1993 Japanese Grand Prix
The 1993 Japanese Grand Prix (formally the XIX Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at Suzuka on 24 October 1993. It was the fifteenth race of the 1993 Formula One World Championship.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix
The 53-lap race was won by Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Ford, after he started from second position. Alain Prost finished second in a Williams-Renault, having started from pole position, while Senna's teammate Mika Häkkinen came third, achieving his first podium finish.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix
Jordan drivers Rubens Barrichello and Eddie Irvine (the latter making his F1 debut) scored their first points by finishing fifth and sixth respectively. Irvine was subsequently punched by Senna for unlapping himself during the race. Two other drivers made their F1 debuts at this race, Jean-Marc Gounon and Toshio Suzuki. Only 24 cars were entered, following the withdrawal of the BMS Scuderia Italia team from F1 in the run-up to the race.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Prost took pole (the last of his career) ahead of Senna, Häkkinen, Schumacher, Berger and Hill.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
At the start, Senna got ahead of Prost while Berger took Schumacher. Eddie Irvine, the fifth occupant of the second Jordan this year, then got by both Schumacher and Hill. Hill briefly passed Schumacher in the esses but Schumacher retook the position. The order was: Senna, Prost, Häkkinen, Berger, Irvine and Schumacher. Schumacher would pass Irvine on lap 2 with Hill getting ahead two laps later.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
Schumacher and Hill then closed in on Berger. At the end of lap 9, the three came out of the final chicane nose to tail and Hill passed Schumacher on the start/finish straight to take 5th place away. On lap 11, Hill got a run on Berger coming out of the 130R and Berger took the inside line going into the chicane. Hill tried to pass on the outside but was not able to complete the move. Schumacher, having stayed to the inside, couldn't stop fast enough as Hill turned in behind Berger and hit Hill's right rear wheel, damaging his left front suspension and putting himself out. Hill was able to keep going and inherited 4th on the next lap when Berger came in for tyres.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
Meanwhile, Prost inherited the lead when Senna pitted for tyres. Shortly after it began to rain, which was an advantage for Prost and other drivers who had not yet stopped for tyres since they would have to make one less stop. Senna began to catch Prost as the track got wetter and on lap 21, as the rain intensified, Senna passed Prost on the approach to the Spoon curve. At the end of the lap, Senna was two seconds in front and the two both pitted for wets.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna pulled away rapidly in the wet conditions, building over a 30-second lead by lap 27. Prost then went off at the first corner but was able to rejoin without losing time to Senna, who was delayed by traffic. The rain then stopped and drivers began coming in for slick tyres as the track began to dry. Hill rejoined after his pit stop nearly a lap down to Senna, who was still on wets. Unable to lap Hill, Senna was re-passed by Irvine, who had been lapped but was chasing Hill for 4th position.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
Irvine, who was also still on wets, challenged Hill in the first corner but was not able to make the pass stick while Senna waited behind to lap the pair. Senna lost 15 seconds to Prost by the time he forced his way back past Irvine and Hill let him through. At the end of lap 42, after he and Prost had made their pit stops for slicks, Senna's lead was back up to 24 seconds. With only 12 laps remaining, Prost never challenged after that and settled for second. Häkkinen's 3rd place was his first podium finish.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
Behind, Barrichello had got Irvine during the stops for wets and then Berger's engine failed on lap 41. With 4 laps to go and battling with Derek Warwick for 6th, Irvine ran into the back of Warwick under braking on the approach to the chicane and knocked him out of the race. Irvine was able to continue and finish with a point in his first grand prix. Irvine's debut was slightly marred in a post-race altercation with Ayrton Senna who punched him when a discussion between the pair got heated. This earned Senna a suspended two-race ban.


1993 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna won ahead of Prost, Häkkinen, Hill, Barrichello and Irvine. Fastest lap of the race was set by Prost, the last of his career.


1993 Japanese Touring Car Championship
The 1993 Japanese Touring Car Championship season was the 9th edition of the series and the last to be run under Group A regulations. It began at Mine Central Circuit on 14 March and finished after nine events at Fuji Speedway on 31 October. The championship was won by Masahiko Kageyama, driving for Team Impul.


1993 Japanese Touring Car Championship, Championship Standings
Points were awarded 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 to the top 10 finishers in each class, with no bonus points for pole positions or fastest laps. All scores counted towards the championship. In cases where teammates tied on points, the driver who completed the greater distance during the season was given the higher classification.


1993 Japanese general election
General elections were held in Japan on 18 July 1993 to elect the 511 members of the House of Representatives. The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which had been in power since 1955, lost their majority in the House. An eight-party coalition government was formed and headed by Morihiro Hosokawa, the leader of the Japan New Party (JNP). The election result was profoundly important to Japan's domestic and foreign affairs. It marked the first time since 1955 that the ruling coalition had been defeated, being replaced by a coalition of liberals, centrists and reformists.


1993 Japanese general election
The change in government also marked a change in generational politics and political conduct; the election was widely seen as a backlash against corruption, pork-barrel spending and a inflated bureaucracy. Proposed electoral reforms also held much influence over the election. Eleven months after the election, the ruling coalition collapsed as multiple parties left the coalition.


1993 Japanese general election, Background
The historic election result, coming after years of scandals, resulted in the LDP losing the premiership for the first time since 1955. The ultimate cause of the LDP's was the defection of key politicians from the party and the consequent formation of two breakaway parties.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa's dissolution of the Lower House
The election was precipitated by the decision of 39 LDP members - 34 of them from the Hata-Ozawa faction of the LDP, four from the faction led by former Foreign Minister Michio Watanabe, and one from the faction led by former state minister Toshio Komoto - to vote against their own government in favor of a motion of no confidence which was put forward by the opposition in a plenary session on June 18.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa's dissolution of the Lower House
This was only the second time since the formation of the LDP that a no-confidence motion had actually succeeded. In the previous occurrence in the May 1980 Lower House election, 69 LDP rebels were not present for the vote, allowing the motion to pass.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa's dissolution of the Lower House
This time, all opposition parties voted in favor of the motion, and it carried 255 to 220. Eighteen LDP members’ abstention from the vote signaled their passive support for the motion, thus forcing Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa to dissolve the Lower House on the same day and announce a general election for July 18.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, Pressure of political reform
At the core of the no-confidence vote was the issue of political reform (seiji kaikaku). The notion of restructuring (risutora) had been extensively discussed in relation to previous “normal scandal elections” which were happening on a frequent basis (in 1976, , and ). After the 1988 shares-for-grants Recruit scandal and the 1990 election, Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu promised political reform; however, intra-party conflict prevented him from keeping his promise.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, Pressure of political reform
After the 1992  and the revelations concerning Shin Kanemaru’s excessiveness in illegal fundraising, Prime Minister Miyazawa again promised political reform and claimed to put anti-corruption measures at the top of his agenda, this time on national television, but failed to deliver. Shin Kanemaru (1914-1996) was an influential figure in Japanese politics; he was the "kingmaker" who exercised his real power behind the scenes and had handpicked at least four prime ministers.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, Pressure of political reform
The inability to enact political reform and promptly dealt with corruption issue frustrated the public and a portion of reformist LDP politicians. The faction led by former finance and agriculture minister Tsutomu Hata and political fixer Ichiro Ozawa decided that political reform was important enough and the prospect of winning the election likely enough to risk defecting from the LDP.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, Pressure of political reform, The three new reformist parties
A total of 46 LDP defectors formed two new parties. The Hata-Ozawa faction formed the Renewal Party (JRP, Shinseito). Masayoshi Takemura, who had been elected governor of Shiga prefecture with the joint support of the LDP and several opposition parties and was then serving in the House of Representatives in the LDP, along with other nine young and “progressive” LDP members also broke away from the LDP to start the New Party Harbinger (Shinto Sakigake).


1993 Japanese general election, Background, Pressure of political reform, The three new reformist parties
Additionally, the Japan New Party (JNP, Nihon Shinto), the oldest of the new parties, was formed in May 1992 by Morihiro Hosokawa, formerly an upper house member from the Tanaka faction and governor (1983–91) of Kumamoto prefecture.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, The LDP's previous losses of parliamentary majority
The LDP had previously lost its majority in the Lower House three times since 1955 (1976, 1979, and 1983) but by very slim margins.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, The LDP's previous losses of parliamentary majority
Additionally, the LDP had lost its majority in the House of Councillors, the upper house of the National Diet, for the first time in the triennial election for half the seats (36 out of 72) on July 23, 1989 (largely due to the 1988 Recruit Scandal, the introduction of the unpopular Consumption Tax, and the liberalization in the importation of foreign agricultural products), and while it later won the most votes in the 1992 election for the other half of the house, it was not enough to recover the majority.


