1993 Argentine legislative election, Background
Sensing an opportunity to reform Argentina's arcane electoral system, the new Interior Minister, Gustavo Béliz, proposed a replacement of the nation's system of electoral lists for one resembling an Australian ballot. The proposed reform, which would lessen party leaders' influence over the process, helped result in his dismissal, however. President Menem's Justicialist Party enjoyed fourth-straight electoral victory, picking up several seats in Congress, though the struggling Radical Civic Union (UCR, which had held power during Raúl Alfonsín's difficult 1983-89 tenure), averted a trouncing and retained its Congressional strength. The UCR even made inroads in traditionally Peronist Santiago del Estero Province, where discontent with a political machinery long dominated by Justicialist Party strongman Carlos Juárez had led to riots.


1993 Argentine legislative election, Background
The results helped persuade both President Menem and UCR leader Alfonsín to negotiate towards a mutually beneficial arrangement, a month after the election. The victory encouraged Menem to pursue his goal of amending the 1853 Argentine Constitution to allow himself re-election. Alfonsín, whose party held the balance of power, accommodated the President, in exchange for increased representation in the Senate for the first runner-up (presumably the UCR) and the relinquishing of the Presidential right - enjoyed since 1880 - to appoint the Mayor of Buenos Aires (whose voters leaned towards the UCR). The consequent Olivos Pact made the 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution along the agreed-upon lines a reality, making this the salient legacy of the 1993 legislative elections.


1993 Argentine provincial elections
Provincial elections were held in Argentina on 3 October 1993, alongside parliamentary elections.


1993 Arizona Rattlers season
The 1993 Arizona Rattlers season marked the 2nd season for the franchise. The Rattlers sold out every home during the season.


1993 Arizona Rattlers season, Roster
Rookies in italics updated July 18, 201331 Active, 0 Inactive, 0 PS


1993 Arizona State Sun Devils football team
The 1993 Arizona State Sun Devils football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State University in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Bruce Snyder, the Sun Devils compiled a 6–5 record (4–4 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in a tie for fifth place in the Pac-10, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 282 to 248.


1993 Arizona State Sun Devils football team
The team's statistical leaders included Jake Plummer with 1,650 passing yards, Mario Bates with 1,111 rushing yards, and Johnny Thomas with 574 receiving yards.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1993 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. The offense scored 294 points while the defense allowed 161 points. Led by head coach Dick Tomey in his seventh season at Arizona, the Wildcats compiled a 10–2 record (6–2 against Pac-10 opponents), tied for first with UCLA and USC for the Pac-10 title, and defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl. It was the first time since 1973 that Arizona won at least a share of a conference championship and the first as a Pac-10 member.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team
The Wildcats would defeat USC but lose to UCLA, which led to the three-way tie for the Pac-10 title. A loss late in the season to California ended their potential chances of a Rose Bowl berth, and UCLA was invited instead due to their head-to-head victory over the Wildcats.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team
This season was also the first in which the Wildcats won at least ten games, and their defense, nicknamed the “Desert Swarm” was at its best, and led the nation in rushing defense and was ranked second behind Ole Miss in total defense, and was also ranked ninth in scoring defense.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Before the season
Arizona ended the 1992 season with a 6–5–1 record and lost to Baylor in the John Hancock Bowl, which led the Wildcats to end the year on a losing streak. They also had a dominant performance by their defense throughout the season, and was known as the “Desert Swarm”. As most of the “Desert Swarm” was returning for the 1993 season, along with a rebuilding offense, many believed that the team would contend for the Pac-10 championship as well as chance for a possible Rose Bowl berth. Experts picked the Wildcats to finish near the top of the conference standings and Arizona earned a preseason ranking before the season started (they were ranked 13th).


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Illinois
The Wildcats took a trip to Illinois to take on the Fighting Illini. The Desert Swarm would harass the Illini’s offense all day, and scored a pair of defensive touchdowns. In the end, Arizona barely held on for the win.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Stanford
After trouncing USC in their last game, Arizona played host to Stanford. The Cardinal seemed to figure out the Desert Swarm and led 17–0 early before the Wildcats’ offense found a rhythm by scoring 24 unanswered points to take the lead. In the fourth quarter, Stanford tied the game with a touchdown and later threatened for the lead, but the Swarm forced a turnover and the Wildcats responded on their final drive, and kicked a field goal on the final play to win it, surviving an upset scare by the Cardinal, and remain unbeaten.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Washington State
The Wildcats hosted Washington State in yet another home showdown. Arizona came into the game ranked seventh and the Cougars hoped to spoil the Wildcats’ perfect season. The game, however, would be dominated by both teams’ defenses, with the Desert Swarm performing more better than they did against Stanford. The teams traded field goals and Arizona held a slim 9–6 lead in the final seconds. The Cougars would miss a field goal as time expired that would have forced the game to end in a tie, and the Wildcats survived another scare and preserved their undefeated record.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, UCLA
Arizona, still perfect, went to the Rose Bowl to face UCLA and was ranked seventh. In the game, however, Arizona had its quarterback injured early and the Bruins started on a roll. The Wildcats could not recover and UCLA cruised to a victory and gave the Wildcats their first loss to end their perfect record.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Oregon
After seeing UCLA end their unbeaten hopes, Arizona returned home for a homecoming matchup with Oregon. The Wildcats would improve on all phases, and used mostly a rushing attack. The Desert Swarm defense returned to dominance and shut down the Ducks and the Wildcats got back in the win column. It turned out to be the final home game of the season for Arizona.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Oregon
With the win, Arizona completed a perfect season at home, winning all six of its games.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, California
The Wildcats went back on the road to visit California. Arizona would come out hot and led 20–0 at the half, and was poised to take control of the Pac-10 and edging closer to a possible chance at the Rose Bowl. In the second half, the Golden Bears slowly began coming back and the Wildcats, believing that the game was over due to their halftime lead, began to play conservative in the fourth quarter, trying to drain much of the clock.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, California
Later in the quarter, the Wildcats threw an interception and Cal returned for a touchdown to take a 24–20 lead with over three minutes remaining. On Arizona’s final drive, they went into Cal territory, but the Golden Bears’ defense came up big to complete the comeback for a huge upset and Tomey and the Wildcats went to their locker room stunned at what happened.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, California
The loss dropped the Wildcats into third place in the Pac-10 standings behind UCLA and USC and cost them of any chance at the Rose Bowl, as the winner of the UCLA-USC game the following week would earn the bowl trip, which was eventually won by UCLA.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State
Arizona traveled to Tempe for their rivalry game against Arizona State after recovering from their devastating loss at California which ended their Rose Bowl hopes. The Wildcats started slow but took control in the second half and the Desert Swarm dominated the Sun Devils, as Arizona pulled away to end a two-game losing streak in the rivalry and clinched a share of the Pac-10 title.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State
The win put the Wildcats in a position to be selected to the Fiesta Bowl, in which they accepted and would play Miami who also accepted the bowl bid.


1993 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Miami (FL) (Fiesta Bowl)
In the Fiesta Bowl, played on New Year’s Day 1994, the Wildcats and Hurricanes faced off in a big test. It was Arizona’s first Fiesta Bowl since 1979. The Desert Swarm would show why they were the nation’s best by shutting down Miami’s explosive offense in front of a pro-Arizona crowd. The Wildcats’ played well and would score a long rushing touchdown before halftime that gave them a 16–0 lead. The Desert Swarm would continue to dominate the Hurricanes in the second half and Arizona added more scores to break the game open and capture the victory with the Swarm pitching a shutout. It was the first shutout in the Fiesta Bowl’s history.


1993 Arizona Wildcats softball team
The 1993 Arizona Wildcats softball team represented the University of Arizona in the 1993 NCAA Division I softball season. The Wildcats were coached by Mike Candrea, who led his eighth season. The Wildcats finished with a record of 44–8. They played their home games at Rita Hillenbrand Memorial Stadium and competed in the Pacific-10 Conference, where they finished second with a 15–3 record.


1993 Arizona Wildcats softball team
This was the first season playing at Rita Hillenbrand Memorial Stadium, which was completed prior to the season.


1993 Arizona Wildcats softball team
The Wildcats were invited to the 1993 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament, where they swept the West Regional and then completed a run through the Women's College World Series to claim their second NCAA Women's College World Series Championship.


1993 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1993 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. The win over Alabama was later awarded by the NCAA via forfeit.


1993 Arkansas State Indians football team
The 1993 Arkansas State Indians football team represented Arkansas State University in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season as members of the Big West Conference. Under first-year head coach John Bobo, the team finished the season with a record of 2–8–1 overall and 1–5 in Big West play, placing last.


1993 Armagh District Council election
Elections to Armagh District Council were held on 19 May 1993 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used four district electoral areas to elect a total of 22 councillors.


1993 Armagh District Council election, Districts results, Armagh City
1989: 3 x SDLP, 2 x UUP, 1 x Sinn Féin1993: 3 x SDLP, 2 x UUP, 1 x Sinn Féin1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Armagh District Council election, Districts results, Crossmore
1989: 3 x SDLP, 2 x UUP1993: 4 x SDLP, 1 x UUP1993-1997 Change: SDLP gain from UUP


1993 Armagh District Council election, Districts results, Cusher
1989: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1993: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Armagh District Council election, Districts results, The Orchard
1989: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1993: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1989-1993 Change: No change


1993 Armenian Cup
The 1993 Armenian Cup was the second edition of the Armenian Cup, a football competition. In 1993, the tournament had 31 participant, of which only one was a reserve team.


