1993 Brisbane Broncos season
The 1993 Brisbane Broncos season was the sixth in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Allan Langer, they competed in the NSWRL's 1993 Winfield Cup premiership, finishing the regular season 5th (out of 16) before going on to play in a re-match of the previous year's grand final against the St George Dragons and again win, claiming consecutive premierships. In doing so they also became the first team in history to win the premiership from fifth position.


1993 Brisbane Broncos season, Season summary
After years of dispute with the Lang Park Trust over brewery advertising, Fourex had pouring rights for Lang Park while Powers Brewing was major sponsor of the Broncos. For the 1993 season the Broncos moved to the Council-owned ANZ Stadium, in suburban Nathan.


1993 Brisbane Broncos season, Season summary
Signs of a hangover existed with the club losing two of its first three matches, including their debut at the new home ground against the struggling Parramatta Eels. But the Broncos bounced back, beating the Balmain Tigers 50-0, (the highest winning margin for the club at the time) to establish themselves solidly in the upper echelons of the competition. A last round lapse against St George relegated the Broncos to fifth spot, meaning they had to win four straight elimination games to defend their title. This match also set the club's highest home ground attendance figure with over 58,000 at ANZ Stadium.


1993 Brisbane Broncos season, Season summary
In the finals, Brisbane went on to demolish the Manly Sea Eagles' defence in a 36-10 romp. Canberra dropped dead with the loss of Ricky Stuart and the Broncos ran roughshod over them with a 30-12 win. Against the Canterbury Bulldogs in the preliminary final, Brisbane were trailing 16-10 at half time, but Allan Langer scored immediately in the second half to level, then potted a field goal to break the dead lock late in the game with Allan Cann sealing the win scoring under the posts winning the match for the Broncos 23-16.


1993 Brisbane Broncos season, Season summary
In the grand final, again against the Dragons, the Broncos were victorious once more, this time 14-6. This win was significant because it was the only time a team which had finished 5th in the minor premiership had gone on to win the competition. It was Glenn Lazarus' fifth consecutive grand final appearance, having already played in the previous year's for Brisbane and the three years' before that for Canberra.


1993 Brit Awards
The 1993 Brit Awards were the 13th edition of the biggest annual pop music awards in the United Kingdom. They are run by the British Phonographic Industry and took place on 16 February 1993 at Alexandra Palace in London.


1993 Brit Awards, Multiple nominations and awards
The following artists received multiple awards and/or nominations. don't counting Most Successful Live Act.


1993 British Formula Three Championship
The 1993 British Formula Three season was the 43rd British Formula Three Championship, won by Kelvin Burt. The season started on 21 March at Silverstone and ended at Thruxton on 10 October at  following fifteen races. Paul Stewart Racing were forced to switch Burt from a Reynard to a Dallara chassis in order to stave off the challenge of Oliver Gavin, who had been using a Dallara since the fourth round. The season marked the beginning of the Italian firm's domination of the series — Dallara chassis have won every British F3 title since. Class B was won by British driver Jamie Spence.


1993 British Formula Three Championship, Championship Standings
Points in brackets include dropped scores — only the best 12 of 15 scores count towards the championship


1993 British Formula Two Championship
The 1993 British Formula Two Championship was the fifth season of the British Formula 3000 Championship. The series was won by the Belgian driver Philippe Adams, later to make an unsuccessful F1 debut by buying a drive at Team Lotus. He drove for both Madgwick International and Argo Cars during the year, taking five wins including the first four races. British F2 had by this stage become seriously devalued with tiny grids. Another Belgian, Madgwick's Mikke van Hool, shared the runner-up spot with the Team AJS's José Luis Di Palma.


1993 British Formula Two Championship
With three and two wins apiece, the two runners-up ensured no-one else stepped on the top step of the podium. Nigel Smith, driving a full season for Jupiter Racing, was fourth overall and best of the Brits. Other drivers racing included sometime F1 driver Enrico Bertaggia and future IndyCar and IRL driver Stéphan Grégoire.


1993 British Formula Two Championship, Drivers and teams
The following drivers and teams contested the 1993 British Formula Two Championship.


1993 British Grand Prix
The 1993 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Silverstone on 11 July 1993. It was the ninth race of the 1993 Formula One World Championship.


1993 British Grand Prix
The 59-lap race was won from pole position by Alain Prost, driving a Williams-Renault. It was Prost's sixth victory of the season and the 50th of his Formula One career. Michael Schumacher finished second in a Benetton-Ford, with teammate Riccardo Patrese third.


1993 British Grand Prix
This was the second race of 1993 to be held in Britain, after the European Grand Prix at Donington Park three months earlier. The next time Britain would host two races in a single season would be in 2020, when Silverstone hosted both the British Grand Prix and the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix.


1993 British Grand Prix, Report
With Nigel Mansell now racing Indycars in America, British racing fans had taken Damon Hill to their hearts. Williams took 1–2 in qualifying with Prost on pole ahead of Hill, Schumacher, Ayrton Senna, Patrese and Martin Brundle.


1993 British Grand Prix, Report
At the start, Hill took the lead from Prost, who was also passed by Senna, meanwhile Michael Andretti in the other McLaren spun off at Copse on the first lap, while Hill pulled away at the front, Senna held up both Prost and Schumacher. Prost finally passed Senna on lap 7 but Hill was already five seconds up the road. On lap 13, Schumacher passed Senna for third and pulled away as the order settled down.


1993 British Grand Prix, Report
Gradually Prost closed up on Hill, narrowing the gap to three seconds after the mid-race pit stops. Then, Luca Badoer crashed, bringing out the Safety Car and reducing the gap between Hill and Prost to nothing. The Safety Car came in on lap 40, before Hill's engine blew two laps later. Brundle's gearbox failed on lap 54 when he was fourth. Finally, on the last lap, Senna's car ran out of fuel. Prost took his 50th Grand Prix win ahead of Schumacher, Patrese, Johnny Herbert, Senna (who was classified fifth) and Derek Warwick.


1993 British Grand Prix, Report
Complimenting the Lotus team on Herbert's fourth-place finish, Murray Walker closed his broadcast with the words "Lotus are back!". As it turned out, the team only scored points once more.


1993 British League Division Two season
The 1993 British League Division Two season was contested as the second division of Speedway in the United Kingdom.


1993 British League Division Two season, British League Division Two Knockout Cup
The 1993 British League Division Two Knockout Cup was the 26th edition of the Knockout Cup for tier two teams. Glasgow Tigers were the winners of the competition.


1993 British League Division Two season, British League Division Two Knockout Cup, Final
Glasgow were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 118–98.


1993 British League season
The 1993 British League season was the 59th season of the top tier of speedway in the United Kingdom and the 29th known as the British League.


1993 British League season, Summary
Belle Vue Aces won their first title since 1982. The Manchester team relied on a group of consistent riders, with no rider exceeding a 9 point average but five riders ranging from 8.75 to 6.72. The team consisted of World Under-21 champion Joe Screen, Australian Jason Lyons, Americans Bobby Ott and Shawn Moran and Dane Frede Schött. The Championship was the closest in British League history with Belle Vue finishing on the same points as Wolverhampton Wolves and taking the title on heat points difference. It all came down to the last match when Belle Vue visited Wolves and pulled off a 54-53 victory. Wolves who were clear at the top of the table earlier in the season suffered a series of unfortunate injuries and were missing four riders towards the end of the season.


1993 British League season, Summary
Oxford Cheetahs dropped out of the first division resulting in their three time World Champion Hans Nielsen moving to Coventry Bees and Martin Dugard joining Eastbourne Eagles.


1993 British League season, Final table
M = Matches; W = Wins; D = Draws; L = Losses; Pts = Total Points


1993 British League season, British League Knockout Cup
The 1993 Speedway Star British League Knockout Cup was the 55th edition of the Knockout Cup for tier one teams. Bradford Dukes were the winners for a third consecutive year.


1993 British League season, British League Knockout Cup, Final, Second leg
Bradford Dukes were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 111-105.


1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand
In 1993 the British Lions rugby union team toured New Zealand. This was the last Lions tour in the sport's amateur era. The Lions were managed by Geoff Cooke, coached by Ian McGeechan and Dick Best, and captained by Gavin Hastings.


1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand
The Lions played a three-test series against New Zealand, and ten matches against provincial teams and the New Zealand Maori. They won six and lost four of those games. The Lions lost the first test match, but won the second to level the series, with New Zealand winning the third test and the series.


1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand, Test Series
The first test was won by New Zealand, helped by several debated refereeing decisions. The Lions won the second Test decisively, with a particularly strong performance by Ben Clarke.


1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand, Test Series
Thus the series came down to the third Test decider at Eden Park. The teams were;


1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand, Test Series
New Zealand: John Timu; John Kirwan, Frank Bunce(T), Lee Stensness, Inga Tuigamala; Grant Fox(3C/3P), Jon Preston(T); Craig Dowd, Sean Fitzpatrick (capt)(T), Olo Brown; Robin Brooke, Ian Jones; Jamie Joseph, Michael Jones, Arran PeneBench: Mark Cooksley, Zinzan Brooke, Matthew Cooper, Ant Strachan, Graham Dowd, Bull Allen


1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand, Test Series
British & Irish Lions: Gavin Hastings (capt)(C/2P); Ieuan Evans, Scott Gibbs(T), Jerry Guscott, Rory Underwood; Rob Andrew, Dewi Morris; Nick Popplewell, Brian Moore, Jason Leonard; Martin Johnson, Martin Bayfield; Ben Clarke, Peter Winterbottom, Dean RichardsBench: Tony Clement, Will Carling, Robert Jones, Paul Burnell, Kenny Milne, Mike Teague


1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand, Test Series
The Lions moved to a 0-10 lead, but New Zealand, goaded by strong local pressure, recovered to win.


