lozoraitis stressed his experience in complex foreign affairs. Brazauskas, operating in a familiar environment, was better prepared to address domestic affairs and promised to focus on a smooth transition from planned economy to free market. During the campaign, Lozoraitis was labeled as a foreigner who did not understand the current situation of Lithuania and was largely dependent on the unpopular Sąjūdis. Valdas Adamkus, who went on to win the 1997–98 presidential elections, assisted Lozoraitis in his campaign.


1993 Lithuanian presidential election, Results
Brazauskas received a majority of the vote everywhere except Kaunas, and did particularly well in areas inhabited by the Russian and Polish minorities. Because he won more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a second round was not needed.


1993 Lithuanian presidential election, Aftermath
The inauguration ceremony took place on 25 February. In May 1993, just a few months after the elections, Brazauskas recalled Lozoraitis as ambassador to the United States despite criticism of politicizing the issue.


1993 Little League World Series
The 1993 Little League World Series took place between August 23 and August 28 in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The United States was represented by the defending series champion and West Region winner, the Long Beach, California Little League. The Latin American Region winner, the David Doleguita Little League of David, Chiriqui, Panama, won the International Championship.


1993 Little League World Series
Long Beach defeated Panama 3–2 in the championship game and retained its world championship. Long Beach became the first American team to repeat as champion and joined the teams from Monterrey, Mexico (in 1957 and 1958) and Seoul, South Korea (in 1984 and 1985) as the only teams to do so. Since then, only the Pabao Little League of Willemstad, Curaçao has had the opportunity to repeat; they won the 2004 series but were defeated by the team representing the West Oahu Little League of Ewa Beach, Hawaii in the 2005 championship game.


1993 Little League World Series
The Taiwanese winners of the Far East series, and the Dominican winners of the Latin American series were disqualified before the Little League World Series; the Taiwanese for fielding a team that was the only one competing at a school of 2,100 students, in contravention of the rule that requires schools of over 1,000 to field at least four teams per age group if they are to be represented in the Little League World Series, and the Dominicans for using players who failed residency and age requirements. The Taiwanese team was replaced by the Saipan team from the Northern Mariana Islands and the Dominican squad was replaced by the aforementioned David Doleguita team that was the series runner-up. Jeremy Hess hit a long-drive winning RBI to clinch the title for Long Beach.


1993 Little League World Series, Champions Path
The Long Beach LL won 15 matches and lost only one match to reach the LLWS. In total their record was 20-1, their only loss coming against Thousand Oaks LL (from California).


1993 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1993 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 79th edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 18 April 1993. The race started in Liège and finished in Ans. The race was won by Rolf Sørensen of the Carrera team.


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash
The 1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash occurred on 12 August 1993, when an RAF Westland Wessex helicopter, serial number XR524, with 3 crew and 4 passengers (all of them Air Training Corps cadets) on board suffered a catastrophic tail rotor failure and plunged into Llyn Padarn, a lake in North Wales. Three passengers perished.


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash, Accident
The aircraft departed RAF Valley on 12 August 1993, for a routine search and rescue training mission over North Wales. Aboard were three crewmembers and four Air Training Corps Cadets from Northern England. As they were flying over the lake, the pilot performed a planned autopilot failure simulation. However, the aircraft encountered a genuine emergency when it lost the drive to its tail rotor. Without it to counteract the torque produced by the main rotor, the helicopter became uncontrollable and started spinning before impacting the water. The crash was caught on amateur video.


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash, Accident
The three crew and one cadet were able to escape the wreckage. She recounted:


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash, Accident
...there was all this icy black water gushing in through the door. I didn't even have time to take a breath of air. I couldn't see anything and couldn't breathe. I remember feeling around for the door and not being able to find it. But somehow I got out and inflated my lifejacket. There was no chance to see what happened to any of the others.


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash, Accident
Several persons, including a canoeing monitor rushed to the crash site and rescued the survivors. The three remaining occupants of the helicopter were presumably trapped in the wreckage and drowned.


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash, Investigation
As the accident aircraft belonged to the RAF, the responsibility for investigating the crash lay not with the Air Accidents Investigation Branch but with the military. The Ministry of Defence released a report in November 1995. The RAF investigators determined the loss of power on the tail rotor to have been caused by two toothed flanges in the tail boom failing to engage properly. The tail of the Westland Wessex can be folded for storage and transport. The shaft that drives the tail rotor is broken and then remade by means of a disconnect coupling using two flanges.


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash, Investigation
When the tail was last unfolded, the two flanges failed to mesh completely. It is hypothesized that the disconnection of the autopilot just prior the accident increased the stress on the tail section, triggering the failure. After the two-halves of the transmission train became decoupled, the tail rotor was not powered and ceased functioning. The crew then had no means to control the aircraft.


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash, Investigation
Beginning January 1996, a civilian inquest was also held in Llandudno.


1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash, Aftermath
For some time after the accident, all Westland Wessex in the United Kingdom were grounded for all but emergency use. The grounding was eventually lifted and Westland Wessex re-entered service. As of 2000, at least one of the four recommendations made by the military board of inquiry as a result of the crash (simulator training for a tail rotor failure) had been implemented. A plaque has been placed near the crash site. A memorial service was held there in 2003, for the tenth anniversary of the tragedy.