1993 Japanese general election, Background, The LDP's previous losses of parliamentary majority
On each of those occasions, the LDP was able to co-opt a number of independent conservative members or a minor party to form the government. In 1993, however, not enough independent members were willing to join the LDP, and most smaller parties refused to accept coalition with it. Therefore, the formation of a non-LDP coalition became possible for the first time.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election
The so-called 1955 system was characterized by a one-party dominance of the LDP and a number of other political parties in perennial opposition.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election
Structural factors conducive to clientelism include fiscal centralization, the pre-1994 electoral system and electoral malapportionment. Fiscal centralization provided a context for the commodification of votes for material gains. The pre-1994 electoral system - Single Non-Transferable Vote in Multimember Districts (SNTV/MMD) - encouraged the proliferation of koenkai networks, money politics, and entrenching clientelistic behaviors in elections. Electoral malapportionment was a result of the pre-1994 electoral system and encouraged politicians to appeal to segments of the population through pork-barrel politics and protectionist policies. Furthermore, the economic recession arising from the real estate bubble at the end of the 1980s and the LDP's failure to adjust severely tarnished its reputation.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, One-party dominance
The one-party dominance of the LDP from 1955 to 1993 was a kind of “developmental dictatorship Japanese-style.” It was a necessity for Japan to mobilize and control all human resources with a one-party stable government and an absolute majority in parliament to achieve rapid economic growth of the 1960s. The "mid-size constituency" electoral system allowed Japan to establish a stable government. The LDP, which averaged over 40 percent of the vote in the national elections, could retain slightly more than half the seats in the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. With this absolute majority of seats in the Diet, the LDP could implement consistent policies effectively, including economic ones.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, One-party dominance
The LDP was able to retain power for 38 years by changing both its political stance and political leaders according to changes in public opinion and sociopolitical context.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, One-party dominance
For instance, when Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi's high-handed dealing at the time of the revision of the Japan-United States security Treaty in 1960 resulted in the massive Anpo Protests, the LDP attempted to calm public dissatisfaction by replacing him with Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda, who advocated the governmental slogan of “tolerance and patience” and diverted popular attention to economic affairs with his Income Doubling Plan. When people experienced serious problems arising from the rapid growth of GNP, such as pollution and international trade conflicts at the end of the reign of the Ikeda cabinet, the LDP appointed Eisaku Sato as Ikeda's successor, who advocated “stable development” instead of “rapid growth.”


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, One-party dominance
Nonetheless, this lack of change of government also hindered the process of establishing political responsibility in decision-making and cases of high-profile corruption. When a policy turned out to be a failure, the LDP tried to solve the problem by removing the politician who had promoted the policy instead of examining the cause of its failure.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, One-party dominance
In the case of the “Reconstruction of the Japanese Archipelago” policy, which created inflation and a money-oriented political culture, the LDP replaced Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka (considered to be a money politician) with Prime Minister Takeo Miki (well known as a clean uncorrupt politician). When the politician was replaced with another, the former was considered to have paid for what he had done, but the overarching structure which bred the wrong policy, and in this case the "triangle of common interest" or the "iron triangle," was preserved.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, One-party dominance
Furthermore, long one-party rule by the LDP caused a fierce struggle for the party presidential elections. Once a person became president of the LDP, he or she would automatically be elected prime minister of Japan, so the presidential election of the LDP meant the de facto selection of the prime minister.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, One-party dominance
Consequently, factional politics inside the LDP were more important to LDP leaders than the contest among political parties, as factional leaders in the LDP had to organize a large number of followers and collect substantial political funds in order to win the LDP presidential election and maintain power.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, One-party dominance
Business sector remained close in contact with the LDP, as it was the sole party which could exercise governmental power. Bureaucrats aligned with the LDP politicians’ suggestions because they barely expected a change of government. Moreover, bureaucrats supported the LDP more actively in order to become members of the Diet after retirement. Each subcommittee of the Policy Affairs Research Council (PARC) of the LDP was assigned to its appropriate government department, also known as the amakudari system. In this way the triangle of the LDP, bureaucrats, and business was established.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Factionalism
The LDP was a highly fragmented, decentralized party with independent bases of power in the factions and the zoku (policy ‘tribes’) - veteran politicians who had developed expertise, experience and contacts in a specialized policy area. Large-scale clientelism manifested in individual candidates’ almost exclusive reliance on their own koenkai and their ability to gain votes independent of the party's leader and party label.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Factionalism
Most LDP parliamentarians had built almost unbeatable patronage machines in their areas. Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka was forced to resign after revelations of his involvement in the Lockheed Scandal. After this retirement, his electoral machine in Niigata continued to be so strong that his daughter, Makiko Tanaka, was elected to the Diet in 1993 at the top of the five-member Niigata electoral district 3. As a result of this type of machine politics, Japan has produced the largest number of "hereditary" parliamentarians in the world.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Fiscal centralization
The primary cause for the emergence of clientelism was tight fiscal centralization in Japan. It is rare for Japanese rural prefectures to have access to substantial fiscal resources, instead relying upon the national government. Local prefectures sourced 70 per cent of their revenue from the national government. As a result, the 47 prefectural governments were engaged in a constant struggle to obtain funds from national coffers. Hence, Diet members were not simply representatives of their constituents; they acted as “pipelines” between the national treasury and their respective prefectures.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Electoral malapportionment
Correcting the rural-urban imbalance and vote-value disparity was one major objective of political reform. The pre-1994 electoral system was advantageous for rural areas where the LDP had been particularly strong in terms of support base, as the LDP helped protect the agriculture industry and social security for them in return. It is in rural Japan that the local support groups (koenkai) have been handed down from one generation of Diet member to another. The support groups, in turn, ensured LDP's grip on power. Additionally, the village association (burakukai) can deliver bloc votes to conservative candidates.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Electoral malapportionment
Demobilization of soldiers, wartime destruction of industry and repatriation of Japanese from Manchuria had swelled the rural population, but the later flight from the countryside to cities due to industrialization meant that the votes of urban constituency declined comparatively in value without electoral redistribution.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Electoral malapportionment
The weight of the rural vote was exaggerated due to the drawing of electoral districts. The electoral districts up to 1993 were drawn in the immediate postwar period and had not redrawn since. The Diet had only made some minor adjustments in the past, adding a few seats in urban areas and reducing some rural ones. Since 1964, voters in urban constituencies had filed 10 lawsuits seeking fairer distribution of Diet seats. The Supreme Court declared “constitutional” the 5.85-to-1 disparity in the 1986 election, but it ruled the 6.59-to-1 ratio in the 1992 balloting as being “in an unconstitutional state” - implying that it effectively violated the constitutionally guaranteed equality of voting rights.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Electoral malapportionment
The most immediate adjustments prior to 1993 (December 1992) cut out ten rural seats and added nine urban ones, thus reducing the total membership of the lower house from 512 to 511. Despite this change, the vote value in rural and urban areas remained highly disproportionate, with a ratio of 1:2.84. Under the current Constitution, the maximum variation in the numbers of voters per seat was 1:1.5. The sharp disparity in the value of votes was a grave issue that distorted the representation of popular will in the Diet. Thus, the political reform needed to include reducing inequalities.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Corruption
The other aspect of political reform was related to the ever-increasing visibility of corruption in Japanese politics, which is ascribed to the electoral system. In the multi-seat electoral constituencies, two to six members were elected from the same electoral district. As it allowed for occupying a greater number of seats in the lower house than the total number of electoral districts, this system encouraged parties to run multiple candidates in the same district. Thus, individual politicians were invariably pressed to pursue a personal campaign strategy to differentiate themselves from even those from the same party, characterizing the LDP's intra-party competition and leading to reliance on pork-barrel policy and candidate-based voting rather than on party-centered and issue-based electoral battles.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Corruption
The use of money to coordinate votes was acutely felt amongst Japanese constituents, where party affiliations were seldom strong, and roughly half the electorate was undecided. The LDP candidates’ extensive contacts with Japanese business facilitated their ability to provide larger material benefits. This provided the LDP with a tremendous advantage, but also increased the temptation for corruption.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Corruption
In June 1976, Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka was arrested for accepting a bribe of 500 million yen from the Lockheed Company. The LDP was severely criticized and, thus, suffered a decline in its seats in the Diet from 264 to 249 and lost its absolute majority in the House of Representatives election on December 5, 1976.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Corruption
The scandal was revealed on June 18, 1988, during Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita’s premiership. The chairman of the Recruit Company granted a special favor to politicians, local officials, and journalists by allowing them to buy stock of the Recruit Cosmos Company before it was listed. When listed as an over-the-counter issue, its value increased enormously, and those who had bought it made gigantic profits.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Corruption
Since almost all of the Takeshita cabinet including the prime minister, finance minister, and LDP secretary was involved in the scandal, the party could not find an appropriate prime minister as a replacement. On April 25, 1989 Prime Minister Takeshita resigned.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Corruption
The Recruit scandal was the start of the collapse of the LDP's stable one-party rule in Japan.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Political funding
Political funding was yet another controversial issue surrounding the electoral reform. To serve their constituencies well, one of the major tasks of LDP politicians was to raise enormous amounts of political funds, most notably from business sector.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Political funding
Despite modifications of Political Funds Control Law made in 1975 as in politicians were required to make public the names of donors who give more than one million yen to any one of a candidate's support organizations, the law still had several loopholes. Numerous organizations were set up to absorb donations from various sources. Cases of high-ranking politicians indicted on charges of corrupt practices related to their election funds abounded, although very few were convicted and sentenced.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Political funding
The most serious case, the 1992 Sagawa Kyubin scandal, was that brought against the LDP chairman of the largest LDP faction Keiseikai and former vice-president, Shin Kanemaru, who was arrested in March 1993. He was charged of evading taxes on a massive personal fortune, 500 million yen, a large part of which he allegedly obtained through secret donations from the parcel delivery firm Tokyo Sagawa Kyubin.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, 1955 system, Political funding
Although the Japanese public was already used to the idea of political bribes, which were even allowed as a tax reduction under the euphemism “usage unknown money” (shitofumeikin), there was a common acceptance that those involved should not be “too greedy.” The revelations in this case exceeded public tolerance.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, Economic downturn
The LDP could maintain support thanks to the party's successful management of economic development. However, “bubble economy” resulted in a call for political change.


1993 Japanese general election, Factors in the 1993 Election, Economic downturn
Bubble economy is the abnormal rise in share values and land prices after the Plaza Accord of September 22, 1985 produced a dramatic appreciation of the yen. This, in turn, triggered a rapid growth in capital investment and consumption, and asset prices skyrocketed as a result. When the government tightened monetary policy to counter these effects, share values and land prices fell. Consequently, financial institutions, especially securities companies, suffered losses. Since 1991, Japanese economy had been struggling to adjust to the government's liberalization measures, and recovery was still way off.


