1993 Azerbaijan Top League
The 1993 Azerbaijan Top League was the second season of the Azerbaijan Top League and was contested by 20 clubs with 2 points awarded for a win, 1 for a draw and no points were awarded for a defeat. Neftchi Baku were unable to defend their championship, with Karabakh Agdam becoming the champions.


1993 Azerbaijan Top League
The 20 participating teams where divided into two groups of 10, and faced each other twice. The top two clubs at the end of the 18 games qualified for the championship play-off matches, whilst the bottom three clubs were relegated. However Nefteqaz were spared relegation after Daşqın Zaqatala were relegated due to their financial problems. At the start of the season Taraggi Baku changed their name to Azneftyag Baku, whilst newly promoted Kyur Samukh became Boz Qurd Samukh.


1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
The 1993 Azeri coup d'état, also known as Ganja Uprising, took place on 1 September 1993 by militia led by military commander Surat Huseynov, which overthrew President Abulfaz Elchibey and brought Heydar Aliyev to power.


1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
While the Azerbaijan lost the war which opposed it to the Armenia, president Abulfaz Elchibey sent the Commander Surat Huseynov due to its military failures. It thereby created a hostile militia to the Government, precipitating the defeat of the Azerbaijan.


1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
However, Elchibey's government had been discredited by Huseynov's military victories, which formed his militia in his native Nakhchivan, with weapons provided by the Russian army. Immediately afterwards, dozens of Elchibey government officials resigned and protests erupting demanding a change of government. Faced with this situation, Elchibey supported the candidacy for the parliament's presidency of Heydar Aliyev.


1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
Some days after, on September 1, Huseynov's militia took the capital, Baku, forcing president Abulfaz Elchibey to flee, and making Aliyev president. Inmediatly, Aliyev was ratified by parliament and a referendum held on 29 August. Consequently, on 3 October Aliyev was elected constitutional president in the elections held that day.


1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
Aliyev established an authoritarian regime and extended his government until 2003, when he was succeeded by his son Ilham Aliyev.


1993 Azerbaijani presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Azerbaijan on 3 October 1993. The result was a victory for Heydar Aliyev of the New Azerbaijan Party. Voter turnout was reported to be 97.6%.


1993 Azerbaijani vote of confidence referendum
A national vote of confidence in President Abulfaz Elchibey was held in Azerbaijan on 29 August 1993, following a coup d'état in June. Voters were asked "Do you trust the President of the Azerbaijan Republic?" Only 2% of voters voted "yes", with turnout reported to be 91.6%. Elchibey was formally removed from office on 1 September.


1993 BC Lions season
The 1993 BC Lions finished in fourth place in the West Division with a 10–8 record. They appeared in the West semi-final.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship
The 1993 Embassy World Darts Championship was the 16th staging of the competition, and it turned out to be the last time that the sport had a unified World Championship. In 1994 following a breakaway the PDC staged its own World Championship for the first time.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship
In 1989 and 1990, the Embassy World Championship was the only darts tournament which had received television coverage, and a group of 16 players (including all but one of the previous World Champions) wanted to appoint a PR consultant to improve the image of the game. They created the World Darts Council (WDC), later the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) in late January 1992, soon after a controversial VHS release of the 1992 Embassy World Final between Phil Taylor and Mike Gregory.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship
By the time of the 1993 Embassy World Championship, the WDC had already held their own tournament, the 1992 Lada UK Classic (won by Mike Gregory) in October 1992. The tournament had been broadcast on Anglia Television, and the WDC players wanted to see their exposure to television coverage increase.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship
During the 1993 Embassy World Championship, the WDC players wore their new insignia on their sleeves. They were soon told to remove them by the tournament organisers, the BDO. The WDC players decided that if they were not going to be recognised by the BDO they would no longer play in the Embassy Championships.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship
During the tournament, the 16 WDC players released a statement saying that they would only play in the 1994 Embassy World Championship if it came under the auspices of the WDC, and that they only recognised the WDC as having the authority to sanction their participation in darts tournaments worldwide. Despite this statement, the BDO held firm and the WDC players instead held their own 1994 World Championship, now known as the Split in darts.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship
The second round saw several upset results including defeats of three former World Champions. Eric Bristow lost to Bob Anderson, while defending champion Phil Taylor lost to Kevin Spiolek. Dennis Priestley, the number one seed and tournament favourite, lost to Steve Beaton, despite Priestley having thrown a record average of 102.63 against Jocky Wilson in the first round. Other notable upsets during the tournament were Kevin Spiolek beating Kevin Kenny in the first round, Wayne Weening beating Rod Harrington in the first round, and Bobby George beating Mike Gregory in the quarter finals.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship
John Lowe went on to beat Alan Warriner in the final and claim this last unified world title in the sports of darts - the third world title of Lowe's career. With his previous victories in 1979 and 1987, he became the first player to win the World title in three different decades.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship
This was Raymond van Barneveld's second world championship appearance (debut 1991), and he landed the highest checkout of the tournament, 170.


1993 BDO World Darts Championship, Prize money
Total Prize fund was £128,500 (plus a £51,000 bonus for a nine-dart finish - not won)


1993 BMW Open
The 1993 BMW Open was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament held in Munich, Germany. The tournament was held from 26 April through 3 May 1993. Second-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title.


1993 BMW Open, Finals, Doubles
Martin Damm /  Henrik Holm defeated  Karel Nováček /  Carl-Uwe Steeb 6–0, 3–6, 7–5


1993 BMW Open – Doubles
David Adams and Menno Oosting were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1993 BMW Open – Doubles
Martin Damm and Henrik Holm won the title, defeating Karel Nováček and Carl-Uwe Steeb 6–0, 3–6, 7–5 in the final.


1993 BMW Open – Singles
Magnus Larsson was the defending champion, but lost in the first round this year.


1993 BMW Open – Singles
Ivan Lendl won the title, defeating Michael Stich 7–6(7–2), 6–3 in the final.


1993 BVV Prague Open
The 1993 BVV Prague Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the I. Czech Lawn Tennis Club in Prague in the Czech Republic that was part of Tier IV of the 1993 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the  tournament and was held from 13 July until 18 July 1993. Unseeded Natalia Medvedeva won the singles title.


1993 BVV Prague Open, Finals, Doubles
Inés Gorrochategui /  Patricia Tarabini defeated  Laura Golarsa /  Caroline Vis 6–2, 6–1


1993 BYU Cougars football team
The 1993 BYU Cougars football team represented Brigham Young University (BYU) in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1993 Badminton World Cup
The 1993 Wills Badminton World Cup was the fifteenth edition of an international tournament Badminton World Cup. The event was held in New Delhi, India in from 1 September to 5 September 1993. Indonesia won both the singles event with men's doubles while Sweden won women's doubles and cross country pair from England & Sweden combined won the mixed doubles.


1993 Ball State Cardinals football team
The 1993 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its ninth season under head coach Paul Schudel, the team compiled an 8–3–1 record (7–0–1 against conference opponents), won the MAC championship, and lost to Utah State in the 1993 Las Vegas Bowl. The team played its home games at Ball State Stadium in Muncie, Indiana.


1993 Ball State Cardinals football team
The team's statistical leaders included Mike Neu with 2,148 passing yards, Tony Nibbs with 777 rushing yards, Brian Oliver with 1,010 receiving yards, and Brian Oliver and Michael Blair each with 60 points scored.


1993 Ballon d'Or
The 1993 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to Roberto Baggio on 28 December 1993.


1993 Ballymena Borough Council election
Elections to Ballymena Borough Council were held on 19 May 1993 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used four district electoral areas to elect a total of 24 councillors.


1993 Ballymena Borough Council election, Districts results, Ballymena North
1993: 3 x UUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x DUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Independent Unionist


1993 Ballymena Borough Council election, Districts results, Ballymena South
1993: 3 x DUP, 2 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Independent Unionist


1993 Ballymoney Borough Council election
Elections to Ballymoney Borough Council were held on 19 May 1993 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 16 councillors.


1993 Ballymoney Borough Council election, Districts results, Ballymoney Town
1989: 2 x DUP, 2 x UUP, 1 x Independent1993: 2 x DUP, 2 x UUP, 1 x Independent1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Ballymoney Borough Council election, Districts results, Bann Valley
1989: 2 x DUP, 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP1993: 2 x DUP, 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Ballymoney Borough Council election, Districts results, Bushvale
1989: 2 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x SDLP1993: 2 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x SDLP1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Baltic Cup
The 1993 Baltic Cup football competition took place from 2–4 July 1993 at the Kalevi Stadium in Pärnu, Estonia. It was the third annual competition of the three Baltic states – Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia – since they regained their independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.


1993 Baltimore Orioles season
The 1993 Baltimore Orioles season was the 93rd baseball season in Orioles history. It involved the Orioles finishing tied with the Detroit Tigers for 3rd Place in the American League East with a record of 85-77. They also hosted the 1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.


1993 Baltimore Orioles season, Regular season
The Orioles hosted the 1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. It was the 64th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL) at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 9–3. Orioles pitcher Mike Mussina was voted onto the All-Star team, but did not pitch in the game due to his injury.


1993 Baltimore Orioles season, Regular season
There was a controversial incident towards the end of the game when Mussina chose to warm-up in the bullpen, despite the fact AL manager Cito Gaston had told him prior to the game that he would not pitch during the contest because of his injury issues and in case the game went into extra innings.