1993 London Marathon
The 1993 London Marathon was the 13th running of the annual marathon race in London, United Kingdom, which took place on Sunday, 18 April. The elite men's race was won by home athlete Eamonn Martin in a time of 2:10:50 hours and the women's race was won by Germany's Katrin Dörre-Heinig in 2:27:09.


1993 London Marathon
In the wheelchair races, Belgium's George Vandamme (1:44:10) and Britain's Rose Hill (2:03:05) set course records in the men's and women's divisions, respectively. Vandamme's time was a significant improvement on the old record, knocking over seven and a half minutes off it.


1993 London Marathon
Around 68,000 people applied to enter the race, of which 35,820 had their applications accepted and around 25,000 started the race. A total of 24,495 runners finished the race.


1993 London–Sydney Marathon
The 1993 London–Sydney Marathon, officially Lombard London–Sydney Marathon was the third running of the London–Sydney Marathon. The rally took place between the 17th of April and the 16th of May 1993. The event covered 10,000 miles (16,000 km) through Europe, Asia and Australia. It was won by Francis Tuthill and Anthony Showell in a Porsche 911.


1993 London–Sydney Marathon, Background
Nick Brittan, who was a competitor in the original event in 1968, decided to organise a modern London to Sydney Marathon featuring pre-1970 cars to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the original event being held in 1968 through his company, Trans World Events, who would go on to organise similar endurance events over the next decade.


1993 London–Sydney Marathon, Background
He managed to persuaded 25 of the original 1968 competitors to take part in the 1993 event which included the 1968 winner, Andrew Cowan, who had the Hillman Hunter that he won the 1968 event in, on loan to him by the Scottish Automobile Club Museum and former British Rally Champion Roger Clark.


1993 London–Sydney Marathon, Background
The route would see competitors cross Europe and Asia in the first eleven days of the event before the cars would be airlifted from Turkey to India with competitors driving through the country for the next seven days before being airlifted to Australia for the last ten days of the rally. The event was to have three major differences comparing to the original event in 1968.


