1993 CA-TennisTrophy, Champions, Doubles
Byron Black /  Jonathan Stark defeated  Mike Bauer /  David Prinosil 6–3, 7–6


1993 CA-TennisTrophy – Doubles
Ronnie Båthman and Anders Järryd were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1993 CA-TennisTrophy – Doubles
Byron Black and Jonathan Stark won in the final 6–3, 7–6 against Mike Bauer and David Prinosil.


1993 CA-TennisTrophy – Singles
Petr Korda was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Goran Ivanišević.


1993 CA-TennisTrophy – Singles
Ivanišević won in the final 4–6, 6–4, 6–4, 7–6(7–3) against Thomas Muster.


1993 CAA Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1993 CAA Men's Basketball Tournament was held from March 6–8, 1993 at the Richmond Coliseum in Richmond, Virginia. The winner of the tournament was East Carolina, who received an automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament.


1993 CAF Cup
The 1993 CAF Cup was the second football club tournament season that took place for the runners-up of each African country's domestic league. It was won by Stella Adjamé in two-legged final victory against Simba SC.


1993 CARIFTA Games
The 22nd CARIFTA Games was held in Fort-de-France, Martinique, on April 10–11, 1993.


1993 CARIFTA Games, Participation (unofficial)
Detailed result lists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 272 athletes (175 junior (under-20) and 97 youth (under-17)) from about 19 countries:   Antigua and Barbuda (3), Bahamas (28), Barbados (32), Belize (1), Bermuda (13), British Virgin Islands (7), Cayman Islands (2), Dominica (1), French Guiana (4), Grenada (8), Guadeloupe (26), Guyana (5), Jamaica (54), Martinique (36), Saint Kitts and Nevis (7), Saint Lucia (12), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1), Trinidad and Tobago (29), US Virgin Islands (3).


1993 CARIFTA Games, Austin Sealy Award
The Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games was awarded to Nikole Mitchell from Jamaica. She won 3 gold medals (100m, 200m, and 4 × 100m relay) in the junior(U-20) category.


1993 CARIFTA Games, Medal summary
Medal winners are published by category: Boys under 20 (Junior), Girls under 20 (Junior), Boys under 17 (Youth), and Girls under 17 (Youth). Complete results can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History"website.


1993 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1993 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 22nd CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 12 and March 21, 1993. First-round games were played at campus sites, while second-round and 'final four' games were played at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. By winning the tournament, Lake Superior State received the Central Collegiate Hockey Association's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1993 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The tournament featured four rounds of play. The teams that finished in the top six in conference standings were allowed to choose their opponents in descending order for the first round. Alaska–Fairbanks was an affiliate member and allowed to compete in the conference tournament as the lowest seed.


1993 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The first seed chose to play the eleventh seed, the second seed chose to play the tenth seed, third seed chose to play the ninth seed, the fourth seed chose to play the eighth seed, the fifth seed chose to play the seventh seed and the sixth seed played the twelfth seed in best-of-three series, with the winners advancing to the second round. The highest two remaining seeds received byes into the semifinal round while the remaining four teams competing in single-game second-round series.


1993 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The highest and lowest non-advancing teams were matched against one another for one game while the remaining two teams competing in the other game. In the semifinals the higher automatic qualifier played the lower seed advancing from the second round while and second-highest and second-lowest seeds played each in a single game to determine which teams advanced to the finals. The tournament champion received an automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1993 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1993 CFL Draft
The 1993 CFL Draft composed of seven rounds where 54 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA. This was the first draft since 1981 to feature only seven rounds and the first in the modern era of CFL Drafts. The 1993 Draft was held in Calgary, Alberta at the Jubilee Auditorium.


1993 CFL season
The 1993 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 40th season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 36th Canadian Football League season.


1993 CFL season, CFL news in 1993
On February 23, the Sacramento Gold Miners were announced as the CFL's ninth franchise, during the league's annual meetings in Hamilton. The team began play in 1993 at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento, California. They joined the West Division. Sacramento became the first U.S.-based team to play in the CFL, and it was the first expansion team to be admitted into the league since 1954, when the B.C. Lions became a franchise. A potential expansion team to San Antonio, Texas (the San Antonio Riders, formerly of the then-suspended WLAF, to play as the San Antonio Texans) was put on hold for the 1993 season after the team folded instead.


1993 CFL season, CFL news in 1993
On March 6, The Canadian College Draft was held in Calgary at the Jubilee Auditorium, becoming the first Western Canadian city to host the event since Winnipeg in 1971. Calgary also played host to the Grey Cup game for only the second time in history on Sunday, November 28. In that game, the Edmonton Eskimos defeated the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, 33–23 before a crowd of 50,035.


1993 CFL season, CFL news in 1993
Records: Dave Ridgway set the CFL record for consecutive field goals made with 28.


1993 CFL season, Regular season standings, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1993 CFL season, Grey Cup playoffs
The Edmonton Eskimos are the 1993 Grey Cup champions, defeating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 33–23, at Calgary's McMahon Stadium. The Eskimos' Damon Allen (QB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player and Sean Fleming (K/P) was the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.


1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The 1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was the 29th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. It determined that year's club champion of association football in the CONCACAF region and was played from 23 January till 5 December 1993.


1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The teams were split in two zones (North/Central and Caribbean), being the best 3 from the North/Central and the best team from Caribbean to qualify to the final tournament. All qualifying matches in the tournament were played under the home/away match system while the final tournament was played in a group system in Guatemala City.


1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
That final stage composed of four teams which played each other in a single round-robin tournament. Costa Rican team Deportivo Saprissa crowned CONCACAF champion for their first time, after finishing 1st in the final with a goal difference of +8.


1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, North and Central American Zone, Preliminary Round
1 Hercules withdrew before 1st leg, and both legs awarded 2–0 to Juventus.


1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, Caribbean Zone, First Round
1 Zion Inter, Racing Gonaïves, Tempête and Hawks all withdrew before 1st leg, and their rivals were awarded 2-0 wins in each of both matches.


1993 CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup
The 1993 CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup was the second edition of the CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup. Mexican side C.F. Monterrey won the tournament as winner of the Final stage played at Monterey Park, California from 28 July to 1 August.


1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup
The 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the second edition of the Gold Cup, the football (soccer) championship of North America, Central America and the Caribbean (CONCACAF).


1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup
The format of the tournament stayed the same as in 1991: eight teams were broken up into two groups of four, with the top two in each group advancing to the semifinals. It was the first Gold Cup to be co-hosted; Group A was held in the United States (Dallas), and Group B in Mexico (Mexico City). The tournament was won by Mexico, who beat the US 4-0 in the final.


1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Squads
The 8 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 20 players; only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.


1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final
The 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final was an association football match that took place on 25 July 1993 at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, Mexico, to determine the winner of the 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup. This was the second final in the history of CONCACAF Gold Cup and second consecutive final for the United States after they beat Honduras in a penalty shootout in the 1991 final. They faced Mexico, who were making their first appearance in a Gold Cup Final. El Tri won the match 4–0 in front of 120,000 spectators.


1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final
As the Gold Cup champion, Mexico qualified as the CONCACAF representative in the 1995 King Fahd Cup in Saudi Arabia.


1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final, Background
Prior to the match, Mexico were favorites to win it all after Zague had scored 10 goals in every match in the competition they had played except their 1–1 draw with Costa Rica. On the contrary, the United States had won all of their games by 1 goal, and scored a golden goal against Costa Rica in the semi-finals.


1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup squads
These are the squad lists of the teams participating in the 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup.


1993 CONCACAF Women's Invitational Tournament
The 1993 CONCACAF Women's Invitational Tournament was the second edition of the CONCACAF Women's Championship, a tournament of the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football. The tournament took place in Long Island, New York, United States from August 4–8, 1993, and consisted of 4 teams, one of whom, New Zealand, was an invited guest.


1993 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1993 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. This was the first season they competed at the Division I-AA level, as they had previously been at the Division II level.


1993 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
Cal Poly competed in the inaugural season of American West Conference (AWC). They had previously played in the Western Football Conference (WFC), which folded after the 1992 season. The Mustangs were led by seventh-year head coach Lyle Setencich and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season with a record of six wins and four losses (6–4, 1–3 AWC). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 365–201 for the season. This was the last year for coach Setencich at the helm. He compiled a record of 41–29–2 in his seven years at Cal Poly.


1993 Cal Poly Mustangs football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Mustang players were selected in the 1994 NFL Draft.


1993 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team
The 1993 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team represented California State University, Hayward in the 1993 NCAA Division II football season. Cal State Hayward competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference (NCAC).


1993 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team
The Pioneers were led by head coach Tim Tierney in his 19th, and last year at the helm. They played home games at Pioneer Stadium in Hayward, California. The Pioneers finished the season with a record of three wins and six losses (3–6, 2–2 NCAC). The Pioneers were outscored by their opponents 188–294 for the 1993 season. In his 19 years as the head coach, Tierney compiled a record of 76–110–5 (.411).


1993 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team
In January 1994, Cal State Hayward announced they were dropping the football program as a cost-cutting measure and to make a move toward reaching gender equity in their athletic program.


1993 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal State Hayward Pioneers players were selected in the 1994 NFL Draft.


1993 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team
The 1993 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team represented Cal State Northridge during the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. This was the first season they competed at the Division I-AA level, as they had previously been at the Division II level.