1993 British National Track Championships
The 1993 British National Track Championships were a series of track cycling competitions held from 24–31 July 1993 at the Leicester Velodrome. The Championships were organised by the British Cycling Federation and for the first time in its history became 'Open', meaning professional and amateur cyclists competed in the same event.


1993 British Open
The 1993 Wickes British Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament, that was held from 22 February-6 March 1993 at the Assembly Rooms in Derby, England. ITV televised the event from 27 February.


1993 British Open
Steve Davis won the tournament by defeating James Wattana ten frames to two in the final. The defending champion Jimmy White was defeated in the semi-final by Davis.


1993 British Rowing Championships
The 1993 National Rowing Championships was the 22nd edition of the National Championships, held from 16–18 July 1993 at the Strathclyde Country Park in Motherwell, North Lanarkshire.


1993 British Speedway Championship
The 1993 British Speedway Championship was the 33rd edition of the British Speedway Championship. The Final took place on 9 May at Brandon in Coventry, England. The Championship was won by Andy Smith, while Joe Screen won a run-off against Gary Havelock to finish second.


1993 British Touring Car Championship
The 1993 Auto Trader RAC British Touring Car Championship season was 36th British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) season.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
At the end of 1992 BMW GB withdrew from the championship after the rules had been changed in a direction which BMW felt disadvantaged them. Prodrive, which had run the works operation for BMW, had been expected to be entering a works Mercedes Benz team in cooperation with AMG, running the C-class. Prodrive stalwart Tim Sugden and Bernd Schneider were due to drive for the team. The plans were for a late season appearance leading to a full challenge in 1994, but this eventually came to nothing. Vic Lee Motorsport was liquidated after owner Vic Lee's drug scandal.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
The assets of the team were taken over by Steve Neal and Ray Bellm, who picked up personnel from Euroracing's discontinued sports car effort and merged it into Neal's Rimstock Racing outfit, creating Team Dynamics. Bellm would sell his share in the team later in the year, leaving Steve Neal as the only owner. The team started the 1993 season with three 1992-spec 318iS cars piloted by Matt Neal, Ray Bellm and Alex Portman, later dropping down to two.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Only weeks after BMW GB withdrew from the BTCC, BMW withdrew their Schnitzer Motorsport-run works operation from the German DTM championship, also there because of their disagreement with new rules. With few other series to contest in Schnitzer Motorsport were sent over by BMW to the British championship along with works drivers Steve Soper and Joachim Winkelhock. Andy Rouse had lost his Toyota contract to famous Toyota tuners TOM'S Norfolk-based European arm known as Tom's GB, who had previously run Group A Toyotas in BTCC in the eighties.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Andy Rouse's seat was taken over by Julian Bailey, and the new shape Carina E GTi replaced the older model. Toyota also supported a junior team run by Park Lane Racing, who would run two older shape Carinas for James Kaye and Bobby Verdon-Roe. Rouse himself had landed a Ford works deal, but the new Mondeo would not appear until after the season had started.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Vauxhall retained their John Cleland / Jeff Allam line-up in the Vauxhall Cavalier and their Ecurie Ecosse semi-works team; at Ecurie Ecosse David Leslie retained his seat and was after a few races joined by fellow Scotsman Harry Nuttall. Peugeot added Eugene O’Brien and Ian Flux to Robb Gravett for a three-car line-up in the Peugeot 405 Mi16 (with Flux’ car being run by Roy Kennedy Racing); Nissan ran three cars for Keith O'Dor, Win Percy and Tiff Needell, and Mazda returned with Patrick Watts in a brand new Xedos 6. Renault was the new manufacturer to join the championship with Alain Menu and reigning champion Tim Harvey as their drivers in the Renault 19 16v


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
The season started at Silverstone, where Steve Soper led team-mate Joachim Winkelhock home for a dominating BMW one-two. The second round at Donington Park was the support race for the European Grand Prix. The race was hit by torrential rain, and thanks to Michelin (whose wet-weather tyres were far superior to the ones of the other tire manufacturers) Renault was able to claim a one-two finish, Tim Harvey winning the race ahead of Alain Menu. It soon became apparent that Renault's pace was tied to conditions, as they struggled to match the championship's privateers in the dry.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
A start line crash at the next round at Snetterton forced a red flag, and five cars failed to make the restart. The race would be won by Soper, with Julian Bailey in second and David Leslie in third. Winkelhock then took the victory at Round 4 at Donington Park ahead of Jeff Allam and Steve Soper. Winkelhock then took a commanding victory at Oulton Park, and as Steve Soper had gone off into a tyre wall and forced into retirement Winkelhock now took the championship lead by two points.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Brands Hatch hosted the first double header of the season. Winkelhock was at the centre of controversy when he shunted David Leslie out of the lead to take the win. Keith O’Dor finished second and Will Hoy third. Leslie was not amused, commenting that Winkelhock had not had any opportunity whatsoever to pull the pass off. Winkelhock apologized, saying he was a lot faster than Leslie in that corner but that there had been a bit of a misunderstanding when he tried his move.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Winkelhock then led the second race when he made a mistake going into Clearways and went off into the Armco barrier and retirement. Will Hoy then went off at the same place, but ended up a bit further to the right and into the tires that covered some of the barriers at that corner. With both of his major contenders out Soper could take an easy win ahead of O’Dor and Jeff Allam.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
The BTCC then headed to Wales for Round 8 at Pembrey, where Ford made its debut. Winkelhock won the race with Hoy in second and Soper in third. At the next round at Silverstone Toyota appeared to be heading home a one-two finish for Will Hoy and Julian Bailey. An over-ambitious move from Bailey however put Hoy on his roof and forced Bailey himself into retirement. It was instead Keith O’Dor who took his and Nissan's first BTCC victory. To make it a perfect day for Nissan his teammate Win Percy finished second in a drag race over the line with Paul Radisich, who took the returning Ford team's first podium.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Knockhill held the next double header of the season. A race long battle between Vauxhall driver John Cleland and Toyota driver Julian Bailey saw Cleland finally come out on top, with Will Hoy finishing in third. Further back, Soper lost valuable points when he was pushed off by Radisich in the Ford. Luckily for him Winkelhock was not able to start the second race due to clutch problems. It was now Bailey's turn to win a race, finishing ahead of Cleland and Hoy. The Renault team decided to skip the Scottish meeting and focus on developing their car.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Oulton Park hosted Round 12 which was the Gold Cup, and Renault's car updates appeared to have paid off. Both cars qualified and finished much better than before, Menu taking fourth. Up front Winkelhock led from start to finish while Soper was second ahead of Cleland. Round 13 took place at Brands Hatch and Winkelhock and Leslie clashed again. First Winkelhock barged past Leslie to take second, and when Leslie attempted to retake the place he pushed Winkelhock into a spin. Both drivers dropped down the field while Radisich won the race from Soper and Peugeot driver Robb Gravett; Soper was however later penalised one position because of his rather forceful move on Gravett on the last lap to take second.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Leslie then finally won a race when the series visited Thruxton. Ford was second and third with Radisich and Andy Rouse, while a sixth place from Soper closed the gap between him and Winkelhock to twelve points.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Donington Park hosted the penultimate weekend of the championship and the last double header meeting. Radisich dominated the first race and won it by more than ten seconds, while wet weather conditions enabled Renault to finish second and third. A puncture had forced Soper to retire, and with Winkelhock finishing fifth the German now had the chance to take the title in the second race. Menu then won Race 2 from Radisich and Winkelhock, but as Soper finished fifth the championship would be decided in the final round at Silverstone.


1993 British Touring Car Championship, Season summary
At Silverstone the race was red flagged following an accident involving Robb Gravett's Peugeot. Will Hoy led away in the Toyota after the restart, but was later passed by both Paul Radisich and Andy Rouse, who took a one-two finish for Ford. Hoy held on to third, and while Steve Soper finished ahead of Winkelhock he did not get the result he needed and it was Joachim Winkelhock who won the 1993 British Touring Car Championship. Despite missing the first part of the season Paul Radisich finished third in the championship, with John Cleland in fourth and Julian Bailey in fifth.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the tenth round of the 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 1 August 1993 at Donington Park.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
This race was most notable for Luca Cadalora's shock first victory over Wayne Rainey at the near end of the race, the big accident that happened with Alex Barros, Mick Doohan and Kevin Schwantz on the opening lap and the close finish for third between Fogarty and Mackenzie.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Before the race, Wayne Rainey highsided in practice. This caused him to lose two fingernails, getting a fracture in his spine and a concussion as well. ; Because of this, he is not able to qualify as good as he used to normally due to suffering from blurred vision, causing him to not be able to properly judge distance. In his biography 'His own story' he commented on this with the following words:


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
"I told the medical guys that my back was really sore, but I didn't say anything about my head. Back at the motorhome that night I found my vision was lagging. I knew I was concussed but the doctors hadn't checked, and I wanted nobody to know. Next morning I woke up and swung my head, and again my vision was behind the movement. I decided to do the morning warm-up to see how it would feel. I was two seconds off the pace, but I could choose my line. What concerned me more was I couldn't judge distance, so I couldn't pass anybody"