1993 London–Sydney Marathon, Background
Firstly, the changing political climate in the Middle East meant that several countries such as Iran and Afghanistan were now out of bounds, although in Europe, Turkey and Australia much of the original route was retraced from the original. Secondly, the old scheduled open road sections would be replaced with more modern timed special stages for safety reasons. Finally, with the demise of the great passenger liners there would be no great voyage across the Indian Ocean from India to Australia, Brittan and TWE instead hired two Antonov An-124 cargo planes to take the vehicles from India to Australia.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting
The 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting occurred on December 7, 1993, aboard a Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) train in Garden City, New York in the United States. As the train arrived at Merillon Avenue station, passenger Colin Ferguson began firing at other passengers with a semi-automatic pistol. Six of the victims were killed and nineteen others were wounded before Ferguson was tackled and held down by other passengers on the train.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting
Ferguson's trial was noted for a number of unusual developments, including his dismissing his defense counsel, insisting on representing himself, and questioning his victims on the stand. He was convicted in February 1995, on six counts of murder and nineteen counts of attempted murder.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Shooting
On December 7, 1993, Colin Ferguson purchased a ticket for the 5:33 p.m. eastbound train at the Flatbush Avenue station in Brooklyn which stopped at the Jamaica station in Queens. He boarded the third car of the eastbound Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) commuter train from Penn Station to Hicksville, along with more than 80 other passengers. He sat on the southwestern end of the car, carrying a Ruger P89 handgun and a canvas bag filled with 160 rounds of ammunition.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Shooting
As the train approached the Merillon Avenue station, Ferguson drew the gun, dropped several cartridges on the ground, stood up, and opened fire at random. During the next three minutes, he killed six people and injured another nineteen. Some passengers mistook the gunshots for caps or fireworks until a woman shouted, "He's got a gun! He's shooting people!" Ferguson walked east (forward) on the train, pulling the trigger steadily about every half second. Several passengers tried to hide beneath their seats, while others fled to the eastern end of the train and tried to enter the next car.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Shooting
Ferguson walked down the aisle of the train and shot people to his right and left as he passed each seat, briefly facing each victim before firing. An article in The New York Times called Ferguson's actions "as methodical as if he were taking tickets." Ferguson said, "I'm going to get you," over and over as he walked down the aisle.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Shooting
Other passengers farther away in the train did not realize that a shooting had occurred until after the train stopped, as a crowd of panicked passengers fled from the third car into neighboring cars. One man appeared annoyed by their unruliness and said, "Be calm," before they forced a train door open and fled into the station. Two people were injured in the stampede of passengers. The train's conductor was informed of the shooting, but he decided against opening the train doors right away because two of the cars were not yet at the platform. An announcement was made ordering conductors not to open the doors, but engineer Thomas Silhan climbed out the window of his cab and opened each door from the outside so that panicked passengers could escape.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Shooting
Ferguson had emptied two 15-round magazines during the shooting. While he was reloading his third magazine, somebody yelled, "Grab him!" Passengers Michael O'Connor, Kevin Blum, and Mark McEntee tackled him and pinned him to one of the train's seats. Several other passengers ran forward to grab his arms and legs and helped to pin him across a three-seat row with his head towards the window and legs towards the aisle. While he was pinned, Ferguson said, "Oh God, what did I do? What did I do? I deserve whatever I get."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Shooting
He also repeatedly pleaded with those holding him: "Don't shoot me. I'm sorry, I'm sorry." Five to six people continued to hold him pinned for some time while they awaited relief. Ferguson was held down for several minutes; Andrew Roderick, an off-duty LIRR police officer who was picking up his wife from the train, then boarded the train and handcuffed him.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
Colin Ferguson was born in Kingston, Jamaica on January 14, 1958 to Von Herman and May Ferguson. Von Herman was a wealthy pharmacist and the managing director of the large pharmaceutical company Hercules Agencies, and was described by Time magazine as "one of the most prominent businessmen in Jamaica". Ferguson attended the Calabar High School in Red Hills Road, Kingston from 1969 to 1974, where the principal described him as a "well-rounded student" who played cricket and soccer. He graduated in the top third of his class.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
Von Herman was killed in a car crash in 1978 when Ferguson was 20 years old, and his funeral was attended by government and military luminaries. Ferguson's mother died from cancer soon afterwards, and the deaths destroyed the family's fortunes. Family friends said that this deeply disturbed Ferguson, and he moved to the United States in 1982 on a visitor's visa. His friends supposed that he had trouble dealing with racism in America and that he felt frustrated because he couldn't find work outside of menial jobs.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
Ferguson married Audrey Warren on May 13, 1986, a native of Southampton County, Virginia, which qualified him for permanent U.S. residence. The couple moved to a house on Long Island where they often fought, sometimes to the point that police intervention was required. On May 18, 1988, she obtained an uncontested divorce from Ferguson, claiming that the marriage ended because they had "differing social views". Acquaintances said that she left Ferguson because he was "too aggressive or antagonistic" for her, and that the divorce was a "crushing blow" to Ferguson.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
Ferguson got a job doing clerical work for the Ademco Security Group in Syosset, New York on Long Island. He slipped and fell on August 18, 1989 while standing on a stool to reach invoices from a filing cabinet, injuring his head, neck, and back, and the injury led to his termination. He filed a complaint with the state workers' compensation agency, which reviewed the matter over the next several years. Ferguson enrolled at Nassau Community College in East Garden City, where he made the dean's list three times. Also that year, he was forced to leave a class after a disciplinary hearing board found that he had acted overly aggressively towards the teacher.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
In late 1990, Ferguson transferred to Adelphi University in Garden City, where he majored in business administration. He spoke out against coexistence with whites, routinely made calls for retributive revolution, and regularly accused others around him of racism. On one occasion, he complained that a white woman in the library shouted racial epithets at him after he asked her about a class assignment, but an investigation concluded that the incident never occurred. Later, he attended a symposium by a faculty member discussing her experiences in South Africa.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
Ferguson interrupted the professor by shouting, "We should be talking about the revolution in South Africa and how to get rid of the white people" and "kill everybody white!" Students and teachers tried to quieten him, but he started threatening them, repeatedly saying, "The black revolution will get you." He was suspended from the school in June 1991 as a result of the threats. Although he was free to reapply after the suspension, he chose not to.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
In 1991, Ferguson rented a room in Flatbush, Brooklyn. He was unemployed and lived around many other West Indian immigrants. Neighbors said that he dressed very neatly but kept to himself and rarely smiled or spoke to anybody, except occasionally to say hello. "He had delusions of grandeur," his landlord Patrick Denis recounted. "He felt like, 'I'm such a great person. There must be only one thing holding me back. It must be white people.'" In 1992, Ferguson's ex-wife filed a complaint with police alleging that he pried open the trunk of her car. Prior to the shooting, she had not seen him since the divorce.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
In February 1992, Ferguson was arrested and charged with harassing a woman on a subway. The woman tried to sit in a vacant seat alongside Ferguson and asked him to move over, prompting him to scream at her and press his leg and elbow against her until police officers pinned him to the ground. Ferguson tried to escape the police and shouted, "Brothers, come help me!" He sent letters to the New York City Police Commissioner and other officials complaining about his arrest, describing it as "viscous [sic] and racist," and claiming that he was brutalized by the officers who arrested him. The New York City Transit Authority investigated and dismissed the claims.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
In September 1992, Ferguson was awarded $26,250 for his workers' compensation claim against Ademco Security Group. In April 1993, he insisted that he was still in pain and demanded that the case be reopened so that he could get more money for medical treatment. In the following weeks, Ferguson visited a Manhattan law firm for a consultation, and attorney Lauren Abramson said that she immediately felt uncomfortable and threatened by him. She asked a law clerk to sit in on the meeting because she did not want to be alone with him, which she had never done before.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
Ferguson was neatly dressed during the consultation, but he acted strangely and identified himself by a false name before providing his real name. Months later, he made threatening calls to members of the firm, claiming that they were discriminating against him. In one of the calls, he made reference to a massacre which occurred in California. The calls prompted the lawyers to start locking their inner office doors out of fear. Ferguson tried to have his workers' compensation claim reopened by the New York State Workers' Compensation Board, which reexamined the case due to his persistence, but it was ultimately rejected. The board placed him on a list of potentially dangerous people whom security guards were to watch for.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
In April 1993, Ferguson moved to California in search of new career opportunities. He unsuccessfully applied for several jobs, including at a car wash where the manager laughed at him. Ferguson purchased a Ruger P89 9×19mm pistol at a Turner's Outdoorsman in Long Beach for $400 after waiting the 15-day period required under California's gun laws. He presented himself as a California resident by providing a driver's license that he received two months earlier, which had an address of the Long Beach motel where he stayed.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
He had been robbed by two men, so he started carrying the gun with him in a paper bag. Ferguson moved back to New York in May 1993 because, as he told a friend, he did not like competing with immigrants and Hispanics for jobs. His Flatbush landlord said that he appeared even more unstable upon his return, speaking in the third person about "some apocryphal-type doom scenario" which included black people rising up and striking down "their pompous rulers and oppressors."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Perpetrator
Ferguson started taking five showers a day and could be heard by neighbors repeatedly chanting at night "all the black people killing all the white people." His landlord became increasingly concerned about Ferguson's obsession with racism and apparent growing mental instability, and asked him to move out by the end of the month.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Investigation
Police detectives later said it appeared Ferguson had been planning the shooting for more than a week. LIRR police chief Joseph Flynn said, "This was the work of a deranged, maniacal person who for a variety of reasons decided to explode." None of Ferguson's victims were black, although it was unclear whether any other black passengers were aboard the train. Ferguson showed no emotion as he sat in the back of a police car, which some passengers said was as shocking and disturbing as the violence of the shooting itself. Upon seeing Ferguson, one of the victims became hysterical and shouted, "How can he be sitting there so calm after everything he did?"