1993 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team
Cal State Northridge competed in the inaugural season of American West Conference (AWC). They had previously played in the Western Football Conference (WFC), which folded after the 1992 season. The 1993 Matadors were led by eighth-year head coach Bob Burt. They played home games at North Campus Stadium in Northridge, California. Cal State Northridge finished the season with a record of four wins and six losses (4–6, 1–3 AWC). The Matadors outscored their opponents 229–222 for the season.


1993 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal State Northridge players were selected in the 1994 NFL Draft.


1993 Calder Cup playoffs
The 1993 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 12, 1993. The twelve teams that qualified, four from each division, played best-of-seven series for division semifinals and division finals. The highest remaining seed received a bye for the third round while the other two remaining teams played a best-of-three series, with the winner advancing to play the bye-team in a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup. The Calder Cup Final ended on May 30, 1993, with the Cape Breton Oilers defeating the Rochester Americans four games to one to win the first Calder Cup in team history.


1993 Calder Cup playoffs
Cape Breton's Bill McDougall won the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as AHL playoff MVP. He also set or tied five individual AHL playoff records during Cape Breton's Calder Cup run. He set the records for most points in one playoff (52; 26 goals, 26 assists), most goals scored in one playoff (26), and the most goals scored in one game with 5 in Cape Breton's 8-2 win over St. John's in game 4 of the Atlantic division final. McDougall also set the record for most assists in one playoff with 26, which has been matched twice since then.


1993 Calder Cup playoffs
He also scored 7 points (4 goals, 3 assists) in game 2 of the semifinal against Springfield, tying an AHL record for most points in one playoff game. Cape Breton also tied an AHL playoff record by scoring 85 goals during the 1993 playoffs, and they managed to do it in one fewer game than the Sherbrooke Canadiens, who scored 85 goals during the 1987 Calder Cup Playoffs.


1993 Calder Cup playoffs, Playoff seeds
After the 1992-93 AHL regular season, 12 teams qualified for the playoffs. The top four teams from each division qualified for the playoffs. The Binghamton Rangers finished the regular season with the best overall record.


1993 Calder Cup playoffs, Bracket
In each round the team that earned more points during the regular season receives home ice advantage, meaning they receive the "extra" game on home-ice if the series reaches the maximum number of games. For the Semifinal round, the team that earned the most points during the regular season out of the three remaining teams receives a bye directly to the Calder Cup Final. There is no set series format due to arena scheduling conflicts and travel considerations.


1993 Calgary Stampeders season
The 1993 Calgary Stampeders finished in 1st place in the West Division with a 15–3 record. They attempted to defend their Grey Cup championship in front of a home crowd at McMahon Stadium, but they lost in the West Final to the eventual Grey Cup champions Edmonton Eskimos.


1993 California Angels season
The California Angels 1993 season involved the Angels finishing 5th in the American League west with a record of 71 wins and 91 losses.


1993 California Angels season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1993 California Golden Bears football team
The 1993 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second year under head coach Keith Gilbertson, the Golden Bears compiled a 9–4 record (4–4 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in a tie for fifth place in the Pac-10, and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 411 to 303.


1993 California Golden Bears football team
The team's statistical leaders included Dave Barr with 2,619 passing yards, Lindsey Chapman with 1,037 rushing yards, and Mike Caldwell with 962 receiving yards.


1993 Cambodian general election
General elections were held in Cambodia between 23 and 28 May 1993. The result was a hung parliament with the FUNCINPEC Party being the largest party with 58 seats. Voter turnout was 89.56%. The elections were conducted by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), which also maintained peacekeeping troops in Cambodia throughout the election and the period after it.


1993 Cambodian general election
They remain the last elections won by a party other than the Cambodian People's Party, which began to dominate Cambodian politics from 1998.


1993 Cambodian general election, Background
The State of Cambodia (SOC) and three warring factions of the Cambodian resistance consisting of FUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge and Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) signed the Paris Peace Accords in October 1991. The accords provides for the establishment of the UNTAC, a United Nations-led interim administration that would supervise the demobilization of troops from the SOC and the three warring factions, and also conduct democratic elections in 1993. The UNTAC was formed at the end of February 1992, and Yasushi Akashi was appointed as head of the UNTAC.


1993 Cambodian general election, Background
In August 1992, the UNTAC administration promulgated the election law, and conducted the provisional registration of political parties. Political parties that were registered were allowed to open party offices the following month. The following year in January 1993, registration of electorate was carried out, and UNTAC identity cards were issued. The UNTAC conducted a civic education campaign in February 1993, and two months later the UNTAC allowed political parties to hold public meetings and rallies to campaign for votes.


1993 Cambodian general election, Pre-election challenges, Demobilisation
When UN peacekeepers were sent in to commence on demobilisation in June 1992, the Khmer Rouge set up road blocks in territories under their control to prevent peacekeepers from entering. When the incidents were reported to the then-UN secretary-general Boutros Boutros-Ghali, he sent a personal appeal to Khieu Samphan to let peacekeepers conduct demobilisation. The Khmer Rouge leadership responded by demanding that day-to-day administration should be handed over an administrative body headed by Norodom Sihanouk, and also alleged that continued presence of Vietnamese troops in Cambodia did not warrant demobilisation. As the Khmer Rouge insisted on not participating in demobilisation, Sihanouk called on the UNTAC to isolate the Khmer Rouge from participating in any future peace-making initiatives.


1993 Cambodian general election, Pre-election challenges, Demobilisation
The Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF), Armee Nationale Sihanoukiste (ANS, also informally known as the FUNCINPEC army) and Khmer People's National Liberation Front participated in the mobilisation exercises, although young and untrained recruits were sent to participate while non-servicing weapons were presented to the peacekeeping troops. When the Khmer Rouge continued to resist demobilisation efforts, UNTAC decided to suspend the entire mobilisation exercise in September 1992, during which about 50,000 soldiers from the CPAF, ANS and KPNLF have disarmed.


1993 Cambodian general election, Pre-election challenges, Violent attacks
The Khmer Rouge started to carry out a series of attacks on Vietnamese civilians from April 1992, which they justified by claiming that there were Vietnamese soldiers disguised as civilians. In February 1993, the Khmer Rouge carried out an attack at a tourist center in Siem Reap, which killed two Cambodians and injured a Portuguese tourist, Caesar DePaço. In March 1993, the Khmer Rouge carried out the largest attack on Vietnamese civilians in the floating village of Chong Kneas in Siem Reap Province which claimed the lives of 124 Vietnamese civilians. The Khmer Rouge had provided tacit forewarning prior to the attack,  but neither SOC troops not UNTAC peacekeepers were deployed. When the attack was published in the press, it triggered about 20,000 Vietnamese to flee to Vietnam the following month in April 1993.


1993 Cambodian general election, Pre-election challenges, Violent attacks
The CPAF also carried out clandestine attacks on the party offices belonging to FUNCINPEC and BLDP starting in November 1992. The attacks were carried out at night, and soldiers would fire grenades or rockets. The number of incidents were reduced in January 1993, but picked up again in March 1993 until the eve of elections in May 1993. The attacks left about 200 political workers killed or injured by May 1993.


1993 Cambodian general election, Results
The voting process was carried out between 23 and 28 May 1993. Most of the voting stations were based in school buildings and Buddhist pagodas to reduce costs. The election was staffed by some 50,000 Cambodians and 900 international volunteers as well as an additional 1,400 United Nation officers which served as polling station observers. The counting of votes started on 29 May and lasted until 10 June. The results were declared by Akashi, and five days later the UN security council endorsed the election results with Security Council Resolution 840.


1993 Cambodian general election, Aftermath
On 31 May 1993, the CPP to file a complaint with Akashi over claims of irregularities in the elections. When Akashi dismissed CPP's complaints, Hun Sen and Chea Sim suggested to Sihanouk to assume full executive powers as the Head of State of the country. Sihanouk accepted the initiative, and issued a declaration on 3 June that he would assume the position as the Head of State of Cambodia. The ministries would be divided between FUNCINPEC and CPP on a fifty-fifty basis.


1993 Cambodian general election, Aftermath
FUNCINPEC president Ranariddh, as well as several countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and China opposed the initiative. The US charged that Sihanouk's initiative would violate the spirit of the election as well as the terms set in the Paris Peace Accords. The following day, Sihanouk abandoned the initiative to assume full executive powers.


1993 Cambodian general election, Aftermath
One week later on 10 June, Hun Sen announced that seven eastern provinces, all bordering Vietnam had seceded from Cambodia under the leadership of then-Deputy Prime Minister Norodom Chakrapong and then-Interior Minister Sin Song. Hun Sen avoided supporting the secession attempt publicly, but accused the United Nations of creating electoral fraud to precipitate CPP's defeat in the election. Chakrapong and Sin Song attacked political offices belonging to FUNCINPEC and BLDP in the provinces, and also issued orders for UNTAC officials to leave the provinces under their control.


1993 Cambodian general election, Aftermath
An emergency National Assembly meeting was initiated on 14 June where Sihanouk was re-instated as the Head of State, with Ranariddh and Hun Sen appointed as co-prime ministers with equal levels of executive powers. When Hun Sen issued a letter to Akashi to declare his support for continued UNTAC's interim administration, Chakrapong and Sin Song dropped the secessionist threats. For the next three months, Sihanouk presided over an interim administration his resignation on 21 September, and he re-assumed the office of the King of Cambodia two days later on 23 September 1993.