1993 Baltimore Orioles season, Regular season
Orioles fans believed Mussina was warming up in preparation to come in and pitch the ninth inning and when Gaston put Duane Ward in to pitch the ninth inning, the fans at Camden Yards spent the rest of the game booing Gaston very loudly and many chanted the popular slogan saying "Cito Sucks" which could be heard years later in Baltimore anytime Baltimore played Toronto. Gaston was never treated well by Baltimore fans for the rest of his managerial career and he was subject to death threats for not pitching Mussina in the game. Many believe Mussina threw on his own as a way of publicly showing up Gaston because he was angry at not pitching in the game.


1993 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1993 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1993 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; IP = Innings pitched; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1993 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1993 Banbridge District Council election
Elections to Banbridge District Council were held on 19 May 1993 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 17 councillors.


1993 Banbridge District Council election, Districts results, Banbridge Town
1989: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1993: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance1989-1993 Change: UUP and Alliance gain from DUP and due to the addition of one seat


1993 Banbridge District Council election, Districts results, Dromore
1989: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP1993: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1989-1993 Change: DUP gain from UUP


1993 Banbridge District Council election, Districts results, Knockiveagh
1989: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Independent Nationalist1993: 3 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Independent Nationalist1989-1993 Change: UUP gain due to the addition of one seat


1993 Bandy World Championship
The 1993 Bandy World Championship was contested between eight men's bandy playing nations. Russia made its debut, replacing the former Soviet Union. The championship was played in Norway, mostly in Vikingskipet Olympic Arena, from 2 February – 7 February 1993. Sweden became champions. The group stages were played with 30 minute halves whereas the final tour games were played with 45 minute halves.


1993 Bandy World Championship squads
Below are the squads for the 1993 Bandy World Championship final tournament in Norway.


1993 Bank of the West Classic
The 1993 Bank of the West Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in Oakland, California in the United States and was part of the Tier II category of the 1993 WTA Tour. It was the 22nd edition of the tournament ran from November 1 through November 7, 1993. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title, her fifth at the event after 1979, 1980, 1988 and 1991, and earned $75,000 first-prize money as well as 300 ranking points.


1993 Bank of the West Classic, Finals, Doubles
Patty Fendick /  Meredith McGrath defeated  Amanda Coetzer /  Inés Gorrochategui 6–2, 6–0


1993 Bank of the West Classic – Doubles
Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions, but none competed this year.


1993 Bank of the West Classic – Doubles
Patty Fendick and Meredith McGrath won the title by defeating Amanda Coetzer and Inés Gorrochategui 6–2, 6–0 in the final.


1993 Bank of the West Classic – Singles
Monica Seles was the defending champion, but didn't play for the remainder of this season after being stabbed in the back in Hamburg.


1993 Bank of the West Classic – Singles
Martina Navratilova won the title by defeating Zina Garrison-Jackson 6–2, 7–6(7–1) in the final.


1993 Bank of the West Classic – Singles, Seeds
The first four seeds receive a bye into the second round.


1993 Barber Saab Pro Series
The 1993 Barber Saab Pro Series season was the ninth season of the series. Zerex continued to support the racing series. All drivers used Saab powered Goodyear shod Mondiale chassis. Swede Kenny Bräck won the championship. Bräck raced in the International Formula 3000 the following season.


1993 Barilla Indoors
The 1993 Barilla Indoors was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Saalsporthalle Allmend in Zürich in Switzerland and was part of the 1993 WTA Tour. It was the 10th edition of the tournament, which had been upgraded from Tier II to Tier I,  and was held from 4 October through 10 October 1993. Third-seeded Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere won the singles title and earned $150,000 first-prize money.


1993 Barilla Indoors, Finals, Doubles
Zina Garrison-Jackson /  Martina Navratilova defeated  Gigi Fernández /  Natasha Zvereva 6–3, 5–7, 6–3


1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission
The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission preliminary list was released by the United States Department of Defense in 1993 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission. It recommended closing 33 major United States military bases.


1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, Commissioners
Chairman:  Jim CourterCommissioner:  CAPT Peter B. Bowman, USN (Ret)Commissioner:  Beverly B. ByronCommissioner:  Rebecca G. CoxCommissioner:  GEN H.T. Johnson, USAF (Ret)Commissioner:  Harry C. McPherson, Jr.Commissioner:  Robert D. Stuart, Jr.


1993 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1993 followed the system in place since 1978. The Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from recent major league players and elected Reggie Jackson. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider older major league players as well as managers, umpires, executives, and figures from the Negro leagues; it selected no one. A formal induction ceremony was held in Cooperstown, New York, on August 1, 1993.


1993 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
The BBWAA was authorized to elect players active in 1973 or later, but not after 1987; the ballot included candidates from the 1992 ballot who received at least 5% of the vote but were not elected, along with selected players, chosen by a screening committee, whose last appearance was in 1987. All 10-year members of the BBWAA were eligible to vote.


1993 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Voters were instructed to cast votes for up to 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall. The ballot consisted of 32 players; a total of 423 ballots were cast, with 318 votes required for election. A total of 2,437 individual votes were cast, an average of 5.76 per ballot—a record low up to this point, and the first BBWAA election to average fewer than 6 names per ballot. Those candidates receiving less than 5% of the vote will not appear on future BBWAA ballots, but may eventually be considered by the Veterans Committee.


1993 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Candidates who were eligible for the first time are indicated here with a dagger (†). The one candidate who received at least 75% of the vote and was elected is indicated in bold italics; candidates who have since been elected in subsequent elections are indicated in italics. The 11 candidates who received less than 5% of the vote, thus becoming ineligible for future BBWAA consideration, are indicated with an asterisk (*).


1993 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
The newly-eligible players included 27 All-Stars, twelve of whom were not included on the ballot, representing a total of 78 All-Star selections. Among the new candidates were 14-time All-Star Reggie Jackson, 10-time All-Star Steve Garvey, 6-time All-Star Ron Cey and 5-time All-Star Cecil Cooper. The field included two MVPs (Jackson and Garvey) and one Rookie of the Year (Gary Matthews).


1993 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Players eligible for the first time who were not included on the ballot were: Len Barker, Dale Berra, Ray Burris, Dan Driessen, Mike Easler, Jamie Easterly, Mike Fischlin, George Frazier, Johnny Grubb, Moose Haas, Al Holland, Tom Hume, Clint Hurdle, Ruppert Jones, Lee Lacy, Ken Landreaux, Gary Lavelle, Johnnie LeMaster, Aurelio Lopez, Rick Manning, Charlie Moore, Jorge Orta, Tom Paciorek, Lenn Sakata, Joe Sambito, Bob Shirley, Roy Smalley, Sammy Stewart, U L Washington, and Rob Wilfong.


1993 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, J. G. Taylor Spink Award
Leonard Koppett (1923–2003) and Bus Saidt (1920–1989) received the J. G. Taylor Spink Award honoring baseball writers. The awards were voted at the December 1992 meeting of the BBWAA, and included in the summer 1993 ceremonies.


1993 Bausch & Lomb Championships
The 1993 Bausch & Lomb Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Amelia Island Plantation on Amelia Island, Florida in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1993 WTA Tour. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from April 5 through April 11, 1993. Arantxa Sánchez Vicario won the singles title.


1993 Bausch & Lomb Championships, Finals, Doubles
Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere /  Leila Meskhi defeated  Amanda Coetzer /  Inés Gorrochategui 3–6, 6–3, 6–4


1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche
The 1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche occurred on January 18, 1993, at around 07:45 local time (05:45 UTC) in Üzengili, a village of Bayburt Province in northeastern Turkey. It killed 59 people and injured 21, destroying 72 houses.


1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche, Location and terrain
Üzengili is a mountain village situated at an elevation of 2,025 m (6,644 ft) on the southern edge of the Soğanlı Mountains within the Eastern Blacksea Mountain Range (Turkish: Doğu Karadeniz Dağları). It is 36 km (22 mi) north-east of Bayburt close to the Bayburt-Trabzon provincial border.


1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche, Location and terrain
The top of the hill at the backside of the village is 3,193 m (10,476 ft) high Amsl. Unlike the northern slopes of the mountains in that region, which are densely covered with forest, the south facing part, where the village is located, has almost no trees.


1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche, Weather conditions
According to the data from the Turkish State Meteorological Service, recorded at the weather station in Bayburt, the area was covered by snow on January 16. As the temperature there was −5 °C (23 °F) at 21:00 local time on that day, it dropped to −15 °C (5 °F) the next day, resulting in formation of surface crusts. During the daytime of January 17, the temperature rose up and the snow pack melted at the surface. In the late hours of that day, the snow pack's surface formed a melt-freeze crust by refreezing with the dropping temperature. Freshly precipitated snow in the night of January 17 and in the early hours of the next day covered the melt-crust surface.


1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche, Disaster
The avalanche flowed 4,150 m (13,620 ft) downwards at an average slope angle of 17 degrees, and struck the village at around 07:45 local time. The snow masses destroyed a total of 72 houses and buried more than 70 people and a great number of animals. The natural disaster caused the life losses of 59 people and 650 livestock. 21 people were injured at the incident.


1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche, Disaster
As a result of the disaster and the future avalanche risk at the location, Üzengili village, comprising 116 houses, has been relocated to another place in a safe zone. In 1997, the settlement counted 166 inhabitants.


1993 Baylor Bears football team
The 1993 Baylor Bears football team (variously "Baylor", "BU", or the "Bears") represented Baylor University in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were represented in the Southwest Conference. They played their home games at Floyd Casey Stadium in Waco, Texas. They were coached by head coach Chuck Reedy. Led by All Conference sophomore running back Brandell Jackson.


1993 Belfast City Council election
Elections to Belfast City Council were held on 19 May 1993 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used nine district electoral areas to elect a total of 51 councillors, most representing the more heavily populated north and west.