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Investigation
Police found pieces of notebook paper in Ferguson's pockets with scribbled notes with the heading "reasons for this". One of the notes referred to "racism by Caucasians and Uncle Tom Negroes". They included a reference to "the false allegations against me by the filthy Caucasian racist female on the #1 line", a reference to his February 1992 arrest. Ferguson's notes expressed anger towards the New York State Workers' Compensation Board, Asians, Governor Mario Cuomo, and "so-called civil right leaders such as the Rev. Herbert Daughtry, C. Vernon Mason, and Calvin Butts."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Investigation
They also included the names and telephone numbers of the Lt. Governor, the Attorney General, and the Manhattan law firm that Ferguson had previously threatened, whom he referred to as "those corrupt 'black' attorneys who not only refuse to help me but tried to steal my car". The notes indicated Ferguson planned to wait to start the killings until he was beyond the New York City limit out of respect for outgoing Mayor David Dinkins and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Investigation
Ferguson showed no remorse during hours of questioning from the Nassau County District Attorney's Office. Officials there said, "He was lucid and clear and aware of what was going on." Ferguson was arraigned on December 8, 1993. He never spoke during the arraignment and did not enter a plea. He was ordered held without bail. As Ferguson was escorted from the courthouse, a reporter asked him if he hated whites, to which Ferguson replied, "It's a lie".


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Reaction
President Bill Clinton took notice of the LIRR shooting, calling it a "terrible human tragedy". The day after the shooting, Clinton announced he had asked Attorney General Janet Reno to review a proposal by New York City Mayor-elect Rudy Giuliani that would set up a national uniform licensing system for gun buyers. Clinton cited the Ferguson murders as a factor in his support of the program, which would include background checks, tests and required renewals every two years. About one week after the shooting, Clinton visited with O'Connor, Blum and McEntee.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Reaction
During his first major speech since his election as mayor, Giuliani cited the Ferguson murders while he repeated his previous calls for the death penalty and a uniform gun licensing law. During his monthly radio call-in show, Governor Mario Cuomo called the Ferguson shootings "a dramatic, spectacular slaughter", and called for stronger gun control measures. U.S. Senator Al D'Amato said the Ferguson case demonstrated the need for capital punishment in New York State because "that is the only fitting punishment for this cold-blooded killer".