1993 Camden Town bombing
The 1993 Camden Town bombing occurred on 27 February 1993, when a bomb exploded in Camden High Street, injuring 18 people. The Provisional IRA was responsible, planting the explosive in a litter bin and targeting people on the busiest day of the week, Saturday, after midday. One of the injured was Swedish tourist Jenny Erikson, 22. The IRA gave a coded telephone warning that a bomb was planted at a Kentucky Fried Chicken fast food store in the north end of High Street, near Camden Lock Market. Police unknowingly moved people towards the bomb's path in the south end 400 yards away. Scotland Yard chief Bernard Luckhurst said the misleading warnings of the bomb were "clearly designed" to kill or injure as many as it could. One eyewitness described scenes of "utter chaos".


1993 Camden Town bombing
Earlier the IRA sent a warning about a bomb in Oxford Street, which also had to be evacuated by police. The attack occurred a day after the Warrington bomb attacks.


1993 Cameroonian Premier League
In the 1993 Cameroonian Premier League season, 16 teams competed. Racing Bafoussam won the championship.


1993 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The  1993 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby   was won by selection of Tucumàn that beat in the final the selection of Unión de Rugby de Rosario.


1993 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Torneo "campeonato"
The better eight teams played for title. They were divided in two pools of four, the first two each pools admitted to semifinals, the last relegated in secondo division


1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 37th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Overview
It was contested by 32 teams, and Palmeiras won the championship.


1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Format
The first phase of the season had the 32 teams divided into four groups of eight teams. The top three teams from group A and group B qualified for the second phase. The top two teams from group C and group D would playoff to determine two more teams for the second phase. The bottom four teams from group C and group D were relegated.


1993 Campeonato Carioca
The 1993 edition of the Campeonato Carioca was kicked off on February 7, 1993 and ended on June 27, 1993. It is the official tournament organized by FFERJ (Federação de Futebol do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, or Rio de Janeiro State Football Federation. Only clubs based in the Rio de Janeiro State are allowed to play. Twenty-four teams contested this edition. Vasco da Gama won the title for the 19th time. twelve teams were relegated.


1993 Campeonato Gaúcho
The 73rd season of the Campeonato Gaúcho kicked off on February 27, 1993 and ended on July 21, 1993. Twenty-four teams participated. Grêmio won their 29th title. Dínamo and Ta-Guá were relegated.


1993 Campeonato Paulista
The 1993 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Profissional da Primeira Divisão - Série A1 was the 92nd season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Palmeiras  won the championship by the 19th time. Fourteen teams were relegated.


1993 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The thirty teams of the championship were divided into two groups, Group A, one with sixteen teams (the ten best teams of Group A and the six best teams of Group B in the previous year) and Group B, with fourteen (the bottom four of Group A, the other teams of Group B and the two teams that had been promoted from the second level). Every team played twice against the teams of its own group, and the six best teams of Group A and the two best teams of Group B qualified to the Second phase. However, in that year, the championship was slated to be reduced to sixteen teams, and as such, the four bottom teams of Group A and the ten bottom teams of Group B were relegated to the Second Level.


1993 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The Second phase's eight teams were divided into two groups of four, with every team playing twice against the teams of its own group and the winners of each group qualifying to the Finals.


1993 Campeonato da 1ª Divisão do Futebol
Statistics of Campeonato da 1ª Divisão do Futebol in the 1993 season.


1993 Campionati Internazionali di San Marino
The 1993 Campionati Internazionali di San Marino was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Centro Tennis Cassa di Risparmio di Fonte dell'Ovo in the City of San Marino in San Marino and was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 9 August until 15 August 1993. First-seeded Thomas Muster won the singles title.


1993 Campionati Internazionali di San Marino, Finals, Doubles
Daniel Orsanic /  Olli Rahnasto defeated  Juan Garat /  Roberto Saad 6–4, 1–6, 6–3


1993 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia
The 1993 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy that was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and took place from 27 September until 3 October 1993. Second-seeded Thomas Muster won the singles title.


1993 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia, Finals, Doubles
Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez defeated  Juan Garat /  Jorge Lozano 6–3, 6–3


1993 Canada Cup
The 1993 Canada Cup was a women's rugby union international competition that took place at grounds in Ajax, Brampton and Toronto in Ontario and featured England, the United States and Wales along with the hosts. The tournament was won by England. 1993 was the first edition of the Canada Cup.


1993 Canadian Grand Prix
The 1993 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on 13 June 1993. It was the seventh race of the 1993 Formula One World Championship. The 69-lap race was won from pole position by Alain Prost, driving a Williams-Renault, with Michael Schumacher second in a Benetton-Ford and Prost's teammate Damon Hill third.


1993 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
There was a two by two formation in qualifying in Canada as the Williams were ahead of the Benettons and the Ferraris. Prost took pole ahead of Hill, Schumacher, Patrese, Berger and Alesi. Uncharacteristically, Senna was down in 8th.


1993 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
At the start, Hill beat Prost away, while the Benettons were slow and were passed by Berger and Senna (who had already got ahead of Brundle and then Alesi). Hill was leading Prost, Berger, Senna, Schumacher and Patrese.


1993 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna passed Berger for third on lap 2. On lap 6, Prost took the lead from Hill. Soon afterwards, Schumacher passed Berger with Patrese following him through five laps later. The order stabilised at: Prost, Hill, Senna, Schumacher, Patrese and Berger.


1993 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
During the mid-race stops, Hill had a problem and dropped behind Senna and Schumacher. Schumacher now set off after Senna. Senna's alternator eventually gave out and he retired from the race. Prost won ahead of Schumacher, Hill, Berger, Brundle and Wendlinger.


1993 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
This is the last race on which 1976 Formula One champion James Hunt commentated for Grand Prix for the BBC. He died barely 48 hours after the race.


1993 Canadian Junior Curling Championships
The 1993 Pepsi Canadian Junior Curling Championships were held in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec.


1993 Canadian National Soccer League season
The 1993 Canadian National Soccer League season was the seventy first season for the Canadian National Soccer League. The season concluded on October 17, 1995, with St. Catharines Roma claiming their first CNSL Championship after defeating Toronto Rockets in a two-game series. Toronto Croatia secured their fifth CNSL league cup.


1993 Canadian National Soccer League season
The season was significant as the Canadian Soccer League (CSL) merged with the National Soccer League (NSL), which renamed the league to the Canadian National Soccer League (CNSL). As the Canadian Soccer Association suspended the CSL on April 30, 1993 their remaining clubs joined the CNSL. The new additions included the Winnipeg Fury, which marked the league's first entry into Manitoba, and the reintroduction of a Quebec division making the league operative in three provinces.


1993 Canadian National Soccer League season, Overview
After the defections of the Toronto Blizzard, and Vancouver 86ers to the American Professional Soccer League the main financial sponsor of the Montreal Supra split with the front office in order to form another APSL franchise. These actions along with the financial crisis the Canadian Soccer League was experiencing caused the league to merge its interests with the National Soccer League.


1993 Canadian National Soccer League season, Overview
The merger resulted in a name change to the Canadian National Soccer League with the additions of the North York Rockets (changed to Toronto Rockets), Winnipeg Fury and the introduction of a Quebec division to house the former Quebec National Soccer League (LNSQ) clubs. As a result of the changes to the Canadian soccer landscape the Canadian Soccer Association recognized the APSL as the top tier in the country with intentions of designating the CNSL as a secondary league. After a meeting conducted with representatives from both parties the CNSL failed to receive sanctioning from the CSA.


1993 Canadian National Soccer League season, Overview
On April 30, 1993 the CSA officially suspended the CSL for one season, with the CSL in response sanctioning the CNSL for the 1993 season. Woodbridge Azzuri were suspended after failing to secure a proper facility according to league standards. The executive committee of the league included Laurie McIvor as president, Rocco LoFranco as commissioner, Armando DiFruscio as vice president, and Harry Gauss with Tony Fontana as directors. Winnipeg experienced a tumultuous season in terms of fiscal operations as they struggled in making payments, and even applied to the provincial government for a grant in order to fulfill their league commitments.


1993 Canadian National Soccer League season, Individual awards
The 1993 annual CNSL awards were held at Auberge Universel in Sherbrooke, Quebec with the nominations announced on October 22, 1993. The awards were presented on November 3, 1993 with Montreal Croatia receiving the most accolades. The Golden Boot was shared between Dwayne Dear, and Tomasz Radzinski with both finishing with 15 goals in their respective divisions. Radzinski would ultimately play in noted leagues as the Belgian First Division, and Premier League. Montreal Croatia's Zoran Petkovic was named the MVP and Krunoslav Piperkovic was given the Most Sportsmanlike award.


1993 Canadian National Soccer League season, Individual awards
After securing the Eastern division title for Croatia the Coach of the Year went to Simon Demo along with the Team of the Year award. The Montreal Ramblers finished second with three awards with Charlie Mohamed being named the Goalkeeper of the Year, and Paul Daccobert was recognized as the Rookie of the Year and would later play in the USISL Pro League. The Ramblers also received the Most Technical award, while Corfinium St-Leonard received the Most Improved award. The remainder of the awards went to Cosmos de LaSalle as Best Administration and Manuel Sosa was given the Best Referee award.


1993 Canadian Open (tennis)
The 1993 Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 104th edition of the Canada Masters, and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1993 ATP Tour, and of the Tier I Series of the 1993 WTA Tour. The men's event took place at the Uniprix Stadium in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from July 26 through August 1, 1993, and the women's event at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from August 16 through August 22, 1993.