1993 Belfast City Council election
The UUP remained the largest party, and Reg Empey became the Lord Mayor.


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Balmoral
1989: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance1993: 2 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance1989-1993 Change: DUP gain due to the addition of one seat


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Castle
1989: 2 x Independent Unionist, 1 x UUP, 1 SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Alliance 1993: 2 x UUP, 2 SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Independent Unionist 1989-1993 Change: UUP and SDLP gain from Independent Unionist and Alliance


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Court
1989: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x PUP, 1 x Protestant Unionist, 1 x Independent Unionist1993: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x PUP, 1 x Independent Unionist1989-1993 Change: Protestant Unionist loss due to the reduction of one seat


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Laganbank
1989: 2 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x DUP 1993: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance 1989-1993 Change: SDLP gain from DUP


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Lower Falls
1989: 3 x Sinn Féin, 2 x SDLP1993: 4 x Sinn Féin, 1 x SDLP1989-1993 Change: Sinn Féin gain from SDLP


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Oldpark
1989: 2 x Sinn Féin, 2 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Workers' Party1993 : 3 x Sinn Féin, 2 x UUP, 1 x SDLP1989-1993 Change: Sinn Féin gain from Workers' Party


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Pottinger
1989: 2 x DUP, 2 x UUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 Independent Unionist1993: 3 x DUP, 2 x UUP, 1 x Alliance1989-1993 Change: DUP gain from Independent Unionist


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Upper Falls
1989: 3 x Sinn Féin, 2 x SDLP1993: 3 x Sinn Féin, 2 x SDLP1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Belfast City Council election, District results, Victoria
1989: 3 x UUP, 2 x Alliance, 2 x DUP1993: 3 x UUP, 2 x Alliance, 2 x DUP1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1993 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 29 August 1993. It was the twelfth round of the 1993 Formula One season. Damon Hill scored a second successive victory. Alain Prost was leading the race and looked set to win, but a miscommunication during his second pitstop cost him time and he dropped behind Hill and Michael Schumacher. Williams's 1–3 finish clinched the Constructors' Championship for the team.


1993 Belgian Grand Prix
Lotus driver Alessandro Zanardi was withdrawn from the meeting following a huge crash in Friday practice, which ultimately ended his season. In the race itself, his team-mate Johnny Herbert scored the final points ever for Team Lotus with his 5th position. Local driver Thierry Boutsen retired from Formula One following the race (he retired on the first lap with a gearbox failure).


1993 Belgian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
In Belgium, the grid was similar to Hungary with Williamses 1–2 in qualifying, Prost taking pole ahead of Hill, Schumacher, Alesi, Senna and Suzuki.


1993 Belgian Grand Prix, Report, Race
At the start, Senna got ahead of both Schumacher and Alesi with Alesi also getting by Schumacher. The order at the end of lap 1 was: Prost, Senna, Hill, Alesi, Schumacher and Suzuki.


1993 Belgian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Alesi retired then with suspension troubles on lap 4, releasing Schumacher. Schumacher then set off after Senna and overtook him on the grass during the first round of pitstops. The first stops did not change anything, with Prost leading from Hill, Schumacher and Senna. Suzuki was a distant fifth until his gearbox failed on lap 15. Prost had a slow second stop, which allowed Hill to take the lead. Schumacher then overtook Prost to claim second.


1993 Belgian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Prost smashed the lap record on lap 41 in his chase of Schumacher, but he found out that he was just a tenth quicker and settled for third. Hill won, wrapping up the Constructors Championship for Williams with Schumacher and Prost close behind. Senna was a lonely fourth, while Herbert and Patrese, who spun after his pitstop, took the final points. Herbert's 2 points for 5th place would turn out to be the last points finish for a Team Lotus driver.


1993 Belgian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Thus, with three-quarters of the season gone, Prost was a full 28 points ahead and could sense the championship, having 81 points to Senna's 53. Hill was third with 48, Schumacher was fourth with 42, Patrese was fifth with 18, Brundle was sixth with 11, Herbert was seventh with 11 and Blundell was eighth with 10. In the Constructors Championship, Williams were World Champions with 129 points ahead of Benetton who were second with 60, McLaren close behind in third with 56 and Ligier fourth with 21 – their best performance in some years.


1993 Belizean general election
General elections were held in Belize on 30 June 1993. Although the People's United Party received the most votes, the United Democratic Party–National Alliance for Belizean Rights alliance won the most seats. Voter turnout was 72.1%.


1993 Belizean general election, Background
British forces, kept in Belize by agreement of its government since independence in 1981, were scheduled to leave in 1993 or 1994. There was widespread belief that Belize would fall prey to Guatemalan incursions if the British left.


1993 Belizean general election, Background
The PUP won the previous election with a two-seat majority. However, by early 1993 its majority had increased to six thanks to newly elected UDP Area Rep. William Usher of Toledo West crossing the floor to the PUP days after the 1989 election, and a January 1993 by-election win in Freetown after the UDP's Derek Aikman was forced to resign due to bankruptcy. Success in the subsequent March municipal elections also gave the PUP added confidence.


1993 Belizean general election, Background
Meanwhile, the UDP had been in apparent disarray since 1991, when a group led by longtime Area Rep. Philip Goldson broke with the party to form the National Alliance for Belizean Rights over disagreements on how to handle the longstanding Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute. This all compelled Prime Minister George Price to call elections nearly 18 months early (they were not constitutionally due until at least December 1994).


1993 Belizean general election, Background
With Price's move the UDP and NABR promptly sought a coalition to achieve victory at the polls. However, Goldson was the NABR's only successful candidate. Although the PUP won a majority of votes nationwide, the UDP/NABR coalition won a slim majority of seats and therefore formed the next government. The election would be Price's last as PUP leader after over 35 years. He was succeeded as party leader in 1996 by Said Musa.


1993 Belizean general election, Results
The results were extremely close in several constituencies. In Caribbean Shores and Stann Creek West the UDP–NABR candidates won by 40 and 34 votes. The UDP–NABR candidate in Cayo North won by 18 votes. In Orange Walk North, the UDP–NABR won by five votes. The PUP candidate in Belize Rural North won by four votes, while the UDP–NABR candidate in Toledo East was elected by the same margin. The PUP candidate in Corozal Southwest won by three votes, while in Collet, the UDP–NABR candidate won by a single vote.


1993 Benson & Hedges Cup
The 1993 Benson & Hedges Cup was the twenty-second competing of cricket’s Benson & Hedges Cup. It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 27 April and 10 July 1993. The tournament was won by Derbyshire County Cricket Club who defeated Lancashire County Cricket Club by 6 runs in the final at Lord's.


1993 Benson & Hedges Cup, Format
In the late 1980s the Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB) created a Structure Working Party under the chairmanship of Michael Murray to identify weaknesses in the structure of county cricket and suggest improvements. It reported in 1992.


1993 Benson & Hedges Cup, Format
Its main recommendations were the reduction of the County Championship from 22 matches a side to seventeen (each of the eighteen first-class counties playing each other once), all County Championship matches to be played over four days, the Sunday League to be extended from 40 overs a side to 50 overs, and the dropping of the zonal stage of the Benson & Hedges Cup, which would instead be played as a knockout.


1993 Benson & Hedges Cup, Format
These changes were adopted in advance of the 1993 season by a vote of eleven to eight (with one abstention) at a special meeting of the TCCB on 19 May 1992. Although it was agreed that the system should last for a minimum of three years, it was agreed to revert to a zonal system at the TCCB winter meeting on 8–9 December 1993. The changes were implemented in time for the 1995 season.


1993 Benson and Hedges Open
The 1993 Benson and Hedges Open was a men's ATP tennis tournament held in Auckland, New Zealand and played on outdoor hard courts. It was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 26th edition of the tournament and was held from January 11 until January 18, 1993. Alexander Volkov won the singles title.


1993 Benson and Hedges Open, Finals, Doubles
Grant Connell /  Patrick Galbraith defeated  Alex Antonitsch /  Alexander Volkov 6–3, 7–6


1993 Benson and Hedges Open – Doubles
Wayne Ferreira and Jim Grabb were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1993 Benson and Hedges Open – Doubles
Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith won the title, defeating Alex Antonitsch and Alexander Volkov 6–3, 7–6 in the final.


1993 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles
Alexander Volkov defeated MaliVai Washington 7–6(7–2), 6–4 to win the 1993 Benson and Hedges Open singles tennis competition. Jaime Yzaga was the defending champion.


1993 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1993 Berlin Marathon
The 1993 Berlin Marathon was the 20th running of the annual marathon race held in Berlin, Germany, held on 26 September 1993. South Africa's Xolile Yawa won the men's race in 2:10:57 hours, while the women's race was won by Poland's Renata Kokowska in 2:26:20.


1993 Bermudian general election
General elections were held in Bermuda on 5 October 1993. The result was a victory for the United Bermuda Party, which won 22 of the 40 seats in the House of Assembly.


1993 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1993 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Muzzy Field in Bristol, CT. This was the ninth annual Big East Conference Baseball Tournament. The fourth seeded St. John's Redmen won their fourth tournament championship and claimed the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1993 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The Big East baseball tournament was a 4 team double elimination tournament in 1993. The top four teams were seeded one through four based on conference winning percentage only.


1993 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, Jack Kaiser Award
Mike Maerten was the winner of the 1993 Jack Kaiser Award. Maerten was a pitcher for St. John's.