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On Saturday, Kevin Schwantz took his sixth and final pole position of the year with a time of 1:33.514. Alongside him on the grid is Luca Cadalora in second place, then Mick Doohan in third and teammate Alex Barros in fourth. The second row of the grid consists of wildcard rider Carl Fogarty in fifth, Daryl Beattie in sixth, Àlex Crivillé in seventh and Wayne Rainey in a lowly eighth position, an impressive feat despite his problems at the time. Cagiva duo Doug Chandler and Matthew Mladin did not partake in the race.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
All riders take off and do their usual warm-up lap before lining up in their respective grid slots. As the lights go out, Barros gets the best start and goes into the lead entering Redgate (Turn 1). Second is Rainey, who manages to pass many people on the outside and third is his teammate Cadalora who lost one position to his charging teammate. Fourth is Schwantz, fifth is Doohan and sixth is his teammate Beattie. Exiting Redgate, Rainey wastes no time and immediately passes Barros on the inside heading into Hollywood (Turn 2), Cadalora right behind him.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the entry of McLean's (Turn 7), Schwantz makes a lunge down Cadalora's inside and takes third from him. At Starkey's Straight, just as Doohan wants to make a move on teammate Barros for second, Doohan fails to brake in time and slams into the back of the Brazilian on his right. Both riders go down and Doohan falls onto the bike of Schwantz on the left, causing him to crash out in spectacular fashion as his bike somersaults out of contention and onto the American due to him braking for The Esses at that time.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Three top riders are now eliminated from the race on the opening lap. The marshalls immediately rush out onto the track to help out the riders and recover the lost bike. Barros and Doohan - albeit limping - look to be unhurt, but Schwantz sits down and looks to be injured. The medical team runs to Schwantz to assist him.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap two and Rainey is now way out in front on his own. Second is Cadalora, third is wildcard rider and home hero Fogarty, fourth is Shinichi Ito, fifth is Crivillé and sixth is Renzo Colleoni. Fogarty is now pressuring Cadalora, as does Crivillé to Ito. The marshalls are busy pouring concrete dust on the track to clean up the oil that's present, then quickly get out of the way as the riders go down Starkey's Straight. At this straight, Fogarty goes side-by-side with Cadalora and outbreaks him entering The Esses, moving him up into second place. The crowd cheers loudly as he passes through the chicane.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap three and the top six is as follows: Rainey, Fogarty, Cadalora, Ito, Crivillé and Colleoni. Fogarty is now opening a gap to Cadalora and is trying to close down Rainey. Another rider has crashed out, this time being Jeremy McWilliams. Exiting the Melbourne Hairpin (Turn 10), Rainey has a moment but manages to stay on the bike.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap four, Beattie has caught and easily passed Colleoni for sixth place at the Wheatcroft Straight. Rainey is still out in front, the gap to Fogarty now stabilising in second. Third is Cadalora still as Ito is still being pressured by Crivillé.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap five and the top six is as follows: Rainey, Fogarty, Cadalora, Ito, Crivillé and Beattie. A displeased Barros has now arrived at the pits, talking to one of his crewmembers.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap six, a limping Doohan has also reached the pits, walking back to his garage. Fogarty is now coming under pressure from Cadalora, closing up at The Esses but not yet making a move.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap seven and Cadalora is now right at the back of Fogerty exiting Schwantz Curve (Turn 6). Exiting McLean's, Fogarty has to adjust his front brakes by hand, causing him to slow down enough for Cadalora to get by easily and snatch second from the Brit before Coppice (Turn 8)


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap eight, Fogarty has a moment exiting the Craner Curves (Turn 3). Fogarty does his best to stay with Cadalora but is slowly increasing the gap to the British rider.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap nine and Cadalora is now slowly closing the gap to leader and teammate Rainey. Ito is now also closing in on Fogarty.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap ten, the top six is as follows: Rainey, Cadalora, Fogarty, Ito, Crivillé and Niall Mackenzie - who has passed Beattie for sixth. Crivillé has now fully caught up to Ito and tries a move on the Japanese entering Starkey's Bridge (Turn 5). Ito holds on entering Schwantz Curve, Crivillé still hot on his heels at McLean's. Entering Starkey's Straight, Ito has a look behind to see where Crivillé is. The Spaniard looks to be making a move but thinks better of it and stays behind for now. Mackenzie meanwhile has opened up a gap to Beattie.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap eleven and Crivillé again closes up at Starkey's Straight but does not make a move entering The Esses. No overtakes happened.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap twelve, Crivillé is all over the rear of Ito. He harasses him all throughout the lap but isn't able to get by, trying a move at Starkey's Straight but not able to get side-by-side with him.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap thirteen and Crivillé finally makes his move at the Wheatcroft Straight. He goes side-by-side with him, then executes the pass at the entry of Redgate. Behind Ito, Mackenzie is now gradually closing up on him as well.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap fourteen, Cadalora is still closing the gap to his Marlboro Team Roberts teammate Rainey. The top six is as follows: Rainey, Cadalora, Fogarty, Crivillé, Ito and Mackenzie.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap fifteen - the halfway point of the race - and everything is stable at the front. Cadalora is still closing in on Rainey.Mackenzie has also closed up to the back of Ito as well.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap sixteen, Cadalora has now fully caught up to the back of Rainey. Exiting the Melbourne Hairpin, Cadalora has a moment, giving Rainey some breathing room.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap seventeen and the duo now is coming up to a backmarker in the likes of Andrew Stroud. The top six is as follows: Rainey, Cadalora, Fogarty, Crivillé, Mackenzie - who has passed Ito - and Ito. The duo gets past Stroud without any problems. Cadalora is all over the back of Rainey but the Italian does not make a pass.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap eighteen, Mackenzie is closing up to Crivillé now. Cadalora is still behind, shadowing his teammte for the time being. The duo encounters another backmarker, this time being David Jefferies. He takes a very wide line at the Melbourne Hairpin, allowing the riders to easily pass him.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap nineteen and Cadalora is still right behind Rainey, stalking him al throughout the lap. Crivillé meanwhile has crashed out of the race from a strong fourth place. The marshalls recover his bike as the Marlboro Honda Pons rider is being escorted away by one of the medical staff from the crash site in disappointment.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap twenty, the top six is as follows: Rainey, Cadalora, Fogarty, Mackenzie, Ito and Beattie. The Scottish rider is now also flying, catching Fogarty in the process.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap twenty-one and the front is still stable: Rainey leads with teammate Cadalora in close second.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap twenty-two Rainey now opens up a small gap to Cadalora. Further behind, Mackenzie is still slowly closing the gap to third place Fogarty.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap twenty-three and Cadalora is still all over the rear of Rainey, not making a pass. The duo encounters three more backmarkers - Andreas Meklau, Bruno Bonhuil and Cees Doorakkers. Doorakkers lets them by before McLean's, with Bonhuil doing likewise at the short straight before Coppice. Meklau also lets them pass at Starkey's Straight before The Esses.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap twenty-four, Mackenzie is still slowly closing in on Fogarty. Cadalora is still all over the rear of Rainey but still not getting past.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap twenty-five and Rainey still leads, Cadalora still right behind him. No overtakes are made at the front.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap twenty-six, the top six is as follows: Rainey, Cadalora, Fogarty, Mackenzie, Ito and Beattie. By now, Mackenzie has fully caught up to the back of Fogarty, the duo now having to pass the backmarkers that Rainy and Cadalora have passed earlier.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap twenty-seven and Rainey has opened up a small gap to Rainey. He immediately closes this at the Old Hairpin but still refuses to make a pass.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On lap twenty-eight, Cadalora has a moment exiting the Old Hairpin and going into Starkey's Bridge. Exiting Coppice, it is then Rainey who has a moment but does not lose the position to Cadalora.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lap twenty-nine, the penultimate lap, has started and the top six is as follows: Rainey, Cadalora, Fogarty, Mackenzie, Ito and Beattie. He looks to be making a move at the exit of the Old Hairpin on the outside but stays behind. However, entering Starkey's Bridge, Cadalora finally makes a move by going up the inside of Rainey and taking over the lead under loud cheering from presumably Schwantz fans. Exiting Coppice, he has opened up a small gap to Rainey, deciding to win the race and favouring his personal win over his teammate's championship hunt. Team manager Kenny Roberts shakes his head after the Italian pulled the move on Rainey.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
As Cadalora crosses the line to start the final lap - lap thirty - the duo comes up to two more backmarkers, this time being Thierry Criné and Laurent Naveau. Criné blocks him a tiny but at the exit of the Old Hairpin, has a look and then notices Cadalora go past. Naveau also blocks the Italian at McLean's but eventually manages to get by without losing too much time. Cadalora has no more troubles, even looking behind him briefly at the straight before Goddards.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
He passes the last corner to cross the line with a wheelie and take a dominant win over his teammate in his rookie season - his first in the 500cc class - followed by Rainey in second position. It looks like Fogarty will take third place but exiting Goddards he runs out of fuel and slows down, allowing Mackenzie to pip him at the line and take third place away from him. Mackenzie finishes third, Fogarty fourth and Ito and Beattie finish in fifth and sixth place.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On the parade lap back to parc-fermé, Rainey congratulates Cadalora by shaking his hand whilst still on the bike. Mackenzie celebrates in his own style by taking the alternative flag of Scotland and waving it proudly, Fogarty talking to him as both have stopped on track. Both Cadalora and Rainey wave at the crowd, the Italian throwing both his arms up in the air to celebrate.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
The trio goes up to the podium and discuss the race, an exhausted but happy Cadalora receiving his winners trophy. He lifts it up and covers his face with his hand, barely believing he has just won the race as the fans applaud and cheer. Rainey receives his trophy next, followed by Mackenzie whom the crowd ecstatically cheer on and clap for as a result. Cadalora then lifts his trophy up one more time before the Italian nation anthem starts to play for him. As it stops and the champagne is handed out, the riders spray it into the crowd and on each other afterwards.


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
"When I saw that Kevin was out and he didn't get point, I was thinking it was not big trouble, because 20 points more for Wayne. That's good."