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Reaction
Many African-Americans expressed concern that the LIRR shooting would lead to a backlash of violence and racial animosities against the black community. Civil rights activists Al Sharpton and Herbert Daughtry urged that African-Americans in general not be blamed for the crime; Sharpton, in particular, criticized what he called attempts "to demonize black and Hispanic dissatisfaction" by linking those groups to the murders. Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson delivered a sermon at the Cathedral of the Incarnation in Garden City, during a service attended by the victims' grieving families.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Reaction
Audrey Warren released a statement shortly after the shootings expressing sorrow for the victims and their families. Jackson stressed the shootings were the result of one man and should not be seen as indicative of all African-Americans. The day after the shootings, Nassau County Executive Thomas Gulotta called Ferguson "an animal." Jackson and other African-American leaders criticized the comment as racially charged, but Gulotta later said his statement had nothing to do with race.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Reaction
During a press conference in the days after the shooting, the Long Island Rail Road Police Benevolent Association called the trains "unsafe" and said the railroad needed to triple the size of its 216-person police force. LIRR officials responded by noting that the rate of crime against passengers had dropped over the past few years before the shooting. The Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North Commuter Railroad placed more officers on trains and increased the visibility of police in response to the shootings.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Reaction
LIRR officials also made counselors available for passengers who wanted one, and sent senior railroad officials out to trains to answer riders' questions. A New York Times editorial called for stronger gun control laws in response to the murders, specifically citing the ease with which Ferguson obtained a handgun in California, which had one of the country's stricter gun laws.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Reaction
Several Adelphi University students expressed concern that Ferguson may have been taking the train to the school with plans of shooting people out of revenge for his past experiences there, although the train Ferguson took was not the closest one to Adelphi. Most of the regular commuters who used the 5:33 Hicksville local returned to the train the day after the shootings. In interviews with the media, a number of passengers cited the need to face their fears and the psychological trauma created by the incident, rather than avoid riding their regular train.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Early court appearances
Anthony J. Falanga was appointed Ferguson's attorney on December 11, 1993. Falanga called for his client to receive a psychiatric evaluation. Under New York state law, an insanity defense would require Ferguson's lawyers to prove he suffers from a mental disease or defect and, as a result, could not tell whether his actions were right or wrong. At the time, lawyers and mental health experts said such a defense would be difficult because Ferguson appeared to have carefully planned the attacks, and because he said, "oh God, what did I do" after he was stopped. However, media outlets and legal experts at the time speculated a defense could argue Ferguson suffered from paranoia, particularly based on Ferguson's history of irrational racism allegations and claims that whites were discriminating against him. Ferguson was placed on suicide watch in the Nassau County Jail.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Early court appearances
On December 18, 1993 Ferguson asked a judge to let him replace Falanga with Colin A. Moore, a Brooklyn-based attorney with a reputation for pursuing allegations of racism in the criminal-justice system. Moore offered to represent Ferguson pro bono. Before a ruling was even made on the request, Moore held a press conference announcing he would seek a change of venue to Brooklyn, claiming it was impossible for Ferguson to receive a fair trial in a Nassau court due to a "severe underrepresentation of African-Americans on the Nassau County jury panel."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Early court appearances
Later, Moore withdrew his offer to represent Ferguson, citing conflicts he did not explain. Ferguson told a judge he questioned Falanga's integrity, disagreed with his handling of the case and had no intention of cooperating with him. Dr. Allen Reichman, a psychiatrist who interviewed Ferguson, indicated in his report that Ferguson may have been feigning mental illness when he spoke of conspiracies against him. Reichman said Ferguson's assertions were "vague and somewhat evasive," in contrast to the normally detailed and highly focused nature of systematized paranoid delusional thinking. On January 5, 1994, a report by a court-appointed psychologist and psychiatrist concluded Ferguson was suffering from paranoid personality disorder but was competent to stand trial.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Indictment
On January 19, 1994, after three days of evidence presentation, a grand jury handed up a 93-count indictment against Ferguson, which carried the possibility of up to 175 years in prison. Nassau County District Attorney Denis Dillon said of the sentence maximum; "it's not quite infinity, but it will do." Dillon also announced he would not agree to any plea bargain in the case. The indictment included two counts of murder for each slain victim, both for intentional murder and for depraved indifference to human life. It also included 19 counts of attempted murder, 34 counts of assault, criminal possession of a weapon, intent to use the weapon, violation of civil rights of each of the 25 victims and "intent to harass, annoy, threaten and alarm" the victims "because of their race, color or national origin."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Indictment
On March 1, 1994, William Kunstler and Ron Kuby, law partners known for representing unpopular clients, announced they had accepted a request by Ferguson to handle his case. Kunstler, who said he would not collect a fee for the defense, said Ferguson had been made out to be a "pariah" by the media and public. In April 1994, District Attorney Dillon sought a gag order for all lawyers involved in the case, arguing Kunstler and Kuby had made statements to the media that might be inadmissible during the trial and could influence potential jurors.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Indictment
Kunstler and Kuby argued they would have no problem finding 12 unbiased jurors and claimed Ferguson had already been publicly attacked in the press by government and police officials. Nassau County Judge Donald E. Belfi rejected the gag order on April 23, claiming the impact of inflammatory statements already made by lawyers, politicians and police would fade in the months before the trial began. However, Belfi warned attorneys from both sides to follow a State Court professional disciplinary rule which already limited their comments to news organizations.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Prison attacks
Shortly after his incarceration began, Ferguson complained about his treatment, claiming correction officers attacked him with milk crates and a fire extinguisher, while depriving him of necessities like soap and antiperspirant spray. Ferguson said: "Of course, there is no sympathy for me in the institution. When I suffered and screamed I was told that it was a good sign by the prison guards because they were hoping for my swift departure from life." Later, Ron Kuby argued Ferguson had been a frequent target of harassment at the Nassau County jail, and requested that the United States Department of Justice intervene to ensure Ferguson's safety.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Prison attacks
On March 23, 1994, while returning to his cell from the medical unit, Ferguson was attacked in jail by a group of inmates. Ferguson suffered a broken nose and a swollen left eye. Prison officials had been notified by Kuby that an assault was imminent, and were in the process of following up on the warning when Ferguson was attacked. Kuby, who said he had been warned of the attack by another inmate, stated "the word was out. Everyone in the institution knew he was going to be set up." Kuby called the attack racially motivated, and later alleged some jail officials and guards had advance knowledge of the impending assault. Five inmates were charged with second-degree assault for their connection in the attack.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Prison attacks
In November 1994, Ferguson's lawyers claimed prison guards taunted him with claims that the election of Governor George Pataki, a death penalty supporter, meant Ferguson would be executed if found guilty. Ferguson's lawyers claimed prison guards showed him the headlines of newspaper stories about Pataki and claimed Ferguson was "headed for electrocution sometime soon." Ferguson was deeply troubled by the claims, despite assurances from his attorneys that the death penalty could only be imposed in crimes committed after a capital punishment bill became law. Ferguson was not reassured until after a judge told him the same thing, at the request of Kunstler.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, "Black rage" defense