1993 Big East Conference Softball Tournament
The 1993 Big East Conference softball tournament was held at Connecticut Softball Stadium in Storrs, Connecticut. The tournament, hosted by the University of Connecticut, ran April 23 and April 24, 1993 and determined the champion for the Big East Conference for the 1993 NCAA Division I softball season. Top-seeded Connecticut won the tournament for the fourth time and earned the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament.


1993 Big East Conference Softball Tournament, Format and seeding
The top four teams from the conference's round-robin regular season qualified for the tournament, and were seeded one through four. They played a double-elimination tournament.


1993 Big East Conference Softball Tournament, Most Outstanding Player
Janna Venice was named Tournament Most Outstanding Player. Venice was an outfielder for Connecticut.


1993 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1993 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, from March 11 to March 14, 1993. Its winner received the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Tournament. It is a single-elimination tournament with four rounds. Seton Hall finished with the best regular season conference and was awarded the #1 seed.


1993 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament
In the largest margin of victory in a Big East Tournament championship game, Seton Hall defeated Syracuse, 103–70, to claim its second Big East Tournament championship.


1993 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament, Awards
Dave Gavitt Trophy (Most Valuable Player): Terry Dehere, Seton Hall


1993 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1993 Big Eight Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 12–14 at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.


1993 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Seventh-seeded Missouri defeated #5 seed Kansas State in the championship game, 68–56, to earn the conference's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Tournament.


1993 Big League World Series
The 1993 Big League World Series took place from August 13–21 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. Taipei, Taiwan defeated host Broward County, Florida in the championship game.


1993 Big League World Series
A new format was introduced this year. The 11 team double-elimination format was replaced with two (International, and United States) double-elimination brackets, culminating with a winner-take-all championship game.


1993 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1993 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the eighteenth edition, held March 11–13 at the Kibbie Dome at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.


1993 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Boise State defeated regular season champion and host Idaho in the final, 80–68, to clinch their third Big Sky tournament title (1976, 1988, 1993). The game was televised on ESPN, with a tipoff after 9 pm PST (midnight EST).


1993 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Fourth-seed Montana was attempting to win a third straight title, but was upset in the quarterfinals. It was the first Big Sky tournament in Moscow in eleven years.


1993 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
Conference membership returned to eight this season; after thirteen years in the Big Sky, Nevada departed for the Big West the previous summer.


1993 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The tournament format was unchanged; the top six teams from the regular season were included and the regular season champion earned the right to host. The top two earned byes into the semifinals while the remaining four played in the quarterfinals; the top seed (host) met the lowest remaining seed in the semifinals.


1993 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, NCAA tournament
The Broncos (21–7) received an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament; no other Big Sky members were invited to the tournament or the NIT. Boise State was seeded fourteenth in the West regional and lost by twenty points in the first round to Vanderbilt in Salt Lake City. This was the eleventh consecutive year in which the Big Sky representative lost in the first round.


1993 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1993 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament  was the postseason baseball tournament for the Big South Conference, held from May 13–16, 1993 at Charles Watson Stadium home field of Coastal Carolina in Conway, South Carolina. The top six finishers from the regular season participated in the double-elimination tournament. The champion, Liberty, won the title for the first time and earned an invitation to the 1993 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1993 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament, Format
The top six finishers from the regular season qualified for the tournament. The teams were seeded one through six and played a double-elimination tournament. UNC Greensboro was ineligible for conference competition.


1993 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player
Rich Humphrey was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Humphrey was a pitcher for Liberty.


1993 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1993 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 3–6, 1993 at the North Charleston Coliseum in North Charleston, South Carolina. For the third time in their school history, the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers won the tournament, led by head coach Russ Bergman.


1993 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Although Coastal Carolina won the tournament, due to participation of ineligible players, the Chanticleers victories and title were vacated, and no official conference champion for the tournament was declared.


1993 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All of the conference's nine members participated in the tournament, hosted at the North Charleston Coliseum. The bottom two finishers played in a first-round game, with the winner playing the first seed. This was the first season for UMBC and Towson State as conference members, and UNC Greensboro was transitioning to the conference as well.


1993 Big Ten Baseball Tournament
The 1993 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournament was held at C. O. Brown Stadium in Battle Creek, Michigan from May 15 through 19. The top four teams from the regular season participated in the double-elimination tournament, the thirteenth annual tournament sponsored by the Big Ten Conference to determine the league champion. The title game was rained out, and Minnesota was declared champion by virtue of their 2–0 record through the first two rounds while Ohio State held a 2–1 record. The Gophers claimed their fifth tournament championship and earned the Big Ten Conference's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. This was also the first time the tournament was held outside the home venue of a conference member.


1993 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The 1993 tournament was a 4-team double-elimination tournament, with seeds determined by conference regular season winning percentage only.


1993 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, Tournament
* - Indicates game required 10 innings. @ - Indicates game was rained out. Minnesota declared champion due to their 2–0 record through the first two rounds.


1993 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Outstanding Player
Matt Beaumont was named Most Outstanding Player. Beaumont was a pitcher for Ohio State.


1993 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1993 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 12–14 at the Long Beach Arena in Long Beach, California.


1993 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Long Beach State upset top-seeded New Mexico State in the final, 70–62, to capture their second PCAA/Big West title (and first since 1977).


1993 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 49ers subsequently received an automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Tournament. Regular-season champions, and tournament runners-up, New Mexico State received an at-large bid.


1993 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
One minor change was made to the tournament format this season despite the Big West maintaining its eight-team tournament.


1993 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All eight participating teams (the two teams with the worst conference regular season records were not included) were placed into the first round, with teams seeded and paired based on regular-season records. After the first round, however, teams were now re-seeded so the highest-remaining team was paired with the lowest-remaining time in one semifinal with the other two teams slotted into the other semifinal.


1993 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
Nevada, in their first year as Big West members (moving from the Big Sky), failed to qualify for the tournament. The Wolf Pack replaced outgoing Fresno State, who left to join the WAC.


1993 Birthday Honours
The 1993 Queen's Birthday honours were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen's birthday celebrations and were announced on 11 June 1993 for the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Solomon Islands, Saint Lucia, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, and New Zealand and the Cook Islands. The list for Australia was announced separately on 14 June.


1993 Birthday Honours
Recipients of awards are shown below as they were styled before their new honours.


1993 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1993 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 12 June 1993.


1993 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing
The Bishopsgate bombing occurred on 24 April 1993, when the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a powerful truck bomb on Bishopsgate, a major thoroughfare in London's financial district, the City of London. Telephoned warnings were sent about an hour beforehand, but a news photographer was killed in the blast and 44 people were injured, with fatalities minimised due to it occurring on a Saturday. The blast destroyed the nearby St Ethelburga's church and wrecked Liverpool Street station and the NatWest Tower.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing
As a result of the bombing, which happened just over a year after the bombing of the nearby Baltic Exchange, a "ring of steel" was implemented to protect the City, and many firms introduced disaster recovery plans in case of further attacks or similar disasters. £350 million was spent on repairing damage. In 1994 detectives believed they knew the identities of the IRA bombers, but lacked sufficient evidence to arrest them.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Background
Since the beginning of its campaign in the early 1970s, the IRA had carried out many bomb attacks on military, political and commercial targets in England. By bombing commercial targets it sought to damage the economy and cause severe disruption, which it believed would put pressure on the British government to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland. In early 1993, the Northern Ireland peace process was at a delicate stage, with attempts to broker an IRA ceasefire ongoing.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Background
Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin and John Hume of the Social Democratic and Labour Party had been engaged in private dialogue since 1988, with a view to establishing a broad Irish nationalist coalition. British Prime Minister John Major had refused to openly enter into talks with Sinn Féin until the IRA declared a ceasefire.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Background
The risk of an IRA attack on the City of London had increased due to the lack of progress with political talks, resulting in a warning being circulated to all police forces in Britain highlighting intelligence reports of a possible attack, as it was felt the IRA had enough personnel, equipment and funds to launch a sustained campaign in England. On 10 April 1992, the IRA detonated a truck bomb outside the Baltic Exchange on St. Mary Axe. The Baltic Exchange bombing caused £800 million worth of damage (the equivalent of £1,640 million in 2019), £200 million more than the total damage caused by the 10,000 explosions that had occurred during the Troubles in Northern Ireland up to that point.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Bombing
In March 1993, an Iveco tipper truck was stolen in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, and repainted from white to dark blue. A 1 tonne ANFO bomb made by the IRA's South Armagh Brigade had been smuggled into England and was placed in the truck, hidden underneath a layer of tarmac. At about 9 am on 24 April, two volunteers from an IRA active service unit drove the truck containing the bomb onto Bishopsgate.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Bombing
They parked the truck outside 99 Bishopsgate, which was then the UK headquarters of HSBC, located by the junction with Wormwood Street and Camomile Street, and left the area in a car driven by an accomplice. A series of telephone warnings were then sent from a phonebox in Forkhill, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, with the caller using a recognised IRA codeword and stating "[there's] a massive bomb… clear a wide area". The first warnings were sent about one hour before the bomb detonated. Two police officers were already making inquiries into the truck when the warnings were received, and police began evacuating the area.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Bombing
The bomb exploded at 10:27 am, causing extensive damage to buildings along a significant stretch of Bishopsgate. The blast raised a mushroom cloud that could be seen across much of London and gouged a 15-foot wide crater in the street. Buildings up to 500 metres away were damaged, with 1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2) of office space being affected and over 500 tonnes of glass broken.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Bombing
The NatWest Tower — at the time the City's tallest skyscraper – was amongst the structures badly damaged, with many windows on the east side of the tower destroyed; one newspaper described it as "black gaps punched its fifty-two floors like a mouth full of bad teeth". Damage extended as far north as Liverpool Street station and south beyond Threadneedle Street. St Ethelburga's church, seven metres away from the bomb, collapsed as a result of the explosion. The cost of repair was estimated at the time at £1 billion.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Bombing
Civilian casualties were low as it was a Saturday morning and the City was typically occupied by only a small number of residents, office workers, security guards, builders, and maintenance staff. Forty-four people were injured by the bomb and News of the World photographer Ed Henty was killed after ignoring police warnings and rushing to the scene. The truck-bomb produced the explosive power of 1,200 kg of TNT.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Reaction
The business community and media called for increased security in the City, with one leading City figure calling for "a medieval-style walled enclave to prevent terrorist attacks". Prime Minister John Major received a telephone call from Francis McWilliams, the Lord Mayor of London, reminding him that "the City of London earned £17 billion last year for the nation as a whole. Its operating environment and future must be preserved". Major, McWilliams and Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont made public statements that business would continue as normal in the City and that the Bishopsgate bombing would not achieve a lasting effect. Major later gave an account of the public stance taken by his government on the bombing:


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Reaction
Frankly, we thought it was likely to bring the whole process to an end. And we told them repeatedly that that was the case. They assumed that if they bombed and put pressure on the British at Bishopsgate or with some other outrage or other, it would affect our negotiating position to their advantage. In that judgment they were wholly wrong. Every time they did that, they made it harder not easier for any movement to be made towards a settlement. They hardened our attitude, whereas they believed that their actions would soften it. That is a fundamental mistake the IRA have made with successive British governments throughout the last quarter of a century.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Reaction
John Hume and Gerry Adams issued their first joint statement on the same day as the bombing, stating, "We accept that the Irish people as a whole have a right to national self-determination. This is a view shared by a majority of the people of this island, though not by all its people", and that, "The exercise of self-determination is a matter for agreement between the people of Ireland".


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Reaction
The IRA's reaction appeared in 29 April edition of An Phoblacht, highlighting how the bombers exploited a security loophole after "having spotted a breach in the usually tight security around the City". There was also a message from the IRA leadership, calling for "the British establishment to seize the opportunity and to take the steps needed for ending its futile and costly war in Ireland. We again emphasise that they should pursue the path of peace or resign themselves to the path of war". The IRA also attempted to apply indirect pressure to the British government with a statement sent to non-United States foreign-owned businesses in the City, warning that:


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Reaction
no one should be misled into underestimating the IRA's intention to mount future planned attacks into the political and financial heart of the British state ... In the context of present political realities, further attacks on the City of London and elsewhere are inevitable. This we feel we are bound to convey to you directly, to allow you to make fully informed decisions.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Reaction
The City of London Corporation's chief planning officer called for the demolition of buildings damaged in the explosion, including the NatWest Tower, seeing an opportunity to rid the City of some of the 1970s architecture and build a new state-of-the-art structure as a "symbol of defiance to the IRA". His comments were not endorsed by the Corporation themselves, who remarked that the NatWest Tower was an integral part of the City's skyline.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Aftermath
In May 1993, the City of London Police confirmed a planned security cordon for the City which had been conceived by its commissioner Owen Kelly, and on 3 July 1993 the 'ring of steel' was introduced. Most routes into the City were closed or made exit-only, and the remaining eight routes into the City had checkpoints manned by armed police. CCTV cameras were also introduced to monitor vehicles entering the area, including two cameras at each entry point – one to read the vehicle registration plate and another to monitor the driver and passenger.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Aftermath
Over 70 police-controlled cameras monitored the City, but to increase coverage of public areas "Camera Watch" was launched in September 1993 to encourage co-operation on surveillance between the police, private companies and the Corporation of London. Nine months after the scheme was launched only 12.5% of buildings had camera systems, but by 1996 well over 1,000 cameras in 376 separate systems were operational in the City.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Aftermath
The bombing resulted in a number of companies changing their working practices and drawing up plans to deal with any future incidents. Documents were blown out of windows of multi-storey buildings by the force of the explosion, prompting the police to use a shredder to destroy all documents found. This resulted in risk managers subsequently demanding a "clear desk" policy at the end of each working day to improve information security. The attack also prompted British and American financial companies to prepare disaster recovery plans in case of future attacks.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Aftermath
The first World Trade Center bombing in New York City in February 1993 had caused bankruptcy in 40% of the affected companies within two years of the attack, according to a report from analysts IDC. As a result of the Baltic Exchange and Bishopsgate bomb attacks, City-based companies were well-prepared to deal with the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with a spokesman for the Corporation of London stating: "After the IRA bombs, firms redoubled their disaster recovery plans and the City recovered remarkably quickly. It has left the City pretty well-prepared for this sort of thing now."


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Aftermath
The initial estimate of £1 billion worth of damage was later downgraded, and the total cost of reconstruction was £350 million. The subsequent payouts by insurance companies resulted in them suffering heavy losses causing a crisis in the industry, including the near-collapse of the Lloyd's of London market. A government-backed insurance scheme, Pool Re, was subsequently introduced in Britain, with the government acting as a "re-insurer of last resort" for losses over £75 million.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Aftermath
The bombing, mounted at a cost of £3,000, was the last major bombing in England during that phase of the Northern Ireland conflict. The campaign of bombing of the UK's financial centre, described by author and journalist Ed Moloney as "possibly the [IRA's] most successful military tactic since the start of the Troubles", was suspended by the IRA to allow the political progress made by Gerry Adams and John Hume to continue.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Aftermath
The IRA carried out a number of smaller bomb and mortar attacks in England during the remainder of 1993 and in early 1994, before declaring a "complete cessation of military operations" on 31 August 1994. The ceasefire ended on 9 February 1996 when two people were killed in the IRA's bombing of London Docklands, which targeted London's secondary financial district, Canary Wharf.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Subsequent events
In July 2000, it was announced that Punch magazine was to be prosecuted for contempt of court after publishing an article by former MI5 agent David Shayler. Shayler's article claimed MI5 could have stopped the Bishopsgate bombing, which a spokesman for Attorney General Lord Williams claimed was a breach of a 1997 court injunction preventing Shayler disclosing information on security or intelligence matters. In November 2000, Punch and its editor were found guilty and fined £20,000 and £5,000 respectively.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Subsequent events
In March 2001, the editor successfully appealed against his conviction and fine, with an appeal judge accusing the Attorney General of acting like a press censor and ruling that the 1997 injunction was in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights. In December 2002, this decision was overturned at the House of Lords, with five law lords ruling that editor James Steen's publication of Shayler's article was indeed in contempt.


1993 Bishopsgate bombing, Subsequent events
On 24 April 2013, a commemorative dinner was held by the Felix Fund, a charity for bomb disposal experts and their families, at the Merchant Taylors' Hall on Threadneedle Street, to mark 20 years since the Bishopsgate bombing.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl
The 1993 Blockbuster Bowl game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Stanford Cardinal and the Penn State Nittany Lions played on January 1, 1993, at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. It was the third edition of the bowl game, and a Bowl Coalition game.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl
The legendary status of both head coaches was the pregame focus—Penn State's Joe Paterno was attempting to get his 15th bowl game win, and Stanford's Bill Walsh had won three Super Bowls with the San Francisco 49ers—but the game itself was dominated by Stanford, which scored on its first possession and led the entire game, winning 24–3.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl, Teams, Stanford
Stanford was led by head coach Bill Walsh, who was in the first year of his second stint as Stanford's coach. He had coached Stanford from 1977 to 1978, leading the team to bowl games in each season; then departed to coach the NFL's San Francisco 49ers, where he turned the team into a dynasty, winning three Super Bowls in the 1980s. After a career as a television football analyst, Walsh chose to come back as Stanford's head coach, stating, "This is my bliss."


1993 Blockbuster Bowl, Teams, Stanford
On the field, Stanford was led by quarterback Steve Stenstrom, who had thrown for 2,399 yards and 14 touchdowns on the year, and tailback Glyn Milburn, who led the team with 851 yards rushing and eight touchdowns and had returned three punts for touchdowns.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl, Teams, Penn State
Head coach Joe Paterno was making his 23rd bowl game appearance in his 27th year at Penn State. Offensively, the team relied upon wide receiver O. J. McDuffie, who had 63 pass receptions for 977 yards and nine touchdowns during the season; and running back Richie Anderson, who ran for 900 yards and 18 touchdowns.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl, Game summary
On its first possession, Stanford drove 71 yards on eight plays and scored on a two-yard pass from Steve Stenstrom to Ryan Wetnight. Penn State answered with a drive that ended with a 33-yard field goal from V. J. Muscillo. Stanford added another touchdown before the half on a five-yard run from J. J. Lasley to extend the Cardinal lead to 14–3.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl, Game summary
In the second half, after an Eric Abrams field goal, Stenstrom added another touchdown completion with a short pass to Milburn, who ran 40 yards for the score, to end the day with 210 passing yards and two touchdowns. On defense, the Cardinal held the Nittany Lions scoreless after the first quarter, and limited them to just 82 offensive yards in the second half. Cornerback Darrien Gordon was named the game's MVP after breaking up six passes, making seven tackles, and holding receiver McDuffie in check.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl, Aftermath
Walsh coached two more seasons at Stanford, both with losing records. He retired from coaching for good in 1995 and died of leukemia in 2007. Cornerback Gordon played nine seasons in the NFL and played in four Super Bowls. Tailback Milburn played eight NFL seasons and made the Pro Bowl twice. Quarterback Stenstrom played five NFL seasons. John Lynch, who anchored Stanford's defense at strong safety, was a nine-time Pro Bowl selection.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl, Aftermath
Paterno would remain as Penn State's coach until 2011, winning many more bowl games. He was fired with three games left in the 2011 season due to his involvement in the Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse scandal, having previously announced his intent to retire at the end of the season; he died shortly afterward from complications of lung cancer. Receiver McDuffie went on to a successful eight-year career with the Miami Dolphins and Richie Anderson was a Pro Bowler for the New York Jets.