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Had Cadalora stayed in second, Rainey would be two points ahead of Schwantz and not three points behind him with four rounds to go. Rainey had this to say on his decision to race this day despite his problems:


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
""Being world champion was more important than anything. I couldn't live with myself giving it away. It was terribly dangerous. There was no way I should have been racing. And I knew it."


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Team manager Kenny Roberts had the following to say about Cadalora's win:


1993 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
"I'm very happy for Luca, because to win a 500 grand prix for Luca is fantastic. But, I have to run the Marlboro Yamaha team, and for the team, it would have been better that Wayne won. But, we have a lot of work to do before we win the world championship and I don't think this is going to make a big difference and Wayne is very happy for Luca as well."


1993 Brown Bears football team
The 1993 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University during the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Brown tied for fourth in the Ivy League.


1993 Brown Bears football team
In their fourth and final season under head coach Mickey Kwiatkowski, the Bears compiled a 4–6 record and were outscored 267 to 190. Todd Hunter and Walton Smith were the team captains.


1993 Brown Bears football team
The Bears' 3–4 conference record tied for fourth place in the Ivy League standings. They were outscored 183 to 127 by Ivy opponents.


1993 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1993 Brownlow Medal
The 1993 Brownlow Medal was the 66th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Australian Football League (AFL) home-and-away season. Gavin Wanganeen of the Essendon Football Club won the medal by polling eighteen votes during the 1993 AFL season. Wanganeen was the first Aboriginal player to win the Brownlow Medal in the history of the award, and, at age 20, he was the youngest winner since Denis Ryan in 1936. The South Australian also added a premiership medallion to his collection after Essendon defeated Carlton in the 1993 premiership decider. Both medals were already in addition to the 1993 Michael Tuck Medal Wanganeen was awarded for being judged best on ground in the pre-season grand final.


1993 Brownlow Medal
Controversy and credibility still hang over the legitimacy of the medal win. Greg Williams of Carlton received no votes for a 44-possession game against Melbourne in Round 10. In 2006, former umpire Murray Bird verified a conversation with main umpire John Russo after the game that revealed Russo refused to give any votes to Williams.


1993 Brownlow Medal, Leading vote-getters
* The player was ineligible to win the medal due to suspension by the AFL Tribunal during the year.


1993 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1993 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University during the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Bucknell finished third in the Patriot League.


1993 Bucknell Bison football team
In their fifth year under head coach Lou Maranzana, the Bison compiled a 4–7 record. Cecil Boone, Travis Kopp, Russ Strohecker and Dan Zappa were the team captains.


1993 Bucknell Bison football team
The Bison were outscored 302 to 193. Bucknell's 3–2 conference record placed third in the six-team Patriot League standings.


1993 Bucknell Bison football team
Bucknell played its home games at Christy Mathewson–Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1993 Buffalo Bills season
The 1993 Buffalo Bills season was the 34th season for the team in the National Football League. The Buffalo Bills finished the National Football League's 1993 season with a record of 12 wins and 4 losses, and finished first in the AFC East division.


1993 Buffalo Bills season
The Bills qualified for their fourth straight Super Bowl, where they faced the Dallas Cowboys in a rematch of the previous season's Super Bowl. However, just like with the previous Super Bowl, the Bills would lose to the Cowboys, this time by a score of 13–30. Until the 2020 season, this Bills squad was the last to reach the AFC Championship Game.


1993 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
Despite the many jokes about the Bills having lost three straight Super Bowls—a fan pleaded with head coach Marv Levy for the team to not return to the Super Bowl: "I can't take it. I can't go to work on Monday if we don't win the game. It's tearing me up. I can't handle it"—Don Beebe recalled that "I've got to be honest with you. We thrived in it. We enjoyed it. We were going to go to four ... I think that comes a lot from the Winston Churchill poems and the speeches that we would get from Marv".


1993 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
Dan Patrick reported that "Buffalo players have been wearing t-shirts reading something along the lines of 'Let's Tick Them Off and Go for Four'". The team qualified for another Super Bowl; they became the first franchise to win four consecutive conference championships, as well as the first to appear in four consecutive Super Bowls.


1993 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
Defensive end Bruce Smith was named NEA Defensive Player of the Year, and tied for the league lead with 13.5 sacks. Smith, linebacker Darryl Talley and special teams gunner Steve Tasker were named to the 1993 All-Pro team. The Bills' 47 defensive takeaways in 1993 is the third-highest total of the 1990s.


1993 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
Running back Thurman Thomas led the AFC with 1,315 rushing yards.


1993 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 9
November 1, 1993; the latest in-season home Monday Night Football game the Bills have ever hosted.


1993 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1993 Buffalo Bulls football team represented the University at Buffalo in the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Bulls offense scored 190 points while the defense allowed 359 points.


1993 Buffalo mayoral election
The Buffalo mayoral election of 1993 took place on November 4, 1993 and resulted in local politician Anthony Masiello winning a first term as mayor after Jimmy Griffin had resigned against two other opponents.


1993 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1993 Bulgarian Cup Final was played at the Hristo Botev Stadium in Blagoevgrad on June 2, 1993, and was contested between the sides of CSKA Sofia and Botev Plovdiv. The match was won by CSKA Sofia.


1993 Burlington mayoral election
The 1993 Burlington mayoral election was held on March 2, 1993. Republican nominee Peter Brownell defeated incumbent Progressive Coalition Mayor Peter Clavelle.


1993 Burlington mayoral election
Clavelle won renomination as the Progressive Coalition's candidate. The Republican Party, which had not ran a candidate since the 1983 mayoral election, gave its nomination to Brownell, a member of the city council from the 6th district. The Democratic Party selected to not run or endorse a candidate. Brownell defeated Clavelle despite Clavelle's having fundraised more money, more endorsements, and having two hundred more volunteers working on his campaign. Clavelle stated that he had lost the election due to him passing legislation to have Burlington pay for the health care benefits for domestic partners of city workers.


1993 Burlington mayoral election
This was the first time since the election of Bernie Sanders in 1981 that somebody not aligned with the Progressive Coalition won election to the mayoralty. Brownell was the first Republican to hold the office of mayor since Edward A. Keenan left office in 1965. This election is the most recent time a Republican won election to the mayoralty of Burlington.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Background
Bernie Sanders won election as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont, in the 1981 mayoral election as an independent. He won reelection in the 1983, 1985, and 1987 elections. During Sanders' mayoralty the composition of the thirteen-member city council changed from having ten Democratic members and three Republicans after the 1980 election to the pro-Sanders Progressive Coalition holding six of the seats after the 1987 election.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Background
Peter Clavelle won the 1989 mayoral election as an independent candidate with the support of the Progressive Coalition. He won reelection in the 1991 election as the nominee of the Progressive Coalition and faced no opposition from the Democratic and Republican parties. The Progressive Coalition won six seats on the city council in the 1992 election, which was the highest amount they had held since 1989, while the Democrats won five seats, and the Republicans won two seats.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Background
Dianne Deforge, a member of the city council from the 4th district who considered running for mayor in 1993, stated that the Republicans and Democrats would run a candidate against Clavelle in the 1993 election unlike in the 1991 election. She stated that "Clavelle won't get a free ride this time". However, she stated that a Democrat was more likely to win and that it was "not the year for a Republican to run citywide".


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Progressive Coalition
On December 9, 1992, the Progressive Coalition voted to give its nomination to Peter Clavelle. Clavelle announced that he would seek reelection to a third term on January 21, 1993.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Republican
The Republican Party had not ran a candidate in the 1985, 1987, 1989, and 1991 elections. Peter Brownell, a member of the city council from the 6th district, stated that the possible candidates for the Republican nomination were him and Bob Minkewicz, the chair of the Burlington Republican Party. Brownell announced on January 14, 1993, that he would run for the Republican nomination and won the nomination on January 20.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Republican
Brownell selected Jill McDermott to serve as his campaign manager. McDermott had previously worked as the campaign manager for Lieutenant Governor Peter Plympton Smith and Governor Richard A. Snelling.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Democratic
The Democratic Party had not ran a candidate in the 1991 election. William Aswad, a member of the city council who had run for the Democratic mayoral nomination in 1989, considered running, but declined. Paul Lafayette, who was the Democratic mayoral nominee in 1987, was considered the strongest candidate, but declined to run to instead focus on his painting business. Randy Amis considered running, but declined to instead focus on his law career.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Democratic
The Democrats did not nominate a candidate for the election and did not endorse a candidate. Clavelle, Brownell, and Prim were nominated for the endorsement, but Prim received zero votes, Calvelle received one vote, Brownell received seven votes, and the remainder voted for none of the above.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Other
Paul Cook, Roger Verville, Don Prim, Matthew Gardy, and Eddie Bickford all petitioned to run in the mayoral election as independent candidates. Gardy and Verville withdrew from the race and gave their support to Brownell.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, General election
The candidates participated in one candidate forum and two debates. The Burlington Police Association chose to endorse Brownell which was the first time since 1981 that the union did not support the Progressive nominee. During the campaign Clavelle outspent and outraised Brownell with Clavelle having raised $26,872, spent $25,545, and had a remaining debt of $3,862 while Brownell raised $17,349 and spent $12,317. Clavelle had 220 volunteers working for his campaign compared to Brownell's 20 volunteers.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, General election
Brownell defeated Clavelle in the election while only winning two of the city council wards. Brownell's victory ended the Progressive Coalition's control of the mayoral office that it had held since the 1981 election and he became the first Republican to hold the office since Edward A. Keenan left office in 1965. Clavelle stated that he had lost due to him passing legislation to have Burlington pay for the health care benefits for domestic partners of city workers.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, General election
Former Republican Mayor Robert K. Bing was happy with Brownell's victory while United States Representative Bernie Sanders, who served as mayor from 1981 to 1989, stated that he was disappointed by Clavelle's defeat. As of 2018, Brownell's victory in the 1993 election is the most recent time the Republicans have won election as mayor of Burlington.