Kunstler and Kuby proposed an innovative defense: Ferguson had been driven to temporary insanity by a psychiatric condition they termed "black rage." Kunstler and Kuby argued Ferguson had been driven insane by racial prejudice and could not be held criminally liable for his actions, even though he had committed the killings. The attorneys compared it to the utilization of the battered woman defense, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the child abuse syndrome in other cases to negate criminal liability.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, "Black rage" defense
Kuby said the notes carried by Ferguson on the day of his arrest demonstrated that Ferguson was motivated by rage during the shootings. Donald E. Belfi, the Nassau County Judge assigned to the Ferguson case, criticized Kunstler for speaking to the media about the proposed defense before it had been examined by a mental health professional. Belfi said "Mr. Kunstler may have many talents, but until he receives his medical degree with a specialty in psychiatry, these types of conclusions should best be left for medical experts and the triers of the facts."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, "Black rage" defense
Black rage was first proposed by psychologists William Henry Grier and Price Cobbs in their 1968 book, Black Rage (ISBN 1-57910-349-9). Grier and Cobbs argue that black people living in a racist, white supremacist society are psychologically damaged by the effects of racist oppression. They argue that this damage causes black people to act abnormally in certain situations.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, "Black rage" defense
Ferguson started to claim he was not involved in the Long Island Rail Road shootings at all, and repeatedly refused to meet with a psychiatrist chosen by Kunstler and Kuby. Ferguson told the attorneys he was receiving messages straight from God, and spoke of conspiracies to destroy him by those opposed to God. On August 12, 1994, Kunstler and Kuby asked Judge Belfi to reconsider Ferguson's competence to stand trial, claiming he was growing more delusional, paranoid and obsessive by the day, and that he was too mentally unbalanced for them to mount any kind of defense. George Peck, the prosecutor in Ferguson's trial, insisted Ferguson's apparent lack of cooperation with his lawyers was a defense tactic to avoid a trial.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, "Black rage" defense
On August 20, 1994, Ferguson appeared before Belfi and rejected his lawyer's efforts to have him declared mentally unfit to stand trial. Ferguson spoke in a long and rambling manner, occasionally ignoring Belfi when the judge tried to interrupt him. Ferguson claimed a police officer who escorted him from the Nassau County Jail said to him, "You realize someone else, in fact, was actually responsible for the shooting." When asked if Ferguson understood the role of the prosecuting attorney, Ferguson replied; "to perpetrate injustices against me."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, "Black rage" defense
Kunstler and Kuby argued Ferguson's behavior was indicative of his mental imbalance, but Belfi refused the lawyers' request to reconsider his competence, citing the original psychiatric report that concluded Ferguson was able to understand the charges against him and was "malingering in an attempt to create an impression" that he was mentally imbalanced and unable to cooperate with his attorney. When Belfi ended the proceeding, Ferguson tried to continue talking. After he was placed into handcuffs by guards, Ferguson shouted "they have made it too tight," collapsed to the floor, and had to be dragged from the courtroom. Denis Dillon suggested Kunstler was trying to create "such a bizarre situation" that the court would reverse its earlier ruling regarding Ferguson's competence.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Removal of Kunstler and Kuby
On September 20, 1994, Kunstler and Kuby filed notice that they would pursue an insanity defense despite the objections of their client. Ferguson continued to claim he was not involved in the shootings and proposed defending himself during the trial. In the following months, Ferguson sent Judge Belfi several letters regarding disputes between Ferguson, Kunstler and Kuby. Ferguson claimed in the letters that he was not insane, and rejected Kunstler's and Kuby's "black rage" defense.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Removal of Kunstler and Kuby
Although George Peck argued the letters proved Ferguson was able to understand the charges against him and was actively participating in his defense, Kuby argued the letters only further demonstrated Ferguson's confused state of mind. On November 11, Ferguson agreed he would stop resisting efforts to meet with a court-appointed psychiatrist. As a result, Judge Belfi agreed to hold a third hearing as to whether Ferguson was mentally competent to stand trial.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Pre-trial, Removal of Kunstler and Kuby
On December 10, 1994, Judge Belfi ruled Ferguson was competent to stand trial. Belfi said he based his decision in part on his conversations with Ferguson in the courtroom, including Ferguson's concern over Governor Pataki's promise to sign a death-penalty bill. Belfi strongly advised Ferguson against defending himself, but Ferguson said he intended to do so anyway. Kuby said of the decision, "What we will have now is a complete circus. A crazy man cannot defend himself. Mr. Ferguson, evidence to the contrary, believes he is not guilty and that someone else killed all those people aboard the train." Kuby continued, "Without a psychiatric defense, Ferguson has no defense. There was no doubt that he was there, that he fired the weapon, that he would have fired it more had he not been wrestled to the ground. There is no doubt that Colin Ferguson, if sane, was guilty."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Trial
Ferguson's trial proved to be bizarre, as he cross-examined the police officers that arrested him and victims he shot. It was broadcast live by local media and Court TV, but was overshadowed by the O. J. Simpson murder case, going on simultaneously on the West Coast.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Trial
Ferguson argued that the 93 counts he was charged with were related to the year 1993, and had it been 1925 he would have been charged with only 25 counts. He admitted bringing the gun onto the train, but claimed he fell asleep and another man grabbed his gun and began firing. He also argued of a mysterious man named Mr. Su, who had information concerning a conspiracy against him.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Trial
He found another man who was willing to testify that the government had implanted a computer chip in Ferguson's brain, but at the last minute decided not to call him to the stand. This individual, Raul Diaz, was a parapsychologist from Manhattan who claimed during a press conference on the courthouse steps to have witnessed an Oriental man press a chip into Ferguson's head prior to the attack. According to Diaz, the Oriental man told him to behold what he was about to do prior to pushing the button. "He was lasered out by a remote-control device," Diaz told reporters outside the courtroom. "He was zapped, just like that, right out of the twilight zone" and was "commanded to go up and down the aisle shooting people."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Trial
His cross-examination questions mostly started with "is it your testimony..." and would simply force the witness to repeat testimony already given. When a witness refused to answer the question to his satisfaction, he would often ask the judge to "admonish the witness to answer the question." During the course of his cross-examinations, Ferguson would refer to himself in the third person, particularly asking the victims of the shooting, "did you see Colin Ferguson..." to which the witness would reply, "I saw you shoot me." Legal experts pointed out that Ferguson's questions were pointless and were not geared towards rebutting testimony. By not recognizing when to object to testimony and closing arguments, he lost his right to appeal on those grounds. Among the defense witnesses Ferguson requested was President Bill Clinton.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Trial
Ferguson originally sought to question himself on the witness stand, but ultimately did not do so. He told the judge and media that he intended to call a number of witnesses who would prove his innocence, including a ballistic expert, a handwriting expert and two regular eyewitnesses, but they were afraid to come forward and take the stand. Ultimately, he did not call any of the witnesses. He also told Judge Belfi of an alleged conspiracy by the Jewish Defense League to kill him in prison if he was convicted. He said the prison slaying of serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was "set up as a prelude against me."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Conviction
Ferguson was convicted on February 17, 1995, of murder of the six passengers who died of their injuries. He was also convicted of attempted murder for wounding nineteen passengers. He received 315 years and eight months to life, meaning his current earliest possible parole date is August 6, 2309. The judge said, "Colin Ferguson will never return to society, and will spend the rest of his natural life in prison." At the sentencing, Judge Donald E. Belfi called Ferguson a "selfish, self-righteous coward."


