1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres
Half a lap back, Barsosio had edged ahead of with Loroupe unable to maintain the pace and fading, then Zhong launched into a sprint the loping Barsosio could not match, pulling away to a three second gap for silver. After the race, Barsosio was disqualified, only to be reinstated on appeal. A little over two weeks later, Wang demolished the world record, running 29:31.78, part of a record smashing National Games of China when three major women's distance records were set. Wang's 10,000 record lasted until the  2016 Olympics when it was smashed by Ethiopian Almaz Ayana.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres
Her 3000 metres record from 1993 has never been beaten. 4th place in that 1993 Chinese race is still the #4 time in history. In 2016, a letter written by Wang in 1995 was published where she is said to have admitted to herself and her Liaoning teammates doping. Zhong trained with a different group in Yunnan. Four years later Barsosio won this race as a 19 year old.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres
These are the official results of the Women's 100 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 55 participating athletes, with seven qualifying heats and the final held on Monday 1993-08-16.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres hurdles
These are the official results of the Women's 100 metres Hurdles event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 43 participating athletes, with three semi-finals and six qualifying heats and the final held on Friday August 20, 1993.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres
These are the official results of the Women's 1.500 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in  Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 40 participating athletes, with three qualifying heats and the final held on Sunday 1993-08-22.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres
The three Chinese athletes in this race showed their inexperience at this level. Yan Wei looked at the starter while all the other athletes were looking forward at their first step. At the gun, all three were squeezed to the back having to halt their steps, with Liu Dong being left at the back of the field. Liu sped around the outside of the field in the first 125 metres to reach the front, but Olympic champion Hassiba Boulmerka had no interest in letting her take the pace, instead aggressively holding Liu to the outside.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres
Boxed at the back of the pack for the first 400 meters, Lü Yi then ran around the far outside of the pack to join Liu's shoulder on the outside. Just before 800 meters, Yan worked her way through traffic to get behind Lü, temporarily boxing in Sonia O'Sullivan. Crossing the start line for the second time, Liu accelerated into the lead with Lü in tow. Boulmerka continued to fight, holding off Lü with the field stringing out behind them.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres
Over the next lap, it became a four-woman breakaway as O'Sullivan was the only other able to hold onto the pace. Liu continued to increase the gap to Boulmerka, opening up 10 metres down the backstretch as Lü sprinted past Boulmerka into second. O'Sullivan followed Lü then sprinted past her on the final curve. Liu was gone, pulling away to a 15-metre win. O'Sullivan maintained her position as Lü faded. Boulmerka was unable to make any headway against O'Sullivan and had to settle for bronze.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres
These are the official results of the Women's 200 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 50 participating athletes, with seven qualifying heats and the final held on Thursday 1993-08-19.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres
These are the official results of the Women's 3000 metres event at the 1993 World Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 47 participating athletes, with three qualifying heats and the final held on Monday 16 August 1993.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay
These are the official results of the Women's 4x100 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. Their final was held on Sunday 1993-08-22.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay
These are the official results of the Women's 4x400 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. Their final was held on Sunday 1993-08-22.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres
These are the official results of the Women's 400 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total of 37 participating athletes, with five qualifying heats and the final held on Tuesday 1993-08-17.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres hurdles
These are the official results of the Women's 400 metres Hurdles event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 36 participating athletes, with Five qualifying heats, three semi-finals and the final held on Thursday 1993-08-19.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres
These are the official results of the Women's 800 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 37 participating athletes, with five qualifying heats and the final held on Tuesday 1993-08-17.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres, Doping disqualification
Liliya Nurutdinova (Russia) was disqualified after testing positive for the anabolic steroid stanozolol.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's discus throw
These are the official results of the Women's Discus Throw event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 34 participating athletes, with two qualifying groups and the final held on Thursday August 19, 1993. The qualification mark was set at 62.50 metres.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's heptathlon
These are the official results of the Women's Heptathlon competition at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 34 participating athletes, including ten non-finishers. The competition started on Monday August 16, 1993, and ended on Tuesday August 17, 1993.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's high jump
These are the official results of the Women's High Jump event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 38 participating athletes, with two qualifying groups and the final held on Saturday August 21, 1993. The qualification mark was set at 1.93 metres.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's javelin throw
These are the official results of the Women's Javelin Throw event at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 31 participating athletes, with the final held on Sunday August 22, 1993. All results were made with a rough surfaced javelin. The qualification mark was set at 62.00 metres.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump
These are the official results of the Women's Long Jump event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 38 participating athletes, with two qualifying groups and the final held on Sunday 1993-08-15.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's marathon
The Women's Marathon at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany, was held on Sunday August 15, 1993.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put
These are the official results of the Women's Shot Put event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total of 27 participating athletes, with the final held on Sunday August 15, 1993. The qualification mark was set at 19.00 metres.


1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump
These are the official results of the Women's Triple Jump event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total of 30 participating athletes, with two qualifying groups and the final held on Saturday August 21, 1993. For the first this event was staged at the World Championships.


1993 World Cup of Golf
The 1993 World Cup of Golf took place November 11–14 at the Lake Nona Golf & Country Club in Orlando, Florida, United States. It was the 39th World Cup. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with each team consisting of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. Individuals also competed for the International Trophy. The winners share of the prize money was $300,000 going to the winning pair and $100,000 to the top individual.


1993 World Cup of Golf
The United States team of Fred Couples and Davis Love III won (for the second time in a row with the same players in the team) by five strokes over the Zimbabwe team of Mark McNulty and Nick Price. Bernhard Langer of Germany took the International Trophy by three strokes over Couples.


1993 World Cup of Golf, Scores
Roy Mackenzie of Chile withdrew with a neck injury and Park Nam-sin of South Korea was disqualified for signing an incorrect scorecard.


1993 World Fencing Championships
The 1993 World Fencing Championships were held from 1 July to 11 July 1993 in Essen, Germany.


1993 World Figure Skating Championships
The 1993 World Figure Skating Championships were held in Prague (Sportovní hala), Czech Republic on March. Medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1993 World Figure Skating Championships
1993 was the first year that the ISU introduced a qualifying round for the singles events. In the qualifying events, the skaters were split into two groups, with the top 12 in each group advancing to the short program.


1993 World Games
The 1993 World Games (Dutch: 1993 Wereldspelen), the fourth World Games, were an international multi-sport event held in The Hague, Netherlands.


1993 World Games, Titles
155 titles were awarded in 23 sports (not including invitational sports — aikido, equestrian vaulting, indoor tug of war, and barefoot waterski).


1993 World Games, Medal table
The medal tally during the fourth World Games is as follows. Germany finished at the top of the final medal table. There were two gold medals (and zero silver medals) awarded in five of the acrobatic gymnastics events because of ties for first place. There were two bronze medals awarded in the karate kumite (10) and taekwondo (12) events and one of the acrobatic gymnastics events.


1993 World Horticultural Exposition
The International horticultural exposition 1993 (short: 1993 IGA ) was held at the Baden-Wuerttemberg state capital, Stuttgart, Germany. The IGA was within the past 54 years already the fifth major horticultural show which hosted Stuttgart in the 20th century. Recognised by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), the Expo ran from April 23, 1993, to October 17, 1993. Held at Wartenberg and Killesberg parks, the goal was to be visually and functionally integrated with the two challenging terrains, the Wartberg and the Leibfriedsche garden. This was achieved.


1993 World Horticultural Exposition
The long Advised long-term goal to pull a U-shaped green belt around the city, which became a reality. The mascot of the horticultural show called "Flori", a bird with a cowboy hat. Overall, 7.3 million people visited the garden show. Thus the expectations of the city fathers were exceeded, because it had been expected a turnout of 7 million.


1993 World Horticultural Exposition, Application and preparation
The organization and management of horticultural event was in the hands of the established by the City and the Central Association of Horticulture IGA Stuttgart'93 GmbH. The chairman was the then-Mayor Manfred Rommel. As early as 1977 was the preparation of temporary and permanent installations, the Technical Department of the City of Stuttgart, headed by Mayor Hans-Dieter Künne, a postdoctoral civil responsibility. In the Parks Department project groups were formed to support sustainable approach.


1993 World Horticultural Exposition, Horticultural show areas
At Wartberg there was a landscape of extensive use, with virtually no public access. Hedges, ditches, dry stone walls and orchards dominated the terrain. No less challenging was the terrain of Leibfried's garden, which had a woodland park of trees.


1993 World Horticultural Exposition, Horticultural show areas
Two main issues dominated the garden show at Wartberg, the preservation of an intact environment and the commitment to the concerns of people with disabilities. The land at Wartberg slopes were re-parceled. 40 permanent allotments resulting from this measure. The 3.5-kilometre-long (2 mi) network of paths had a width of 5.5 m (18 feet). To remain true to the premise of a responsible treatment of nature, the initiators came regarding the path width that only 3.5 m (11 feet) were asphalted. The edges of one meter width were gravelled.


1993 World Horticultural Exposition, Horticultural show areas
In Killesburg, the lake in the "Valley of Roses" was deepened and new sealed and equipped for the purpose of oxygen supply with a fountain permanently in operation. An open-air stage was created with 4,000 seats. The large flower meadow was lush (begonias, chrysanthemums, geraniums, marigolds, verbena, zinnia, impatiens, snapdragons and carnations planted).


1993 World Horticultural Exposition, Horticultural show areas
At the Nations Gardens, 22 nations presented their products on an area of 52,000 square meters. The gardens were connected by wooden walkways. The various countries' typical plants were presented, such as apple ( Belgium , Switzerland , Netherlands ), olive (Iran , Sardinia and others), palm (Egypt , Angola , Tunisia , India), cherry ( China ) or grape (Austria, Hungary, Turkey and South Africa). A special garden was the Chinese "Qing Yin Garden", the "garden of beautiful melody". Using wood, brick and sandstone, it was created by the architects and gardeners of the "Middle Kingdom". It is a garden of bamboo and various conifers.