1993 Japanese general election, Campaign
During the two-week official election campaign period, almost all candidates spoke about political reform, though none made it clear what that meant or how it was going to be achieved. "Change" was the key word in the election - changing the corrupt practices as well as the ruling status of the LDP.


1993 Japanese general election, Campaign, Media and Public opinion
The media and wire services (Asahi Shinbun, NHK, Kyodo News Service) unanimously predicted that the LDP would lose its majority in the Diet. Even though a Nikkei poll conducted between June 25–27 showed that support for the LDP had dropped from 43.8% to 28.6% and that only 21.9% of respondents planned to vote for the LDP, 32.1% still supported an LDP-led coalition. JRP leader Hata was the most popular choice for prime minister, while both former LDP Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu and LDP Deputy Prime Minister Masaharu Gotada polled well.


1993 Japanese general election, Campaign, Media and Public opinion
Thus, the downfall of the LDP was expected. What was not clear was the make-up of the coalition that would emerge.


1993 Japanese general election, Campaign, The LDP
The LDP's campaign theme was stable single-party rule. LDP Secretary-General Seiroku Kajiyama said “I don’t think Japan’s political business will move ahead under a coalition of forces with different opinions on security and foreign relations issues.” Former LDP Foreign Minister Michio Watanabe predicted that, in the event of an opposition victory, Japan would resemble Italy: “the Cabinet will be changing all the time, the economy will be in disarray, the number of thieves and beggars will increase, and so will robberies and rapes.”


1993 Japanese general election, Campaign, The opposition
The emergence of the non-LDP coalition government resulted from agreement on certain basic principles by conservative, centrist, and leftist opposition groups. One of the basic shared line of thinking was that the LDP's hold on the government should be broken. The main issue for the opposition parties was electoral reform. Additionally, there was general consensus on some other issues, including tax cuts which are needed to stimulate economic growth and anti-corruption measures.


1993 Japanese general election, Campaign, The opposition
The Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ) even relaxed several long-held positions - that was recognition of the constitutionality of Japan's Self-Defense Force, acceptance of the peace treaty with the Republic of Korea and approval of nuclear energy until alternatives are developed - so as to “put an end to the LDP’s monopoly of politics and establish a coalition government to accomplish political reform,” according to SDPJ Chairman Sadao Yamahana.


1993 Japanese general election, Campaign, The opposition
Nonetheless, the oppositions varied on trade liberalization; only the JNP was in favor of opening Japan's rice market to imports. Each of the parties issued campaign pledges which tended to be vague, as was usual in Japanese elections where issues often had little influence on voting behavior.


1993 Japanese general election, Campaign, The opposition
The JNP's platform was the most detailed, covering the following areas: (1) political ethics, political reform; (2) international contribution; (3) constitution; (4) diplomacy, defense; (5) economy, tax system; (6) agriculture policy; (7) environment; (8) education, welfare.


1993 Japanese general election, Results
The ruling Liberal Democratic Party lost its overall majority for the first time since 1983 and also failed to form the government for the first time since 1955. The 223 seats in the lower house the LDP was able to gain was 52 fewer than what the party held a month before and 33 votes short of a majority in the 511-member body. More than fifty LDP members forming the Shinseitō and the Sakigake parties had denied the LDP the majority needed to form a government.


1993 Japanese general election, Results
In a normal process of coalition formation, the LDP as the largest party was expected to be able to coalesce with any single party except the Democratic Socialist Party (DSP). However, in the event, the logic of coalition formation was overwhelmed by the prospect of the dissatisfied electorate who was demanding change and would refuse any alliance with the then-incumbent LDP.


1993 Japanese general election, Results
Although no longer holding a majority in the House of Representatives, the LDP remained the strongest party, both in terms of the popular vote and the number of seats gained. With its 223 seats in a 511-member house, the LDP had the opportunity to act as a real opposition, a very different situation from the past 38 years when the largest opposition party, the SDPJ, was unable to pass even the one-third mark. Komeito, DSP, USDP and JCP maintained their positions.


1993 Japanese general election, Results
On the other hand, the big loser was the SDPJ which lost almost half of its seats, while the big winner was the JNP. With 134 members prior to the dissolution of the house, the socialists ended up with just 70 seats, an all-time low for the party since it was established as a unified party in 1955. The voters who previously had cast their votes for the socialists in protest against the LDP now had the choice of three "conservative" parties other than the LDP.


1993 Japanese general election, Results
The election was marked by a considerable degree of continuity, reflecting the basically conservative nature of Japanese society, the endurance of personal fiefdoms, the strengthening of conservative and centrist forces and a corresponding weakening of the leftist parties. The current political change was not so much a product of the opposition's strength as it was of the LDP's weaknesses and internal dissension and the leader's incompetency regarding keeping the various factions together. This time, the LDP was not able to exercise its long-practiced flexible stance; instead, its rigid stance exposed weaknesses and became the strengths of the conservatives who defected from it.


1993 Japanese general election, Aftermath, New government
The LDP attempted to delay the handover. As the largest party by far, it demanded the right to appoint the Speaker in accordance with parliamentary convention. Additionally, LDP's new Secretary-General, Yoshiro Mori, pressed for an extension of the planned 10-day Diet session to enable economic issues to be debated, an area in which the party had overwhelming expertise. Both moves were rejected by the coalition.


1993 Japanese general election, Aftermath, New government
The coalition partners, meanwhile, unanimously settled on JNP Chairman Morihiro Hosokawa as Japan's new Prime Minister, although the more experienced Tsutomu Hata was initially preferred by the SDPJ and Komeito. Political reform was on the top of the new government's agenda.


1993 Japanese general election, Aftermath, Political reform
The Hosokawa coalition cabinet put forward a political reform on September 17, 1993, which proposed (1) changes in the electoral system for the House of Representatives and the introduction of a combined single-member constituency system and a proportional representation system; (2) strengthening the regulation of political funding; (3) public financing of party activities; and (4) the establishment of the Constituencies Boundaries Committee. The LDP also presented their own political reform bills; on October 5 to the Diet. The LDP bills also adopted the simple combined system of a single-member constituency and proportional representation.


1993 Japanese general election, Aftermath, Political reform
The bill was passed in the House of Representatives with modifications on November 18, 1993. It was rejected, however, in the House of Councillors on January 22, 1994 in spite of the coalition parties’ majority in the House.


1993 Japanese general election, Aftermath, Political reform
On January 29, 1994, political reform bills which had been discussed in Japanese politics for six years were finally passed through both Houses of the Diet on the basis of last-minute agreements achieved a day before the end of the session between Yohei Kono, president of the LDP, and prime minister Hosokawa. The modified bills were passed by the House of Representatives on March 1 with unanimous votes except for the Japan Communist Party (JCP), and by the House of Councillors on March 4, 1994.


1993 Japanese general election, Aftermath, The LDP regains power
Although the Hosokawa cabinet received the highest popularity rating (around 70%) ever enjoyed by a new cabinet in Japan, the coalition appeared to be a fragile and short-term one. SDPJ Chairman Yamahana's statement that the coalition was working as an "emergency government" with an aim toward completing the task of political reform reinforced the possibility of elections in the near future, which was 10 months later. Hosokawa stated that he would "take responsibility" (i.e., resign) if electoral reform was not introduced by the end of the year, and if it was, a new system would require new elections to be held under it.