1993 Armenian Cup, Results, First round
The matches were played on 27 and 29 March 1993.


1993 Armenian Cup, Results, Second round
The matches were played on 2 and 3 April 1993.


1993 Armenian Cup, Results, Quarter-finals
The first legs were played on 6 April 1993. The second legs were played on 21 April 1993.


1993 Armenian Cup, Results, Semi-finals
The first legs were played on 30 April 1993. The second legs were played on 14 and 15 May 1993.


1993 Army Cadets football team
The 1993 Army Cadets football team was an American football team that represented the United States Military Academy in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third season under head coach Bob Sutton, the Cadets compiled a 6–5 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 289 to 243. In the annual Army–Navy Game, the Cadets defeated Navy, 16–14.


1993 Army Cadets football team, Game summaries, Navy
Navy kicker Ryan Bucchianeri missed an 18-yard field goal wide right in the closing seconds to preserve the Army win.


1993 Aruban general election
General elections were held in Aruba on 8 January 1993. The Aruban People's Party and People's Electoral Movement (MEP) both won nine seats in the 21-seat Estates. The MEP remained in government with a three-party coalition headed by Nelson Oduber as Prime Minister.


1993 Asia Cup
The 1993 Asia Cup would have been the fifth edition of the tournament, however  was cancelled due to strained political relations between India and Pakistan. It was due to be held in Pakistan.


1993 Asian Athletics Championships
The tenth Asian Championships in Athletics were held in early December 1993 in Manila, Philippines.


1993 Asian Badminton Championships
The 1993 Asian Badminton Championships (officially, Seiko Asian Badminton Men's Team Championships) was the 12th edition of Badminton Asia Championships. It took place from March 31 to April 4, 1993 at the Queen Elizabeth Stadium in Hong Kong. Only the team competition for men's teams was held. Indonesian Men's team won the crown.


1993 Asian Badminton Championships, Division 1
Men's team of Indonesia won the Asian Championships by defeating China in the final.


1993 Asian Badminton Championships, Division 1, Final Round
The championship winner was the team from Indonesia, ahead of China. In the final on April 4, 1993, the 25-year-old Chinese top player Zheng Yumin collapsed in the fourth of five matches of the team fight and had to be reanimated with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions. Indonesia ultimately won the final 3–2.


1993 Asian Baseball Championship
The 1993 Asian Baseball Championship was the seventeenth continental tournament held by the Baseball Federation of Asia. The tournament was held in Perth, Australia for the second and likely last time; Australia has not participated in the tournament since joining the Baseball Confederation of Oceania. The tournament was won by defending champions Japan; their eleventh Asian Championship and their third consecutive title, equalling the record they set in two separate sequences previously: 1955-1959-1962 and 1965-1967-1967.


1993 Asian Baseball Championship
North Korea made their first, and through 2009, their only appearance at the tournament—finishing 6th—and became the ninth team to contest the championship. South Korea (2nd), Chinese Taipei (3rd), Australia (4th) China (5th) and Philippines (7th) were the other participants.


1993 Asian Baseball Championship, Bibliography
This article relating to baseball in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1993 Asian Cross Country Championships
The 2nd Asian Cross Country Championships took place 1993 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Team rankings were decided by a combination of each nation's top three athletes finishing positions.


1993 Asian Judo Championships
The 1993 Asian Judo Championships were held in Portuguese Macau.


1993 Asian Men's Handball Championship
The 1993 Asian Men's Handball Championship was the seventh Asian Championship, which took place from 24 September to 5 October 1993 in Manama, Bahrain.


1993 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship
The 1993 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship was the 7th Asian Championship, which took place from September 11 to September 19, 1993, in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.


1993 Asian Open
The 1993 Nescafe Asian Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 13–20 March 1993 at the Imperial Queens Park Hotel in Bangkok, Thailand.


1993 Asian Open
Dave Harold won the tournament by defeating Darren Morgan 9–3 in the final. The defending champion Steve Davis was eliminated in the last 32 by Fergal O'Brien.


1993 Asian Women's Handball Championship
The 1993 Asian Women's Handball Championship, the fourth Asian Championship, which was taking place from 18 to 24 August 1993 in Shantou, China.


1993 Asian Women's Handball Championship, Final standing
NB : China was probably already qualified thanks to its 8th place at the 1990 World Championship.


1993 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship
The 1993 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship was the 7th Asian Championship, which took place from July 24 to July 31, 1993, in Shanghai, China.


1993 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship, Pools composition
The teams are seeded based on their final ranking at the 1991 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship.


1993 Asian Wrestling Championships
The following is the final results of the 1993 Asian Wrestling Championships.


1993 Athens International
The 1993 Athens International was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Athens, Greece that was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 8th edition of the tournament and was held from 4 October until 11 October 1993. Unseeded Jordi Arrese won his second consecutive singles title at the event.


1993 Athens International, Finals, Doubles
Horacio de la Peña /  Jorge Lozano defeated  Royce Deppe /  John Sullivan 3–6, 6–1, 6–2


1993 Athens International – Doubles
Tomás Carbonell and Francisco Roig were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1993 Athens International – Doubles
Horacio de la Peña and Francisco Roig won in the final 3–6, 6–1, 6–2, against Royce Deppe and John Sullivan.


1993 Athens International – Singles
Jordi Arrese was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, beating Alberto Berasategui in the final, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3.


1993 Atlanta Braves season
The 1993 Atlanta Braves season was the Braves' 123rd in existence and their 28th since moving to Atlanta. The Braves were looking to improve on their 98–64 record from 1992 and win the National League pennant for a third consecutive year, and finally win a World Series in the 1990s.


1993 Atlanta Braves season
The Braves finished the season with a 104–58 record to win the National League West for the third consecutive year after trailing the San Francisco Giants, who finished in second place by one game, for most of the season in what is generally regarded as the last real pennant race before playoff expansion. 1993 was also the last year that the team competed in the National League West, as they would shift to the National League East for 1994.


1993 Atlanta Braves season
The 1993 Atlanta Braves are seen as one of the greatest Major League Baseball teams in history. Despite their excellent regular season, the Braves' streak of National League pennants ended at two as they fell to the underdog Philadelphia Phillies in six games in the National League Championship Series. By a twist of fate, the Braves beat the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Phillies in-state rivals, in back-to-back NLCS series in 1991 and 1992, but in 1993, lost to the Pirates in-state rivals.


1993 Atlanta Braves season, Regular season, Notable events
July 20, 1993:  At Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, a fire broke out in the skybox/press box area, delaying the start of the scheduled game between the Braves and the St. Louis Cardinals. Incidentally, the Braves' trade for Fred McGriff was completed a few days earlier and McGriff arrived at the stadium that night. With the delayed start, McGriff was able to suit up and start the game at first base. McGriff helped the Braves erase a 5–0 deficit by hitting a two-run homer in the sixth inning. The Braves went on to win the game 8–5.


1993 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1993 Atlanta Falcons season
The 1993 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise's 28th season in the National Football League (NFL). The team finished 6-10 for the second straight season. Following the season, head coach Jerry Glanville would be fired.


1993 Atlanta mayoral election
The 1993 Atlanta mayoral election occurred on November 2, 1993, with a runoff election held on November 23, 1993.


1993 Atlanta mayoral election
Incumbent mayor Maynard Jackson declined to seek reelection to what would have been a fourth overall (and second consecutive) term, citing family and personal reasons.


1993 Atlanta mayoral election
Since no candidate received a majority in the general election, a runoff election was held between the top-two finishers. Bill Campbell won election in the runoff.


1993 Atlanta mayoral election, Campaign, General election
The election would determine who would, expectedly, serve as mayor during the upcoming 1996 Summer Olympics in the city. Among the issues that the individual elected mayor would inherit would be an Olympics that were considered significantly behind-schedule in regards to planning.


1993 Atlanta mayoral election, Campaign, General election
Peter Applebome of The New York Times, on October 15, 1993 characterized the races being largely between Campbell, Davis, and Lomax, in which Campbell was leading, and Lomax was likely to place second. Applebome wrote, "the three have mounted a civilized, relatively low-key race in which polls show Mr. Campbell with a healthy lead" Applebome also wrote that the candidates had waged an "issue-oriented race".


1993 Atlanta mayoral election, Campaign, General election
Crime was a major topic of the campaign. Campbell proposed reorganizing the city's police department, placing more officers in the city's neighborhoods, and rehiring retired officers to give more staffing flexibility (while costing less to train then new officers). Lomax proposed hiring 400 new police officers. Davis focused more on addressing the social causes behind crime.


1993 Atlanta mayoral election, Campaign, General election
Lomax had high name-recognition, but also had high disapproval in opinion polling.


1993 Atlanta mayoral election, Campaign, Runoff
Observers considered the runoff campaign between Campbell and Lomax as having been ugly. Instead of being issues-focused, the campaign became focused on questions that Lomax made regarding Campbell's ties to a federal corruption probe and questionable expenditures at Hartsfield International Airport.


1993 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1993 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Championship was held at Bear Stadium in Boyertown, Pennsylvania from May 14–16. The double elimination tournament featured the league's top four regular-season finishers. Top-seeded Rutgers defeated West Virginia in the title game to win the tournament for the sixth time, earning the Atlantic 10's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Tournament.