1993 World Horticultural Exposition, Bridges
Two bridges were built in tubular steel construction. Two other three-arm suspension bridges lead over the Stuttgart North station and the "Heilbronner Straße". The bridge Palaeontologic displays the motto: "Above landscape, below traffic". The planning and construction supervision was Schlaich, Berger and Partner, Stuttgart.


1993 World Indoor Archery Championships
The 1993 World Indoor Target Archery Championships were held in Perpignan, France.


1993 World Indoor Bowls Championship
The 1993 Midland Bank World Indoor Bowls Championship  was held at Preston Guild Hall, Preston, England, from 15–27 February 1993. Richard Corsie won his third title beating Jim McCann in the final. The Pairs title went to Gary Smith & Andy Thomson.


1993 World Indoor Bowls Championship
The Women's World Indoor Championship was held in Guernsey during April with the final being held on 18 April. the winner was Kate Adams.


1993 World Judo Championships
The 1993 World Judo Championships were the 18th edition of the World Judo Championships, and were held in Hamilton, Canada from September 30 to October 3, 1993.


1993 World Junior Curling Championships
The 1993 World Junior Curling Championships were held from March 21 to 27 in Grindelwald, Switzerland.


1993 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
The 1993 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held on December 1–6, 1992 in Seoul, South Korea. The event was sanctioned by the International Skating Union and open to ISU member nations. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
The 1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (1993 WJHC) was the 17th edition of the Ice Hockey World Junior Championship and was held in Gävle, Sweden. Canada won the gold medal, its sixth championship, while Sweden won silver, and the combined team of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic won bronze. Peter Forsberg of Sweden scored a tournament record 31 points, while teammate Markus Näslund's 13 goals also set a tournament record.


1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Final standings
The 1993 tournament was a round-robin format, with the top three teams winning gold, silver and bronze medals respectively. As the tournament was ongoing, the nation of Czechoslovakia was dissolved into two separate nations, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, on New Years Day, 1993. The team remained unified throughout the tournament, however the Czechoslovakian flag and anthem were replaced with the flag and anthem of the International Ice Hockey Federation on January 1. Meanwhile, the former Soviet Union, which had competed in 1992 as the Commonwealth of Independent States was replaced in this tournament by Russia.


1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Pool B
Eight teams contested the second tier this year in Lillehammer and Hamar Norway from December 27 to January 5. It was played in a simple round robin format, each team playing seven games.


1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Pool B
Switzerland was promoted to Pool A and the Netherlands was relegated to Pool C for 1994.


1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Qualification for Pool C
Nine countries played a qualification tournament from November 10 to 15, for a spot in the C Pool. Five teams played in Riga Latvia while the remaining four played in Minsk Belarus, with the first place teams playing each other in Riga. Greece was the only competitor who was not making their debut.


1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Pool C
Eight teams were divided into two round robin groups, with placement games to follow (1st played 1st, etc.). The tournament took place from December 30 to January 3, in Odense and Esbjerg Denmark.


1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships rosters
Below are the rosters for the 1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships held in Sweden.


1993 World Marathon Cup
The 1993 World Marathon Cup was the fifth edition of the World Marathon Cup of athletics and were held in San Sebastián, Spain.


1993 World Masters Athletics Championships
The tenth World Masters Athletics Championships were held in Miyazaki, Japan, from October 7-17, 1993. The World Masters Athletics Championships serve the division of the sport of athletics for people over 35 years of age, referred to as masters athletics.


1993 World Masters Athletics Championships
A full range of track and field events were held, along with a cross country race and a marathon.


1993 World Men's Curling Championship
The 1993 World Men's Curling Championship was held at the Patinoire des Vernets in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28 to April 4.


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Hugh Millikin Third: Tom Kidd Second: Gerald Chick Lead: Brian Johnson Alternate: Neil Galbraith


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Russ Howard Third: Glenn Howard Second: Wayne Middaugh Lead: Peter Corner Alternate: Larry Merkley


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Gert Larsen Third: Oluf Olsen Second: Michael Harry Lead: Henrik Jakobsen Alternate: Tom Nielsen


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Claude Feige Third: Jan Henri Ducroz Second: Daniel Moratelli Lead: Laurent Flenghi Alternate: Joel Indergand


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Wolfgang Burba Third: Bernhard Mayr Second: Markus Herberg Lead: Martin Beiser Alternate: Daniel Herberg


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Tormod Andreassen Third: Stig-Arne Gunnestad Second: Flemming Davanger Lead: Kjell Berg Alternate: Pål Trulsen


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : David Smith Third: Graeme Connal Second: Peter Smith Lead: David Hay Alternate: Gordon Muirhead


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Peter Lindholm Third: Tomas Nordin Second: Magnus Swartling Lead: Peter Narup Alternate: Örjan Jonsson


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Dieter Wüest Third: Jens Piesbergen Second: Peter Grendelmeier Lead: Simon Roth Alternate: Martin Zürrer


1993 World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Scott Baird Third: Pete Fenson Second: Mark Haluptzok Lead: Tim Johnson Alternate: Dan Haluptzok


1993 World Men's Handball Championship
The 1993 World Men's Handball Championship was the 13th handball World Championship. It was held in Sweden 10-20 March. Russia won the championship.


1993 World Men's Handball Championship, Teams
*Note: Although the Czech Republic and Slovakia became separate countries in 1993, the countries still competed together in the tournament as the Czechoslovak Handball Federation was not split yet.


1993 World Men's Handball Championship, Preliminary round
Top 3 from groups A & B plays in group 1 while top 3 from groups C & D plays in group 2 in the main round. The teams carry their results against the other teams to the main round. The last team from each group is eliminated from the championship.


1993 World Men's Handball Championship, Main round
The winners of each group face of against each other in the final. The second-place finishers play the game for 3rd position, the third-place finishers play the game for 5th position and so on.


1993 World Men's Handball Championship, Medal summary
Andrey AntonevichVyacheslav AtavinTalant DuyshebaevDmitry FilippovAleksey FrantsuzovValeri GopinVyacheslav GorpishinOleg GrebnevDmitry KarlovOleg KisselevVasily KudinovAndrey LavrovOleg SapronovPavel SukosyanDmitri TorgovanovIgor Vasilyev


1993 World Men's Handball Championship, Medal summary
Philippe GardentChristian GaudinPhilippe JuliaDenis LathoudPatrick LepetitPascal MahéGaël MonthurelLaurent MunierFrederic PerezThierry PerreuxÉric QuintinJackson RichardsonPhilippe SchaafStéphane StoecklinJean-Luc ThiébautFrédéric Volle


1993 World Men's Handball Championship, Medal summary
Magnus AnderssonAnders BäckegrenPer CarlénMagnus CatoErik HajasJerry HallbäckRobert HedinTony HedinOla LindgrenMats OlssonStaffan OlssonTomas SvenssonPierre ThorssonRobert VenäläinenMagnus Wislander


1993 World Mountain Running Trophy
The 1993 World Mountain Running Championships was the 9th edition of the global mountain running competition, World Mountain Running Championships, organised by the World Mountain Running Association and was held in Gap, Hautes-Alpes, France on 5 September 1993.


1993 World Orienteering Championships
The 1993 World Orienteering Championships, the 15th World Orienteering Championships, were held in West Point, New York, United States, 9–14 October 1993.


1993 World Orienteering Championships
The championships had six events; the classic distance (formerly called individual) for men and women, the short distance for men and women, and relays for men and women.


1993 World Rally Championship
The 1993 World Rally Championship was the 21st season of the FIA World Rally Championship. The season consisted of 13 rallies. Juha Kankkunen won his fourth drivers' world championship in a Toyota Celica Turbo 4WD, ahead of François Delecour and Didier Auriol. The manufacturers' title was won by Toyota, ahead of Ford and Subaru.


1993 World Rally Championship
Lancia dropped the Martini Racing works team, while the Lancia Delta continued through privateers Jolly Club and Astra Racing.


1993 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
The XVII World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Alicante, Spain, on November 4–07 1993.


1993 World Rowing Championships
The 1993 World Rowing Championships were World Rowing Championships that were held from 30 August to 5 September 1993 at Račice, Czech Republic.


1993 World Sambo Championships
The 1993 World Sambo Championships were held in Kstovo, Russia on 1993. Championships were organized by FIAS.


1993 World Series
The 1993 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1993 season. The 90th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the defending champions and American League (AL) champion Toronto Blue Jays and the National League (NL) champion Philadelphia Phillies. The Blue Jays defeated the Phillies, four games to two.


1993 World Series
With Toronto ahead three games to two in the Series, but trailing Game 6 by a score of 6–5 in the bottom of the ninth inning, Joe Carter hit a game-winning three-run home run to clinch Toronto's second consecutive championship (the first team to repeat as champions since the 1977–78 Yankees).


1993 World Series
This was only the second Series concluded by such a home run (the first was in 1960 on a Bill Mazeroski home run for the Pittsburgh Pirates, in the bottom of the ninth in the seventh game), and the first such occasion where a come-from-behind walk-off home run won a World Series. This was the last major North American professional sports championship won by a Canadian team until Toronto FC won the MLS Cup in 2017.


1993 World Series
This was the fourth World Series with games played entirely on artificial turf, following the series of 1980, 1985, and 1987. A fifth occurred in 2020, although that was a neutral-site series played due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


1993 World Series
Larry Andersen was the only member of the Phillies who had played for the team in its previous World Series appearance in 1983. Darren Daulton had been a late season call-up in 1983, but only served as the bullpen catcher in the World Series that year.