1993 Japanese general election, Aftermath, The LDP regains power
The coalition government collapsed after 10 months when the Socialist Party and New Party Sakigake left the government. The Socialist Party decided to form a Grand coalition government with Liberal Democratic Party in 1994, returning the LDP to power.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix was the third round of the 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on  18 April 1993, at the Suzuka Circuit.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
This race was most notable for the three-way battle for the win between Wayne Rainey, Kevin Schwantz and Daryl Beattie, Rainey's fightback after a bad start for the win and Schwantz' last lap recovery drive from fourth to almost win the race.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
After three rounds, last year's world champion Wayne Rainey leads the title hunt with 45 points. Kevin Schwantz is a close second with 41 points.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On Saturday, Kevin Schwantz grabbed pole position with a time of 2:09.239 - his third straight pole position of the year so far. In second place is home hero Shinichi Ito, in third place is Wayne Rainey and fourth is Mick Doohan. Freddie Spencer does not participate in the race due to an injury he sustained during qualifying.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
For this round, Doohan's bike has an extra lever on the left side for the rear brake.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
All riders take off and do their usual warm-up lap before lining up in their respective grid slots. As the lights go out, it is Schwantz who has a good getaway and retains his lead going into the First Corner (Turn 1). Right behind him is teammate Alex Barros who also had a great start from fifth on the grid to get into second position. Manages to outgun Rainey and hold off Doohan and Daryl Beattie to slot in behind the Team Lucky Strike Suzuki riders in third. In fourth is Japanese wildcard rider Norihiko Fujiwara.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Fifth is Àlex Crivillé after a fantastic start from way back, with another wildcard rider - Toshihiko Honma - completing the top six after he also had a good start from the back. Rainey had a relatively bad start and is now only in ninth place on the opening lap. Exiting the Anti- Banked Curve (Turn 6), a group of three starts to form, consisting of Schwantz, Barros and Ito. Fujiwara then also opens up a small gap back to Crivillé himself. Ito then loses out a bit entering Degner (Turn 8), immediately being hounded by fellow Japanese Fujiwara.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the Hairpin (Turn 11), Honma tries a move on the inside of Crivillé but thinks better of it and stays behind. Further back at the same corner, two riders have crashed out of contention: Michael Rudroff and Jeremy McWilliams. Rudroff is seen pulling his bike off of the circuit with the help of a marshall, McWilliams is pulling his own bike from the ground with the help of another marshall and two other marshalls are cleaning up the circuit of the debris, McWilliams also pointing out that there's some oil on the middle of the circuit.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the Backstretch, Beattie has passed Honma and is now sixth. Barros has by now overtaken Schwantz for the lead, with the American trying a lunge up his inside coming up to the Casio Triangle (Turn 15), not being able to execute the move and having to stay behind for the time being. Fujiwara also has a look up Ito's inside but only manages to get closer and stays behind him for now.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap two, the top six is as follows: Barros, Schwantz, Ito, Fujiwara, Crivillé and Beattie. Crivillé passes Fujiwara for fourth at the start/finish straight entering the First Corner, Rainey doing likewise on Honma for seventh position. The marshalls have by now put some concrete dust on the oil to prevent riders from crashing out. At Dunlop (Turn 7), Ito closes up on Schwantz, with Beattie doing likewise on Crivillé. At the Hairpin, Rainey has gone up the inside of Beattie and has snatched sixth position away from him.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Crivillé then tries to pass Ito around the outside of 200R (Turn 12) for third but isn't able to and stays in fourth place. At the Backstretch, Schwantz looks to be taking the lead from Barros but instead it is Ito who has taken first place from both riders, making good use of his superior Honda power to blast past before approaching the fast 130R (Turn 14). Behind them, Rainey has also taken Fujiwara for fifth spot. Schwantz then passes Ito by outbraking him at the Casio Triangle, with Beattie trying to pass Fujiwara around the outside for sixth position, failing and having to stay behind for the time being.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap three and Beattie manages to past Fujiwara, this time taking sixth position. At Snake (Turn 3), Rainey has caught up to Crivillé and is shadowing him for now. Exiting Dunlop, it is clear that Barros is now starting to struggle, losing ground to teammate Schwantz and with Crivillé and Rainey catching up to him quickly. Schwantz is now very close to Ito, making his move and passing him for the lead at Spoon Curve (Turn 13), going up his inside and outbraking him as a result. Exiting Spoon Curve however, it is Ito who has the upper hand and retakes the position on power. Schwantz tries to outbrake Ito entering the Casio Triangle but the Japanese has opened up enough of a gap to stay ahead for now.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap four, Ito has now opened up a small gap back to Schwantz, himself being caught up by Barros and Crivillé. Juan Lopez Mella has crashed out of contention on the exit of the Casio Triangle (Turn 16) on the previous lap, highsiding out of contention and his bike lying in the middle of the track on a dangerous position. One of the marshalls tries to recover the bike, risking his own life in the process.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Entering Spoon Curve, Schwantz catches up a bit to Ito as Barros has now opened up a significant gap back to Rainey, who has passed Crivillé and is now fourth. At the Backstretch, Beattie has also passed Crivillé, promoting him up to fifth position. Rainey has also set pursuit to catch the top three.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap five and the top six is as follows: Ito, Schwantz, Barros, Rainey, Beattie and Crivillé. Entering Spoon Curve, Rainey has caught up to Barros who has lost ground to his teammate. At the exit of Degner (Turn 9), Lucio Pedercini has gone down. Two marshalls frantically signal that the rider has crashed, him lying motionless next to his destroyed bike. One of the marshalls picks up his bike to remove it from the circuit, Pedercini not moving an inch still.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap six, Schwantz has opened up a big gap to his teammate Barros, who himself is now coming under pressure of both Rainey and Beattie. Crivillé has lost a lot of ground and is now pretty far down in sixth. Exiting the First Corner (Turn 2), Schwantz has a look behind him to see how far back Barros is. Rainey has by now fully caught up to Barros and almost directly makes a move, going up his inside at Snake (Turn 5) and pushing the Brazilian slightly wide to get the perfect line exiting the corner. This now promotes him to third place. At the exit of Degner, the medical car has parked next to the track to assist Pedercini. Wainey has now opened up a slight gap to Barros, closing up to Schwantz in the process.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap seven and the front is stable for now. Rainey is slowly catching up to Schwantz. Exiting the Hairpin, yellow flags are waved for the medical car that is riding on the right side of the circuit, carrying a wounded Pedercini to the medical centre. Schwantz has also closed up to Ito again. Beattie has passed Barros for fourth by now.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap eight, Rainey is now right behind Schwantz. At Snake, he dives down his inside and takes away second position from him, then immediately opening up a small gap in pursuit of Ito. He closes up in under half a lap, already right behind Ito entering Spoon Curve. He tries a move at the second part of the corner but just falls short, allowing Ito some breathing room coming onto the Backstretch.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap nine and fourth place Beattie is now closing the gap to Schwantz. The top six is as follows: Ito, Rainey, Schwantz, Beattie, Barros and Crivillé. At the Casio Triangle on the previous lap, John Reynolds has crashed out, losing the front entering the chicane and beaching his bike in the gravel at low speed. He tries to pull it back up as the marshalls help him out, but to no avail. By now, Rainey has caught up to Ito again, Schwantz meanwhile losing terrain to the Marlboro Team Roberts rider.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Exiting the Hairpin, the Japanese looks behind him to see how far back Rainey is. Exiting the 200R (Turn 12) and coming up to Spoon Curve, he goes around the outside to line up a pass going up the inside of the next corner, making the pass and taking over the lead of the race. However, Ito blasts past Rainey and retakes first place, making good use of his superior Honda power.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap ten, the fight is now between two men: Ito and Rainey, with Schwantz and Beattie a bit further behind. At Dunlop, Rainey closes up again as Ito has a slight twitch, Rainey then trying a move around the outside but not being able to pass for now. Entering the Hairpin, Rainey takes a wider line so that he can have a tighter exit line, setting himself up for a pass at the 200R.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At said corner, he goes around the outside, making good use of the superior corning of the Yamaha to go past Ito and take the lead, almost going on the grass in the proces. At the Backstretch though, Ito once again manages to pass Rainey thanks to his superior Honda top speed. At the Casio Triangle, Rainey tries another move around the outside, going side-by-side with Ito but being pushed wide upon entry.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap eleven and Schwantz has closed up to the fighting duo now. At Snake, Rainey has a look up the inside but isn't quite able to pass. At the exit of Dunlop, Rainey once again goes a bit wider to try and overtake Ito, the American still not being able to do so. Schwantz has now fully caught up to the duo. At the Hairpin, Rainey has a very deep lunge and passes Ito, only to run wide and lose the position to Ito upon exit, almost losing the place to third place Schwantz as well.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Exiting the 200R, Rainey has another look but opts to stay behind Ito for now. Exiting Spoon Curve, Ito has a slight moment which allows Rainey and Doohan to stay close behind the Japanese. At the end of the Backstretch and entering 130R, Schwantz then makes a move and goes up the inside of Rainey, taking second position away from him. At the Casio Triangle, he then lunges up the inside of Ito and immediately takes the lead upon exit.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap twelve, Ito blasts past Schwantz' Suzuki to rtake the lead entering the First Corner. All the fighting has allowed Beattie to close up to the trio, making this a four-way fight for victory. At Snake, Schwantz has a look up Ito's inside but stays behind for the time being. Beattie loses a bit of ground to Rainey as Schwantz is still harassing Ito for the lead. At the Hairpin, Schwantz dives down the inside and passes Ito for the lead of the race.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
During the turning, Ito has another slight moment that unsettles him, allowing Schwantz some vital breathing room at the 200R. Rziney also has a look around the outside of the fast right-hander but thinks better of it. Exiting the Spoon Curve, Rainey has a slight moment as well. Ito then effortlessly repasses Schwantz at the Backstretch, with Beattie catching up and passing Rainey for third right before the 130R as well, making this a full-on four-way battle for the win. At the Casio Triangle, Schwantz then takes a different line and goes up the inside of Ito, outbraking him and overtaking him for first.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap thirteen and Ito once again retakes the lead thanks to his superior Honda power at the start/finish straight. Beattie also has a look up Schwantz's inside but opts to stay behind for now. Rainey now starts to lose a bit of ground to the trio in front of him. The group now comes up to backmarker Andreas Meklau, who gets out of the way without any problems. At the Hairpin, Schwantz makes his move and takes over the lead from Ito, going up his inside.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the entrance of Spoon Curve, Beattie passes Ito around the outside, going a bit wide but retaining second place. Rainey also has a peek around the outside but has to stay behind for now. At the Backstretch, Beattie then blasts past Schwantz, promoting himself up to first position. Schwantz then has a look up Beattie's inside but isn't able to make a pass at the Casio Triangle this time.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap fourteen, the top six is as follows: Beattie, Schwantz, Ito, Rainey, Barros and Crivillé. Rainey now slightly loses some ground to Ito in third, but catches up rather quickly at Snake. Exiting Degner, it is now Ito who starts to lose a bit of ground to Schwantz. At Turn 10 heading up to the Hairpin, Schwantz tried to line up a pass around the outside but got blocked off by Beattie, with Rainey passing Ito at the outside of Turn 10, heading into the Hairping by going up a now struggling Ito's inside for third spot. Rainey then immediately starts closing the gap to Schwantz, who is still right behind Beattie. At the Casio Triangle, Schwantz closes up to Beattie again.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap fifteen and Ito closes up a bit on Rainey at the start/finish straight, the American also losing a bit of ground to Schwantz at the Casio Triangle on the previous lap. Exiting Dunlop, Schwantz is very close to Beattie as he takes a tighter line through the corner. The group now comes amongst another backmarker, this time being Cees Doorakkers. He gets out of the way as he slows down before Degner, allowing all four to pass without trouble.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At 200R, Rainey looks to be making a move around the outside of Schwantz but opts to stick behind him for now. Exiting Spoon Curve, Schwantz has a slight moment, upsetting his exit and slowing him down a bit. This allows Rainey to get closer at the Backstretch but he is not able to pass Schwantz. At the Casio Triangle, Schwantz closes up again to Beattie, the Australian closing the door on him.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap sixteen, Schwantz has a quick look behind him to see where Rainey is exiting the First Corner. At the Anti- Banked Curve, Schwantz throws his bike up the inside via a tight line, passing Beattie and taking over at the front. Exiting Turn 10 and entering the Hairpin, Rainey makes his move and dives down the inside of Beattie, overtaking him for second position. This allows Schwantz to open up a small gap. Beattie in third closes up to Rainey at the Backstretch, almost passing the American but thinking better of it as they enter 130R.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap seventeen and Schwantz increases his lead slightly, Rainey trying to stay with Schwantz. The Honda's are now slightly behind. At Turn 1 heading onto the Hairpin, Rainey closes up and has a look but is not able to make a move yet. Beattie closes up at the Backstretch a bit as Ito now starts to lose ground to his teammate also.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap eighteen, the top six is as follows: Schwantz, Rainey, Beattie, Ito, Barros and Crivillé. At Nake, Rainey and Beattie manage to close the gap to Schwantz slightly. The American in front then has a moment at the short straight before Degner, allowing Rainey and Beattie to close up even more to him. The group now approaches another backmarker, this time being Renato Colleoni. He looks behind him, then slows down, puts his arm up and allows all the riders to pass him without any problems.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the exit of 200R, Rainey lines up a pass and executes it at the entrance of the Spoon Curve, going a bit wider upon exit but being able to maintain the lead. However, Schwantz repasses him at the Backstretch just before entering the 130R. Rainey tries a move around the outside but Schwantz, being very strong at the Casio Triangle, easily holds on and maintains first place. Beattie has now also closed up on the fighting duo and is right behind Rainey.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap nineteen and the grandstands cheer the riders on. At Snake, Rainey tries a divebomb down the inside of Schwantz but he closes the door on him. At the exit of the Anti- Banked Curve, he briefly looks behind to see where the rest is. At Dunlop, Rainey takes a slightly wider line but is able to get side-by-side with Schwantz, opting to stay behind for the time being. Beattie meanwhile is now right behind Rainey at the entrance of the Hairpin, the looks behind to see where his teammate is upon exit of the corner.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the Backstretch, Rainey overtakes Schwantz for what he thinks will be the lead, but instead it is Beattie who shoots past both riders to snatch first place away from them upon entry of the 130R. However, his exit is compromised and this allows Rainey to retake third exiting the corner and entering the Casio Triangle. Schwantz has now been relegated from first to third in the span of one straight.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap twenty, the penultimate lap of the race, Ito manages to pass Schwantz on the straight for third, the Lucky Strike Suzuki man losing another place as a result as the Japanese fans cheer him on. Schwantz then tries to retake the position at Snake but isn't able to. This has allowed Rainey to open up a gap to Beattie. Exiting Degner, Schwantz has a moment exiting the corner, unsettling his bike.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the fast Turn 10, Schwantz dives down the inside as the Japanese blocks him, the American still finding a way past as they enter the Hairpin and Ito goes wide. Side-by-side, they exit the hairpin and manages to get past. The group has to overtake three backmarkers - Alan Scott, Bruno Bonhuil and José Kuhn - they manage to get past of except for Schwantz, who gets blocked at the entrance of the Casio Triangle. This allows Ito to close right up to him.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Rainey crosses the line to start the final lap - lap twenty-one - and Ito tries to pass Schwantz but just isn't able to. He has it all to do as the battle for the win is now between Rainey and Beattie. Exiting Dunlop, Wainey slides his rear tyre to ensure that he's opened up enough of a gap for later on when they come onto the straights. Schwantz, through miracle almost, manages to close the gap to Beattie relatively quickly, taking Ito with him as a result.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the Backstretch, Beattie closes up and tries to take a different line to try and pass Rainey but instead gets surprised himself when Schwantz makes a do-or-die dive at the Casio Triangle and manages to pass Beattie for second, the fans cheering as the action unfolds at the last couple of corners. Schwantz then manages to get very close to Rainey but in the end, he wins the race by just +0.086 seconds behind a fast charging Schwantz. Third is Beattie and a bit further back Ito finishes in fourth. Behind the group of four, Crivillé has managed to overtake Barros on the last lap and heads home fifth, with Barros himself just holding off Doohan for sixth.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On the parade lap back to parc-fermé, Rainey puts his arm up in the air in glee, with Schwantz putting up his thumb to congratulate Rainey on his win. Both Rainey and Schwantz wave at the crowd, then stopping at the Snake complex as a fan who invaded the track hands him the American flag. He grabs it and continues his ride, waving it proudly.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On the podium, a visibly happy Rainey takes the trophy and lifts it up in the air. Schwantz receives his next, followed by Beattie. The American national anthem then plays for Rainey, discussing the race with Schwantz on the podium as it stops. The podium girls hand the riders the champagne, Schwantz then cheekily running after Kenny Roberts and spraying him in the commentary booth as a result. He quickly closes the door as the other two spray at the crowd and on each other. Schwantz and Rainey then toast with the bottles.