1993 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format
The league's top four teams, based on winning percentage in the 21-game regular-season schedule, were seeded one through four.


1993 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format
A-10 tiebreaking procedures gave George Washington the fourth seed over Saint Joseph's.


1993 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament
Rutgers's Doug Alongi was named Most Outstanding Player, while Temple's Steve Hoppel was named Most Outstanding Pitcher.


1993 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1993 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament was played from March 7 to March 8, 1993, and March 11, 1993. The first two rounds were played at the Palestra in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while the final was played at the Mullins Center in Amherst, Massachusetts. The winner was named champion of the Atlantic 10 Conference and received an automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. The University of Massachusetts won the tournament. George Washington, Rhode Island, and Temple also received bids to the NCAA Tournament. Harper Williams of Massachusetts was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player for the second consecutive year. Future NBA players Eddie Jones (Temple), Aaron McKie (Temple), and Lou Roe (Massachusetts) were among those also named to the All-Championship Team.


1993 Atlantic Championship
The 1993 Toyota Atlantic Championship season was contested over 15 rounds. The Player's Toyota Atlantic Championship Drivers' Champion was David Empringham driving for Canaska Racing.


1993 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1993 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament was held in Greenville, SC from May 15 through May 20. Clemson won the tournament and earned the Atlantic Coast Conference's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1993 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format
All nine teams qualified for the conference tournament, with several byes allowing for a nine-team double-elimination tournament.


1993 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format
On Saturday (The Semifinals) of the ACC Baseball Tournament, the match-up between the four remaining teams is determined by previous opponents. If teams have played previously in the tournament, every attempt will be made to avoid a repeat match-up between teams, regardless of seed. If it is impossible to avoid a match-up that already occurred, then the determination is based on avoiding the most recent, current tournament match-up, regardless of seed. If no match-ups have occurred, the team left in the winners bracket will play the lowest seeded team from the losers bracket.


1993 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament, Bracket, Main Bracket
The brackets were set up without an elimination play-in game and several byes, which allowed all 9 teams to play in a double-elimination format. To clarify the brackets above, the match-ups (by round) to the reordered semifinals were as follows:


1993 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1993 Atlantic hurricane season was a below average Atlantic hurricane season that produced ten tropical cyclones, eight tropical storms, four hurricanes, and one major hurricane. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean. The first tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed on May 31, while the final storm, Tropical Depression Ten, dissipated on September 30, well before the average dissipation date of a season's last tropical cyclone; this represented the earliest end to the hurricane season in ten years. The most intense hurricane, Emily, was a Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale that paralleled close to the North Carolina coastline causing minor damage and a few deaths before moving out to sea.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season
The most significant named storm of the season was Hurricane Gert, a tropical cyclone that devastated several countries in Central America and Mexico. Throughout the impact areas, damage totaled to $170 million (1993 USD) and 102 fatalities were reported. The remnants of Gert reached the Pacific Ocean and was classified as Tropical Depression Fourteen-E. Another significant system was Tropical Storm Bret, which resulted in 184 deaths and $25 million in losses as it tracked generally westward across Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, and Nicaragua. In the Pacific Ocean, the remnants of Bret were attributed to the development of Hurricane Greg. Three other tropical cyclones brought minor to moderate effects on land; they were Tropical Depression One and Tropical Storms Arlene and Cindy. The storms of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season collectively caused 382 fatalities and $322.3 million in losses.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal forecasts, Pre-season forecasts
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU) and the Weather Research Center (WRC). A normal season as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has 12.1 named storms, of which 6.4 reach hurricane strength, and 2.7 become major hurricanes. In December 1992, Gray anticipated a near average season with 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. Another predication on April 16, 1993 was unchanged from the previous forecast.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal forecasts, Pre-season forecasts
In June, Gray revised the number of hurricanes to seven, though the forecast of named storms and major hurricanes remained the same. By August, the number hurricanes predicted was lowered back to six, matching the December 1992 and April forecasts. The sole prediction made by the WRC called for seven named storms and five hurricanes, though no forecast was made on the numbers of major hurricanes.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, those activity began a day early with the development of Tropical Depression One on May 31. It was a below average season in which 10 tropical depressions formed. Eight of the depressions attained tropical storm status, and four of these attained hurricane status. In addition, one tropical cyclone eventually attained major hurricane status, which is below the 1981–2010 average of 2.7 per season. The low amount of activity is attributed to abnormally strong wind shear across the Atlantic basin.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Only one hurricane and three tropical storms made landfall during the season; Tropical Depression One and Hurricane Emily also caused land impacts. However, the storm collectively caused 382 deaths and $322.3 million in damage. The last storm of the season, Tropical Depression Ten, became extratropical on September 30, two months before the official end of the season on November 30.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Tropical cyclogenesis in the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season began with the development of Tropical Depression One on May 31. However, in the following two months, minimal activity occurred, with only one named storm, Arlene, in June. August was the most active month, with four tropical cyclones developing, including Tropical Storms Bret, Cindy, and Dennis, as well as Hurricane Emily. Although September is the climatological peak of hurricane season, only two systems formed that month, which were Hurricane Floyd and Gert. Thereafter, activity briefly halted until Hurricane Harvey developed in October. The final tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression Ten, became extratropical on September 30, two months before the official end of the season on November 30.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Overall, the season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 39. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One
A westward-moving tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression One near the Isle of Youth on May 31. Due to strong wind shear and its proximity to land, the depression was unable to strengthen and struck western Cuba later that day. It emerged into the Straits of Florida early on June 1 and began to organize and intensify slightly further, but nonetheless remained below tropical storm intensity. Around that time, an approaching shortwave trough accelerated the depression northeastward across the western Bahamas. Thereafter, the wind field of the depression began expanding and lost all tropical characteristics while located northeast of The Bahamas on June 2.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One
Heavy rainfall in Cuba caused flooding in the central and eastern portions of the country, forcing the evacuation of 40,000 people, destroying 1,860 homes and damaging an additional 16,500. Additionally, crops suffered severe impact from the flooding, just two months after significant agricultural damage in Cuba from the Storm of the Century in March. Overall, the depression left seven fatalities and another five people were listed as missing. In Haiti, flooding from the outer bands of the storm killed thousands of livestock and resulted in 13 deaths. Heavy precipitation in Florida peaked at nearly 10 in (250 mm), though it caused little impact other than bringing drought relief. Impact, if any in The Bahamas, is unknown.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Arlene
A tropical wave was tracked in the Caribbean Sea beginning on June 9 and subsequently moved across Central America. Eventually, the system entered the Gulf of Mexico, though further development was interrupted by unfavorable wind shear. After conditions became somewhat more favorable, the wave developed into Tropical Depression Two on June 18. The depression slowly strengthened as it tracked west-northwestward and eventually north-northwestward across the western Gulf of Mexico. By June 19, the depression became Tropical Storm Arlene. At 09:00 UTC on the following day, Arlene made landfall on Padre Island, Texas with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). The storm quickly weakened inland and degenerated into a remnant low pressure area on June 21.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Arlene
In El Salvador, rainfall from the precursor tropical wave caused mudslides throughout the country, which in turn resulted in 20 fatalities. Immense amounts of precipitation in Mexico caused flooding in the states of Veracruz, Campeche, Yucatán, San Luis Potosí, Quintana Roo, Nuevo León, and Jalisco. Five deaths and $33 million in damage was reported in Mexico. Arlene also dropped torrential rainfall in Texas, peaking at 15.26 in (388 mm) Angleton, while precipitation amounts elsewhere was mainly between 9 and 11 in (230 and 280 mm).