1993 World Series, Summary
AL Toronto Blue Jays (4) vs. NL Philadelphia Phillies (2)


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The Series' first game sent two staff aces—Curt Schilling for Philadelphia and Juan Guzman for Toronto—against one another. The result was less than a pitcher's duel, however, as both teams scored early and often. The Philles struck first in the top of the first on RBI singles by John Kruk and Darren Daulton aided by two walks. In the bottom of the second, after two singles and a wild pitch, Paul Molitor's single and Tony Fernandez's groundout scored a run each to tie the game.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The Phillies took a 3–2 lead in the third when Mariano Duncan hit a leadoff single, stole second and scored on Kruk's single, but the Blue Jays tied the game in the bottom half when Devon White reached third on left fielder's Milt Thompson's error and scored on Joe Carter's sacrifice fly. The Phillies retook the lead in the fifth inning when Duncan tripled with one out and scored on a wild pitch, but White hit a home run to tie the game in the bottom of the inning.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The next inning, John Olerud hit a home run of his own to put Toronto on top 5–4. In the seventh, after two one-out singles, Schilling was relieved by David West, who allowed an RBI double to White and two-run double to Roberto Alomar to pad Toronto's lead to 8–4. The Phillies got a run in the ninth when Kruk hit a leadoff single, moved to second on an error and scored on Jim Eisenreich's two-out single, but Duane Ward got Ricky Jordan to fly out to end the game as Toronto won 8–5. Al Leiter pitched 2+2⁄3 innings—in relief of an erratic Juan Guzman, who walked four in just five innings—for his first World Series win. Kruk had three hits for Philadelphia. Alomar made an amazing diving catch on a Lenny Dykstra looper behind first in the top of the fifth.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
In the second game of the Series, ALCS MVP Dave Stewart was on the mound for Toronto and Terry Mulholland started for Philadelphia. Philadelphia jumped out to an early lead: in the third inning, After two walks, John Kruk and Dave Hollins hit back-to-back RBI singles, then Jim Eisenreich followed with a three-run home run to deep right-center to put them up 5–0.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Toronto got on the scoreboard in the fourth inning courtesy of a Joe Carter two-run home run to left, then cut the Phillies' lead to 5–3 in the sixth when Roberto Alomar singled with two outs and scored on Tony Fernandez's double, but the Phillies got that run back in the seventh on Lenny Dykstra's home run off of Tony Castillo. Toronto cut the lead to 6–4 in the eighth when Paul Molitor hit a leadoff double off of Roger Mason, stole third and scored on John Olerud's sacrifice fly off of Mitch Williams. Alomar then walked and stole second, but was caught stealing third to end the inning. Williams then pitched a scoreless ninth as the Phillies won to tie the series. Mulholland pitched 5+2⁄3 innings, allowing three earned runs, for the win.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
As he had in the previous World Series, when the 1993 edition moved into the National League ballpark Toronto manager Cito Gaston was faced with a decision regarding his designated hitter. In 1992, Dave Winfield was Gaston’s regular DH but in the three games the series was played in Atlanta, he inserted him into the lineup in his natural position of right field; in two of those games Gaston moved his regular right fielder, Joe Carter, to first base and kept John Olerud out of his lineup.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
This time, with Paul Molitor in his lineup, Gaston again had to decide whether or not to keep Olerud, who led the major leagues with a .363 batting average and was a good defensive first baseman, in the lineup or replace him with the veteran Molitor, who at this point in his career had mostly been a regular DH and could only play first base if needed. Gaston decided to stick with the veteran Molitor.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The Blue Jays sent future Cy Young winner Pat Hentgen to the mound for Game 3. The Phillies countered with veteran Danny Jackson, who was one of the few Phillies that had pitched in a World Series; he was part of the 1985 Kansas City and 1990 Cincinnati teams that won world championships.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The Blue Jays struck for two runs before recording an out. After Rickey Henderson’s leadoff single and Devon White’s walk, Molitor tripled to drive them both in. Joe Carter then extended the Toronto lead to 3–0 with a sacrifice fly, but Jackson got out of the inning by retiring Roberto Alomar and Tony Fernandez.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The Phillies got two runners in scoring position with one out in their half of the first, with Mariano Duncan and John Kruk singling and an error by Carter enabling both runners to advance a base. Hentgen ended the threat by striking out Dave Hollins and Darren Daulton; the Phillies only got one more man on base before the sixth inning.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Molitor struck again with two out in the fourth, hitting a solo home run to extend the lead to four. Carter, Alomar, and Fernandez followed with singles to load the bases, but Jackson struck out Ed Sprague to end the inning without further damage. Jackson would be lifted for a pinch hitter in the fifth.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
In the sixth, Phillies reliever Ben Rivera gave up a leadoff single to Alomar. With Fernandez up, the speedy second baseman stole second and third and scored on a sacrifice fly by his double play partner. The Phillies got on the board in the bottom of the inning on a single by Jim Eisenreich that drove in Kruk. This was Hentgen’s last inning of work; Danny Cox would come on for the seventh.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
In the top of the seventh, Henderson hit a leadoff double, then scored on a triple by White. After a walk by Molitor and a Carter strikeout, Alomar's RBI single made it 7–1 in favor of Toronto. Bobby Thigpen relieved Rivera and walked Fernandez before Sprague's sacrifice fly made it 8–1.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The Phillies managed a run off of Cox in the seventh, with a string of singles by Milt Thompson, Lenny Dykstra, and Duncan with one out resulted in Thompson scoring. The Blue Jays finished their offensive output in the top of the ninth with an RBI triple by Alomar that scored Molitor and a single by Fernandez that followed to bring in Alomar. Thompson hit a solo home run against Toronto closer Duane Ward in the bottom of the ninth to finish out the scoring, and the Blue Jays emerged with a 10–3 victory and a two-games-to-one lead in the series.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
In the fourth game of the Series, Toronto sent Todd Stottlemyre to the mound while Philadelphia countered with Tommy Greene. It had been a rainy day in Philadelphia, which water-logged the aging turf at Veterans Stadium, making for particularly slippery conditions.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Toronto loaded the bases in the first on a double, walk and single. Paul Molitor walked to force in a run before Tony Fernandez's single scored two more. In the bottom half, three walks loaded the bases for the Phillies before Jim Eisenreich walked to force in a run, then Milt Thompson's three-run triple put the Phillies up 4–3. Lenny Dykstra's two-run home run next inning made it 6–3 Phillies. In the top of the third, after a one-out walk and single, consecutive RBI singles by Tony Fernandez and Pat Borders cut the lead to 6–5.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Roger Mason relieved Greene and after a groundout and walk, Devon White's two-run single put Toronto up 7–6, but the Phillies tied the game in the fourth when Dykstra doubled with two outs off of Al Leiter and scored on Mariano Duncan's single. Next inning, after a leadoff single, Darren Daulton's two-run home run put the Phillies up 9–7. After another single, Thompson's RBI double made it 10–7, then Dykstra's second home run of the game made it 12–7 Phillies.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
In the sixth, White hit a leadoff double before scoring on Roberto Alomar's single off of David West. After a single and hit-by-pitch loaded the bases, Fernandez's RBI groundout cut the Phillies' lead to 12–9, but they added a run in the bottom half when Dave Hollins hit a leadoff double off of Tony Castillo and scored on Thompson's two-out single. Next inning, a hit-by-pitch to Daulton with the bases loaded made it 14–9 Phillies. In the eighth, though, after a one-out single and walk off of Larry Andersen, Molitor's RBI double made it 14–10 Phillies. Fernandez then hit an RBI single off of Mitch Williams. A walk loaded the bases, then after a strikeout, Rickey Henderson's single and White's triple scored two runs each to put Toronto ahead 15–14. Duane Ward earned the save, retiring the last four Phillies batters.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Three new World Series records were set, including the longest game (4:14), most total runs scored in a single game (29), and most runs scored by a losing team (14). Also, Charlie Williams became the first African American to serve as the home plate umpire for a World Series game.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Two death threats directed towards Mitch Williams were phoned into Veterans Stadium as soon as it became evident that Williams was going to be the losing pitcher of Game 4. Williams was not aware of the death threats until after Game 5.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The offenses were due for an off-day, and it came in Game 5 courtesy of a Curt Schilling (Philadelphia) and Juan Guzman (Toronto) pitching duel. Schilling shut down the previously unstoppable Toronto offense, limiting the team to just five hits, no extra-base hits (although catcher Pat Borders had two hits) and no runs in a complete-game shutout. It was only the second time all season that Toronto had been shut out. Guzman pitched well in a losing effort, allowing only two runs and five hits in seven innings of work.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The two runs scored as a result of scrappy baserunning play from the Philadelphia offense. In the first inning, Lenny Dykstra walked, stole second, moved to third on a Pat Borders throwing error, and scored on a John Kruk ground out. In the second inning, Darren Daulton opened with a double, took third on a groundout, and scored on a Kevin Stocker single.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
As it turned out, it was the final postseason baseball game in Veterans Stadium. It was demolished after the 2003 season.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The sixth game in the Series was a rematch between Game 2 starters Terry Mulholland and Dave Stewart, who would have similar results. Toronto scored in the bottom of the first with a run-scoring Paul Molitor triple after a walk, Joe Carter sacrifice fly to score Molitor, and Roberto Alomar RBI single after a double.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Phillies got on the board in the fourth when Darren Daulton doubled with two outs and scored on Jim Eisenreich's single, but the Blue Jays got that run back in the bottom of the inning on when Alomar hit a leadoff double, moved to third on a groundout and scored on Ed Sprague's sacrifice fly. Paul Molitor added a home run in the fifth inning while the Toronto fans were chanting "MVP" for Paul, bringing the score to 5–1 for Toronto. Molitor became the first player in World Series history to have at least two home runs, two doubles, and two triples.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
In the seventh inning, Philadelphia fought back with five runs. After a walk and single, Lenny Dykstra hit a three-run home run to knock Stewart out of the game. Mariano Duncan singled off reliever Danny Cox, stole second, and scored on Dave Hollins's RBI single to tie the game. A walk and single loaded the bases before Pete Incaviglia hit a sacrifice fly to put the Phillies up 6–5.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Blue Jays would try to threaten in the bottom of the eighth. John Olerud drew a one-out walk and the Phillies brought in Larry Andersen to face Roberto Alomar. After Alomar grounded out, Andersen then hit Tony Fernandez with a pitch and walked Ed Sprague to load the bases. Andersen got out of the inning by inducing a pop-fly to Pat Borders. This became significant in the next inning, with the batting order reset to the top with Rickey Henderson leading off.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Philadelphia closer Mitch Williams came on to pitch the bottom of the ninth with his team clinging to a 6–5 lead. After beginning the inning by walking Rickey Henderson, Williams tried to counter Henderson's speed by using a slide-step style of pitching delivery. Prior to the game, Williams had never used the slide-step delivery in his career, and this may have cut back on his velocity. The walk to Henderson was followed by a Devon White flyout and a Paul Molitor single that moved Henderson to second.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Joe Carter came up next and, with the count 2–2, he hit a three-run home run to win the game and the World Series. Just before the fifth and final pitch to Joe Carter, CBS Sports announcer Tim McCarver commented that Carter (relatively unproductive in the Series to date) looked awkward and uncomfortable at the plate. The same pitch allowed Blue Jays radio announcer Tom Cheek the opportunity to utter his famous "Touch 'em all, Joe" quote, when Joe Carter clinched the series. Carter joined Bill Mazeroski as the only two players to win a World Series with a home run in the bottom of the ninth inning (Mazeroski hit his home run in the deciding game 7, while Carter hit his in game 6).