1993 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, General election
The Republicans gained one seat on the city council from the Democrats while the Progressives retained all of their seats. A special election was held on to fill the vacancy on the city council from the 4th district created by Brownell becoming mayor which was won by Republican nominee Tom Ryan.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt
On 21 October 1993, a coup was attempted in Burundi by a Tutsi–dominated army faction. The coup attempt resulted in assassination of Hutu President Melchior Ndadaye and the deaths of other officials in the constitutional line of presidential succession. François Ngeze was presented as the new President of Burundi by the army, but the coup failed under domestic and international pressure, leaving Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi in charge of the government.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt
Following a long period of military rule by Tutsi army officers, in the early 1990s Burundi underwent a democratic transition. In June 1993 presidential and parliamentary elections were held and won by the Hutu-dominated Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU), displacing the ruling Union pour le Progrès National (UPRONA) and President Pierre Buyoya. A new coalition government was installed on 10 July with FORDEBU leader Ndadaye as Burundi's first Hutu president. Ndadaye's tenure was largely peaceful, but during his time in office Burundi was subject to several social and political disruptions.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt
Thousands of Burundian Hutu refugees who had fled previous political violence returned to the country en masse, while the government reconsidered various contracts and economic concessions made by the previous regimes and began reforming the army. These actions threatened the interest of Tutsi business elites and military officers. In this atmosphere, elements in the army began planning a coup. The exact identity of those who led the plot remains unknown, though Ngeze, Army Chief of Staff Jean Bikomagu, ex-President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, and Buyoya are widely suspected to have been involved.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt
Early in the morning on 21 October 1993 army units took up positions around Bujumbura and mounted an attack on the presidential palace. After several hours Ndadaye was captured and taken to a military camp where he was murdered. The putschists also targeted key FRODEBU leaders, killing President of the National Assembly Pontien Karibwami, Vice President of the National Assembly Gilles Bimazubute, Minister of Home Affairs and Communal Development Juvénal Ndayikeza, and Director of Intelligence Richard Ndikumwami. The deaths of Karibwami and Bimazubute eliminated the constitutional line of presidential succession.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt
Other government figures, including Kinigi, survived by fleeing or seeking shelter at the French embassy. Later that day the army formed a crisis committee and presented Ngeze as the new President of Burundi. The announcement of Ndadaye's death touched off severe ethnic violence, as angered Hutu peasants and FRODEBU members began murdering Tutsis. The army retaliated by massacring Hutus. The international community and civil society organisations condemned the coup and requested a return to constitutional governance. Faced with these challenges, in the afternoon of 23 October Bikomagu ordered the army to return to its barracks, and two days later Kinigi's government announced the abrogation of all emergency measures declared by the putshcists.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt
The coup attempt left Prime Minister Kinigi—the highest-ranking civilian official to survive—the de facto head of state of Burundi. Civilian institutions of government were reestablished in earnest in December. Attempts by the National Assembly to elect a successor to Ndadaye were stifled by the Tutsi-dominated Constitutional Court, though the body eventually succeed in selecting Cyprien Ntaryamira as President of Burundi in January 1994. Ntaryamira died in April and was succeeded by Sylvestre Ntibantunganya, while ethnic violence persisted and UPRONA pushed demands for more favorable constitutional arrangements. Frustrated by this turn of events, some FRODEBU elements broke away from the party and formed rebel groups, leading to the Burundian Civil War.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Background
From the mid-1960s, the country of Burundi was politically dominated by its Tutsi ethnic minority at the expense of the Hutu majority. Union pour le Progrès National (UPRONA), which served as the legal ruling party from 1966, was overwhelmingly made up of Tutsis. Military officers dominated the presidency, coming to power through coups. During this time there instances of ethnic repression, particularly in 1972 when the Burundian Army quashed a Hutu rebellion and then murdered thousands of civilians.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Background
In 1987 Pierre Buyoya became President of Burundi following a coup. He initially ignored the country's ethnic strife and perpetuated Tutsi domination of public life. In August 1988 violence broke out and the army massacred thousands of Hutus. Facing substantial foreign pressure, Buyoya initiated reforms designed to end Burundi's systemic ethnic violence, while UPRONA attempted to incorporate more Hutus into its ranks. The Tutsi establishment in the army and security forces nevertheless resisted change. A commission appointed by the president produced a constitution which provided for democratic elections.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Background
The document was adopted via referendum in March 1992 followed shortly thereafter by the creation of new political parties. Buyoya scheduled free elections in 1993 and offered himself as UPRONA's presidential candidate. UPRONA's main challenger became Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU), a party largely associated with Hutus. In the 1 June presidential election Buyoya faced Melchior Ndadaye, who was backed by FRODEBU. Ndadaye won the election in a landslide, earning 64 percent of the popular vote. In the subsequent parliamentary elections on 29 June, FRODEBU won 71.4 percent of the vote and earned 80 percent of the seats in the National Assembly. The party also took over most local administration, displacing many Tutsi incumbents.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Background
Rumours circulated in Burundi that the army would attempt to intervene to disrupt the transition. Ndadaye reassured a supporter that "They can kill Ndadaye, but they can't kill all 5 million Ndadayes." A plot from a handful of officers discovered on 3 July to seize Ndadaye's residence failed due to a lack of support from other components of the military, resulting in several arrests, including that of its suspected leader, Lieutenant Colonel Slyvestre Ningaba, who had been chef de cabinet for Buyoya.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Background
Buyoya—who had urged the populace to accept the results of the election—condemned the coup attempt, as did the army leadership. Ndadaye was sworn-in as President on 10 July. He assembled a government of 23 ministers, including 13 FRODEBU and six UPRONA members. Nine of the ministers were Tutsi, including Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi, a member of UPRONA.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Background
Ndadaye's tenure was largely peaceful, but during his time in office Burundi was subject to several social and political disruptions. Among the former, the media—recently liberalised—often used its freedom to discuss public issues in an inflammatory manner. Thousands of Burundian Hutu refugees who had fled during the violence of 1972 began returning en masse and demanding the reclamation of their property. Though Ndadaye suggested resettling them in vacant lands, many local officials made room for them by evicting others from their homes.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Background
Politically, Ndadaye's government reexamined several contracts and economic concessions made the by the previous regime, posing a threat to Tutsi elite business interests. Military reforms also led to the separation of the gendarmerie's command from the army, the replacement of the chiefs of staff of the army and gendarmerie, and new requirements for enrollment into the army were introduced. The army was due to open its annual recruitment drive in November, and there were fears among some Tutsi soldiers that this process would be altered in a way that would threaten their dominance of the institution.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Coup organisers
At some point a group of army personnel began planning a coup against Ndadaye's government. According to an officer in the Presidential Guard, one of the preparations taken by the plotters was to move troops from further postings into Bujumbura to grow the strength of the army. According to journalist Alexis Sinduhige, the putschists relied on a corporal, Nzisabira, as an informant in the Presidential Guard.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Coup organisers
The exact identity of those who planned and organised the 1993 coup remains disputed. Army Chief of the General Staff Lieutenant Colonel Jean Bikomagu, ex-President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, and former Minister of Interior François Ngeze are generally regarded as leading members. Bikomagu and Bagaza denied any involvement, while Ngeze said he had been forced to support the putsch. Others believed to have played a key planning role include Lieutenant Colonel Ningaba, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Kazatasa, Lieutenant Colonel Laurent Niyonkuru, and Major Bernard Busokoza. Some human rights groups also suspected ex-President Buyoya of supporting the putschists.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Coup organisers
American diplomat Bob Krueger considered Buyoya to be the person chiefly responsible for the coup, as did Lieutenant Jean-Paul Kamana and Commandant Hilaire Ntakiyica, two soldiers who admitted to partaking in minor roles in the plot. Others suspected of involvement include Jérôme Sinduhije, Alphonse-Marie Kadege, Libère Bararunyestse, Pascal Simbanduku, Lieutenant Colonel Jean-Bosco Daradangwe, François Bizindavyi, Samuel Nduwingoma, Laurent Niyonkuru, UPRONA politician Charles Mukasi, Lieutenant Colonel Nzosaba, Lieutenant Colonel Ndayisaba, Lieutenant Colonel Niyoyunguruza, Lieutenant Colonel Maregarege, Lieutenant Colonel Nengeri, Lieutenant Colonel Pancrace Girukwigomba, Major Gervais Nimubona, Major Bukasa, Major Haziyo, Lieutenant Ntarataza, Lieutenant Ngomirakiza, Vincent Niyungeko, and George Mukarako. The role of foreign influences is unknown.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Prelude
From 16 to 18 October 1993, Ndadaye attended a summit of francophone heads of state in Mauritius. He returned to Burundi on the last day. During that time, Chief of the General Staff of the Gendarmerie Lieutenant Colonel Epitace Bayaganakandi informed Minister of Defence Lieutenant Colonel Charles Ntakije that he was in the possession of reliable reports which indicated a coup was being planned. On 19 October, an army officer approached the wife of Minister of Communications Jean‐Marie Ngendahayo and informed her that personnel in the army headquarters were plotting against the president. At 15:00 on 20 October, Major Isaïe Nibizi, commander of the 2nd Commando Battalion, commandant of Camp Muha, and the officer responsible for presidential security informed Ndadaye's chef de cabinet about suspicious military movements.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Prelude
Later that afternoon, Ndadaye hosted a cabinet meeting in Bujumbura to mark the first 100 days of his presidency (which had passed two days prior) and discuss what his government had accomplished in comparison to its campaign promises. After the meeting, Ngendahayo requested to speak in private with Ndadaye. In the president's office, Ngendahayo raised concerns about Ndadaye's safety.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Prelude
Instead of informing the president about the vague threat his wife had learned of, he told him that he felt it strange that UPRONA, the Tutsi-dominated opposition party, was denouncing the government's popular policy of allowing thousands of Burundian refugees to return to the country before the commune elections in December. Ngendahayo stated that he thought this would cost UPRONA the elections, and thus the only reason they would oppose the policy is if they planned to take power via assassination and a coup. He also requested that Ndadaye further consider a previous report declaring his security to be inadequate.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Prelude
Ndadaye instructed Ngendahayo to bring him Minister of Defence Ntakije. Ngendahayo found Ntakije in a separate room on a telephone call. Ambassador Melchior Ntamobwa, who was also present, told Ngendahayo that the colonel was being informed of a coup plot meant to move forward that night. Once Ntakije finished the call, he and Ngendahayo went to the president's office.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Prelude
Ntakije told Ndadaye that a coup was being planned by the 11th Armoured Car Battalion, which was going to attack the Presidential Palace at 02:00 on 21 October. When asked how he would respond, Ntakije said he would gather trusted officers and organise an ambush if the battalion left its camp. Ndadaye inquired about the status of Sylvestre Ningaba, the officer who had been arrested in July for attempting a coup, and asked if he could be relocated to a different prison so the putschists could not obtain his help.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Prelude
Ntakije said that this would not be possible due to the objections of prison officials to transferring detainees at nighttime, but he assured the president that he would station an additional armoured car at the Presidential Palace for extra security. Ndadaye spoke about training possibilities for the Presidential Guard before releasing both ministers and going to the palace. When he arrived he told his wife, Laurence, about the coup plot, but was mostly assured by what Ntakije had said to him. Ndadaye and his wife went to sleep, but he was awoken by a phone call from Brussels by J. Alfred Ndoricimpa, the Methodist Bishop of Burundi, who informed the president of rumours circulating among the Burundian expatriates in Brussels of an impending military coup.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Attack on the Presidential Palace
At around midnight on 20/21 October, putschists of the 11th Armoured Car Battalion departed from Camp Muha in over a dozen armoured cars and took up positions around Bujumbura. Within an hour they surrounded the Presidential Palace. They were joined by hundreds of soldiers and gendarmes from the other eleven military camps in Bujumbura, including members of the 1st Parachute Battalion and a few personnel from the 2nd Commando Battalion. They prepared to attack the palace, which was only guarded by 38 soldiers of the Presidential Guard and two armoured cars.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Attack on the Presidential Palace
Shortly before 01:00 on 21 October, Ntakije called the president and told him that armoured cars had left Camp Muha for an unknown destination and advised him to leave the palace immediately. Ndadaye then attempted to reach Captain Ildephonse Mushwabure, the commander of the palace guard, by phone, but when he did not answer he went into the palace gardens. At 01:30 the putschists fired a single shot, and shortly thereafter at least one armoured car blasted a hole in the wall of the grounds and began bombarding the palace with cannon fire.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Attack on the Presidential Palace
Laurence Ndadaye took her three children into an interior room and sheltered them under tables, though she and her son were grazed by shrapnel. Meanwhile, the president was disguised in a military uniform by his guards and placed in one of their armoured cars in the garden, where he remained for the next six hours. According to political scientist René Lemarchand, the palace guards offered sustained resistance to the attack until several of them defected to the increasing number of putschists and the rest gave up.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Attack on the Presidential Palace
Two of the putschists were reportedly wounded by gunfire when they attempted to enter the palace grounds. In contrast, Laurence Ndadaye stated that none of the guards resisted the attack. The United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi wrote, "An armed confrontation is reported to have taken place between 'attackers' and 'defenders' for six hours...yet no one was killed, no armored car damaged."