1993 Canadian Open (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Jim Courier /  Mark Knowles defeated  Glenn Michibata /  David Pate, 6–4, 7–6


1993 Canadian Open (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Larisa Neiland /  Jana Novotná defeated  Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario /  Helena Suková 6–1, 6–2


1993 Canadian Open – Men's Doubles
Patrick Galbraith and Danie Visser were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners. Galbraith teamed up with Grant Connell and lost in the semifinals to Jim Courier and Mark Knowles, while Visser teamed up with Laurie Warder and lost in the second round, also to Courier and Knowles.


1993 Canadian Open – Men's Doubles
Jim Courier and Mark Knowles won the title by defeating Glenn Michibata and David Pate 6–4, 7–6 in the final.


1993 Canadian Open – Men's Doubles, Seeds
The first four seeds received a bye into the second round.


1993 Canadian Open – Men's Singles
Andre Agassi was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals this year.


1993 Canadian Open – Men's Singles
Mikael Pernfors won the title, defeating Todd Martin 2–6, 6–2, 7–5 in the final.


1993 Canadian Open – Women's Doubles
Lori McNeil and Rennae Stubbs were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Helena Suková.


1993 Canadian Open – Women's Doubles
Larisa Neiland and Jana Novotná won the title by defeating Sánchez Vicario and Suková 6–1, 6–2 in the final.


1993 Canadian Open – Women's Doubles, Seeds
The first four seeds received a bye into the second round.


1993 Canadian Open – Women's Singles
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Jennifer Capriati.


1993 Canadian Open – Women's Singles
Steffi Graf won the title by defeating Jennifer Capriati 6–1, 0–6, 6–3 in the final.


1993 Canadian Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
The first eight seeds received a bye into the second round.


1993 Canadian federal budget
The 1993 Canadian budget was a Canadian federal budget for the Government of Canada presented by Minister of Finance Don Mazankowski in the House of Commons of Canada on 26 April 1993. It was the fifth budget after the 1988 Canadian federal election and would be the last before the 1993 Canadian federal election.


1993 Canadian federal budget, Background
The budget is presented amid poor economic conditions and soaring federal deficit. Two month earlier, Brian Mulroney had announced his intention to resign as soon as a new Progressive Conservative leader is elected.


1993 Canadian federal budget, Background
On 18 June 1992 the Spending Control Act received royal assent. That act provided for a legislated ceiling for federal program spending from 1991–92 to 1995–96. Few programs were excluded from the scope of the Act (notably Unemployment insurance). It is a complement to the Expenditure Control Plan announced in the 1990 budget and extended in 1991.


1993 Canadian federal budget, Taxes
The budget did not brought sweeping tax changes but introduced some technical changes for corporations :


1993 Canadian federal budget, Expenditures
The budget planned for $7.5 billion of expenditure cuts over 5 years. Most of the cuts were however announced in the December 1992 Economic Statement ($5.3 billion) and few cuts were contained in the 1993 budget ($1.2 billion):


1993 Canadian federal budget, Reactions
The budget was poorly received, and described as "stand pat", "do nothing", "non-budget" and a "lame duck". Claude Picher, from La Presse, pointed out that the 100-pages long budget was one of the shortest budget ever and strongly criticized its lack of substance, overoptimistic economic forecasts and unimaginative measures.


1993 Canadian federal budget, Reactions
Preceding the budget, Mazankowski had stated that government revenues would decrease compared to 1992 as a result of "slow economic growth, continued high unemployment and low inflation".


1993 Canadian federal budget, Reactions
The Canadian Bond Rating Service downgraded Canada's federal debt rating from AAA to AA+, and the budgetary deficit for the fiscal year was expected to be $32.6 billion. Mazankowski stated that the rating service had based its decision on "erroneous information".


1993 Canadian federal budget, Reactions
The value of the Canadian dollar declined with respect to the United States dollar in the foreign exchange market the day after the budget speech, and interest rates "climbed sharply".


1993 Canadian federal budget, Legislative history
The spending cuts announcements of the December 1992 Economic Statement and the 1993 Budget were included in the Government Expenditure Restraint Act, 1993 No. 2 which received royal assent on 2 April 1993.


1993 Canadian federal election
The 1993 Canadian federal election (formally the 35th Canadian general election) was held on October 25, 1993, to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 35th Parliament of Canada. It was one of the most eventful elections in Canada's history, dramatically impacting and remodeling the Canadian political structure. In a landslide, the Liberals, led by Jean Chrétien, won a majority government.


1993 Canadian federal election
The election was called on September 8, 1993, by the new Progressive Conservative Party leader, Prime Minister Kim Campbell, near the end of her party's five-year mandate. When she assumed office in June, the party was deeply unpopular due to the failure of the Meech Lake/Charlottetown Accords, the goods and services tax, and the early 1990s recession. The PCs were further weakened by the emergence of new parties that were competing for its core supporters. Campbell's initial efforts helped the party recover somewhat in pre-election polls before the writs were issued.


1993 Canadian federal election
However, this momentum did not last, and the Progressive Conservatives suffered the most lopsided defeat for a Canadian governing party at the federal level, the worst ever suffered by a governing party in the Western democratic world, losing all but 2 of their 156 seats and more than half of their vote from 1988. Though they recovered slightly in the 1997 election, the Progressive Conservatives lost seats in 2000 and would never be a major force in Canadian politics again. In 2003, the Progressive Conservative Party disappeared entirely when it merged with the larger Canadian Alliance party to create the new Conservative Party of Canada.


1993 Canadian federal election
Two new parties emerged in this election, largely from former supporters of the Progressive Conservatives. The sovereigntist Bloc Québécois won almost half of the popular vote in Quebec and became the Official Opposition. To date, this is the only time that a party committed to the political secession of a region of Canada has become the Official Opposition of Canada. The Western-based Reform Party won nearly as many seats as the Bloc and replaced the PCs as the major right-wing party in the Commons, although it won only one seat east of Manitoba.


1993 Canadian federal election
The traditional third party, the New Democratic Party (NDP), collapsed to nine seats only one election after having what was then its best performance. It remains the NDP's worst result in a federal election since its formation and the only election where the party polled fewer than one million votes.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background
The Liberal Party had dominated Canadian politics for much of the 20th century. The party had been in office for all but 22 years between 1896 and 1984. The Conservatives/Progressive Conservatives only formed government six times in this period.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Mulroney era
In 1984, Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservatives to the biggest majority government in Canadian history, winning a majority of the seats in every province. The Liberals lost 95 seats in the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level at the time. The PCs made a strong showing in Quebec, a province where they had held few seats for much of the century.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Mulroney era
Between 1896 and 1984, they had only managed to win the majority of seats in that province once, in their 1958 landslide—the only other time besides 1984 that a party has won 200 seats in an election. After winning only one seat in Quebec (out of 75) in 1980, the Tories won 58 seats in 1984, leaving the Liberals with almost no seats outside of Montreal.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Mulroney era
Mulroney's government was based on a "grand coalition" of socially conservative populists from the West, fiscal conservatives from Atlantic Canada and Ontario, and Quebec nationalists. This coalition helped him win reelection in 1988 (an election almost wholly focused on the proposed Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement) with a considerably smaller mandate. Over the next five years, the popularity of Mulroney and his party collapsed. The late 1980s recession badly harmed the Canadian economy, as unemployment increased dramatically and the federal budget deficit grew.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Mulroney era
When the PCs had formed the government in 1984, the federal deficit was at an unprecedented $34.5 billion and had grown over $40 billion by 1993, despite pledges to reduce it. The federal debt had also grown to $500 billion. In an attempt to restore the fiscal balance, Mulroney had brought in the highly unpopular Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 1991.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Quebec constitutional status
Mulroney had also promised to change the constitutional status quo in favour of increasing provincial autonomy; this was one of the most important reasons for his party's support in Quebec. He attempted to amend the constitution twice, but both reform proposals failed. The Meech Lake Accord collapsed in 1990 when the provincial legislatures of Newfoundland and Manitoba adjourned without bringing the issue to a vote; all 10 provincial legislatures had to ratify the accord for it to become law. The Charlottetown Accord was defeated by the Canadian people in an October 1992 referendum.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Quebec constitutional status
In the case of the Charlottetown Accord, the majority of Canada's population voted against an agreement endorsed by every First Minister and most other political groups. This stinging rebuke against the "political class" in Canada was a preview of things to come, as the upcoming election would be held on October 25, 1993, a year less a day after the Charlottetown referendum.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Mulroney out, Campbell in
These factors combined to make Mulroney the least popular leader since opinion polling began in the 1940s. The Progressive Conservative Party's popularity reached a low of just over 15% in 1991. With polls showing him facing almost certain defeat in the next election,  Mulroney announced his retirement from politics in February 1993. While several senior Cabinet members had passed over contesting the leadership, Minister of Justice Kim Campbell quickly emerged as the leading candidate to replace Mulroney as party leader and prime minister. Despite a vigorous challenge from Environment Minister Jean Charest, Campbell emerged victorious in the June leadership election and became Canada's first female prime minister.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Mulroney out, Campbell in
Campbell enjoyed a brief period of high popularity upon being sworn in, becoming the eponym of "Campbellmania," just as Pierre Trudeau had been the subject of late-1960s Trudeaumania. Campbell campaigned extensively during the summer, touring the nation and attending barbecues and other events.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Opposition parties
The other traditional parties were also not faring well. While John Turner and the Liberal leadership supported the Meech Lake Accord, there was significant internal disagreement, with Trudeau returning from retirement to speak out against it. After the Liberals' disappointing showing in the 1988 election, Turner stayed on for a couple of years before resigning. The party then selected veteran politician Jean Chrétien over Paul Martin as party leader after a divisive battle, but Chrétien was unpopular, especially in his native Quebec, after declaring his opposition to the Meech Lake Accord, being rocked by caucus defections.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Opposition parties
The federal Liberals were disorganized, near bankruptcy, and dropped in the polls from 50 to 32 per cent, so Chrétien appointed Jean Pelletier as chief of staff to reinvigorate his leadership and reorganize his office. As the ruling Tories suffered the most backlash from the unsuccessful constitutional amendments in 1990 and 1992, the Liberals rapidly picked up support and surged to a wide lead in opinion polling.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Opposition parties
The New Democratic Party (NDP) had won a record 43 seats in 1988 under Ed Broadbent, who retired the next year. In the following few years, their support continued to grow, at one point leading in the opinion polls. This helped the NDP win a series of victories at the provincial level. In a surprise victory in 1990, Bob Rae led the party to office in Ontario–the first time the NDP had formed a provincial government east of Manitoba. That same year, the NDP won a by-election in Quebec to take its first-ever seat in that province.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Opposition parties
The next year, under Mike Harcourt, the New Democrats were elected in British Columbia. Within a few years, however, the NDP provincial ministries in both Ontario and British Columbia became deeply unpopular, and support for the federal NDP also began to fall. In a deviation from their traditional position as staunch federalists, the NDP chose to align itself with the Liberals and PCs on the "yes" side of the 1992 Charlottetown Accord.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, Opposition parties
As well, new leader Audrey McLaughlin made efforts to expand party support into Quebec instead of focusing on Western alienation, having defeated Dave Barrett, who had campaigned for the opposite policies. These positions gained the NDP little headway in Quebec and hurt the party's standing as the traditional voice of Western protest.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, New parties
The greatest difference from 1988 was the rise of two new parties that cut into the Progressive Conservatives' support and caused Mulroney's "grand coalition" to implode.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, New parties
After the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, Lucien Bouchard led a group of Progressive Conservative and Liberal MPs to form the Bloc Québécois. This party quickly gained the support of Quebec sovereigntists and access to the networks of the provincial Parti Québécois. Gilles Duceppe won a 1990 by-election, and throughout the period leading up to the election, the Bloc polled as the most popular party in Quebec.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, New parties
The Reform Party of Canada was a Western-based populist party led by Preston Manning, the son of former Alberta Premier Ernest Manning. Originally broadly focused on Western Canadian interests, it had quickly moved far to the right after its formation. It originally campaigned under the slogan "the West wants in". Reform had nominated candidates in the 1988 election, but had failed to win any seats, and garnered only 2.5 percent of the popular vote.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, New parties
Many Western voters had never forgiven the Liberals for the National Energy Program in the 1980s, and Mulroney's attempt to pacify Quebec caused them to rethink their support for the Tories. In early 1989, Deborah Grey won a by-election in an Edmonton-area riding to become the first Reform MP. This came as a considerable shock to the Tories, who had dominated Alberta's federal politics for a quarter-century, and as Grey had finished a distant fourth in the general election held a few months earlier. As Conservative support collapsed over the next four years, Reform party support increased.