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Arlene
Throughout the state, numerous roads were inundated and more than 650 houses, including 25 mobile homes, suffered water damage. Agriculture losses in eastern Texas include 20% of cantaloupe, 10% of watermelon, and 18% of tomatoes. One fatality occurred and damage in Texas reached $22 million. Overall, Tropical Storm Arlene caused 26 deaths and $55 million in losses.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bret
A westward-moving tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Three while located about 1,150 miles (1,850 km) west of Cape Verde on August 4. The depression strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bret on the following day. It strengthened slightly and reached winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and maintained that intensity until crossing Trinidad on August 7. Later that day, Bret made landfall near Macuro, Venezuela, before briefly re-emerging into the Caribbean Sea. Bret made another landfall in Venezuela on August 8 and crossed northern Colombia.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bret
It weakened over the mountainous terrain and fell to tropical depression intensity over the southwestern Caribbean Sea. Bret re-strengthened to a 45 mph (75 km/h) tropical storm before making landfall in southern Nicaragua on August 10. It crossed into the Pacific Ocean and dissipated, although it later regenerated into Hurricane Greg.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bret
In Trinidad, winds left 35,000 people without electricity, while rainfall caused minor damage to crops and roads, with losses totaling to about $909,000. Rainfall in Venezuela reached 13.3 in (340 mm) in some areas. As a result, widespread mudslides were reported, which in turn destroyed 10,000 houses and caused 173 deaths. One fatality was reported in neighboring Colombia. In Nicaragua, the storm destroyed 850 houses and damaged an additional 1,500. Overall, 35,000 people were left homeless in that country. In addition, the destruction of 25 medical centers, 10 schools, and 10 churches occurred. Road infrastructure damage was also reported, with 12 bridges collapsing during the passage of Bret. There were 10 fatalities in Nicaragua, 9 of which were drowning victims after a Spanish vessel sank. Overall, Tropical Storm Bret caused 184 deaths and about $25 million in damage.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Cindy
A tropical wave entered the Atlantic Ocean from northwest Africa on August 8. It traversed the Atlantic and organized into Tropical Depression Four on August 14, while located within 100 mi (160 km) to the north of Barbados. After six hours, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Cindy, while crossing the island of Martinique. Due to a poor upper-level structure, Cindy barely intensified as it tracked west-northwestward across the eastern Caribbean Sea. Nonetheless, the storm peaked with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) on August 16. However, interaction with the terrain of Hispaniola caused Cindy to weaken. Late on August 16, the storm had been reduced to a tropical depression, around the time of landfall near Barahona, Dominican Republic. Cindy rapidly weakened inland and dissipated by early on August 17.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Cindy
The storm dropped torrential rainfall in Martinique, peaking at 15.55 in (395 mm) in Saint-Joseph, which fell in only two hours. Further, 2.75 in (70 mm) fell in just six minutes. Several rivers overflowed as a result, which in turn caused widespread flooding and mudslides. Several roads were washed out, numerous cars were swept away, and at least 150 houses were destroyed, leaving about 3,000 people homeless. Overall, the storm caused two fatalities, 11 injuries, and ₣107 million (US$19 million) in damage.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Cindy
On other Lesser Antilles, the storm caused minimally impact, limited to mostly small amounts of precipitation, light winds, and minor beach erosion, especially on Puerto Rico. In Dominican Republic, street and minor river flooding was reported, which affected hundreds of residents. In addition, Cindy left two deaths in the Dominican Republic.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Emily
A tropical wave passed through Cape Verde on August 17. The system moved northwestward and slowly acquired a low-level center of circulation. At 18:00 UTC on August 22, Tropical Depression Five developed while located several hundred miles east-northeast of the Lesser Antilles on August 22. Initially, it headed northwestward while minimal intensification, though by August 25, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Emily. The storm then became nearly stationary while southeast of Bermuda and steadily strengthened during that time.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Emily
Late on August 26, Emily briefly became a hurricane, though it weakened back to a tropical storm early on the following day. However, by late on August 27, Emily was a hurricane once again. The storm then moved northwestward and maintained Category 1 intensity until becoming a Category 2 hurricane on August 31. By 18:00 UTC, Emily became a Category 3 hurricane while just offshore Cape Hatteras.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Emily
However, the storm veered out to sea later on August 29 and weakened, falling to tropical storm intensity while located northeast of Bermuda on September 3. After curving southward and then back to the northeast, Emily weakened to a tropical depression on September 4. The storm lost all tropical characteristics on September 6, while located several hundred miles southeast of Newfoundland. The outer bands of Emily lashed the Outer Banks of North Carolina with heavy rainfall, high tides, and strong winds. The combination of those effects damaged 553 homes beyond repair.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Emily
Sinkholes formed along North Carolina Highway 12 and strong winds uprooted trees, downed power lines, and tore off roofs. Further north, two fishermen near Nags Head drowned, while a 15-year-old boy also drowned. Light rainfall was also reported in Maryland and Delaware. Losses reached $45 million, with all damage in North Carolina.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Dennis
A tropical wave and its associated low pressure area emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on August 21. By the following day, two METEOSAT satellites indicated that the system had a distinct cyclonic rotation and increasing deep convection. At 12:00 UTC on August 23, Tropical Depression Six developed while located about 415 mi (670 km) west-southwest of Brava, Cape Verde. Initially, a weak deep-layer mean flow caused the depression to track west-northwest. It is estimated that by 12:00 UTC on August 24, the depression became Tropical Storm Dennis, based on satellite imagery.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Dennis
Early on August 25, Dennis attained its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,000 mbar (30 inHg). After peak intensity, a relatively strong mid- to upper-level trough caused Dennis to turn north-northwestward on August 26. Thereafter, an increase in vertical wind shear and a decrease in sea surface temperatures caused the storm to begin weakening. Eventually, the low-level circulation became nearly void of deep convection. On August 27, Dennis was downgraded to a tropical depression. The storm later curved west-southwestward, while located about midway between Bermuda and the southernmost islands of Cape Verde.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Floyd
A tropical wave crossed the west coast of Africa on August 28. Although had it a well-defined low-level circulation, the system was not classified as a tropical cyclone. While tracking west, deep convection diminished and was nearly non-existent by August 31, though the cloud pattern began re-developing on September 3. Eventually, the system curved northwestward and remained well away from the Lesser Antilles.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Floyd
Because a reconnaissance flight into the system indicated a low-level circulation with persistent deep convection, it is estimated that the system became Tropical Depression Seven at 12:00 UTC on September 7, while located about 440 mi (710 km) north-northwest of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Only six hours after becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Floyd. Initially, strong southwesterly wind shear prevented further significant intensification.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Floyd
The storm accelerated north-northwestward after becoming embedded within fast air currents, which was as Floyd moved between a strong trough and a subtropical high pressure area. Later on September 8, the storm passed about 230 mi (370 km) west of Bermuda. By early on September 9, convection developed along the once exposed low-level circulation. After a buoy reported a two-minute sustained wind speed of 69 mph (111 km/h) and an eye appeared on satellite imagery, Floyd was upgraded to a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on September 9.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Floyd
While accelerating at nearly 52 mph (84 km/h), the storm began losing tropical characteristics as a result of colder sea surface temperatures and became extratropical at 18:00 UTC on September 10. The remnants of Floyd continued rapidly eastward and struck Brittany, France, at an intensity equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane. While passing southeast of Newfoundland, the storm produced light rainfall, peaking at about 0.86 in (22 mm).


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gert
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on September 5. The system slowly organize while tracking across the Atlantic Ocean and much of the Caribbean Sea. It developed into a tropical depression while located north of Panama on September 14. On the following day, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gert before moving ashore in Nicaragua. After weakening to a tropical depression, it proceeded into Honduras and reorganized into a tropical storm over the Gulf of Honduras on September 17.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gert
Gert made landfall in Belize on the following day and again weakened to a depression while inland. After crossing the Yucatán Peninsula, Gert emerged over warm water in the Bay of Campeche, and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on September 20. The hurricane then made landfall on the Gulf Coast of Mexico near Tuxpan, Veracruz, with winds of 100 mph (165 km/h). Rugged terrain quickly disrupted its structure and Gert entered the Pacific Ocean as a tropical depression from Nayarit on September 21. Five days later, the depression dissipated near Baja California.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gert
Because Gert had a broad wind circulation, it produced widespread and heavy rainfall across Central America, which, combined with saturated soil from Tropical Storm Bret a month earlier, caused significant flooding of property and crops. Although hurricane-force winds occurred upon landfall in Mexico, the worst effects in the country were due to flooding and mudslides induced by torrential rain. Following the overflow of several rivers, deep flood waters submerged extensive parts of Veracruz and Tamaulipas and forced hundreds of thousands to evacuate, including 200,000 in the Tampico area alone.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gert
The heaviest rainfall occurred further inland over the mountainous region of San Luis Potosí, where as much as 31.41 in (798 mm) of precipitation were measured. In the wake of the disaster, the road networks across the affected countries were severely disrupted and thousands of people became homeless. Extensive, but less severe flooding occurred in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Throughout the effected areas, flooding damaged or destroyed more than 40,000 buildings. The storm caused at least 102 fatalities and more than $170 million in damage.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Harvey
A tropical wave passed south of Cape Verde on September 12. By the following day, satellite imagery indicated a cloud system center. The system tracked northwestward across the Atlantic Ocean with slow further development. Due to interaction with an upper-level low on September 18, the system began to significantly organize. After a ship known as ELFS reported winds of 43 mph (69 km/h), it is estimated that Tropical Depression Nine developed at 18:00 UTC on September 18, while located about 400 miles (640 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. The depression initially moved north-northwest, though an approaching short-wave trough eventually caused it to move northeastward.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Harvey
Convection remained disorganized and the low-level circulation was exposed on September 19. However, by the following day, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Harvey. Thereafter, the storm began to rapidly intensify and developed an eye appeared on satellite imagery. While accelerating northeastward, Harvey was upgraded to a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on September 20. However, decreasing sea surface temperatures caused Harvey to immediately weaken back to a tropical storm, while also losing tropical characteristics. At 18:00 UTC on September 21, Harvey transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located well east of Newfoundland. Six hours later, the extratropical remnants of Harvey were absorbed into a frontal band.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Ten
Tropical Depression Ten developed about 185 mi (300 km) southeast of Bermuda at 18:00 UTC on September 29. Initially, convection associated with the depression was confined to north and east of the center. The depression was difficult to track, though wind observations in Bermuda suggested that it passed just north of the island between 0300 and 07:00 UTC on September 30. Although no intensification was predicted, the National Hurricane Center noted that interaction with the approaching cold front could result in baroclinic strengthening. The depression did not organize further and merged with the cold front at 00:00 UTC on October 1.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Storm names
Below is a list of names used for systems that reached at least tropical storm intensity in north Atlantic Ocean during the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season. This was the same list used for the 1987 season. Following the season, the World Meteorological Organization did not retire any names, resulting in the entire list being re-used in the 1999 season. Names that were not assigned during the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season are marked in gray.