1993 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Rainey considered this his best win ever, being on a slower bike and winning by tactics and aggression.


1993 Jersey general election
Elections were held in 1993 for both Senators and Deputies to the States of Jersey.


1993 John Hancock Bowl
The 1993 John Hancock Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game that featured the Texas Tech Red Raiders and the Oklahoma Sooners. This was the fifth and final game in the sponsorship contract with John Hancock Insurance for the game otherwise known as the Sun Bowl.


1993 John Hancock Bowl, Background
The Red Raiders finished tied for 2nd in the Southwest Conference for the third straight year after going from a 1-5 start to winning five straight games to close out the regular season, in their first bowl appearance since 1989 and first sun Bowl since 1972. Oklahoma finished 4th in the Big Eight Conference after a 5-0 start derailed into a 3-3 finish, with their three losses being to ranked teams (#20 Colorado, #25 Kansas State & #2 Nebraska, respectively). This was Oklahoma's first Sun Bowl since 1981.


1993 John Hancock Bowl, Game summary
Dwayne Chandler scored on a two-yard touchdown to give Oklahoma a quick lead less than two minutes into the game that culminated a 37-yard drive in 47 seconds. Rickey Brady made it 14-0 on Oklahoma's next possession (7 plays for 69 yards) to with 3:30 in the quarter. Tech responded with a field goal by Jon Davis from 22 yards out with 5:24 in the half. But Oklahoma took advantage of the time left in the half to score twice.


1993 John Hancock Bowl, Game summary
Corey Warren caught a pass from 34 yards out by Cale Gundy to make it 21-3 with 1:45 to go, and Brady scored on a touchdown pass from 15 yards out to make it 28-3 with :05 left in the half. The third quarter had just one score, by Tech's Bam Morris on a 2-yard touchdown run less than 4 minutes into the second half that made it 28-10. In the fourth quarter, the Sooners shut the Raiders out, scoring twice in the quarter.


1993 John Hancock Bowl, Game summary
Jerald Moore made it 35-10 on a 32-yard touchdown run and then scored again as time ran out to make the final score 41-10. Gundy went 15-of-26 for 215 yards and 3 touchdowns and 1 interception in an MVP effort. Moore rushed for 85 yards on 15 carries. In a losing effort, Morris went for 95 yards on 27 carries.


1993 John Hancock Bowl, Aftermath
Oklahoma and Texas Tech were joined into the same conference after the demise of the SWC in 1996. The Sooners returned to the Sun Bowl in 2009. Texas Tech has not returned to the Sun Bowl since this game.


1993 Jolimont Centre siege
In November 1993 an event known as the "Jolimont Centre siege" took place resulting in the serious wounding on one person and the death of another over the course of two hours. The centre was set on fire and extensive damage was caused by a lone gunman.


1993 Jolimont Centre siege
The Jolimont Centre, located in Canberra, the Australian Capital Territory was the home of the Department of Industrial Relations and radio station 2CA.


1993 Jolimont Centre siege, Events
About 7:30 a.m., on 29 November 1993, 47-year-old Felipe Ruizdiaz shot and wounded local pool manager, Geoff McGibbon, at the Dickson Swimming Pool in Canberra before crashing his utility vehicle rigged with petrol and gas canisters through the front glass walls of the six storey Jolimont Centre, home of the Department of Industrial Relations in Canberra in an apparent revenge attack on his estranged wife. Ruizdiaz threw several petrol bombs and shot at the responding fire brigade and police officers.


1993 Jolimont Centre siege, Events
During the resulting two-hour siege, Ruizdiaz shot at police and rescue workers using his 12-gauge shotgun before setting fire to the building and killing himself. The fire and explosions hampered rescue and police efforts and caused several million dollars worth of damage to the centre, impacting on the building's owner—AMP Limited—and its tenants.


1993 Jolimont Centre siege, Events
Two local radios stations and numerous employees were inside the centre at the time requiring tactical police to assists in their evacuation. After several explosions, which resulted in the street being showered with broken glass, Australian Federal Police Special Operations Team wearing breathing apparatus entered the centre, eventually locating the deceased gunman with shotgun wounds to his stomach and his body badly burned.


1993 Jordanian general election
General elections were held in Jordan on 8 November 1993, the first in which political parties were allowed to run since 1956. Independents won 60 of the 80 seats, with the Islamic Action Front emerging as the largest single party. Voter turnout was 54.8%.


1993 Junior League World Series
The 1993 Junior League World Series took place from August 16–21 in Taylor, Michigan, United States. Cayey, Puerto Rico defeated Reynosa, Mexico in the championship game.


1993 Junior World Acrobatic Gymnastics Championships
The 1993 Junior World Sports Acrobatics Championships was the third edition of the acrobatic gymnastics competition, then named sports acrobatics, and took place in Moscow, Russia, from April 8 to 10, 1993. The competition was organized by the International Federation of Sports Acrobatics (IFSA).


1993 K League
The 1993 Korean Professional Football League was the eleventh season of K League since its establishment in 1983.