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Attack on the Presidential Palace
Laurence Ndadaye was unable to reach her husband's cell phone and believed he was dead. When Ntakije called for him, she told him that he was in the garden. Laurence then made a series of phone calls to Minister of Foreign Affairs Sylvestre Ntibantunganya, Minister of Agriculture Cyprien Ntaryamira, FRODEBU leaders, the provincial governors, and President Juvénal Habyarimana of Rwanda to inform them of the coup. Habyarimana told her he was already aware of the putsch. After being warned, Ntibantunganya began calling FRODEBU leaders in an attempt to rally the government. At 02:10 he reached Ngendahayo.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Attack on the Presidential Palace
Ngendahayo then telephoned Ntakije, who reported that the situation was under control. When Ntakije called back 30 minutes later, the colonel said that he was hiding and urged Ngendahayo to flee. Ngendahayo then took his family in his private car to the home of Michel Ramboux, a Belgian development official and personal friend.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Escape attempts of the government ministers
Meanwhile, the chargé d'affaires of the United States embassy, Paul Patin, awoke to the sound of gunfire. He called his embassy's head of security and asked him for a ride to the legation. When the security officer and a United States marine arrived at his residence some Burundian soldiers attempted to impede their entry, but they soon departed and Patin reached the embassy, where he telephoned the United States Department of State and told them about the coup. At 2:45 Ntibantunganya telephoned Patin, telling him that the president was safe and that "the situation seems to be under control."


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Escape attempts of the government ministers
He also extracted Patin's assurances that the United States government would condemn the coup. At about 03:30 he told Patin that he was preparing to flee. Distrustful of his military guard, he changed into his gardener's clothes and walked to a friend's home, where he remained in hiding for the next two days. Ntaryamira hid in his neighbours' home, who were Tutsis. When soldiers did not find him in his own residence, they went there asking for his whereabouts. The matriarch of the household told the soldiers that Ntaryamira had fled down the road, and they quickly departed.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Escape attempts of the government ministers
Meanwhile, the wives of Ntibantunganya and Ntaryamira, agreeing that they should split up from their husbands, sought safety in the home of their friend, Dominique Barumpozako. Soldiers went there in search of them and killed Ntibantunganya's wife and her houseguest, whom they mistook for Ntaryamira's wife. Minister of Home Affairs and Communal Development Juvénal Ndayikeza called the provincial governors before telephoning Patin to ask him for refuge in the United States embassy. Patin assured him safety, but before Ndayikeza could reach the embassy he was captured by soldiers and killed.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Escape attempts of the government ministers
Vice-President of the National Assembly Gilles Bimazubute was collected by soldiers from his residence. Though a Tutsi, he was a proponent of majority rule and was thus regarded as a traitor by the putschists, who soon thereafter killed him. When soldiers arrived at Director of Intelligence Richard Ndikumwami's house, he drew a pistol to defend himself. They quickly disarmed him and bayoneted him in front of his family before taking his body away.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Escape attempts of the government ministers
President of the National Assembly Pontien Karibwami—who was ex officio Vice President of Burundi—lived in the former home of President Buyoya, which was constructed with many security features. The guards at his home did not resist the putschists, but they were unable to break in for an hour until they breached the reinforced doors with a bazooka. They fatally beat and bayoneted Karibwami and took him away.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Escape attempts of the government ministers
Deputy Prime Ministers Bernard Ciza and Melchior Ntahobama were betrayed by their guards and were imprisoned. However, a few hours later a junior military officer freed them and asked them where they wished to go. Ciza was taken to the French embassy, while Ntahobama was taken to the home of the deputy chief of mission of the Belgian embassy. FRODEBU parliamentary leader Jean-Bosco Sindayigaya was also arrested but later released. At about 04:00, a technician awakened by the putschists was, after some delay, able to sever telecommunications between Bujumbura and elsewhere. With the phone lines inoperative, Patin decided to search for President Ndadaye. Upon reaching the Burundian Army headquarters, French military attaches who were present dissuaded him from going to Camp Muha, saying it was too dangerous.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Escape attempts of the government ministers
Shortly before dawn, Ngendahayo scaled the wall at Ramboux's residence and went to the neighbouring home, which belonged to his brother and was also where Minister of Refugee Repatriation Léonard Nyangoma was staying. At about 07:00 Ngendahayo telephoned Colonel Bikomagu. The colonel stated that the situation was "under control" and that Ndadye was "in a safe place." Ngendahayo requested a military escort so that he could go to the radio and television station and, as Minister of Communications, inform the country of such. Bikomagu said he would call back and send an escort when possible.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
At about 7:00, soldiers breached the Presidential Palace and found Laurence Ndadaye and her children. They told them to go outside to find shelter in an armoured car. After 30 minutes of avoiding gunfire, they reached one of the two cars, which would not start. They quickly reunited with President Ndadaye, who was in the other armoured vehicle. The family considered scaling the perimeter wall to go to the neighbouring Meridian Hotel, but found that the palace was surrounded by putschists. At Captain Mushwabure's direction, Ndadye decided to be taken with his family to Camp Muha.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
At 7:30 they left in their armoured car, and were trailed by the putschists' vehicles. Upon arriving at the base at 8:00, their car was surrounded by putschists of the 1st Battalion. Ndadaye was taken by Colonel Bikomagu to a meeting with other senior officers of the army. About an hour later he returned with Secretary of State for Security Colonel Lazare Gakoryo, having reached a verbal agreement with the officers. Ndadaye reentered the armoured car with Gakoryo to finalise their understanding on paper, but when the secretary of state exited the vehicle soldiers began shouting for the president to come out. Once he did, Bikomagu quieted the crowd and Ndadaye appealed to the soldiers to negotiate peacefully with him.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
Soldiers began closing in on the president, and Bikomagu instructed them to let his family go since they were "of no interest" to them. He directed a driver to take the family away, and at Laurence's direction, the soldier brought them to the French embassy, where they were allowed to take refuge. Bikomagu then pointed at President Ndadaye and said to the putschists, "He is the one you were looking for. Here he is. Do what you want with him."