1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Season effects
This is a table of the storms in the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, landfall(s), peak intensities, damages, and death totals. The damage and death totals in this list include impacts when the storm was a precursor wave or post-tropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 1993 USD.


1993 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1993 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. Under first-year head coach Terry Bowden, the team went undefeated with a record of 11–0 and finished #4 in the AP Poll. Due to NCAA probation, Auburn was banned from TV and post-season play, and suffered reduced scholarships. The post-season ban prevented Auburn from playing the SEC Championship and a bowl game. Nonetheless, Auburn was the only major college football team to finish the season undefeated. The National Champions Foundation recognized Auburn as one of its 1993 national champions; however, Auburn University only formally recognizes championships for the 1957 Auburn Tigers football team and 2010 Auburn Tigers football team seasons, although the official website for Auburn athletics does highlight the 1993 team.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision
The 1993 Auckland mid-air collision was an aircraft accident in New Zealand. It occurred on 26 November 1993, when two aircraft operated by Airwork, under contract to the New Zealand Police, collided and crashed in central Auckland. The mid-air collision of the Aérospatiale TwinStar helicopter and Piper Archer aeroplane resulted in the deaths of all four occupants – a civilian Airwork pilot on each aircraft and two New Zealand Police officers on the helicopter. The accident occurred in daylight with excellent visibility, in uncontrolled airspace (class G), with both aircraft flying under visual flight rules. Both the helicopter and aeroplane were operated by Airwork (NZ), and working under contract to the New Zealand Police at the time of the accident.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision
The Transport Accident Investigation Commission investigation found the accident occurred because neither pilot saw the other aircraft.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Aérospatiale aircraft
The Aérospatiale TwinStar AS 355 F1, registration ZK-HIT, was using call signs "Police One" with air traffic control and "Eagle" with police control. It was operating out of Mechanics Bay Heliport, the base of the police Air Support Unit, 1 NM east of the central city. The helicopter performed ad hoc missions around the city, usually at 1,000 feet AMSL, and on 26 November was being piloted by Ross Jeffree Harvey (aged 41), with Police Air Support Unit officers Sergeant Lindsay Eion "Lou" Grant (39) and Constable Alastair Alan Sampson (27).


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Aérospatiale aircraft
At 4:22 pm it returned to the heliport after a routine mission for a break of about an hour, and was logged taking off again at 5:33 pm. It departed to the north over Waitematā Harbour and shortly afterwards made a turn to the left to a southwest heading. It flew this course, climbing, for about 1 minute before making a 30° turn to the left, continuing climbing through 1,200 feet until the accident 18 seconds later.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Piper aircraft
The Piper Archer 28-181, registration ZK-ENX, call sign "Pact 1" (Police Airborne Control of Traffic) was flying a regular weekday traffic patrol, piloted by Allan Anthony Connors (aged 27). The patrols were normally conducted at 1,500 feet. It left Ardmore Aerodrome at 3:59 pm, and reported on several traffic incidents. Shortly after 5:32 pm, the aircraft flew south from the North Shore to a road accident on the Auckland Southern Motorway near the Symonds Street on-ramp. It flew southeast past the road accident, and began a turn to the left around the accident site. The aircraft turned through about 270° and was turning through a southwest heading when the collision occurred. The accident interrupted a report the pilot was making to Police Control over the radio.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Collision
The collision occurred at 5:34:48 pm, near the intersection of Queen Street and Karangahape Road, at an altitude of about 1,400 feet. The left wing of the Archer separated, and the aircraft rolled, dived steeply, and crashed into the elevated carriageway on the Central Motorway Junction between the Northern and Southern Motorways. The wing landed on a church roof. The TwinStar lost the main rotor and transmission, and rear tail boom, vertical stabiliser, and rear rotor. It fell onto the Grafton Road on-ramp to the Northwestern Motorway, under Symonds Street Bridge, and a severe fire broke out, fuelled by 700 litres of kerosene. The main rotor and tail section fell into a cemetery by Karangahape Road.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Collision
Helicopter debris caused moderate facial burns to the driver of a car, who was taken to Auckland City Hospital. The accident created substantial traffic congestion, which hampered emergency services responding to the scene. A witness at Mount Eden, 1.3 NM south of the site, caught the accident on video (after the collision).


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Investigation
The Transport Accident Investigation Commission was notified of the accident at 6:20 pm, and appointed J J Goddard Investigator in Charge. He began a field investigation later that evening. The wreckage was moved to a storage site prior to inspection, as it was causing a serious obstruction to major public highways. The wreckage inspection found the outboard 50 cm (20 in) of the left wing had been cut off the Archer, and found matching damage on one rotor blade of the helicopter, including paint similar to the airplane primer.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Investigation
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration conducted a cockpit field of view survey for the Commission. The relative angular position was plotted on the diagram from each aircraft, for 28 seconds prior to the collision. It showed the helicopter would have been visible to the Archer pilot, appearing for about ten seconds in the lower centre windscreen, before being obscured by the engine nose around 18 seconds before the accident. The diagram also showed the low position of the sun may have affected the pilot's ability to see the helicopter. For the TwinStar pilot, the aeroplane would have been visible only for a few seconds in the top left corner of the windscreen. The two observers in the helicopter, sitting in the left front and rear, had no obstruction preventing them seeing the approaching Archer.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Investigation
The Commission found the Airwork (NZ) Operations Manual specifically addressed collision avoidance between these two aircraft:


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Investigation
4. Heights at which the patrol is to be carried out at.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Investigation
Discussions with other pilots of the aircraft and police crew found they were familiar with the normal operating altitudes of 1,500 feet for the Police Traffic Patrol and 1,000 feet for the Police Eagle.


1993 Auckland mid-air collision, Investigation
The Commission found the accident occurred because neither pilot saw the other aircraft. Contributing factors were the helicopter not levelling at the agreed altitude, the helicopter did not establish mutual position by radio, and the helicopter crew did not see the traffic in time. It also cited the inherent limitations with the "see and avoid" method as a causal factor. The Commission recommended the Director of Civil Aviation promulgate a single advisory radio frequency for aircraft in the uncontrolled airspace between Auckland and Whenuapai Control Zones, which he did.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting
On December 14, 1993, four employees were shot and killed and a fifth employee was seriously injured at a Chuck E. Cheese's restaurant in Aurora, Colorado, United States. The perpetrator, 19-year-old Nathan Dunlap, a former employee of the restaurant, was frustrated about being fired five months prior to the shooting and sought revenge by committing the attack. He fled the scene of the shooting with stolen money and restaurant items.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting
Dunlap was found guilty of four counts of first-degree murder, attempted murder, and other charges, and was sentenced to death by lethal injection on May 17, 1996. A judge initially set an execution date for him in August 2013, but Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper signed a temporary reprieve that would postpone Dunlap's execution date.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting
Dunlap's death sentence was commuted to life in prison without parole in 2020 after Colorado abolished the death penalty.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Shooting
Nathan Dunlap entered the restaurant at 9:00 p.m., where he ordered a ham and cheese sandwich and played an arcade game. He then hid in a restroom at about 9:50 p.m. He exited the restroom after closing at 10:05 p.m. and shot five employees with a .25-caliber semiautomatic pistol.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Shooting
Dunlap first shot Sylvia Crowell, 19, who was cleaning the salad bar. She was hit from close range in the right ear and was mortally wounded. Ben Grant, 17, was fatally shot near the left eye as he was vacuuming. Colleen O'Connor, 17, pleaded for her life and sank to her knees, but Dunlap fatally shot her once through the top of her head. Bobby Stephens, 20, the lone survivor of the shooting, returned to the restaurant after taking a smoke break outside, thinking the noise he heard from inside the restaurant were children popping balloons nearby.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Shooting
As Stephens walked into the restaurant and unloaded utensils into the dishwasher, Dunlap came through the kitchen door, raised the handgun at him, and fired a shot that struck Stephens in the jaw. Stephens fell to the floor and played dead. Dunlap then forced Marge Kohlberg, 50, the store manager, to unlock the safe. After she opened it, Dunlap shot her in the ear. As he was taking the cash out of the safe, Dunlap fired a second fatal shot through Kohlberg's other ear after he noticed she was still moving. The manager who fired Dunlap was not present at the restaurant.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Shooting
Stephens escaped through a back door and walked to the nearby Mill Pond apartment complex, where he pounded on a door to alert someone that he and others had been shot at the restaurant. Stephens was hospitalized at Denver General Hospital in fair condition. As authorities arrived on the scene, they found two bodies in the restaurant's hallway, a third in a room off the hallway, and the fourth in the manager's office. Crowell was sent to Denver General Hospital, where she was declared brain dead. She died from her injuries the next day at Aurora Regional Medical Center.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Shooting
Dunlap fled the scene with $1,500 worth of cash and game tokens he stole from inside the restaurant. He was arrested at his mother's apartment twelve hours later.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Legal proceedings
Dunlap was found guilty of four counts of first-degree murder, attempted murder, robbery, and burglary in 1996. On May 17 of that year, Dunlap was sentenced to death and an additional 108 years. During his sentencing he swore repeatedly in an outburst that lasted for three minutes.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Legal proceedings
In 2008, Dunlap filed a habeas corpus petition with the court, arguing that his trial attorney was ineffective by not presenting a defense on his mental health issues and child abuse. In August 2010, this federal appeal was rejected. Senior U.S. District Judge John L. Kane wrote that Dunlap was fairly tried, competently represented, and justifiably sentenced to death.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Legal proceedings
On April 16, 2012, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals denied Dunlap's appeal of his death sentence. Dunlap's lawyers argued before the 10th Circuit that Dunlap's trial lawyers were negligent during the sentencing, by not providing evidence that Dunlap suffers from a mental illness. They argued that if the jurors heard evidence of Dunlap's mental illness, that it would spare Dunlap from being sentenced to death.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Legal proceedings
On May 1, 2013, Judge William Sylvester announced that the execution date for Dunlap would be in mid-August 2013.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Legal proceedings
On May 22, 2013, Dunlap's execution was put on hold, as Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper decided against executing Dunlap or granting him clemency and instead signed a "temporary reprieve" in 2013. The reprieve meant that as long as Hickenlooper was governor, Dunlap would not likely be executed. According to Hickenlooper, one of the reasons that he did not choose full clemency was because Dunlap would have to remain segregated from the rest of the prison population.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Legal proceedings
Groups, including the NAACP, contacted Hickenlooper requesting the sparing of Dunlap's life, arguing that the death penalty is disproportionately imposed on African Americans and Hispanics. The reprieve also meant that unless a governor issues a new Executive Order, the status of the execution and clemency request remain on hold. Hickenlooper was constitutionally limited from running for a third term.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Legal proceedings
On November 6, 2018, Jared Polis was elected governor. During the campaign, Polis said he intends to sign a bill repealing the death penalty in Colorado. Regarding the Dunlap case, Polis said he had no problem following the current law, and that he did not think it was appropriate to comment on a specific case during a campaign before actually becoming governor and reviewing the case to make an informed decision.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Legal proceedings
On March 23, 2020, Polis signed a bill repealing the death penalty. Polis also commuted the sentences for all three men on death row, including Dunlap, to life without parole.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Perpetrator
Nathan Jerard Dunlap (born April 8, 1974) was raised by his adoptive father and biological mother, who married each other when Nathan was a few months old. He had never met his biological father. Dunlap was raised in Chicago, Illinois; Memphis, Tennessee; and Michigan, and then moved to Colorado in 1984. Dunlap's mother struggled with mental health issues and was diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. At least twice in Dunlap's junior high school years, he attempted suicide. When Dunlap was 14, his adoptive father asked the psychologist at Overland High School to evaluate him, and testing revealed signs of hypomania. No further treatment or formal diagnostic was applied.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Perpetrator
He committed several armed robberies at the age of fifteen, using a golf club and then firearms. He spent time incarcerated at a juvenile detention center, and due to an erratic episode, he was sent to a psychiatric hospital. When released, he began selling drugs. Dunlap was arrested five times on misdemeanor offenses in 1993.