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Conviction
He also used the sentencing as an opportunity to criticize New York's controversial Sentencing Cap Law, which would have capped each of Ferguson's sentences at 50 years and required that they all be served concurrently had no one died in the massacre, since all of the felonies he committed on the train were part of one occurrence. After his conviction, Ferguson was put in the position to argue in appellate briefs that he had incompetent counsel (himself).


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Conviction
After his sentencing, Ferguson was incarcerated for a time at the Attica Correctional Facility in upstate New York.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Litigation, Conviction
In 1994, Ferguson was apparently involved in a fistfight with fellow inmate Joel Rifkin. The brawl began when Ferguson asked Rifkin to be quiet while Ferguson was using the telephone. The New York Daily News reported the fight escalated after Ferguson told Rifkin, "I wiped out six devils, and you only killed women," to which Rifkin responded, "Yeah, but I had more victims." Ferguson then punched Rifkin in the mouth.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Aftermath, Lawsuits
Carolyn McCarthy — whose husband Dennis McCarthy was killed by Ferguson, and whose son Kevin McCarthy was severely injured — was subsequently elected to the United States Congress, on a platform of gun control. She was motivated to run for Congress after the representative in her district, Dan Frisa, voted against an assault weapons bill. Some of Ferguson's other victims and their family members have also become involved in gun control efforts.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Aftermath, Lawsuits
McCarthy also sued Olin Corporation, the parent of Winchester Ammunition, under products liability and negligence theories for their manufacture of the Black Talon bullets used by Ferguson. The cartridges carry hollow-tipped bullets that expand upon impact, increasing the severity of wounds. One month before the LIRR shooting, Winchester Ammunition announced they were voluntarily withdrawing the Black Talon cartridges from the market. McCarthy's suit failed, partly because New York State law placed no responsibility on manufacturers for the criminal misuse of their products.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Aftermath, Lawsuits
At least a half-dozen lawsuits related to the shootings were filed against the Long Island Rail Road and its parent company, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Carolyn McCarthy filed a $36 million damage lawsuit against the two entities, claiming they failed to provide adequate protection for passengers and should have installed metal detectors and used undercover police officers. The suit sought $1 million for Dennis McCarthy's pain and suffering, $10 million for his death and for damages to survivors, and $25 million for injuries to Kevin McCarthy.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Aftermath, LIRR cars involved
The LIRR units in which the shootings happened, #9891 and #9892, a pair of standard M3 electric cars, were held out of service for potential use as evidence, then were renumbered to #9945 and #9946. Both units still see regular service with these new numbers. The units were expected to be retired sometime between 2016 and 2019 after the LIRR completed an order of brand-new M9 railcars to replace the remaining M3s.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Aftermath, In media
Ferguson was the subject of a Saturday Night Live comedy sketch in which he, portrayed by Tim Meadows, declared "I did not shoot them, they shot me" and asked witnesses questions about shooting him while they were on the stand, then ducking when they pointed to him as the killer.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Aftermath, In media
During the 1993 summer excursion season, the LIRR presented a dinner theater mystery, Murder on the Montauk Express, on its premier Friday evening train to the resorts of the Hamptons and Montauk. The play was not renewed after the Ferguson murders.


1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, Aftermath, In media
A 2002 book by trial consultant Mark C. Bardwell and criminal justice professor Bruce A. Arrigo examined the competency issues in the Ferguson case.


1993 Los Angeles Dodgers season
The 1993 Los Angeles Dodgers season was the 104th for the franchise in Major League Baseball, and their 36th season in Los Angeles, California.


1993 Los Angeles Dodgers season
The team improved on the dismal 1992 season, finishing fourth in the Western Division of the National League. This was in part thanks to Rookie of the Year winner catcher Mike Piazza. Piazza set rookie records with 35 home runs and 112 RBI. He also hit two home runs on the last day of the season as the Dodgers knocked their longtime rival the Giants out of playoff contention with a 12-1 victory at Dodger Stadium.