1993 Canadian federal election, Background, New parties
Reform also picked up support from many longtime NDP voters. The NDP (and its predecessor, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) had been the traditional Western protest party for most of the last 40 years, but since the 1990s, they had attempted to make inroads in Quebec and had joined the Progressive Conservatives and Liberals in supporting the Charlottetown Accord. Despite sharp ideological differences, Reform's populism struck a responsive chord in disaffected NDP supporters.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Pre-campaign
An election had to be called in the fall of 1993, since Parliament's term would expire some time in September. By the end of the summer, Campbell's personal popularity was far ahead of that of Chrétien. Support for the Progressive Conservative Party had also increased after Campbell won the leadership, and they were only a few points behind the Liberals, while Reform had been reduced to single digits.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Pre-campaign
With this in mind, Campbell asked Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn to dissolve parliament on September 8, only a few weeks before Parliament was due to expire. The election date was set for October 25. Under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, this was the last day that the election could legally be held with the then-current enumeration still valid. In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Hnatyshyn granted the dissolution, beginning the seven-week campaign.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Pre-campaign
At the ceremony at Rideau Hall, Campbell made the first of a series of remarks that would dog the Conservative campaign. When she was running for the party leadership, Campbell's frank honesty was seen as an important asset and a sharp contrast from Mulroney's highly polished style (Mulroney was criticized for waiting until the last year of his mandate before resigning, leaving office only two-and-a-half months before the Tories' five-year term ended, as well as for his international farewell tour devoid of any official business). However, during the campaign, Campbell repeatedly made statements that caused problems for the party.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Pre-campaign
At the Rideau Hall event, she told reporters that it was unlikely that the deficit or unemployment would be much reduced before the "end of the century". Later in the campaign, she would famously state that 47 days were not enough to discuss the overhaul in social policy that she thought Canada needed. Unfortunately for Campbell, a reporter shortened the quote to "an election is no time to discuss serious issues."


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
The Liberals had long prepared for the campaign. They had amassed a substantial campaign war chest, almost as large as that of the Tories. On September 19, the Liberals released their entire platform, which the media quickly named the Red Book. This document gave a detailed account of exactly what a Liberal government would do in power. Several years of effort had gone into the creation of the document, which was unprecedented for a Canadian party.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
Several days later, the Progressive Conservatives released the hastily assembled A Taxpayer's Agenda, but the Liberals had captured the reputation of being the party with ideas. The Liberals were also consistently well organized and on message, in contrast to the PC campaign, which the Globe and Mail on September 25 stated was "shaping up to be the most incompetent campaign in modern political history."


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois benefited from a surge in support for Quebec nationalism after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord in 1990 which resulted in a number of Liberal and Progressive Conservative Members of Parliament (MPs) organizing to form the Bloc. The Bloc's leader Lucien Bouchard campaigned on promising that the Bloc would represent Quebec's interests at the federal level, by running candidates exclusively in Quebec while endorsing and supporting Quebec sovereignty (political independence from Canada).


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Reform
The Reform Party developed an extensive grassroots network in much of the West and Ontario. Reform's appeal to populist policies such as calling for a democratically elected and regionally equal Senate as well as supporting the use of more plebiscites and referenda in the political process was very popular in Western Canada. Reform's appeal for smaller government, lower taxes, support of the North American Free Trade Agreement, opposition to the Goods and Services Tax, and social conservative policies won over many conservatives in the West and Ontario.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Reform
Small "c" conservatives in the West and Ontario who traditionally supported of the Progressive Conservatives were drawn to Reform for several reasons. These conservative voters were disenchanted with the PCs for imposing the Goods and Services Tax, and the PC government's failure to reduce Canada's growing deficit and national debt.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Reform
There was also the PC government's failure to deliver a democratically elected Senate as it had promised (while appointing unelected Senators in 1990), the PC party's socially progressive policies, and due to the PC government's overarching focus and failed attempts to officially bring Quebec into the Constitution while being seen by some as ignoring the concerns of other regions, especially the west.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Reform
Reform had little money and few resources, so their limited funds led them to fly economy class, stay in cheap hotels, and rely on pre-packaged lunches, all which helped endear them to money-conscious fiscal conservatives. The campaign was managed by seasoned professional Rick Anderson. Some Reformers had been annoyed that the moderate former Liberal and Ottawa insider had been made campaign manager, but he quickly proved highly able.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Reform
Reform found itself embroiled in controversy when Toronto-area candidate John Beck made a series of anti-immigrant remarks in an interview with Excalibur, the York University student paper. York students confronted Manning with the remarks, who immediately denounced them. Within an hour, Beck was forced to withdraw his candidacy.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, New Democrat
The New Democratic Party suffered badly in the election. With the rising unpopularity of the Ontario NDP government of Bob Rae, many traditional NDP voters were disenchanted and moved to the Liberal Party. In Western Canada, a portion of the NDP vote was attracted to the right-wing Reform party as a protest vote, as that party's populism struck a chord despite the sharp ideological differences between the two parties (as the NDP and Reform were on completely opposite sides of the political spectrum), and some went to the Liberals as well.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, New Democrat
Nationally, frustration with the PC party was also so high that some traditional NDP voters moved to the Liberals as a strategic vote. Although McLaughlin was returned in her own seat (Yukon), elsewhere the NDP was only truly competitive in Saskatchewan - even there, they finished third place in the popular vote although it was still enough to tie the Liberals for a plurality of seats at five (one more of the Reform Party).