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Carter was actively involved in the final play of the World Series for the second year in a row. In the previous year, Carter caught the final out as first baseman after relief pitcher Mike Timlin fielded Otis Nixon's bunt. Taking the 1993 ALCS into account (where he caught the final out in the outfield), he had been involved in the final play of three straight postseason series.


1993 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
American League president Dr. Bobby Brown presented the World Series Trophy instead of the Commissioner of Baseball; this event also occurred in the year before.


1993 World Series, Composite box
1993 World Series (4–2): Toronto Blue Jays (A.L.) over Philadelphia Phillies (N.L.)


1993 World Series, Aftermath
The Blue Jays became the second expansion team to win two World Series championships, following the New York Mets in 1986. The Florida Marlins would win their second title in 2003, and the Kansas City Royals would accomplish the same feat in 2015. With the Montreal Canadiens winning the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals five months earlier, it marked the only time Canadian teams won multiple league championships among the four major North American team sports in a calendar year.


1993 World Series, Aftermath
Mitch Williams would later place blame on himself for the Series loss:


1993 World Series, Aftermath
Everybody saw what happened,. . . . I made a mistake, and he hit the mistake. I let my team down today. I'm not going to go home and commit suicide or anything.... They did what they had to do to win this series. And I let us down in big situations. I carry that burden. No excuses. I didn't get the job done.


1993 World Series, Aftermath
Roger Angell's review of the Series in The New Yorker was entitled "Oh, What a Lovely War".


1993 World Series, Aftermath
Both teams would experience absences from the postseason; the Phillies did not return to the postseason until 2007, or appear in another World Series until their championship season of 2008, bringing the city of Philadelphia its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals. The general manager of the Blue Jays, Pat Gillick, was general manager of the Phillies team that won the 2008 World Series. The Blue Jays did not qualify for the playoffs again until the 2015 season. This was the last time a Toronto team made it to the championship round in one of the four major sports until the Toronto Raptors reached and won the 2019 NBA Finals.


1993 World Series, Aftermath
By accumulating 45 runs over the course of the series, the Blue Jays scored the highest number of runs of any series-winning team in World Series history. Only the series-losing 1960 New York Yankees accumulated more runs in a series (55). Coincidentally, that series also ended on a walk-off home run.


1993 World Series, Aftermath
1993 was the last postseason played under a two-division, two post-season round format. After the season, MLB owners agreed to a new three-division setup, with extra post-season round (League Division Series). The extra round format had been used once before during the 1981 strike shortened season.


1993 World Series, Broadcasting
Game 6 (October 23) is to date, the last Major League Baseball game to be televised on CBS. Sean McDonough (play-by-play) and Tim McCarver (color commentary and himself a former Phillies broadcaster) called the action for CBS. The following season, Major League Baseball entered into a revenue sharing joint venture with ABC and NBC called The Baseball Network, but that joint venture was cancelled after two seasons, and by 1996, Fox took over the broadcasting rights to MLB games.


1993 World Series, Broadcasting
McDonough stayed at CBS as a broadcaster until 2000, primarily calling college football and basketball games for the network, then left for ESPN where he remains today. McCarver, meanwhile, reunited with his former ABC colleagues Al Michaels and Jim Palmer as the lead announce team for their Baseball Network telecasts and, following the dissolving of the network, joined Fox as their lead analyst alongside Joe Buck.


1993 World Series, Broadcasting
CBS' Andrea Joyce became the first woman to co-host (alongside Pat O'Brien) a World Series. Serving as field reporters for CBS were Lesley Visser (in the Blue Jays' dugout) and Jim Gray (in the Phillies' dugout)


1993 World Series, Broadcasting
The national radio broadcast was also provided by CBS, with Vin Scully and Johnny Bench on the call. Locally, the Series was called on WOGL-AM in Philadelphia by Harry Kalas, Richie Ashburn, Chris Wheeler, Andy Musser, and Garry Maddox and on CJCL-AM in Toronto by Jerry Howarth and Tom Cheek. Cheek's famous call of the Carter home run ("Touch 'em all Joe, you'll never hit a bigger home run in your life!") lives on in Blue Jays folklore.


1993 World Series, Broadcasting
The 1993 series was Richie Ashburn's last as a Phillies broadcaster, as he died in 1997. Andy Musser also called his last World Series as a member of the Phillies' broadcast team; he retired in 2001 and died eleven years later. Tom Cheek never called another postseason game in his role as voice of the Blue Jays, from which he retired in 2005 prior to his death from brain cancer.


1993 World Series, Broadcasting
Game 6 also marked Johnny Bench's final broadcast for CBS Radio after nine years (he would be replaced on CBS Radio's World Series broadcasts by Jeff Torborg), while Harry Kalas would not call another World Series until 2008. Kalas later died in 2009 prior to a game at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C.. Chris Wheeler continued to call games for the Phillies until being released in 2014 and Jerry Howarth continued to call Blue Jays games, moving into the primary play-by-play position following the death of Cheek, until his retirement before the 2018 season. Howarth would return to call postseason games when the Blue Jays qualified in 2015 and 2016, where they were eliminated in the ALCS both years.


1993 World Series, Music
Toronto rapper Choclair refers to Joe Carter's walk-off home run in his 1999 song, "Let's Ride".


1993 World Series, Music
On July 29, 2015, Toronto rapper Drake released a diss track against Philadelphia rapper Meek Mill entitled "Back to Back". The cover of the diss track features a picture of Joe Carter, just after hitting the series-clinching home run.


1993 World Series of Poker
The 1993 World Series of Poker (WSOP) was a series of poker tournaments held at Binion's Horseshoe. Poker professionals Phil Hellmuth and Ted Forrest would both win three bracelets during the 1993 Series.


1993 World Series of Poker, Main Event
There were 231 entrants to the main event. Each paid $10,000 to enter the tournament. The first two female players to finish in the money in the main event were Marsha Waggoner, who finished in 19th place, and Wendeen H. Eolis, who finished in 20th place.


1993 World Series of Poker, Main Event, Other High Finishes
NB: This list is restricted to top 30 finishers with an existing Wikipedia entry.


1993 World Snooker Championship
The 1993 World Snooker Championship (also referred to as the 1993 Embassy World Snooker Championship for the purposes of sponsorship) was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 17 April and 3 May 1993 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England.


1993 World Snooker Championship
Stephen Hendry won his third World Championship title by defeating Jimmy White 18–5 in the final with a session to spare. The tournament was sponsored by cigarette manufacturer Embassy.


1993 World Snooker Championship, Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:


1993 World Snooker Championship, Main draw
Shown below are the results for each round. The numbers in parentheses beside some of the players are their seeding ranks (each championship has 16 seeds and 16 qualifiers).


1993 World Snooker Championship, Century breaks
There were 35 century breaks in the championship, a new record, beating the 31 centuries of 1991. The highest break of the event was a 144 made by Steve Davis.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships
The 1993 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Göteborg from May 11 to May 23, 1993.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles
The 1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles was the 42nd edition of the men's doubles championship. Wang Tao and Lü Lin won the title after defeating Ma Wenge and Zhang Lei in the final by three sets to one. The matches were best of five sets from the quarter final stage.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
The 1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles was the 42nd edition of the men's singles championship.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
Jean-Philippe Gatien defeated Jean-Michel Saive in the final, winning three sets to two to secure the title.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
The 1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Swaythling Cup (Men's Team) was the 42nd edition of the men's team championship.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
Sweden won the gold medal defeating China 3-1 in the final. Germany won the bronze medal defeating the North Korea 3-0 in the bronze medal play off.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
The 1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles was the 42nd edition of the mixed doubles championship.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
Wang Tao and Liu Wei defeated Yoo Nam-kyu and Hyun Jung-hwa in the final by three sets to nil.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
The 1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles was the 41st edition of the women's doubles championship. Liu Wei and Qiao Yunping defeated Deng Yaping and Qiao Hong in the final by three sets to one.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles
The 1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles was the 42nd edition of the women's singles championship. Hyun Jung-hwa defeated Chen Jing in the final by three sets to nil, to win the title.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
The 1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Corbillon Cup (Women's Team) was the 35th edition of the women's team championship.