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
They placed Ndadaye in a jeep and drove him to the 1st Parachute Battalion's camp nearby, closely followed by Bikomagu, Gakoryo, and Major Nibizi. The president was taken to an office where ten junior officers—specifically assigned to the task—killed him. A coroner's report later found that Ndadaye was held by a cord around his neck while the soldiers bayoneted him 14 times. Half of the wounds penetrated his thorax and the subsequent bleeding filled up his lungs, killing him. According to historian Gérard Prunier, Lieutenant Colonel Paul Kamana "is thought to be the person who actually killed President Ndadaye".


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
The soldiers then dug a mass grave in the centre of the camp, where they buried Ndadaye, Karibwami, Bimazubute, Ndayikeza, and Ndikumwami. After several hours the soldiers realised that international opinion would strongly disapprove of such treatment of the bodies, so they exhumed them and allowed family members to collect them. Of the politicians killed during the coup attempt, all were FRODEBU members, and all but one were Hutu.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
Meanwhile, at about 7:30 Ngendahayo called Bikomagu. Bikomagu stated that he was with Ndadaye, but that the president could not speak due to the presence of hostile soldiers outside and quickly hung up. Ngendahayo, his brother, and Nyangoma suspected that Bikomagu was lying and, feeling that he might have sent troops to kill them, they fled to the warehouse of Belgian businessman Michel Carlier. Carlier hid them in the warehouse, and Ngendahayo managed to reach Ndadaye's chef de cabinet via cell phone.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
He told them that the president was dead and that Ngendahayo, as Minister of Communications, had to inform the public. Afterwards, two technicians from the radio station phoned him, saying that while they could not broadcast a speech through their own station, they had a working telephone connection with Radio Rwanda. Ngendahayo proceeded to deliver the following message for Radio Rwanda:


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
I do not know for certain the fate of President Ndadaye at this time. What I do know is that, whether alive or dead, no one will stop the democratic process in Burundi. The people have decided to choose freedom. The wheel of history is going forward. I therefore call upon the free world's representatives to rescue the nation of Burundi and its democracy. And I particularly call upon the francophone countries to assist, because at the recent francophone summit attended by President Ndadaye, they highlighted the virtues of democracy. I hope that they will spearhead this process in Burundi. And I call upon all Burundians to fight for democracy wherever they are.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Death of Ndadaye
The message was repeatedly broadcast over Radio Rwanda throughout the day in French and Kirundi. Ngendahayo, his brother, and Nyangoma then took one of Carlier's company cars and reached the French embassy. Kinigi and Ntakije also sought refuge there; most of the cabinet was gathered at the embassy. Minister of Justice Fulgence Bakana fled to Rwanda. Most members of the National Assembly successfully went into hiding. Radio Rwanda broke news of Ndadaye's death early in the evening. Minister of Health Jean Minani was in Kigali at the time of the takeover, and delivered a message through the station, appealing to Burundians to resist the coup and calling for international armed intervention to protect the civilian government.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
Early in the morning on 21 October François Ngeze, a Hutu UPRONA member of the National Assembly and former Minister of Interior under Buyoya, was brought to Camp Para in Bujumbura. Later that morning army officers assembled in the camp's mess and Ngeze was presented to them as the new President of Burundi. At about 14:00 on 21 October, a "Comité de gestion de crise" assembled at the Burundian Army headquarters. It comprised Ngeze (who was presiding), Army Chief of the General Staff Lieutenant Colonel Jean Bikomagu, Lieutenant Colonel Pascal Simbanduku, and Lieutenant Colonel Jean-Bosco Daradangwe.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
They were later joined by Lieutenant Colonel Slyvestre Ningaba following his release from prison. The committee resolved that military commanders in the provinces should arrest the governors and replace them, reattached the gendarmerie's command to the army, and sent out an appeal for politicians and foreign diplomats to meet with them and "discuss ways to manage the crisis".


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
In the afternoon Ngeze conducted a courtesy call at the French embassy to introduce himself as the new head of state. French Ambassador Henri Crepin-Leblond told him that the coup was unconstitutional and that power should be turned over to the civilian government. Ngeze then went to the local office of the United Nations Development Program, where the head of the mission, Jocelyn Basil-Finley, told him that the international community would not accept the coup. Ngeze then made several presidential appointments, assigning a new director of intelligence.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
At about 21:00, he introduced himself to the public in a television broadcast as President of the Conseil National de Salut Public—a body which did not exist—and announced the displacement of the governors among other actions as measures meant to "manage the crisis". Public radio announcements appealing for public support of the new regime were drafted under the direction of UPRONA politician Charles Mukasi. The country's borders were closed and Bujumbura International Airport was shut down.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
The Rwanda-based Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) reported that a coup had taken place and that Ndadaye had been captured on 21 October. This led young FRODEBU members to arm themselves and take Tutsis and Hutu UPRONA members hostage. Once RTLM announced later that day that Ndadaye was dead, the hostages were executed. The United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi determined in 1996 that "circumstantial evidence is sufficient to warrant the conclusion" that some FRODEBU leaders had anticipated the possibility of an army coup attempt and disseminated plans for armed resistance and hostage-taking.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
The announcement of Ndadaye's death triggered an immediate reaction of violence from FRODEBU members and Hutu peasants across the country, who took to murdering all Tutsis they encountered. Some of the perpetrators stated that that they acted out of fear that the assassination signaled an imminent repeat of the 1972 killings of Hutus. More deaths occurred when the army intervened to restore "peace and order", resorting to brutality and murdering many Hutu civilians in the process. Thousands more people fled abroad. When protestors peacefully demonstrated against the coup in Bujumbura soldiers opened fire on them, killing about 10.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
On 22 October Ngeze met with the Bujumbura diplomatic corps and representatives of international organisations at Kigobe Palace. He explained that since the country was embroiled by crisis, he had taken power with the support of the army to restore order. His remarks were negatively received. That afternoon, protestors marched through the capital to commemorate Ndadaye and condemn the coup. All major providers of foreign aid to Burundi suspended their relief programs, particularly Belgium, France, Germany, the United States, and the European Union.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
The governments of Tanzania, Rwanda, and Zaire condemned the coup, as did the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in session in Cyprus, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the United Nations Security Council, and the United Nations General Assembly. Boutros-Ghali dispatched Special Envoy James O. C. Jonah to "facilitate the return of the country to constitutional rule". Burundian religious leaders also requested that Bikomagu and Ngeze restore the constitution, while Minani declared that he was forming a government-in-exile in Kigali. The following day several political parties, churches, and civic associations released a joint statement calling for a return to constitutional governance.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
Faced with these challenges, in the afternoon of 23 October Bikomagu—offering himself as a mediator between the putschists and the government—ordered the army to return to its barracks and asked for an amnesty for those involved in the coup attempt. Daradangwe urged the civilian government to assume command over the army. The government rejected amnesty for the putschists. The following day Kinigi told reporters at the French embassy that her government had "no power" and appealed for "countries with good relations with us to send us troops."


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
In a broadcast via Radio Rwanda, Ngendahayo asked the population to remain calm and asserted that the once the government could assume its responsibilities it would apprehend those responsible for the coup. The army in turn rejected Kinigi's call of international armed intervention. On 25 October the civilian government declared the abrogation of all emergency measures and the following day it reestablished control over Burundi National Radio and Television, the state broadcaster.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, The coup, Military government
On 2 November an OAU peace mission was dispatched to Burundi, and Kinigi and Bikomagu met to try and sort out their differences. On 7 November Kinigi left the French embassy and returned to her residence under the protection of French soldiers. The French government assigned approximately 15 antiterror police officers and 20 military advisors to assist Kinigi's government and train a Burundian force to assume responsibility for its security. The UN Security Council ultimately declined to send a peacekeeping force to Burundi.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Academic analysis
Historian Alison Des Forges wrote that while the putschists never issued a manifesto, "it is clear they aimed to destroy the democratic government". She also wrote that "it may have been more of a self-interested coup by soldiers who happened to be Tutsi than a coup to safeguard the interests of the Tutsi as a group". Political scientist Filip Reyntjens described the coup as "the most successful failed military take-over" in African history, and largely attributed its failure to popular domestic resistance. Journalists Zdenek Červenka and Colin Legum stated that "In military terms, the coup was a success.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Academic analysis
The predominantly Tutsi army still [held] effective power. However, in political terms, the actions by the military extremists was an abysmal failure since it failed in their major objective of displacing the democratically elected government." According to Lemarchand, the coup was a "watershed event" which "destroyed a nascent interethnic consensus" and "undid in a few hours what a democratic transition begun five years earlier had so painstakingly tried to accomplish". Reyntjens concurred and wrote that it led to the reemergence of ethnicity as "the single most important factor of political life".


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Academic analysis
Academic Alexandre Hatungimana wrote that the killing of Ndadaye "opened a constitutional void that neither the army, divided on the military coup, nor the political parties of the opposition, weakened by their defeat in the election, nor civil society, paralyzed by the violence that took hold of nearly all the hilltops in the country, were able to fill."