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
The PC campaign was headed by chair John Tory and chief strategist Allan Gregg, both experienced Mulroney loyalists. It was the best-funded campaign, but it quickly ran into organizational problems. The party failed to get literature distributed to the local campaigns, forcing all the PC candidates to print their own material, and preventing the party from putting forth a unified message. The Progressive Conservative campaign had been focused on three issues: job creation, deficit reduction, and improving quality of life.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
However, the party had little credibility on the first two, as over their time in office both unemployment and the deficit had increased dramatically. The party was also reluctant to propose new fiscal or social programs, as in Quebec they had to appeal to nationalists who opposed federal government intervention, and in the West had to appeal to Reform supporters who opposed government intervention in general.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
In addition, what remained of the initial euphoria over Campbell quickly wore off as the campaign progressed. Her style was initially seen as frank and honest, but as her numbers dropped she was seen as condescending and pretentious. The Tories also continued to be dogged by the long shadow of the by then unpopular Mulroney.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Leaders debates
Over the course of the campaign, Progressive Conservative support steadily bled away to the other parties. The leaders debates were held October 3 and 4, and were generally regarded as inconclusive, with no party gaining a boost from them. The most memorable moment involved Lucien Bouchard continuously questioning Campbell about the real deficit in the 1993 budget, and Campbell dodging the question. The French debates were held on the first night. Manning, who did not speak French, read prepared opening and closing remarks, but did not participate in the debate itself.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Chrétien ad
By October, the Progressive Conservatives were considerably behind the Liberals in the polls, and it was obvious that they would not be reelected. The consensus was that the Liberals were on their way to at least a minority government, and would probably win a majority without dramatic measures. Despite this, Campbell was still far more personally popular than Chrétien. Polling found that a considerable number of potential Liberal voters held negative opinions about Chrétien.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Chrétien ad
Believing they had no other way to keep the Liberals from winning a majority, Gregg and Tory decided to launch a series of commercials attacking Chrétien. While the ad's creators claim they had meant for the line "I would be very embarrassed if he became Prime Minister of Canada" to refer to Chrétien's policies and ethics, the intercutting with images of his face and its facial deformity (caused by Bell's palsy) were interpreted by many as an attack on Chrétien's appearance. The ad quickly received widespread attention as the Liberal war room under Roméo LeBlanc immediately contacted media outlets. This generated a severe backlash from all sides of the spectrum, including some PC candidates, and Campbell ordered them off the air.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Chrétien ad
Chrétien turned the situation to his advantage, comparing his opponents to the children who teased him when he was a boy. "When I was a kid people were laughing at me. But I accepted that because God gave me other qualities and I'm grateful." Chrétien's approval ratings shot up, nullifying the only advantage the Progressive Conservatives still had over him. The Tories also pointed out that Chrétien himself had used his half-paralyzed face in the campaign, with Liberal signs in Quebec that translated as "Strange-looking face, but reflect on what's inside." Furthermore, most newspapers and magazines had used similar photos that highlighted Chrétien's facial deformity.


1993 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Chrétien ad
Aside from raising Chrétien's personal popularity, it is unclear what effect the ad had on the election. Prior to the controversy, the Campbell Tories were already beset by many problems; notably the recession, the unpopular GST, and their support bases moving to Reform and the Bloc. Nonetheless, the negative backlash over the television spot proved to be the final nail in the Tories' coffin. Their support plummeted into the teens, all but assuring that the Liberals would win a majority government.


1993 Canadian federal election, Issues
The most important issue of the 1993 election was the economy. The nation was mired in the Early 1990s recession, and unemployment was especially high. The federal deficit was also extremely high, and both the Reform and Progressive Conservatives focused on cutting it as the path to economic health. Reform proposed deep cuts to federal programs in order to do this, while the Progressive Conservatives were less specific. The Liberals also promised cuts, focusing on the unpopular and expensive plan to buy new military helicopters to replace the aging Sea Kings.


1993 Canadian federal election, Issues
They also promised new programs such as a limited public works programme and a national child care program. The Reform Party called for a "Zero in Three" plan that would reduce the deficit to zero in three years. The Liberals had a far more modest plan to reduce the deficit to 3% of GDP by the end of their first term. All opposition parties pledged to repeal the Goods and Services Tax. Once elected, however, the Liberals reneged on this pledge to much outcry, stating the Conservatives had understated the size of the deficit. Instead the GST remained. In some provinces it was Harmonized with the Provincial sales tax, while in other provinces the GST and the Provincial Sales Tax remained separate.


1993 Canadian federal election, Issues
The 1988 election had been almost wholly focused on the issue of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, and similarly, the 1993 election was preceded by the agreement on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The Liberals opposed NAFTA and promised to try to renegotiate the FTA, but this was not a central campaign theme. The NDP did focus on opposition to NAFTA, but the Canadian people mostly felt that the free trade debate was over. When in office, the Liberals signed on to NAFTA with little opposition.


1993 Canadian federal election, Issues
Similarly, while constitutional issues had dominated the national debate for several years, two failed reform proposals led most to support giving the issue a rest. Chrétien promised not to reopen the constitution, and that under the Liberals any change would be incremental in nature. In Quebec the election was seen as a prelude to the next Quebec election and the referendum on secession that was sure to follow.


1993 Canadian federal election, Issues
The Reform Party advanced proposals in a number of areas that challenged the status quo. It proposed extensive reform to Canada's parliamentary system, including more free votes, recall elections, and change to the Senate. The party also advocated a reduction in immigration levels and a retreat from official bilingualism.


1993 Canadian federal election, Finances
The election was held under the Election Expenses Act of 1974. This forced parties to disclose most donations, but put few limits on who could donate and how much could be given. Individual donations up to $1,150 were given a tax credit, encouraging such pledges. The Conservatives had the largest budget, spending $10.4 million on their national campaign; the Liberals spent $9.9 million, while the NDP spent $7.4 million. The Bloc and Reform both spent less than $2 million on their national campaigns. Actual election spending is far larger than these numbers indicate: each candidate raised substantial amounts of money independently of the national campaign. In this era there were also large expenses, such as polling and fundraising costs, that did not need to be disclosed.


1993 Canadian federal election, Finances
In the year of the election, two traditional parties, the Liberals and Conservatives, each received about 60% of their funding from corporations and the rest from individuals. For the NDP half of the funding came from individuals, and a third came from trade unions. The Reform Party relied almost wholly on individual donations, with only some 12% coming from corporations. The Bloc relied almost solely on individual donations, as its party charter barred donations from corporations. The NDP had by far the most donors, with over 65,000, but the average donation was only $80. By contrast the 45,000 Conservative donors gave more than $200 on average.


1993 Canadian federal election, Finances
The Liberals quickly recouped their election expenses once they were in government. The Liberals held a substantial advantage in funding for the next two elections as they enjoyed the majority of corporate campaign contributions after the collapse of the Progressive Conservatives. Until 2003 when Jean Chrétien passed Bill C-24, which banned business donations and provided a subsidy to each party based on their popular vote, the Liberals did not see the need to develop a system of extensive grassroots fundraising like the other parties.


1993 Canadian federal election, Finances
The Bloc and Reform had spent little during the campaign, and also received more support once their prominent position in parliament was made clear. One of the Reform Party's successful developments was its extensive grassroots fundraising network, which is still used by its latest incarnation (in a merger with the Progressive Conservatives), the Conservative Party of Canada.


1993 Canadian federal election, Finances
The NDP and Conservatives had more problems after the vote. The NDP found itself deeply in debt, but recouped some of it by selling their Ottawa headquarters to the new Ukrainian Embassy. The Conservatives, despite cutting back on spending late in the campaign, were some $7.5 million in debt by the end of the election, and it took years to clear this burden. The heavy debt load would hamper the party's ability to campaign in subsequent elections, and this would lead to its eventual merger with Reform's successor, the Canadian Alliance.


1993 Canadian federal election, Minor parties
Fourteen registered political parties contested the election, a Canadian record. Jackson and Jackson, in their book Politics in Canada, argue that the proliferation of minor parties was an outgrowth of the single-issue political movements that had come to prominence in Canada in the 1980s. For instance, the environmentalist, anti-abortion, and anti-free trade movements all had closely associated parties. Each candidate required a $1000 deposit, an increase from $200 in the last election. If the candidate did not win 15% of the vote, which none of the minor parties did, these deposits would be forfeit.


1993 Canadian federal election, Minor parties
Parties that nominated 50 candidates qualified as official parties and, most importantly, received government subsidies for advertising. The smaller parties were not invited to the main leaders debate, something Mel Hurtig of the National Party complained vehemently about. The Green Party of Canada Chief Agent Greg Vezina  organized a debate between the leaders of seven of the minor parties on October 5, which was broadcast on CBC Newsworld and CPAC. The National Party did not attend.


1993 Canadian federal election, Minor parties
Few of these parties were expected to win a seat. One exception was the National Party. Founded by Mel Hurtig, a prominent nationalist, it campaigned on a strongly economically nationalist, broadly centre-left platform focusing on opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The party ran 171 candidates, and for a time polling indicated it could potentially have an impact. However, the party failed to make a significant impression and imploded due to internal party turmoil. Some time after the election it applied to Canada's Chief Election officer to de-register the party.


1993 Canadian federal election, Minor parties
Another prominent minor party was the Natural Law Party. Linked to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, it advocated yogic flying as the solution to most of Canada's ills. It ran 231 candidates, more than some major parties. Its campaign was also accompanied by several million dollars of advertising, and it was successful in attracting media attention. Some accused its efforts of actually being government-subsidized marketing for yogic flying centres, which are non-profit, non-religious meditation centres.


1993 Canadian federal election, Minor parties
Other minor parties included the Green Party of Canada which ran 79 candidates, Libertarian Party of Canada, the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada and the Christian Heritage Party, which was mainly dedicated to opposing abortion. The election saw three minor parties focused on radical reform to the monetary system: the Canada Party, the Abolitionist Party, and the Party for the Commonwealth of Canada, which was formed by supporters of U.S. fringe politician Lyndon LaRouche.