1993 Blockbuster Bowl, Aftermath
The Blockbuster Bowl would go through several name changes and currently exists as the Cheez-It Bowl.


1993 Boise State Broncos football team
The 1993 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University in the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Broncos competed in the Big Sky Conference and played their home games on campus at Bronco Stadium in Boise, Idaho. Led by first-year head coach Pokey Allen, Boise State finished the season 3–8 overall and 1–6 in conference.


1993 Boise State Broncos football team
Allen was previously the head coach at Portland State (of Division II), which had easily defeated BSU in Boise in 1992.


1993 Boise State Broncos football team
Senior quarterback Travis Stuart, the starter in 1992, was declared academically ineligible in mid-August and missed the season. Sophomore Danny Langsdorf was the opening day starter, splitting time with junior college transfer Lee Schrack.


1993 Bolivarian Games
The XII Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos) were a multi-sport event held between April 24 - May 2, 1993, in Cochabamba and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. The Games were organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization (ODEBO).


1993 Bolivarian Games
There were two opening ceremonies that took place on April 24, 1993, at the Estadio Félix Capriles in Cochabamba, and at the Estadio Ramón Tahuichi Aguilera in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.


1993 Bolivarian Games
In Cochabamba, the Games were officially opened by Bolivian president Jaime Paz Zamora. Torch lighter was long distance runner Johnny Pérez, who won the silver medal in the 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 1981 Bolivarian Games.


1993 Bolivarian Games
Immediately after the end of the ceremony in Cochabamba, the president and anumber of officials from the organizing committee rushed by plane to Santa Cruzto attend the other inauguration.


1993 Bolivarian Games
Gold medal winners from Ecuador were published by the Comité Olímpico Ecuatoriano.


1993 Bolivarian Games, Venues
Cochabamba hosted the following sports: athletics (Estadio Félix Capriles),cycling (Circuito Bolivariano), football (Estadio Félix Capriles), judo,karate, racquetball (Country Club), table tennis (Coliseo José Castro),taekwondo, and volleyball.


1993 Bolivarian Games, Venues
Santa Cruz hosted the following sports: basketball, boxing (Coliseo John PictorBlanco), equestrianism, fencing, gymnastics, shooting (Polígono de Santa Cruz), swimming, tennis, weightlifting (Coliseo Gilberto Menacho), and wrestling.


1993 Bolivarian Games, Participation
About 1300 athletes from 6 countries were reported to participate:


1993 Bolivarian Games, Medal count
The medal count for these Games is tabulated below. A slightly different number of medals was published elsewhere. This table is sorted by the number of gold medals earned by each country. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next, and then the number of bronze medals.


1993 Bolivian general election
General elections were held in Bolivia on 6 June 1993. As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a president on 4 August. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada of the MNR-MRTKL alliance was subsequently elected unopposed.


1993 Bolivian general election, Campaign
Prior to the elections, the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) of incumbent Jaime Paz Zamora and the Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN) of ex-president Hugo Banzer formed the Patriotic Accord (AP) alliance. Hugo Banzer, in his fifth bid for the presidency, was presented as the Patriotic Accord's candidate in the election.


1993 Bolivian general election, Campaign
Banzer's primary opponent was the returning Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) candidate Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada. The MNR's alliance with the Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupaq Katari (MRTKL) saw Víctor Hugo Cárdenas, an indigenous Aymara, chosen as Sánchez de Lozada's running mate in an attempt to appeal to Bolivia's indigenous population.


1993 Bolivian general election, Campaign
The AP was faced with the negative image of corruption faced by Paz Zamora's government and the defensive campaign of Hugo Banzer. Two factors which made the MNR the clear front runner to win the election.


1993 Bolivian general election, Campaign
The campaign also saw the emergence of the "neo-populist" Max Fernández and Carlos Palenque candidates who drew the support of sector of the population discontented with the mainstream political parties. Palenque of Conscience of Fatherland (CONDEPA), in his second run, campaigned on a platform of returning to the ideals of the 1952 National Revolution. Solidarity Civic Unity (UCS), in the party's first presidential run, presented Max Fernández.


1993 Bolivian general election, Campaign
Prior to the elections the Nationalist Democratic Action and Revolutionary Left Movement parties formed the Patriotic Accord alliance, whilst eight left-wing parties continued the United Left coalition.


1993 Bolivian general election, Campaign
A total of 14 candidates were presented for the presidential election.


1993 Bolivian general election, Results
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada won the popular vote by 35.56% to Hugo Banzer's 21.05%. The CONDEPA and UCS candidates won a similar number of votes with a 0.52% difference between Max Fernández and Carlos Palenque. The remaining 10 candidates won 15.34% of the vote between them.


1993 Bolivian general election, Results, Congressional ballot
On 6 August 1993, the National Congress convened to elect the president. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada was the only candidate voted on, and was supported by his MNR-MRTKL alliance as well as the UCS and MBL. All others parties abstained from voting. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada was elected president while Víctor Hugo Cárdenas became Bolivia's first indigenous vice president.


1993 Bombay bombings
The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of 12 terrorist bombings that took place in Mumbai, then known as Bombay, India, on 12 March 1993. The single-day attacks resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400 injuries.


1993 Bombay bombings
The attacks were reported to be coordinated by Dawood Ibrahim, leader of the Mumbai-based international organised crime syndicate D-Company. Ibrahim was believed to have ordered and helped organize the bombings through his subordinates Tiger Memon and Yakub Memon.


1993 Bombay bombings
The Supreme Court of India gave its judgement on 21 March 2013, after over 20 years of judicial proceedings, upholding the death sentence against suspected ringleader Yakub Memon while commuting the previous death sentences against 10 others to life in prison. However, two of the main suspects in the case, Dawood Ibrahim and Tiger Memon, have not yet been arrested or tried. After India's three-judge Supreme Court bench rejected his curative petition, saying the grounds raised by him do not fall within the principles laid down by the apex court in 2002, the Maharashtra state government executed Yakub Memon on 30 July 2015.


1993 Bombay bombings, Introduction, Background
In December 1992 and January 1993, there was widespread rioting throughout the nation following the Babri Masjid demolition in Ayodhya, where some of the most notable riots occurred in Bombay. Five years after the December–January riots, the Srikrishna Commission report found that 900 individuals had died and over 2,000 had been injured.


1993 Bombay bombings, Introduction, Confession of Gul Mohammed
On 9 March 1993, three days before the bombings took place, a small-time criminal from the Behrampada slum in Northeast Mumbai named Gul Noor Mohammad Sheikh (Gullu) was detained at the Nag Pada police station. A participant in the communal riots that had rocked Mumbai the previous year, Gullu was also one of the 19 men handpicked by Tiger Memon, whose office was burnt in the riots. Tiger was a silver smuggler and chief mastermind of the bombings, for training in the use of guns and bomb making.


1993 Bombay bombings, Introduction, Confession of Gul Mohammed
Gullu had been sent to Pakistan via Dubai on 19 February 1993 and upon completion of his training returned to Mumbai on 4 March. In his absence the police had detained Gullu's brothers to encourage him to surrender, which he did. He confessed to his role in the riots, his training in Pakistan, and a conspiracy underway to bomb major locations around the city, including the Bombay Stock Exchange, Sahar International Airport and the Sena Bhavan. However, his conspiracy claim was dismissed by the police as "mere bluff".


1993 Bombay bombings, Introduction, Confession of Gul Mohammed
The arrest of Gul Mohammed spurred Tiger Memon to advance the date of the bombings which had originally been planned to coincide with the Shiv Jayanti celebrations in April 1993.


1993 Bombay bombings, The bombings
At 13:30 hours on 12 March 1993, a powerful car bomb exploded in the basement of the Bombay Stock Exchange building. The 28-story office building was severely damaged and many nearby office buildings also suffered damage. Reports indicate that 50 were killed by this explosion. About 30 minutes later, another car bomb exploded in front of the Mandvi branch of Corporation Bank near Masjid. From 13:30 hours to 15:40 hours a total of 12 bombs exploded throughout Mumbai. Most of the bombs were car bombs but some were in scooters.


1993 Bombay bombings, The bombings
Three hotels – the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur – were targeted by suitcase bombs left in rooms booked by the perpetrators. Banks, the regional passport office, the Air India Building, and a major shopping complex were also hit. Bombs exploded at Zaveri Bazaar and opposite it a jeep-bomb exploded at the Century Bazaar. Grenades were thrown at Sahar International Airport and at Fishermen's Colony, apparently targeting certain citizens at the latter. A double-decker bus was very badly damaged in the deadliest explosion, with as many as 90 people killed.


1993 Bombay bombings, Aftermath
The official number of fatalities was 257 with 1,400 others injured (some sources reported that 317 people died; this misreport was due to a bomb which killed 69 in Calcutta on 16 March and was not part of 12 March Bombay bombings).


1993 Bombay bombings, Aftermath
On 10 July 2006, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Sharad Pawar, admitted that he had "deliberately misled" people following the 1993 Mumbai bombings by saying there were "13 and not 12" explosions and had added the name of a Muslim-dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected. He attempted to justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots by falsely portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely. He also admitted to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that it pointed to the Tamil Tigers as possible suspects.