1993 KAL Cup Korea Open
The 1993 KAL Cup Korea Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was played at Seoul in South Korea from 19 April through 26 April 1993. Eighth-seeded Chuck Adams won the singles title.


1993 KAL Cup Korea Open, Finals, Doubles
Jan Apell /  Peter Nyborg defeated  Neil Broad /  Gary Muller 5–7, 7–6, 6–2


1993 KAL Cup Korea Open – Doubles
Kelly Evernden and Brad Pearce were the defending champions, but did not participate together this year. Evernden partnered Brett Steven, losing in the semifinals. Pearce partnered David Rikl, losing in the first round.


1993 KAL Cup Korea Open – Doubles
Jan Apell and Peter Nyborg won the title, defeating Neil Broad and Gary Muller 5–7, 7–6, 6–2 in the final.


1993 KAL Cup Korea Open – Singles
Shuzo Matsuoka was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals this year.


1993 KAL Cup Korea Open – Singles
Chuck Adams won the title, defeating Todd Woodbridge 6–4, 6–4 in the final.


1993 Kagoshima flood
The 1993 Kagoshima Heavy Rain was a series of heavy torrential rains which hit Kagoshima, Japan with debris flow in the early part of August 1993. The formal name in Japanese was the "August 1993 Heavy Rain" (平成5年8月豪雨). The death toll was 71, and about 2,500 people who were in cars, buses and trains were saved by fishing boats and ferries which carried them to Kagoshima through the Kagoshima Bay.


1993 Kagoshima flood, Weather in 1993
The 1993 Japanese rainy season was longer than usual, as a high pressure area in the Pacific Ocean was weak, marking a cold summer. The Japan Meteorological Agency had earlier declared the end of the rainy season only to cancel it. Toward the end of July, three typhoons landed; of them, two on Kyushu. In August, Typhoon No. 7 came close to Kyushu, and toward the end of August, Typhoon No. 11 approached the Kanto area and later landed on Hokkaido. A total of six typhoons landed in Japan. The cold summer lowered production of rice and led to the rice shortages in the Heisei era.


1993 Kagoshima flood, Weather in 1993, Weather in Kyushu
The total rain amounted to 1000 mm in southern Kyushu, causing landslides or floods. On August 1, torrential rain in the  Aira district reached 104 mm an hour at Mizobe, 405 mm in one day. The death toll reached 23 in the central parts of Kagoshima Prefecture. National Highway No.10,  Kyushu Expressway Motorway and Japan Railway railroads were completely out of service. Buildings in the Sakurajima Service Area were destroyed. On August 6, Kagoshima city was badly hit with 99.8 mm /hour rain (at Kohriyamacho). There were 48 people who were killed and one was lost. Of the five stone bridges built in the Edo era on Kohtsuki River, two were destroyed.


1993 Kagoshima flood, Damage
The damage caused by the debris flow was large. In the Ryugamizu area, where mountains were close to the sea, and highways and railroads are situated, 22 debris flows occurred and 2500 people were trapped in 1200 cars, as well as buses and trains, until they were saved by fishing boats and ferrys which carried them to Kagoshima city through Kagoshima Bay.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season
The 1993 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise's 24th season in the National Football League  and the 34th overall. They improved on their 10–6 record from 1992 and won the AFC West and with an 11–5 record. Kansas City advanced all the way to the AFC Championship before losing to the Buffalo Bills 30–13, which started the Chiefs' NFL record 8-game playoff losing streak. It would be 22 years before the Chiefs would win another playoff game, and 25 years until they won another playoff game at Arrowhead.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season
The season marked the first for new quarterback Joe Montana, who was acquired through a trade with the San Francisco 49ers and running back Marcus Allen from the Los Angeles Raiders, both winners of five Super Bowl championships combined. This would be the last time until 2018 that the Chiefs would appear in the AFC Championship game or win a home playoff game.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Offseason, Montana and Marcus
Kansas City acquired two Super Bowl MVPs with one fell swoop--Joe Montana from the San Francisco 49ers and Marcus Allen. Allen arrived from Kansas City's most hated rival, the Los Angeles Raiders, in a move still talked about today when discussing football's most heated rivalry. Leading into the 1993 season, the Chiefs had not only a proven passer, but also a proven running game to complement their already powerful defense.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Offseason, Montana and Marcus
The previous season, the Chiefs' starting quarterback was Dave Krieg and their running back was Christian Okoye. Okoye suffered a knee injury prior to training camp in 1993, but keeping Krieg would prove to be a wise decision in the event of injury to the new starter Montana.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Offseason, Montana and Marcus
Allen was named NFL Comeback Player of the Year in 1993 after rushing for twelve touchdowns and 764 yards.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Offseason, NFL draft
With their first pick in the 1993 NFL draft, coming in the third round, the Chiefs' selected future all-pro guard Will Shields out of the University of Nebraska. Shields went on to start 215 of the 224 career games he played for the team and was selected to 12 Pro Bowls.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Postseason, Game summaries
Chiefs kicker Nick Lowery made the winning 32-yard field goal after 11:03 of overtime. The Steelers scored first on tight end Adrian Cooper's 10-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Neil O'Donnell. Kansas City then tied the game after backup quarterback Dave Krieg, who temporarily replaced injured starter Joe Montana, threw a 23-yard touchdown to wide receiver J.J. Birden. However, Pittsburgh scored 10 unanswered points in the second quarter: kicker Gary Anderson's 30-yard field goal and O'Donnell's 26-yard touchdown completion to wide receiver Ernie Mills.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Postseason, Game summaries
After Lowery made a 23-yard field goal in the third quarter, the Chiefs eventually tied the game in the fourth period with running back Marcus Allen's 2-yard touchdown. However, the Steelers marched 74-yards to take the lead on O'Donnell's third touchdown pass of the game, a 22-yard score to tight end Eric Green. In the final minutes of regulation, Keith Cash blocked a Pittsburgh punt and Fred Jones returned it to the Steelers 9-yard line. On fourth down, wide receiver Tim Barnett scored on a 7-yard touchdown reception from Montana to tie the game. Then after forcing Pittsburgh to punt, Kansas City drove 47 yards to set up Lowery's 43-yard field-goal attempt in the closing seconds, but the kick was wide right and thus the game went into overtime. Montana finished the game with 276 passing yards and a touchdown, with no interceptions.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Postseason, Game summaries
Chiefs quarterback Joe Montana threw three touchdown passes in the second half to give his team a 28–20 win. The Oilers jumped to a 10–0 lead in the first quarter with kicker Al Del Greco's 49-yard field goal and running back Gary Brown's 2-yard touchdown. Then after a scoreless second period, Montana threw a 7-yard touchdown pass to tight end Keith Cash in the third quarter. In the fourth period, Del Greco kicked a 43-yard field goal to give Houston a 13–7 lead.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Postseason, Game summaries
But aided by a 38-yard pass interference penalty, the Chiefs advanced 71 yards to score on wide receiver J.J. Birden's 11-yard touchdown reception from Montana. On the Oilers' next possession, Kansas City defensive lineman Dan Saleaumua recovered a fumble by Houston quarterback Warren Moon, setting up Montana's 18-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Willie Davis. The Oilers then drove 80 yards to score on wide receiver Ernest Givins' 7-yard touchdown catch, but the Chiefs responded with running back Marcus Allen's game-clinching 21-yard touchdown run that capped off a 79-yard drive. The Oilers had 1:51 left to score but failed on a 4th down attempt on their own 20 yard line. This would be the Chiefs' last playoff win until the 2015 season.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Postseason, Game summaries
Running back Thurman Thomas led the Bills to the 30–13 victory by recording 186 rushing yards, 3 receptions for 22 yards, and three touchdowns. Buffalo scored first on Thomas' 12-yard touchdown run before Chiefs kicker Nick Lowery kicked two field goals. In the second quarter, Thomas scored on a 3-yard touchdown and Bills kicker Steve Christie made two field goals to extend the lead 20–6. With 21 seconds left in the first half, the Chiefs reached the Buffalo 5-yard line, but quarterback Joe Montana's pass was intercepted by Bills defensive back Henry Jones.


1993 Kansas City Chiefs season, Postseason, Game summaries
Montana later suffered a concussion during the third play of the third quarter and left the game. Kansas City backup quarterback Dave Krieg then led his team on a 90-yard drive to score on running back Marcus Allen's 1-yard touchdown. However, Buffalo scored 10 unanswered points in the final period, an 18-yard field goal by Christie and a 3-yard touchdown by Thomas, to preserve the victory.


1993 Kansas City Royals season
The 1993 Kansas City Royals season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Royals finishing 3rd in the American League West with a record of 84 wins and 78 losses. This was George Brett's final season in the major leagues, as well as the team's final season in the AL West.


1993 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1993 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1993 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big 8 Conference and were coached by head coach Glen Mason. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.


1993 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1993 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was Bill Snyder. The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium. 1993 saw the Wildcats finish with a record of 9–2–1, and a 4–2–1 record in Big Eight Conference play.


1993 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1993 season marked several firsts for the program. The year ended with a dominant victory against Wyoming in the 1993 Copper Bowl. This was the program's first bowl appearance since the 1982 Independence Bowl and first bowl win ever. The 1993 season also marked the first time that Kansas State finished in the final national rankings, and saw the first win over a ranked team in Bill Snyder's career, when No. 25 Kansas State beat No. 13 Oklahoma in Manhattan.


1993 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1993 season also saw what will likely be the final tie in Kansas State history, as they tied #16 Colorado on October 23. With college football introducing overtime in 1996, a tie is currently impossible under current rules.


1993 Kansas State Wildcats football team
1993 was the first year for a new press box on the west side of KSU Stadium. The press box featured suites and cost $3.3 million to build. Also, an indoor practice facility was built.