1993 Aurora, Colorado shooting, Perpetrator
Dunlap began working at the restaurant in May 1993 and was fired in July after a disagreement he had with his supervisor over schedule hours. Acquaintances of Dunlap said he was frustrated over the firing, and told a former coworker that he planned to "get even" about the termination.


1993 Australia Day Honours
The Australia Day Honours 1993 are appointments to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by Australian citizens. The list was announced on 26 January 1993 by the Governor General of Australia, Bill Hayden.


1993 Australia Day Honours
The Australia Day Honours are the first of the two major annual honours lists, the first announced to coincide with Australia Day (26 January), with the other being the Queen's Birthday Honours, which are announced on the second Monday in June.


1993 Australia rugby union tour
The 1993 Australia rugby union tour was a series of matches played in October and November 1993 in the United States, Canada and France by the Australia national rugby union team.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship
The 1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for drivers of under 2.0-litre cars complying with the provisions of the FISA Class II section of Australian Group 3A Touring Car regulations. It was contested in conjunction with the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, which began on 28 February 1993 at Amaroo Park and ended on 8 August at Oran Park Raceway after nine rounds. It was the third Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship and the first for cars aligned with FISA Class II regulations and thus the fore-runner of the Australian Super Touring Championship.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship
The championship was won by Peter Doulman, driving a 2.0-litre version of his old Group A BMW M3 (the car was an ex-JPS Team BMW and Mobil 1 Racing team car that had been built by Frank Gardner's JPS Team in 1987. Doulman had raced the car since 1989 with a 2.3 L engine). The championship went down to the wire with Doulman beating out the Caltex Team Toyota of John Smith. Smith's Caltex team boss Colin Bond finished third in the championship despite not being a starter in the final round at Oran Park.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship
Most of the 2.0 Litre field consisted of regular 'baby car class' competitors from Group A, including Frank Binding, Brad Stratton, Mike Conway, and veteran racer Bob Holden.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship, Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship, Race calendar
The championship was contested over nine rounds, held across six states.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship, Points system
All rounds of the 1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship were staged in conjunction with rounds of the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, which was open to both 2.0 Litre Touring Cars and 5.0 Litre Touring Cars.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship, Points system
At the opening round at Amaroo Park both the 2.0 Litre cars and the 5.0 Litre cars had a separate Heat of their own before competing together in the Final. Points towards the 1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the first six positions in the 2.0 Litre Heat.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship, Points system
At the Symmons Plains Raceway round only three 2.0 Litre cars were entered (Doulman, Smith and Bond), and they ran together with the 5.0 Litre cars in both the Heat and the Final. Points for the 2.0 Litre championship were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the first six positions in the 2.0 Litre class of the Heat. This practice was continued at all subsequent rounds even after 2.0 Litre grids returned to the size displayed at Amaroo.


1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship, Points system
Whilst drivers of 2.0 Litre cars finishing in the top ten outright positions in the Final were eligible to score points towards the Australian Touring Car Championship, in reality, no 2.0 Litre car finished in the top ten placings in the Final at any round.


1993 Australian Drivers' Championship
The 1993 Australian Drivers' Championship was a motor racing competition open to drivers of racing cars complying with CAMS Formula Brabham regulations. The championship winner was awarded the 1993 CAMS Gold Star.


1993 Australian Drivers' Championship, Calendar
Championship points were awarded to the first ten finishers in each round on a 20–15–12–10–8–6–4–3–2–1 basis. All six performances were included when calculating a driver's final points total.


1993 Australian FAI IndyCar Grand Prix
The 1993 Australian FAI IndyCar Grand Prix was the opening round of the 1993 CART World Series season, held on 21 March 1993 on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit, Australia. The race was won by series débutant Nigel Mansell, the reigning Formula One World Champion from 1992. Mansell also became the first person to win their first IndyCar race since Graham Hill had won the 1966 Indianapolis 500.


1993 Australian FAI IndyCar Grand Prix
Due to the appearance of Mansell in the CART World Series, over 800 press passes were given out by the race organisers. This was second only in number for the series to the amount of press at the Indianapolis 500.


1993 Australian Film Institute Awards
The 35th Australian Film Institute Awards (generally known as the AFI Awards) were held on 5 November 1993. Presented by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), the awards celebrated the best in Australian feature film, documentary, short film and television productions of 1993.


1993 Australian Film Institute Awards
Eighteen feature films were nominated. Jane Campion's The Piano dominated the feature film awards with eleven awards including Best Film. Blackfellas won two awards for adapted screenplay and actor in a supporting role, and On My Own received a single award for actress in a supporting role. Television awards were shared between various productions such as miniseries The Leaving of Liverpool and drama series Phoenix and G.P.. Producer Sue Milliken received the Raymond Longford Award for lifetime achievement.


1993 Australian Formula Ford Championship
The 1993 Australian Formula Ford Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing championship for Formula Ford racing cars. It was the 24th national series for Formula Fords to be held in Australia, and the first to carry the Australian Formula Ford Championship name. Promoted as the 1993 Motorcraft Australian Formula Ford Championship, it was won by Craig Lowndes driving a Van Diemen RF93.


1993 Australian Formula Ford Championship, Calendar
The championship was contested over an eight round series with two heats per round.


1993 Australian Grand Prix
The 1993 Australian Grand Prix (formally the LVIII Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at Adelaide on 7 November 1993. It was the sixteenth and final race of the 1993 Formula One World Championship.


1993 Australian Grand Prix
The 79-lap race was won by Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Ford. In his last race with McLaren before joining Williams for 1994, Senna took pole position and led from start to finish, except during the pit stops. Alain Prost, in his final Grand Prix before retirement, finished second in his Williams-Renault, with teammate Damon Hill third.


1993 Australian Grand Prix
This was the last race for cars with active suspension, which was to be banned from 1994 along with other driver aids. Riccardo Patrese and Derek Warwick also retired from F1 after this race, Patrese having competed in a then-record 256 Grands Prix. Senna's victory would turn out to be the 41st and last victory in his Formula One career, and the last time he would finish on the podium, score points, or even finish a race. It was also the last win for a Brazilian driver until Rubens Barrichello in 2000.


1993 Australian Grand Prix
This event was also the last race for cars using electronic driver aids; with the FIA banning their use for the next seven seasons, starting in 1994.