1993 Bombay bombings, Aftermath
The bombings also caused a major rift within D-Company, the most powerful criminal organisation in the Mumbai underworld, headed by Dawood Ibrahim. Infuriated at the bombings, Ibrahim's right-hand man, Chotta Rajan, split from the organisation and took most of the leadership-level Hindu aides with him, including Sadhu, Jaspal Singh and Mohan Kotiyan. Rajan's split divided the Mumbai underworld along communal lines and pitted Chhota Rajan's predominantly Hindu gang against Dawood Ibrahim's predominantly Muslim D-Company. The ensuing gang war took the lives of more than a hundred gangsters and continues in 2017. Seven of the accused (Salim Kurla, Majeed Khan, Shakil Ahmed, Mohammed Jindran, Hanif Kadawala, Akbar Abu Sama Khan and Mohammed Latif) were assassinated by Rajan's hitmen.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
Many hundreds of people were arrested and detained in the Indian courts. In 2006, 100 of 129 accused were found to be guilty and were convicted by Justice PD Kode of the specially designated Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) court. Many of those convicted have eluded custody, including the mastermind of the attacks, Tiger Memon.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
On 12 September 2006, the special TADA court convicted four members of the Memon family on charges of conspiring and abetting acts of terror. They face jail terms from five years to life imprisonment, that would be determined based on the severity of their crime. Three other members of the Memon family were acquitted with the judge giving them the benefit of the doubt.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
Yakub Memon was charged for possession of unauthorised arms. After the bombings, family members of Tiger Memon, including Yakub, escaped to Dubai and Pakistan. Correspondents say Tiger owned a restaurant in Mumbai and was allegedly closely associated with Dawood Ibrahim, the suspected mastermind.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
Except for Tiger and Yakub, the entire family returned to India and were promptly arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation in 1994. Yakub was later taken into custody and was undergoing treatment for depression. The Memon family was tried in court and found guilty of conspiracy. The defence lawyers asked for leniency in the sentencing and caused delays in the process.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
Yakub Memon was executed by hanging in Nagpur Central Jail at 6:35 a.m. IST on 30 July 2015.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
Two of the accused, Mohammed Umar Khatlab and Badshah Khan (pseudonym given by the prosecution to hide his real identity) turned state approvers.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
Dawood Ibrahim, believed to have masterminded the terrorist attacks, is the Don of the Mumbai organised crime syndicate D-Company. He is suspected of having connections to terrorist elements such as al-Qaeda and its leader, Osama bin Laden, as well as Lashkar-e-Toiba, and was declared a terrorist by the governments of India and the United States in 2003. Ibrahim is now wanted by Interpol as a part of the worldwide terror syndicate of Osama bin Laden. He has been in hiding since the bombings and is living in white house, karachi, Pakistan, which the Pakistani government denied previously but accepted on 22 August 2020. The Bush administration in the United States imposed sanctions on Ibrahim in 2006.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
The penalty stage of the longest-running trial in India's history continued. In February 2007, prosecutors asked for the death penalty for 44 of the 100 convicted. The prosecution also requested the death penalty for those convicted of conspiracy in the case. Asghar Yusuf Mukadam and Shahnawaz Qureshi, who have been found guilty for involvement in the bombings pleaded for leniency, claiming that they were not terrorists and were emotionally driven to participate in the act.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
Mukadam claimed that the main conspirators took advantage of his "frame of mind" after the demolition of Babri Masjid and the subsequent riots, alleging police partiality during the riots. "Vested interests" instigated him to act as he did. Quareshi was trained in Pakistan to handle arms and ammunition. He and Muquddam parked the explosive-filled vehicle at Plaza cinema which resulted in 10 deaths and 37 injuries. Qureshi reached Pakistan via Dubai, where he claims he was taken "under the pretext of providing ... an alternative job". He claims that his house was set on fire during the riots.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict
Some of the conspirators who managed to flee India after the bombings were arrested and extradited to India. These conspirators were declared absconders during the course of the trial. Abu Salem, Mustafa Dossa, Firoz Khan, Taher Merchant, Riyaz Siddiqui, Karimullah Khan, and Abdul Kayoum amongst others were arrested and the trial continued against these absconders in a special TADA court in Mumbai. Ujjwal Nikam who was earlier the Special Prosecutor in these case was replaced by Deepak Salvi to continue with the trial in the light of the subsequent developments. On 16 June 2017 gangster Mustafa Dossa and Firoz Khan were found guilty of conspiracy, which can carry the death penalty. On 26 June 2017 Dossa died of cardiac arrest in a Mumbai Hospital. Kayoom Sheikh was acquitted due to lack of evidence.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict, The bomb planters
The prosecution had sought the death sentence for all of the following except Imtiaz Ghavate. As he is HIV positive, the prosecution sought a lesser sentence for him.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict, The bomb planters
In March 2013, most of these death sentences awarded by the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act court were commuted to life in prison until death by the Supreme Court of India. Only the death sentence of Yakub Memon was upheld.


1993 Bombay bombings, Arrests, convictions and verdict, Accused involved
Mohammed Moin Qureshi, Feroz Amani Malik, Bashir Khairulla, Zakir Hussain and Abdul Akhtar Khan had thrown hand grenades in Mahim Causeway causing 3 deaths and injuring 6. The driver, Salim Shaikh, did not throw any hand grenades.


1993 Boston City Council election
Boston City Council elections were held on November 2, 1993. All thirteen seats (nine district representatives and four at-large members) were contested in the general election, while ten seats (six districts and the four at-large members) had also been contested in the preliminary election held on September 21, 1993.


1993 Boston City Council election
The large number of preliminary candidates followed a reduction in the number of signatures required for a candidate to appear on the ballot, from 1500 to 500.


1993 Boston City Council election
Since the composition of the council changed in 1984, to four at-large seats and nine district representatives, no candidate who had run for re-election had lost. However, two incumbents—Anthony Crayton and David Scondras—were defeated by challengers in this election.


1993 Boston City Council election, At-large
Councillors John A. Nucci and Dapper O'Neil were re-elected. Councillors Bruce Bolling and Rosaria Salerno did not seek re-election, as they were running for Mayor of Boston; their seats were won by Richard P. Iannella and Peggy Davis-Mullen. Iannella was the son of former Council president Christopher A. Iannella, while unsuccessful candidate Michael Travaglini was the brother of outgoing District 1 Councillor Robert Travaglini.


1993 Boston City Council election, District 1
Councillor Robert Travaglini, who had been elected to the Massachusetts Senate in November 1992, did not seek re-election to the City Council; his seat was won by Diane J. Modica.


1993 Boston City Council election, District 3
Councillor James E. Byrne did not seek re-election; his seat was won by Maureen Feeney, his neighborhood liaison.


1993 Boston City Council election, District 5
The seat of Councillor Thomas Menino, who had been acting mayor since July 1993 and won the mayoral election, was won by Daniel F. Conley.


1993 Boston City Council election, District 7
per preliminary election recount Saunders was later declared the winner, due to discovery of a tally sheet error; his victory was subsequently confirmed via recount.


1993 Boston City Council election, District 8
Councillor David Scondras was defeated by Thomas M. Keane Jr.


1993 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1993 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Eagles were led by head coach Tom Coughlin, in his third and final year with the team, and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. They competed as members of the Big East Conference.


1993 Boston College Eagles football team
After opening the year with two consecutive losses, Boston College went on an eight-game win streak, the last of which was a  monumental upset over rival Notre Dame. Notre Dame had been the favorites to win the national title after beating Florida State the week prior, but their title hopes were dashed by Boston College when Eagles kicker David Gordon hit a 41-yard field goal as time expired to win 41–39. After losing to eventual Big East champions West Virginia in the final game of the regular season, they were invited to the 1994 Carquest Bowl, where they defeated Virginia, 31–13. The Eagles were ranked 13th in the season's final AP Poll.


1993 Boston College Eagles football team
Quarterback Glenn Foley was named Big East Offensive Player of the Year, throwing for 3,397 yards and 25 touchdowns. He was joined on the First Team All-Big East by tight end Pete Mitchell and linebacker Stephen Boyd.


1993 Boston Marathon
The 1993 Boston Marathon was the 97th running of the annual marathon race in Boston, United States, which was held on April 19. The elite men's race was won by Kenya's Cosmas Ndeti in a time of 2:09:33 hours and the women's race was won by Russia's Olga Markova in 2:25:27.


1993 Boston Red Sox season
The 1993 Boston Red Sox season was the 93rd season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished fifth in the American League East with a record of 80 wins and 82 losses, 15 games behind the Toronto Blue Jays, who went on to win the 1993 World Series.


1993 Boston Red Sox season, Spring training
In a spring training game on April 2, 1993, Frank Viola and Cory Bailey combined on a no-hitter as the Red Sox defeated the Philadelphia Phillies, 10–0, at Jack Russell Memorial Stadium in Clearwater, Florida.


1993 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Alumni game
On May 29, the Red Sox held an old-timers game, themed to honor Negro league legends; it was held before a scheduled home game with the Texas Rangers. Hitting instructor Mike Easler drove in both runs for the Red Sox alumni team in a 2–2 tie; other participants included César Cedeño, Jim Lonborg, and Roy White.


1993 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1993 Boston Red Sox season, Farm system
The Fort Lauderdale Red Sox replaced the Winter Haven Red Sox as a Class A-Advanced affiliate. The Utica Blue Sox replaced the Elmira Pioneers as the Red Sox' Class A-Short Season affiliate.


1993 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1993 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their fourth season under head coach Dan Allen, the Terriers compiled a 12–1 record (8–0 against conference opponents), won the Yankee Conference, lost to Idaho in the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division I-AA playoffs, and outscored by a total of 436 to 211.