1993 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
China won the gold medal defeating North Korea in the final 3-0. South Korea won the bronze medal.


1993 World Taekwondo Championships
The 1993 World Taekwondo Championships were the 11th edition of the World Taekwondo Championships, and were held in New York City, United States from August 19 to August 21, 1993, with 669 athletes participating from 83 countries.


1993 World Taekwondo Championships
The success of the 1993 World Championships was a determining factor in the IOC's decision to grant full medal status to Taekwondo for the 2000 Summer Olympics.


1993 World Trade Center bombing
The 1993 World Trade Center bombing was a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City, carried out on February 26, 1993, when a truck bomb detonated below the North Tower of the complex. The 1,336 lb (606 kg) urea nitrate–hydrogen gas enhanced device was intended to send the North Tower (Tower 1) crashing into the South Tower (Tower 2), bringing both towers down and killing tens of thousands of people. It failed to do so, but killed six people, including a pregnant woman, and injured over one thousand. About 50,000 people were evacuated from the buildings that day.


1993 World Trade Center bombing
The attack was planned by a group of terrorists including Ramzi Yousef, Mahmud Abouhalima, Mohammad Salameh, Nidal A. Ayyad, Abdul Rahman Yasin, and Ahmed Ajaj. They received financing from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Yousef's uncle. In March 1994, four men were convicted of carrying out the bombing: Abouhalima, Ajaj, Ayyad, and Salameh. The charges included conspiracy, explosive destruction of property, and interstate transportation of explosives. In November 1997, two more were convicted: Ramzi Yousef, the organizer behind the bombings, and Eyad Ismoil, who drove the truck carrying the bomb.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Planning and organization
Ramzi Yousef spent time at an al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan, before beginning in 1991 to plan a bombing attack within the United States. Yousef's uncle Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, who later was considered the principal architect of the September 11 attacks, gave him advice and tips over the phone, and funded his co-conspirator Mohammed Salameh with a US$660 wire transfer.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Planning and organization
Yousef arrived illegally in the United States on September 1, 1992, traveling with Ahmed Ajaj from Pakistan, though both sat apart on the flight and acted as though they were traveling separately. Ajaj tried to enter with a forged Swedish passport, though it had been altered and thus raised suspicions among INS officials at John F. Kennedy International Airport. When officials put Ajaj through secondary inspection, they discovered bomb-making instructions and other materials in his luggage, and arrested him. The name Abu Barra, an alias of Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, appeared in the manuals. Yousef tried to enter with a false Iraqi passport, claiming political asylum. Yousef was allowed into the United States, and was given a hearing date.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Planning and organization
Yousef set up residence in Jersey City, New Jersey, traveled around New York and New Jersey and called Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, a controversial blind Muslim cleric, via cell phone. After being introduced to his co-conspirators by Abdel Rahman at the latter's Al-Farooq Mosque in Brooklyn, Yousef began assembling the 1,500 lb (680 kg) urea nitrate–hydrogen gas enhanced device for delivery to the WTC. He ordered chemicals from his hospital room when injured in a car crash – one of three accidents caused by Salameh in late 1992 and early in 1993.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Planning and organization
El Sayyid Nosair, one of the blind sheikh's men, was arrested in 1991 for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane. According to prosecutors, "the Red" Mahmud Abouhalima, also convicted in the bombing, told Wadih el Hage to buy the .357 caliber revolver used by Nosair in the Kahane shooting. In the initial court case in NYS Criminal Court Nosair was acquitted of murder but convicted of gun charges (in a related and follow-up case in Federal Court, he was convicted). Dozens of Arabic bomb-making manuals and documents related to terrorist plots were found in Nosair's New Jersey apartment, with manuals from Army Special Warfare Center at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, secret memos linked to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and 1,440 rounds of ammunition. (Lance 2004 26)


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Planning and organization
According to the transcript of his trial, Yousef hoped that his explosion would topple Tower 1 which would fall into Tower 2, killing the occupants of both buildings, which he estimated to be about 250,000 people in revenge for U.S. support for Israel against Palestine.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Planning and organization
According to the journalist Steve Coll, Yousef mailed letters to various New York newspapers just before the attack, in which he claimed he belonged to "Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion".


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Planning and organization
These letters made three demands: an end to all US aid to Israel, an end to US diplomatic relations with Israel, and a pledge by the United States to end interference "with any of the Middle East countries' interior affairs." He stated that the attack on the World Trade Center would be merely the first of such attacks if his demands were not met. In his letters, Yousef admitted that the World Trade Center bombing was an act of terrorism, but this was justified because "the terrorism that Israel practices (which America supports) must be faced with a similar one." Yousef did not make any religious justification for the bombing. When asked about his religious views, he was evasive.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack
On Friday, February 26, 1993, Ramzi Yousef and a Jordanian friend, Eyad Ismoil, drove a yellow Ryder van into Lower Manhattan, and pulled into the public parking garage beneath the World Trade Center around noon. They parked on the underground B-2 level. Yousef ignited the 20-foot fuse, and fled. Twelve minutes later, at 12:17:37 p.m., the bomb exploded in the underground garage, generating an estimated pressure of 150,000 psi. The bomb opened a 100-ft (30-m) wide hole through four sublevels of concrete. The detonation velocity of this bomb was about 15,000 ft/s (4.5 km/s), or 10,000 mph. Initial news reports indicated a main transformer might have blown before it became clear that a bomb had exploded in the basement.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack
The bomb instantly cut off the World Trade Center's main electrical power line, knocking out the emergency lighting system. The bomb caused smoke to rise to the 93rd floor of both towers, including through the stairwells (which were not pressurized), and smoke went up the damaged elevators in both towers. With thick smoke filling the stairwells, evacuation was difficult for building occupants and led to many smoke inhalation injuries. Hundreds were trapped in elevators in the towers when the power was cut, including a group of 17 kindergartners on their way down from the South Tower observation deck, who were trapped between the 35th and 36th floors for five hours.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack
Six people were killed: five Port Authority employees, one of whom was pregnant, and a businessman whose car was in the parking garage. Additionally, over 1,000 people were injured, most during the evacuation that followed the blast. A report from the US Fire Administration states that, "Among the scores of people who fled to the roofs of the towers, 28 with medical problems were airlifted by New York City police helicopters". It is known that 15 people received traumatic injuries from the blast and 20 complained of cardiac problems. One firefighter was hospitalized, while 87 others, 35 police officers, and an EMS worker were also injured in dealing with the fires and other aftermath.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack
Also as a result of the loss of power, most of New York City's radio and television stations lost their over-the-air broadcast signal for almost a week, with television stations only being able to broadcast via cable and satellite via a microwave hookup between the stations and three of the New York area's largest cable companies, Cablevision, Comcast, and Time Warner Cable. Telephone service for much of Lower Manhattan was also disrupted.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack
Yousef's plan was that the North Tower would fall onto the South Tower, collapsing them both. The tower did not collapse, but the garage was severely damaged in the explosion. Had the van been parked closer to the WTC's poured concrete foundations, Yousef's plan might have succeeded. Yousef escaped to Pakistan several hours  after the bombing.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack, Bomb characteristics
First reports described the explosion as "having the characteristics of from 200 to 300 pounds of a plastic explosive called Semtex" According to an article published in 1997, Semtex was only used as a detonating charge in the bomb but it is unknown how the terrorists would have obtained Semtex (which is not a "homemade" explosive, unlike other supposed components of the bomb).