1993 Canadian federal election, Minor parties
This election was also the last time that the Social Credit Party attempted to run candidates in an election. The party had been in headlong decline since losing its last Member of Parliament in 1980, and was now led by fundamentalist Christian preacher Ken Campbell. Campbell briefly changed the party's name to the "Christian Freedom Party" in an attempt to appeal to social conservatives. However, the party failed to nominate the minimum 50 candidates and was deregistered by Elections Canada.


1993 Canadian federal election, Minor parties
The satirical Rhinoceros Party was likewise deregistered after they declined to contest the election, in protest of new electoral laws that required parties to run 50 candidates at a cost of $1,000 per riding. Unlike the Socreds, however, the Rhinos would eventually reform in 2006, once the 50 candidate requirement had been dropped, and began contesting federal elections again beginning with the 2008 election.


1993 Canadian federal election, Minor parties
Several unrecognized parties also contested the election, including the Canadian Party for Renewal (which was closely aligned with the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)).


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Progressive Conservatives
The election was a debacle for the Tories. Their popular vote plunged from 43% to 16%, losing more than half their vote from 1988. They lost all but two of the 156 seats they held when Parliament was dissolved—far surpassing the Liberals' 95-seat loss in 1984. It was the worst defeat, both in absolute terms and in terms of percentage of seats lost, for a governing party at the federal level in Canada, and among the worst ever suffered for a governing party in a Westminster system. It is also one of the few instances of a governing party in any country going from a strong majority to being almost wiped off the electoral map.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Progressive Conservatives
Mulroney's "grand coalition" completely fell apart. The Tories' support in the West, with few exceptions, transferred to Reform, while their party's support in Quebec was split between the Liberals and the Bloc, and their support in Atlantic Canada and Ontario largely migrated to the Liberals. The PCs did win over two million votes, almost as many as Reform and far ahead of the Bloc or NDP. However, this support was spread out across the country.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Progressive Conservatives
Due to the first past the post system, which awards power solely on the basis of seats won, the Tories support was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into seats. The party was shut out of Ontario for the first time in its history. Mulroney's former riding, Charlevoix in eastern Quebec, fell to Bloc candidate Gérard Asselin in a landslide; the Tory candidate only received 6,800 votes and almost lost his deposit.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Progressive Conservatives
Campbell was defeated in her Vancouver riding by rookie Liberal Hedy Fry—only the third time in Canadian history that a sitting prime minister lost an election and was unseated at the same time (it previously happened to Arthur Meighen twice: in 1921 and 1926). All other Cabinet members also lost their seats except for Jean Charest, who won re-election in Sherbrooke, Quebec; moreover, many prominent ministers such as Michael Wilson, Don Mazankowski, Joe Clark, and John Crosbie did not seek re-election.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Progressive Conservatives
The only other Progressive Conservative besides Charest to win a Commons seat was Elsie Wayne, the popular mayor of Saint John, New Brunswick. Gilles Bernier, who had served two terms as a Progressive Conservative from Beauce, Quebec, was also re-elected, but was forced to run as an independent after Campbell barred him from running under the PC banner due to fraud charges.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Progressive Conservatives
In addition, 147 PC candidates failed to win 15% of the vote, losing their deposits and failing to qualify for funding from Elections Canada. The party as a whole was left deeply in debt, and came up ten seats short of official party status in the Commons. Without official party status, the Progressive Conservatives lost access to funding and had a considerably reduced role in Parliament.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Liberals
The Liberals swept Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, with only Wayne's win in New Brunswick denying them a clean sweep of Atlantic Canada. They also won all but one seat in Ontario; only a 123-vote loss to Reform's Ed Harper in Simcoe Centre denied the Liberals the first clean sweep of Canada's most populous province by a single party. In both Ontario and Atlantic Canada, the Liberals gained support from many centre-right voters who were fed up with the Tories but found Reform too extreme for comfort. Ontario replaced Quebec (see below) as the main bastion of Liberal support for the next two decades; the party easily won a majority of the province's seats in the next four elections.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Liberals
In the West, the Liberals dominated Manitoba, winning all but two seats. They also won seats in Saskatchewan for the first time since 1974 and in Alberta for the first time since 1968. In Saskatchewan, the Liberals won the popular vote for the first (and, as of 2021, only) time since 1949 and tied the NDP for a plurality of the seats.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Liberals
All of their Alberta seats were in the Edmonton area (Anne McLellan in Edmonton Northwest, John Loney in Edmonton North, and Judy Bethel in Edmonton East), which has historically been friendlier to the Liberals than the rest of Alberta. The Liberals also held onto Edmonton Southeast, the lone seat in Alberta they held when the writ was dropped, which they picked up in 1990 when David Kilgour crossed the floor from the Progressive Conservatives.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Liberals
Despite being led by a Quebecker, the Liberals were unable to recover their dominant position in Quebec. This was in part due to the staunchly federalist Chrétien's opposition to the Meech Lake Accord, which was revealed when leadership rival Paul Martin pressed him on the issue back in 1990. Chrétien's reputation in his home province never recovered, especially when the Bloc Québécois rallied on the issue. As a result, the Liberals were unable to capitalize on the collapse of Tory support in the province.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Liberals
The Tories had swept to power in 1984 largely by flipping many long-time Liberal bastions in Quebec, and held onto most of them in 1988. However, with few exceptions, most of that support bled to the Bloc in 1993. While the Liberals dominated the Montreal area (home to almost 75% of the province's anglophones) and the Outaouais (home to a large number of civil servants who work across the river in Ottawa), they only won two seats elsewhere.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Liberals
One of them belonged to Chrétien, who won in Saint-Maurice, a strongly nationalist riding that he had previously represented from 1963 to 1986 (he had represented Beauséjour, New Brunswick as Opposition Leader from 1990–93). The Liberals also did not do as well as hoped in British Columbia, winning almost no seats outside Vancouver.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Liberals
Even with these disappointments, the Liberals won 177 seats — the third-best performance in party history, and their best performance since their record of 190 seats in 1949. This gave them an overwhelming majority in the Commons; no other party crossed the 60-seat mark. The Liberals were also the only party to win seats in every province.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Bloc Québécois
The Bloc won 54 seats, capturing just under half the vote in Quebec and nearly sweeping the francophone ridings there. In many cases, they pushed Tory cabinet ministers from the province into third place. This was the best showing by a third party since the 1921 election, when the Progressive Party won 60 seats. The Bloc's results were considered very impressive since the party had only been formed three years before, and because there were lingering questions about its viability.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Bloc Québécois
On paper, the Bloc was in a rather precarious position. Most of the Tories' support in Quebec was built on flipping ridings that had voted Liberal for decades. However, francophone anger at Chrétien's staunch federalism caused PC support in Quebec to transfer virtually en masse to the Bloc. Most of those seats would remain in Bloc hands for two decades, until nearly all of them were lost to the NDP at an election in which the Bloc was cut down to only four seats.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Bloc Québécois
Despite only running candidates in Quebec, the Bloc's strong showing in that province and the fragmentation of the national vote made them the second-largest party in the Commons and gave them Official Opposition status. As the Official Opposition, they enjoyed considerable privileges over other parties; for instance, Question Periods in the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of national unity.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Reform
Reform had a major breakthrough, gaining a substantial portion of the Tories' previous support in the West. The party won all but four seats in Alberta and dominated British Columbia as well. Reform also finished second in the popular vote in Saskatchewan, where they won four seats, and picked up one seat in Manitoba.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Reform
While Reform was expected to win over PC support, it also won around a quarter of voters who had voted for the NDP in the previous election. They did this by raising the problem of Western alienation and rallying against the Charlottetown Accord, two issues that the NDP made unpopular stands on. In one stroke, Reform had replaced the Progressive Conservatives as the major right-wing party in Canada (despite being virtually nonexistent east of Manitoba) and supplanted the NDP as the voice of Western discontent.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Reform
Reform had built up a large base of support in rural central Ontario, which had been the backbone of past provincial Tory governments. This area is very socially conservative—in some cases, almost as socially conservative as rural Western Canada. However, this support did not translate into actual seats; massive vote splitting with the PCs allowed the Liberals to sneak up the middle and take all but one seat in the area. Reform did manage to take Simcoe Centre—their only victory east of Manitoba, ever—but even this win came by a wafer-thin 123-vote margin over the Liberals.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Reform
They were also shut out of Atlantic Canada and did not run candidates in Quebec. It is not likely they would have won any seats in Quebec in any case due to Manning's inability to speak fluent French, its uncompromising federalism, and opposition to official bilingualism. Nonetheless, the election was a tremendous success for a party that had only won 2.1 percent of the national vote in the previous election.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, Reform
Reform's heavy concentration of Western support netted it 52 seats. However, the Bloc's concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, leaving Reform three seats short of making Manning Leader of the Opposition. Though the Bloc was the Official Opposition, the Liberals reckoned Reform as their main opposition on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. Also, in 1995 when Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard's position as Opposition Leader granted him a meeting with visiting U.S. President Bill Clinton, Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, New Democrats
The NDP won the fewest votes of any major party, and only nine seats — three short of the requirement for official party status. This was a substantial drop from its record performance in 1988. Those members who were elected were in heavily divided ridings, mostly in the party's traditional Western heartland. On average, winning NDP MPs only got 35.1% of the vote. Ultimately, the NDP only retained 34.99% of the votes it received in the 1988 election, even less than the 38.58% of the vote that the Progressive Conservatives retained.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, New Democrats
The New Democrats lost support in several directions. One factor was the unpopularity of NDP provincial governments led by Bob Rae in Ontario and Mike Harcourt in British Columbia, which reflected badly on their federal counterpart. In 1988, the peak of federal NDP support was a major asset to the success of provincial affiliates; however, by 1993, they were a considerable liability to the federal party because of recessions, social policies, and scandals.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, New Democrats
Not coincidentally, the federal NDP was decimated in both of those provinces; it lost all 10 of its Ontario MPs and all but two of its British Columbia MPs, more than half of the party's caucus in the Commons. Defeated Ontario MP Steven Langdon had called upon Rae to resign, having spent the 1993 election campaign disassociating himself from the provincial NDP's measures. The Ontario NDP would be heavily defeated in 1995 (in which it was reduced to third place), while the British Columbia NDP rebounded long enough to survive until it was almost wiped out in 2001.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, New Democrats
The NDP was also indirectly hampered by the nationwide collapse of the PC vote. Even though it was obvious by October that Chrétien would be the next prime minister, the memory of vote splitting in 1988 (a major factor in the Conservative win that year) still resonated with many NDP sympathizers. This, along with the widespread antipathy toward Mulroney, caused many NDP supporters to vote Liberal to ensure the Tories would be defeated.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, New Democrats
Thirdly, a significant number of NDP voters also switched to Reform. Despite sharp differences in ideology, Reform's populism struck a chord with many NDP voters; twenty-four percent of those who voted NDP in 1988 switched to Reform. In 1989, while running for the federal NDP leadership, former British Columbia Premier Dave Barrett argued that the party should be concerned with Western alienation rather than focusing its attention on Quebec. However, Barrett was defeated at the convention by Audrey McLaughlin, and his platform was not adopted by the party.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, New Democrats
The NDP also supported the Charlottetown Accord, which Barrett called a mistake since it was unpopular in Western Canada. In contrast, Barrett raised the issue of Western alienation and strongly opposed the Accord. Barrett's warning proved to be remarkably prescient, as the NDP was severely punished in its former Western stronghold.