1993 Australian Grand Prix
These systems would not be used in Formula One again for another seven years, until the FIA eventually reintroduced and permitted the use of three electronic driver aid systems, namely fully-automatic gearboxes, launch control, and traction control, at the 2001 Spanish Grand Prix, due to the FIA being unable to police the ban, and whether or not teams were secretly cheating by using these systems illegally to gain a competitive advantage, which is what led to their eventual reintroduction.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Senna took his first pole position since the 1992 Canadian Grand Prix, in the process breaking a run of 24 straight poles for Williams and preventing that team from achieving a clean sweep for the season. Prost was alongside on the front row, with Damon Hill in the second Williams and Michael Schumacher in the Benetton on the second row, and Mika Häkkinen in the second McLaren and Gerhard Berger in the Ferrari on the third. Berger had his Saturday qualifying times removed after doing 18 laps, above the limit of 12. The top ten was completed by Jean Alesi in the second Ferrari, Martin Brundle in the Ligier, Patrese in the second Benetton, and Aguri Suzuki in the Footwork.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Despite being the fastest qualifier in his Ford V8-powered McLaren, Senna was some 15 km/h (9 mph) slower on the 890m-long Brabham Straight than the Renault V10-powered Williams of Hill.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race
It took three attempts to get the race underway. On the first attempt, Brundle's Ligier was left on the grid at the start of the formation lap, before Ukyo Katayama stalled his Tyrrell and the start was aborted. On the second attempt, Eddie Irvine missed his grid slot and stalled his Jordan. Again, the start was aborted. Katayama and Irvine were sent to the back of the grid for the third, successful, attempt.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race
The top four retained their positions into the first corner, while Häkkinen made a bad start and fell behind Berger.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race
While Senna pulled out a small lead, the two Williamses and Schumacher stayed together. Schumacher pitted early on lap 15 and rejoined in fourth but his engine failed on lap 20. Senna pitted on lap 24, allowing Prost to lead until his own stop five laps later, while Häkkinen's race went from bad to worse as he had a slow stop, allowing Alesi and Brundle to get ahead of him, before his brakes failed on lap 29.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna pitted for the second time on lap 55, by which time the Williamses had already made their second stops, and this enabled the Brazilian to retain a healthy lead. Meanwhile, Alesi got ahead of team-mate Berger while Patrese got ahead of Brundle. On lap 61, Hill tried to catch Prost by surprise for second place. Prost, however, moved over to block, causing Hill to back off and spin, losing time but no places.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna duly won from Prost by nine seconds, with Hill a further 24 seconds back. Alesi and Berger were fourth and fifth, one lap down, while Patrese was set to finish sixth in his 256th and last race, only for his fuel pressure to drop on the last lap and thus hand Brundle the last point.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Prost thus signed off on his F1 career with his fourth Drivers' Championship and 99 points. Senna's win enabled him to secure second place in the standings with 73 points, just ahead of Hill on 69. Schumacher was fourth with 52, with a big gap to team-mate Patrese in fifth with 20, followed by Alesi (16), Brundle (13), Berger (12), Johnny Herbert (11) and Mark Blundell (10). In the Constructors' Championship, Williams finished with 168 points - four more than their tally from 1992, and double the tally of McLaren (84). Benetton were a close third with 72, while Ferrari (28) edged out Ligier (23) for fourth.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race
With Prost not defending his title, the Williams cars would once again bear the numbers 0 and 2 for 1994. This race was also Derek Warwick's last race.


1993 Australian Grand Prix, Post-race
During the podium celebrations, Senna invited both Prost and Hill up to the top step, much to the surprise of Prost. The move marked the first easing of tensions in the rivalry between the two men. Senna himself would later call the race 'the end of an era'. As was tradition in Adelaide, a rock concert was held inside the circuit following the race. For 1993 the concert was performed by Tina Turner as part of her What's Love? Tour (the concert was free to anyone with a ticket to the race). At one stage during the concert, Ayrton Senna appeared on stage much to Turner's surprise. As a tribute to the Brazilian (and although she had already performed the song), Turner sang her hit "The Best".


1993 Australian Individual Speedway Championship
The 1993 Australian Individual Speedway Championship was held at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground in Brisbane, Queensland on 30 January 1993. Defending champion Leigh Adams won his second straight Australian Championship. Fellow Mildura rider Jason Lyons finished second with Adelaide's Shane Bowes finishing third. Another Adelaide rider (though riding under the Western Australian flag) Craig Hodgson defeated Queensland champion Troy Butler to claim fourth place.


1993 Australian Individual Speedway Championship, 1993 Australian Solo Championship, Classification
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1993 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships
The 1993 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships was an ATP men's tennis tournament held at Memorial Drive in Adelaide, Australia from 4 January until 11 January 1993. It was played on outdoor hard courts and was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. Unseeded Nicklas Kulti won the singles title.


1993 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships, Finals, Doubles
Todd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  John Fitzgerald /  Laurie Warder 6–4, 7–5


1993 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships – Doubles
Goran Ivanišević and Marc Rosset were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1993 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships – Doubles
Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde won the title, defeating John Fitzgerald and Laurie Warder 6–4, 7–5 in the final.


1993 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships – Singles
Nicklas Kulti defeated Christian Bergström 3–6, 7–5, 6–4 to secure the title.


1993 Australian Open
The 1993 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 81st edition of the Australian Open and was held from 18 through 31 January 1993.


1993 Australian Open, Seniors, Men's Doubles
Danie Visser /  Laurie Warder defeated  John Fitzgerald /  Anders Järryd 6–4, 6–3, 6–4


1993 Australian Open, Seniors, Women's Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Natasha Zvereva defeated  Pam Shriver /  Elizabeth Smylie 6–4, 6–3


1993 Australian Open, Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario /  Todd Woodbridge defeated  Zina Garrison-Jackson /  Rick Leach 7–5, 6–4


1993 Australian Open, Juniors, Boys' Doubles
Lars Rehmann /  Christian Tambue defeated  Scott Humphries /  Jimmy Jackson 6–7, 7–5, 6–2


1993 Australian Open, Juniors, Girls' Doubles
Joana Manta /  Ludmila Richterová defeated  Åsa Carlsson /  Cătălina Cristea 6–3, 6–2


1993 Australian Open – Men's Doubles
The Men's Doubles tournament at the 1993 Australian Open was held from 16 through 29 January 1993 on the outdoor hard courts at the Flinders Park in Melbourne, Australia. Danie Visser and Laurie Warder won the title, defeating John Fitzgerald and Anders Järryd in the final.


1993 Australian Open – Men's Singles
First-seeded Jim Courier successfully defended his title by defeating Stefan Edberg 6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1993 Australian Open.


1993 Australian Open – Men's Singles, Seeds
Andre Agassi (No. 9), because of bronchitis, withdrew from the tournament prior to the seedings.


1993 Australian Open – Men's Singles Qualifying
This article displays the qualifying draw for men's singles at the 1993 Australian Open.


1993 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles
Nicole Provis and Mark Woodforde were the defending champions but lost in the second round to Nana Miyagi and Kent Kinnear.


1993 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Todd Woodbridge won in the final 7–5, 6–4 against Zina Garrison-Jackson and Rick Leach.


1993 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1993 Australian Open – Women's Doubles
The Women's Doubles competition at the 1993 Australian Open was held between 18 January and 31 January 1993 on outdoor hard courts at the National Tennis Centre at Flinders Park in Melbourne, Australia. Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva won the title, defeating Pam Shriver and Elizabeth Smylie in the final.


1993 Australian Open – Women's Singles
First-seeded Monica Seles, the two-time defending champion, and successfully defended her title, defeating Steffi Graf 4–6, 6–3, 6–2 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1993 Australian Open. This was Seles's 3rd consecutive Australian Open title in as many attempts.


1993 Australian Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Monica Seles is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1993 Australian Open – Women's Singles Qualifying
The qualifying rounds for the 1993 Australian Open were played in early January 1993 at the National Tennis Centre at Flinders Park in Melbourne, Australia.


1993 Australian Production Car Championship
The 1993 Australian Production Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing competition open to Group 3E Production Cars. The championship, which was the seventh Australian Production Car Championship, was won by Mal Rose driving a Ford EB Falcon.


1993 Australian Production Car Championship, Calendar
The championship was contested over six rounds at three events.


1993 Australian Production Car Championship, Points system
Championship points were awarded on a 20–15–12–10–8–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top ten finishers in each round.


1993 Australian Sports Sedan Championship
The 1993 Australian Sports Sedan Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title  for drivers of Group 2D Sports Sedans.


1993 Australian Sports Sedan Championship, Rounds
Championship points were awarded on a 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1 basis to the first ten finishers in each round.


1993 Australian Sports Sedan Championship, Results
Note: There were only nine finishers in Rounds 3 & 8


1993 Australian Swimming Championships
The 1993 Australian Swimming Championships were held at the Claremont Superdrome in Perth, Western Australia from 24 to 28 March. They doubled as the national trials for the 1993 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships. They were organised by Australian Swimming.