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack, Bomb characteristics
According to the FBI, Yousef was assisted by Iraqi bomb maker Abdul Rahman Yasin, who helped assemble the complex 1,310-pound (590 kg) bomb, which was made of a urea nitrate main charge with aluminum, magnesium and ferric oxide particles surrounding the explosive. The charge used nitroglycerine, ammonium nitrate dynamite, smokeless powder and fuse as booster explosives. Three tanks of bottled hydrogen were also placed in a circular configuration around the main charge, to enhance the fireball and afterburn of the solid metal particles. The use of compressed gas cylinders in this type of attack closely resembles the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing 10 years earlier. Both of these attacks used compressed gas cylinders to create fuel-air and thermobaric bombs that release more energy than conventional high explosives.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack, Bomb characteristics
According to testimony in the bomb trial, only once before the 1993 attack had the FBI recorded a bomb that used urea nitrate. Moreover, FBI agent Frederic Whitehurst was strongly critical of the procedures used to determine that the bomb contained urea nitrate; according to his testimony, he urinated in a vial, dried the urine and gave a sample of it to the analysts, who still concluded that the substance handed to them was urea nitrate.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack, Bomb characteristics
The Ryder van used in the bombing had 295 cubic feet (8.4 m3) of space, which would hold up to 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of explosives. However, the van was not filled to capacity. Yousef used four 20-foot-long (6 m) fuses, all covered in surgical tubing. Yasin calculated that the fuse would trigger the bomb in twelve minutes after he had used a cigarette lighter to light the fuse.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack, Bomb characteristics
Yousef wanted the smoke to remain in the tower, smothering people inside, killing them slowly. He anticipated Tower One collapsing onto Tower Two after the blast.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Attack, Bomb characteristics
There was a popular belief at the time that there was cyanide in the bomb, which was reinforced by Judge Duffy's statement at sentencing, "You had sodium cyanide around, and I'm sure it was in the bomb." However, while the bomb's true composition was not able to be ascertained from the crime scene, Robert Blitzer, a senior FBI official who worked on the case, stated that there was "no forensic evidence indicating the presence of sodium cyanide at the bomb site." Furthermore, Yousef is said only to have considered adding cyanide to the bomb, and to have regretted not doing so in Peter Lance's book 1000 Years for Revenge.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Investigation
Though the cause of the blast was not immediately known, with some suspecting a transformer explosion, agents and bomb technicians from the ATF, FBI, and the NYPD quickly responded to the scene. Agents quickly determined that the magnitude of the explosion was far beyond that of a transformer explosion. The FBI Laboratory Division technician, David Williams, who took charge of the crime scene, claimed to know prior to scientific testing the nature and size of the bomb which other lab specialists such as Stephen Burmeister and Frederic Whitehurst contradicted and later challenged with embarrassing consequences for the FBI Laboratory.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Investigation
In the days after the bombing, investigators surveyed the damage and looked for clues. About 300 FBI agents were deployed under the codename TRADEBOM. While combing through the rubble in the underground parking area, a bomb technician located some internal component fragments from the vehicle that delivered the bomb. A vehicle identification number (VIN), found on a piece from an axle, gave investigators crucial information that led them to a Ryder truck rented from DIB Leasing in Jersey City. Investigators determined that the vehicle had been rented by Mohammed A. Salameh, one of Yousef's co-conspirators. Salameh had reported the van stolen, and when he returned on March 4, 1993 to get his deposit back, authorities arrested him.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Investigation
Salameh's arrest led police to the apartment of Abdul Rahman Yasin at 40 Pamrapo Avenue in Jersey City, New Jersey, which Yasin was sharing with his mother, in the same building as Ramzi Yousef's apartment. Yasin was taken to the FBI's Newark field office in Newark, New Jersey, and was then released. The next day, he flew back to Iraq, via Amman, Jordan. Yasin was later indicted for the attack, and in 2001 he was placed on the initial list of the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists, on which he remains today. He disappeared before the U.S. coalition invasion, Operation Iraqi Freedom, in 2003. In March 1994, Salameh, Nidal Ayyad, Mahmud Abouhalima and Ahmad Ajaj were each convicted in the World Trade Center bombing. In May 1994, they were sentenced to life imprisonment.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Investigation
The capture of Salameh and Yasin led authorities to Ramzi Yousef's apartment, where they found bomb-making materials and a business card from Mohammed Jamal Khalifa. Khalifa was arrested on December 14, 1994, and was deported to Jordan by the INS on May 5, 1995. He was acquitted by a Jordanian court and lived as a free man in Saudi Arabia until he was killed in 2007.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Investigation
In 2002, it was made public that Yasin, the only person involved in the bombing who was never convicted by US authorities, was being held as a prisoner on the outskirts of Baghdad, Iraq since 1994. When journalist Lesley Stahl interviewed him there for a segment on 60 Minutes on May 23, 2002  Yasin appeared in prison pyjamas and handcuffs. Yasin has not been seen or heard from since the interview. He was not located during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Investigation
None of the U.S. government's indictments against former al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden suggested that he had any connection with this bombing.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Killed victims
At the time of the bombing, Smith was checking time sheets in her office on the B-2 level, Kirkpatrick, Knapp and Macko were eating lunch together in an employees' break room next to Smith's office, Mercado was checking in deliveries for the restaurant, and DiGiovanni was parking in the underground garage.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Reopening and cost
The South Tower did not reopen until March 18, 1993, while the North Tower remained closed until April 1, 1993. The cost to repair both buildings was estimated at $250 million, according to the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. The reopening of the Windows on the World restaurant was delayed until June 27, 1996 because the Port Authority hired Joseph Baum, the restaurant’s original designer, to renovate the space.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Memorial fountain
A granite memorial fountain honoring the killed victims of the bombing was designed by Elyn Zimmerman and dedicated in 1995 on Austin J. Tobin Plaza, directly above the site of the explosion. It contained the names of the six adults who were killed in the attack, as well as an inscription written both in English and Spanish that read: "On February 26, 1993, a bomb set by terrorists exploded below this site. This horrible act of violence killed innocent people, injured thousands, and made victims of us all."


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Memorial fountain
The fountain was destroyed with the rest of the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks. A recovered fragment of the fountain marked "John D", from the name of John DiGiovanni, was later incorporated into a temporary memorial designed by Port Authority architect Jacqueline Hanley, and erected on the Liberty Street side of the site following the September 11 attacks. The memorial was visible across a fence barrier but was not open to the public.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Memorial fountain
At the 9/11 Memorial, which opened on the tenth anniversary of the 2001 attacks, the dead of the 1993 bombing are memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-73. The recovered fragment of the memorial fountain is on display among other artifacts related to the bombing inside the museum's historical exhibition.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Memorial fountain
Stephen Knapp's name is on the Postcards memorial in Staten Island, as the sole killed victim from the borough involved in the bombing.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, FBI involvement
In the course of the trial it was revealed that the FBI had an informant, a former Egyptian army officer named Emad Salem. Salem claims to have informed the FBI of the plot to build a bomb that would eventually be used in the World Trade Center towers as early as February 6, 1992. Salem's role as informant allowed the FBI to quickly pinpoint the conspirators out of hundreds of possible suspects. The transcripts do not make clear the extent to which Federal Authorities knew that there was a plan to bomb the World Trade Center, merely that a bombing of some sort was being discussed.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, FBI involvement
Salem claimed that the FBI's plan was for Salem to supply the conspirators with a harmless powder instead of actual explosive to build their bomb, but that the FBI chose to use him for other purposes instead. He secretly recorded hundreds of hours of telephone conversations with his FBI handlers.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, U.S. Diplomatic Security Service involvement
Although the FBI received the credit, Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) special agents actually found and arrested Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, the architect of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Special Agents Bill Miller and Jeff Riner were given a tip by an associate of Ramzi Yousef about his location. In coordination with the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), DSS arrested Ramzi  Yousef. After his arrest, Ramzi Yousef is alleged to have said to investigators "this is only the beginning."


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Allegations of Iraqi involvement
In October 2001 in a PBS interview, former CIA Director James Woolsey claimed that Ramzi Yousef worked for Iraqi intelligence. He suggested the grand jury investigation turned up evidence pointing to Iraq that the Justice Department "brushed aside." But Neil Herman, who headed the FBI investigation, noted "The one glaring connection that can't be overlooked is Yasin. We pursued that on every level, traced him to a relative and a location, and we made overtures to get him back." However, Herman says that Yasin's presence in Baghdad does not mean Iraq sponsored the attack: "We looked at that rather extensively.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Allegations of Iraqi involvement
There were no ties to the Iraqi government." CNN terrorism reporter Peter L. Bergen writes, "In sum, by the mid-'90s, the Joint Terrorism Task Force in New York, the F.B.I., the U.S. Attorney's office in the Southern District of New York, the C.I.A., the N.S.C., and the State Department had all found no evidence implicating the Iraqi government in the first Trade Center attack."


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Allegations of Iraqi involvement
Claims of direct Iraqi involvement come from Dr. Laurie Mylroie of the American Enterprise Institute and former associate professor of the U.S. Naval War College, with the claims rejected by others. CNN reporter Peter Bergen has called her a "crackpot" who claimed that "Saddam was not only behind the '93 Trade Center attack, but also every anti-American terrorist incident of the past decade, from the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania to the leveling of the federal building in Oklahoma City bombing to September 11 itself." Daniel Benjamin, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, writes: "The most knowledgeable analysts and investigators at the CIA and at the FBI believe that their work conclusively disproves Mylroie's claims."


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Allegations of Iraqi involvement
In March 2008, the Pentagon released its study of some 600,000 documents captured in Iraq after the 2003 invasion (see 2008 Pentagon Report). The study "found no 'smoking gun' (i.e., direct connection) between Saddam's Iraq and al Qaeda." Among the documents released by the Pentagon was a captured audio file of Saddam Hussein speculating that the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center had been carried out by Israel or American intelligence, or perhaps a Saudi or Egyptian faction. Saddam said that he did not trust the bomber Yasin, who was in Iraqi custody, because his testimony was too "organized." The Pentagon study found that Yasin "was a prisoner, and not a guest, in Iraq." Mylroie denied that this was proof of Saddam's non-involvement, claiming that "one common purpose of such meetings was to develop cover stories for whatever Iraq sought to conceal."