1993 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1993 occurred on Tuesday, November 2, 1993, between Acting Mayor Thomas Menino and State Representative James T. Brett. Menino was elected to his first term.


1993 Boston mayoral election
This election came just two years after the prior mayoral election (1991) due to Raymond Flynn—who had been Mayor of Boston since 1984—being appointed United States Ambassador to the Holy See. Following Flynn's appointment in July 1993, Boston City Council president Menino became acting mayor.


1993 Boston mayoral election
The nonpartisan municipal preliminary election was held on September 21, 1993.


1993 Bournemouth bombing
On 13 August 1993, the IRA planted 8 bombs around the British town of Bournemouth of which 5 were detonated in 2 separate attacks. In the first, 4 incendiary devices out of 6 were detonated in the town centre destroying a Maple & Co. furniture store and damaging 3 other shops. Later that day, a bomb went off on Bournemouth Pier which caused structural damage and a much larger explosive was defused by police. Only minor injuries were reported.


1993 Bournemouth bombing
The morning before the bombings occurred, a bomb warning was called in to the Brighton police. The caller claimed to be with the IRA and warned police of possible attacks on the town of Bournemouth, as well as the cities of Brighton and Torquay.


1993 Bowbazar bombing
The Bowbazaar bomb blast was an explosion which occurred in the central business district of Bowbazar, Calcutta, India on the night of 16 March 1993. In total, it claimed the lives of 69 people.


1993 Bowbazar bombing, Background
In 1993, Mohammed Rashid Khan ran gambling establishments in the Bowbazaar area and had a workshop above his office where he made small bombs. After the demolition of the Babri Masjid and the riots which followed, Khan and his accomplices made plans to bomb parts of the city in order to kill Hindu residents. He began stockpiling explosives. Preparations were made secretly until, on the night of 16 March, the entire stockpile blew up accidentally. If the blast had occurred in the daytime, the death toll would have been much higher. According to some witnesses, the sound of the blast could be heard 3 miles away.


1993 Bowbazar bombing, Aftermath
Khan and five others were sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 by the Calcutta High Court under the Terrorist And Disruptive (Prevention) Act (TADA).


1993 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1993 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third season under head coach Gary Blackney, the Falcons compiled a 6–3–2 record (5–1–2 against MAC opponents), finished in third place in the MAC, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 268 to 173.


1993 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The team's statistical leaders included Ryan Henry with 2,243 passing yards, Zeb Jackson with 952 rushing yards, and Rameir Martin with 876 receiving yards.


1993 Brabantse Pijl
The 1993 Brabantse Pijl was the 33rd edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 28 March 1993. The race started and finished in Alsemberg. The race was won by Edwig Van Hooydonck.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix
The 1993 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Interlagos on 28 March 1993. It was the second race of the 1993 Formula One World Championship.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix
The 71-lap race was won by local hero Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Ford, with English driver Damon Hill second in a Williams-Renault and German Michael Schumacher third in a Benetton-Ford. Senna was the last Brazilian driver to win his home race until Felipe Massa in 2006.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Brazil was Senna's home race but he was able to do nothing to prevent the Williamses being 1–2 in qualifying with Prost on pole ahead of Hill. Senna was third ahead of Schumacher, Andretti and Patrese.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix, Report, Race
At the start, Senna got ahead of Hill but Andretti hit Berger with both crashing hard in the tyre barrier in turn 1. Both of them along with Brundle and Fabrizio Barbazza's Minardi were out. The order was: Prost, Senna, Hill, a fast starting Jean Alesi, Schumacher, and Lehto.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Schumacher passed Alesi on lap 2, but his teammate Patrese only lasted until the fourth lap when his suspension failed. While Prost built up a substantial lead, Senna was under pressure from Hill who took second on lap 11. On lap 25, Senna was issued a stop-go penalty for lapping a backmarker under yellow flags and dropped behind Schumacher. There was a heavy rain shower, and many drivers pitted for wet tyres, including Senna, Schumacher and Hill, while Prost stayed out on slick tyres.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Several drivers spun, with both Ukyo Katayama and Aguri Suzuki crashing on the start–finish straight on lap 27, the Footwork partially blocking the circuit and bringing out the safety car – the second time this had been seen in Formula 1 following its trial at the Canadian Grand Prix several years earlier. Fittipaldi spun at the first corner on lap 30 with his car stopped in the middle of the track. With the rain coming down harder, Prost lost control and, unable to avoid Fittipaldi's car, crashed into him, taking them both out of the race.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix, Report, Race
As the wreckage was cleared, the new safety car controlled the field, Hill led Senna, Schumacher (who had lost time during his pit stop because his car fell off the jack), Alesi, Johnny Herbert, and Lehto. They were followed by Alessandro Zanardi, Philippe Alliot, Mark Blundell, Derek Warwick, rookie Luca Badoer, Karl Wendlinger, Andrea de Cesaris, Érik Comas, and Michele Alboreto.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix, Report, Race
The rain stopped and the safety car went in, and the order stayed as listed. The sun then came out, it began to dry rapidly and everyone stopped for dry tyres. Johnny Herbert had pitted for slicks right when the safety car pulled back into the pits, and he was to move up to third place due to this early change back to slicks.


1993 Brazilian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Just after the tire stops Senna passed Hill for the lead and pulled away. Behind, Schumacher and Alesi had stop-go penalties for passing under yellow flags, Schumacher dropping to fifth and Alesi going down to ninth. Schumacher passed Blundell and then Herbert to take third. Senna won from Hill, Schumacher, Herbert, Blundell and Alessandro Zanardi.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
The 1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum was held on 21 April 1993 to determine the form of government of the country. After the re-democratization of Brazil, an article in the new Constitution determined the holding of a referendum for voters to decide if the country should remain a republic or become a monarchy again, and if the system of government should be presidential or parliamentary. Voting for "monarchy" and "presidentialism" in tandem would annul one's vote.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
At the time, the country had been a republic for 104 years since the coup d'état that overthrew the monarchy on 15 November 1889 and, apart from a brief parliamentarian experience between 1961 and 1963 (also defeated in a referendum), the system had been presidential. Since the republic was originally a provisional government resulting from a military coup, a decree under the first republican Constitution predicted another referendum to popularly legitimate or change the current form of government.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
As to the 1993 referendum, the Constitution specified that Congress, sitting in joint session, would be empowered to effect a revision of the Constitution in 1994 by an absolute majority instead of the qualified majority procedure with separate votes in both houses of Congress that is usually required for constitutional amendments; any change of regime decided during the referendum would be adopted during the said constitutional revision.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
Federal Law n° 8.624, signed into law by President Itamar Franco on 4 February 1993, regulated the holding of the referendum.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
An overwhelming majority of voters favoured the republican regime and the presidential system. In spite of heavy campaigning on TV and radio, turnout was relatively low (74.3%), considering that voting is compulsory in the country.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum, Origin
The attempted resurrection of the imperial regime came from federal deputy Antônio Henrique Bittencourt da Cunha Bueno (from São Paulo's Social Democratic Party), a member of the Constituent Assembly which approved the Constitution which put an end to the military regime. A monarchist since a child, and son of Antônio Sílvio Cunha Bueno, one of SDP's founders in São Paulo, he decided to propose to his fellow deputies the hold of a referendum to give the people the possibility to choose the form of government they preferred.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum, Origin
His main argument was that during the reign of Pedro II, Brazil had experienced a period of great stability. Surprisingly, his proposal was included in the new Constitution. Bueno managed to convince the Constituent Assembly that, since the Republic had been proclaimed in Brazil by means of a military coup d'état in 1889, without any say of the people, the Brazilian Nation should be given the chance of deciding the form of Government of their choice.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum, Origin
Given that, when the Constitution was approved in 1988, the country was in a process of returning to democracy after a long military regime, the idea of giving the people the opportunity to decide their form of Government (either choosing the restoration of the Monarchy or opting for the Republic, an option that would give popular legitimacy to a form of Government that had been first imposed in a military coup) gained wide support in the Constituent Assembly.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum, Origin
Also, several members of the Assembly were in favour of a parliamentary republic (the original drafts of the Constitution provided for a parliamentary system of government within a republic, but a vote by the Assembly altered the draft so as to preserve the presidential Executive); those members of the Assembly who favored a parliamentary model and who had been defeated in the system of government vote then supported the proposal that led to the inclusion in the Constitution of the provision summoning the referendum.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum, Origin
The supporters of a parliamentary republic, who desired only a referendum on the system of government (parliamentary or presidential) voted in favour of Bueno's proposal for a question also dealing with the form of Government (monarchy or republic), because they reckoned that all monarchists would also vote for a parliamentary model in the system of government question.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum, Origin
On May 1992, Bueno launched the Parliamentary Monarchist Movement alongside Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza, then head of the Petrópolis branch of the Brazilian Imperial Family and one of the two claimants to the defunct Brazilian throne. According to him, only petistas were able to rival the monarchist militancy. On 4 February 1993, President Itamar Franco signed into law the bill N° 8.624, which regulated the holding of the referendum.


1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum, Campaign
According to some polling institutes, the monarchist campaign was able to obtain the support of 22% of the voters in 1992. Concerned about this, the main political parties at that time, such as PT, PFL, PMDB and PTB formed the so-called Presidential Front on one side and the Parliamentary Front (PSDB) at the other side in order to oppose the ambitions of royalist groups. In spite of the defeat obtained by the monarchist movement, their slogan Vote for the king (Portuguese: Vote no rei!) became one of the most well known in the history of Brazilian electoral campaigns, and 13.4% of the voters supported a monarchical regime.