1993 Canadian federal election, Results, New Democrats
The NDP had never been a force in Quebec, but they had been supported by those who would not vote for either the Liberals or Progressive Conservatives. While McLaughlin made efforts to make inroads in Quebec, this proved fruitless and likely contributed to Western discontent. These voters largely moved to the Bloc, with 14% of NDP voters supporting the Bloc in 1993. The NDP lost their only seat in the province, which it had gained in a 1990 by-election, as Phil Edmonston, a Quebec nationalist, opted not to see re-election because he disagreed with the party's support for the Charlottetown Accord.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
The 1993 election is considered a political realignment election with lasting effects on Canadian politics. Since Confederation in 1867, Canada had a two-party system with the Liberals and Conservatives alternating in government. Since the 1920s there had generally been one or more third parties in the House of Commons. None of these parties came close to winning power and of those parties, the CCF was the only one that achieved long-term success. The CCF became the NDP in 1961 by which time it had clearly established itself as the nation's third major party.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
It eventually gained enough strength to wield the balance of power in the Liberal minority governments of the 1960s and 1970s. After the 1984 election the NDP had ten fewer seats than the Liberals, there was considerable talk that Canada was headed for a UK-style Labour-Tory division, with the Liberals following their UK counterparts into third-party status. However, the Liberals recovered enough ground in 1988 to firmly reestablish themselves as the main opposition party.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
The 1993 election fundamentally changed the balance of power among the parties. Together Ontario and Quebec are guaranteed a majority of seats in the Commons under both Constitution Acts. Both provinces constitute nearly two-thirds of the Canadian population. Thus, it is nearly impossible to form even a minority government without considerable support in one or both provinces. The Liberals were the only party with a strong base in both provinces, making them the only party with a realistic chance to form government.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
The Liberals dominated Canadian politics for the next decade, retaining almost all of its Ontario ridings while making steady gains in Quebec. They would not be seriously challenged until 2004, with the sponsorship scandal and party infighting reduced them to a minority government with continued strong support from Ontario. The Liberals retained the majority of the province's ridings, despite being defeated in 2006, finally relinquishing their lead in 2008.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
As no party other than the Liberals had a realistic chance of forming government after 1993, some commentators felt that Canada had moved to a dominant-party system. The opposition was divided between four parties. Many commentators thought it ironic that Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition consisted of a separatist party. Many considered the Reform Party the de facto opposition on issues that did not pertain to Quebec and national unity. Some political scientists felt that the new five-party parliament was an example of a multi-party system.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
The five parties were reduced to four when the PC Party and Canadian Alliance (successor to the Reform Party) merged in 2003. From 2004-2006, a Liberal minority government faced three opposition parties, the new Conservatives, NDP, and Bloc. In 2006, the Conservatives became the Government, the Liberals relegated to official opposition, while the NDP and Bloc retained a significant opposition presence.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
The Progressive Conservatives never regained their former standing in Canadian politics. In December 1993, Kim Campbell resigned as Conservative leader and was replaced by Charest, the only surviving member of the previous Cabinet. Under Charest, they rebounded to 20 seats in 1997. Despite the brief comeback of Joe Clark as leader in 1998, they were reduced to 12 seats mostly in the Atlantic provinces and Quebec, winning only two seats outside this region in the next two elections.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
The Reform Party became the Official Opposition in the 1997 election. Although Reform was now the major right-wing party in Canada, it was seen as too extreme by most Ontarians and thus had little chance of dislodging the Liberals. It was also hampered in Quebec because Manning could not speak French. In 2000, the party evolved into the Canadian Alliance, but even then won only two seats outside its Western Canadian base (both in Ontario).


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
In 2003, the Canadian Alliance under Stephen Harper and the Progressive Conservatives under Peter MacKay merged, creating the Conservative Party of Canada. The new party, led by Harper, was able to reduce the Liberals to a minority government in 2004 by capitalizing on the sponsorship scandal, though it was not able to reach the combined totals of the Tories and Alliance in 2000. However, it formed its first government, a minority, in early 2006 with Harper as prime minister, just over two years after the merger.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
Key to its victory was being able to make inroads into the eastern part of Canada as well as distancing itself from its Reform legacy with a more moderate agenda, winning a significant number of seats in Ontario and making a breakthrough in Quebec. In the 2008 election, the Conservatives won the majority of seats in Ontario for the first time since 1988.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
The NDP recovered somewhat, regaining official party status in 1997. However, it would take another decade for the party to reach the same level of support it enjoyed in the 1980s. The NDP supported the Liberal minority government after the 2004 election but moved towards differentiating itself from the Liberals, including uniting with the other opposition parties to bring down the Liberals and force the 2006 election in which the NDP made substantial gains in the House of Commons.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
The Bloc Québécois failed to propel the sovereigntist side to victory in the 1995 Quebec referendum and lost Official Opposition status in the 1997 election. It continued to lose seats in the 2000 election, however, it remained a significant presence in the House of Commons bolstered in recent years by the sponsorship scandal. The party nearly tied its 1993 vote total in 2004, but lost support to a resurgent Conservative Party in 2006. The Bloc's position continued to erode in 2008. The BQ won with 47 of Quebec's 75 seats but, saw its popular vote decline, although it remained an important force in federal politics for Quebec.


1993 Canadian federal election, Legacy
2011 saw massive change in the province, with the Bloc falling to 25% and just 4 seats in the Commons, losing official party status and being treated as independents. Polls between elections showed their support was steady at 9% but, fell dramatically during the campaign to an exploding NDP. Gilles Duceppe lost his own riding of Laurier—Sainte-Marie to the NDP candidate, and subsequently retired from federal politics, returning in June 2015. In the 2015 election, the Bloc managed to increase their seat count to 10, 2 seats short of regaining official party status. In addition, Duceppe failed to win his old riding back from the NDP incumbent and resigned as leader once again.


1993 Canadian federal election, National results
This election, like all previous Canadian elections, was conducted under a single-member plurality (or first past the post) system in which the country was carved into 295 electoral districts, or ridings, with each one electing one representative to the House of Commons. Those eligible to vote cast their ballot for a candidate in their electoral district and the candidate with the most votes in that district became that riding's Member of Parliament. The party that elects the most candidates forms the government by appointing its party leader as Prime Minister and its Members of Parliament to the Cabinet of Canada.


1993 Canadian federal election, National results
For a complete list of MPs elected in the 1993 election, see 35th Canadian parliament.


1993 Cangai siege
In March 1993 murderers Leonard Leabeater, Robert Steele and Raymond Bassett went on a nine-day rampage across Queensland and New South Wales, resulting in their taking hostages in a siege in a farmhouse at Hanging Rock Station, Cangai, near Grafton, New South Wales, and threatening to kill people indiscriminately. The trio had boasted about having killed five people in a two-state murder spree.


1993 Cangai siege
The murderous trio kidnapped four children: Lorraine, Trevor, Tonia, and Robert Lasserre, but Lorraine and Robert were left by the side of the road unharmed. At the end of a siege where Trevor and Tonia were held hostage, they were released unharmed.


1993 Cangai siege
While on the run for five days, the trio murdered five people after kidnapping the children.


1993 Cangai siege
During the 26-hour siege, numerous shots were fired by the trio at NSW Police Tactical Operations Unit officers.


1993 Cangai siege
Leabeater shot and killed himself the following day, while Steele and Bassett surrendered to police. Steele was later sentenced to five consecutive life sentences plus 25 years without parole; he hanged himself in his cell in Goulburn Jail on 23 December 1994.