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Ethnic violence
The ethnic violence following the coup lasted to the end of the year. Initial estimates of the death toll ranged from 25,000 to 500,000. A joint study conducted by the United Nations Population Fund and the Burundian government in 2002 estimated the number of people killed from 21 October to 31 December 1993 to be 116,059, with at least 100,000 deaths occurring in late October. It remains unclear what proportion of these victims were Tutsi and what proportion were Hutu.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Ethnic violence
The question of whether the killings of Tutsis during this time arose from a planned genocide or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and Burundians who lived through the events. The killing of Ndadaye and the flight of 300,000 Hutu refugees to Rwanda during the violence crystallised anti-Tutsi sentiment among Hutus there and greatly troubled the prospects of the Arusha Accords power-sharing agreement designed to end the Rwandan Civil War. Reyntjens asserted that Ndadaye's assassination completely derailed the peace process in Rwanda. Some Rwandan Hutus even speculated that the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front had assisted in the coup.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Ethnic violence
RTLM, a Rwandan Hutu extremist propaganda station, deliberately misreported the details of Ndadaye's death—saying he had been tortured and castrated—to inflame anti-Tutsi sentiment. According to Prunier, the death of Ndadaye greatly strengthened the messaging of Rwandan Hutu extremists who sought to exterminate Tutsis and allowed them to push their ideas beyond fringe status, culminating in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. In the city of Uvira in eastern Zaire, Tutsi-related Banyamulenge people were stoned in reaction to the coup.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Political effects
The deaths of Ndadaye, Karibwami, and Bimazubute eliminated the constitutionally-delineated presidential line of succession, and left Kinigi, the highest-ranking civilian official to survive the putsch, the de facto head of state of Burundi. On 8 November the Constitutional Court ruled that "the government acting collegially" assumed the responsibilities of the interim presidency until a new president could be elected. The constitution stipulated that upon the death of a president elections were to be held in three months time, but this was unanimously deemed practically and financially unworkable.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Political effects
According to Reyntjens, the failure of the October putsch led its perpetrators to opt for a "creeping coup", eroding FRODEBU's legitimacy and establishing a constitutional order that favored their aims. Civilian institutions of government were reestablished in earnest in December 1993; the government moved to a mansion near Lake Tanganyika under the protection of the French military. The National Assembly reconvened and elected Sylvestre Ntibantunganya as its new presiding officer and Christian Sendegaya as vice-president.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Political effects
Attempts by the National Assembly to elect a successor to Ndadaye were stifled by the Tutsi-dominated Constitutional Court, though the body eventually succeed in electing Cyprien Ntaryamira as president on 13 January 1994 and inaugurating him on 5 February. Ntaryamira was killed alongside President Habyarimana of Rwanda when their plane was shot down over Kigali on April 6. Ntibantunganya subsequently became president.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Political effects
By mid-1994, the Tutsi-dominated army was conducting ethnic cleansing operations and UPRONA was pushing for constitutional revisions. Seeing no other options, FRODEBU leaders agreed to make concessions to their political opponents. This resulted in the signing of a protocole d'accord on 12 July, a power-sharing agreement which allotted 60 percent of all government and administration offices to FRODEBU and the rest to UPRONA. Unsatisfied, UPRONA and its allies increased their demands, leading to the signing of the Convention de Govournement in September.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Political effects
The agreement raised UPRONA's share of government positions to 45 percent, and mostly stripped the government and National Assembly of their powers by investing all executive authority in a National Security Council. The council comprised the president, prime minister, and eight other persons named by the president "on the proposition of political parties and after consulting with the representatives of civil society." A UPRONA/Tutsi faction then seized a majority on the council and effectively regained control of the country. Reyntjens described the convention as "the institutional translation of the October 1993 coup: the constitution [had] been shelved and the outcome of both the presidential and parliamentary elections swept aside as the president and parliament [were] placed under the tutelage of an unconstitutional body".


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Political effects
Over the course of the 1994 negotiations, several FRODEBU leaders broke away from the talks and formed rebel groups, including the Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie-Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie (CNDD-FDD), sparking the decade-long Burundian Civil War. Civil governance broke down as UPRONA and FRODEBU grew unable to cooperate, and on 25 July 1996 the army staged another coup which returned Buyoya to the presidency. Under regional pressure, the warring factions began negotiations in 1998. The Arusha Accords were signed in August 2000, but the agreement faced a troubled implementation process.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath, Political effects
Buyoya stepped down in 2003 and was replaced by Domitien Ndayizeye, while the CNDD-FDD ended its rebellion and engaged in the peace process. South African peacekeepers maintained order while a new consociational constitution was developed. While tensions remained high, political leaders engaged in more constructive and less inflammatory talks than in the aftermath of the 1993 coup, and the army withdrew itself from politics. Municipal elections were held in 2005. UPRONA and FRODEBU were left largely discredited for their governance failures, and CNDD-FDD won a majority of local offices. Subsequent parliamentary elections also resulted in a CNDD-FDD victory. The newly constituted Parliament then elected Pierre Nkurunziza President of Burundi. Ndadaye Day is observed annually in Burundi on 21 October to commemorate the president's death.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
Following the failure of the coup, Ningaba, Kamana, Major Bernard Busokoza, and seven other Burundian soldiers fled to Kampala, Uganda. Kamana—who maintained that his only role in the coup was to serve as Ngeze's driver and bodyguard—said he fled upon realising that he would be made a scapegoat by his superiors. Being a source of some embarrassment to Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, the soldiers were asked to leave in February 1994. They briefly stayed in Zaire before quietly returning to Uganda and eventually being detained in late November.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
"Oh my God, the eternal question... Almost three decades that justice has cleared me. But, in the eyes of Burundians, I still remain the "bad boy"... From far or near, I was never involved. As proof, you will find that it was I who first condemned the coup d'etat, asking for respect for legality."


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
—Ngeze on being asked about his involvement in the coup, 2021


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
In December 1993 the Burundian government announced the formation of a commission of inquiry to investigate crimes related to the coup attempt and subsequent massacres. The commission never materialised. Similar investigations were conducted by the military and civilian procuracies. The army arrested 18 soldiers suspected of involvement in Ndadaye's murder, but by the end of 1994 none of the accused had been tried. The civilian procuracy began its investigations in April 1994. They were conducted by teams of provincial magistrates but were undermined by the Tutsi-dominated judicial system.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
The prosecutors arrested several hundred people—almost all of them Hutus—but by the end of 1994 had not subjected any of them to trial. As required by the Convention de Govournement, in October 1994 President Ntibantunganya called for an international commission of inquiry to investigate the events of October 1993, but no immediate steps were taken to further this endeavor.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
In March 1994 Boutros-Ghali sent a UN fact-finding mission to Burundi to investigate the coup attempt and subsequent massacres, but its findings were not made public. Further teams were sent by the UN Security Council and Boutros-Ghali throughout 1994 and early 1995 to investigate the massacres, all concluding that the perpetrators of Ndadaye's murder should be held accountable. An International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi was eventually established in August 1995 by the UN Security Council. The body's investigation was obstructed by the Burundian military and it found inconsistencies in the testimonies of Tutsi officers.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
When interviewed about the events, senior commanders portrayed the coup as a mutiny. The commission concluded in its 1996 report that "the coup was carried out by officers highly placed in the line of command of the Burundian Army" but that it was "not in a position to identify the persons that should be brought to justice for this crime." Some low-ranking Tutsi soldiers interviewed by the commission accused Buyoya of involvement in the coup, but they were later killed in a prison riot.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
Burundian authorities ultimately tried 117 people for involvement in Ndadaye's murder in 1999, during Buyoya's second presidency. Krueger characterised the proceedings as a "show trial". In May the Supreme Court of Burundi found 79 of those tried guilty of involvement. Five were sentenced to death: Kamana (who was in exile and tried in absentia), Laurent Nzeyimana, Juvenal Gahungu, Sylvere Nduwumukama, and Emmanuel Ndayizeye. The remaining 38 of those tried were acquitted, including Bikomagu, Ntakije, and Nibizi.


1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt, Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists
On 19 October 2020 the Supreme Court sentenced Buyoya to life in prison for Ndadaye's murder. Bernard Busokoza, Alphonse-Marie Kadege, and 16 others were also sentenced for involvement in the murder. Buyoya, who was abroad at the time serving as an envoy for the African Union, denounced the proceedings as "a political trial conducted in a scandalous manner" and resigned from his diplomatic position "in order to have full freedom to defend myself and clear my name". He died in December 2020.


1993 Burundian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Burundi on 29 June 1993. They were the first multi-party parliamentary elections since 1965, and followed the approval of a new constitution in a referendum in 1992. The result was a victory for the Front for Democracy in Burundi, which won 65 of the 81 seats.


1993 Burundian legislative election, Campaign
Six political parties and eight independents took part in the election


1993 Burundian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Burundi on 1 June 1993 following the approval of a new constitution in a referendum the previous year. They were the first multi-party elections for the presidency, the only previous elections in 1984 having been held at a time when the country was a one-party state. This election was a watershed for Burundi, representing the end of a military backed Tutsi state, and the birth of democracy.


1993 Burundian presidential election
Three candidates entered the contest, with Melchior Ndadaye of the Front for Democracy in Burundi defeating incumbent President Pierre Buyoya with 66% of the vote. Voter turnout was 97.3%.


1993 Burundian presidential election, Aftermath
Melchior Ndadaye's election victory put FRODEBU in prime position for a comfortable win in legislative election held on 29 June 1993.


1993 Burundian presidential election, Aftermath
Ndadaye was sworn in as the first Hutu president of Burundi on 10 July 1993. His rule would be short, however, as he was assassinated on 21 October 1993 during a military coup attempt by elements of the predominantly Tutsi army. Thereafter, the country plunged into a full-scale civil war that claimed hundreds of thousands of lives.


1993 CA-TennisTrophy
The 1993 CA-TennisTrophy was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria and was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 19th edition of the tournament and took place from 18 October until 25 October 1993. Second-seeded Goran Ivanišević won the singles title.