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Improved security
In the wake of the bombing and the chaotic evacuation which followed, the World Trade Center and many of the firms inside of it revamped emergency procedures, particularly with regard to evacuation of the towers. The New York Port Authority was to govern as the main security for the World Trade Center buildings. All packages were scanned at various checkpoints then sent up to the proper addressee. These policies played a role in evacuating the building during the September 11 attacks, which destroyed the towers.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Improved security
Free access to the roofs, which had enabled evacuation by police helicopter in the 1993 bombing, was ended soon after.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Aftermath, Eclipsed by the September 11 attacks
Since the September 11 attacks, the 1993 bombing is sometimes described as "forgotten" and "unknown." Although the 1993 bombing made the World Trade Center a publicly known terrorist target, with the possibility of another attack suspected within the FBI as early as 1995 by Special Agent John O'Neill, the 2001 attacks went largely unforeseen by U.S. intelligence and law-enforcement agencies. While victims' family members and injured survivors of the 2001 terrorist attack received compensation from the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund, no such compensation was given to those affected by the 1993 bombing.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Legal responsibility
Some of the victims (which included families of the killed victims) of the 1993 World Trade Center bombings sued the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey for damages. A decision was handed down in 2005, assigning liability for the bombings to the Port Authority. The decision declared that the agency was 68 percent responsible for the bombing, and the terrorists bore only 32 percent of the responsibility.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Legal responsibility
In January 2008, the Port Authority asked a five-judge panel of the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court in Manhattan to throw out the decision, describing the jury's verdict as "bizarre". On April 29, 2008, a New York State Appeals Court unanimously upheld the jury's verdict. Under New York law, once a defendant is more than 50 percent at fault, he/she/it can be held fully financially liable. On September 22, 2011, the New York Court of Appeals, in a four to three ruling, excluded the Port Authority from claims of negligence related to the 1993 bombing.


1993 World Trade Center bombing, Legal responsibility
It has been argued that the problem with the apportionment of responsibility in the case is not the jury's verdict, but rather New York's tort-reform-produced state apportionment law. Traditionally, courts do not compare intentional and negligent fault. The Restatement Third of Torts: Apportionment of Liability recommends a rule to prevent juries from having to make comparisons like the terrorist–Port Authority comparison in this case. However, if a jurisdiction does compare these intentional and negligent torts, courts' second-best position is to do what the NYS Appeals Court did—to uphold all jury apportionments, even those that assign greater, or perhaps far greater, responsibility to negligent than intentional parties.


1993 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1993 World Weightlifting Championships were held in Melbourne, Australia from November 11 to November 21, 1993.


1993 World Weightlifting Championships, Medal table
Ranking by all medals: Big (Total result) and Small (Snatch and Clean & Jerk)


1993 World Women's Curling Championship
The 1993 World Women's Curling Championship was held at the Patinoire des Vernets in Geneva, Switzerland from March 28–April 4, 1993.


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Sandra Peterson Third: Jan BetkerSecond: Joan McCuskerLead: Marcia GudereitAlternate: Anita Ford


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Sally GrayThird: Sarah JohnstonSecond: Janice MansonLead: Pamela WrightAlternate: Alison Bowman


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Jaana Jokela Third: Terhi AroSecond: Heidi KoskiheimoLead: Mari LundénAlternate: Marita Ripatti


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Janet StrayerThird: Josefine EinsleSecond: Petra Tschetsch-HiltensbergerLead: Karin FischerAlternate: Elisabeth Ländle


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Mayumi SeguchiThird: Mayumi AbeSecond: Hidemi ItaiLead: Akemi NiwaAlternate: Naomi Kawano


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Christine CannonThird: Claire MilneSecond: Mairi HerdLead: Margaret RichardsonAlternate: Jackie Lockhart


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Elisabet JohanssonThird: Katarina NybergSecond: Louise MarmontLead: Elisabeth PerssonAlternate: Annika Lööf


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Janet HürlimannThird: Angela LutzSecond: Laurence BidaudLead: Sandrine MercierAlternate: Laurence Morisetti


1993 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Sharon O'BrienThird: Dawna BennettSecond: Susan AnschuetzLead: Pam FinchAlternate: Kathy Frankowiak


1993 World Women's Handball Championship
The 1993 World Women's Handball Championship was the 11th World Championship in women's handball took place in Norway from 24 November to 5 December 1993 and was played between 16 nations. In the final it would be Germany would take home their first title as a unified nation as they defeated Denmark in extra-time.


1993 World Women's Handball Championship, Final standings
*Even though Czechoslovakia had split into the Czech republic and Slovakia, the countries still competed with a unified team.


1993 World Women's Handball Championship, Final standings
Team roster: Michaela Schanze, Bianca Urbanke, Sabine Adamik , Andrea Bölk, Eike Bram, Carola Ciszewski, Cordula David, Michaela Erler, Karen Heinrich, Gabriele Palme, Renate Zienkiewicz, Sybille Gruner, Heike Murrweiss, Birgit Wagner, Heike Axmann, Franziska HeinzHead Coach Lothar Doering.


1993 World Women's Handball Championship squads
This article displays the squads for the 1993 World Women's Handball Championship in Norway.


1993 World Wrestling Championships
The following is the final results of the 1993 World Wrestling Championships. Men's freestyle competition were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Men's Greco-Roman competition were held in Stockholm, Sweden and Women's competition were held in Stavern, Norway.


1993 World Wushu Championships
The 1993 World Wushu Championships was the 2nd edition of the World Wushu Championships. It was held at the Stadium Negara in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from November 21 to November 27, 1993. For the countries in Asia, this was the qualifying event for the 1994 Asian Games.


1993 World's Strongest Man
The 1993 World's Strongest Man was the 16th edition of World's Strongest Man and was won by Gary Taylor from United Kingdom. It was his first title after finishing fifth the previous year. 1991 winner Magnus Ver Magnusson from Iceland was runner up for the second year in a row, and Riku Kiri from Finland finished third. The contest was held in Orange, France.


1993 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1993 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Cowboys' 97th season and they competed as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). The team was led by head coach Joe Tiller, in his third year, and played their home games at War Memorial Stadium in Laramie, Wyoming. They finished with a record of eight wins and four losses (8–4, 6–2 WAC), as WAC Co–Champions with BYU and Fresno State and with a loss in the Copper Bowl. The Cowboys offense scored 357 points, while the defense allowed 329 points.


1993 XXIX FIBA International Christmas Tournament
The 1993 XXIX FIBA International Christmas Tournament "Trofeo Raimundo Saporta-Memorial Fernando Martín" was the 29th edition of the FIBA International Christmas Tournament. It took place at Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, on 24, 25 and 26 December 1993 with the participations of Real Madrid Teka (champions of the 1992–93 Liga ACB), Brazil All-Stars, Stefanel Trieste and Estudiantes Argentaria (semifinalists of the 1992–93 Liga ACB).


1993 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1993 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Bulldogs were led by 29th-year head coach Carmen Cozza, played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished in sixth place in the Ivy League with a 2–5 record, 3–7 overall.


1993 Yemeni parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Yemen on 27 April 1993, the first after Yemeni unification. The General People's Congress emerged as the largest party, winning 123 of the 301 seats. Voter turnout was 84.8%.


1993 Yemeni parliamentary election, Electoral system
The country continued to use the electoral system of North Yemen, with the 301 members of Parliament elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting.


1993 Ykkönen – Finnish League Division 1
League tables for teams participating in Ykkönen, the second tier of the Finnish Soccer League system, in 1993.


1993 Ykkönen – Finnish League Division 1, League tables, Promotion/Relegation Group
NB: Top six to Premier Division 1994, the rest to Division One 1994.


1993 Youngstown State Penguins football team
The 1993 Youngstown State Penguins football team was an American football team represented Youngstown State University in the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their eighth season under head coach Jim Tressel, the team compiled a 13–2 record and defeated Marshall in the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game. It was Youngstown State's second national championship in three years.


1993 Youngstown State Penguins football team
Tailback Tamron Smith received the team's most valuable player award. The team's statistical leaders included Smith with 1,433 rushing yards and 120 points scored, Darnell Clark with 1,822 all-purpose yards, Mark Brungard with 1,504 passing yards, and Leon Jones with 177 tackles (including 103 solo tackles).


1993 Zagreb local elections
The 1993 local elections in Zagreb were held on 7 February 1993. These were the first local elections since Croatia gained independence. The Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won a majority in the Zagreb Assembly with 35 seats out of 60 and Branko Mikša became the new Mayor of Zagreb.