1993 Australian Swimming Championships, Medal winners, Men's events
Legend: WR – World record; CR – Commonwealth record; OR – Oceanian record; AR – Australian record; ACR – Australian All Comers record; Club – Australian Club record


1993 Australian Swimming Championships, Medal winners, Women's events
Legend: WR – World record; CR – Commonwealth record; OR – Oceanian record; AR – Australian record; ACR – Australian All Comers record; Club – Australian Club record


1993 Australian Touring Car Championship
The 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for Group 3A Touring Cars. The championship, which was the 34th Australian Touring Car Championship, was contested over a nine-round series which began on 28 February 1993 at Amaroo Park and ended on 8 August at Oran Park Raceway. Promoted as the Shell Australian Touring Car Championship, it was won by Glenn Seton, driving a Ford EB Falcon, with teammate Alan Jones completing a one-two championship result for Glenn Seton Racing. It was Seton's first championship victory and the first major victory for the team he had started in 1989.


1993 Australian Touring Car Championship
1993 marked the first year in which the championship was contested by the new Australian Group 3A Touring Car category which incorporated:


1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, Television coverage
Channel Seven broadcast the championship with the commentary team including Mike Raymond, Gary Wilkinson, Mark Oastler, Doug Mulray and Andy Raymond. Regular commentator Neil Crompton was absent as he was contesting the full series as a competitor for the first time.


1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, Teams and drivers
The following drivers and teams competed in the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship.


1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, Race calendar
The championship was contested over a nine-round series. Each round consisted of a "Peter Jackson Dash" for the top six cars from Qualifying, a Heat for the 2.0 Litre Class, a Heat for the 5.0 Litre Class and a combined Final. The two Class Heats were run separately at Round 1 but were combined from Round 2 onwards.


1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, Points system
Championship points were awarded at each round on the following basis:


1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, Championship standings, Peter Jackson Dash
The Peter Jackson Dash series award was won jointly by Mark Skaife and Glenn Seton.


1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, Championship standings, Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship
The 1993 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship, which was contested concurrently with the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, was won by Peter Doulman driving a BMW M3.


1993 Australian Touring Car season
The 1993 Australian Touring Car season was the 34th year of touring car racing in Australia since the first runnings of the Australian Touring Car Championship and the fore-runner of the present day Bathurst 1000, the Armstrong 500.


1993 Australian Touring Car season
There were 15 touring car race meetings held during 1993; a nine-round series, the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC); a three-round series based at Amaroo Park; the Aurora AFX AMSCAR series (AMSCAR), a support programme event at the 1993 Australian Grand Prix, two stand alone long distance races, nicknamed 'enduros'; the Winfield Triple Challenge at Eastern Creek Raceway.


1993 Australian Touring Car season, Results and standings, Race calendar
The 1993 Australian touring car season consisted of 15 events.


1993 Australian Touring Car season, Results and standings, Winfield Triple Challenge
Held at Eastern Creek Raceway this was a pre-season race meeting which featured Superbikes and Drag Racing to complete the Winfield Triple Challenge.


1993 Australian Touring Car season, Results and standings, Ultimate Peter Jackson Dash
This meeting was a support event of the 1993 Australian Grand Prix.


1993 Australian federal election
The 1993 Australian federal election was held to determine the members of the 37th Parliament of Australia. It was held on 13 March 1993. All 147 seats of the Australian House of Representatives and 40 seats of the 76-seat Australian Senate were up for election. The incumbent government  of the centre-left Australian Labor Party led by Paul Keating, the Prime Minister of Australia, was re-elected to a fifth term, defeating the centre-right Liberal/National Coalition led by Opposition Leader John Hewson of the Liberal Party of Australia, and coalition partner Tim Fischer of the National Party of Australia. This was the first, and to date only, time the Labor Party won a fifth consecutive election.


1993 Australian federal election
The Labor Party under Paul Keating prevailed, against general expectations, and even increased its number of seats in parliament. This was the last time the Labor party would win a federal election until 2007.


1993 Australian federal election
It also remains the only time that the Liberal Party was led by a leader, in Hewson, who previously had no experience as a minister.


1993 Australian federal election, Background
This was the first election after the end of the late 80s/early 90s recession. The opposition Liberal Party was led by John Hewson, a former professor of economics at the University of New South Wales who succeeded Liberal leader Andrew Peacock in 1990. In November 1991 the Liberal Party launched the 650-page Fightback!


1993 Australian federal election, Background
policy document − a radical collection of "dry", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a goods and services tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of industrial award, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government-owned enterprises. All of this presented a vision of a very different future direction to the Keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centrepiece of the policy document.


1993 Australian federal election, Background
Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST. Keating described the GST as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion critical of the GST was relentless leading Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST. However the exclusions announced by Hewson led to questions surrounding the complexity of what precisely which food items would and would not be exempt from the GST.


1993 Australian federal election, Background
Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term and a record 13 years in government at the 1993 election, a level of political success not previously seen by federal Labor.


1993 Australian federal election, Background
A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the John Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Tony Abbott Liberal government.


1993 Australian federal election, Background
The election-eve Newspoll reported the Liberal/National Coalition on a 50.5 percent two-party-preferred vote, with Paul Keating's personal ratings being significantly negative.


1993 Australian federal election, Background
For the first time since the 1966 election, an incumbent government had increased their two-party-preferred vote.


1993 Australian federal election, Background
There was an unusual circumstance in the division of Dickson. One of the candidates, an independent, died very shortly before the election, making it necessary to hold a supplementary election on 17 April. Following the return of the Labor Party to government, Keating announced the makeup of the Second Keating Ministry to be sworn in on 24 March, but kept the portfolio of Attorney-General of Australia open for Michael Lavarch subject to him winning Dickson on 17 April. He won the seat, and was appointed to the ministry on 27 April.


1993 Australian federal election, Aftermath and Assessment
Keating had run promising a tax cut, but he failed to deliver that promise and was defeated three years later in the 1996 Australian federal election by the Liberal/National Coalition led by John Howard. John Howard would go on to become Australia's second-longest serving Prime Minister.


1993 Australian federal election, Aftermath and Assessment
Speaking in 2019, after Scott Morrison and the Coalition won a shock victory reminiscent of Labor's win in 1993, Hewson was quoted as saying, "In 1993 and 2004, the governments of the day took away the wrong lesson... It was 'we’re invincible!' But the real lesson was 'actually, the people wanted to vote for the opposition, but the opposition scared them off'."


1993 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1993 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 28 March 1993 at Eastern Creek Raceway.


1993 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Beattie and Chandler get a small gap, then Beattie starts pulling away.


1993 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Schwantz, Chandler, Rainey are closing on Beattie. Doohan goes out with a mechanical. Freddie Spencer crashes out hard.


1993 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Schwantz arrives and passes into 1st. Rainey, desperate to get to the leaders, brushes Chandler's front tire with his knee as he passes into 2nd, then passes Schwantz for 1st, but cannot hold him off.


1993 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1993 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix was the fifth round of the 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 16 May 1993 at the Salzburgring.


1993 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Mick Doohan’s rear brake is now operated by a thumb-lever on the left side. This is to compensate for not being able to use the right foot lever because of injuries from Assen '92.


1993 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Kevin Schwantz’ 5th pole in a row. Luca Cadalora takes the start from Doug Chandler, Doohan, Alex Barros and Schwantz.


1993 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Doohan into 1st, but Schwantz takes over the lead, then it’s a gap back to Rainey and Barros. Rainey is happy with his third place after chatter and clutch trouble and having qualified 1.3 seconds behind Schwantz.


1993 Autoglass Classic
The 1993 Autoglass Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Brighton Centre in Brighton, England that was part of the Tier II of the 1993 WTA Tour. It was the 16th edition of the tournament and was held from 19 October until 24 October 1993. First-seeded Jana Novotná won the singles title and earned $70,000 first-prize money.


1993 Autoglass Classic, Finals, Doubles
Laura Golarsa /  Natalia Medvedeva defeated  Anke Huber /  Larisa Savchenko 6–3, 1–6, 6–4


1993 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election
General elections are held in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao for the posts of Regional Governor and Vice-Governor on March 25, 1993.


1993 Avon County Council election
The 1993 Avon County Council election took place on 6 May 1993 to elect members of Avon County Council in England. This was on the same day as other nationwide local elections. The Liberal Democrats made a number of gains, mainly at the expense of the Conservatives. Labour remained the largest group on the council, but were 6 seats short of gaining a majority.


1993 Avon County Council election
This was the last election for Avon County, which was abolished in 1996 and replaced with four new unitary authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire.


1993 Avon County Council election, Electoral division results
The electoral division results listed below are based on the changes from the 1989 elections, not taking into account any party defections or by-elections. Sitting councillors are marked with an asterisk (*).


1993 Axa Equity & Law League
The 1993 AXA Equity & Law League was the twenty-fifth competing of English cricket’s Sunday League. The competition was won for the first time by Glamorgan County Cricket Club.


1993 Axa Equity & Law League, The season
The season's competition had a number of changes. This was the first season to be sponsored by AXA (Equity and Law). The overs went up from 40 per side to 50, the teams would play with a white ball and dark sightscreens and each team would be wearing their own coloured clothing.


1993 Axa Equity & Law League, The season
The season came down to a nail-biting finish with Kent and Glamorgan tied on points going into the final round of matches. These teams were scheduled to play one another on the last day of the season at the St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury in a televised match. Glamorgan beat Kent  to win the league. This match was Glamorgan and West Indies batsman Viv Richards's final one day match and fittingly he was at the crease when the winning runs were scored.


1993 Azerbaijan Cup
The Azerbaijan Cup 1993 was the second season of the annual cup competition in Azerbaijan. The competition started on 17 March 1993 and end with the final on 28 May 1993.