1993 Karl Schäfer Memorial
The 1993 Vienna Cup took place on September 1993. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and ice dancing.


1993 Kazakhstan Cup
The 1993 Kazakhstan Cup is the 2nd season of the Kazakhstan Cup, the annual nationwide football cup competition of Kazakhstan since the independence of the country. The competition begins on 24 March 1993, and will end with the final in November 1993. Kairat are the defending champions, having won their first cup in the 1992 competition.


1993 Kazakhstan Cup Final
The 1993 Kazakhstan Cup Final was the 2nd final of the Kazakhstan Cup. The match was contested by Dostyk and Taraz at Central Stadium in Almaty. The match was played on 8 November 1993 and was the final match of the competition.


1993 Kazakhstan Cup Final, Background
Taraz played the second Kazakhstan Cup Final. In the first final they lost Kairat with the score 5-1.


1993 Kazakhstan Cup Final, Background
Dostyk and Taraz were played twice during the season of league. On May 20, 1993 they beat Taraz in the first game 2-1 at the Central stadium. On June 14, 1993 Dostyk won against Taraz with the score 3-1.


1993 Kazakhstan Premier League
The 1993 Kazakhstan Premier League was the second season of the Top Division, now called the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan.


1993 Kazakhstan Premier League, Teams
Metallist, Arman and CSKA Almaty were all relegated to the Kazakhstan First Division at the end of last season. Karachaganak, Namys Almaty, Dinamo Almaty, Dostyk and Metallist were all promoted to the Kazakhstan Premier League for the first time.


1993 Kazakhstan Premier League, Teams
Before the start of the season, Arsenal-SKIF became SKIF-Ordabasy, Aktau became Munaishy, Uralets became Uralets-Arma, Montazhnik became Yassi, Zhetysu became Taldykorgan, Traktor became Ansat, Ekibastuzets became Batyr and Zenit Kokshetau became Azhar Kokshetau.


1993 Kazakhstan Premier League, League format
Originally planned 26 teams in total. But like the season earlier, one team withdrew during the season. This time it was FC Kokshetau. All its games were annulled. The competition was split into two stages. In first stage two groups of 12 and 13 teams were formed. In second stage the best six teams of each group joined together to play in a final group for positions 1 to 12. The rest of the teams played in a group for positions 13 to 25. Teams played against each other on home-away basis in their groups. Final standings of teams did not count the results of the first stage.


1993 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1993 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University  in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third and final season under head coach Pete Cordelli, the Golden Flashes compiled a 0–11 record (0–9 against MAC opponents), finished in last place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 357 to 149.


1993 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The team's statistical leaders included Raeshuan Jernigan with 770 rushing yards, Kevin Shuman with 1,022 passing yards, and Brian Dusho with 890 receiving yards.


1993 Kentucky Derby
The 1993 Kentucky Derby was the 119th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 1, 1993, and there were 136,817 people in attendance.


1993 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1993 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Wildcats scored 207 points while allowing 195 points. Kentucky played in the 1993 Peach Bowl.


1993 Kentucky Wildcats football team, Season
Kentucky opened with a 35–0 win over Kent State. Kentucky then lost to #7 Florida on a touchdown play at the end of the game, 24–20. A 24–8 loss at Indiana followed. Kentucky then won a nationally televised ESPN Thursday night matchup at South Carolina, 21–17, followed by a 21–0 shutout of #25 Ole Miss.


1993 Kentucky Wildcats football team, Season
A 35–17 victory over LSU followed. Kentucky then lost 33–28 at Georgia in a nationally televised game. Kentucky then won 26–17 at Mississippi State, lost 12–7 at Vanderbilt, and clinched bowl eligibility with a 6–3 win against East Carolina. A 48–0 loss to Tennessee closed the regular season.


1993 Kentucky Wildcats football team, Season
Kentucky closed the season in the 1993 Peach Bowl against #24 Clemson. Kentucky led for most of the game but lost on a late touchdown, 14–13.


1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 99th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board. The championship began on 13 August 1993 and ended on 7 November 1993.


1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
Glenmore entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were beaten by Fenians at the quarter-final stage.


1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 7 November 1993, Dicksboro won the championship after a 2-09 to 1-09 defeat of Fenians in the final at Nowlan Park. It was their fourth championship title overall and their first title since 1950.


1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
Adrian Ronan (5-12) and Billy Purcell (1-24) were the championship's joint-top scorers.


1993 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The 1993 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 24 July 1993. It was the 43rd running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.


1993 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The winner was Sheikh Mohammed's Opera House, a five-year-old bay horse trained at Newmarket, Suffolk by Michael Stoute and ridden by Michael Roberts. Roberts had previously won the race on Mtoto in 1988, whilst Sheikh Mohammed had won with Belmez in 1990. Michael Stoute was also recording his second win in the race after Shergar (1981).


1993 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
The race attracted a field of ten runners: eight from the United Kingdom, one from Ireland and one from Germany. The favourite for the race was the undefeated three-year-old colt Commander in Chief who had won both the Epsom Derby and the Irish Derby. The Irish contender was Desert Team, a three-year-old colt who had won the Princess of Wales's Stakes, whilst Germany was represented by Platini, whose wins included the Grosser Preis von Berlin and the Gran Premio di Milano.


1993 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
The other leading contenders included the four-year-old filly User Friendly who had been named European Horse of the Year for 1992, Tenby, the beaten favourite for the Epsom Derby, White Muzzle, winner of his last five races including the Derby Italiano and Opera House, the five-year-old winner of the Coronation Cup and the Eclipse Stakes and the Hardwicke Stakes winner Jeune (later to win the Melbourne Cup). Commander in Chief headed the betting at odds of 7/4 ahead of User Friendly (11/4), with Opera House and Tenby on 8/1 and White Muzzle at 9/1.


1993 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
User Friendly took the early lead from Tenby, Desert Team, Commander in Chief, Drum Taps and Tenby. User Friendly maintained her advantage into the straight, where she led from Drum Taps and Commander in Chief, with Opera House moving up to challenge on the outside. Commander in Chief briefly took the advantage but was overtaken by Opera House with two furlongs left to run as White Muzzle came with a strong run on the outside.


1993 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
Opera House maintained his advantage to win by one and a half lengths with White Muzzle getting the better of Commander in Chief by a short head for second place. There was a gap of ten lengths back to User Friendly who finished fourth ahead of Drum Taps, Environment Friend, Desert Team and Tenby, with Jeune and Platini bringing up the rear.


1993 King's Cup
The 1993 King's Cup was an invitational non-ranking snooker tournament held in Bangkok in December 1993. James Wattana won the tournament by defeating Darren Morgan 8–3 in the final.


1993 King's Cup
Round-robin groups were held to produce qualifiers for the knockout stage. Suriya Suwannasing made the highest break of the tournament, 110, during the group stages. Morgan led 2–0 and 3–1 in the final, before Wattana won seven consecutive frames for victory.


1993 King's Cup, Main draw
Players in bold denote match winners, and players with an asterisk were amateurs.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes
The 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes took place in Klamath Falls, Oregon, beginning on Monday, 20 September at 8:28 p.m. The doublet earthquake registered respective magnitudes of 6.0 and 5.9 on the moment magnitude scale. The earthquakes were located at a depth of 5.6 miles (9 km) and tremors continued to be felt more than three months after the initial shocks.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Tectonics and previous activity
The tectonic structure of south-central Oregon is riddled with fault lines. The West Klamath Lake fault zone is capable of earthquakes up to Richter magnitude 7.3. The magnitude 5.4 Coos Bay earthquake which preceded a later 2002 Klamath Falls earthquake occurred along the northern segment of the Blanco Fracture Zone, which is separate from the inland Klamath Basin and Range geological province.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Tectonics and previous activity
These fault networks have caused several previous earthquakes in the Klamath Falls area. Records from 1945 indicate approximately fifteen seismic events, prior to the 1993 events, circulating within a 10-mile (16 km) radius of Klamath Falls. However, of those observed during the preceding fifty years, only six were considered significant. Previously most tremors measured less than 4 Mw with the strongest being 4.3 Mw in 1948.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Earthquake
The September 1993 earthquakes began striking at approximately 8:16 p.m. local time. The first major quake registered 5.9 on the moment magnitude scale with a foreshock registering 4.2 Mw about twelve minutes before. The second major shock was at 10:45 p.m. Over the next five months at least 300 more tremors were recorded. The strongest aftershock occurred on 4 December 1993, and measured 5.4Mw.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Earthquake
The tremors during the September 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes were some of the strongest felt in Oregon's history over the past 50 years. The first shock was only 4.2 Mw. The two major quakes, which measured 5.9 and 6.0, were, up to that point in Oregon's history, the strongest recorded earthquakes and resulted in the most damage.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Earthquake
The epicenter of both earthquakes was located northwest of Klamath Falls in the Mountain Lakes Wilderness. The epicenter of the second major shock was slightly more to the north than the previous tremors. The major shocks were felt as far north as Eugene, Oregon, and as far south as Redding, California.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Earthquake
All of the shocks, from the first foreshock to the last aftershock some two months later, were clustered around latitude 42o20'N and longitude 122o05'W, west northwest of Klamath Falls.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Damage and casualties
The destructive force of the 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes was measured at VII on the Mercalli intensity scale. There were only two recorded casualties, one of which involved a motorist who was crushed in a rock slide on U.S. Route 97. The second death was a result of a heart attack.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Damage and casualties
The tremors precipitated landslides and also caused structural damage to buildings, including the county courthouse, in addition to private residences, businesses and historic buildings in Klamath Falls. Damage was estimated at approximately $10 million.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Aftermath
In the wake of the earthquakes, several damaged buildings in Klamath Falls and elsewhere in Klamath County had to be repaired. The city of Klamath Falls obtained a Community Development Block Grant which was used to partially fund upgrades to local public buildings, including the courthouse annex.