1993 Los Angeles Dodgers season
To date, this is the only season in Dodger history where the team has finished at .500 and not above or below it.


1993 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
The Dodgers selected 57 players in this draft. Of those, seven of them would eventually play Major League baseball. The Dodgers lost their second round pick as a result of signing free agent pitcher Todd Worrell.


1993 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
With the second overall pick in the draft the Dodgers selected right-handed pitcher Darren Dreifort from Wichita State University. Dreifort became one of only a select few players to make his professional debut in the Majors, without first appearing in a minor league game. He would play nine years in the Majors (all of them with the Dodgers), though serious injuries caused him to miss two full seasons and ultimately ended his career. His record was 48-60 with a 4.36 ERA in 274 games (113 starts).


1993 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
In the 25th round, they selected catcher Paul Lo Duca from Arizona State University. In 11 seasons (seven with the Dodgers), he hit .286 with 80 homers and 481 RBIs while being a four time All-Star. LoDuca would later be mentioned in the Mitchell Report, which claimed that he had used human growth hormone (HGH) throughout his career and in fact contributed to other members of the Dodgers also using HGH.


1993 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
The 19th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 1993, were given on 11 December 1993.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season
The 1993 Los Angeles Raiders season was the franchise's 34th season overall, and the franchise's 24th season in the National Football League. The team improved upon its 7–9 record in the previous season and returned to the NFL playoffs after a one-year absence, but lost in the AFC Divisional game to the Buffalo Bills.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season
This was the Raiders’ final playoff appearance in Los Angeles, and would not return to the playoffs until 2000, when the franchise returned to Oakland.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season, Offseason
During the offseason the Raiders signed quarterback Jeff Hostetler from the New York Giants to lead the offense. Joe Kelly a former first round pick of the Bengals was signed to fill the middle lineback slot. Left tackle Gerald Perry was signed from the Rams to solidify the left tackle position which the Raiders had struggled to fill since the retirement of former Raider left tackles Bruce Davis and Art Shell. Marcus Allen the team's all-time leading rusher was allowed to leave as a free agent and later signed with the Kansas City Chiefs.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season, Offseason
To fill his spot the Raiders signed running back Gaston Green formally of the Denver Broncos. Green did not make the team and was cut prior to the 1993 season. The Los Angeles Raiders also brought back James Lofton from the Buffalo Bills. Lofton played for the Raiders during the 1987–1988 seasons. Like Green he was cut prior to the 1993 season.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season, Offseason, NFL draft
The 1993 draft for the Los Angeles Raiders eventually produced several starters. With the 12th pick in the first round the Raiders drafted safety Patrick Bates from Texas A&M. The Raiders did not have a second round pick. In the third round with the 58th pick the team drafted quarterback Billy Joe Hobert from Washington. Also in the third round with the 72nd pick the Raiders took defensive back James Trapp from Clemson. In the fifth round the team drafted wide receiver Olanda Truitt from Mississippi State.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season, Offseason, NFL draft
The Raiders next pick occurred in the seventh round and with the 181st pick the team took linebacker Greg Biekert from Colorado. The Raiders final pick of the 1993 draft occurred in the 8th round. The Raiders drafted running back Greg Robinson from La-Monroe. Greg Biekert was the best of the group. He went on to become a primary starter in 1994 and was a starter for the Raiders until 2001. He started 123 out of a possible 144 games with the Raiders with 15 sacks, 5 fumble recoveries and 3 interceptions.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season, Offseason, NFL draft
As the Raiders middle linebacker he also recorded 704 tackles and 212 assists with the Raiders. As a rookie running back Greg Robinson started 12 games and led the 1993 Los Angeles Raiders in rushing with 591 yards and a touchdown. He also added 15 receptions for 142 yards. James Trapp was the third best of the bunch and he stayed on the Raiders roster as a sometime starter and as a reserve until the end of the 1996 season. He then spent four years with the Ravens and helped Baltimore achieve their first Super Bowl victory.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season, Offseason, NFL draft
With the Raiders he started 26 out of 88 games that he appeared in which included 4 interceptions and 3 fumble recoveries. Olanda Truitt ended up leaving Los Angeles prior to the 1993 season and spent one year with the Vikings before spending two straight seasons with Washington. During that time he caught just 15 passes for 283 yards. In 1996, he returned to the Raiders and played two more years for them. He ended his career with just 22 catches. Hobert appeared in just 12 games for the Raiders between 1993–1996 which included 5 starts.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season, Offseason, NFL draft
Hobert went 0–5 as the Raiders starter in 1995–1996 and eventually left the team. He passed for 3,371 yards with the Raiders, Saints and Bills. Safety Patrick Bates was the Raiders first round choice in the 1993 draft. He played for the Raiders for only two years (93–94) recording just 69 tackles in 29 game appearances with the Raiders. In 1996, he played one season with Atlanta.


1993 Los Angeles Raiders season, Standings, Game details
Jeff Hostetler completed 15 straight passes during the game which included a touchdown pass to Tim Brown. Cornerback Terry McDaniel intercepted a Jim McMahon pass and returned it 36 yards for a touchdown. Rookie running back Greg Robinson scored his only regular season touchdown as a Raider. Hostetler also rushed for 34 yards and defensive end Anthony Smith recorded 2 sacks.