1993 Zagreb local elections, Results
The Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won 46.60% of the votes or 220,501 and gained 35 out of 60 seats in the Assembly. The Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS) came second with 115,980 or 23.99% of the votes and 18 seats. Branko Mikša of the HDZ party was elected mayor. Half of the 60 members of the Assembly were elected proportionally using the D'Hondt method, and half were elected in 30 electoral districts by a majority system. The HSLS and the HNS competed together in most electoral districts, while the HDZ went independently.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash
On the evening of 27 April 1993, a DHC-5 Buffalo transport aircraft of the Zambian Air Force crashed into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after taking off from Libreville, Gabon. The flight was carrying most of the Zambian national football team to a 1994 FIFA World Cup Qualifier against Senegal in Dakar. All 25 passengers and five crew members were killed. The official investigation concluded that the pilot had shut down the wrong engine following an engine fire. It also found that pilot fatigue and a faulty instrument had contributed to the accident.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Accident
The flight had been specially arranged by the Zambian Air Force for the football team. The journey was scheduled to make three refuelling stops; the first at Brazzaville, Congo, the second at Libreville, Gabon, and the third at Abidjan, Ivory Coast.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Accident
At the first stop in Brazzaville engine problems were noted. Despite this, the flight continued and a few minutes after taking off from the second stop in Libreville the left engine caught fire and failed. The pilot, who had also flown the team from a match in Mauritius the previous day, then mistakenly shut down the right engine, causing the plane to lose all power during the climb out of Libreville Airport and fall into the water 500 m (550 yd) offshore. A Gabonese report released in 2003 attributed the pilot's actions to a faulty warning light and fatigue.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Aircraft
The aircraft entered service in 1975. The plane had been out of service for five months from late 1992 until 21 April 1993. Test flights were carried out on 22 and 26 April. Prior to the departure for Senegal, checks revealed a number of defects in the engine: carbon particles in oil filters, disconnected cables and trace of heating. However, the flight went ahead as scheduled.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Passengers
The Chipolopolo were a very promising Zambia national team. At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul they thrashed Italy 4–0, including a hat-trick from Kalusha Bwalya, who won the African Footballer of the Year later that year. They had their eyes on the 1994 Africa Cup of Nations trophy, having finished third in the 1990 edition, and a place at their first World Cup.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Passengers
All 30 passengers and crew, including 18 players, as well as the national team coach and support staff, died in the accident. The Chipolopolo's captain, Kalusha Bwalya—later national team coach and president of the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ)—was not aboard the flight as he was in the Netherlands playing for PSV at that time and had made separate arrangements to make his own way to Senegal to take part in the match. Charles Musonda, at the time playing in Belgium for Anderlecht, was previously injured and thus was not on the flight.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Passengers
Johnson Bwalya also escaped the disaster, who at the time was playing for FC Bulle in Switzerland. Bennett Mulwanda Simfukwe, who had been seconded to the FAZ by his employers (ZCCM) for 5 years and was supposed to be on this flight, wasn't on it because his employers demanded that he should immediately be removed from the list of those who were officially scheduled to travel to Senegal.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Investigation
A campaign to have the Gabonese crash investigation publicly released continued into the 2000s. In November 2003 a preliminary crash investigation report was released by the Gabonese government, which claimed that the left engine had caught on fire, and in an attempt to control the fire the pilot thought he had shut down that engine, when in reality he shut down the right engine due to a faulty light. Despite this relatives of the victims continue to lobby the Zambian government to produce a report on how the aircraft was allowed to leave Zambia, and why the players were transported on a military plane.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Investigation
In May 2002, $4 milion was given to families of the deceased players in compensation.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Aftermath
The members of the national team killed in the crash were buried in what became known as "Heroes' Acre", just outside the Independence Stadium in Lusaka.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Aftermath
A new side was quickly assembled, and led by Kalusha Bwalya, faced up to the difficult task of having to complete Zambia's World Cup qualifiers (narrowly missing qualification by finishing one point behind Morocco) and then prepare for the upcoming African Nations Cup which was only months away to be hosted in Tunisia.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Aftermath
The resurrected team defied the odds, and displaying an attacking playing style, reached the 1994 African Nations Cup final against Nigeria. They took the lead in the first half, but the Super Eagles quickly equalised and followed up with the winner in the second half. In spite of the loss, the Zambian side returned home as national heroes.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Aftermath
In 2012, Zambia won the Africa Cup of Nations in Libreville, only a few hundred metres inland from the crash site; the victory was dedicated to the ones who lost their lives in the tragedy. Zambia beat Côte d'Ivoire 8–7 in a penalty shoot out after the game ended 0–0 after normal and added time.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Aftermath
The accident was the subject of the 2015 Spanish/Zambian documentary film Eighteam, directed by Juan Rodriguez-Briso.


1993 Zambia national football team plane crash, Victims
All thirty people onboard died in the crash. 24 bodies were recovered, but only 13 could be identified.


1993 alleged Turkish military coup
According to some sources, there was a "coup d'état" in 1993 in Turkey, allegedly organised and carried out by elements of the Turkish military through covert means. Although the early 1990s were a period of great violence in Turkey due to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, 1993 saw a series of suspicious deaths: of President Turgut Özal, leading military figures, and journalists.


1993 alleged Turkish military coup
Particularly in the context of the Ergenekon trials from 2008 onwards and related investigations into the Turkish deep state and the suspicious deaths from this period, claims of a "covert coup" intended to prevent a peace settlement (and to protect the covert relationships between the Turkish military, intelligence services including JITEM, Counter-Guerrilla, certain Kurdish groups including Kurdish Hizbollah, and the Turkish mafia) have been made.


1993 alleged Turkish military coup
Fikri Sağlar, a former member of the parliamentary commission which investigated the Susurluk scandal which first began to shed light on the Turkish deep state, is one who has made such claims, describing "a covert military coup". Former PKK commander Şemdin Sakık has described an Ergenekon organization-linked group named the Doğu Çalışma Grubu, holding it responsible for assassinations including those of Turkish Gendarmerie General Commander Eşref Bitlis (17 February), President Turgut Özal (17 April), General Bahtiyar Aydın (22 October) and former Major Cem Ersever (4 November). In addition to the assassination of key figures supporting a peace process, several massacres took place in 1993, which it is claimed were intended as part of an alleged "strategy of tension". These include the May 24, 1993 PKK ambush, and the Sivas and Başbağlar massacres in early July.


1993 alleged Turkish military coup, Overview
In the early 1990s, President Turgut Özal agreed to negotiations with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), the events of the 1991 Gulf War having changed some of the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself. In 1993 Özal was working on the peace plans with former finance minister Adnan Kahveci and General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie Eşref Bitlis. Negotiations led to a cease-fire declaration by the PKK on 20 March 1993—by which time Kahveci and Bitlis were dead.


1993 alleged Turkish military coup, Overview
With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the National Security Council. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented. A month later the May 24, 1993 PKK ambush ensured the end of the peace process. Former PKK commander Şemdin Sakık maintains the attack was part of the Doğu Çalışma Grubu's coup plans.


1993 alleged Turkish military coup, Overview
Under the new Presidency of Süleyman Demirel and Premiership of Tansu Çiller, the Castle Plan (to use any and all means to solve the Kurdish question using violence), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned. Further massacres (notably the Sivas massacre and Başbağlar massacre in early July) and assassinations ensured that the peace process was well and truly buried.


1993 alleged Turkish military coup, Investigations
Former General Levent Ersöz, who was head of JITEM, and is considered a key suspect in the Ergenekon trials, was charged in 2013 with having had a role in the 1993 death of President Turgut Özal.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia
The 1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia  was passed by the Malaysian parliament with the aim of removing legal immunity of the royalty. The changes, which saw the amendments of Articles 32, 38, 42, 63, 72 and 181 in the Constitution of Malaysia, was implemented in March 1993. Before the amendments were made, the Constitution granted rulers who have violated the law not to be prosecuted by the criminal court unless he voluntarily wishes to surrender his legal immunity.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia
The amendments were made at a time when the Malaysian monarchy witnessed a deteriorating relationship with the Malaysian government. During the late-1980s and the early-1990s, a series of controversial incidents involving the rulers cropped up, many of which came into a conflict of interest with several politicians. After two separate assault incidents by the Sultan of Johor and his younger son which occurred in 1992, the government was prompted to take up the initiative to call for the removal of legal immunity.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia
The rulers were extremely unhappy with the government's calls for the removal of legal immunity, and initially dissented with the government. The government used a two-pronged approach of persuasion and coercion to obtain the assent of the rulers for their rulers. The rulers gave their assent for the government's proposals to remove the legal immunity, which was later implemented in March 1993.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia
By some interpretations, these events leading up to the constitutional amendments was considered to be a constitutional crisis, given that the federal government, who needed the endorsement of the Sultans to implement the law, refused and subsequently led to a brief standoff between both sides. However, in most cases, the events leading up to the constitutional amendment was generally closely identified as a monarchy crisis rather than a constitutional crisis.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia, Background incidents, Gomez Incident
In later part of the year, two separate assault incidents involving members of the Johor royal family allegedly occurred– was aptly dubbed as the "Gomez Incident" by the media. The first one occurred on 10 July 1992, when the second son of the Sultan Iskandar, the Sultan of Johor, Tunku Abdul Majid, flayed a Perak hockey goalkeeper, Mohamed Jaafar shortly after a hockey championship match between Perak and Johor, supposedly having lost his temper when the Perak team won the match by a penalty stroke.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia, Background incidents, Gomez Incident
The goalkeeper made a police report soon afterward which received attention from Parliament who pressured the Malaysian Hockey Confederation to issue Tunku Majid in October 1992, a ban of five years participation in any national hockey tournaments. The Sultan, enraged by the decision issued to his son, exerted pressure on the state education department to issue orders to school hockey teams in Johor to boycott participation in national tournaments. The decision upset Douglas Gomez, a hockey coach, who criticised the education department for destroying the leadership and called for the resignation of all key office bearers of the Johor Hockey Association.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia, Background incidents, Gomez Incident
The criticisms by Gomez made the Sultan angry, so he summoned Gomez to the palace on 30 November where he was reprimanded and beaten by the Sultan, in front of his dumbstruck bodyguards, members of the Johor Military Force (JMF). Gomez, who suffered injuries to his face and stomach, sought treatment at a private clinic the following day and subsequently filed a police report on 6 December, after receiving tacit support from Parliament. The government-backed media, on its part, was swift to report on the incident.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia, Background incidents, Governmental relations with the Sultan of Kelantan
The party leader of Semangat 46, Tengku Razaleigh Tengku Mohd Hamzah, was a member of the Kelantan royal family and was held by high-esteem by the Sultan of Kelantan, Sultan Ismail Petra. Sultan Ismail Petra allegedly campaigned for Semangat 46 during the 1990 Malaysian general elections, which resulted in Semangat 46 as well as its then-coalition partner, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) wrestling over control of the Kelantan's state government from the Barisan Nasional government. The Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad, expressed his unhappiness over the alleged royal support for Semangat 46, and was accused of violating the rule of political neutrality which was required by a constitutional monarch.


1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia, Background incidents, Governmental relations with the Sultan of Kelantan
In March 1992, customs officials revealed that Sultan Ismail Petra had owed the government RM$2.1 million in import duties after he had purchased a convoy of twenty Lamborghini Diablo cars that were directly flown in from London. The Sultan firmly denied any wrongdoings on his part, and further issued a statement declaring support for the implementation of Islamic laws in the state by the PAS-led state government, which angered the BN-led federal government.