1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, Aftermath
Within three weeks after the first major shocks four seismographs were installed in the area by the U.S. Geological Survey. These were helpful in recording subsequent seismic activity.


1993 Kolkata firing
1993 Kolkata Firing was an incident of firing by Kolkata Police in 1993 on Indian National Congress workers. The State Youth Congress led by Mamata Banerjee had organised a protest march to Writers Building on 21 July 1993 against then Communist government of the state demanding photo voter identity cards be made mandatory to ensure fair elections. The Police fired on the protesters killing 13 people and injuring many others.


1993 Kolkata firing
The Trinamool Congress on assuming power in 2011 constituted one-man commission of Justice (retired) Sushanto Chattopadhyay, a former Chief Justice of Orissa High Court to investigate the incident.


1993 Kolkata firing, The Incident
The communist Left Front had won the previous 1991 state elections in West Bengal with a large mandate, however the opposition parties had alleged electoral fraud.


1993 Kolkata firing, The Incident
The incident took place on 21 July 1993, when Mamata Banerjee, then state President of Indian Youth Congress, the youth wing of the Indian National Congress in West Bengal, organised a protest march to Writers' Building, the seat of then communist-led Government of West Bengal. They demanded voter photo-ID cards be made mandatory to ensure free and fair polling. However, around 11 AM, one kilometre before the building, they were intervened by the state police, near Metro cinema on Mayo Road and Dorina Road crossing at Esplanade. The police fired at them, resulting in the death of 13 people and several injuries.


1993 Kolkata firing, The Incident
According to Tushar Talukdar, city police commissioner at the time, in anticipation of the protest march, police contingents were deployed near Writers' Building and Raj Bhavan (Governor's residence). Also a Prohibitory Order under Section 144 of CrPC was enforced beyond Mayo Road crossing. The group led by Mamata Banerjee was stopped near the Tea Board office on B.T.M. Sarani (Brabourne Road), while another group near Mayo Road crossing allegedly went out of control.


1993 Kolkata firing, The Incident
At the press conference after the incident, Talukdar had claimed that he was unaware of the firing. When questioned by journalists, regarding why a junior officer had apparently ordered the firing without his consent, and why the cops violating the set norms, chose to fire at the torso of protestors instead of the legs, Talukdar said the police "will inquire into it".


1993 Kolkata firing, Aftermath
Union Home Minister S. B. Chavan, who had rushed to Calcutta after the incident, advised the state Government to order a judicial probe into the incident. However, no probe was ordered by the Chief Minister, Jyoti Basu, who supported the police actions saying they had "done a good job" in preventing the alleged attempted siege of the Writers' Building.


1993 Kolkata firing, Aftermath
An executive inquiry was subsequently undertaken; Kanwaljit Singh, then joint CP in charge of Writers' Building carried out the executive inquiry for Dorina Crossing events, while D. C. Vajpai investigated the Mayo Road events. 21 years later these officials informed an inquiry commission that reports files have been missing both from the Kolkata police headquarters at Lalbazar and the state secretariat at Writers' Building.


1993 Kolkata firing, Legacy
The firing incident was a turning point in the political career of Mamata Banerjee, who was also injured in the incident. She already was a rising figure in the state politics, but now had public sympathy as well. In the coming years, the 21 July anniversary of the incident has become the largest yearly public rally of the party and Banerjee amassed a huge youth following to become an important opposition leader. She formed All India Trinamool Congress in 1997, which formed state government in 2011.


1993 Kolkata firing, Legacy
Today, both the Congress and the Trinamool Congress continue to observe 21 July as a "Martyrs' Day" in West Bengal. The Trinamool Congress organises the annual 21 July Martyr's Day Rally at Esplanade More (Dharmatala) in Kolkata.


1993 Kolkata firing, 2011 Inquiry
Mamata Banerjee eventually became the Chief Minister of West Bengal in 2011, and in May 2011, the state government formed a judicial commission, headed by Sushanto Chattopadhyay, a former Chief Justice of Orissa High Court, to inquire into the police firing. Most of the politicians of the time deposed statements with the commission, including Biman Bose, state chief of the West Bengal Communist Party of India, and Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, former West Bengal chief minister, who was then Information and Cultural Affairs minister in the Jyoti Basu-led state Government of West Bengal, and also in charge of the Kolkata Police. In his 50-minute deposition on 26 February 2014, Bhattacharjee justified the firing and also stated, "At that time, in principle I did not feel the need for judicial inquiry and I still stick to my views."


1993 Kolkata firing, 2011 Inquiry
Also in the month of February 2014, five former police officers of the period were summoned twice in front on the panel. This included, Tushar Talukdar (then police commissioner), D C Vajpai (then additional CP), R K Johry (former joint CP), N K Singh (former DC-south) and Kanwaljit Singh (then joint CP in charge of Writers). The home secretary during 1993, Manish Gupta, who is now power minister in ruling state cabinet, in his deposition stated that he was against police firing.


1993 Kolkata firing, 2011 Inquiry
On 20 February, on a petition filed by three retired IPS officers, Dinesh Vajpai, RK Juhuri and Nawal Kishore Singh challenging a notice served to them by the commission. On 28 January, the Calcutta High Court stayed the notice. This was in accordance of its previous 2011 judgement that "the commission may summon the three former IPS officers after completing the deposition of all other witnesses". Final verdict is however awaited.


1993 Kolkata firing, 2011 Inquiry
To date, the panel has heard 350 witnesses, and is expected to submit its report by April 2014. As the victims were from lower-middle-class families and did not have any criminal record, their families are expected to receive monetary compensation. During the 2014 inquiry, Justice (retired) Sushanta Chatterjee, former Chief Justice of the Orissa High Court described the police response as “unprovoked and unconstitutional”. “The commission has come to the conclusion that the case is even worse than Jallianwala Bagh massacre,” said Justice Chatterjee.


1993 Korean League Cup
Korean League Cup 1993, known as Adidas Cup 1993 due to the competition's sponsorship.


1993 Kremlin Cup
The 1993 Kremlin Cup was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 4th edition of the Kremlin Cup, and was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It took place at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia, from 8 November through 14 November 1993.


1993 Kremlin Cup, Finals, Doubles
Jacco Eltingh /  Paul Haarhuis defeated  Jan Apell /  Jonas Björkman, 6–1, ret


1993 Kremlin Cup – Doubles
Marius Barnard and John-Laffnie de Jager were the defending champions, but Barnard did not participate this year. de Jager partnered Johan de Beer, losing in the first round.


1993 Kremlin Cup – Doubles
Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis won the title, defeating Jan Apell and Jonas Björkman by retirement after winning 6–1 in the first set.


1993 Kremlin Cup – Singles
Marc Rosset defend his title, winning in the final 6–4, 6–3 against Patrik Kühnen.


1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
The Kurdistan Workers Party ceasefire of 1993 was a short lived ceasefire declared by Abdullah Öcalan at a press conference he held together with Jalal Talabani ahead of Newroz on the 17 March 1993.


1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire, Background
The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) waged a guerilla war against Turkey since 1984. Their demands initially included independence for a Kurdistan to be created out of the Kurdish areas in Turkey, but later transformed into a demand for more political and cultural freedom. In 1991, the Government of Turgut Özal ended the denial of the Kurdish identity by the Turkish government, a policy majorly implemented by the Turkish government since its first constitution in 1924. Following, Öcalan gave interviews to several newspapers based in Turkey and spoke of his willingness to reach a political solution in the conflict with Turkey.


1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire, History
At the press conference on 17 March with Jalal Talabani, the leader of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), three aspects of the ceasefire were pointed out.


1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire, History
A second press conference took place on 19 March, where Kemal Burkay, a Kurdish politician from Turkey, signed an agreement with Öcalan, mentioning their support for the peace initiative. No positive response towards the ceasefire was recorded by the Government of Turkey.


1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire, History
To the contrary, further attacks on the Kurdish rural population followed the ceasefire announcement and an oppression of the politicians of the People's Labor Party (HEP) intensified and as Newroz was celebrated on 21 March 1993,  Alparslan Turkeş and Erdal Inönü, the party leaders of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Republican People's Party (CHP) assisted a reunion of Turkic people from the Soviet Union. Then Süleyman Demirel, the prime minister of Turkey at the time, also refused to negotiate with the PKK in a statement released on the 23 March 1993.


1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire, History
A third press conference took place on 16 April 1993 in Bar Elias, Lebanon, where the ceasefire was prolonged indefinitely. To this event, Jalal Talabani, Ahmet Türk from the HEP and again Kemal Burkay attended and also declared their support for the ceasefire. A day later, on 17 April 1993, the Turkish President Turgut Özal died unexpectedly. Doğan Güreş and Tansu Çiller, the chief of staff of the military and the prime minister at the time, both released statements against peace with the PKK and the latter was reported to have supported a military solution to the conflict. Ahmet Türks assistance at the press conference was heavily criticized by the Turkish authorities and the ceasefire ended after Turkish troops launched an attack on 19 May 1993, in which 13 members of the PKK were killed.


1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire, History
On 24 May 1993, the PKK ambushed and killed 33 unarmed Turkish soldiers and 5 civilians on the highway from Elazığ to Bingöl. On 8 June, Öcalan officially announced the end of the ceasefire.


1993 Kushiro earthquake
The 1993 Kushiro–Oki earthquake (釧路沖地震, Kushiro-Oki Jishin) was one of two large earthquake to strike the Japanese island of Hōkkaido within the same year. The earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 Mw or 7.8 MJMA struck at 11:06 UTC or 08:06 pm JST on January 15 near the town of Ashoro. Shaking reached a maximum intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing considerable damage, and was felt throughout the island, into northern Honshu, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands. As a result of the tremors, two people were killed and more than 600 were wounded.